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SPIKE LEE: DOING THE RIGHT THING WITH BLACKKKLANSMAN
Reading Time: 16min read
1619 to 2019: Four hundred years of Black history in America. Centuries marked by slavery, genocide, violence and hatred beyond imagination, yet accompanied by endurance, strength, resilience, beauty, creativity, and power unmatched. There is an inherent duality African Americans carry in their psyche from birth and legacy, a sense that extraordinary triumphs can and will be won despite the odds, but in this nation there is still so far to go.
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No one exemplifies this "two-ness," as he calls it, better than iconic filmmaker Spike Lee. The man's inner vibrations are palpable from the moment he enters a room. A combination of opposing energies that fuse into an all-consuming force, he runs on the belief in mystical chemistry.
"Vibe is a real live thing," Lee said at a recent Lincoln Center talkback. "How many times have you gone in a room and you want to just turn right the fuck around? …You can feel energy, and people with bad energy are a cancer. They could fuck everything up. They've gotta go."
In the past, Lee has called himself "an instigator," but more accurately, he's a visual master who provokes conversations while keeping his own words brief and effective (especially when sly profanity is called for). Youthful, yet worldly wise, outwardly Zen but those carefully-chosen statements reveal an unceasing fire for justice and truth. Down to the second, his time is never wasted, nothing about his life or work spent in excess, but he's extraordinarily open to those who want to learn.
He might just be magic, and for the Black community at large, he is. From Do the Right Thing (celebrating its 30th anniversary this spring) to Mo' Better Blues, Malcolm X, Jungle Fever, Bamboozled, Miracle at St. Anna and countless other works, Lee has become the defining filmmaker of a generation and a pioneer in racially-charged discourse. Now Spike's latest, BlacKKKlansman, stands as a masterpiece that's finally won the master himself his first Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay. Based on the true story of the first African American detective in the Colorado Springs Police Department, the movie follows Ron Stallworth's (John David Washington) efforts to infiltrate and expose the Ku Klux Klan in the 1970s with the help of a Jewish undercover partner (Adam Driver). Through comedy-tinged action that turns more horrifying at every step, BlacKkKlansman forces us to confront our worst selves in past, present, and future tense. The film's coda, real footage of the 2017 Charlottesville Unite the Right rally and ensuing violent protest, serves as a chilling reminder that the struggle between good and evil never fades.
During the recent Oscars ceremony, audiences observed the extremes of Lee's raw energy – explosions of joy as he accepted his award, literally jumping into Samuel L. Jackson's embrace, and later attempting to leave the theatre visibly outraged after Green Book was announced as Best Picture. These reactions encapsulate not only the effects of this particular Academy Awards, but the overall identity schism that persists in our race relations. Where do we stand? And when does it ever become "fair" or "enough"?
It's a good question in an Oscars that was perhaps the most celebratory and barrier-breaking for African Americans ever recorded. The night saw testaments to the vision of optimal progress that is Black Panther – nominated for seven and winning three awards, including Hannah Beachler for Production Design and Ruth Carter for Costume Design. Their combined Afrocentric universe in the film enabled massive real-life achievements, as both are the first-ever Black women to win their respective categories. (Carter's entry into the industry, by the way, came through working on Spike Lee's School Daze in 1987.) That same evening, Regina King became the eighth African American woman in history to win Best Supporting Actress for her role in If Beale Street Could Talk, based on the James Baldwin novel. Even Green Book, a controversial victor for its seemingly whitewashed retelling of the Civil Rights movement, pushed inclusivity some steps forward: Mahershala Ali's award for Best Supporting Actor made him the only African American man with multiple acting Oscars outside of Denzel Washington, while the Best Picture title gave Octavia Spencer the honor of being the first African American woman to win as a producer.
But as Spike Lee noted in his acceptance speech, "The world today is irony." These mammoth successes are hampered somewhat by the realization that it has taken so long to recognize them. If Lee had also won for Best Director, he would have been the first African American filmmaker with that distinction in 91 years of Oscars.
Rashaad Ernesto Green, director of the Sundance favorite Gun Hill Road, grew up on Lee's work and eventually studied under him in New York University's MFA program at Tisch School of the Arts. Though Rashaad feels the accolades for BlacKkKlansman are wonderful, he says, "I don't think that Spike needs validation from the Academy in order to mean what he has meant for this country, for African Americans, for African American filmmakers. He's Spike Lee, regardless of who says that he's the best in any particular year. I'm happy that others feel he should be recognized, because he should be, but he has always been the preeminent filmmaker in my heart and mind since I was a child."
Born and raised in New York primarily by their single father, Rashaad and his younger brother Reinaldo Marcus Green felt Spike Lee's presence from an early age. At home their dad, a hardworking attorney, often fell asleep with the television on and consistently chose Do the Right Thing to play on repeat. "Spike was one of the first filmmakers we ever encountered," Reinaldo recalls. "That was part of our upbringing, just watching [Do the Right Thing] in our household and it brought [Dad] a lot of joy and culture, and I felt that he really identified with that film… Our dad was a huge Spike Lee fan."
He wasn't the only one. Nearing adolescence, Rashaad paid close attention to Lee's themes and found a kindred artistic spirit. "His films helped me as a young Black man come to terms with my own identity," he admits. "I viewed myself through the lens of Spike Lee. Without Spike, I might have felt a little lost. [Instead], I felt like I had this guidance and somebody who was basically pointing me through the forest, through works, before even meeting the man… Do the Right Thing was definitely the first [movie] to really get me to examine my own place in the world and who I was as a Black man. Malcolm X was another film that I really responded to… It was such a tour de force, to see that performance by Denzel – it was wonderful to have such pride in being African American and seeing someone who had such a growth and revelation during his lifetime. I even had to check out the Koran at the library as a result of watching that film… The lessons [in our house] came from Dad, but they also came from the films that Spike Lee made at the time. So when I decided to become a filmmaker, there was one person I wanted to learn from more than anybody else, and that was Spike Lee."
Determined to meet his idol, Rashaad initially encountered Spike in person while studying at Dartmouth, where the legend was delivering a keynote speech. After walking the quad with Lee, Rashaad made plans to attend NYU for graduate school, and he impressed Spike again during a chance meeting. "I went to a talk that Denzel [Washington] was giving at NYU and asked a question about acting and compromising yourself with certain roles that were available to African American actors at the time. Spike was in the room and he really liked the questions, so he had his assistant ask me for my head shot right after that talk… A couple of days later, I had an audition for Inside Man, the [latest] film that he was making with Denzel."
You can see Rashaad in several sequences throughout Inside Man, a bank heist thriller, and he confirms the report that to be on a Spike Lee set is a unique learning experience: "Spike has people around him that he's worked with for decades. He runs a very tight ship. He does not play around when he's on set; he's all business. But the people around him know him very well. They keep the folks happy. [We] were in good spirits, but also we had to tow that line. We had to listen and not disrupt the process, because the man was at work and he comes in on time and under budget, so there's an intensity on set. When the man is talking, you do not interrupt. You really listen to what's being said so you don't have to ask again, and that kind of leadership is wonderful to see and learn from."
Many have noted, unsurprisingly, that Lee also cultivates some of the most diverse sets in the entire industry. The man himself maintains an admirable dedication to inclusivity, commenting, "From the very beginning when I was at NYU, I had the mindset that if I was able to slip in the door, I was going to take everybody with me. Women, [people of color], everybody who's young and hungry, who's talented and wanted to work… And the industry's not really set up for people of color and women to succeed. So I'm just trying to do my part… What's great now is, I'm really grateful to see so many people telling their stories, because we all have a need to tell our story from our own particular perspective. That's just part of being a human being. To tell the world, tell the universe, this is who I am, this is who we are, this is our story, and sometimes negate the false stories that are out there."
This responsibility to instill self-confidence in others, to be a good role model for future generations, is seen most vividly in a memorable sequence from BlacKkKlansman. Rookie detective Ron Stallworth's first undercover assignment is to attend a meeting where Civil Rights leader Kwame Ture (played by Corey Hawkins) speaks to college students about Black Power. As Ture's speech builds from emphasizing African American beauty to pride in one's identity and the need for resistance in the face of white oppression, the viewer is treated to loving portraits and close-ups of people in his audience. Each listener is distinctly gorgeous in his or her own way, and the scene unfolds so potently that it strikes anyone who has ever felt out of step with conventional aesthetic standards. You don't have to be Black to appreciate the meaning behind "All power to all the people."
Lee notes, "One of my favorite photographic things we did [in BlacKkKlansman] was with those portraits… [Ture's] telling them, 'You have big lips, broad noses, your hair is kinky. You come in many different shades, from blue-black to high yellow, Creole to redbone. Whatever it is, you are beautiful.' Kevin [Willmott] and I didn't write that script. We compiled several of Kwame's speeches. And when we were shooting that scene, we were shooting in an auditorium [and] in a side room we had another camera. In between takes I would go through the audience and pick different Black people… And then we incorporated them into that scene so we could demonstrate, so we could visually see the many different versions of people, because it was very important to see. Back in the day, if you called somebody Black, there was a fight. And it was Kwame Ture and even James Brown with his song, 'Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud' – So all these things are very, very powerful for people to believe themselves, when they've been told from the moment they come out of the womb that you're inferior, you're subhuman and whatnot."
In October 2018, a Los Angeles Times article pointed to the rise of a "Black Lives Matter Cinematic Universe," counting titles including Ryan Coogler's Fruitvale Station, Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal's Blindspotting, and Jordan Peele's Oscar-winning Get Out as significant reflections on contemporary life relating to the African American community's sense of self. The story, by Tre'vell Anderson, also named BlacKkKlansman among such films even though it's set decades earlier than the others (Jordan Peele was an executive producer on the movie). Additionally, he spotlighted one project, a Sundance Grand Jury winner entitled Monsters and Men about an African American man being killed by police á la Eric Garner, as the next ascendant to that canon. It was Reinaldo Green's first feature as a director.
Reinaldo followed his brother Rashaad to film school (after a long and varied career doing many other things), quickly becoming a Spike Lee disciple at NYU. If one looks closely at Monsters and Men, the parallels between Reinaldo's work and Spike's – you might even call them homages – become readily apparent. The film stars John David Washington as another conflicted cop and original Hamilton cast member Anthony Ramos (who now stars in the Netflix reboot of Lee's She's Gotta Have It) as a young man who captures the shooting on video. According to Reinaldo, Spike was instrumental in connecting both actors to his up-and-coming protégé.
"Not only did Spike give grants to both Rashaad and [me], which helped get our first features off the ground," he states, "but also the offspring of the actors that he's worked with are now in our films [and some of the actors themselves]… It is amazing how Spike's influence has really played a big part in Monsters and Men and how we shot in Bed Stuy, how we chose which area to shoot in. A lot of that was trying to pay tribute to him and how he'd go out to Bed Stuy for Do the Right Thing… He's all over [Rashaad's and my] work. I respect how he uses visuals and locations as characters… He's so great at building characters and making people feel you've given them a voice. He's great at improv and letting actors do their thing. It's incredible to be in the same sphere as Spike… Again, it crosses so many genres. It's not just about Black culture. There are so many people that respect Spike for his work and what he does to bring people together to enjoy cinema."
Indeed, togetherness is a guiding principle of Lee's oeuvre, however it may look at face value. For all their ambiguity, films like Do the Right Thing, Jungle Fever, and even BlacKkKlansman in its cynical frankness are steering us toward a multicultural conversation. Finding the courage to broach that conversation is a major step on its own.
"I tell my friends all the time," Lee said at Lincoln Center, "President Barack Obama did not become president just by Black folks voting for him. We couldn't do it alone… it's a coalition. People come together; we do it together – Civil Rights, women's rights, gay rights… We have a very complicated history as a country and I think history has shown that when we get together, that's when things move forward."
"I hope to still retain that cultural nuance," Reinaldo adds, "to be able to engage our communities in front of and behind the camera. To bring diversity and inclusion to the forefront, and not just for the purposes of ticking boxes, but to change the cultural landscape… I think when we take from everywhere, different perspectives, they make our products stronger. Ultimately Spike has been doing that for a long time and he can pass the baton and we should do the same. We're hoping to bring up a generation of filmmakers behind us… It's a network to build on the work that Spike has devoted his whole life to building."
Both Rashaad and Reinaldo took full advantage of Lee's office hours while students at NYU. Rashaad audited his class in Directing Strategies three years in a row to absorb Spike's wisdom. As a mentor, Rashaad says, Spike Lee is "a man of very few words, but a man of such great deeds."
He elaborates, "We're a culture that uses language to beat around the bush, to evade, to deflect. [Spike] doesn't do any of those things. He uses his language to say what he means, and that's it… As a teacher, he's somebody who always tells the truth whether you like it or not, [but] he doesn't like to repeat himself. When you know it's office hours with him, he doesn't really have time for niceties. He'll acknowledge you, but then you have to get right to business. It's the same when you say goodbye. If the meeting was from 3 to 3:30, when 3:30 comes, he says, 'All right, bet,' and that means your time is up."
It sure sounds reminiscent of Clive Owen's opening lines in Inside Man: "Pay attention to what I say, because I choose my words carefully and I never repeat myself." Maybe Lee was trying to tell us something.
Still, those who get that precious timeslot can tap into an unexpected generosity. "You can spend [your 30 minutes] any way you want to," Reinaldo points out. "Spike is really open… So if you go in there and say, 'Hey, will you watch my short film?' if that's how you want to spend your time, he'll watch it. And for someone of his caliber to be so accessible, it's rare. It's odd that not every film student at NYU takes advantage of the fact that Spike is sitting there [in his office hours]… If he says one word to you, one sentence, he brings all this knowledge and wisdom. He's like a Yoda figure. He's emanating and embodying what it is to be a legacy filmmaker… Spike is not someone who's going to go and make the film for you or make a hundred phone calls, but he's someone who leads by example. So I found that my office hours were filled with trying to show Spike my work. And he'd ask questions: 'Why did you shoot in that location? What camera did you shoot on? How many extras did you have?' He was curious about the production, certain things that either stood out to him as a negative or a positive… Spike kind of talks in code, so you have to figure out what he's saying to you and puzzle over what it means when he asks that question."
One question Lee asked on Rashaad's first day of class has stuck with him throughout the years. "[That day] he said, 'How many of y'all want to be directors?' And of course most of the room raised their hands. And then he said, 'How many of y'all finished your scripts?' Maybe two people raised their hands. And he said, 'See, y'all are bullshit.' There was like three years' worth of education right there in the first two minutes of the class… Spike was able to point it out with such efficiency and flourish."
"Spike is so paramount to where Rashaad and I see ourselves as filmmakers," Reinaldo agrees. "Not only where we are now, but where we want to go… He's created so much visibility for the role of the director. Oftentimes you don't even know what a director looks like and Spike is out there on the front lines championing films, going to the events, speaking out on things that he cares about. Those are the things that I think we definitely ought to learn and take from his playbook, because he's created a very successful career doing what he loves and talking about the things that need to be talked about in a way that's digestible for the general public… I may not wear the same color suit, but I certainly wear the same color spirit."
That sentiment holds true for both Green brothers as they develop their next features. Watch out for Rashaad's next film Premature, about a young Black woman experiencing a transformational romance in Harlem (another Sundance selection), now on the festival circuit. Meanwhile, Reinaldo is in pre-production with Mark Wahlberg on a story from the writers of Brokeback Mountain, which follows a grieving father as he walks across America to survive the loss of his son. These emerging visionaries are internalizing all their lessons from Spike and then some.
And what of the iconic but mysterious Mr. Spike Lee? Well, BlacKkKlansman's success and relevance have given him a perfectly-timed reason to share more than a few words this year. Everything comes full circle, and as we look to the future he can't help but remind us of our legacy. Standing on that Oscar stage, he invoked the memory of 1619, the horrors of slavery and genocide, but also the amazing will of the human spirit. He paid tribute to his grandmother, Zimmie Reatha Shelton, who saved her Social Security checks for fifty years to help him attend Morehouse College and NYU.
Finally, this man of dualities, so insightful about human behavior yet in so many other ways infuriatingly impenetrable, closed with a call to action that left no ambiguity at all: "If we all connect with our ancestors for love, wisdom, and regaining our humanity, it will be a powerful movement. The 2020 presidential election is around the corner. Let's all mobilize, let's be on the right side of history. Make the moral choice between love versus hate. Let's do the right thing!"
Fade out. Roll credits. Discuss.
Jaime Lubin is the Executive Editor of Honeysuckle Magazine. Her profiles on art and culture have appeared regularly in The Huffington Post and Observer, as well as Billboard and Irish America magazines among other publications. Also an actress, producer, and singer, Jaime is working on a solo show about Tarot. Follow her on Twitter and Instagram (both @jaimelubin).
Tags: #latesthoney#oscarsAdam DriverAnthony RamosBamboozledBLACKBlack PantherblackkklansmenBlindspottingCharlottesvilleDenzel Washingtondo the right thingEric CarnerGet OutGreen BookGun Hill RoadHannah BeachlerIf Beale Street Could TalkJames BrownJohn David WashingtonJordan PeeleJungle FeverMaharshala AliMalcolm XMiracle at St- AnnaMorehouseNYUOctavia SpenserRashaad Ernesto GreenRegina KingReinaldo GreenRon StallworthRuth CarterSamuel L- JacksonSchool Dazespike leeSundanceUnite the Right
Jaime Lubin
Jaime Lubin is an Editor Emerita for Honeysuckle Magazine and Executive Editor for Honey Pot. Her profiles on art and culture have appeared regularly in The Huffington Post and Observer, as well as Billboard and Irish America magazines among other publications. Also an actress, producer, and singer, Jaime is working on a solo show about Tarot. Follow her on Twitter and Instagram (both @jaimelubin).
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SESSION LXXXII: ON BRIDGE-BUILDERS
Story Circle Prompt: Who do you see being a bridge-builder in action? Between what groups? How is this person inspiring you to action?
One of my current inspirations is the Rev. April G. Johnson, Executive Director of Disciples Ministry of Reconciliation from Indianapolis. Rev. Johnson facilitates the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) process of awareness, analysis and action toward healing the fractures in the body of Christ that are caused by systemic racism. While publicizing an upcoming visit, I have been introduced to her experiences and insights. In my own life, she reignited a personal call to tackle social justice and personal issues, when she said: "God doesn't ask us to agree to disagree. God asks us to love one another. We know that it is hard, which might be why we avoid the work of relationship with people who are not like us. God keeps calling us into opportunities to birth new relationships and new perspectives."
Rev. Johnson's career, building bridges between racial and other differences, is connected to her background. She said, "I grew up in the south suburbs of Chicago. My parents moved there on my first birthday. Folding under the pressure of tuition of parochial school for my two oldest siblings, they anticipated a better public-school education for their children in the suburbs. Our subdivision was entirely populated by Black residents. Seeing the disparities in my own education as well as the lack of businesses owned by people who looked like me, propelled my nascent passion to right-align opportunities for all people. I was no young version of Angela Davis in my formative years by far, but the differences simply did not make sense to me and kept me exploring new ways to understand and change a system that excluded and withheld opportunity for 'some' people.
I am energized by her willingness to work toward social change. How do you keep from being overwhelmed by current political/racial divides? I asked. Her reply to this question moved me. She said, "Our choices today regarding the divisive rhetoric and tribalism in our current national and global dialogue for me are clear. It is our imperative to affirm each other's humanity. We have made "othering" an art form. Sadly, when we legislate making people 'other' while affording a dominant group access to more resources and a better quality of life than those excluded or impacted by such legislation, we justify racism and other oppressions. I simply find no justification for dehumanization. So, I am not overwhelmed by the ministry and work of changing our churchwide and national narrative of division and devaluing people as a standard. Where I do get overwhelmed, or more accurately exasperated, is by the fear that is generated that halts dialogue that keeps 'good people' silent and inactive toward promoting inclusion and human dignity for all. As Christians, God reconciled us to all be in God's beloved "in" group. We are all "A-listers," as annoying as that can be."
Her vision stretches me to think bigger and bolder. She said, "It is my desire that as a communion we embody this work by turning our outrage into action on behalf of those whose lives and stories are dismissed, distorted and diminished by a narrative of exclusion and American exceptionalism. For those of us who are new to being outraged by racism and oppression, I hope that we can support and mutually develop new ways to be in dialogue and relationship with one another that transforms the way we worship and the way we vote. It is my hope that we become leaders in thought and deed that transform our world into one where exclusion is the exception instead of not the norm."
At this moment, I anticipate the changes I will make in response to this bridge-building leader.
(Note: The General Assembly of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in the United States and Canada will hold its biennial gathering in Des Moines, July 20 – 24, 2019. Ames First Christian Church will be a host site for worship for General Assembly attendees on Sunday, July 21, where Rev. Johnson will speak.)
Read the above reflection. In your journal, write about a person you know who models bridge-building between groups or ideologies. How does he/she do this?
Read aloud Session LXXXII.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This week on the InSession Film Podcast, the really funny and intellegent Max and Michael, from The Q Filmcast, drop by as we review American Hustle, starring Christian Bale, Amy Adams, Jennifer Lawrence, Bradley Cooper, and Jeremy Renner. We also see what Ron Burgandy has been up to lately as we discuss Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues as well as discuss our Top 3 movie surprises of 2013. Due to time we cut out the latest movie news and discussed films we've seen over the last week, which was a lot of fun. We went a little long on this week's show, so you'll have to forgive us and feel free to skip around if need be. However, we had a really great time and Max and Michael were absolutely great.


