text:
package org.fhir.pascal.generator.analysis;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;

import org.fhir.pascal.generator.analysis.Analyser.SearchParameterSorter;
import org.fhir.pascal.generator.engine.Configuration;
import org.fhir.pascal.generator.engine.Definitions;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.conformance.ProfileUtilities;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.CodeType;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.ElementDefinition;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.ElementDefinition.ElementDefinitionBindingComponent;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.ElementDefinition.TypeRefComponent;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.Enumerations.BindingStrength;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.SearchParameter;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.StructureDefinition;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.StructureDefinition.StructureDefinitionKind;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.ValueSet;
import org.hl7.fhir.r5.model.ValueSet.ConceptSetComponent;
import org.hl7.fhir.utilities.Utilities;

public class Analyser {

  public class SearchParameterSorter implements Comparator<SearchParameter> {

    @Override
    public int compare(SearchParameter arg0, SearchParameter arg1) {
      return arg0.getCode().compareTo(arg1.getCode());
    }

  }

  private Definitions definitions;
  private Configuration config;

  public Analyser(Definitions definitions, Configuration config) {
    this.definitions = definitions;
    this.config = config;
  }

  public Analysis analyse(StructureDefinition sd) throws Exception {
    Analysis res = new Analysis(definitions, sd);

    res.setAncestor(definitions.getStructures().get(sd.getBaseDefinition()));
    res.setAbstract(sd.getAbstract());
    res.setInterface(sd.hasExtension("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/structuredefinition-interface"));
    res.setClassName("TFhir"+sd.getName());

    TypeInfo type = new TypeInfo();
    type.setName(res.getClassName());
    type.setAncestorName(sd.getType().equals("Meta") ? "DataType" : res.getAncestor().getName());
    res.getTypes().put(type.getName(), type);
    res.setRootType(type);
    sd.setUserData("pascal.type.info", type);

    type.setDefn(sd.getSnapshot().getElementFirstRep());
    type.setChildren(filterChildren(new ProfileUtilities(null, null, null).getChildList(sd, type.getDefn())));
    type.setInheritedChildren(getAbstractChildren(res.getAncestor()));

    for (ElementDefinition e : type.getChildren()) {
      scanNestedTypes(res, type, type.getName(), e);
    }

    if (sd.getKind() == StructureDefinitionKind.RESOURCE) {
      res.setSearchParams(getSearchParams(sd.getName(), false));
      res.setAllSearchParams(getSearchParams(sd.getName(), true));
    }

    for (ElementDefinition e : type.getChildren()) {
      String nn = e.getUserString("pascal.type");
      if (nn.startsWith("@")) {
        ElementDefinition er = getElementForPath(sd, nn.substring(1));
        if (!er.hasUserData("pascal.type")) {
          throw new Exception("not found: "+er);
        }
        String nnn = er.getUserString("pascal.type");
        e.setUserData("pascal.type", nnn);
        e.setUserData("pascal.type.info", er.getUserData("pascal.type.info"));
      }
    }
    return res;
  }

  protected List<ElementDefinition> filterChildren(List<ElementDefinition> childList) {
    List<ElementDefinition> res = new ArrayList<>();
    res.addAll(childList);
    List<ElementDefinition> r = new ArrayList<>();
    for (ElementDefinition t : childList) {
      if (!t.getPath().equals(t.getBase().getPath())) {
        r.add(t);
      }
    }
    res.removeAll(r);
    return res;
  }

  private List<ElementDefinition> getAbstractChildren(StructureDefinition structure) {
    if (!structure.hasExtension("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/structuredefinition-interface")) {
      return new ArrayList<>();
    }
    List<ElementDefinition> res = new ArrayList<>();
    StructureDefinition sdb = definitions.getStructures().get(structure.getBaseDefinition());
    res.addAll(getAbstractChildren(sdb));
    res.addAll(filterChildren(new ProfileUtilities(null, null, null).getChildList(structure, structure.getSnapshot().getElementFirstRep())));
    return res;
  }

  private void scanNestedTypes(Analysis analysis, TypeInfo type, String path, ElementDefinition e) throws Exception {
    String tn = null;
    if (e.typeSummary().equals("code") && e.hasBinding()) {
      ElementDefinitionBindingComponent cd = e.getBinding();
      if (isEnum(cd)) {
        ValueSet vs = definitions.getValuesets().get(cd.getValueSet());
        String abbrev = null;
        if (vs != null) {
          tn = getCodeListType(vs.getName());
          String sn = config.getIni().getStringProperty("enum.names", vs.getUrl());
          if (sn != null) {
            if (sn.contains(";")) {
              tn = sn.substring(0, sn.indexOf(";"));
              abbrev = sn.substring(sn.indexOf(";")+1);
            } else {
              tn = sn;
            }
          }
          EnumInfo ei = analysis.getEnums().get(tn);
          if (ei == null) {
            ei = new EnumInfo(tn);
            analysis.getEnums().put(tn,  ei);
            ei.setValueSet(vs);
            ei.setAbbrev(abbrev);
          }
          e.setUserData("pascal.type", "TFhir"+tn+(tn.endsWith("Enum") ? "" : "Enum"));
          e.setUserData("pascal.enum", ei);
        }
      }
    }

    if (tn == null) {
      if (e.getType().size() > 0 && !e.hasContentReference() && (!Utilities.existsInList(e.getType().get(0).getCode(), "Element", "BackboneElement"))) {
        tn = getTypeName(e);
        if (e.typeSummary().equals("xml:lang"))
          tn = "TFhirCode";
        if (e.typeSummary().equals("xhtml"))
          tn = "TFhirXHtmlNode";
        else if (e.getType().size() > 1)
          tn ="TFhirDataType";
        else if (definitions.hasPrimitiveType(tn))
          tn = "TFhir"+upFirst(tn);
        e.setUserData("pascal.type", tn);
      } else {
        if (e.hasContentReference()) {
          ElementDefinition er = getElementForPath(analysis.getStructure(), e.getContentReference().substring(1));
          tn = er.getUserString("pascal.type");
          if (Utilities.noString(tn)) {
            e.setUserData("pascal.type", "@"+er.getPath()); // have to resolve this later
          } else {
            e.setUserData("pascal.type", tn);
          }
        } else {
          String cpath;
//          if (e.hasExtension("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/structuredefinition-explicit-type-name")) {
//            tn = "TFhir"+upFirst(e.getExtensionString("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/structuredefinition-explicit-type-name"));
//            cpath = e.getExtensionString("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/structuredefinition-explicit-type-name");
////          } else if (config.getIni().hasProperty("typenames", e.getPath())) {
////            tn = upFirst(config.getIni().getStringProperty("typenames", e.getPath()))+"Component";
////            cpath = config.getIni().getStringProperty("typenames", e.getPath());
//          } else {
            tn = path+upFirst(getTitle(e.getName()));
            cpath = path+getTitle(e.getName());
//          }
          if (tn.equals("Element"))
            tn = "Element_";
          if (analysis.getTypes().containsKey(tn)) {
            char i = 'A';
            while (analysis.getTypes().containsKey(tn+i)) {
              i++;
            }
            tn = tn + i;
          }
          e.setUserData("pascal.type", tn);

          tn = upFirst(tn);

          TypeInfo ctype = new TypeInfo();
          ctype.setName(tn);
          analysis.getTypes().put(ctype.getName(), ctype);
          analysis.getTypeList().add(ctype);
          ctype.setDefn(e);
          ctype.setAncestorName(e.typeSummary());
          ctype.setChildren(filterChildren(new ProfileUtilities(null, null, null).getChildList(analysis.getStructure(), ctype.getDefn())));

          for (ElementDefinition c : ctype.getChildren()) {
            scanNestedTypes(analysis, ctype, cpath, c);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  protected boolean isEnum(ElementDefinitionBindingComponent cd) {
    boolean ok = cd != null && cd.getStrength() == BindingStrength.REQUIRED;
    if (ok) {
      if (cd.getValueSet() != null) {
        ValueSet vs = definitions.getValuesets().get(cd.getValueSet());
        if (vs != null && vs.hasCompose() && vs.getCompose().getInclude().size() == 1) {
          ConceptSetComponent inc = vs.getCompose().getIncludeFirstRep();
          if (inc.hasSystem() && !inc.hasFilter() && !inc.hasConcept() && !(inc.getSystem().startsWith("http://hl7.org/fhir") || inc.getSystem().startsWith("http://terminology.hl7.org")))
            ok = false;
        }
//        if (config.getIni().getBooleanProperty("no-enum", vs.getUrl())) {
//          ok = false;
//        }
      }
    }
    return ok;
  }

  protected String getCodeListType(String binding) {
    StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
    boolean up = true;
    for (char ch: binding.toCharArray()) {
      if (ch == '-' || ch == ' ' || ch == '.')
        up = true;
      else if (up) {
        b.append(Character.toUpperCase(ch));
        up = false;
      }
      else
        b.append(ch);
    }
    return "ResourceType".equals(b.toString()) ? "ResourceTypeEnum" : b.toString();
  }

  protected String getTypeName(ElementDefinition e) throws Exception {
    if (e.getType().size() > 1) {
      return "DataType";
    } else if (e.getType().size() == 0) {
      throw new Exception("not supported");
    } else {
      return getTypename(e.getType().get(0));
    }
  }

  protected String getTypename(TypeRefComponent type) throws Exception {
    if (type.hasExtension("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/structuredefinition-fhir-type")) {
      return type.getExtensionString("http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/structuredefinition-fhir-type");
    } else {
      return getTypeName(type.getCode());
    }
  }

  protected String getTypeName(String tn) {
    if (tn.equals("string")) {
      return "TFhirString";
    } else if (tn.equals("Any")) {
      return "Reference";
    } else if (tn.equals("SimpleQuantity")) {
      return "Quantity";
    } else if (isPrimitive(tn)) {
      return "TFhir"+getTitle(tn);
    } else {
      return "TFhir"+getTitle(tn);
    }
  }

  protected String getTitle(String name) {
    return Utilities.noString(name) ? "Value" : name.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase()+ name.substring(1);
  }

  protected boolean isPrimitive(String name) {
    return definitions.getStructures().has(typeNs(name)) && definitions.getStructures().get(typeNs(name)).getKind() == StructureDefinitionKind.PRIMITIVETYPE;
  }

  private String upFirst(String name) {
    return name.substring(0,1).toUpperCase()+name.substring(1);
  }
  private String typeNs(String name) {
    return "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/"+name;
  }
  private ElementDefinition getElementForPath(StructureDefinition structure, String pathname) throws Exception {
    String[] path = pathname.split("\\.");
    if (!path[0].equals(structure.getName()))
      throw new Exception("Element Path '"+pathname+"' is not legal in this context");
    ElementDefinition res = null;
    for (ElementDefinition t : structure.getSnapshot().getElement()) {
      if (t.getPath().equals(pathname)) {
        res = t;
      }
    }
    if (res == null) {
      throw new Exception("unable to resolve "+pathname);
    }

    return res;

