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Tag Archives: introspection
Techniques for Nothingness: Debate over the Comparability of Hypnosis and Zen in Early-Twentieth-Century Japan
2017.12.11 General, JournalsBuddhism, hypnosis, introspection, Japan, meditation, religion, ZenJacy Young
AHP readers will be interested in a forthcoming article in History of Science, now available online, on the intersection of Buddhism and psychology in Japan.
"Techniques for nothingness: Debate over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen in early-twentieth-century Japan," by Yu-chuan Wu. Abstract:
This paper explores a debate that took place in Japan in the early twentieth century over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen. The debate was among the first exchanges between psychology and Buddhism in Japan, and it cast doubt on previous assumptions that a clear boundary existed between the two fields. In the debate, we find that contemporaries readily incorporated ideas from psychology and Buddhism to reconstruct the experiences and concepts of hypnosis and Buddhist nothingness. The resulting new theories and techniques of nothingness were fruits of a fairly fluid boundary between the two fields. The debate, moreover, reveals that psychology tried to address the challenges and possibilities posed by religious introspective meditation and intuitive experiences in a positive way. In the end, however, psychology no longer regarded them as viable experimental or psychotherapeutic tools but merely as particular subjective experiences to be investigated and explained.
130th Anniversary of The American Journal of Psychology
2017.03.07 Anniversaries, General, JournalsHerbert Langfeld, introspection, laboratory, Ludwig Geissler, TitchenerJacy Young
Psychological Laboratory, Cornell University,1900
The first issue of the 130th volume of The American Journal of Psychology includes a couple articles marking the occasion. Full details below.
"The Synthetic Experiment: E. B. Titchener's Cornell Psychological Laboratory and the Test of Introspective Analysis," by Rand B. Evans. The abstract reads,
Beginning in 1900, a major thread of research was added to E. B. Titchener's Cornell laboratory: the synthetic experiment. Titchener and his graduate students used introspective analysis to reduce a perception, a complex experience, into its simple sensory constituents. To test the validity of that analysis, stimulus patterns were selected to reproduce the patterns of sensations found in the introspective analyses. If the original perception can be reconstructed in this way, then the analysis was considered validated. This article reviews development of the synthetic method in E. B. Titchener's laboratory at Cornell University and examines its impact on psychological research.
"The Method of Negative Instruction: Herbert S. Langfeld's and Ludwig R. Geissler's 1910–1913 Insightful Studies," by Robert W. Proctor and Aiping Xiong. The abstract reads,
Herbert S. Langfeld and Ludwig R. Geissler published insightful articles during the period of 1910–1913 using what they called the Method of Negative Instruction, which anticipated much current research on action control and the role of instructions. We review their studies and relate the findings to contemporary research and views concerning task-irrelevant congruency effects and deception, concluding that their work has not received the credit it warrants. We also call for contemporary researchers to revisit prior studies, especially ones conducted before the cognitive revolution in psychology, to enrich their knowledge of the field and improve the quality of their research.
New Article: Revisiting Introspection in William James' Early Work
2016.02.07 General, Journalsintrospection, Saulo de Freitas Araujo, Theory & Psychology, William JamesJacy Young
The February 2016 issue of Theory & Psychology includes an article that may be of especial interest to AHP readers. Saulo de Freitas Araujo and Rayssa Maluf de Souza explore William James' views on introspection as a method in their article ""… to rely on first and foremost and always": Revisiting the role of introspection in William James's early psychological work." The abstract reads,
In order to legitimate itself as a science, psychology has faced the ongoing problem of establishing its proper method of investigation. In this context, debates on introspection have emerged that have remained intense since the 18th century. However, contemporary debates and historical investigations on this topic have not done justice to the richness and diversity of positions, leading to oversimplifications and hasty generalizations, as if the terms "introspection" and "introspectionism" referred to one and same thing. The central goal of this article is to offer an analysis of William James's position on the introspective method within the intellectual context of his time, covering the period from his early writings until the publication, in 1890, of The Principles of Psychology. Our results indicate that James used two different types of introspection. We conclude by discussing divergences in the secondary literature and the implications of our study for historical and theoretical debates in psychology.
Wellesley Lab, World's Fair, & Introspect. Videos
2013.01.29 Resources, VideoChicago World's Fair, introspection, Jennifer Bazar, laboratory, teaching history of psychology, Wellesley CollegeJacy Young
Occasional AHP contributor, and York University History and Theory of Psychology doctoral candidate Jennifer Bazar, has just released three short videos on the history of psychology on YouTube. The videos, each approximately 5 minutes long, explore the psychology exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair (above), the history of the psychology laboratory at Wellesley College (below), and introspection (bottom), respectively. While great on their own, the videos are also fantastic resources for those teaching the history of psychology!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


According to the Carpet and Rug Institute's Standard designed for Carpet Installation 2011, fixed down carpet is supposed to have the ability to cut edges seam covered with a thermo plastic glue or something similar. A third bead of joints sealer is supposed to be applied to a single edge of the seam to weld together the floor covering panels. Most carpet the largest and retailers are unaware of this requirement. It is no wonder that seams are fuzzing in so many buildings. Unfortunately the blame for fuzzing seams gets placed on the carpet maker, the carpet cleaners, the vacuum cleaners and the latest one is the brand new LEED approved carpet paste. There is nothing further from truthfully. The reason the architects as well as the carpet manufacturers insist on all of the cut edges of the carpet be encapsulated with a seam sealer is that they need it. The construction of carpet and the creams used to bind the primary and secondary backings has changed for a number of reasons, primarily to make floor a carpet greener.
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text:
The Human Condition II: Road to Eternity (1959)
As a conscript in war-time Japan's military, a pacifist struggles to maintain his determination to keep his ideals.
Genre: Drama, History, War
The Human Condition I: No Greater Love (1959)
A Japanese pacifist and socialist, unable to face the dire consequences of conscientious objection, is transformed by his attempts to compromise with the demands of war-time Japan.
Abraham Lincoln (1930)
Silent film master D.W. Griffith's first talkie works as a companion piece to his classic BIRTH OF A NATION, providing a detailed biographical sketch of the 16th president. We see…
A Tale of Two Cities (1980)
Dissolute barrister Sydney Carton becomes enchanted and then hopelessly in love with the beautiful Lucie Manette. But Lucie loves and marries Charles Darnay, and remains oblivious to Carton's undimmed devotion…
Genre: Drama, History, Romance, TV Movie
Breaker Morant (1980)
During the Boer War, three Australian lieutenants are on trial for shooting Boer prisoners. Though they acted under orders, they are being used as scapegoats by the General Staff, who…
The Horse Soldiers (1959)
A Union Cavalry outfit is sent behind confederate lines in strength to destroy a rail supply center. Along with them is sent a doctor who causes instant antipathy between him…
Genre: Adventure, History, War, Western
Solomon and Sheba (1959)
Under the rule of King David, Israel is united and prosperous although surrounded by enemies including Egypt and its allies. The aging King David favors his younger son, Solomon, as…
Genre: History, Romance
A group of German boys are ordered to protect a small bridge in their home village during the waning months of the second world war. Truckloads of defeated, cynical Wehrmacht…
Country: West Germany
Hiroshima Mon Amour (1959)
The deep conversation between a Japanese architect and a French actress forms the basis of this celebrated French film, considered one of the vanguard productions of the French New Wave….
Country: France, Japan
Genre: Drama, History, Romance
The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)
The true, harrowing story of a young Jewish girl who, with her family and their friends, is forced into hiding in an attic in Nazi-occupied Amsterdam.
The Fighting Musketeers (1961)
D'Artagnan is back from England with a message for the queen. Buckingham has declared that he was ready to attack France to deliver Anne of Austria. D'Artagnan ends up arrested…
Genre: Adventure, History, Romance
X-15 (1961)
X-15 is a 1961 movie that tells a fictionalized account of the X-15 research rocket plane, the men who flew it and the women who loved them.
Taxi for Tobruk (1961)
During World War II, French Commandos join forces with a German officer in order to survive the African desert.
Country: France, Spain, West Germany
The Human Condition III: A Soldier's Prayer (1961)
His ideals challenged by life as a conscript in war-time Japan's military, a pacifist faces ever greater tests in his fight for survival.
Barabbas (1961)
Epic account of the thief Barabbas, who was spared crucifixion when Pilate manipulated the crowd into pardoning him, rather than Jesus. Struggling with his spirituality, Barabbas goes through many ordeals…
Genre: Adventure, Drama, History
El Cid (1961)
Epic film of the legendary Spanish hero, Rodrigo Diaz ("El Cid" to his followers), who, without compromising his strict sense of honour, still succeeds in taking the initiative and driving…
Genre: Action, Drama, History, Romance, War
The Colossus of Rhodes (1961)
While on holiday in Rhodes, Athenian war hero Darios becomes involved in two different plots to overthrow the tyrannical king, one from Rhodian patriots and the other from sinister Phoenician…
Country: Italy, France, Spain
America America (1963)
A young Anatolian Greek, entrusted with his family's fortune, loses it en route to Istanbul and dreams of going to America
Kings of the Sun (1963)
In order to flee from powerful enemies, young Mayan king Balam leads his people north across the Gulf of Mexico to the coast of what will become the United States….
Genre: Adventure, History
55 Days at Peking (1963)
Diplomats, soldiers and other representatives of a dozen nations fend off the siege of the International Compound in Peking during the 1900 Boxer Rebellion. The disparate interests unite for survival…
The Cardinal (1963)
A young Catholic priest from Boston confronts bigotry, Naziism, and his own personal conflicts as he rises to the office of cardinal.
Cleopatra (1963)
Determined to hold on to the throne, Cleopatra seduces the Roman emperor Julius Caesar. When Caesar is murdered, she redirects her attentions to his general, Marc Antony, who vows to…
Country: Switzerland, UK, USA
Queen Marie of Romania (2019)
Devastated by the First World War and plunged into political controversy, Romania's every hope accompanies its Queen on her mission to Paris, to lobby for its great unification's international recognition…
We Shall Not Die Now (2019)
A chronicle of the Holocaust, told by the resilient survivors who lived through it.
Genre: Documentary, History
Yoyo (1965)
The son of a ruined millionaire and a horsewoman becomes a clown.
Genre: Comedy, Drama, History
The War Lord (1965)
A knight in the service of a duke goes to a coastal villiage where an earlier attempt to build a defensive castle has failed. He begins to rebuild the duke's…
Genre: Adventure, Drama, History, Romance, War
Genghis Khan (1965)
This is the story of the shy Mongol boy Temujin who,during the 13th century, becomes the fearless Mongol leader Genghis Khan that unites all Mongol tribes and conquers India,China,Persia,Korea and…
Country: UK, West Germany, Yugoslavia, USA
Chimes at Midnight (1965)
The career of Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff as roistering companion to young Prince Hal, circa 1400-1413.
Country: Switzerland, Spain
Simon of the Desert (1965)
Simon, a deeply religious man living in the 4th century, wants to be nearer to God so he climbs a column. The Devil wants him come down to Earth and…
The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)
From his birth in Bethlehem to his death and eventual resurrection, the life of Jesus Christ is given the all-star treatment in this epic retelling. Major aspects of Christ's life…
Set in German-occupied Norway, resistance fighter Knut Straud enlists the reluctant physicist Rolf Pedersen in an effort to destroy the German heavy water production plant in rural Telemark.
Genre: Action, Drama, History, War
Von Ryan's Express (1965)
Von Ryan's Express stars Frank Sinatra as a POW colonel who leads a daring escape from WWII Italy by taking over a freight train, but he has to win over…
Genre: Action, Drama, History, Thriller, War
The Gospel According to Matthew (1965)
The life of Jesus Christ according to the Gospel of Matthew. Pasolini shows Christ as a marxist avant-la-lettre and therefore uses half of the text of Matthew.
Country: Italy, France
Battle of the Bulge (1965)
In the winter of 1944, the Allied Armies stand ready to invade Germany at the coming of a New Year. To prevent it, Hitler orders an all-out offensive to re-take…
Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (1980)
Well-intentioned history lesson; the decision to drop the atom bomb, the secrecy surrounding the mission, and the men who flew it.
Genre: History, TV Movie, War
Playing for Time (1980)
When a Jewish songstress is plucked from the stage and sent to Auschwitz, she and other musicians find themselves assigned to a terrible task—using their talents to soothe fellow prisoners…
Genre: Drama, History, Music, TV Movie
Ip Man 2 (2010)
Having defeated the best fighters of the Imperial Japanese army in occupied Shanghai, Ip Man and his family settle in post-war Hong Kong.Struggling to make a living, Master Ip opens…
Country: Hong Kong, China
When a band of brutal gangsters led by a crooked property developer make a play to take over the city, Master Ip is forced to take a stand.
Country: China, Hong Kong
Ip Man (2008)
A semi-biographical account of Yip Man, the first martial arts master to teach the Chinese martial art of Wing Chun. The film focuses on events surrounding Ip that took place…
Copyright Flixtor © 2019. All rights reserved.


