text:
The Mamluk Sultanate: A History (Book Review)
October 9, 2022 / geotrickster / 2 Comments
Mamluk Cavalry Riding Amongst the Pyramids of Egypt- art generated using Midjourney
It should not come as a surprise that my favorite (post-ancient) state in the history of North Africa and the Middle East is the Mamluk Sultanate. As a collector both of unique governing systems and 'barbarian' run states from the Liao Dynasty to the Haudenosaunee, it should not be surprising that this entity that ruled Egypt, Palestine, and Syria in the late medieval period is the state from that place and time that most stands out to me. Perhaps more pertinently, it was the favorite state of the most influential intellectual on my own life, Ibn Khaldun. He would eventually relocate to this empire and serve as an educator and informal ambassador under its employ. Most famously in this capacity he would meet the conqueror Timur during the siege of Damascus.
Ibn Khaldun's fascination with the Mamluk state is easy to discern. His own philosophy was about noticing the trends of barbarians to conquer the civilized, set up new vigorous states, and then gradually succumb to complacency and corruption as they became as overly civilized along the lines of the people they once replaced-opening them up to displacement by the next phase of barbarians as the cycle repeated itself. The Mamluks wanted to keep their Turkic and Circassian military character and so recruited new members of the elite by purchasing slaves from what is now the southern steppe regions of Russia. These slaves would then become the personal property of the Sultan (himself a former slave or descendent thereof) and be educated and trained to become the military and ruling class. Distinct from the general population, their internal culture was quite egalitarian and merit based (though frequently unstable when it came to determining succession). Though this model is incredibly distinct both to its time and place (what isn't?), Ibn Khaldun thought it worth learning from as it addressed many of the problems in premodern governance he had diagnosed.
The question certainly could be asked of us today. What outsider-yet-amenable class can we draw an elite from to keep things going without sliding to poorly into entrenched decline. It is a question that is worth answering, even if it may never be solved.
Art by the late and great Angus McBride in Osprey Publishing.
'The Mamluk Sultanate: A History' by Carl F. Petry seeks to give us a thorough examination of this original form of statehood. Extremely comprehensive, Petry's narrative begins with a summary of the reigns and events of Sultans in the new government, its shaping in the crisis of the Mongol invasions (the only successfully defended country from those assaults in the region), the seizure of power by the nomadic slave-class and their erection of a new form of oligarchy on the ruins of the Ayyubid order, and their initial expansion. This was a ruling class more based on lifestyle than on ethnicity, as even the great defeater of the Mongols, Baibars, aped Mongol court customs and actively tried to recruit defected Mongols into his army. We then see how restrained the Mamluks were once they had direct control over Egypt, Syria, and the Hejaz. For the remainder of their over 250 years, the large and powerful state would act mostly defensively in upholding this order. (The invasion and vassalization of Cyprus being a big exception to this, but that itself was provoked by constant pirate attacks). Considering the quality of its elite troops in its early years and the weakness of many of its rivals, this is impressive and most likely aided the longevity of its regime. Additionally, being a hub of trade, more of its money could go into works of public infrastructure and building than one might expect from a military government largely made up of foreigners who kept themselves apart from most of their subjects.
The coming of the Ottomans, however, would change the situation. Another rising power that gained traction in the post-Mongol world, the Ottoman commitment to technological innovation would be the one thing the Mamluk edifice was not prepared to handle. The fatal flaw of their system was not the occasional coup and counter coups (this never actually divided the realm when it happened), but the requirement of a military based off specialist cavalry warfare. The Ottomans had no such restrictions as their system was hereditary monarchy and they were forged in far more apocalyptic circumstances after the Timurid incursions lay waste to their core regions. Therefore, the Ottomans had become innovators in both technology and tactics in the use of firearms. Something the Mamluks had only just started experimenting with just a few years before in the attempt to recruit a Nubian infantry gunner corps. This experiment, however, was extremely controversial towards guardians of the social order and it was hard to move forward with it before Selim the Grim descended onto Egypt and Syria in what would be the Ottoman Empire's largest scale and most efficient conquest in its history. As an independent state the Mamluks would be no more, but as a class they would retain their regional rule in Egypt until their decisive defeat by Napoleon and the subsequent modernization programs of 19th Century Egypt as it moved out of the Ottoman orbit.
The remainder of the book breaks down various internal and structural topics of the Mamluk state. Petry is extremely thorough and his work, especially in regards to the political economy, jurisprudence, and promotion of the arts is to be commended. What we are left with is a work that, while lacking general audience narrative flow, has a well organized structure and lends itself well to referencing and citation. This was, no doubt, the intent. And for those of us whose primary fascination is that of the stranger states in history, this book is well worth the time.