  }

  private List<SearchParameter> getSearchParams(String name, boolean incRes) {
    List<SearchParameter> res = new ArrayList<>();
    for (SearchParameter sp : definitions.getSearchParams().getList()) {
      if (!sp.getUrl().contains("example")) {
        boolean relevant = false;
        for (CodeType c : sp.getBase()) {
          if (c.getValue().equals(name) || (incRes && c.getValue().equals("Resource"))) {
            relevant = true;
            break;
          }
        }
        if (relevant) {
          res.add(sp);
        }
      }
    }
    Collections.sort(res, new SearchParameterSorter());
    return res;
  }

}


text:
Briefly Noted
September 3 & 10, 2007 Issue
by Kevin Patterson (Nan A. Talese/Doubleday; $25)
In the early sixties, the "anachronistic malady" of tuberculosis haunts a small Inuit community in the Canadian Arctic. A child is taken from her family for treatment in Montreal and returns six years later, forever marked as unique by her hunger for the outside world and the scars of a brutal surgery. Meanwhile, an influx of white men—and modernity—has estranged the natives from the land and the traditions that enabled them to survive there. Sweeping in scale but microscopic in its portrait of dislocated lives, this début novel finds its most compelling voice in the rueful meditations of a blundering, morphine-addicted American doctor, marooned by his own volition at the edge of the world. Patterson is a sure guide through inhospitable terrain, be it the "elastic, almost infinite emptiness" of the tundra or the far recesses of the soul. ♦
This article appears in the print edition of the September 3 & 10, 2007, issue.
Debut Novels

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
DocumentTruth.com
Mass Human Awakening Is Upon Us
Meet The Secretive Group That Runs The World
Who Owns The World's Wealth
Social Security Ponzi Scheme Doomed: Socialism Fails Every Time
by admin	| Posted on April 17, 2019
The social security Ponzi scheme is failing quickly. Most of us alive right now will get to witness one of socialism's most epic failures when it collapses. Politicians are now stuck because they want to expand, not cut, benefits while adding a tax increase that is simply unaffordable for the majority.
The Social Security 2100 Act, introduced by Representative John Larson (D-Connecticut), the chairman of the House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Social Security, as well as Senator Richard Blumenthal (D-Connecticut) and Senator Chris Van Hollen (D-Maryland) seeks to expand the rapidly failing and unsustainable socialist program with a tax hike. The bill, if passed, would increase revenue (theft) by raising the payroll tax 0.1% every year until it reaches 14.8% in 2043 and applying the payroll tax to those who earn more than $400,000 (the limit is currently capped at $132,900). Mathematically, the Ponzi scheme is still unsustainable even with an increase in the theft of the public.
While 78% of Americans already live paycheck to paycheck, an increase in the cost of essential goods such as food or a tax hike of even .1% could result in defaults on other obligations. Plus tax increases will put a strain on an already flailing economy and cause a recession with job losses that will result in even less in tax revenue for the totalitarians claiming the right to steal the income of others.
Not only that, but according to Market Watch, the tax increase will unfairly harm the younger generations. Some testimonies suggested Social Security couldn't be fixed with a proposal like the 2100 Act, for the sake of millennials who are strapped for cash thanks to crippling student debt and wouldn't be able to afford to pay the extra money in payroll taxes toward Social Security. But the cold hard truth is that social security cannot be saved.
Representative Tom Reed, the Republican leader of the Ways and Means Social Security subcommittee from New York, said an increased payroll tax would "unfairly hurt" young people. "It hurts the students struggling to pay for their rent and their next meal," he said. "We want to empower the next generation with tools to save for their retirement in a way that works best for them."
Social security, however, was never meant to empower anyone. It was meant to get as many people as possible dependent on the government as opposed to saving for themselves. And it has been incredibly effective at keeping people enslaved. In fact, over 3/4 of millennials don't mind the government stealing money from their paychecks, the fruits of their labor, in increasing amounts.
Retirement is a Myth: The American Dream Turns Into a Nightmare
More than three-quarters (77%) said they think it is critical to preserve Social Security benefits for future generations, even if it means increasing the taxes working Americans pay. "These are the people who are going to reach retirement when Social Security may not have the money to pay benefits, so they have a big stake in fixing Social Security," Johnson said. If Social Security reaches insolvency in 15 years, the oldest millennials will be 55. "It's not an abstract risk for them," he said.
enslave the masses government dependence government intervention government lies Headline News insolvency John Larson millennials myth no free markets no retirement ponzi scheme raise taxes Richard Blumenthal social security Social Security 2100 Act socialism fails theft Tom Reed
Portugal Wildfires: Tourists Evacuated As Fires Cause Major Devastation
CONFIRMED: Google Protects Big Pharma By CENSORING Natural Health News
London Mayor Wants A CAR BAN, Since Regulating Guns And Knives Failed
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Trade Crypto Like A Pro!
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Anti-Empire
Children's Health Defense
Gnostic Warrior By Moe Bedard
henrymakow.com
Kia Ora Gaza
Medical Kidnap
Medical Veritas Inc.
War On We The People
We The People Daily
Copyright DocumentTruth.com. All rights reserved.


Universal Audio's new Arrow Thunderbolt 3 audio interface for Mac and Windows is now available worldwide.
Featuring two Unison mic preamps, Realtime UAD plugin processing, and 24-bit/192 kHz audio conversion, this portable, compact, and lightweight 2×4 bus-powered Thunderbolt 3 audio interface provides a generous collection of UAD plugins to record vocals, guitars, and more at near-zero latency.
Derived from Universal Audio's Apollo interfaces, Arrow features an onboard UAD-2 SOLO Core processor, letting musicians monitor and record through the full library of UAD-powered plugins.
The included UAD studio mixing tools feature a number of classic compressors, EQs, and reverbs, highlights of which include the UA 610-B Tube Preamp and Marshall Plexi Classic plugins. Arrow can also be expanded with exclusive titles from Neve, SSL, Fender, and Ampeg.
The UAD library offers more than 100 titles, including everything from classic Moog filters to Ampex tape to Lexicon reverbs, with more being added every few months.
Arrow is now shipping with an estimated street price of $499.


text:
package com.datalint.open.shared.util;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import com.datalint.open.shared.ModelConstants;
import com.datalint.open.shared.data.CSVParser;
import com.datalint.open.shared.data.CSVParser.CSVDataProcessor;
import com.datalint.open.shared.general.CSVProcessor;
import com.datalint.open.shared.general.ILineReader;
import com.datalint.open.shared.general.Tuple2;
import com.datalint.open.shared.xml.XMLUtil;
import com.google.common.xml.XmlEscapers;

public class CSVUtil {
	public static String[] createDataArray(List<Tuple2<String, String>> tuple2List) {
		String[] dataArray = new String[tuple2List.size() << 1];

		int index = 0;
		for (Tuple2<String, String> tuple2 : tuple2List) {
			dataArray[index++] = tuple2.a;
			dataArray[index++] = tuple2.b;
		}

		return dataArray;
	}

	public static List<Tuple2<String, String>> createTuple2List(String[] dataArray) {
		assert MathUtil.isEven(dataArray.length);

		List<Tuple2<String, String>> tuple2List = new ArrayList<>(dataArray.length >> 1);

		for (int i = 0; i < dataArray.length; i++) {
			tuple2List.add(new Tuple2<>(dataArray[i++], dataArray[i]));
		}

		return tuple2List;
	}

	public static String createCSV(String[]... lines) {
		return createCSV(CSVParser.getInstance(), lines);
	}

	public static String createCSV(CSVParser cSVParser, String[]... lines) {
		return createCSV(cSVParser, Arrays.asList(lines));
	}

	public static String createCSV(CSVParser cSVParser, Iterable<String[]> lines) {
		StringBuilder sB = new StringBuilder();

		for (String[] line : lines) {
			sB.append(cSVParser.unparse(line)).append(CSVParser.DEFAULT_LINE_DELIMITER_STRING);
		}

		return sB.toString();
	}

	public static String constructTableXML(List<String> lines) {
		StringBuilder sB = new StringBuilder();

		XMLUtil.appendBeginTag(sB, ModelConstants.S_table);

		for (String line : lines) {
			constructRowXML(sB, line);
		}

		XMLUtil.appendEndTag(sB, ModelConstants.S_table);

		return sB.toString();
	}

	public static String constructTableXML(ILineReader lineReader) throws IOException {
		try {
			StringBuilder sB = new StringBuilder();

			XMLUtil.appendBeginTag(sB, ModelConstants.S_table);

			String line;
			while ((line = lineReader.readLine()) != null) {
				constructRowXML(sB, line);
			}

			XMLUtil.appendEndTag(sB, ModelConstants.S_table);

			return sB.toString();
		} finally {
			lineReader.close();
		}
	}

	private static void constructRowXML(StringBuilder sB, String line) {
		XMLUtil.appendBeginTag(sB, ModelConstants.RRT_row);

		String[] columns = CSVParser.getInstance().parse(line);
		for (String column : columns) {
			XMLUtil.appendBeginTag(sB, ModelConstants._column);

			sB.append(XmlEscapers.xmlContentEscaper().escape(column));