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> Adds Bootstrap to your project from a Bower install - (also includes Font-awesome)

## Getting Started
This plugin requires Grunt `~0.4.1`

If you haven't used [Grunt](http://gruntjs.com/) before, be sure to check out the [Getting Started](http://gruntjs.com/getting-started) guide, as it explains how to create a [Gruntfile](http://gruntjs.com/sample-gruntfile) as well as install and use Grunt plugins. Once you're familiar with that process, you may install this plugin with this command:

```bash
npm install grunt-booty --save-dev
```

One the plugin has been installed, it may be enabled inside your Gruntfile with this line of JavaScript:

```js
grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-booty');
```

## The "booty" task

### Overview
In your project's Gruntfile, add a section named `booty` to the data object passed into `grunt.initConfig()`, it's a
multitask so you'll need to add a task identier (e.g. `dev`):

```js
grunt.initConfig({
  booty: {
    dev: {
      options: {
        componentPath: '/path/to/bower/components/',
        dest: '/path/to/styles/directory/'
      }
    }
  }
})
```

### Options

#### options.componentPath
The location of the bower installs

#### options.dest
The stylesheet destination for all of the bootstrap and font-awesome goodness

### Usage Examples
The plugin is designed to be able to be integrated easily into a number of projects although the initial use case is
to include bootstrap and font-awesome-more into a yeoman angular scaffold ( _using yeoman 1.0_ ).  These are the
steps to do that:

* Make sure __yeoman__, __bower__, __grunt__ and the __angular generator__ are installed ( _[more info](http://yeoman.io/)_ )
  ```bash
  npm install -g yo grunt-cli bower
  npm install -g generator-angular generator-karma
  ```

* Create a new directory and scaffold the project with yeoman.  Yeoman will ask for a number of setup options, just
hit `n` for everything ( _you can add the additional angular stuff if you need but no need for the Compass version of
bootstrap_ )
  ```bash
  mkdir bootilicious && cd $_
  yo angular
  ```

* Install the components we want from __bower__ and install the __grunt__ tasks we need to work with them
  ```bash
  bower install bootstrap font-awesome-more --save
  npm install grunt-booty grunt-contrib-less --save-dev
  ```

* Everything will be installed and ready to go but there is a quick bit of scaffolding before we can set up the tasks
to run - go ahead and create a `css` and a `less` folder in `styles`, we can also delete the pre-generated `main.css`
as we'll be using a slightly different structure ( _grunt-booty will very soon take care of this step for you_ )
  ```bash
  mkdir -p app/styles/{css,less}
  rm app/styles/main.css
  ```

* Create `main.less` in `app/styles/less` and add these lines to import __bootstrap__ and __font-awesome-more__ ( _if
you want the extras in font-awesome-more then import them here_ ):
  ```bash
  vi app/styles/less/main.less
  ```
  ```less
  @import './../bootstrap/bootstrap';
  @import './../bootstrap/responsive';
  @import './../font-awesome-more/font-awesome';
  ```

* While we're house keeping we should also update the link to the `main.css` file that will be created when the task
is run.  Replace line 14 in `index.html` with this ( _adds the css folder to the path for the css_ ):
  ```html
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/css/main.css">
  ```

* Now it's time to set up the tasks.  Add these tasks to your `Gruntfile.initConfig` object:
  ```js
  booty: {
    dev: {
      options: {
        componentPath: '<%= yeoman.app %>/components/',
        dest: '<%= yeoman.app %>/styles/'
      }
    }
  },
  less: {
    dev: {
      options: {
        paths: ['<%= yeoman.app %>/styles/less/']
      },
      files: {
        '<%= yeoman.app %>/styles/css/main.css': '<%= yeoman.app %>/styles/less/main.less'
      }
    }
  }
  ```
  ( _Booty is a one-time assembly task—unless you're reassembling bootstrap and font-awesome-more after an update—but
  you'll probably want to compile your less more than once so you'll probably want to add the less task to the server
  task that is scaffolded from yeoman and additionally add your less to the watch task_ )

* Everything should be ready to rock so hit up your tasks
  ```bash
  grunt booty
  grunt less
  ```

* Now fire up the server to see the yeoman generated index page, complete with bootstrappy goodness
  ```bash
  grunt server
  ```

* To test that font-awesome-more has been also been included in your project go ahead and open up a new bash tab to
keep the watch task running and replace line 2 in `app/views/main.html` with this:
  ```bash
  vi app/views/main.html
  ```
  ```html
  <h1><i class="icon-github icon-large"></i> 'Allo, 'Allo!</h1>
  ```

* Now get to work creating awesome things

## Contributing
In lieu of a formal styleguide, take care to maintain the existing coding style. Add unit tests for any new or changed functionality. Lint and test your code using [Grunt](http://gruntjs.com/).