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Oprah, J. Lo and Lady Gaga to go on WW (Weight Watchers) wellness tour
Check out Oprah's favorite things in 2019
Need some holiday shopping inspiration? The queen of all media has some suggestions.
NEW YORK — Oprah Winfrey's going on tour, and she's bringing a rock-star lineup with her, including former first lady Michelle Obama and Grammy- and Oscar-winner Lady Gaga.
JEFFREY EPSTEIN PAL PRINCE ANDREW TO 'STEP BACK' FROM ROYAL DUTIES
Live Nation announced Wednesday that Winfrey's wellness arena tour with WW (Weight Watchers Reimagined) — dubbed "Oprah's 2020 Vision: Your Life in Focus" — will also include guest appearances from Jennifer Lopez, Dwayne Johnson, Amy Schumer, Tina Fey, Tracee Ellis Ross and Kate Hudson.
On the tour, Winfrey will hold one-on-one conversations with the superstars, first with Gaga on Jan. 4, 2020, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The nine-city tour will also visit St. Paul, Minnesota (Fey); Charlotte, North Carolina (Schumer); Atlanta (Johnson); Brooklyn, New York (Obama); Dallas (Ellis Ross); San Francisco (Hudson); and Los Angeles (Lopez). Winfrey will wrap the tour on March 7 in Denver with BFF Gayle King.
In addition to the celebrity interviews, each full-day wellness event will include Winfrey discussing her own wellness journey; a dance exercise from choreographer Julianne Hough; talks from inspirational guest speakers; a pre-show dance party; a WW-customized box lunch; and interactive concourse activations.