			XMLUtil.appendEndTag(sB, ModelConstants._column);
		}

		XMLUtil.appendEndTag(sB, ModelConstants.RRT_row);
	}

	public static String createEventDataFromCSV(CSVProcessor cSVProcessor, ILineReader lineReader) throws IOException {
		try {
			StringBuilder sB = new StringBuilder(XMLUtil.createBeginTag(ModelConstants.C_event));

			int lineNumber = cSVProcessor.isFirstRowAsHeader() ? 0 : 1;
			String line;
			CSVParser cSVParser = CSVParser.getInstance(cSVProcessor.getDelimiter());
			CSVDataProcessor cSVDataProcessor = new CSVDataProcessor();
			while ((line = lineReader.readLine()) != null) {
				// Skip empty lines
				if (line.trim().length() == 0)
					continue;

				String[] columns = cSVParser.parse(line, cSVDataProcessor).getFields(lineNumber);

				if (lineNumber == 0) {
					if (!cSVProcessor.appendERHead(sB, columns))
						continue;
				} else if (lineNumber == 1) {
					int bodyLength = sB.length();

					cSVProcessor.appendERBody(sB, columns, lineNumber);

					if (sB.length() == bodyLength)
						continue;

					sB.insert(bodyLength, cSVProcessor.getBodyStart());
				} else {
					cSVProcessor.appendERBody(sB, columns, lineNumber);
				}

				lineNumber++;
			}

			if (lineNumber > 0) {
				if (lineNumber > 1)
					sB.append(cSVProcessor.getEnd());
				else if (!cSVProcessor.isFirstRowAsHeader())
					return null;

				return sB.append(XMLUtil.createEndTag(ModelConstants.C_event)).toString();
			}

			return null;
		} finally {
			lineReader.close();
		}
	}

	private CSVUtil() {
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Lodge, M. (2015). Summer of Euphony. In J. Shennan, G. Whitehead, & S. Askew (Eds.), Jack! Celebrating Jack Body, Composer (pp. 82–84). Wellington, New Zealand: Steele Roberts.
This is a contribution included in the book 'Jack! Celebrating Jack Body, Composer'. A book which celebrates the life and work of Jack Body through the recollections of friends and colleagues.


Solar power is quickly becoming more useful and necessary today than ever before. Harness the power of the sun and make it work for you! With the help of the professional and experienced crew at Service Pump, you can enjoy a solar-powered pump to help fill your storage tank or pond even when there is no easy electrical hookup available to you.
These pumps can be installed on ground racks or mounted to the roof.
Solar pumps are great for those looking to cut down on their utility spending. Being powered by the sun, solar pumps are energy efficient, passing on the savings on your monthly electric bills.
The professional crew at Service Pump specializes in Grundfos solar pumps. In our experience, this is the best brand of solar-powered pumps, and we have been trained in all aspects of proper service, installation, and repair of this top name brand.
Solar pumps do not need an electric connection to operate, and they can run even when the power goes down. Ideal for filling up storage tanks, you will never need to worry about being without water when you go solar!


text:
Restoration potential of soil seed bank in a changing climate
In a recent special issue in Restoration Ecology, the main topics were seed dispersal and seed bank ecology. In one of the review papers published in that issue we synthesized the existing knowledge about the seed bank of various open habitats and the effect of climate change on them. Due to the very few direct climate manipulation studies in open habitats with respect to soil seed bank, we provided a new perspective to reveal the possible effect of climate change on the soil seed bank.
Using the Soil Seed Bank to Inform Ecological Restoration in a Colorado Semi-arid Shrubland
A common hurdle to overcome during ecological restoration is dealing with the plant assemblages and their propagules – the soil seed bank – that are (or are not) already there. Soil seed banks can have negative or positive impacts on ecological restoration projects.
Restoring Habitat and Hope
Inmates at WCCF and eight other prisons in Idaho, Nevada, California, and Wyoming are propagating sagebrush to help restore priority greater sage-grouse habitat that has been burned by wildfires on public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management.
Ethical seed sourcing is a key issue in meeting global restoration targets
Hundreds of thousands of tonnes of wild seeds are needed to restore plant ecosystems globally but over harvesting risks their depletion unless ethical seed-sourcing regulations are developed, Curtin University research has found. A paper, just published in journal Current Biology, concluded that inadequate regulatory frameworks controlling wild-seed sourcing, limited farming capacity and seed wastage are impeding moves towards the sustainable practice of native-seed collection.
Soil seed banks: a sneak preview into the future
Many arid land plants possess seed dormancy, enabling them to delay germination until receiving environmental cues that stimulate development. Dormant seeds within the soil create seed banks that are a valuable resource for regeneration of native plant communities after disturbance. Seed germination and soil seed bank research is important to better understand soil seed bank dynamics, appropriately select restoration seed mixes, and gauge the restoration potential contained within existing soil seed banks.
The Mediterranean Basin is one of the most important plant diversity hotspots worldwide; however, its sandy coasts are affected by strong erosive processes, also accentuated by the disappearance of dune and submerged vegetation caused by human exploitation. Therefore, in the Mediterranean area the plant species conservation and ecological habitat restoration are of major importance for sustainable development.
ESA 2018: Emerging Topics in Native Plant Materials Workshop
Advances in plant ecology and evolutionary biology have clear applications to plant materials choices for ecosystem management that may have long-term impacts on ecosystem resilience. There is a need to balance the preservation of locally adapted genes with the desire to develop native plant materials that are genetically diverse and can respond to ecosystem changes.
Strategies to enhance biodiversity at SECIL. Outão Plant, a unique case study
SECIL-Outão plant is located within a Natural Park and a Natura 2000 site, south-west Portugal. The exploitation area covers about 99 ha, which includes two active quarries, one for limestone and one for marl. Both quarries and the cement plant are surrounded by natural areas, which cover about 425 ha.
The International Seed Society's Second Seed Longevity Workshop
The USDA Agricultural Research Service's National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation hosted the International Society for Seed Science's (ISSS) Second Seed Longevity Workshop at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, on July 20 – August 1, 2018. About 100 participants from 22 countries attended. ISSS aims to foster and promote research, education and communication in the scientific understanding of seeds. The workshop is held to discuss current findings and propose new directions for future research on seed longevity. Papers from the meeting will be available later in a Special Issue of Seed Science Research "Seeds, Conservation and Biodiversity".
Roadside Revegetation – An Integrated Approach to Establishing native Plants and Pollinator Habitat and the Ecoregional Revegetation Application Tool
Roadsides can play an important role in the conservation of both native plants and declining wild and managed pollinator species. In an effort to enhance the success of roadside revegetation projects and create habitat that is favorable for pollinators, the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (USFS) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) partnered with the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation and Chicago Botanic Garden to release a new DRAFT manual: Roadside Revegetation – An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat.


Achieving quality results is so important to us!
It's a combination of Amanda's tattoo industry experience and knowledge about different depths, types and applications of inks and the fact we use the most advanced laser technology on the market that gives us a clear advantage with our results.
Fading for cover ups - our specialty!
We also do complete removals!


Through the years Drotsky sold more than 60 000 hammer mills in Southern Africa and the advantage of this unconventional designed hammer mill is that the milled For the small farmer or any other user wishing to add value to his operation, the small hammer mill presents a cost effective, sensible and practical option.
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Hammer mill for sale from R 5500. We now have 3 ads from 22 sites for Hammer mill for sale, under farming vehicles equipment.
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Alibaba.com offers 282 small scale hammer mill products. About 31% of these are feed processing machines, 24% are crusher, and 1% are pet food processing machines. A wide variety of small scale hammer mill options are available to you, such as paid samples.
Hammer mills for sale in South Africa from R 9900. We now have 12 ads from 22 sites for Hammer mills for sale in South Africa, under farming vehicles equipment.
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All children are eligible for the Early Years entitlement from the term after their 3rd Birthday. This entitlement covers up to 15 hours of free nursery care per week for 38 weeks a year. Or 11 hours per week if taken over 51 weeks, (stretched funding). 30 hours a week of free nursery care, or 22 hours if taken over 51 weeks is available for families that meet the criteria.
In addition, we are an approved setting for families who meet the specific criteria for two year olds funding.
We serve many schools in the area and have links to those most local to us.


One Upper Leg: select right or left.
Upper Leg includes the plastic lock nut and screw.
Lower Leg insert (one size).
Lower leg includes a ferrule attached. Ferrules in this assembly are black.
Legs are metallic/silver. There is a removable decal/sticker on the Upper leg that says 'Junior'.
Junior Legs do not fit the adult size cuffs.
Legs are metallic/silver. There is a removable decal/sticker on the Upper leg that says 'Junior'.