## Release History
22.04.2013 v0.2.1 Corrections to vanilla test case - Detailed usage example using yeoman angular generator

20.04.2013 v0.2.0 Task ready to roll with test case - Initial deploy to npm

---

Task submitted by [Matt Styles](http://veryfizzyjelly.com/coding/introducing-grunt-booty) [@veryfizzyjelly](https://twitter.com/veryfizzyjelly)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » Guest Blogs » For the Professional Maker: Rocket launcher Strandbeest
June 28, 2018 Jeremy Cook, Engineering Consultant
As I write this, the Fourth of July is coming up, a time when Americans are encouraged to light and observe pyrotechnic devices in abundance. Normally you use a match to set off these minor explosives, but I instead built a partially 3D-printed Strandbeest that can walk under Bluetooth/smartphone control, then fire two bottle rockets remotely. A nice paint job and some hacking to get everything working mechanically sound took some doing, but a big challenge was figuring out the electronics and programming.
Control scheme
My first idea for this build was that I would use a Wemos D1 mini board, along with its motor shield and a couple of relays. While this probably could have worked, the motor shield appeared to have been shipped without firmware, and providing the proper voltage (3.3v or 5v) was going to be tricky with the two 3.7v LiPos I'd be using. In the end, I turned to what has become something of my go-to dev board for this kind of project, the Arduino Nano. Its 7-12V input voltage range matched up perfectly with the roughly 7-8v that my LiPos would put out.
Using the Nano meant that I wasn't able to take advantage of the D1 mini's built-in WiFi capabilities for control, so I added an HC-05 Bluetooth module. This allows me to send serial signals to the Nano from my smartphone via Arduino Bluetooth Controller from Guimig Apps. The Nano then translates these signals into the proper motor movements via a motor driver board, steering the Strandbeest like a tank. Importantly, it also can fire a pair or rockets via two relays which power and heat up thin-gauge Nitinol wire in order to ignite the fuses.
[Wiring burned after initial test.]
When I initially tested this setup, I wrapped the Nitinol wire around the fuses, which were in turn connected to the relays using alligator clips. This attachment method wasn't particularly secure, but it seemed to be good enough at the time. I then powered on the device, which to my dismay immediately lit the fuse on one of the rockets. To my credit, the robot was pointed in a safe direction before even powering it on, but found that one of the leads was hooked up to a normally closed (NC) contact. This meant instant ignition, and my wiring was eventually burned up.
After more trial and error—and ensuring the ignition wires were wired to normally open (NO) contacts—I eventually settled on powering the Nitinol wires using an entirely separate 9V battery. This meant that if there was a problem, theoretically it wouldn't affect the rest of the system. I also switched to lever nuts instead of alligator clips, which hold wires very securely in a wide variety of gauges. Finally, I increased the burn time to three seconds, and changed the program around so that the relay outputs on the Arduino weren't even on until needed. Code for the contraption can be found here. It's far from optimized, and whether it's a good idea to build something like this anyway is an open question.
While this project had a few bumps along the way, it feels great to get a project done—if you can ever call a project like this "done." After a month or so of hacking, I finally have my new unique object: a small walking Strandbeest that not only looks like a cross between a WWII battleship and an AT-ST from Star Wars, but can even shoot "missiles" on command!
Jeremy S. Cook is a freelance tech journalist and engineering consultant with over 10 years of factory automation experience. An avid maker and experimenter, you can see some his electromechanical exploits on the Jeremy Cook's Projects YouTube Channel.
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STMicroelectronics Combines STM32 MCU and LoRa Transceiver on One SoC
STMicroelectronics introduced what it claims is the industry's first LoRa system-on-chip (SoC). Previously, the LoRa device was a separate transceiver that connected to a microprocessor.
Inside the Black Box
Most software is obtained as a binary executable. The program may run and does what it does, but the user has no knowledge of its inner workings and has no opportunity to modify its functionality.
SigmaDots Covers All Three Levels When Securing Industrial IoT Systems
OEMs often tout their "system approach" to design. In theory, this means that they look at the end application, and then design each aspect of the system to meet the needs of that application.
The Buffer/Driver: What Is It, and Do I Need One?
Although buffers and drivers don't appear to add functionality to a circuit, these apparently simple interface elements are essential to viable circuit design and operation.
Yes, It's Possible to Protect Home Doorbells and Cameras Against Hackers
Ring doorbells and cameras have joined the ever-growing list of IoT devices that have been compromised by hackers. According to reports, credentials to 3000 Ring accounts have been compromised.
Sensory Does Voice Recognition Without the 'Net
I'm not necessarily on board with the conspiracy theory folks who think that every enabled device in our home is out to get us.
Voice Assistants Going Embedded
Everyone knows that the use of voice assistants is exploding. Just returning from CES, it was amazing to see the number of booths that support Amazon's Alexa and Google's Assistant.
COM-HPC: Limitless High-Speed Scalability
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Characterizing Thermal Performance Through Card Retainers
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Easier Memory Management in UVM
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Wind River Simics Eases DevOps Pain While Upping Security
Do you need help with DevOps? Do you even know what the term means? If you're developing for the embedded space, you need to understand this technology.
Achronix Super-Speed FPGA Find a Home on Bittware Board
According to the two companies, the card offers the industry's highest performance interfaces available on a PCIe FPGA accelerator card.
Overcoming the Technical Challenges of Electrochemical Gas Sensing: Part 2
While signal chain integration is a significant step forward, on its own it does not address the fundamental disadvantage of electrochemical gas sensors—deteriorating performance over their lifetime.
Electrochemical gas sensors are a proven technology that dates back to the 1950s, when they were developed for oxygen monitoring.
Introduction to the SPI Interface
This article provides a brief description of the 4-wire SPI interface followed by an introduction to SPI enabled switches and muxes that help reduce the number of digital GPIOs in system board design.
Three Most Valuable Benefits that Encourage Companies to Adopt Serverless Architecture
According to Flexera's RightScale 2019 State of the Cloud Report, serverless computing, for the second year in a row, is the top-growing cloud service with a 50% rise over 2018 (24 to 36% adoption).


When two great voices come together, the resulting effect is pure magic. You will experience such magic at the Bon Iver Feist concert. Get the Bon Iver Feist tickets and enjoy two great acts on a single stage!
Sorry, No tickets available for "Bon Iver Feist".
Bon Iver from the Bon Iver Feist duo is an American band. It was formed in 2007. Its founding member was Justin Vernon who is an indie folk singer and songwriter. Other members of the band include Michael Noyce (guitar), Matthew McCaughan (bass and drums) and Sean Carey (drums and piano). New additions to the band are Rob Moose (guitar and violin), Mike Lewis (bass), Reginald Pace, C.J. Camarieri and Colin Stetson on the horn section. They released their debut album independently the same year of their formation. It was titled For Emma, Forever Ago. It reached number sixty four on US charts along with critical acclaim. Rolling Stone placed it at number twenty nine on their list of "Top 50 Albums of 2008". It did much better in Europe and Australia. It was certified gold in the UK, Denmark and Australia. Its popular songs include "Skinny Love", "For Emma" and "re: Stacks".
Success in its true form came to Bon Iver when they released their second album in 2011. The album was titled Bon Iver, Bon Iver. It consists of ten songs with each song representing a new place or city. For example, the song "Perth" was a heavy metal number, "Minnesota, WI" featured guitars, drums and saxophone, and "Beth/Rest" consisted of the horn. It was a departure from their usual style because for the sake of the album, Vernon had included a list of other musicians to give their songs a new feel. Thus, the songs showed more diversity and layers which added depth to the music of the band. This approach was a big hit with the audiences and the album was an instant success. It reached the Top 10 in many countries around the world. It topped the US alternate, indie and rock charts as well as charts in Denmark. Bon Iver received two 2012 Grammy Awards for "Best New Artist" as well as "Best Alternative Album" for Bon Iver, Bon Iver. Popular song of the album "Holocene" got nominated for Grammy "Song of the Year" and "Record of the Year". You can listen to this song and a lot more at the Bon Iver Feist concert.
The second half of the Bon Iver Feist is the Canadian singer Leslie Feist. She performs solo as well as part of the band called Broken Social Scene. She indulges in the music genre of indie pop, baroque pop and folk music. She emerged on the music scene in 1999 when she released her first album called 'Monarch (Lay Your Jewelled Head Down)'. It did not do well. Her second album called Let It Die which she released in 2004 brought her recognition. However, it was her third album, 'The Reminder' (2007), which brought her commercial as well as critical success. Selling above 2.5 million copies, it earned her four Grammy Award nominations, one of which was for "Best New Artist". She won five Juno Awards for "Album of the Year", "Songwriter of the Year", "Single of the Year", "Artist of the Year" and "Pop Album of the Year" in 2008 and three more in 2012 for her latest release is her album Metals which was released in September, 2011. All her albums except for the first won have received platinum certification in Canada with The Reminder going multiplatinum. Metal on the other hand is in its early period of release and therefore, has time to sell a lot more copies. She will be promoting this album at the Bon Iver Feist show.
Bon Iver Feist performance is going to be a success considering that both of them are at the top of their careers, have recently won Grammy Awards for their latest releases, and have platinum certification. There is no doubt that the audiences are going to have a blast listening to two great acts and enjoying indie pop and rock in a single night. So what are you waiting for? Get hold of Bon Iver Feist tickets fast before they are all sold out!
Q:Can i pay for bon iver feist tour tickets by cash?
A:No, you can only pay for Bon Iver Feist Tickets by American Express, Visa, Master Card and Discover.