I started blogging during the summer of 2017. It started as a fun hobby to try out. I was pretty good with computers, I loved taking pictures, and typing out my thoughts seemed just as easy to me as talking aloud. It then turned into something more. Companies began contacting me asking if I would represent their products on my blog. I have accepted offers from companies that I loved and admired, but also have declined companies that I didn't feel I could represent.
As I started blogging more, I also started using my Instagram account as a related platform that sometimes led to the blog. I more than doubled my Instagram following in just a few months of utilizing it differently. I became more passionate about the photographs that I was taking, posting different content than I had before.
One day I posted a picture on Instagram that I was very proud of. The lighting was beautiful, the caption was sarcastically hilarious, and the content was spot on. Later that night when I hopped back on Instagram I was surprised at how many random people had liked the photo, but how many of my friends and family members had not. I then went back to other photos and looked to see who exactly was liking my content. Since most of my following is friends and family I would have assumed that they would be the ones liking my content more than strangers or new followers, but almost all of my pictures were in fact the opposite.
At first I was a little put off. I thought why are these people who love me and know me not supporting my content? Why are they scrolling past my pictures without giving me the double tap? Then I realized two reasons why.
They didn't sign up for this.
They didn't sign up for this content. They didn't subscribe to my new form of Instagram. They didn't sign up for the #sponsored posts from companies contacting me. They didn't start following me to find out the amazing deal I got on this new sweater. My friends and family had started following my account when I was a non-blogger, just casually posting about my life here and there.
Most people use Instagram as a form of posting photos and videos for friends and family to see. Myself as well as other bloggers use it differently. We utilize it as a platform to drive to another social media platform. We use it for networking and to connect. We use the Instagram account as a whole, and not just a single photograph posted randomly. Bloggers use Instagram differently, and in a way that others may not be able to relate to, and that's okay.
If you are a blogger, affiliate, or influencer it's important to remember that you can have a following without your friends and family. It does not mean that they don't support you, it just means that they don't fully understand what it is that you do.
After months of blogging I have found a small following. People that were once strangers continue to like each post and picture that I post today. They support me, send me words of encouragement, and love what I am passionate about most. Find those people, and don't be upset with your friends and family for just having a different outlook.


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UN urges 'full adherence to ceasefire' as life resumes in GazaUN urges 'full adherence to ceasefire' as life resumes in Gaza
2 years ago Editor
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has called for "full adherence to the ceasefire" between Israel and Palestinians in the Gaza Strip in its first statement since violence erupted on May 10.
Saturday's statement, approved by all 15 UNSC members, said it "mourned the loss of civilian lives resulting from the violence" and "stressed the immediate need for humanitarian assistance to the Palestinian civilian population, particularly in Gaza".
The 11-day Israeli bombardment of Gaza killed at least 248 people, including 66 children, with more than 1,900 people wounded.
At least 12 people in Israel were killed by rocket fire from Gaza.
The statement further said it was urgent to restore calm and "reiterated the importance of achieving a comprehensive peace based on the vision of a region where two democratic states, Israel and Palestine, live side by side in peace with secure and recognised borders".
The United States, Israel's closest ally, had earlier blocked four proposed council statements calling for a ceasefire that all other members supported, saying it could interfere with President Joe Biden's administration efforts to end Israel's military campaign.
On Saturday, Qatar promised to work with other Arab nations and Muslim countries to help stop Israel's attacks on Palestinians while Mauritania's parliament urged the International Criminal Court in resolution to prosecute Israeli officials for "genocide" for its military campaign in Gaza.
Meanwhile, Palestinians in Gaza took to the streets to hail the ceasefire, continuing the trend from Friday when the fighting stopped.
Hundreds of Hamas fighters wearing military camouflage paraded past the mourning tent for Bassem Issa, a senior commander killed in the fighting.
The top Hamas leader in Gaza, Yehiyeh Sinwar, paid his respects in his first public appearance since the fighting began earlier this month.
Israel bombed the house of Sinwar, along with that of other senior Hamas figures, as part of its attack on what it said was the group's military infrastructure.
Protests worldwide
Pro-Palestine solidarity marches were held on Saturday in a continuation of weeklong protests, with demonstrators demanding their respective governments impose sanctions and a military embargo to cut the supply of weapons to Israel.
Protests were held in Berlin, Melbourne, London and Paris, while more of them were scheduled for the weekend in other big cities, including New York.
"I am so proud that we have come together for something this important," Amal Nagvi, who participated in the London rally, told Al Jazeera.
"A lot of people think this doesn't do anything … they think we are just marching and screaming. But things have changed, and we're just not going to stop until that change actually comes into a place and we have a free Palestine."
Thousands also rallied in the Israeli city of Tel Aviv, calling for coexistence between Jews and Arabs.
The demonstration was one of several held across Israel to call for peace between Israelis and Palestinians. Demonstrators marched through the city and later gathered in the central Habima Square to hear from politicians and artists.
"This is one of the rare instances where you will see Israelis speaking out against the occupation," said Al Jazeera's Hoda Abdel-Hamid, reporting from Tel Aviv.
The rally was organised mainly by left-wing groups and Palestinian-Israeli parties, with demonstrators holding a sign saying "Peace Now", she said.
Source: aljazeera
Previous NPP 'sponsored attacks' on journalists alarming
Next Qatar pledges to help stop Israeli attacks on Palestinians
1 hour ago Editor


London Business Networking is a group of professionals who meet weekly to learn about one another's businesses and to give qualified business referrals.
There is only one seat available for a particular business or profession. Membership fees go back into the group for the purpose of marketing the group and the businesses within the group. Qualified leads lead to business growth and we'd all like more leads to new clients and customers. If you'd like to grow your business and expand your clientele, consider joining LBN.
More than 35 qualified leads are passed along, on average, each week among our members.