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Leonardo Bonucci joins AC Milan on five-year deal from Juventus
AC Milan have completed the signing of centre-back Leonardo Bonucci from Italian champions Juventus on a five-year contract.
The Italy international, capped 70 times, joined the Milan club for a fee of £37.45m last week subject to a medical.
The 30-year-old spent seven years at Juventus, making 319 appearances and winning six consecutive Serie A titles.
AC Milan manager Vincenzo Montella said: "He is a player with international experience. Technically, I think that he and Sergio Ramos are the strongest central defenders in the world. Coaching him is a dream come true."
Bonucci becomes the fourth defender AC Milan have signed this summer following the arrivals of centre-back Mateo Musacchio from Villarreal for £16m, left-back Ricardo Rodriguez from Wolfsburg for £16m and right-back Andrea Conti for £21.4m.
AC Milan have also brought midfielders Franck Kessie, Hakan Calhanoglu and Lucas Biglia, along with forwards Andre Silva and Fabio Borini, in what has been a very busy summer so far in the transfer market.
The Rossoneri are also in talks to sign Andrea Belotti from Torino after missing out on Alvaro Morata and Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang and have held discussions with Bayern Munich about signing Portuguese midfielder Renato Sanches.
Meanwhile, Italy defender Mattia De Sciglio has moved in the opposite direction as a replacement for Dani Alves at right back for Juventus.
Juventus made the announcement on Thursday that De Sciglio was joining from AC Milan and signed a five-year contract with the Serie A champions.
Alves was released by Juventus in June and subsequently joined Paris Saint-Germain.
Juventus are reportedly paying £10.7m for the 24-year-old De Sciglio, who has 31 caps for Italy.Euro Soccer Bonus
< Richard Scudamore unconcerned by increasing Premier League transfer fees> Cardiff captain Sean Morrison signs new contract


It was more than 10 years ago that The Blackening was released by Machine Head and going on recent evidence it seems like that will be the album that everybody will remember Machine Head by.
This is because The Blackening had many things going for it at the time when it was released. It was almost like playing a game of roulette at NetBet with stars aligning to ensure that you win every single spin.
These things included the metal audience's desire for a return to a true trash metal album which would also combine the spirit of the early 2000s. It also helped that there was an authoritarian political figure in George W. Bush, which polarized the band to write an anti-establishment album. Finally, there was also Machine Head's own desire to steer away from its previous rap and alt metal influences.
The period when The Blackening was released was also a period in which other metal powerhouses were either under a poor record label, were still working on their material or hadn't found their feet at the changing metal scene yet.
With Metallica's St Anger album premiering in 2003 it was really only a matter of time as to which metal band would capture that need for the first top quality trash album of the 21st century. Luckily for Machine Head, it was The Blackening.
In 2007 the crowd was hungry for an album that would signal a return to metal's golden age. It was almost as if everyone was looking for that missing album that Metallica didn't make between ...And Justice For All and The Black Album.
Machine Head were probably feeling the same way and duly delivered one of the greatest metal albums ever. The Blackening was the answer to the demand of the audience for an album which would combine that gritty and dense sound of the 1980s with rhythmic heavy metal structures. Just what the crowd ordered.
Robb Flynn, Adam Duce, Logan Mader, and Tony Costanza left the Bay Area trash band Vio-lence to form Machine Head. The Blackening, as an album, definitely draws a lot of its inspiration from those days.
Lyrics wise for example, the now legendary song Aesthetics of Hate, is a vessel for Flynn to express his opinion on the baseless attack on Dimebag Darell. Back in the 1980s Bay Area scene similar themes of us against them were prevalent and that is another reason as to why the album hit home so hard.
However, it wouldn't be fair to the band to say that a large part of the success of The Blackening is down to the circumstances surrounding it. The biggest reason why the album became such a heavy hitter is actually the quality of the material in it.
Songs such as "Clenching the Fist of Dissent" and "A Farewell to Arms" feel like the two covers of a book. The first one starts slow and sets the pace of the album, while the last one slows everything down to a melodic halt. In between are songs such as "Halo" and "Aesthetics of Hate" which are the best things Machine Head related you will ever hear.


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Something In The Air (Live Paris 99) Bundle
Limited to one copy per customer. Duplicate orders will be cancelled.
1 Choose options:
Something In The Air (Live Paris 99) 2LP
Never before released on CD & LP, SOMETHING IN THE AIR (LIVE PARIS 99) is the fifth of six strictly limited-edition live albums forming Brilliant Live Adventures.
The 15-track live album, features 12 previously unissued recordings (outside of streaming) and three tracks used as B-sides for singles from the 'hours…' album. The day of the show was a momentous one for Bowie, as that afternoon he was awarded the Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, the highest artistic honour that France can bestow.
The Elysee Montmartre performance was one of only seven full shows performed during the promotion of the 'hours…' album. For this special limited run of gigs Bowie dug deep into his back catalogue making these shows particularly memorable. Standout tracks include 'Can't Help Thinking About Me' first released in 1966 and not performed live in over 30 years, 'Word On A Wing' from Station To Station was reinstated into the set after an absence of 23 years, 'Drive-In Saturday' had not been performed since 1974, and 'hours…' track 'Something In The Air' made it's live debut at this performance.
The album was recorded live at the Elysée Monmartre, mixed by Mark Plati, and features Page Hamilton - guitar, Gail Ann Dorsey - bass, vocals, Mark Plati – guitar, Sterling Campbell – drums, Mike Garson – piano, keyboards, synthesisers and Emm Gryner and Holly Palmer –backing vocals.
Thursday's Child
Can't Help Thinking About Me
I Can't Read
This bundle also includes:
Something in the Air Live in Paris '99 T-Shirt


The Western Cape ANC has called for an immediate suspension of the provisional rights allocation of West Coast rock lobster, calling for an urgent engagement with Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) minister Senzeni Zokwana.
According to the press the party says that they have been flooded with desperate calls from communities along the West Coast, Cape Town, Overberg and the Southern Cape.
A senior Sasol executive has voiced concern saying that the government should immediately resolve the uncertainty around the introduction of clean fuel specifications in order to ensure the sustainability of an industry that is a significant contributor to job creation and economic growth.
"Let us do our best to protect (the petrol and liquid fuels) industry for the sake of the economy," says Radebe.


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Vanessa Laws (* 24. Februar 2004 in Ludwigsfelde) ist eine deutsche Paracyclerin

Sportlicher Werdegang
Mit 14 Jahren zog Vanessa Laws, die Behinderungen an den Füßen und Einschränkungen an den Sprunggelenken hat, von zu Hause in Berlin aus, um die Lausitzer Sportschule Cottbus zu besuchen. Sie bestreitet Radsport auf der Bahn, der Straße und im Cyclocross, dabei nimmt sie auch an Rennen teil, die nicht explizit für Paracycler gedacht sind.

2021 wurde Laws Europameisterin im Zeitfahren und im Straßenrennen. 2022 startete sie bei den Bahnweltmeisterschaften auf dem Vélodrome National  im französischen Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, konnte sich aber bei ihrem Debüt nicht auf vorderen Rängen platzieren.

Erfolge
2021
  Europameisterin – Zeitfahren, Straßenrennen

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Behindertensportler (Radsport, Deutschland)
Europameister (Radsport)
Bahnradfahrer
Cyclocrossfahrer
Deutscher
Geboren 2004
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On Friday last week we started our trip to Hitra, Norway. We left in pouring rain and found a lot of roads bloked in Norway due to the same reason, but nevertheless we made it to Sandstad without a lot of delay. The fist days of fishing were just average with some Codfish and others. We tried several times the spot of last years Coalfish success and today finally we met them. In just one hour we caught 3 nice fish weighing 12, 8 and 3 kg as well as some medium sized Cod. So we hope that the good fishing will continue as the weather prediction for the next days looks good.