A service has taken place at Canterbury Cathedral to remember people who have died in road crashes.
The event, to mark the World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims which is observed across the world, was the first of its kind in the cathedral.
Paper oak leaves made by schoolchildren in Kent were laid on the cathedral floor so friends and relatives could write victims' names on them.
The World Day of Remembrance was first held in the UK in 1993.
It was set up to draw the attention of the public to the costs and consequences of road crashes, and measures that could prevent them.
The Very Reverend Dr Robert Willis, Dean of Canterbury, said: "We are very pleased to hold a service on the day of remembrance for road traffic victims here in Canterbury Cathedral for the first time."
Adding that services for the World Day of Remembrance were gaining in importance across England, he said it would be an occasion of great significance and a time of mutual support and comfort.
John Davies, chairman of Kent County Council which helped to organise the event, said: "I cannot think of a more fitting way to remember those people who have lost their lives in road traffic accidents."
He said the cathedral was a a wonderful backdrop for this remembrance service and he was sure the occasion would bring some comfort to relatives who have lost loved ones in such tragic circumstances.
He said figures for road crashes had fallen in recent years, but everything possible must be done to ensure the decline continued.


text:
Q: Loadbalance between Heroku and AppHarbor? How would you set up simple redundancy between these 2 "cloud" providers?
Does a DNS fallback seem reasonable (that would update records when one is down) or would it take too long to propragate the changes?

A: A DNS "Fallback" would be the only way but unless we're talking about a serious server failure would involve too much time between propagation and administration to be able to swiftly react. There's not going to be much of a "simple" way of performing this task using free providers.
If this involves your revenue stream then it may be worth investing in a less "free" solution that would be able to provide you the redundancy required.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A little over a year ago, my wife and I decided to take the first steps in becoming part of the Anantara Vacation Club family! We were celebrating our honeymoon, and decided to try one of the mini vacation offers for a Two Bedroom Pool Villa at Anantara Vacation Club Mai Khao Phuket. We were highly impressed from the moment we stepped inside the hotel. The service was very good.
After exploring our accommodations, we actually decided that room was just too big for two people! As a result, we purchased plane tickets for some of our close friends to fly in and join us the following day. While staying at the resort, we had the opportunity to sit through an Anantara Vacation Club Preview Presentation.
The presentation and tour were very nice and well-organized, and we decided to join as Club Points Owners! Now, we have been Owners for over one year, and we don't regret our decision at all. We love being a part of the Club!


Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are classified into two major phenotypes, M1 and M2. M1 TAMs suppress cancer progression, while M2 TAMs promote it. However, little is known regarding the role of TAMs in the development of ovarian cancer. Here, we investigated the relationship between TAM distribution patterns (density, microlocalization, and differentiation) and ovarian cancer histotypes, and we explored whether altered TAM distribution patterns influence long-term outcomes in ovarian cancer patients.
A total of 112 ovarian cancer patients were enrolled in this study, and the subjects were divided into two groups according to their survival (< 5 years vs. ≥ 5 years). Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to determine the density, microlocalization, and differentiation status of TAMs in ovarian cancer tissues for each histotype. Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the prognostic significance of TAM-related parameters in ovarian cancer.
TAMs most frequently infiltrated into the cancer tissue of the serous histotype, followed by mucinous, undifferentiated, endometrioid, and clear cell histotypes (p = 0.049). The islet/stroma ratio of total TAMs varied among the cancer histotypes, with mucinous and undifferentiated cancers displaying the lowest and highest ratios, respectively (p = 0.005). The intratumoral TAM density significantly increased with increasing cancer stage and grade (p = 0.023 and 0.006, respectively). However, the overall M1/M2 TAM ratio decreased as the cancer stage increased (p = 0.012). In addition, the intra-islet M1/M2 ratio inversely correlated with the residual site size (p = 0.004). Among the TAM-related parameters, only the increased overall and intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratios displayed prognostic significance in both the Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox regression analyses; however, the values of these two parameters did not differ significantly among the cancer histotypes.
The patients with increased overall or intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratios presented with an improved 5-year prognosis. Nevertheless, the TAM distribution patterns did not influence the overall outcomes of different ovarian cancer histotypes.
Ovarian cancer is highly malignant [1, 2], and over 70% of ovarian cancer patients are diagnosed with severe peritoneal metastasis, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 30% [3, 4]. As the cancer invades into the surrounding normal tissues, the monocyte-macrophage cellular system comprises a first line of defense [5, 6]. Peripheral blood monocytes represent a major group of non-specific immune cells. These cells can perceive cancer invasion signals, migrate out of the capillaries, and transform into macrophages (immature, M0) [7–9]. Immature macrophages infiltrate into cancer islets or their surrounding tissues (i.e., the cancer stroma) and can subsequently be activated to recognize and kill genetically mutated cancer cells [10, 11]. These macrophages are called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) . However, not all TAMs fulfill their original tumoricidal potential. TAMs can be divided into two phenotypes with opposite functions [12–18]. The classically activated TAMs, the M1 phenotype, can be induced by interferon γ (IFNγ)/tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and exert a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells [12, 13]. The alternatively activated TAMs, the M2 phenotype, can be induced by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/interleukin (IL) 4/IL13 and provide a nutritional advantage for cancer cells [12, 14]. A critical difference between M1 and M2 TAMs is their secretion profiles . M1 TAMs release reactive oxygen species, nitrogen intermediates, and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL1b, IL6, IL12, IL23, and TNF) that kill cancer cells; however, M2 TAMs release a variety of growth factors (e.g., epidermal growth factor [EGF], fibroblast growth factor [FGF], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]), that promote growth and vascularization of the cancer mass [15–18]. Cancer cells often secrete M2-type cytokines such as IL-10, CCL2/3/4/5/7/8, CXCL12, VEGF, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to recruit monocytes/M0 macrophages and direct them toward an M2 phenotype [19, 20]. Therefore, M2 TAMs are frequently observed in cancer tissues .
A major characteristic of ovarian cancer is its heterogeneous nature [2, 21–24]. According to the cells of origin, ovarian cancer can be classified into the following five histotypes: serous; mucinous; endometrioid; clear cell; and undifferentiated ovarian cancers . These cancer histotypes possess different structural and cytological characteristics and confer different patient outcomes [2, 25, 26]. Generally, serous ovarian cancers are derived from the ovarian surface epithelium or fallopian tubes, and they represent the most frequently encountered clinical histotype [21–24]. Serous ovarian cancer patients have a poor to moderate 5-year outcome [25, 26]. Mucinous ovarian cancer is derived from the transitional-type epithelium located at the tubal-mesothelial junction [22–24]. Patients with mucinous cancer typically have a relatively good prognosis [25, 26]. Endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancers originate from the endometrioid cyst of the ovary, and these cancer types are associated with a moderate to fair 5-year outcome [21–26]. Undifferentiated ovarian cancers are derived from the mutated basal/stem cells of the ovarian surface epithelium, such as the hilum cells . Patients with this histotype always have a poor prognosis [27, 28]. Previous studies demonstrated that TAMs have an important effect on cancer patient outcomes. For example, Edin et al. reported that increased infiltration of M1 macrophages at the cancer front is accompanied by a better prognosis in colorectal cancer patients , and Ohri et al. documented that an increased islet/stroma ratio of M1 TAMs is associated with a marked survival advantage for patients with non-small cell lung cancer . However, the role of TAMs in ovarian cancer and their prognostic value remain unclear. Each ovarian cancer histotype exhibits a different protein expression profile [31, 32]. Therefore, the cytokine profile produced by a certain ovarian cancer histotype might lead to a specific TAM distribution pattern (including cell density, differentiation, and microlocalization) in the cancer tissue. These unique TAM patterns could determine, at least in part, the clinical outcomes for ovarian cancer patients.
In this study, we aimed to address two core issues related to TAMs in ovarian cancer: (i) whether different histotypes of ovarian cancer are associated with different TAM distribution patterns and (ii) whether the altered TAM distribution patterns can confer different outcomes to ovarian cancer patients. Thus, the TAM data obtained from cancer specimens could be useful to comprehensively assess the long-term outcomes of ovarian cancer patients.
Consecutive ovarian cancer patients who were histopathologically diagnosed between January 1, 2002 and December 30, 2008 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, were enrolled in this study. Informed consent was obtained from all patients or their first-degree relatives. All enrolled patients had undergone cytoreductive surgery and a standardized postsurgical course of Taxol and platinum-based chemotherapy (i.e., the TP regimen). Paraffin-embedded cancer specimens from these patients were obtained from the clinical specimen bank of Renji Hospital. Patient medical histories were recorded including age, reproductive history, menopausal status, ascites, clinical stage (using the FIGO 2000 diagnostic system ), cancer histotype, grade, and 5-year follow-up outcome. The research protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Renji Hospital.
Cancer specimens were sliced into 4-μm sections, de-waxed using xylene, and rehydrated with gradated ethanol. Antigen retrieval was performed using a microwave at > 90°C for 15 min, and the samples were allowed to cool to room temperature. The non-specific binding sites were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 1 h. For immunohistochemical staining, the sections were sequentially incubated with a mouse anti-human CD68 monoclonal antibody (clone KP1, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; 1:100) and a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (Zhongshan, Beijing, China; 1:200). The antibody-binding sites were visualized using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB; Zhongshan), and the cell nuclei were counterstained with hematoxylin. For immunofluorescent staining, the sections were incubated with a CF-488A (Biotium, San Francisco, CA, USA)-conjugated mouse anti-human CD68 polyclonal antibody (clone ZM0464, Zhongshan; 1:100) and one of the following CF-350 (Biotium)-conjugated antibodies at a 1:100 dilution: mouse anti-human HLA-DR monoclonal antibody (clone LN3, Zhongshan); rabbit anti-human iNOS monoclonal antibody (clone ZS6510, Zhongshan); mouse anti-human CD163 monoclonal antibody (clone 10D6, Zhongshan); or mouse anti-human VEGF monoclonal antibody (clone EP1176Y, Zhongshan). The nuclei were counterstained with SYTO 40 (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). Two pathologists with no knowledge of the patient population independently reviewed the immunostained sections. Ten representative 400× fields were selected from each section, and only nucleated cells were analyzed. The obtained TAM densities were calculated as cells/mm2.
Paraffin-embedded cancer specimens were sliced into 15-μm sections and affixed onto FRAME slides (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). LCM was performed based on the method described by Stany et al. . Briefly, the sections were de-waxed, rehydrated, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to identify cancer islets and stromal regions. Approximately 20,000 cells/sample were collected from the selected specimen region using a LMD6500 Laser Microdissection system (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). The obtained cells were re-suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 3 min. For flow cytometry, cells were immunostained with a FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD68 monoclonal antibody (clone Ki-M7, Life Technologies; 1:200) and one of the following PE-conjugated antibodies: mouse anti-human keratin monoclonal antibody (clone C11, Abcam; 1:100); mouse anti-human iNOS monoclonal antibody (clone 4E5, Abcam; 1:150); mouse anti-human HLA-DR monoclonal antibody (clone L243, eBioscience, San Diego, California, USA; 1:100); mouse anti-human CD163 antibody (clone GHI/61, Affymetrix-eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA; 1:200); or mouse anti-human VEGF monoclonal antibody (clone FLT-11, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; 1:100). An FC500 MPL flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) was used, and a total of 10,000 events were recorded for each flow cytometry run. The data are presented as the ratio of CD68+ TAMs (M1 or M2 TAMs) to the total number of cells analyzed by flow cytometry.
A two-sided χ2 test was used to compare the demographic, clinical, and pathological characteristics (e.g., age, gravidity, parity, cancer stage, histotype, cancer grade, and size of residual site) of patient groups with a poor or extended survival time. ANOVA (or two-sided Student's t test) was used to compare the TAM cell densities and differentiation patterns between patient groups with different levels of the described clinical-pathological characteristics. The Pearson's product–moment correlation coefficient was used to estimate the relationship between the TAM (total, M1, and M2) densities determined through immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analyze the 5-year survival rates of patient groups with different TAM-related parameters. A multivariate Cox regression model was used to analyze the hazard ratios (HRs) of the clinical-pathological factors and the TAM-related parameters for patient survival and to determine their independence. SPSS 13.0 software was used for the analyses (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), and p < 0.05 was considered significant.
In total, 112 ovarian cancer patients were enrolled and divided into two groups according to their survival time: a poor survival group (survival time < 5 years) and an extended survival group (survival time ≥ 5 years). The patient demographic, clinical, and pathological characteristics are shown in Table 1. Then, the relationship between patient characteristics and TAM distribution patterns was analyzed (Table 2). To establish the TAM density in cancer tissues, the cells were immunohistochemically stained for CD68 (Figure 1A). To identify the TAM phenotypes, the cells were double-stained with fluorescent antibodies against CD68 and one of the two major M1 TAM biomarkers (iNOS or HLA-DR ) or one of the two major M2 TAM biomarkers (CD163 or VEGF ; Figure 1B). To determine whether an ambiguous TAM phenotypic classification might exist, we further assessed the co-expression patterns of M1 and M2 biomarkers in the same TAMs. We found that the percentages of iNOS + CD163 (5.1 ± 0.3%), iNOS + VEGF (7.8 ± 0.4%), and HLA-DR + VEGF (4.8 ± 0.2%) co-immunostained TAMs were significantly higher than the percentages (3.2 ± 0.2%) of HLA-DR + CD163 co-expressing cells (p < 0.001, ANOVA; Figure 1C). Therefore, HLA-DR and CD163 served as two major immunofluorescent identifiers of M1 and M2 TAMs in the following experiments.
*The data are presented as the percentage.
**"Peritoneal metastasis" includes intestinal, bladder and liver metastasis of ovarian cancer and peritoneal lavage cytological test +.
#Statistical significance, two-sided χ2 test.
*The data are represented as mean ± standard deviation.
Total, M1, and M2 TAMs immunostaining in ovarian cancer tissues. (A) Immunohistochemical staining of CD68+ TAMs in various ovarian cancer histotypes. The arrowheads indicate CD68+ TAMs. The scale bars are 100 μm (upper row) and 25 μm (lower row). (B) Immunofluorescent staining of CD68+ TAMs expressing a single cellular differentiation biomarker (CD68+iNOS+/CD68+HLA-DR+ for M1 and CD68+CD163+/CD68+VEGF+ for M2) in ovarian cancer tissue. The arrowheads indicate M1 or M2 TAMs. (C) Immunofluorescent staining of TAMs co-expressing the M1 and M2 biomarkers in ovarian cancer tissue and the co-immunostaining percentages for different biomarker combinations in total TAMs. The arrowhead indicates TAMs that were co-immunostained with M1 and M2 biomarkers.