Swords Against Nerdery: A Khaldunian Theory of the Sword and Sorcery Genre
June 29, 2019 June 29, 2019 / geotrickster / 5 Comments
I've been a stalwart fan of the Sword and Sorcery genre and its iterations for a very long time. It is second only to horror and weird fiction for my fictional genre enjoyment. I have also been just as much a foe and hater of high fantasy for an even longer period of time. I never really gave much thought as to why this is until recently, assuming that the rank corniness and ethical Manicheism of high fantasy as compared to the more ambiguous and earthy nature of sword and sorcery were alone enough to clinch the deal for me. But my recent discovery that cultural commentary need not all be a horror show of religious fanatics, entertainment industry neoliberals, and blue-haired-septum pierced woke scolds jarred some thoughts about this topic. Indeed, the people mentioned in the sentence above-the ruiners of cultural critique-are a big part of the difference between traditional fantasy and sword sorcery, and more importantly, the kinds of people each appeals to. Plus, if your rivals are going to use such language in the real world, ridiculous as it is, you might as well be able to meet them on a level they can understand. Much like a sophisticated vocabulary is not a good idea when speaking to children.
What makes S&S what it is are protagonists with base motivations, magic being rare and mind-bending if not outright a cosmic horror, glories being relegated to a mythical past if even mentioned, and above all the love of a good tale about powerful outsiders, usually barbarians or criminals, and the decadent magical and political forces they often find themselves at crossed swords with. There are no grand battles of good vs evil or light vs darkness here. Large conflicts tend to be one local petty kingdom vs another with the protagonist happening to find themselves on one side or the other through chance, personal vendetta, or mercenary motives. This is the stuff of Robert E Howard, usually considered the inventor of the genre (as well as the maker of its two greatest incarnations, Kull and Conan), not of Tolkien or his many many increasingly terrible imitators. This is the less famous and far more interesting world(s) of Imaro, Fafhrd and the Grey Mouser, Kane, Jirel of Joiry, and Nifft the Lean.
What I like most about the genre aside from its general fun, of course, is its Ibn Khaldun-derived general view of human nature and of societal processes. Unlike the dominant ideologies of our time (which are reflected in our dominant fantasies apparently), history isn't a teleology. It isn't going along some pre-determined path. It is rather a series of competitive crisis managements that fail or succeed to different levels amongst a series of cultures and societies that were born into some form of success or stability and have been declining towards their fall and replacement ever since. Then the cycle begins anew. This is neither the reactionary thought of a Burke, the Catholic Church, or of modern-day patrician centrism, where a magical tower is continually built towards the heavens, nor is it the edginess of the pure radical, who revels in the demolishment of all for a wholly new leap in the dark, but rather sociology as a natural process. In fact, both of these extremes are often the antagonists of S&S stories. The first as the cloistered evil wizard or decadent king in their ivory or onyx tower, the second as a re-awakened cosmic horror or the monsters that dwell out in the wilds. Often, one is summoned by the other.
The protagonists of this genre tend to share things in common too. An outsider status, tight but rare friendships in an untrustworthy world, and a disdain for declared authority. Most importantly, many of these characters follow the Khaldunian path of barbarian nomads by eventually leveraging their advantages into kingship, toppling the old order but replacing it with a new and more vigorous one. Conan, the most famous hero of the genre, becomes king of Aquilonia. Kull was king of Valusia aeons before him, both were barbarians who started out fighting those very kingdoms. Fafhrd and the Grey Mouser eventually end up as the local bigwigs on a subarctic settlement, Imaro as a legend across the lands with a mixed reputation. All come across dark entrenched forces that more live by inertia in entropy than by dynamic action. Most importantly, the various wizards, sorcerers, and the like are usually not world-threatening menaces but rather merely another cog in some kingdoms political machine, or a criminal guild's most prized member, or the secret forces behind events within kingdoms. The decadent throne of Valusia was only given vigor by Kull, and first he had to survive assassination attempts by literal lizard people who had secretly controlled the kingdom and held it in bondage to old ways by puppeting previous kings. If that is not a conspiracy theorists fever dream come to life, I don't know what its. But symbolically it resonates much as Pizzagate is obviously an (ironically hilarious) farce that no one should actually believe, but it speaks volumes about how many view our present ruling classes. It was after all only after the various housecleanings of Conan that Aquilonia entered its golden age, even if this, like all times before, could not last.
S&S is, in effect, the Virgin vs Chad meme of fantasy genres. Cold steel always outperforms the elaborate machinations of a bunch of tower-dwelling neckbeards, court eunuchs, and inbred aristocrats. In a temporary, ever-fluctuating world, only the right use of force and alliances can see you through. This is not a glorification of violence and always taking the offense either. The vast majority of S&S heroes, when not being thieves, are usually wronged before they act. They do not seek fights, but rather respond decisively when such battles are forced upon them. The kingships of Kull and Conan are remarkable for how much less warlike they often are compared to their neighbors, with the real battles being keeping the decadent dying courts of rivals at bay. Meanwhile, all of these outsider protagonists tend to be extremely well traveled, multiple language speaking, highly analytical thinkers. The Nerd-Wizards, on the other hand, so haughty and proud in their rote-learned intelligence, are almost helpless without prestige, ceremony, and dependency on established power networks. Their lack of contact with the brute reality of the world is their undoing.