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(No) Dialogue in Bahrain
Given the regional balance of power, the unconditional financial, military and political support of the GCC, the US, Britain and others, and the deep divisions within the ruling family as well as within the opposition, the stalemate in Bahrain is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
By Toby Matthiesen | Via MERIP
Anti-government protesters under the Lulu towers in Manama during the 2011 uprising. (Photo by Al Jazeera English, Creative Commons License)
In the run-up to the third anniversary of the Bahraini uprising on February 14, 2011, mass protests with tens of thousands of participants again engulfed the small kingdom. At the same time, a number of contacts between the opposition and the royal family sparked hopes of renewed high-level negotiations leading to the resolution of the long-standing conflict.
A January 15 meeting between Crown Prince Salman and opposition leaders, including 'Ali Salman, secretary-general of al-Wifaq, the main Shi'ite Islamist party, was seen as particularly groundbreaking. The meeting came just a week after a year-long but fruitless national dialogue was officially suspended and less than a month after 'Ali Salman had been briefly detained and banned from travel for a speech he gave during Friday prayers. It was an abrupt, and thus symbolic, break with what had seemed to be the hard line of the ruling Al Khalifa.
Opposition's demands include a parliament with "full legislative powers," an "elected government" and a referendum to approve any and all decisions that come out of the new national dialogue that is expected to begin
All groups invited to take part in a rejuvenated dialogue were asked to send a list of desiderata to the Royal Court. On February 8, the opposition coalition, made up of al-Wifaq and several leftist groups, published its road map for an exit from the kingdom's crisis. Its key demands include a parliament with "full legislative powers," an "elected government" and a referendum to approve any and all decisions that come out of the new national dialogue that is expected to begin.
In addition, the opposition wants a halt to the policy of naturalizing Sunni foreigners, many of whom have come to work in the security sector (from which native-born Shi'ites are largely banned). The mainly Shi'ite opposition accuses the government of trying to alter the demographic balance of the country from a slight Shi'a majority to equal percentages or even a Sunni majority. The royal family is Sunni. Cynics say that the government will allow a one-man-one-vote system and redrawing of gerrymandered electoral districts only when the Shi'ites are no longer a majority. Understandably, the opposition wants a fairer electoral system sooner rather than later.
Web of Interests
Bahrain, an archipelago in the Persian Gulf with a citizen population of around 600,000, symbolizes the complex web of strategic and economic interests that has linked the Gulf states to the West from the bygone days of the British Empire to the present era of US "hegemony." The naval base in Bahrain was a key port for British warships and from the late 1940s it started to host American troops as well. In 1971, Bahrain became officially independent, and Britain retreated from the Gulf, leaving the base to the Americans, who made it the headquarters of the Fifth Fleet, the American naval forces in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and parts of the Indian Ocean. The base has long ensured Bahrain's status in British and US strategic thinking and together with Saudi support has underwritten the security of the Al Khalifa regime.
Using their sovereign wealth funds, the Arab Gulf states have bought up key assets in the West and across the world, recycling money from oil sales and gaining a lot of soft power on the side
After the Lebanese civil war broke out in 1975, Bahrain became a major, if not the major, banking center in the Middle East. Already, since the 1973 oil embargo, money was pouring into the oil and gas-producing countries of the Gulf. Though Bahrain's oil production is modest, its economy, particularly finance, services, tourism and real estate, benefited from the boom in the region. In the intervening decades, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates have taken full ownership of their natural resources and become powerful global players in their own right, forming the Gulf Cooperation Council (with Bahrain and Oman) in 1981. Using their sovereign wealth funds, the Arab Gulf states have bought up key assets in the West and across the world, recycling money from oil sales and gaining a lot of soft power on the side. They have also invested heavily in other Middle Eastern countries, where the neoliberal transformation of economies since the 1970s has opened up opportunities.
Neoliberal economic policies were arguably the main cause of the Arab revolts of 2011 — and in Bahrain, as well, they had a profound impact
Neoliberal economic policies were arguably the main cause of the Arab revolts of 2011 — and in Bahrain, as well, they had a profound impact. Real estate speculation, land reclamation and the need of multinational companies for local middlemen strengthened a crony capitalist class made up of the ruling family and a small group of Sunni and Shi'ite business families. The wealth of the few visibly contrasted with the circumstances of most Bahrainis, who increasingly came to feel that they were being left behind. Without the windfall oil profits enjoyed by its neighbors, Bahrain could not afford the high civil service salaries and massive infrastructure and social service programs that its GCC partners put into place to cushion the blows of neoliberalism. The inequality was highlighted further by corruption on a grand scale, as shown by the results of an international investigation of ties between Alcoa, the largest US aluminum producer, and Bahraini officials and royals. Alcoa was accused of paying tens of millions of dollars in bribes and finally agreed to pay a $384 million fine in the United States to resolve the matter. The inquiry revealed the high commissions regularly charged by gatekeepers of the Bahraini economy.
Unlike the other small Gulf countries, Bahrain has an indigenous working class, which has long been unionized. Throughout the twentieth century, strikes, anti-colonial movements and leftist parties played a key role in Bahrain's history. So the Bahraini government imported cheap labor from abroad not to augment the domestic work force, but partly to replace it, and to weaken the restive labor movement that represents it. The foreigners were often Sunnis (largely from South Asia or poorer Arab countries) who were dependent on sponsors inside the regime. Hence the migrant workers were much more loyal to the ruling family than the rest of the population. The policy fueled resentment among poorer Bahrainis, many but not all of whom are Shi'a.
Gulf Offensive
When these people, and particularly the younger generation, revolted in 2011, the Bahraini regime and its allies in Gulf and Western capitals did not quite know how to react. After an initial crackdown, thousands of protesters were allowed to converge on the Pearl Roundabout, a symbol of Gulf modernism in the capital city of Manama surrounded by highways, flyovers, the so-called Financial Harbor and skyscrapers full of expensive apartments for wealthy Bahrainis and Saudis. Many of these mega-projects are owned by members of the ruling family, in particular Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman, whom many protesters blamed for the country's malaise. Pearl Roundabout became a Gulf version of Cairo's Tahrir Square until martial law was declared on March 13, 2011. Saudi troops, under the nominal banner of a little-known GCC joint task force, rolled over the causeway that links Bahrain to the Arabian mainland to crush an essentially peaceful protest movement. The movement largely called for democratic process and gradual change; the pretext for intervention was the occasional clashes with protesters that caused the slogans to become more radical.
Not all of the Gulf states were in favor of Saudi intervention. Oman, Qatar and Kuwait preferred a negotiated solution with limited political reforms, not least because they themselves fear Riyadh's dominance in the GCC
The weeks before that tragic day saw secret negotiations between Crown Prince Salman, who presents himself as a reformer, and al-Wifaq. At the same time, hardliners in the ruling family, centered around the prime minister and a security-minded branch of the royals known as the Khawalid, called upon their Gulf neighbors for help. Not all of the Gulf states were in favor of intervention. Oman, Qatar and Kuwait preferred a negotiated solution with limited political reforms, not least because they themselves fear Saudi dominance in the GCC. But as one Gulf official said, "When the Saudis and the Emiratis threw all their diplomatic weight behind this issue, we gave in."
The affair was embarrassing to Bahrain's two main Western backers, the US and Britain. Despite denials at the time, it now seems likely that the Americans knew about the Saudi plan to send troops into Bahrain, and did not veto it, even if they did not approve. It is naive to think that the US, with 6,000 military personnel and contractors stationed at the naval base, now known by the acronym NSA-Bahrain (Naval Support Activity-Bahrain), could not have stopped their close Gulf allies from invading the encampment in Pearl Roundabout. Ever since, the Obama administration has called for "dialogue" in Bahrain, all the while embarking on a massive expansion of the naval base, partly to house units that need to be withdrawn from Afghanistan.
The Saudis used their Arabic-language media empire to spread a narrative of an Iranian-engineered takeover of Bahrain that would endanger all the Arab Gulf states. The other GCC states largely followed suit
Apart from the security aspect, however, the enormous economic and political power built up by the wealthy Gulf states was put into effect to ensure that few in the Arab world or the West would dare to denounce the repression in Bahrain. The Saudis used their Arabic-language media empire to spread a narrative of an Iranian-engineered takeover of Bahrain that would endanger all the Arab Gulf states. The other GCC states largely followed suit. Gulf ruling families intermarry, and so criticism of the Bahraini ruling family is seen as an insult to other royals as well (and is treated as a crime throughout the GCC countries).
For background on the 2011 uprising, see Cortni Kerr and Toby Jones, "A Revolution Paused in Bahrain," Middle East Report Online, February 23, 2011.
For a report on Bahrain after the Saudi intervention, see Gregg Carlstrom, "In the Kingdom of Tear Gas," Middle East Report Online, April 13, 2012.
For more on Gulf investment in Arab countries, see Karen Pfeifer, "Petrodollars at Work and at Play in the Post-September 11 Decade," Middle East Report 260 (Fall 2011).
And for deep background on Bahraini political economy, see Rob Franklin, "Migrant Labor and the Politics of Development in Bahrain," and 'Abd al-Hadi Khalaf, "Labor Movements in Bahrain," all in Middle East Report 132 (May-June 1985).
The Gulf public relations offensive had far-reaching consequences. Academics were discouraged from speaking out on Bahrain by Western universities with heavy reliance upon Gulf funding; Western news outlets practiced self-censorship due to high-level pressure from investors and advertisers; and Western politicians, keen on injections of Gulf cash into ailing economies and dependent on donations from companies with interests in the Gulf, ventured very little reproach of the Al Khalifa. The British government, faced with economic crisis at home and diminished power projection abroad, did almost everything it could to maintain its strategic relationship with the Bahraini elite. Many in the British establishment had long seen Bahrain as one of the most pleasant spots in the erstwhile Empire, with a "tolerant" atmosphere and an Anglophile ruling family. The king attended the military academy at Sandhurst; the crown prince studied at Cambridge (and American University in Washington, DC, where the courtyard of a main building bears his name).
Tellingly, one of the biggest worries of the British ambassador in the spring of 2011 was whether or not to invite the Bahraini king to the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton. Britain also expanded its security cooperation with Bahrain, with former Scotland Yard commander John Yates advising the Al Khalifa on how to "reform" the security services. Scotland Yard sent officers to Bahrain, and Bahraini activists blame the increasing number of arrests of protest organizers in 2013 on better intelligence obtained with British help. Meanwhile, John Timoney, the former Philadelphia and Miami police chief infamous for forcible dispersion of protests in those cities, also became a security adviser to the Bahraini royals. Leaked documents indicate that his appointment found support at the highest levels of the US government.
Solution or Square One
The January 15 meeting and the prospect of a new national dialogue have to be seen in the light of these geostrategic, political and economic networks. The main drivers of the 2014 parleys seem to be the Americans and the British. One would like to think that these powers want to move toward a more balanced Bahrain policy. After all, the repression of the Bahraini uprising has claimed a hundred lives and the opposition claims there are 3,000 political prisoners, some of whom show signs of torture. But the push comes not because of human rights concerns but because the stability of Bahrain is essential to Western security interests. While a police state can usually keep the lid on unrest, there is always the possibility of a revolution or sustained civil strife. Bahrain's Western and some of its Gulf neighbors think that a deal is more durable, one that involves power sharing with the opposition without undermining the dominant position of the ruling family. Similar "dialogues" started in the summer of 2011 but fizzled out because the regime was unwilling to make significant political concessions. Negotiations restarted in early 2013, in time to generate good publicity during the protests in remembrance of the start of the uprising and during the Formula 1 race, which brings an annual influx of journalists looking to spice up their reporting from the circuit with a visit to the tire-burning youth in the villages around Manama.
Parallel to the official dialogue, secret talks between the crown prince and the opposition progressed between March and July 2013. According to confidants of both sides, these talks had almost led to an agreement, when on July 17 a car bomb exploded outside a mosque in an upper-class neighborhood of Manama where many members of the ruling family live. The regime blamed terrorist elements among the opposition, and handed down life sentences to people allegedly involved in the attack. The opposition disputes the official narrative and argues that hardliners inside the regime carried out the attack in order to sabotage the negotiations. Whoever planted the bomb indeed achieved that aim: The secret talks stopped and one group after the other withdrew from the public dialogue, which had degenerated into a talk shop without a meaningful agenda or a clear timetable.
History says that if oppressed people see no avenue to a political solution, if trust in established opposition parties and government institutions is eroding, and if international state and non-state actors are willing to back competing groups, then countries can slip into violent conflict almost overnight
Looking at events since 2011, and indeed past decades, it is hard to be optimistic about the meetings between the crown prince and the opposition. It seems that, as in previous years, the ruling family is in need of positive news that the public relations firms hired by the government can spin as evidence of an "ongoing reform process." Parliamentary elections are supposed to be held in October, and the ruling family wants the opposition to participate. The last elections after the crackdown in 2011 were boycotted by the opposition and thus returned a loyalist parliament. As 'Ali al-Aswad, London representative of al-Wifaq, explained: "The ruling family tells us that there can only be reform once the opposition is in Parliament again. They essentially want us to forget three years of struggle and suffering, and go back to square one, to where we were before 2011."
Even if al-Wifaq and the leftist groups in the opposition alliance were to agree to such a scenario, and that is far from certain, the people who are driving the protests in the streets every night in the largely Shi'ite villages will not be appeased. The demonstrators dream of the downfall of the regime, though they acknowledge that this outcome is unlikely any time soon. Only if genuine political concessions were on the table could they be persuaded to stop protesting. These concessions would include the release or fair retrial of political prisoners, in particular 13 leaders of unlicensed political groups who have received long jail terms for their role in the uprising.
The ruling family is angry at these opposition figures, who called for their downfall, but these men will have to be included in the political process if there is to be long-term stability in Bahrain. Even President Barack Obama argued in May 2011 that "the only way forward is for the government and opposition to engage in a dialogue, and you can't have a real dialogue when parts of the peaceful opposition are in jail." At the moment, however, release of the "Bahrain 13," as activists have dubbed them, is anathema to the ruling family. Given the regional balance of power, the unconditional financial, military and political support of the GCC, the US, Britain and others, and the deep divisions within the ruling family as well as within the opposition, the stalemate in Bahrain is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.
Matar Matar, a charismatic former al-Wifaq MP who is now the group's spokesman in Washington, adopted a different stance: "Actually, our problems are relatively easy to solve." How could that possibly be? "In regional comparison," he added. In other Arab countries that have experienced revolts, such as Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen, political struggles have descended into large-scale violence, internationalized conflict and civil war. "Compared to these countries," Matar continued, "there is no real push to use violence as a revolutionary tool and no real civil war in Bahrain. I believe we can include the demands of all Bahrainis in a future settlement." The words of a politician, to be sure, but they should inspire anyone who wants this country to stay intact.
History says that if oppressed people see no avenue to a political solution, if trust in established opposition parties and government institutions is eroding, and if international state and non-state actors are willing to back competing groups, then countries can slip into violent conflict almost overnight. Increasingly, all these factors are coming together in Bahrain. The West's position is that a bad dialogue is better than no dialogue at all, and that in the meantime everybody should get on with business as usual. But a bad dialogue also undermines those who believe in compromise and strengthens the hardliners on both sides, both of which groups command a sizable social base. The hardliners at least agree on one slogan that has emerged from their rallies and social media accounts: la hiwar (no dialogue).
This article first appeared on the website of Middle East Research and Information Project
Al Khalifa al-Wifaq Bahrain violence Crown Prince Salman Persian Gulf 2014-02-15
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A Day in Ogunquit
The many overlapping layers of culture across this oceanfront resort town have made it a magnet for vacationing families, art connoisseurs, the LGBTQ+ community, and nature lovers. That glorious human mix means that, no matter who you are, you'll rarely long for something stimulating to jump into around Ogunquit.
Issue: June 2022 By: Alexandra Hall Photography: Heidi Kirn
The iconic Ogunquit Playhouse.
LEAN INTO LOCAL ARTS HISTORY
Visual artists and performers started discovering Ogunquit in the late 1800s, and the Ogunquit Museum of American Art's collection starts then and runs to modern day—all of it showing the important role Ogunquit has had in shaping the nation's art. This summer, look for I'll Bring the Luck with Me: Hunting and Fishing with Henry Strater, an exhibition spotlighting the local adventurer and artist. Currently in its 90th year, the iconic Ogunquit Playhouse rolls out five musicals and plays each summer. This season's include musical versions of Mr. Holland's Opus and The Nutty Professor. Around here, hotels double as art museums, exemplified in Cliff House Maine's formidable collection of 50 pieces by local artists in multiple mediums, curated by Chris Caraviello of the nearby Van Ward Gallery.
BRING THE BROOD
Kids love the hop-on, hop-off Ogunquit Trolley—a convenient (it runs every 15 minutes) way to navigate downtown Ogunquit's crowded streets. Ride it to Harbor Candy Shop, full of charm and handmade sweets, and score big with the kids. (Bonus points if you go to the back of the shop and watch candy being made.) When the sea beckons, head for the middle section of the aforementioned Ogunquit Beach, known as Footbridge Beach—a favorite for tykes thanks to an abundance of tide pools, changing rooms, and concessions. One of the most family-friendly spots to stay is Anchorage by the Sea, run by the Ramsey family since 1978. Its recently renovated restaurant, Surf Point 360, has French toast piled with chocolate chips for kids and 360-degree views of the Atlantic for grown-ups.
Shops along Perkins Cove.
Relaxing on a dock in Perkins Cove.
BREATHE DEEP
Nature couldn't be easier to access from downtown Ogunquit. Some of Maine's most stunning views are found along the Marginal Way, a 1.25-mile paved path running along the cliff parallel to town. (The 40 or so benches along the path provide respites for meditating on the crashing Atlantic waves.) Meanwhile, Ogunquit Beach is a 3.5-mile-long stretch of soft sand, gentle surf, and tide pools. Nearby Wells Reserve at Laudholm harbors loads of wildlife, upland fields, forests, and freshwater and estuarine wetlands on its protected 2,250 acres of coastal habitat.
Although it is a tourist destination, Ogunquit has a working
waterfront where visitors can watch Maine fishermen work.
The Ogunquit Museum of American Art.
GET YOUR DRAG ON
Known globally as a gay destination, Ogunquit embraces the full rainbow coalition of LGBTQ+ locals and visitors all about town, and everyone is welcome. When you're craving some piano bar sing-alongs with your bang bang shrimp, hit the Front Porch Piano Bar and Restaurant for dinner—and don't bypass the fish tacos with lime tequila slaw, either. There's a nightly party over at Mainestreet, with drag performances, disco bear tea dances, and '80s prom nights. Plays and comedy acts figure in as well, and the outdoor deck is the place to be after a long day on the beach.
Brunswick in 48 Hours
Carrabassett Valley in 48 Hours
Lovell in 48 Hours
Moosehead Lake in 48 Hours