Thanksgiving is right around the corner, and if you've not started thinking about your holiday marketing, I have some good news and some bad news. First the bad news: Thanksgiving is right around the corner! And here's the good news: It's not too late to pull your holiday marketing plan together. And by holiday marketing plan, I don't mean simply choosing what greeting card you're sending this year. That's a start, but there are some other things you can AND SHOULD be thinking about. I'd like to challenge you to begin thinking differently about holiday marketing. Make this year's holiday season a time to supercharge your marketing for the coming year.
Here are 10 things you can do between now and the end of the year. Each one will make a big impact, but you don't have to do all 10. Pick three. Do three. Have fun. And get ready for a Happy New Year.
Brush up your laser talk. Since you'll have the opportunity to go to a lot of parties between now and the end of the year, it's the perfect time to brush up on your laser talk or elevator speech. Can you tell people in three sentences how you help people, why your clients hire you and what makes you unique?
Commit to continuous improvement. OK, this isn't so much a holiday thing. It's something you should be doing all year long. Make it a habit to spend at least one hour a month learning something new about marketing AND DOING IT!


Athlete's foot or Tinea pedis which is its other term is a parasitical fungal contamination of the epidermis of the human foot. It is usually caused by a mold that develops in the surface of the skin and then into the skin's living tissue. For severe cases it appears as a widespread "moccasin" pattern seen on the sides and bottom of the foot but usually it appears between the toes. This infection commonly affects male. After acne, athlete's foot is considered as the most common skin disease in the US.
The most common symptoms of Athlete's foot are flaking, scaling and itching in the affected area. Cracked skin or blisters can also happen, which results to exposed raw tissue, pain and inflammation. Accompanying the fungal infection is a bacterial infection where oral antibiotics are needed. The infection can scatter to other portions of the body like the armpits, elbows, knees and the groin and commonly is referred with another name once it scatters terms like tinea corporis when it infects the body or limbs and tinea cruris for the infection in the groin.
What caused the rapid infection is the different kinds of saprotrophic micro-organisms that is hosted by the body. The most usual fungi that caused tinea pedis are Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. Dermatophytosis, is the term used to refer to fungal infections and it can be transmitted by other person (anthropophilic), animals (zoophilic) or from the soil (geophilic). Infections happen when dermatophytes develop and multiply in the skin.
Transmission from person to person It is usually transferred in environments that are moist where people walk barefoot like in showers, pools and the like. It can also be acquired when sharing personal things like shoes or towels. Transmission to other parts of the body Tinea pedis does not only happen in the middle of the toes but it can also occur on different parts of the body like in under the toe nails (Onychomycosis) or on the groin area or tinea cruris as its medical term.


text:
package net.ceos.project.poi.annotated.annotation;

import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.FIELD;
import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME;

import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

import net.ceos.project.poi.annotated.definition.TitleOrientationType;

/**
 * Annotation responsible to manage the attributes defined in the exact position
 * into the sheet of one workbook.
 *

 * The value indicate at the row/cell attributes is the exact value that will be
 * use when write/read the element.
 *
 * @version 1.0
 * @author Carlos CRISTO ABREU
 */
@Target(FIELD)
@Retention(RUNTIME)
public @interface XlsFreeElement {

	/**
	 * Define the title of the element.
	 *
	 * @return the header title
	 */
	String title();

	/**
	 * Define if the title is visible or not at the element.
	 *

	 * By default is false.
	 *
	 * @return boolean indicating if the title will be visible or not
	 */
	boolean showTitle() default false;

	/**
	 * Define the title orientation.
	 *

	 * By default is TitleOrientationType.TOP.
	 *
	 * @return boolean indicating if the title will be visible or not
	 */
	TitleOrientationType titleOrientation() default TitleOrientationType.TOP;

	/**
	 * Define the row position.
	 *

	 * By default is 1.
	 *
	 * @return the initial row position
	 */
	int row() default 1;

	/**
	 * Define the cell position.
	 *

	 * By default is 1.
	 *
	 * @return the initial cell position
	 */
	int cell() default 1;

	/**
	 * Define the commentary of the element.
	 *

	 * By default is empty.
	 *
	 * @return the commentary
	 */
	String comment() default "";

	/**
	 * Define the commentary of the element applying determined rule(s).
	 *

	 * By default is empty.
	 *
	 * @return the rules to apply
	 */
	String commentRules() default "";

	/**
	 * The decorator to apply to the element.
	 *

	 * By default is empty.
	 *
	 * @return the decorator name
	 */
	String decorator() default "";

	/**
	 * Format the field visually and the original value will remains at the
	 * element.
	 *

	 * By default is empty.
	 *
	 * @return the format mask
	 */
	String formatMask() default "";

	/**
	 * Transform the field with the mask applied and we will lost the original
	 * value at the element.
	 *

	 * By default is empty.
	 *
	 * @return the transformation mask
	 */
	String transformMask() default "";

	/**
	 * Define if the cell is a formula.
	 *

	 * By default is false.
	 *
	 * @return true if formula, otherwise false
	 */
	boolean isFormula() default false;

	/**
	 * Define the formula to apply at the cell.
	 *

	 * By default is empty.
	 *
	 * @return the formula to apply
	 */
	String formula() default "";

	/**
	 * Define the name of the method which contains the customized rules to
	 * apply at the object. By default is empty.
	 *
	 * @return the name of the method
	 */
	String customizedRules() default "";

	/**
	 * Define the column size to apply at the column.
	 *

	 * Apply at version 2.0
	 *
	 * @return the column size to apply
	 */
	int columnWidthInUnits() default 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Lennon. if u have any trip to bucharest i will be glead to meet u and have some fun togeter.dont hesitate to contact me!!!
Female, viewers twerkingbaby Age 22 Italy.
Liv. treat yourself to a time you will want to repeat.. let's play!


text:
Review on There's Someone Inside Your House
When Makani Young's parents divorce, she is forced to move away from her home town in Hawaii to Nebraska to live with her grandmother. However, Nebraska isn't as peaceful as Makani thought it would be, as a year after starting at her new school, one of Makani's classmates is brutally murdered in her own home. As more of Makani's classmates start to be murdered, it is soon apparent there is a serial killer on the loose, targetting students seemingly at random. When Makani herself becomes the next target, she starts to wonder if the attacks are truly random after all. Could Makani's past have something to do with her being targeted, or could it be for a completely different reason?
One thing that I am not ashamed to admit is that I am a huge horror movie nerd! From the most terrifying, jumpscaresque, to the truly ridiculous, I will gladly watch them all. When I saw that There's Someone Inside your House was being compared to Scream, one of my all time favourite horror movies, I was excited to read read it!
The book follows Makani Young, a girl who's parents send her to live with her grandmother due to their divorce. However, we soon learn that this isn't the only reason for the move, as Makani has commited a crime, forcing her to change her name to stop her new friends from discovering her old life. I loved that the book immedietly gave us unanswered questions, such as what Makani had done in the past, who the killer was, and why were they targeting certain individuals.
The way the book started out was perfect! It immediately gave off a creepy vibe, and by chapter two, I could definitely see why the book was being compared to Scream.Although I thought the first chapter was shockingly brilliant, the novelty wore off by the third time that a chapter opened with a character other than Makani, as it was obvious what was about to happen. It felt a little repetitive after a while, as I just knew what was about to happen. I felt like the only time the book diverted from this was when one of the chapters focused on two characters, where only one was the killers next victim. I loved this chapter, as I had no idea which character was going to be the next victim, and it created that brilliant suspense that I last experienced from the first chapter.
I loved the characters in this book! Although there were a few minor characters in the book, there wasn't too many major characters. I particularly loved Darby, one of Makani's friends. I feel as if there are never enough transgender characters in YA, and when there are, they are almost always girls, so I was extremely happy to find a transgender boy in this book! Although Darby tended to jump to conclusions, and was quick to accuse Ollie, I loved how much he cared for his friends, and how determined he was to keep Makani safe. I also loved Ollie, as he was such a shy and sweet character. However like Darby, I also had my suspicions about Ollie! As we all know from the Scream movie (spoiler alert) the boyfriend ends up being the killer, so Ollie was definitely in my list of suspects!
So sadly I have to talk about something that I really wasn't keen on, which was the romance. There was just so much of it! Now I realise that Stephanie previously wrote a contemporary romance series, but the title and description of this book definitely aren't screaming out romance. I was both confused and disappointed that after the first murder, the plot focused on the romance between Makani and Ollie, and nothing else really happened until past page seventy. I was not expecting the book to be centred on romance as much as it was, and I almost DNF'd it at one point because of this. I felt like I was just slogging through the first quarter of the book, waiting for something to happen that didn't involve Makani and Ollie kissing or having sex. I felt like it had a great start, but then just petered out until the next murder. I personally felt as if the romance needed to be toned down quite a bit!
Something that bothered me was the fact that Makani barely knew most of the victims. The deaths were mostly characters who were only mentioned once or twice before being killed off, and I felt as if their deaths would have made more of an impact if they had been Makani's friends. As a reader we don't actually have any emotional attachment to the characters who are killed. I felt as if the book would have been scarier if the killer had been targeting Makani's friends earlier on in the book.
Although I wasn't keen on the romance, I did love some of the other real life aspects, particularly Ollie's relationship with his older brother, Chris. After their parents died, Chris was forced to take on more of a parental role, having to take care of Ollie by himself. I felt sorry for Chris, as he was forced to grow up quickly, and act more like a parent than a brother. There were times where you could see just how truly young and vulnerable Chris was, and I felt sorry for him losing his parents and having to worry about if Ollie would be the killers next target.
Apart from the few things that I mentioned, I did eventually end up enjoying this book, and I'm glad that I gave it a chance. I loved the final showdown with the killer at the end of the book, and how everything was tied together to answer all the remaining questions. I thought the murders themselves were pretty gruesome, so maybe avoid the book if that makes you squeamish! I loved how there was mixture of horror, slasher and murder mystery. I always love a good whodunnit! If you're looking for a creepy slasher to read this Halloween, this is your book!
There's Someone Inside Your House is now available to purchase!
| Amazon | Book Depository
Posted by RacheyRagdoll at 09:31
Review on A Shiver of Snow and Sky
Review on Lumberjanes: Unicorn Power!
The Gentleman's Guide to Vice and Virtue
by Mackenzi Lee
The Twelve Days of Dash and Lily
by Rachel Cohn
by Fiona Cummins
Goodbye, Perfect
by Sara Barnard
Share book reviews and ratings with Rachel, and even join a book club on Goodreads.
Content by Rachel. Design by Rachel's best friend who has nothing better to do. Powered by Blogger.