It all reminds me of recent commentary I read somewhere (source presently slips my mind) about the superiority of speculative realist philosophies against correlationist ones, with the hobbies of the thinkers compared with their thought. It basically broke down that the realists tended to like hiking, travel, adventure, while the correlationists and idealists were often desk bound thinkers. This was shown by the nature analogies used by each, with correlationists tending strongly towards inanimate solitary objects like furniture and the realists using animals, plants, ecosystems, and weather.
And look, there I managed to tie this post into my fascination with Speculative Realism too. Anyway, back to the point.
It is these decadent courts whose thumb we presently dwell, tolerant as they are of neckbearded nerd-wizards in their towers and court lanyards that are the most aggressive threats to the world arise. Lacking true fortitude and strength as intrinsic character traits, they must rather pretend they have it through fraud and posturing- a far more dangerous proposition. Fantasy Bill Kristol types in effect. And if some group or leader came about who actually was interested in changing these entrenched interests they would face plots and palace coups aplenty from the dark forces that fester in the shadows of the kingdom. But that's no reason not to try anyway. Even if you fail it will make for a good tale around a few pints, anyway. And someone needs to Hold the Sword against this high fantasy loving nerd tyranny we live in, where neoliberal nerds who identify their politics with the entertainment they consume are the predominant cultural force of strange cosmic horror summoning sorcerer class. If we must live in a nerd-dominated culture, then we can at least speak the language of the Chadliest of nerds…and that is of Sword and Sorcery. It is not like high fantasy represents anything but the pathologies of both liberals and reactionaries alike and their presently collapsing world views.
Anyway, here is a picture I did for a Mandy style movie poster (Mandy may take place in the 1980s but it is very much a S&S genre film-trust me) of Tulsi Gabbard clearing out the wretched dungeon of the Democratic establishment (special guest MBS, with Hillary, Booker, Harris, Podesta, Biden, and Power all thrown).
But seriously, read nonfiction first for real commentary, people. Actual history and philosophy will always rule at the end of the day. But maybe…maybe sword and sorcery can help on the propaganda front anyway. It certainly can break up the high virgin fantasy monotony.
Black Mahakala: Macro-History as Annihilationism
June 2, 2019 June 2, 2019 / geotrickster / 7 Comments
I just finished reading Speculative Annihilationism by Matt Rosen, the newest entry of note in the growing canon of speculative realist philosophy. I have posted on this subject before, in particular about my working side quest of integrating Object-Oriented Ontology and adjacent thought into geopolitics. But Speculative Annihilationism (let's use SA from here on out) is something that works with macro-level history in general at least as well.
A short summary of Rosen's argument is that materialist archeology shows the way to handle the snuffing of anthropocentrism in philosophy across the board. So much of what we study at the archeological level is already extinct. Australopithecus, the dinosaurs, civilizations whose genetic descendants may still live but whose cultures, languages, and cities do not. The extinct lack the ability to engage with correlationism and phenomenology, yet their existence is undeniable if there is enough evidence for the archeology of their past to even happen. Therefore, we are forced to reckon with extinction, no matter our feelings about it. To quote the author:
'SA's dark perversion is this: deterritorialization always has the upper hand over reterritorialization. At the core of every assemblage-materiality is an unavoidable fragility, a tendency towards discontinuity, disparity, and extinction, a becoming-nothing at the core of every becoming-something-this is what it means for a species to be a species-towards-extinction. Cataclysm, annihilation, and extinction are the rules; assemblage, coming-together, and being-something are the strange, uncanny, and interruptive exceptions.'
Rosen's argument has many facets and subtleties that someone like me who views metaphysics are largely back burner stuff to policy and scientific questions is inadequate to fully explain. Suffice to say that it is worth reading in its entirety and also a powerful case that extinction, entropy, and the like is the ultimate reality. If one takes casual time as a measuring stick we are all already dead in a sense, since death is the inevitable end process of life. So too is it for species and the self, all of which are in fact reducible to breaking down physical processes whose intangibles we construct outside of science as the humanities. Whereas much of currently existing speculative realism is constructive, hearkening to process theory and seeing a culmination of material events, SA brings us back to decay as the norm and construction as the outlier. Extinction, in the end, for everything. In truly and unambiguously material terms.