text:
export default function UniqueConstraintError(errors) {
  this.name = 'UniqueConstraintError';
  this.message = 'New User creation failed. See ValidationErrors';
  this.validationErrors = errors;
}
UniqueConstraintError.prototype = new Error();


text:
IILP Practice Round-Up Call for Submissions!
Highlight noteworthy diversity and inclusion efforts for the rest of the legal profession in the "IILP Review 2012: The State of Diversity and Inclusion in the Legal Profession!"
If your law firm, law department, agency, bar association, or other organization has a particularly successful or innovative program or initiative, or has published a new report, or has released the results of new research you've undertaken that helps advance diversity and inclusion efforts in the legal profession and you think other members of the profession would benefit from knowing about it, spread the word about your efforts! IILP is now compiling its Practice Round-Up which will be included in the "IILP Review 2012: The State of Diversity and Inclusion in the Legal Profession" which will be published this fall. The Practice Round-Up is your chance to highlight your diversity and inclusion efforts and celebrate your successes with your colleagues around the US and abroad.
Submissions should include the following:
Name of the Project, Program, Research, or Report
Purpose or Objective of the Project, Program, Research, or Report
Description and background of the Project, Program or Report
Explanation about how the Project or Program operates or the methodology of the Research or Report
How many lawyers, law students, judges, students, etc. were/are involved?
What kind of costs did the Project, Program, Research or Report require?
What was the source of funding?
Does the Project, Program, Research or Report require paid staff? If so, how many and for how much time?
What have been the benefits of this Project, Program, Research, or Report?
What obstacles might someone trying to replicate this reasonably expect to encounter?
Who is the contact person for someone interested in learning more about this? (Please provide a name, telephone number and email address.)
Submissions are due by May 25, 2012. Submissions should be emailed to Review@TheIILP.com


I-FourC® JIM™ registers all the information within your organisation in one central database. All information will be connected and you will always have the right information at hand. You can use I-FourC JIM for the logistics management of physical files or to expand to a fully digital workplace. You determine the speed of this transition and growth, and have all the right tools at hand to guide and supervise this process. I-FourC JIM is a client-server solution and requires on-site installation onto your system.


When I woke up this morning, I decided to hack away at a blog post for a little bit. As soon as I opened the site, my heart sank. This is the PITA thing about running your own site. Like owning your own house instead of renting an apartment, or buying a car instead of taking a bus, when something breaks it's on you to fix it. And mechanics ain't cheap. Happy days.
I wouldn't click through this even if it let me, but even better I have HSTS enabled. That's a way for a website to ask a browser to only access it via https (although it's not required to - more on that below), so Chrome honored the request by not providing a way to click through at all. Ouch.
It only took a moment to realize what had happened. See where it says ERR_CERT_DATE_INVALID? Certificate date invalid... as in my SSL certificate. Clicking on that text expanded another block that made it abundantly clear by showing the expiration date - yesterday. My SSL certificate had expired so that's no bueno, but I had told the browser to only access via https, so... doubly no bueno.
First, I SSH'd into my server and tried running the script manually to do a renew with /opt/certbot-auto renew. That gave me a little more insight into what was going wrong. One of the things the script does is create a couple temporary files (long random names in an "acme-challenge" directory), which it then attempts to access using http (sort of... get to that in a minute). That didn't work - you can see where it gets a 404 when it tries to access those files - so the CRON job was working okay but the job it was executing was failing.
Based on the output shared above it looks like Certbot tells Boulder (the Let's Encrypt server-side component of the CA) to perform the validation requests against your domain for the /.well-known/acme-challenge/ file, but Boulder gets a 404 response for the requests! Your webserver doesn't give back the validation files to prove to Let's Encrypt you control the domain.
After that, I decided to see if the directory it was complaining about in the above output was indeed present but just inaccessible. I created the .well-known/acme-challenge directory myself and threw an empty "test.txt" file in there; tried to access it from the browser and got a 404 too.
That's the wrong location. My blog is hosted one directory lower. I made the change and restarted nginx with service nginx restart.
Then the certificate renewal worked and, after the following output, I restarted nginx again.
I'll have to figure out why it didn't email me a warning, which I think it's supposed to do. It's possible I set it up with a now-defunct email address. But at least the site's back up and running. Hopefully if someone else runs into the same problem, it'll be a simple nginx config file fix too!
This is post #13 in my personal challenge to complete 30 Days of Blogging. My goal is to become more comfortable with blogging in a more frequent and informal manner.