The obtained immunostaining results indicated that CD68+ TAM density was highest in serous ovarian cancer followed by mucinous, undifferentiated, endometrioid, and clear cell cancers (p = 0.049, ANOVA; Table 2). Within the cancer tissue, the intra-islet TAM density was highest in serous cancer followed by undifferentiated, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell cancers (p = 0.038, ANOVA; Table 2). Significantly increased intra-stromal TAM densities were observed in mucinous and serous cancers (p = 0.015, ANOVA; Table 2). TAM densities (total, intra-islet, and intra-stromal) were significantly increased with increasing clinical stage (except for the intra-islet TAMs, p = 0.023 and p = 0.004, respectively, ANOVA) and pathological grade (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively, ANOVA; Table 2). The islet/stroma ratio of total TAMs varied among the cancer histotypes, with mucinous and undifferentiated cancer displaying the lowest and highest ratios, respectively (p = 0.005, ANOVA; Table 2). Nevertheless, these ratios did not correlate with cancer stage and grade (Table 2). For M1 TAMs, the total, intra-islet, and intra-stromal cell densities were significantly different between the cancer histotypes, with mucinous cancer having the highest total (islet + stroma) and intra-stromal densities (p = 0.016 and p = 0.047, respectively, ANOVA) and serous cancer possessing the highest intra-islet cell density (p = 0.006, ANOVA; Table 2). The islet/stroma M1 TAM ratios did not differ between cancer histotypes (Table 2). For M2 TAMs, the total, intra-islet, and intra-stromal cell densities increased with increasing cancer stage (p = 0.002, p = 0.008 and p = 0.002, ANOVA), and a significant decreasing trend in the overall M1/M2 TAM ratio was observed in cancer specimens from Stage I through Stage IV (p = 0.012, ANOVA; Table 2). Both M1 and M2 TAM cell densities (total, intra-islet, and intra-stroma) significantly increased with cancer grade (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, and p = 0.002 for M1; p = 0.006, p = 0.003, and p = 0.028 for M2; ANOVA); however, the overall, intra-islet, and intra-stromal M1/M2 TAM ratios remained relatively stable among the different cancer grades (Table 2). Moreover, the size of the residual site was positively associated with the islet/stroma ratio of M2 TAMs (p = 0.025, ANOVA) and inversely correlated with the intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratio (p = 0.004, ANOVA; Table 2).
The tissue sections subjected to immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were re-examined by flow cytometry to validate the pathologists' counting results of TAMs (total, M1, and M2). To differentiate between the intra-islet and intra-stromal TAMs, we laser microdissected the islet and stromal regions from each cancer tissue section (Figure 2A). The percentages of total, intra-islet, and intra-stromal TAMs as well as M1 and M2 TAMs were assessed through flow cytometry using cell suspensions obtained from paraffin-embedded specimens (Figure 2B and C). Flow cytometry analysis revealed a notable linear relationship between the ratios of interested (ie. total, M1 and M2) TAMs/total cells and the TAM densities defined by immunofluorescent analysis (Figure 2D), confirming that the two-pathologist section-reviewing system is a reliable method for TAM analysis in ovarian cancer.
Flow cytometric validation of immunofluorescence analysis of total, M1, and M2 TAMs in ovarian cancer. (A) Cancer islet and stromal regions were microdissected from tissue sections. The obtained tissues were dissociated into cell suspensions and subjected to flow cytometry analysis. The arrows indicate the microdissected cancer tissue. (B) Representative flow cytometry analyses of the cell suspensions obtained from the cancer islet and stromal regions. The cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-keratin and FITC-conjugated anti-CD68 monoclonal antibodies. The asterisk indicates the percentage of CD68+ TAMs (keratin-) in the total cells, as determined through flow cytometry. (C) Representative flow cytometry analyses of M1 and M2 TAMs in a cell suspension. The cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-HLA-DR (or anti-CD163, anti-iNOS, and anti-VEGF) and FITC-conjugated anti-CD68 monoclonal antibodies. The asterisk indicates the percentage of M1 or M2 TAMs in the total cell population, as determined through flow cytometry. (D) The correlations between the total, M1, and M2 TAM densities, as determined through immunofluorescence and the TAM ratios in the total cells analyzed through flow cytometry. R2 indicates the square of the Pearson's product–moment correlation coefficient.
To explore the prognostic effects of different TAM distribution patterns on the 5-year survival rate of ovarian cancer patients, we performed Kaplan-Meier survival analyses to determine the densities of the following groups: total, intra-islet, and intra-stromal TAMs; total, intra-islet, and intra-stromal densities of M1 and M2 TAMs; islet/stromal ratios of total, M1, and M2 TAMs; and overall, intra-islet and intra-stromal M1/M2 TAM ratios. Only the overall and intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratios displayed significant prognostic effects on patient survival (p = 0.009 and p = 0.028, respectively, log-rank test; Figure 3). The 5-year survival rates were 53.6% and 52.1% above the means for the overall and intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratios, respectively, compared with 33.9% and 37.5% for these parameters below the means (Figure 3).
Kaplan-Meier survival analyses of TAM-related parameters in ovarian cancer patients. The overall 5-year survival rates were compared between patient groups (less than the mean vs. greater than the mean) for each TAM-related parameter. Only two parameters, the overall ratio of M1/M2 TAMs and the intra-islet ratio of M1/M2 TAMs, revealed significant differences between the two patient groups.
Kaplan-Meier analysis may be affected by confounding factors so that its results cannot reflect the actual effect of each individual TAM characteristic. Therefore, we performed multivariate Cox regression analysis on the independent prognostic values of TAM-related parameters. The TAM distribution patterns in the "poor survival" and "extended survival" groups are listed in Table 3. The reference parameters used in the multivariate analysis included patient age, gravidity, parity, ascites, peritoneal metastasis, lymphatic metastasis, size of residual site, clinical stage, cancer histotype, and pathological grade (Table 4). For each Cox regression analysis, one TAM parameter was evaluated. We found that M1 TAM densities (total and intra-islet) and M1/M2 TAM ratios (overall and intra-islet) displayed independent effects on patient outcome (Table 4 and Additional file 1: Tables S1-S14). Of these parameters, the overall M1/M2 TAM ratio (≥ 1.371) exhibited the lowest HR for patients (0.448, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.238-0.842; Table 3) followed by the intra-islet M1/M2 ratio (ratio ≥ 1.752, HR = 0.510, 95% CI: 0.264-0.986; Additional file 1: Table S13).
#Statistical significance, two-sided Student's t test.
*A representative table for multivariate Cox regression analysis is shown for TAM-related parameters (i.e., overall M1/M2 TAM ratio). For the HRs of other TAM-related parameters, see Additional file 1: Tables S1-S14.
The prognostic effects of the overall and intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratios for patients with serous (64 cases), mucinous (14 cases), endometrioid (17 cases), clear cell (12 cases), and undifferentiated (5 cases) ovarian cancers were further evaluated. The mean overall and intra-islet M1/M2 ratios were calculated for each ovarian cancer histotype (Table 5). Multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that the HRs for the overall M1/M2 ratio lost their significance in three of the five histotypes analyzed, and the HRs of the intra-islet M1/M2 ratio were the lowest (0.576, 95% CI: 0.333-0.996) in the serous histotype and highest (0.97, 95% CI: 0.912-0.991) in the endometrioid histotype (Table 5). We also analyzed the relationship between the histotype-specific HRs of the intra-islet M1/M2 ratio and the corresponding 5-year survival rates for each cancer histotype (Figure 4). To reflect the actual hazards of the intra-islet M1/M2 ratio on enrolled patients, the HRs were further multiplied by the ratio patients presenting an intra-islet M1/M2 ratio greater than the mean (because the analyzed HRs were only significant in these patients; Table 5) for each histotype (Figure 4). However, no significant correlations were observed using either approach, indicating that the intra-islet M1/M2 ratio does not contribute to the different outcomes of ovarian cancer histotypes.
*HRs represent the multivariate Cox regression analysis results for the patient groups with an overall or intra-islet M1/M2 TAMs ratio greater than the mean. The patient groups with an overall or intra-islet M1/M2 TAMs ratio less than the mean were set as reference groups (HR = 1). To be concise, the reference groups were omitted from the table.
The relationship between intra-islet M1/M2 ratio HRs and the 5-year survival of different histotypes. (A) The HRs of the five ovarian cancer histotypes were compared with the corresponding 5-year survival rates of each histotype. (B) The HRs were weighted with the ratios of their affected population in each histotype group, and the groups were further compared with the 5-year survival rates of the corresponding cancer histotypes. R2 indicates the square of the Pearson's product–moment correlation coefficient.
The role of TAMs in cancer progression has been investigated in many types of human malignancies, including lung cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer [29, 30, 35–47]. The majority of these studies indicated that TAM infiltration density, differentiation status, and microlocalization influence the 5-year patient outcome. To our knowledge, the current study represents the most comprehensive analysis of TAMs in ovarian cancer based on a large-scale study population. Moreover, we compared the different histotypes of ovarian cancer, illustrating the unique pathological effects of cancer histotypes on TAM characteristics. This study enhances our understanding of TAMs and contributes to the growing data regarding the prognostic value of TAMs in clinical oncology.
Our data demonstrated that serous, mucinous, and undifferentiated ovarian cancer histotypes most frequently display TAM infiltration. Among these histotypes, a subtle difference existed; for serous and undifferentiated ovarian cancers, the TAMs gathered in the cancer islet, whereas for mucinous ovarian cancer, the TAMs accumulated in the stromal region (Table 2). There are several possible explanations for these phenomena. First, serous and mucinous cancers often express an abundant amount of mucins such as Mucin 1 (i.e., CA153), Mucin 2, Mucin 4, and Mucin 16 (i.e., CA125) [48–54]. Some mucins, such as Mucin 2 and Mucin 16, are immunomodulatory factors that can increase the expression of chemoattractants or pro-inflammatory factors including MCP-1, IL8, and PGE2 [50, 54, 55] in mucin-secreting cancer cells; therefore, more monocytes/macrophages can be recruited into the local tissue. In contrast, endometrioid and clear cell cancers express a relatively low amount of these mucins [48, 52, 56], which is associated with significantly lower TAM densities in the cancer tissue. A mucin-based theory can partially explain the different TAM infiltration densities observed between the serous/mucinous and endometrioid/clear cell ovarian cancer tissues. However, for the undifferentiated ovarian cancer histotype, we inferred that because of its primordial nature, more embryonic proteins could be synthesized and released , which could lead to a more severe specific/non-specific immune response in the local tissue . Therefore, an increased number of TAMs were present. To answer the question why the TAM microlocalization patterns (including the total and M1 TAMs) were significantly different between ovarian cancer histotypes (Table 2), we consider these differences might be attributed to unique gene expression profiles and cytological behaviors of the cancer cells. For example, the peri-cancer-islet mucin layers built by serous and mucinous cancer cells are quite different. Serous cancer cells secrete Mucin 16 as the major mucin molecule, which is almost soluble in serum [59, 60]. The mucin layer surrounding the serous cancer islet is rather thin and dispersed [59, 60]. Mucinous cancer cells secrete Mucin 2 and 5 as their major mucin forms, which create a condensed and gel-like layer surrounding the cancer cells [56, 59, 61–63]. This heavy layer can obstruct TAM access to the inside of the mucinous cancer islet. Meanwhile, the infiltration contribution of M1 TAMs was more significant than that of M2 TAMs for achieving the histotype-specific microlocalization patterns of intratumoral TAMs (Table 2), suggesting that the chemotactic effect of mucins may be more potent for M1 TAMs. Undifferentiated cancer cells displayed a highly disorganized tissue structure, with the cancer islet and stromal regions interwoven; therefore, more TAMs could obtain access to the cancer islets. Interestingly, these increased intra-islet TAMs were also predominantly M1 TAMs (Table 2), indicating that chemoattractants secreted by undifferentiated cancer cells are more effective at attracting M1 TAMs compared with M2 TAMs. Certainly, the molecular mechanisms discussed here require more detailed investigations, and currently, the histotype-dependent TAM distribution patterns suggest that TAMs could have diverse effects on the growth and development of different ovarian cancer histotypes.