I believe this is incredibly useful as a philosophical and linguistic tool for deep history, particularly for the materialist. If we view all states, nations, cultures, cities, religions, and artforms as dead on arrival-or more practically always living on borrowed time-with extinction the only given, we are liberated from the curse of teleology and trying to make sense of every societies place in history and better able to appreciate it on its own terms. Terms that do not need to be those of the purely subjective and idealistic such as found in postmodern schools of thought. It also levels the playing field between long-dead states and currently living ones for the purposes of study. They are subject to the same overall experience of unexpected rise (most attempted state formations fail after all) and predictable decline and fall so it is just as enlightening to study civilizations across the world that lie in different ecologies and time periods no matter where they are. A wide knowledge base across the board gives you a vaster repertoire of case studies and minutia even if you know how it all turns out.
It is also worth noting that SA, much as it does on the individual level, provides a great counter-example to the hubris of presentism. Something all too common in current dominant cultures, as well, no doubt, as future ones. I often speak of my favorite historiographer, Ibn Khaldun. One thing about his evolution of thought that is often overlooked is that he grew up in North Africa in the late Middle Ages. North Africa's heydey of global relevance had already come and gone. The Sahara was already growing and the crop yields shrinking, even then. In such a setting there were as many ruins as there were currently occupied cities and buildings. The leftovers of numerous cultures dotted the countryside and signs of a glorious past leered mockingly through the dust of time at the less prosperous present. It is easy to see how Khaldun was molded by this experience to help him come up with a cyclic theory of state formation and state death. One I think is still among the most accurate macro-historical thesis of all time. In his works is implicitly a shared assumption with SA-that construction is more the outlier, and degeneration the more common norm. Entropy is ever present and can only accelerate due to time unless a very unlikely event interrupts it. State formation is so fascinating and impressive precisely because it is so rare compared to state degeneration, be it dramatic degeneration or slow motion.
Unlike many other speculative realist philosophers, who betray their continental roots by more often being Eurocentric to the extreme, Rosen draws some direct comparisons to Hindu thought in his conclusion. This is long something I have advocated. Though I am neither Hindu nor Buddhist, certain branches of these religions philosophies overlap with many trends in speculative realism. Over the past few years-my most intense time brushing up on that philosophy-I have also been re-engaging with reading about these religions as well.
The figure that best shows the overlap of Speculative Annihilationism in particular with these thoughts is Mahakala. In Hinduism, Mahakala is Shiva's most wrathful form, the ultimate destroyer, and consort of Kali. In Vajrayana Buddhism, he is the ultimate meditative figure for contemplating the void and the eminent entropy of all through time. Whether taken as a literal god or a symbolic figure of a process, Mahakalan History (I'm now coining this term) is applying the concepts of SA to macro-history. Especially, in my case anyway, to the macro history of states and civilizations. The end point is taken as an unavoidable extinction, but the process of getting there, of engaging, in Rosen's terms, with 'the putrifying other' is always enlightening. Beneath the facade is the degenerating process, past, present, future, other and self. We are, after all, along for the same ride they once were.
Ibn Khladun: An Intellectual Biography-a Review
May 19, 2018 May 19, 2018 / geotrickster / 3 Comments
I mention Khaldun enough so it is about time I review a book about him.
I have to admit, Robert Irwin's 'Ibn Khladun: An Intellectual Biography' did not immediately meet with my approval. One of his earliest statements is that the great historian's views of the cycles of nomadic Bedouins coming and going in power in North Africa is not applicable to many other places on Earth. I disagree entirely-with the added proviso that as long as one is aware of the local histories in detail-and I myself came to Ibn Khaldun through matching his thinking up with my first historic love: the Turko-Mongolian world. Though the author later quantifies that to some degree. But I would add also that Khaldun's thought does in fact become more universally applicable to the cycles of history if one looks for the equivalent of nomads in these settings-potentially powerful outsider groups with strong in-group cohesion. A society with no nomads still has the underclass, highly traveled professional workers, diplomats and mercenary generals for hire as was common in Enlightenment Europe, privateers and upstart naval powers, and the like. One could, and in fact I feel like perhaps later I should, write the history of naval power from a Khaldunian perspective. All show the upstart but well organized outsider taking over the decadent wealth which often was not made by its present adherents but rather inherited by them, setting up their new, more youthful, and vibrant regime in its place or at its expense, and then succumbing, with the passing of generations, to the same maladies of their former foes and who are in turn replaced by new upstarts on their own periphery. So did it go with Venice, Spain and Portugal to the Dutch and then the British and then the Americans. So will it be again.
But this criticism aside, the overview Irwin gives us of both Khaldun's career and the life his works have taken on since his death are both critical and laudatory, and put the man in context. As a thinker who is often projected by moderns to be one of them, it is important to see his historic context and actual views (including now laughable ones about sorcery and supernaturalism) restored to discussion of his record. Additionally, Irwin retains enough detachment to be able to postulate about the normal human foibles that Ibn Khaldun suffers from. He also retains a very even overview of later thinkers, both modern and not, who interpreted the thinker for their own ends. Most interestingly was his apparent growing popularity in the Ottoman governing and thinking classes that showed they were far more aware of the potential of their decline than most empires at their height are. I am very tempted to think that the nomadic Turkic background of the state contributed to this self-awareness and critical openness. It was also interesting having his time in the Mamluk Sultanate covered, as it was both a government that reflected some knowledge of the need to keep the ruling class recharged with fresh blood (Mamluks were imported Turko/Circassian/Balkan slaves who had been raised as nomadic cavalry who were then drawn into the military of Egypt under Sultans also descended from such stock) but also one which by Khaldun's time was starting to degenerate even despite this caution.