puzzle games, exciting sportsgames, mario games, games for girls!
action and arcade games and many more!!!
Angelgames was added by irida1988 in Feb 2016 and the latest update was made in Feb 2016. The list of alternatives was updated Apr 2019 There is a history of all activites on Angelgames in our Activity Log. It's possible to update the information on Angelgames or report it as discontinued, duplicated or spam.
Alternatives to Angelgames for Web, Windows, Linux, Android, Software as a Service (SaaS) and more. Filter by license to discover only free or Open Source alternatives. This list contains a total of 17 apps similar to Angelgames.
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text:
ImpeachmentHow the Trump Impeachment Trial Rules Compare to Clinton's Trial
Unidentified American sailor wearing gas mask, 1940s.Dale Rooks/U.S. Coast Guard
Unidentified American sailor wearing gas mask, 1940s.
Dale Rooks/U.S. Coast Guard
Aboard a U.S. Coast Guard Cutter in World War II: Rare Photos
Liz Ronk
A few months ago, LIFE.com published a series of photos from World War II, taken by a Michigan native named Dale Rooks. The pictures were striking not only because the quality of the work was so uniformly high, but because they had come our way, unbidden but definitely welcomed, via Rooks's son, Jan. As mentioned in the previous post, the photographs had been seen by virtually no one except Dale Rooks's family and the Rooks family's friends for the past seven decades.
(Dale Rooks died in 1954 of cancer, when he was just 37 years old.)
Here, we present another gallery of photos by Dale Rooks, made during and after the Second World War. This time around, we're focusing on life aboard the United States Coast Guard ship Duane—a Treasury-class cutter built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in the mid-1930s.
In 1987, after five decades of service and two years after being decommissioned, the Duane was intentionally sunk in order to create an artificial reef in the Florida Keys. Fifteen years later, she was added to the United States' National Register of Historic Places.
NOTE: As the caption information that accompanies so many of Dale Rooks's photos from France is limited—and often non-existent—we're hoping that some readers might recognize specific locations or even individuals in the images. If you or anyone you know is able to provide details about any or all of the pictures, please contact Jan Rooks at dale.rooks.son@gmail.com.
[Learn more about Dale Rooks and see more of his photos at dalerooks.org]
[Learn more about life aboard the Duane at 'John Baker's Warbook']


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Q: Multiple forms using same javascript method I'm a little stuck with something i've been trying to do.
I've been trying to get multiple forms (six) to use a javascript method that i have. These forms have text input values and should be checked, then passed to a php file then AJAX is used to update the page with confirmation or an error.
For this example i'll use only two forms, these are my forms

Market #1

            <form action="" method="POST">

                        Market: <input type="text" name="market_1" id="market_1" />

                        <button type="button" name="button1" id="button1" onclick="check_update_selection()">Update Market!</button>

                <input type="hidden" name="market_number" id="market_number" value="1" />

output

            </form>

Market #2

            <form action="" method="POST">

                        Market: <input type="text" name="market_2" id="market_2" />

                        <button type="button" name="button2" id="button2" onclick="check_update_selection()">Update Market!</button>

                <input type="hidden" name="market_number" id="market_number" value="2" />

output

            </form>

Now  and  is where the AJAX will update the page. This is the method i have already (JS)
function check_update_selection()
 {
if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
{
    xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
}
else if (window.ActiveXObject)
{
    xhr = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}

console.log('Market value: ' + document.getElementById('market_number').value);

if(document.getElementById('market_number').value == 1)
{
    var market = document.getElementById('market_1').value;;
    var market_number = 1;
    var html_element = 'market_1';
}
else if(document.getElementById('market_number').value == 2)
{
    var market = document.getElementById('market_1').value;
    var market_number = 2;
    var html_element = 'market_2';
}

xhr.open('POST', 'update_market.php');
xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8');
var obj = {market: market};
xhr.send("data=" + JSON.stringify(obj));
xhr.onreadystatechange=function()
{
    if (xhr.readyState==4)
    {
        if(market_number == 1)
        {
            document.getElementById("market_1_output").innerHTML = xhr.responseText;
        }
        else if(market_number == 2)
        {
            document.getElementById("market_2_output").innerHTML = xhr.responseText;
        }
    }
}

I won't include the php because all it does it echo the word "TEST".
The first form works perfectly, however, the second form doesn't, it seems to up date the first form. so i used console.log(); and found that every time i submit the second form it seems to submit the the fields from the first form.
Am i going the right way about this or is there something i am missing?
Also i am learning javascript as we speak so my knowledge of the platform isn't the best so please point out any mistakes i've made.
Thanks for your time.

A: You can't put in the same page 2 elements with the same id (market_number):
<input type="hidden" name="market_number" id="market_number" value="2" />

a better solution might be to define the main function check_update_selection a parameter and then just call it with that param from each form:
function check_update_selection(number)

and from your HTML call it with the right number:
 onclick="check_update_selection(1)"
 onclick="check_update_selection(2)"

A: First having multiple forms in the same page pointing to a same action is a poor practice.
Second id of the elements should be unique.
If you are a beginner then validate the HTML in w3c validator you'll come to learn a lot from that itself.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
DeKalb Man Part Of Cubs' Ring Ceremony
by: Scott Leber
If you're a Cubs fan it's not every century that your team wins a World Series. So when it does, and it offers the opportunity to present a championship ring you jump at the chance. That's exactly what Jeff Birtell from DeKalb did.
"I was sitting here looking at Facebook, and I saw it on Facebook," says Birtell of a Cubs contest that he saw. "I just happened to mention it to my youngest daughter, and I said ,'Hey look at this!', and she said, 'Dad you can so win this!"
The Cubs gave 20 fans the chance to present players and coaches their 2016 World Series rings. All the fans had to do was put together a video nominating themselves or another candidate, then upload the video to twitter using the Cubs Ring Bearer hashtag. That's where Jeff's son Matt comes in.
"I do videography for a living, so it was kind of fallen upon me," says Matt Birtell. "But I also thought it would be a good opportunity to give something back to my dad. Not just physically, but to show him through him raising us what he's done."
That was the video's message. Matt and his sister explained how their dad has used the Cubs to not only bond as a family, but also to teach life lessons. Then about a week and a half later Matt received an email. It was from the Cubs.
"I was just looking at my phone and I was like oh my gosh!," says Matt. I was like super tired when I was looking at it, and then I got my third wind, and I was up all night!"
The email revealed Matt's dad Jeff was one of the contest winners, but that wasn't the only thing the email said. It also asked Matt to record Jeff's reaction the moment he tells him he won.
"Woo Hoo!," was Jeff's reaction.
"I couldn't love my kids anymore than I do, but just the kind words that they said too, because I didn't coach them. They were speaking from the heart," says Jeff Birtell.
"It (winning) means a lot because it kind of justifies our own thoughts, and the fact that our dad taught us these great things, and other people see these great things," says Matt Birtell.
"To be a part of this historical event, and I'm thinking who am I? But you know it's God's hands in it because this is wonderful!,' says Jeff Birtell.
Birtell doesn't know yet which player or coach he'll be presenting a ring to on Wednesday.
Latest Sports Video
by Samantha Rivera / Jan 18, 2020
Genoa-Kingston beat Belvidere 50-40. Click the media player for highlights.
Stillman Valley beat Winnebago 48-42. Click the media player for highlights.
by Scott Leber / Jan 17, 2020
ROCKFORD, Ill. - The Chicago Blackhawks announced Friday they have recalled forward Brandon Hagel from the American Hockey League's Rockford IceHogs.
Hagel, 21, has skated in 38 games with the IceHogs this season, logging 21 points (13g, 8a). He leads the team in goals and is second on the roster in points. Additionally, his 13 markers are tied for sixth among rookies in the American Hockey League.


text:
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Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (Paperback)
Book listings on our website do not always reflect the current availability of books on our store shelves. Check a book's in-store availability beneath the "add to cart" button. Or to be certain that a book you've found on our website is also here on our shelves, feel free to call us at 615-953-2243.
By Peniel E. Joseph
"Once in a while a book comes along that projects the spirit of an era; this is one of them . . . Vibrant and expressive . . . A well-researched and well-written work." —The Philadelphia Inquirer
With the rallying cry of "Black Power!" in 1966, a group of black activists, including Stokely Carmichael and Huey P. Newton, turned their backs on Martin Luther King's pacifism and, building on Malcolm X's legacy, pioneered a radical new approach to the fight for equality. Drawing on original archival research and more than sixty original oral histories, Peniel E. Joseph vividly invokes the way in which Black Power redefined black identity and culture and in the process redrew the landscape of American race relations. In a series of character-driven chapters, we witness the rise of Black Power groups such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Black Panthers, and with them, on both coasts of the country, a fundamental change in the way Americans understood the unfinished business of racial equality and integration.
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour traces the history of the Black Power movement, that storied group of men and women who would become American icons of the struggle for racial equality.
Peniel Joseph is Professor of History at Tufts University. The recipient of fellowships from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Ford Foundation, his work has appeared in Souls, New Formations, and The Black Scholar, and he is the author of the book Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour. He lives in Brooklyn, New York.
"Peniel Joseph represents the best of a new generation of scholars whose work will substantially revise our understanding of the Black Freedom Movement. Provocative and masterfully written, Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour not only reveals the radical roots of Black Power but places the key activists and struggles within a global framework. It is one of those critically important books that will be read and debated for many years to come." —Robin D. G. Kelley, author of Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination
Publisher: Holt Paperbacks
History / African American
History / Social History
Kobo eBook (July 9th, 2007): $12.99
Hardcover (July 25th, 2006): $27.50
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I don't blame Mike Hughes for not signing. I wouldn't want to play anywhere there was no chance to ever win the Super Bowl .
Why are these guys not signing on the dotted line..???
I get if you might be a 1st rounder to have not signed or hold out, but other draft picks from other rounds that have not have no reason not to sign.
I agree. Wasn't that the whole point of the slotting system? I understand there are some odd exceptions like when SD tried going on the cheap with how the guarantees were spread out for Bosa a few seasons back. But for the most part, aside from that and offset language, what's the problem?
They are waiting for offers from the new league.
What's so hard? I thought the new CBA made this easier.
Perhaps Hughes has a poor agent. It isn't crucial at this time that he sign. I would however say he should sign before training camp starts. He is just hurting himself if he signs after that.
The QBs are waiting for Mayfield to sign and then their agents will have an idea of what to expect. Then Darnold, Allen, etc. Nobody wants to sign for less than what a player drafted after them is making.
It's about contract wording to prevent "double dipping". If a player gets cut and goes to another team the teams want offsets for the new teams salary where the players want to keep getting paid in full from the old team and get full pay from the new team.
I'm sure you wouldn't. Its probably the same way you choose to cheer for a team.
Yeah n we won the division a BUNCH in the 70s n 80s so THERE!