Moreover, our observations indicated that the infiltrating behavior of TAMs was associated with the pathological grade of ovarian cancer (Table 2). Of all histotypes of ovarian cancer, the densities of total, M1, and M2 TAMs were the highest in G3 cases, followed by G2 and G1 cases. Several research groups have reported this phenomenon in other human malignancies. For example, Medrek et al. demonstrated that breast cancer cases with a dense infiltration of macrophages were mostly of a higher pathological grade . Komohara et al. observed that the number of intratumoral microglia/macrophages correlated with the pathological grade of gliomas . However, in colorectal cancer, Edin et al. did not observe a correlation between TAM density and pathological grade . Thus, the relationship between TAM density and cancer pathological grade is dependent on the exact anatomic site of the cancer. Based on our observations, it is possible that the TAM density/pathological grade relationship was due to the disorganized/discontinuous tissue structure of the higher pathological graded ovarian cancers, which could allow peripheral-blood monocytes/macrophages (M1 or M2 TAMs) easy entry into the cancer tissue bed . Alternatively, we cannot discount the possibility that high-grade ovarian cancer cells could release more chemoattractants or pro-inflammatory factors such as chromatin-binding protein high mobility group B1 (HMGB1)  and calreticulin (CRT)  into the surrounding tissues to attract more monocytes/microphages to the cancer tissue . However, in addition to the changes in TAM densities, we did not observe any changes in TAM microlocalization (islet vs. stroma) or differentiation (M1 vs. M2) between the different ovarian cancer grades; therefore, the exact clinical significance of varying TAM densities likely resides in the intrinsic properties of these infiltrating TAMs, which cannot be affected by the cancer grade.
The relationship between cancer stage and TAM density has reached significance in the patient population enrolled by our study, suggesting that the clinical stage could potentially influence TAM infiltration (Table 2). Ovarian cancer mainly metastasizes via peritoneal dissemination and implantation [1–4]. The omentum is the most frequent site for ovarian cancer metastasis [1–4]. The peritoneal cavity is rich in "resident" tissue macrophages, which are widely distributed along the surface of the peritoneum and omentum [5, 12]. In the study, the increased TAM densities (overall, intra-islet, and intra-stromal) were found to be correlated with the degree of the cancer tissue invasion into the peritoneal cavity and organs. Hence, the peritoneal macrophages are probably the primary source responsible for vigorous TAM infiltration observed in ovarian cancer tissues with higher clinical stages. Furthermore, as reported in previous studies, the innate peritoneal macrophage defensive barrier can play an important role in delaying cancer progression  or contribute to the formation of malignant ascites and/or promote severe peritoneal metastasis in ovarian cancer patients . Such outcomes largely depend on the dominant phenotype of macrophages infiltrating the cancer tissue [68–70]. Here, we observed that the M2 TAM densities (overall, intra-islet, and intra-stromal) consistently increased with clinical stage, while the corresponding M1/M2 ratios declined as the cancer stage increased (Table 2). Also, the islet/stroma ratio of M2 TAMs was increased in ≥ 2 cm residual sites; and the intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratio was decreased in these residual sites (Table 2). Considering that the clinical stage (or the size of residual site) is apparently not a TAM differentiation-inducing factor, these phenomena suggest that the increased M2 TAM infiltration could have promoted the aggressive behavior in ovarian cancer cells, which favors their widespread metastasis in the peritoneal cavity.
With regard to the long-term prognostic value of TAMs in ovarian cancer patients, there have been three major immune-microenvironment theories: the TAM density theory ; the M1-dominant theory ; and the M2-dominant theory . The TAM density theory supposes a differentiation-independent role for TAMs in the outcome of cancer patients, while the latter two emphasize the differentiation status-dependent roles of TAMs in the 5-year survival. The data obtained by our study both supports and conflicts with these theories, which reflects the unique effects of TAMs in ovarian cancer. All these consistencies and inconsistencies require a more thorough analysis to provide an in-depth understanding of the clinical significance of TAMs.
For the density theory, a number of early studies indicated that a high density of intratumoral TAMs correlates with reduced patient survival, regardless of the TAM phenotypes [43, 72, 73]. Moreover, results from animal models that used macrophage-depleted mice to explore the role of TAMs in cancer progression agreed with these clinical findings [74, 75]. However, in recent years, increasing evidence indicates a different effect of TAMs on patient prognosis. A representative study of 446 colorectal cancer specimens by Forssell et al. indicated that intensive macrophage infiltration at the cancer front is associated with an improved prognosis . Furthermore, Edin et al. indicated that a simultaneous increase in M1 and M2 TAM densities at the invasive front of colorectal cancer predicts a positive outcome . Ohri et al. obtained similar observations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and they speculated that M2 TAMs might exert the same effect as M1 TAMs in cancer islets; otherwise, their observations could not be explained . Our current study analyzed the prognostic value of TAM density based on four TAM-related parameters, namely, the densities of the overall, intra-islet, and intra-stromal TAMs and the islet/stroma TAM ratio. However, none of the four parameters correlated with patient prognosis in either Kaplan-Meier survival or multivariate Cox regression analyses. These results suggest that increased TAM infiltration alone, even when present in the cancer islet, cannot provide as powerful of a tumoricidal effect in ovarian cancer compared with that observed in colorectal or lung cancer. There are several probable reasons for the difference in these effects. One potential explanation is that ovarian cancer cells of any histotype might be less sensitive or more resistant to TAM attacks than colorectal or lung cancer cells. Unfortunately, there is little in vivo or in vitro evidence to support this assumption. The second potential explanation is that the infiltrating TAM density may not have been sufficient to exert an overwhelming killing effect that could suppress cancer cell growth and metastasis. Ma et al. reported a mean TAM density of 168.3 mm-2 (range, 0–554.9 mm-2) within lung cancer tissue , which is a greater density than the TAM density (mean, 40.3 mm-2; range, 3.3 - 159.7 mm-2) that we detected in ovarian cancer tissue (Additional file 1: Table S1). Therefore, the low intratumoral TAM density somewhat weakens the TAM density theory in the ovarian cancer cases studied. The third explanation is that the M2 TAMs detected in ovarian cancer tissue might retain their original nutritional effect on cancer cells, which could compete against the anticancer effect of their M1 counterparts. As such, no prognostic value of the increased total TAM density was observed in the study.
Both the M1- and M2-dominant theories were formulated after the roles of the classically or alternatively activated macrophages in killing or maintaining in vitro cultured cancer cells were demonstrated [78, 79]. Many clinical studies have correlated improved prognosis with increased M1 TAM and decreased M2 TAM densities in various human malignancies [40, 47, 71, 80]. Similarly, we demonstrated an improved long-term survival effect of M1 TAMs in ovarian cancer patients, as assessed using the multivariate Cox regression model (Additional file 1: Tables S4 and S5). However, for M1 TAMs, only the increased cell density in cancer islets reached significance for improved prognosis, while the increase in intra-stromal M1 TAM density did not affect patient outcome. Previously, Ohri et al. argued that mature macrophages with anticancer activity must interact intimately with target cancer cells to exert their tumoricidal properties, which could logically underlie the clinical significance of infiltrating M1 TAMs . From this perspective, our findings provide further evidence supporting Ohri's theory. Nevertheless, our results were obtained after normalizing several confounding factors such as patient age, cancer stage, histotype, and grade, and we also excluded the prognostic effects from their antagonizing counterparts such as M2 TAMs. Moreover, no single M1- or M2-related parameter provided prognostic significance under more complicated conditions such as Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Thus, in contrast to patients with pancreatic, esophageal, and breast cancer, increased M1 TAM density alone cannot achieve a predominant prognostic value in ovarian cancer patients [16, 40, 41]. These pathological findings indicate that the long-term effects of M1 or M2 TAMs function in a more complicated manner in ovarian cancer, which does not simply comply with the known M1- and M2-dominant rules.
Among all the investigated TAM-related parameters, we only demonstrated that the increased overall and intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratios possessed the prognostic significance in both the Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox regression analyses. These findings are tenable because the biological effects of M1 and M2 TAMs antagonize each other, and neither TAM type could create a predominant effect in all the examined cancer tissues. Furthermore, we noted that the intra-stromal M1/M2 TAM ratio did not possess any statistical prognostic significance. Considering Ohri's theory and the fact that intra-stromal M1 TAM density was not an independent factor influencing the 5-year cancer survival (Additional file 1: Table S3), this result is rational, as it demonstrates the necessity of the direct interaction between TAMs and cancer cells to create a tumoricidal effect. In addition, we noted that the prognostic value of the intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratio varied between histotypes, suggesting that the tumoricidal effects of M1 TAMs or nutritional effects of M2 TAMs were altered in various ovarian cancer histotypes. Endometrioid ovarian cancer is less malignant than most other ovarian cancer histotypes including serous, clear cell, and undifferentiated cancers [2, 21–24]. Similarly, the infiltration density of TAMs was much lower in endometrioid ovarian cancer tissue compared with other ovarian cancer histotypes. Therefore, the M1/M2 ratio of the intratumoral TAMs may play a less prominent role in endometrioid ovarian cancer progression than the M1/M2 ratio observed in other ovarian cancer histotypes. Regarding the serous ovarian cancer histotype, progression occurs more quickly and often induces vigorous TAM infiltration into the cancer tissue bed. These serous cancer cells could be more sensitive to the killing or nutritional effects of M1 or M2 TAMs, respectively, than other cancer cell histotypes. Therefore, the M1/M2 TAM ratio exerted the greatest influence and led to the highest HR in our study. Our results are consistent with previous reports demonstrating the prognostic value of the M1/M2 TAM ratio in several other malignancies including glioma, melanoma, prostate cancer, and liver metastases of colorectal cancer [64, 81–83]. These cancers and ovarian cancer should possess similar TAM response properties.
The histotype-specific roles of TAMs in the progression of ovarian cancer have been carefully evaluated in our study. Although our data demonstrated that the overall and intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratios are independent prognostic factors for patient survival, we could not establish an effective relationship between the histotype-specific HRs of these two ratios and the 5-year survival rates of patients (Table 5 and Figure 4). These data suggest that the biological effects of TAMs, which are differentially exerted on each cancer histotype, were not robust enough to independently alter the overall clinical behavior of an ovarian cancer histotype. Altered TAM distribution patterns such as the TAM densities (except for the overall, intra-islet and intra-stromal M2 TAM densities) and the islet/stroma ratio of total TAMs (Table 2) that were tightly associated with cancer histotypes did not effectively influence the outcome of an individual patient (Figure 3) and they were not correlated with or the overall 5-year survival rates of different histotypes of ovarian cancer (Table 2 and Additional file 1: Tables S4 and S5) histotype. Moreover, multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the major factors that determine cancer patient fate still resided in several main clinical-pathological characteristics (Table 3 and Additional file 1: Tables S1-S14). Compared with the HRs of cancer stage, histotype, grade, and the size of the residual site, none of the parameters related to density, differentiation, or microlocalization of TAMs (including the overall and intra-islet M1 TAM densities) reached a higher HR value, indicating that all of the investigated TAM parameters have a minor influence on disease progression. Based on these TAM parameter analyses, we conclude that TAM distribution patterns can only be utilized to predict the outcome of an individual patient, but they are not applicable for explaining the different outcomes observed between cancer histotypes. These different outcomes should still be attributed to the characteristic proliferation, migration, invasion, and anti-apoptosis ability possessed by ovarian cancer cells of a particular histotype.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the overall and intra-islet M1/M2 ratios are effective TAM parameters to predict the outcomes of ovarian cancer patients, especially for those with a serous histotype. Although the total and M1 TAM densities and the islet/stroma ratio of total TAMs exhibited ovarian cancer histotype-specific characteristics, patient prognosis is determined by the dominant TAM phenotype in the cancer tissue, which showed no special distribution patterns among the cancer histotypes. Moreover, for M1 TAMs to exert their anticancer effects on ovarian cancer cells, it would be better if they reside in the islet region and maintain contact with the cancer cells. Our observations implicate the necessity for personalized immunomodulatory therapy in ovarian cancer patients with different TAM distribution statuses, which may promote M1 polarization of TAMs and accelerate their intra-islet infiltration; therefore, the long-term survival of the patients could be improved.
Meiying Zhang, Yifeng He contributed equally to this work.
This work was partially supported by the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee Funds (No. 12411950200).
YFH, AMZ, and WD designed the study. MYZ performed the immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence work. YFH and XJS independently reviewed the immunostained cancer tissue sections. WJW and QL performed the LCM and flow cytometry. YFH wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