Still, all things political being either in a state of rising and falling-with falling more commonplace-one can say that the Mamluks were in fact enormously successful compared to most of their contemporaries as well as a rare medieval state that could long term sustain being both an art patron and a vigorous military power. And its fall had more to do with the technological changes elsewhere invalidating the nomadic cavalry focused military than internal factors when the chips were down. Firearms matter and it was the Ottomans who jumped on that wagon first as a way to organize the core of their armies.
The best part of Irwin's work, however, is in recognizing the pessimism of Ibn Khaldun. Here was a man born and raised in 14th Century North Africa who all around him saw signs of ruins of richer and more powerful civilizations long dead in the past. If Carthage and the Almohads could fall, why not the Hasfids who he worked for? Why not everyone else until the end of time? Though nomadic regime change could bring in fresh blood for a time, it would only be for a limited amount of it. Meanwhile, the Sahara grew and prestige of the region shrunk. This was the core of Ibn Khaldun's work…work that would go on to influence such fiction greats as Asimov's Foundation and Herbert's Dune. And in a remarkable in-person meeting years after most of his writings, Ibn Khaldun would meet Emir Timur outside of Damascus during the very siege that the Turkic conqueror was conducting, and in so doing get to see the only example of rising in his lifetime and discuss theories of history with him-an academic case study made real in the flesh.
Would all us scholars be so lucky.
Ibn Khaldun vs Washington DC
December 10, 2015 / geotrickster / 1 Comment
Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) was a historian and social science theorist from Tunis most famous for writing the Muqaddimah, a work of historical theory which sought to explain the cyclic nature of politics, its benefits and drawbacks, and how best to ride these changes for certain fields like medicine and scientific exploration to keep growing even while the regimes they required to support themselves kept inevitably declining and/or collapsing. He traveled widely, found employment in many places, and even directly discussed Emir Timur's role in history with Timur himself during the siege of Damascus. There are few examples of primary source research so direct and enviable as that.
He was a bit of Gray and a bit of Marx and a bit of Smith and a bit of Diamond and even a bit of the contemporary IR theories of both neoclassical realism and world systems theory long before any of those things existed. He pioneered materialism in historical research and advocated political policies ahead of their time for his context. His work is widely available and translated in many languages so I need not go over it in detail. It merely needs to be stated that he is probably the single most important social theorist in my life. No one individual has ever, to me, made more sense of history and politics on the macro scale. I read and cited him extensively while I was working on my doctoral thesis.
For the sake of this post we need now only deal with one of his thesis, perhaps his most famous. That all regimes and governments become corrupted with incompetence, nepotism, and laziness with time. The longer they are around, the worse it becomes. They lose all their 'asibyyah' (group-feeling) while forces opposed to them will unite and therefore gain asibiyyah. In Khaldun's world these were nomadic and tribal people, be it Bedouin, Turks, or Mongols. They had the practical skills and solidarity enough to eventually capitalize on the rotten empires, come in, and take over. For a few generations the new ruling class would re-invigorate society combining the best of the outsider's abilities with the resources and learning of the establishment. Then, they too would begin to be subsumed into the conventions, rote thinking, and petty factionalism of the society to which they had integrated into to rule. Then the cycle would begin again.
Demographic changes over centuries ending in the industrial revolution abolished the power of nomadic societies but kept the privateering naval oriented ones going strong in this way, though states that survived industrialization became too strong to fall to outsiders so easily unless said outsiders were more powerful established states themselves or were internal mass revolutions. This in no way invalidates Khaldun's thesis to be a relic of the medieval past, however. I would argue it merely shifted who the outsiders were. One could bring in Marx here and say it was the working classes who could play this role now. Mao would say it was the rural peasants. Marxism, however, at its core remains an often Hegelian and almost always eurocentric philosophy (particularly when discussing history-just look at the farce of Hobsbawm being taken as a great insightful thinker for a more modern example) in both theory and historical assumption. Perhaps Marx's theories would have been better off at the bat had he been able to engage with figures like Khaldun. As it is, the promise in Marxist theory has yet to be fully realized and work there still has to be done by those so inclined. Still, the fact remains that the 'lower orders' of society might very well be the invigorating invaders we need to topple the status quo.
Or just as easily, perhaps not. Perhaps the people who have the luxury to not have direct regional attachments will be such a force, or perhaps disaffected and disillusioned former establishment operators will be it. Or an alliance of some or all of the above. Perhaps an anti-populist reaction against purist movements will one day grow and demand to seize the power from the complacent classes which in America have certainly built around them webs of true believers and ideologues capable of nothing but posturing their supposed purity in front on each other like Calvinists and Wahhabis at a theological convention.