text:
Giles Kristian launches brand-new book!
Last night, on the evening of Thursday 31 May, Aspirational Magazine were thrilled to be invited along to the launch of the latest offering from the TIMES best-selling author, Giles Kristian.
Hailing from Leicestershire, the local-born author unveiled LANCELOT, a stunning re-telling of an Arthurian legend, at Sapori in Anstey.
Giles Kristian is an immensely talented author, with ten published novels to his name, and is perhaps best-known for his RAVEN trilogy, which focuses on one man's journey as a Viking warrior.
Last night, Kristian welcomed the opportunity to let go of two-years' worth of work (which consists of over 200,000 words) and celebrate LANCELOT for what it has become – an entirely new, never-done-before tale of the legendary warrior.
As one of Leicestershire's premier restaurants and event venues, Sapori provided the perfect backdrop for the book launch, where guests enjoyed complimentary drinks and food as well as the opportunity to get up close and personal with the author.
The evening went beyond what you would expect from a book launch though, and while Kristian did of course sign books on the night, guests had the unique opportunity to fully immerse themselves in the Arthurian world and get to grips with the concept of LANCELOT. Among the exclusive guests were characters inspired by the book – complete with a giant tree-man on stilts to signify the earthy nature of the book!
Philip Stevens, who is a successful filmmaker and director, has been the voice of Kristian's audiobooks since his first novel Raven: Blood Eye in 2009, and helped launch and preview LANCELOT by giving a reading on the night, whetting everyone's appetite for what the book has in store.
Get to know LANCELOT…
Everyone knows the Arthurian legend as it has been told and re-interpreted throughout the years – from book, to film, to television and back again. Likewise, everyone has heard of the Knight of the Round Table, Lancelot. However, nobody has ever really told his story. Or, ever really given him a voice of his own. That is, until now…
For this book, Kristian has ventured into an entirely new realm of writing as he takes on a whole new era and tells a stunning tale of Lancelot from boy to warrior.
Speaking to Aspirational Magazine Giles Kristian explained what readers can expect from LANCELOT. He said:
"Fans of Arthurian fiction will probably be expecting the typical Arthurian aspects, including the sword in the stone and the round table, but there's no round table here, no swords being pulled from stones. Yes, Lancelot is portrayed as the famous warrior, the greatest and best, the man whose affair with his best friend's wife presaged the downfall of Britain. But really there is a deeper story here, of love and loss and all that might have been. Everyone knows the Arthurian myth, but this isn't that story."
Two years were spent working on this book and during the time of writing, Kristian experienced tragedy which ended up shaping the storylines now running through the novel. He explained: "Just after I began writing LANCELOT, my father died unexpectedly. It sent me into a spin. I began to wonder if I would ever finish writing the book. I wasn't even sure I wanted to. In my grief, it was hard to sit alone at my desk writing what is in essence a tragedy. But I pushed on and channelled the pain into the heartfelt emotions within the story. Perhaps something positive has at last come out of my personal grief."
"I poured my heart and soul into the book and the outcome is, I think, a very real, very honest story. I really hope that comes through when people read it."
LANCELOT by Giles Kristian is available in all good book stores as well as online at Amazon – order yours here today!


Okee Dokee,I'm healing says the orthopedist, which is good, I won't be able to ride any more this season which is bad. The weather in new york has been just amazing this year, and you know, public transportation, while being a great source for tagging and conversation fodder is easily 3 times slower than riding a bicycle in this town.
I've got images from laborday weekend forward up today. That feels nice. I haven't been making pictures as i've got one arm to use.(that's lame) i haven't been making pictures because i've been doped up on pain pills laying in bed. (rings more true) so take a looksie, and check back soon. still working on the new japaneseversion of the site, because we gotta go big in Japan. (especially now that the united states has listed japan as a possible terror target, ol' japan, we know your pain. You'll probably be getting your own version of FOX news soon...)keep it real, get your rest, drink your milk, and look both ways before you cross the street.
75˚f/ sunny, clear, and beautiful.


text:
Home Band of Brothers / The Pacific - Special Edition Gift Set [Blu-Ray Box Set]
Band of Brothers / The Pacific - Special Edition Gift Set Blu-Ray Box Set includes both of the Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks produced HBO WWII miniseries, Band of Brothers and The Pacific, as well as an exclusive bonus disc featuring a new 53-minute high definition documentary, He Has Seen War.
This Special Edition Gift Set is packed with Blu-ray Exclusive Features, including the never-before-seen He Has Seen War documentary that examines the postwar lives of veterans of both Band of Brothers and The Pacific!
Based on the bestseller by Stephen E. Ambrose, the epic 10-part miniseries Band of Brothers tells the story of Easy Company, 506th Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division, U.S. Army. Drawn from interviews with survivors of Easy Company, as well as soldiers' journals and letters, Band of Brothers chronicles the experiences of these men who knew extraordinary bravery and extraordinary fear.
They were an elite rifle company parachuting into France early on D-Day morning, fighting in the Battle of the Bulge and capturing Hitler's Eagle's Nest at Berchtesgaden. They were also a unit that suffered 150 percent casualties, and whose lives became legend!
Codec: MPEG-4 AVC, VC-1
Polish: DTS 2.0
English, English SDH, French, Portuguese, Spanish
English, English SDH, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Swedish
Thirteen-disc set (13 BD-50)
Bonus View (PiP)


We offer a variety of custom builds and projects assembled by mechanics at the shop. Stay tuned for unique bikes we have for sale and give us a ring if you have a special project or dream bike that you want to become a reality!
Also check out our eBay store, we frequently post projects and bikes on there!


Yep you have probably heard of it, but what does it actually mean.
Well in simple terms any framed image (art or photo) is broken into thirds along the horizontal & vertical edges. By 'framing' in photography means the image you have framed to capture in your photograph.
As per the sample below you can see how the image is broken into thirds. The idea is to align your key components of the image to a third, like the cyclists below.
By using the thirds you can see how it gives the image some character. It's not to say don't have a subject in the centre, but using the thirds rule helps give interest to what could be a plain image.


text:
David Giltinan
15 games reviewed
64.3 average score
70 median score
40.0% of games recommended
Are you David Giltinan? If so, email [email protected] to claim this critic page.
Sort by: Page 1 of 2
Nintendo Enthusiast
3 / 10.0 - Masquerada: Songs and Shadows
Like its characters, Masquerada: Songs and Shadows puts on the mask of a good game. The above par voice acting and art style will certainly lead you to believe that.
9 / 10.0 - Katana Zero
Katana Zero is super cool where it counts with very little faltering it.
7 / 10.0 - Power Rangers: Battle For The Grid
At [its low price point], there is some leeway to be given to Power Rangers: Battle for the Grid. It's extremely fair for what is ultimately a fun, Marvel vs. Capcom-lite clone. There is also future support ensured with more characters and skins.
9 / 10.0 - Kirby's Extra Epic Yarn
Kirby's Extra Epic Yarn certainly has a home on the 3DS. Unfortunately, the co-op mode in the Wii version is gone and the "fuzziness" of the visuals here makes it suffer a bit, but it's still good wholesome fun.
9 / 10.0 - Toejam & Earl: Back in the Groove
Back in the Groove likely won't push the franchise beyond its cult status, but it is a good game that fans both old and new should check out. Pick up and play this one with a friend for the best experience.
3 / 10.0 - Modern Combat Blackout
This just has the distinction of being the only military shooter on the platform. If that's what you're looking for, this will keep you entertained in short bursts before you peter out. Otherwise, spend time on something like Doom or Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus instead.
8.5 / 10.0 - City of Brass
Pick yourself back up, wipe off that sand, and crack that whip. You won't regret it.
5.5 / 10.0 - YIIK: A Postmodern RPG
My hope for Ackk Studios is that they will take this criticism to heart in their next project. They are clearly bursting with creativity, and we need to see more of that in the gaming industry. Just be sure to back it up with solid mechanics that push the player's experience forward. Being set in 1999 doesn't mean we have to suffer through the worst of it.
5 / 10.0 - Desert Child
There was a lot of potential in Desert Child, but the slick presentation and amazing soundtrack only seem to mask what ends up being shallow gameplay. Racing feels good at first, but an entire game where that's the only thing you do gets tiring pretty fast.
3 / 10.0 - Beholder: Complete Edition
The visual style is certainly unique enough despite how much it may remind some of Playdead's Limbo. The gameplay is also inspiring when first experiencing it for its mesh of strategy, management, and stealth. It's just a shame that it gets bogged down by the economy when trying to complete key objectives. The controls are serviceable also but will take some getting used to at first.