Cursor Set - Wings 2 - Spread 'Em!
Published on March 20th 2017 by Censor_Not.
Download (12.1 kB) 423 downloads How to download?
This is a re-work/expansion of set "Wings" by TempestChild.
Published June 9th 2009 by TempestChild.
Released under Attrib Req'd (CC by) license.
TempestChild's last visit Sept.11 2010.
Optional cursors in different colors (slightly transparent) are included for variety. This set is 32px only. 48px can be included if requested.
If original author would like, please take this set as yours.
I really like these! If you choose to re work these a little, could you try to make the color instead of an instant change of color to maybe a fade?
Oh, I'll try that, thanks for suggesting! And if you've whipped up something, I'd be happy to throw it in!
Just cool for a change.
This is a coollllllll animation ( sorry for tooo deepy ) .


WEST HAM PLAYER RATINGS: West Ham beat Manchester United 3-1 this afternoon at the London Stadium.
The Hammers got off to a brilliant start when Felipe Anderson opened the scoring just five minutes.
Pablo Zabaleta was played in on the right flank by Mark Noble and delivered a low cross for the Brazilian winger to flick past David De Gea in style.
The Red Devils were fielding a 3-5-2 line-up with midfielder Scott McTominay in the defence, and the youngster failed to keep track of Anderson.
And things got better for Manuel Pellegrini's men two minutes before the interval when following a corner, Andriy Yarmolenko managed to outwit Nemanja Matic to get a shot away, which was deflected off Victor Lindelof and into the top corner.
In the second half, substitute Marcus Rashford pulled one back for the visitors with an incredible flick from a corner, but just three minutes later Marko Arnautovic made it three.
The Austrian striker was played in by Noble, with the United defence all over the shop, and slotted the ball past De Gea.
The result means West Ham are now 12th in the table, on seven points from seven games.
Next up is an away game at Brighton on Friday night.


text:
How to Convert Solar Radiation to Electricity
By Flora Richards-Gustafson
What Particle Is Found in the Cloud Surrounding the Nucleus of an Atom?
What Causes the Release of Calcium from the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Physics Experiments: How to Charge an Object
What Experiment Led to the Conclusion That the Nucleus Is Very Small & Positively Charged?
Describe the Kinds of Molecules That Cannot Easily Diffuse Through Cell Membranes
The sun offers the most abundant source of energy on the planet. According to Energy.gov, the amount of energy that the sun provides is 10,000 times greater than the total energy use on Earth. Photovoltaic cells, or solar cells, convert solar radiation into electricity using a process known as the "photovoltaic effect." During this process, the the materials in the solar cell produce electrons when exposed to the photons in sunlight.
Light-Generated Current
A solar cell has an n-layer and p-layer. The section where the two layers meet in a solar cell is the p-n junction. When the photons in sunlight hit the materials in a solar cell, it frees the electrons from the atoms inside, producing electron-hole pairs. The Energy Kids site from the U.S. Energy Information Administration explains that when an electron in the n-layer of a cell leaves an electron–hole pair, the electron travels toward the front surface of a the solar cell and creates an imbalanced charge. The electron then passes through an external load and travels to the back surface of the solar cell, which is the p-layer. When this occurs, a positive charge builds up in the n-layer of the solar cell and a negative charge builds in the p-layer, similar to the positive and negative terminals of a battery, and creates a light-generated current. When an electron meets with a "hole" on the back surface of a solar cell, the two travel and form a light-generated carrier in the p-n junction.
Energy Loss Considerations
The sun's rays has radioactive wavelengths and photons with different energy levels. Only the photons with the right amount of "bandgap" energy can loosen an electron from an atom to form an electron-hole pair. PVEducation.org shares that if a photon hits a solar cell and doesn't have enough energy, the energy passes through the cell as if it didn't exist. When a photon has too much energy, the cell only uses the energy it needs and discards the rest. Incidentally, photovoltaic cells only use about 45 percent of the sun's energy, according to Energy.gov.
Photovoltaic Effect
Light-generated current alone doesn't convert solar radiation to electricity. PVEducation.org explains that the photovoltaic cell needs to generate a current and voltage. When light-generated carriers build up in the p-n junction, electrons move to the n-layer and holes move to the p-layer. If the light-generated carriers in the p-n junction can't leave the solar cell, they separate and increase in number. The separation causes an imbalance in the n- and p-layers of the solar cell. A terminal connected to the front and back of the cell helps the two layers regain a balance by allowing the electrons to flow from the n-layer to the p-layer and unite with the holes. The flow of electrons creates the current while the electric field within the solar cell produces voltage.
Powering an Electric Device
As the electrons move around inside a solar cell as electricity, they flow down metal conductor strips and into a wire. The wire connects to an inverter that converts the direct, or DC, current from the solar cell into an alternating, or AC, current. While powering a device, electrons flow from the device to the solar cell, creating a closed loop system that maintains the flow of power.
Energy Kids: Renewable Solar
PVEducation.org: Spectral Response
PBS.org: NOVA: Inside a Solar Cell
Flora Richards-Gustafson has been writing professionally since 2003. She creates copy for websites, marketing materials and printed publications. Richards-Gustafson specializes in SEO and writing about small-business strategies, health and beauty, interior design, emergency preparedness and education. Richards-Gustafson received a Bachelor of Arts from George Fox University in 2003 and was recognized by Cambridge's "Who's Who" in 2009 as a leading woman entrepreneur.
The Difference Between Photosynthesis and Solar Cells
Teaching Electricity to 4th Graders
Examples of Items That Transform Kinetic Energy
The Role of Microfilaments in Cytokinesis
Physics Projects on Roller Coasters for a Science Fair
What Are the Two Opposing Forces at Work as Fusion Takes Place in Stars?
How to Do a Science Project on Ice Skating Using Physics
What Are the Differences Between a Plum Pudding Model & the Planetary Model of the Atom?
Does the Nuclear Envelope Disappear in Metaphase?
1 The Difference Between Photosynthesis and Solar Cells
2 Teaching Electricity to 4th Graders
3 Examples of Items That Transform Kinetic Energy
4 The Role of Microfilaments in Cytokinesis


text:
Irving Geis (October 18, 1908 – July 22, 1997) was an American  artist who worked closely with biologists. Geis's hand-drawn work depicts many structures of biological macromolecules, such as DNA and proteins, including the first crystal structure of sperm whale myoglobin.

Early life and education
Geis was born in New York City, and lived in Anderson, South Carolina for a time. He studied architecture at Georgia Tech from 1925 to 1927, and went on to get a Bachelor of Fine Arts at the University of Pennsylvania in 1929. From there he attended the University of South Carolina from 1932 to 1933, graduating with a degree in design and painting in the midst of the great depression.

Career
Geis served as a coauthor and illustrator of many biochemical books that were written by Albert Lehninger and Richard E. Dickerson, as well as the book How to Lie with Statistics by Darrell Huff. He was a frequent contributor to Scientific American. In addition to his technical illustrations, Geis created the prototype Charley McCarthy puppet for puppeteer Edgar Bergen.

References

External links
A Gallery for Irving Geis by Kristin Leutwyler.
Geis Digital Archive by the educational portal of the Protein Data Bank.

1908 births
1997 deaths
American illustrators
Scientific illustrators
Georgia Tech alumni
University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
University of South Carolina alumni


text:
RPT Access Rules for Imports and Exports.
Source: RTE 23/01/2002
RTE is to set up on 1 February 2002 an initial version of the Rules governing access to the French Public Transmission Network for Imports and Exports which will replace the previous contracts.
In order to meet the requests of its customers to simplify the contractual structure, RTE is setting up a single contract, the Access Rules for Imports and Exports on the French Public Power Transmission Network, instead of the 6 contracts concerning access to the RPT for imports, exports and transfers. These rules will come into force as of 1 February 2002 and are published on the RTE Web site.
Each user of the French Public Transmission Network wishing to carry out power imports or exports must sign an Agreement with RTE to take part in the Access Rules for Imports and Exports on the French Public Power Transmission Network. These rules replace the 6 previous contracts:
- Contract for access to the French Public Transmission Network for power exports;
- Contract for access to the French Public Transmission Network for power imports;
- Contract for access to the French Public Transmission Network for power transfers;
- Contract for access to the French Public Transmission Network for power exports to the France-United Kingdom interconnection (IFA);
- Contract for access to the French Public Transmission Network for power exports from the France-United Kingdom interconnection;
- Contract for access to the French Public Transmission Network to carry out power transfers, imports and exports in intra-day.
RTE, after consulting with the players of the electricity market through group C of the Committee of Power Transmission System Users entrusted with matters concerning the access to interconnections, has decided to accompany this major evolution of the contractual structure with three related changes:
- The duration of the membership and the mode of evolution of the Access Rules
Membership in these Access Rules is for an unspecified duration. This will make it possible to do away with the periodical renewals of the previous RPT access contracts. The Rules may change according to the needs while complying with a phase devoted to the consultation of the users within the scope of the Committee of Power Transmission System Users.
- The disappearance of the notion of transfer
Considering the-different scheduling conditions from one interconnection to another and the possibilities offered to the players under the Balance Responsible contract, the request to set up a transfer will now be made by the declaration of an import and an export.
- The modification of the modes of calculating the rate of utilisation of export transactions
The rate is calculated every 4 months as previously. On the other hand, to encourage a reservation at 8.30 a.m., the closest time possible to the actual utilisation of the capacity, the mode of calculation of the rate has been modified while referring no longer to the maximum power of the transaction, but to the authorisation given by RTE before 9.30 a.m.
The simplification of the contractual provisions governing access to the Public Transmission Network via the interconnections contributes to opening up the French electricity market and to the fluidity of the exchanges between European countries.
For further information, please look up our section on Interconnections.