This is an easy and delicious one pot meal — a perfect family dish to bring in the fall season. And yes, you read the title right — an easy risotto.
This is another take on Ina Garten's risotto from her book, How Easy is That? A few months ago I shared Easy Yam Risotto, a great side dish. This risotto recipe is slightly more involved and can be served as dinner, on it's own! It's rich, creamy, slightly sweet and packed with flavor. And my five year old loves it! Yay!
Add the pancetta to a large Dutch oven (i.e., Le Creuset), or another similar style, oven-proof pot with a lid.
Turn the heat to medium and cook until it begins to brown, about 3 minutes. Add the onion and cook to soften, another 4 minutes.
Add 3 cups of the broth or stock, wine, rice, and peas to the pot. Stir to combine, cover and bake in the preheated oven for approximately 40 minutes, until almost all of liquid is absorbed.
Remove from the oven and gently mix in the remaining cup of broth or stock, cheese, and butter. Season to taste with pepper and serve immediately!
If you want to make this a few hours ahead of time, save the last cup of broth or stock and mix it in just before serving.


Should a priest consult a doctor or does faith in God have to rule out faith in man?
Kay, L. 2005. Should a priest consult a doctor or does faith in God have to rule out faith in man?. University of Cape Town.


text:
Q: Fails to apply condition through jQuery I just want to show Customer Name Row only when Balnce Row have Negative Integer Value through jQuery if the Balnce Row have Positive Integer Value than it will show Customer Name Row .
After multiple times  I'll try to do this while using if/else condition but can't got my required result. Kindly , help me out, to sort my problem. My JSFIDDLE is this. And Code is Give Below.
 I'm very thankful to you. :)
<!DOCTYPE html>

<form action="" method="post" >

        SubTotal :
        <input type="text" name="subtotal" class="form-control subtotal">

        Cash Receive:
        <input type="text" name="pay" class="form-control pay">

        Balnce :
        <input type="text" name="payback"  class="form-control payback">

        Customer Name
        <input type="text" name="custname" class="form-control">

</form>

A: Hope this helps. You can hide customer name field on page load and then display it based on the value present in Balance field. Code comments below.

$('.pay').change(function () {
 var pay = $(this).val() - 0;
 var subtoal = $('.subtotal').val() - 0;
 $('.payback').val(pay - subtoal).trigger("blur"); //Added .trigger("blur")
});

//Modified code below
$('.payback').on("blur", function () {
 var n = $.isNumeric($(this).val()) ? $(this).val() - 0 : 0;
 if (n >= 0)
  $('.custname').hide();//...Do stuff for +ve num
 else
  $('.custname').show();//...Do stuff for -ve num
});

<form action="" method="post">

     SubTotal :

     <input type="text" name="subtotal" class="form-control subtotal">

     Cash Receive:

     <input type="text" name="pay" class="form-control pay">

     Balnce :

     <input type="text" name="payback" class="form-control payback">

     Customer Name

     <input type="text" name="custname" class="form-control">

</form>


text:
Wigan PAWS Centre Animal Clinic
York House, York Street, Wallgate, Wigan WN3 4BY
Open Tuesdays and alternate Thursdays (10.00am - 1.30pm) for pre-booked appointments only
Clinic Telephone Number: 01942 824165
Phone lines are staffed between 10.00am and 1.00pm, Monday to Friday - please leave a message at any other time.
Key clinic info is below.
We also have a full Clinic FAQs page. Please read this before phoning.
Treatments Available
Treatments available include: vaccinations, flea treatments, worming treatments, neutering, full health check, animal welfare advice and microchipping.
Eligibility for Treatment
At the RSPCA PAWS Clinic, we offer low cost vet treatment for dogs and cats belonging to people who are in receipt of income-related or means-tested benefits and who live in all WN postcodes, plus WA3 3; WA3 2; WA3 1; M29 7; M29 8; M46 9, and M46 0.
From 2nd April 2013, all new animals registered with us will have to be neutered within six months of registration for dogs and three months for cats (unless there are underlying medical reasons why this cannot happen; these reasons to be determined by our vet).
How to Book an Appointment
To get an appointment, you must first register with us (you can pop in to the York Street Centre on Wednesdays and Friday between 10am and 12.30pm to do this). We will need to see proof of your means-tested benefit and some ID (passport, driving license, recent utility bill). Once you have registered, we can book your pet in to see the vet. Please note that you can only register a maximum of four animals with our clinic. You will need to provide proof of benefits and a form of ID every six months to ensure our records are up to date.
General consultation:
Neutering:
£25-£55 depending on the breed and sex of your pet
All neutering operations must be paid for in full at the time of booking the appointment.
Vaccinations:
£20 for the first vaccination and £15 for the second
Boosters:
Charges vary according to drug prescribed.
Medicines will only be prescribed on Thursdays when a vet is on site. Prescriptions can be collected between 10am and 2pm
Microchipping:
£10 (or free if you are having your animal neutered).
Please note that it is now law to have your dog microchipped and the owners responsibility to ensure the details held on the data base are correct.
Outside of clinic hours, enquirers from the Wigan area will be referred to:
RSPCA Greater Manchester Animal Hospital, 411 Eccles New Road, Salford, Manchester M5 5NN.
Any vet will provide free treatment for a sick or injured wild animal or bird, including a pigeon. If you require assistance or further advice, phone us on 01942 824165 and we will do our best to help. If there is no answer, or it is outside operational hours (Monday-Friday, 10am - 1pm), please phone the National Helpline number 0300 1234 999.
Subpages (1): Clinic FAQs


text:
You can read Robert's speeches and appearances in Parliament below:
Bovine Tuberculosis: Testing | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Answers
A new EU Animal Health Regulation containing rules relevant to bovine TB control is due to come into force from 2021.
July Agriculture and Fisheries Council | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Ministerial Statements
Agriculture and Fisheries Council takes place in Brussels on 15 July.
Neonicotinoids | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Answers
The Government's priority is to protect people and the environment.
Agriculture: Northumberland | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Answers
The Agriculture Bill is part of the Government's programme of critical legislation to deliver a smooth departure from the EU.
Whales: Japan | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Answers
We are very disappointed with Japan's decision to withdraw from the International Whaling Commission and restart commercial whaling.
Sharks: Imports | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Answers
We have raised the issue of an EU-wide ban on shark fin imports with the EU Commission on a number of occasions and continue to push for
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs: Credit Unions | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Answers
The Department does not currently offer a payroll deduction service that enables staff to join a credit union and at present has no plans
Brixham Harbour | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Answers
It is expected that the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) will continue until 2020.
Bovine Tuberculosis: Disease Control | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Answers
Rigorous statistical analysis, which adjusts for differences related to the risk of TB in cattle, has been carried out to measure any ass
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs: Overtime | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | Written Answers
Information relating to unpaid overtime worked by staff is not held centrally and to obtain it would incur disproportionate costs.
Westminster Trips
What can an MP do?