text:
EVAN LORBERBAUM Visual Artist
WHAT THE NYC
EVAN LORBERBAUM is visual artist and curator who creates under the moniker ELO, which is short for his movement "Encourage Life Originality". ELO aims to replica watches inspire others to reach their full potential in life through realizing their own individuality. While attending NYU's Gallatin School of Individualized Study, his area of concentration was "The Business of Art and Entrepreneurship". ELO's artistic style and vision is rolex replica influenced by graffiti, abstract expressionism and pop culture. He is inspired by his modern day role models: Jay Z, Shepard Fairey, Marc Ecko, KAWS, Takahashi Murakami and Pharrell among others, is establishing himself as his own personal brand while blending the replica rolex lines between art, fashion and product merchandising. Some of more noteworthy shows he has participated in included the 2014 New York Regional Semi-Finals of the Bombay Sapphire Artisan Series, a two month solo exhibition in 2016 at the prestigious Citigroup Center in conjunction with Boston Properties and the Midtown Arts Common and most recently the 2017 Armonk Outdoor Art Show. Past brands that has collaborated/partnered with have included Champs, TOMS, Relevant Customs, Sing For Hope and FCB Global.
His latest public art project, "What the NYC," aims to connect New Yorkers through highlighting people, places and fake watches perspectives within NYC. It has gained acclaim and recognition through features and editorial reviews on notable sneaker publications including Nice Kicks and Kicks On Fire, as well as Fox Business and Brooklyn News 12.
ELO encourages you to become original…
© Copyright Evan Lorberbaum, ELO visual artist


text:
Commander Coatrack Returns
Joseph McNair, Author Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) $13.95 (188p) ISBN 978-0-395-48295-7
Lisa, 13, has always been in charge of her disabled brother Cody, five; he took up so much of her time that she never bothered making any friends. So when Cody is enrolled in a special school and makes friends of his own, Lisa feels useless and rejected. Enter Robert, the new kid in Lisa's class and the first boy she's ever met whose brain hasn't been rotted by TV. To her pudgy, proto-punk friend Van's disgust, Lisa is drawn to Robert, who assumes a different identity every time he speaks--a bird to Jimmy, the school bully; Elvis Presley to Lisa's mother; a master engineer to Cody. Lisa learns from him--wrongly--that it's often easier to be someone else, which only gets her (and Jimmy) into trouble. In a panicked effort to bring back the way things were, Lisa yanks Cody out of school and tries to play his once-favorite game with him--with disastrous results. It's only then that she realizes that the changes at home are for the better, and that she can be liked and accepted just for who she is. In this odd, likable first novel, McNair interweaves seemingly disparate themes to produce a fresh, funny story with some pungent insights on growing up. Ages 10-14. (Apr.)


Interfor recently published its 2017 Corporate Sustainability Report. Visit www.interfor-sustainability.com to read the report. It can be viewed online as a website or downloaded as a PDF.
The report highlights Interfor's commitment to making quality lumber products, managing forests sustainably, providing meaningful and safe jobs for employees, investing in our facilities, operating to strict environmental parameters and supporting local and First Nations communities.
I know corporate social responsibility is not an annual report or an event; it's an ongoing commitment to find new ways to do better and be better. It's important to communities, customers, employees, investors, and shareholders.
While this may be our first report in this format, it won't be our last. We will set new targets and develop new ways to measure our progress over the course of the year and we look forward to publishing our next report in 2019.