Edward Gibbon once theorized that Christianity itself was the root cause of the decline of Rome (at least in the west). While I am far too much a materialist to agree entirely, I would say a values system that prioritizes feelings over action and moral posturing over civic duty is surely no positive introduction to society. We have seen waves of this moral absolutism and internal purge-culture throughout societies since that time, and now in the form of faith based economic models and appeals to identity politics of all stripes it still rides a high horse through the land, motivating politicians obsessed with election cycles to harness this ignorant mass in order to ensure little gets done while their positions (and book deals) are secure. It is a government by the elect, for the true believers. Thus, it is really no government at all.
One of the many disturbing things I have learned since I moved to DC is that the more insider to DC culture one is and the more educated they are, the more likely they are to adopt rote thinking on major issues since they have lost the ability to see any issue as anything but a well-oiled cog in the machine which is exposed to a very small array of mandatory socially acceptable opinions. Most of these people are liberals and centrists and feel that merely by being more intelligent or well read than a Trump supporter or a Tea Party fanatic means they are in fact extremely enlightened and virtuous guardians of rationality. It would be much the same as an uncoordinatated dweebus such as myself who has no aptitude for sports claiming to be a better basketball player than Stephen Hawking. I mean, yes, it is technically true, but it effectively says nothing of substance or offers an interesting comparison.
It must be apparent to an outsider that this limited multiple choice test of right-on opinions as the baseline of public discussion is increasingly the problem rather than the solution, the defensive entrenched class circles the wagons even further. They admonish us to be 'centrist', 'sensible' and 'not to rock the boat.' Of course, they never say that to the far right, useful idiots and all, but now they have let the asp into the bed and cannot control it. But we should still trust them to be 'sensible' anyway.
Leaving aside for now the quite obvious counter-point of pointing out what a thin substance-free gruel 'centrism' and 'sensibility'really is by merely asking them questions like 'what is a sensible centrist in Saudi Arabia?' 'What is a sensible centrist in Iran?' 'What is a sensible centrist in North Korea?' And 'What was a sensible centrist in the Axis Powers of World War II or during the times of the Inquisition?' 'What was a sensible centrist in the vote to invade Iraq?' We should move on to another point-why are you all so short cited? The obvious answer is addiction to fashion and the need to posture rather than to act. Needless to say, these are all symptoms of a regime in decline which-technology adjusted-Ibn Khaldun would have recognized in a heartbeat.
It is the shame of the legislative branch of the United States that so many people can be part of such a powerful institution with access to so many resources-including intellectual ones, I became an official card carrying 'Reader' at the Library of Congress just last week-is so short term and factionally driven. Much like the nonprofit sector which grows around the establishment and feeds off of its divisions, petty media-driven battles are considered good politics in America rather than the act of actual governing or planning beyond an electoral cycle. Otherwise thoughtful people tow the line on ideological package deals when cherry picking would be more admirable and honest of a course to take.
Just take one sad, sorry, drawn out example is that of the US response to the Syrian Civil War, to look at how much nonsense such a dysfunctional regime can produce. In a zealous quest to overthrow a government of the country where Khaldun once met Timur the establishment found itself arming effectively Al Qaeda affiliated rebel groups and even 'moderate' rebels who have no room for sectarian and ethnic minorities in their new order. This toxic combination helped lead to the rise of Daesh, which now is every (sane) person's enemy. And yet, an accommodation with the (relatively secular and multicultural) regime is still avoided because the Washington Consensus from congress to its mindless town criers and prophets by the names of Dowd, Friedman, Kristol, and Will somehow believes the fundamental values of not rocking the boat of the establishment is worth upholding. Indeed, even extolling in moral terms.
To say that the building forces of accumulated history which may as well be the ghost of Ibn Khladun himself will one day lay down the vengeance on this order is to be as polite as humanely possible. And not just the United States. I feel like we are living in a collection of powerful societies unwittingly and even proudly reenacting the death throws of Late Imperial Russia.
But even within this sad state of affairs, one heroic figure has emerged from the most unlikely place-inside of congress. Outside of shunted aside realist academic thinkers and a kooky quixotic Rand Paul presidential campaign, no one has come from the inside to really challenge the ossified orthodoxy on foreign policy-until Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard that is.
From challenging the internal incompetence of the Democratic Party (currently seeming to be throwing away all its collective advantages and surrendering all power locally simply to hold on to the presidency-a bad long term strategy if ever there was one) to the inability of people to state that radical Islam itself is a problem, to the neocon establishment that lurks in both parties, she takes them all on. Here is someone who made it to the inside but retained the more sober and less fashion-prone perspective of the outsider. If Americans do not make a concerted effort to support people like her in government they may as well give up on retaining opinions or participation with the government as it is in any shape or form. People like her are our last best hope in the system as it presently is.