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History Day award winner -- Neah Bay Whaling Conflict: Upholding a Compromise by Kendal Crawford
By Kendal Crawford
Kendal Crawford, a 14-year-old eighth-grade student at Canyon Park Junior High School in the Northshore district, won first place in the Junior Division, Historical Paper Category, of the 2008 North Puget Sound Regional History Day competition. Her essay, presented here, is on the controversy over the Makah Tribe's right to hunt whales as specified in their treaty and as opposed by some environmental groups.
Upholding a Compromise
Neah Bay, on Washington's western coast, is a long ways from anywhere. A winding road passes through trees that tower to the sky like pine-cloaked giants, sun glancing off their branching arms. Across the water is the sleeping form of mountains and ahead the Pacific stretches forever. It seems like a step back in time. It's a great surprise to see a little town looking as if it just sprung from the ground at what seems to be the very tip of the world. This is Neah Bay on the reservation of the Makah Tribe.
In their own language, the Makah called themselves 'Kwih-ditch-chuh-ahtx', meaning 'people who live by the rocks and seagulls'[1]. The Makah inhabited the Washington Olympic Peninsula, from the tip of Cape Flattery, southward along the Pacific and east along the Strait of Juan de Fuca for thousands of years before 1855.
The Makah were renowned for whaling. Spiritually, whaling was important. Many rituals, songs, and dances were performed for the hunt. Designs, baskets and legends were also created. Whaling was also important socially; the whalers were given great honor and respect. Whaling was important economically as well; four whales would feed a village for a year and almost everything was used. However, starting in 1995 the Makah tribal whaling controversy grew as a result of conflicting cultural values between Native American and conservation ideals. Because no compromise was reached, social and political tension remain unresolved today.
In 1787 or 1788, Euro-Americans came into contact with the Makah. The destructive effect European diseases had on their population and encroachment of white settlements pressured the Makah into entering treaty negotiation with the United States government. Late winter of 1855, Isaac I. Stevens, the U.S superintendent of Indian Affairs and the Makah headmen made the Treaty of Neah Bay. The compromise ceded 275,000 acres to the United States government, leaving the Makah a small reservation located on the tip of the peninsula. The Makah agreed to the treaty January 31, 1855 only after the following was included; "The right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the United States." [2]
The migratory gray whale was the cetacean the Makah hunted most commonly, however, shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Neah Bay, commercial whalers discovered the gray's birthing lagoons in Baja California. They crowded them for easy and plentiful kills, causing the whales near extinction. Only a few thousand remained from an estimated 30,000.
In the 1920s, the Makah, having noticed the decline in gray whales, were the first people to cease whaling of their own accord. With help from a ban placed by the International Whaling Commission (IWC), created in 1946, the gray whales population made a remarkable recovery. By 1994 the population had rebounded to an estimated 23,000 with a growth rate of 2.5 percent yearly.
However by 1995 the Makah had become an impoverished tribe. The income per household averaged 7,000 dollars yearly[3]. Drug, alcohol, and domestic violence plagued the tribe's adults and youth. Despite this, the Makah felt their culture was important to their lives and kept it alive through a native language program, tribal canoeing journeys, and the Makah Cultural and Research Center. In it are artifacts from a 1966 archeological dig at Ozette, an abandoned Makah village, which proved Makah presence and whaling for over 2,000 years[4].
The gray whale was removed from the endangered species list in 1994. In May of 1995 the Makah contacted the United States government with an interest in resuming whaling as guaranteed in their treaty. The tribe addressed reasons for the importance of cultural revival through whaling. "We're ocean families, whaling families. So much of what we are all about comes from the ocean, and we feel a deep spiritual need to do this" Marcy Parker, a member of the tribe said[5]. Though their culture had faded, the Ozette Dig amplified interest in their historical culture that they wish to keep alive. Traditional songs and stories are still performed. "There are many civilizations that have came and gone. The Incas, the Mayas, remnants of their civilizations are still around. But our culture and our ways are still here."[6] The Makah believed problems besetting their youth came from having none of the pride and discipline that whaling brought to the tribe.
Additionally Makah wanted to whale for treaty rights. Whaling was a right sanctioned to them in the Treaty of Neah Bay. In years after that, the Makah had struggled to regain treaty rights. "To us, the Makah Treaty is as powerful and meaningful of a document as the U.S. Constitution is to other Americans; it is what our forefathers bequeathed to us."[7]
In 1997, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) agreed to help the Makah receive a quota from the International Whaling Commission (IWC). An environmental assessment concluded that whaling would have no significant impact[8]. October, 1997, the IWC approved a sustenance quota for the Makah, granting them 20 gray whales from 1998-2002, a maximum of five whales to be taken per year.
The first main obstacle to planning a modern traditional whale hunt was that none of the Makah alive in this time period had whaled. Before the Makah stopped whaling entirely in the 1920s, it was a grueling physical and spiritual task that required tons of preparation. The Makah relearned whaling by studying their historical ways and seeking advice from whaling countries Iceland, Russia, Norway, and Japan. The Makah's gathering of whaling knowledge even took some of them to Russia.[9] A plan was then formed to meet IWC requirements. A major change was the .50 caliber rifle on a support boat that would be fired into the base of the skull, causing a more humane immediate death. However this addition was later viewed as untraditional and barbaric by anti-whalers.
Makah whaling was supported by tribes around the country, such as the Nu-cha-nuth, who approved of the Makah continuing a traditional lifestyle[10]. Those looking from an ecological standpoint agreed the whale hunt would do no harm. "From a population biologist's point of view, I don't think it [the Makah whale hunt] would have a negative impact. The U.S. has always maintained that subsistence is a legitimate use of whales and other marine mammals. Under treaty rights, the National Marine Fisheries Service would have to honor that." said Steve Swartz, senior scientist for the National Marine Fisheries Service[11].
However more than 350 groups in 27 countries were against the hunt[12]. Some of the most strongly opposing included the Progressive Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), In the Path of Giants, and Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, though some prominent groups, like Greenpeace, made a conscious decision not to oppose. The hunt was politically challenged in federal court numerous times by various animal rights groups and even Jack Metcalf, a U.S Representative who claimed the hunts ecological effect had not been analyzed correctly[13]. The animal rights movement throughout the 1900s had changed many American values. Whales were something to be saved.
Protesting animal rights activists worried that having the Makah hunt primarily for cultural reasons could create culture, as opposed to subsistence the only requirement to whale. They claimed it would encourage other aboriginal tribes to take up whaling rights, and would lead to a whaling outbreak worldwide. Protesters of the hunt declared that killing whales, who often approached boats with a curious outlook and friend's eye, was cowardly and inhumane. Many tried to pose alternatives for the hunt, like whale watching or mock whale hunts. "This simulated whaling would satisfy cultural and social tribal traditions, while also distinguishing the renewed Makah bond with the whale as a unique environmental and ceremonial tradition," stated the Seattle Times newspaper article, "Who Will Speak For the Whales?"[14].
The Makah never really considered any alternatives, the Makah would settle for nothing less then resuming the culturally important whaling as their ancestors had, and protestors would tolerate no harm to the whales, no compromise could be reached between these two opposite values. The social tension caused hundreds of people to flock to Neah Bay to protest the hunt.
The Makah received cruel and threatening letters and phone calls. Some activists condemned their culture as just an excuse to hunt, rousing conflict as the Makah defended their position. The sleepy town of Neah Bay was bombarded from all sides with pressure not to whale. "They are completely misrepresenting what is a very meaningful tradition, something that is centuries old. The question should be, what's all the fuss about? America is supposed to be about the acceptance of different values," said Janie Bowechop, Executive Director of the Makah Cultural and Research Center[15].
Not all Makah in favor of the hunt however, causing some internal conflict within the tribe. Most anti whaling Makah were elders, many of whom had seen a whale hunt when they were children. Those who had witnessed one in their lifetime feared the hunt might be dangerous. In 1995 an original request for whaling was revoked for a time after a petition of seven elders signed against it[16]. One was Dotti Chamblin, the great granddaughter of the last Makah to whale, and another was Alberta Thompson, who became the most vocal Makah to speak against her tribe's plans.
Despite opposition attacking the matter, the Makah whale hunt was given the green light by officials, and on May 10, 1999 the first Makah whale hunt in over 70 years cast off from the ancient whaling village Ozette. As they chanted and paddled their cedar canoe, the Hummingbird, protestors threw things at them along with angry words. Harpooner Theron Parker missed a whale twice. The next day was also unsuccessful. The Makah set out on their third day of the hunt May 17, 1999. This time, there were no protest boats around. Out on the water was merely the canoe, support boat, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the media.
The Makah paddled till they were off Cape Alva and approached a tranquil gray. Parker struck, this time driving the harpoon into the whale's pearly gray flesh. The whale dove and vigorously pulled the canoe until a shot from the support boat hit the whale's head. For the first time in 70 years the Makah spilled whale blood into the Pacific.
A Makah fishing vessel then arrived to tow the whale back to Neah Bay. They entered the harbor six hours later and the crew paddled the whale to shore amidst cheering of hundreds and the beating of traditional drums while rain poured. The gray whale was a three year old female, 30 tons in weight and 30 ½ feet long. The harpooner scattered eagle feathers on the whale and ancestral songs were sung. Along with the Makah, members from local tribes such as the Quillayute, Hoh, Tualip, and Puyallup were there to celebrate the event. A potlatch feast was held the weekend after to finish eating the whale.
Protestors felt great outrage at the Makah's successful hunt. The evening the Makah were celebrating and eating blubber, candlelight vigils for the whale were held in Seattle[17]. "They are acting totally different from their ancestors who were sad and somber and respectful after a hunt," Captain Paul Watson of Sea Shepherd declared[18]. Makah elder Alberta Thompson said the hunt was untraditional, because part of their whaling culture was to live a year spiritually clean and three whalers didn't even pass the drug test. "You should have seen all of us anti-whaling people, we could hardly talk the day that they killed the baby. The media won't say baby, they just say whale."[19]
Tribal leaders state the hunt, despite controversy, had a positive effect. "The interest of the people in our culture was sparked by the whale. It brought a lot of talk about the culture and how the Makah were in the past. That was our aim: to revitalize culture" said John McCarty, first chairman of the tribes whaling commission[20]. More of their youth was learning their native language and students from the high school helped move and arrange the whale bones so they could be viewed at the Makah Cultural and Research Center. Keith Johnson, President and spokesman of the Makah Whaling Commission said "This is clearly going to cement our youth on solid ground for identity."[21] Crew member Arnie Hunter explained "With the whales coming back into our lives it brought us in a full circle again."[22], and crew member Darrell Markishtum said "I've heard drums from houses I have never heard them before ... It brought back songs and pride,".[23]
The hunt was re-approved June of 2000, and later in 2001. As time wore on, some opposing groups conceded. After many times in and out of court, whaling was ruled in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in the Anderson v. Evans case not to be allowed until the Makah received permission or exemption from the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)[24]. The matter is still disputed and undecided today.
Because of the differing values consequences have launched that carry on today because no agreement was reached between the Makah and those with progressive and environmental values. Some frustrated members of the original crew participated in an illegal whale hunt in September 2007. For some people it seemed evidence that Makah whaling rights should not be restored. The Marine Mammal Protection Act's prevention of the whaling treaty rights protected by Act 6 of the Constitution created political tension. The Makah continue to struggle through political processes to get exemption from the act and resume their attempt at cultural renewal. However cultural prejudice was also renewed on both sides and suppression of the Makah's attempt at continuation of traditional ways. The Makah whale hunt controversy continues because there is no agreed balance between tradition and conservation. It is vital a compromise is reached, or the political and social tensions that have already caused conflict between people of different values could result in a new era of cultural intolerance.
Some may call the 1999 whale hunt a success, some a tragedy. It was a day when whale blood stained the waves. A day when a people prayed for a gift not received in 70 years and animal rights activists mourned the girl gray whale who met a sudden end with harpoons and a .50 caliber rifle. The whale and the culture of the Makah are still entwined in a way that cannot quite be understood. The Makah whaling controversy stemmed from a compromise over a hundred years old, and the resulting conflict has yet to be resolved today. The past, present, and future of the Makah and all who love whales will be shaped by the values that surround this majestic giant of the deep.
[1] Eder, Jeanne Oyawin. Indian Nations: The Makah. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck VaughN, 2000.
[2] Treaty Between The United States of America and The Makah Indian Tribe of Indians January 31, 1855. Ratified April 18th 1859.' Facsimile Reproduction by Shorey Book Store, Seattle Washington, 1966.
[3] Shukovsky, Paul. "Makah Whale Hunt Plan Alarms Animal Activist." Seattle Post-Intelligencer June 6, 1995: B.1.