The question is, where do we find our own new outsider-based regime? This is 'The outsiders guide to geopolitics' as a blog after all, but I am still trying to figure this out. We need more tricksters. We need an Age of Tricksters. And not just hovering outside poking fun-though that is always necessary-but inside. We have to figure out how to remake governments with those immune to its faddish complacent tendencies directly in power. Inevitably, over time, they will integrate and the process will has to be repeated of course, just as Khaldun said. But only fools think history progresses along a linear path to a predetermined end point after all.
That is the challenge to ponder for the future.


text:
AlexWebberPaints
Black & White Ink prints
Outgrown - Black and white print of a goldfish in a whiskey glass
An 8.5 x 11 inch print on yardstick paper of a piece done for #Inktober (www.inktober.com) a worldwide art challenge that features one prompt a day for every day in October. The prompt for this illustration was "outgrown". Each print arrives signed, in a clear envelope with backing board.
At the time I did the drawing - I read the prompt incorrectly. Though it was outgrown, but it was actually overgrown (and there's a whole different drawing for that one) This made me think of the fish outgrowing it's bowl. In this case, a glass of bourbon.
All prints and paintings are carefully hand-wrapped in tissue paper and finished with a sticker. If this purchase is intended as a gift - we can ship directly to the recipient and include a personalized message.
Yes. Prints, stickers and magnets are available for wholesale. Please contact me directly. Small paintings and originals are not available for wholesale purchasing.
Not at this time - but I'm working on getting there.
Swing (Spider) - Black and white print of an arachnoid in action
Bricks - Black and white print
Ash - Black and white print of a burned out house
Tower - Black and white print of the American Giant from the Mütter
All rights reserved © 2023 AlexWebberPaints. Powered by Etsy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Week days 08:00 to 09:00 in the Adoration Chapel.
To ensure that someone is present during the time available we encourage parishioners to select a specific hour and to be entered on to a register. However, feel free to visit the chapel during that time and spend a quiet hour with the Lord.


text:
Tar Heels aim to stay on defensive vs. Eagles in NCAAs
Byron Scott is jeopardizing the rebuilding Lakers' future
Florida Gulf Coast-North Carolina Preview
RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) North Carolina coach Roy Williams spent most of two seasons pushing - even begging - his team to play with more defensive intensity before the Tar Heels finally provided it in an impressive conference-title run.
The trick now is getting the East Region's No. 1 seed to maintain that intensity in the NCAA Tournament, starting with Thursday's first-round matchup with Florida Gulf Coast.
''We've always had a chance and we've always had the talent since I've been here but we're really starting to put it together and become a complete team,'' senior Marcus Paige said Wednesday. ''This year, especially in the past couple of weeks, we don't have to talk about `Well, if we had just defended better' because we are starting to defend at a really high level.''
The Tar Heels (28-6) won their first Atlantic Coast Conference Tournament title since 2008 thanks to their stepped-up play on defense. They chased passes on the perimeter. They contested shots. They worked hard to stay in front of ballhandlers.
Most impressively, they locked down on two teams - Notre Dame and eventual No. 1 NCAA seed Virginia - ranked in the top 10 of KenPom's adjusted offensive efficiency ratings. UNC held its three opponents in the ACC Tournament to 37.1 percent shooting.
Now the Tar Heels are starting their push for the Final Four against the 16-seed Eagles (21-13) knowing they have to sustain that level of play.
''We wanted to win it so bad that we were willing to do anything,'' sophomore Justin Jackson said. ''That has to be every single game that we play.''
Florida Gulf Coast, the Atlantic Sun champion, is coming off an impressive 31-point romp against Fairleigh Dickinson in Tuesday's First Four in Dayton, Ohio. Coach Joe Dooley said players had 25 minutes to pack when they got back to their hotel after the game, then flew out of Ohio and will take on UNC roughly 30 minutes from its Chapel Hill campus.
Dooley said his Eagles are ''pretty loose'' in trying to become the first No. 16 seed to beat a No. 1, which would trump that ''Dunk City'' run to the Sweet 16 as a 15-seed in 2013.
''When you get into games with the elite programs like Carolina, the athleticism, the level of quickness, the height - you're not used to seeing 6-8 wings,'' Dooley said. ''That's a 4 or a 5 in our league. Now all of a sudden he's out on the perimeter. ... There's not a way to prepare for it because you haven't seen it before.''
Some things to know about the Florida Gulf Coast-North Carolina matchup:
HOME COMFORT: The Tar Heels should be right at home in a building they play in every year against rival North Carolina State. The Tar Heels are 13-2 in PNC Arena under Williams, including a pair of NCAA wins in 2008 on the way to the Final Four.
BERRY'S ROLL: UNC sophomore Joel Berry II was sharp at the ACC Tournament to earn MVP honors, making 17 of 24 shots (71 percent) and 7 of 10 3-pointers while averaging 17 points in the three games.