[4] Kirk, Ruth and Richard D. Daugherty. Hunters of the Whale an Adventure in Northwest Coast Archeology. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1974.
[6] Markishtum, Darrell. Personal Interview. 20 January 2008.
[7] Makah Tribal Councial and Makah Whaling Commision. "The Makah Indian Tribe and Whaling: Questions and Answers." Makah.com. January 2005. 10 Novemer, 1993. .
[8] US Department of Commerce Northwest Regional Office NOAA Fisheries National Marine Fisheries Service. "Chronology of Major Events Related to Makah Tribal Whale Hunt." Northwest Regional Office NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service. June 11, 2007. November 12, 2007. .
[9] Verhovek, Sam Howe. "Protesters Shadow Tribes Pursuit of Whales and its History." New York Times 2 October 1998: A12.
[10] Makah Whaling: Tribal Members Speak of Meaning, Controversy, and History. Dir. Anne Shackle. VHS. DISTRIBUTOR, 2000.
[11] Shukovsky, Paul. "Makah Whale Hunt Plan Alarms Animal Activist." .
[12] Oldham, Kit. "Makah Whaling." HistoryLink.org. March 16, 2007. October 20, 2007. .
[13] Oldham, Kit. "Makah Whaling.".
[14] Brenda Peterson "Who Will Speak For the Whales – Elders Call For a Spiritual Dialogue on Makah Tribes Whaling Proposal" Seattle Times 22 December 1996.
[15] Verhovek, Sam Howe. "Protesters Shadow Tribes Pursuit of Whales and its History.".
[16] Brenda Peterson "Who Will Speak For the Whales – Elders Call For a Spiritual Dialogue on Makah Tribes Whaling Proposal".
[17] Oldham, Kit. "Makah Whaling."
[18] Sam Howe Verhovek, "After the Hunt, Bitter Protest and Salt Blubber." New York Times 19 May 1999: A14.
[19] "A Makah Elder Speaks, Interview with Alberta Thompson" Earth First! Journal 1999.
[21] Makah Whaling: Tribal Members Speak of Meaning, Controversy, and History. Dir. Anne Shackle.
[23] Markishtum, Darrell. Personal Interview. 20 January 2008.
[24] US Department of Commerce Northwest Regional Office NOAA Fisheries National Marine Fisheries Service. "Chronology of Major Events Related to Makah Tribal Whale Hunt".
Makah whale hunters land canoe, Neah Bay, 1900
Photo by Anders B. Wilse, Courtesy UW Special Collections (88.33.122)
Makah whaling canoes, Neah Bay, 1900
Courtesy MOHAI (88.33.23)
Makahs cutting up whale, Neah Bay, ca. 1930
Aerial view of Neah Bay
Postcard, photo by Kyle S. Smith
Note: What follows is Kendal Crawford's annoated bibliography of "Works Cited."
Gunther, Erna. Makah. Seattle. Special Collections Division University of Washington Libraries. Date Unknown.
This is a report written on pre-white to 1960s Makah history and culture. I used this to get an idea on pre-white through 1960 Makah lifestyle, as well as historical happenings and background on who the Makah were as a tribe. This is a reliable source because the Washington State University Press published it and this same author had other Makah and whaling involved writing published.
Johnson, Wayne and Jennifer Aradnas. "A Letter from Neah Bay". Earth First! Journal. 1999.
This is a letter from Wayne Johnson, captain of the 1999 Makah whale hunt, to the public after the hunt published in numerous sources, in this case Earth First! Journal. I used this to get his invaluable perspective on the hunt and the controversy surrounding.
Kirk, Ruth and Richard D. Daugherty. Hunters of the Whale an Adventure in Northwest Coast Archeology. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1974
This is a book about the archeological dig at the village Ozette that uncovered evidence of Makah presence and lifestyle there dating back over 2000 years. It has information on the artifacts found and how the Makah used to whale. I used this to acquit myself with the evidence that the Makah had been in Neah Bay whaling for a long time, and also found good descriptions of old whaling. This is a reliable source because the author/s were on the excavation scene to record findings first hand and it can be verified by other listings of artifacts found at the Ozette dig.
"A Makah Elder Speaks, Interview with Alberta Thompson" Earth First! Journal 1999.
This is an interview between Earth First! Journal (an environmental magazine) and Alberta Thompson, a Makah elder and the most vocal Makah to speak out against whaling. I used this source to get further and more in depth knowledge about the views on the hunt from anti-whaling Makah perspective. This is a reliable source because it is an interview that gives direct quotes showing Alberta Thompson's true views on the hunt.
Makah Tribal Councial and Makah Whaling Commision. "The Makah Indian Tribe and Whaling: Questions and Answers." Makah.com. January 2005. 10 Novemer, 1993. http://www.makah%20whalingqa.pdf/
This is a question and answer adobe reader document attached to the Makah's official website, written by the Makah Tribal Council and Tribal Whaling Commission to answer questions the public has about Makah whaling. I used it because I knew some of my questions would be specifically answered here by the Makah involved. This was useful because it added the Makah overall standpoint on whaling, and their reasons for it to my research. This is a reliable source because it was written by the Makah Tribal Council and Whaling Commission and featured on the Makah tribe's official website.
Makah Whaling: Tribal Members Speak of Meaning, Controversy, and History. Dir. Anne Shackle. VHS. DISTRIBUTOR, 2000.
This film is a collected group of responses from Makah's about aspects of Makah whaling, its meaning, controversy (as it was filmed after the 1999 hunt), and history. I used this to gather direct quotes and first hand retellings and interpretations about my historical event, the 1999 whale hunt, from Makah who were involved. This is a reliable source because it is a filming of actual Makah people who were involved with the 1999 hunt talking about Makah whaling.
Markistum, Darrell. Personal Interview. January 5, 2008.
I interviewed Darrell Markistum, a member of the 1999 whaling crew. I used his responses to get a real personal feel of the hunt from the Makah point of view, especially because he was directly involved. I also learned a lot about what whaling means to the Makah people and their purpose in whaling. His quotes made a valuable addition to my paper, though biased toward the Makah.
Peterson, Brenda. "Who Will Speak For the Whales – Elders Call For a Spiritual Dialogue on Makah Tribes Whaling Proposal" Seattle Times 22 December 1996.
This is a newspaper article from the Seattle Times during 1996 about gray whale history, behaviors, threats, and opinions from Makah elders who opposed the hunt. I used this to get an understanding of another side of the hunts controversy, anti-whaling Makahs. This is a reliable source because it is from a reputable newspaper and has direct quotes from Makah elders, but is also biased toward sympathizing the whales and does not give any pro-whaling opinions.
Shukovsky, Paul. "Makah Whale Hunt Plan Alarms Animal Activist." Seattle Post-Intelligencer June 6, 1995: B.1
This is a newspaper article from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer written in 1995 when the Makah's were just applying for a whale quota, declaring their right to take whales as upheld by their treaty. It contains opinions from animal rights activists regarding the proposed hunt as well as the background information about the Makah's lifestyle during that day and their reason for attempting whaling again after a 70 years absence. It is reliable because it comes from a reputable newspaper, it shows multiple opinions so is not one sided, and its information is consistent with that in other sources I have found. I used this source to get information on how the Makah lived at that time and what they felt whaling would bring back to their culture as well as animal rights groups views.
Sullivan, Robert. A Whale Hunt. New York: Scribner, 2000.
This was a book about the Makah 1999 whale hunt and events leading up to and from it written by a reporter who spent two years with the Makah, being in Neah Bay when the hunt took place. His social interaction with members of the tribe and in-depth knowledge and discovery of almost every aspect surrounding the hunt allowed me to use this to get all around knowledge and description of my topic and what really happened. This is a reliable source because Robert Sullivan was there with the Makah, recording his own sights and the direct quotes of what was said to him.
Treaty Between The United States of America and The Makah Indian Tribe of Indians January 31, 1855. Ratified April 18th 1859.' Facsimile Reproduction by Shorey Book Store, Seattle Washington, 1966.
This is the treaty best known as the treaty of Neah Bay that was made in 1855 between the Makah Indians and the United States Government ceding thousands of acres of native Makah land to the U.S government while preserving the Makahs right to whale. I used this source to get first hand evidence of the document and view the section that guaranteed the Makah's right to whale and take a direct quote from it as well as observing what exactly the U.S government took away from them and allowed them to have. This is a reliable source because it is a reproduction of the actual treaty that was agreed upon between the Makah's and the United States.
Sam Howe Verhovek, "After the Hunt, Bitter Protest and Salt Blubber." New York Times 19 May 1999: A14
This is a newspaper from the New York Times in 1999 discussing the post hunt opinions and views about how the whale hunt was handled, how the death of a gray whale affected the tribe and animal rights activists. I used this to find how Makah's who had never hunted tasted whale considered the experience, how the event angered protesters who had tried to prevent it, and other short-term outcomes the successful whale hunt resulted in. This is a reliable source because it is from a reputable newspaper and by the same author who did another accurate article on the Makah's.
Verhovek, Sam Howe. "Protesters Shadow Tribes Pursuit of Whales and its History." New York Times 2 October 1998: A12
This is a newspaper article from the New York Times written in 1998 during and about the Makah's preparations and plans for the approved whale hunt. It also includes quotes and views from Makah's on the reservation regarding the hunt, both pro and against whaling. Finally it has animal rights activists' resistance. This is a reliable source because it is a credible newspaper and gives multiple opinions. I used its multiple opinions from the Makah's on the hunt to get an idea on the different perspectives various Makah's have on whaling. This is a reliable source because it is published by a reputable newspaper and its content is consistent with others I have found.
Washington State Department of Ecology. "Tribal Reservations and Treaty Ceded Areas" Map. Governors Office of Indian Affairs. 3 March, 2003. November 10, 2007. http://www.goi.wa.gov.tribal_gov/documents/Tribal_Cedres.pdf
This is a map of Washington's tribal reservations and ceded areas. I used it to get the scope of how much land the Makah ceded to the U.S in exchange for the preservation of their whaling rights as well as to find the location of where their reservation is. This is a reliable source because it is from a government site and other maps can verify it.
American Cetacean Society -- They're Not Saved Yet! "American Cetecean Society Fact Sheet: Gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus." 1999-2007. 25, November 2007. http://www.acsonline.org/
This is a fact sheet on gray whales on a website by the American Cetacean Association. I used this to get the behavior and more specific physical description and diet of the whale that the Makah hunted. This is a reliable source because it is by America's Cetacean Society, an acknowledged whale research and conservation organization.
Eder, Jeanne Oyawin. Indian Nations: The Makah. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck VaughN, 2000.
This is a book about the Makah tribe in a series about Indian Nations that covers history, culture, lifestyle, legends, and modern day society. I used this book to get an idea of their history and debriefing on their whaling traditions. This is a reliable source because it is published and its information is accurate and can be verified by other sources.
Harrison, Sir Richard and Dr. M. M. Bryden. Whales Dolphins and Porpoises. New York, NY: Facts on File Publications, 1988.
This is a book covering a wide range of cetacean censored topics, their taxonomy, anatomy, human interaction, and other topics. I used it for specific information about the gray whale, the whale the Makah hunted. I found out information on their physical description, diet, breeding and migration. This is a reliable source because its information was compiled, edited, and published.
Makah Cultural and Research Center. Neah Bay, Washington. January 20, 2007.
This museum had lots of primary sources relating to pre-treaty Makah. I was able to get a firsthand look at ancient artifacts representing whaling and how they related whaling's importance to Makah culture. I was also able to view the enormous skeleton of the whale killed in the 1999 hunt. This was a great opportunity for me to get in-depth with the Makah's culture and history.
"Makah Indian Nation flag." Flag. University of Washington Libraries Digital Collection. 2007. December 12, 2007. http://content.lib.washington.edu/cmpweb/exhibits/makah/images/Makah-flag.jpg
This is an image of the Makah nations tribal flag. I used this to see how the Makah's tribal crest demonstrates their deep cultural tie with the whale by displaying a visual representation of the Thunderbird legend. This is a reliable source because it came from a university website.
Oldham, Kit. "Makah Whaling." HistoryLink.org. March 16, 2007. October 20, 2007.
This is a Historylink essay that is a summary of Makah whaling related events from the treaty of Neah Bay to the aftermath of the 1999 hunt, mainly focusing on the events surrounding the 1999 whale hunt that was result of the Makah's struggle for their treaty rights to be upheld in the face of great resistance by animal rights activists. This is a reliable source because it cites a lot of sources itself, and its information is consistent with others I have found. Also, the website History Link is affiliated with History Ink, a historical researcher and publisher organization. I used the essay to get an idea of my topics main events.
US Department of Commerce Northwest Regional Office NOAA Fisheries National Marine Fisheries Service. "Chronology of Major Events Related to Makah Tribal Whale Hunt". Northwest Regional Office NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service. June 11, 2007. November 12, 2007. http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/
This is an Adobe Reader file attached to the National Marine Fisheries Services website. I used it to view a timeline of Makah whaling related events, especially more governmental and whale protection events. It is a reliable source because it was created by the National Marine Fisheries Service, a trustworthy organization that had direct contact with the Makah's whaling issues in the 1990's. It is also as government site and the events listed on the document are verified with other sources.
Waterman, T.T. "The Whaling Equipment of the Makah Indians". UW Publications in Anthropology. EDITOR. Volume 1. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1920. This is an article about the Makah whaling equipment from a multi-volumed book featuring publications in anthropology. I used get a overlook of the Makah whaling equipment, and a good description of whaling traditions that the Makah considered every bit as important as their equipment. This is a reliable source because the University published it and its information can be reaffirmed.
Environment Northwest Indians People's Histories