SLOWING JOHNSON: The Eagles will have their hands full trying to slow Brice Johnson, who led the ACC with 20 double-doubles. The 6-foot-10 senior is averaging 16.6 points and 10.6 rebounds while shooting 61.4 percent and qualifying to have his jersey honored (not retired) in the Smith Center rafters.
REBOUNDING: Florida Gulf Coast has been dominant on the glass in its recent run. The Eagles outrebounded their three Atlantic Sun Tournament opponents by an average of nearly 15 per game, then finished with a 52-33 rebounding advantage on Fairleigh Dickinson. ''I actually tell the guards to come down low because we know we'll have our hands full with the bigs down there,'' said junior forward Marc-Eddy Norelia, the team's top rebounder (9.2).
PAIGE'S SHOT: Paige has been wrestling with his shot for months, though he showed signs of shaking free of those struggles last week. He's had success in this building, scoring a career-high 35 points two years ago and 23 points last season.
Follow Aaron Beard on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/aaronbeardap and the AP's college basketball site at http://collegebasketball.ap.org


Allied Academic Publication is an amalgamation of several esteemed academic and scientific associations known for promoting scientific temperament.
This publishing house has been built on the base of esteemed academic and research institutions including The College of Audiologists and Speech Language Pathologists of Ontario(CASLPO), The Association for Public Safety Communications Officials of Canada (APCO), The Canadian Society of Internal Medicine (CSIM), The Canadian Hard of Hearing Association (CHHA), Sonography Canada and The Canadian Association of Neurophysiologic Monitoring (CANM). Starting off with Business and Management Journals, the allied Academies are on a move to expand in the areas of Science and Technology.


Our athletic training programs are designed to help meet the growing demand for professional Certified Athletic Trainers (ATC). Our programs are constructed to prepare highly motivated students with an interest in the medical field to take the Board of Certification (BOC) examination upon graduation.
The two-year athletic training program is constructed to prepare students to sit for the National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification examination.
This five-year program is designed to help meet the growing demand for professional Certified Athletic Trainers.


Yesterday I met a friend for tea first thing in the morning. I arrived at the coffee shop first and I sat with my pumpkin chai latte and a book, simultaneously people watching and glancing at words on the page. In the few minutes I waited, I couldn't help but feel a bit thrilled just to be sitting. Without keeping an eye on my babes. Without having to rush out and be somewhere. Not going through the drivethru, just sitting.
I'm surprised, after nearly 7 years of motherhood, that I forget. I forget how important it is to go out in the world with just myself, or meet a friend. To get out and turn the music up in the car as loud as I want, windows down, hair dancing with the wind.
I totally love those moments. I always loved windows down and music up, but now it's something that is really savored on those (few) moments when I am in the car alone.
Fills you up doesn't it.
I have more time now by myself, I so remember those few -stolen moments.
...ps. what a lovely name you have.
Sounds glorious. I love those last few sentences.
Solitude like that is a gift I find to be sacred. One day, when I am old, I will be wistful for noise and stress and expectations. But right now, I long for just that kind of morning.


Kids Paid Money (KidsPaidMoney.com) is the most recent trick to target youths who are energetically searching for approaches to profit online from home. Basically working as a phishing trick that neglects to render payouts to a large number of their clients, Kids Paid Money is clearly an online endeavor that can't be trusted.
To discover additionally in regards to Kids Paid Money and what others are stating with respect to the authenticity of their stage, we welcome you to peruse our unprejudiced survey.
Kids Paid Money is an online stage that objectives more youthful socioeconomics by luring them with an oversimplified approach to profit online from home.
Obviously there are no straightforward records to demonstrate and check payouts however that isn't our greatest worry with the Kids Paid Money conspire. Presently as referenced before, Kids Paid Money puts a solid accentuation on focusing on the more youthful socioeconomics, and all the more explicitly those with online networking profiles.
Among the principle hitters for the web based life outlets that Kids Paid Money is hoping to profit by would be Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and obviously YouTube. As per their site, each fruitful referral represented a $0.10 commission, anyway since their task has been in presence 'for more than 10 years now' the estimation of their referrals have gone up. Basically, Kids Paid Money advances that they pay their individuals to allude other individuals into their stage.
How does Kids Paid Money Work?
Kids Paid Money evidently works as a the immediate introduction of their site increment. By clients welcoming more shoppers to their stage, Kids Paid Money as far as anyone knows picks up an expansion in promotion income.
As their advertisement income and prevalence increment, they pay you for the traffic conveyed to their site. Notwithstanding accepting $10 per effective referral, clients can likewise take an interest in studies and different offers to win more.
Long story short, Kids Paid Money purportedly gets cash from their backers and their advertisement income. It ought to be noticed that the supposed least money out total must be at any rate $125, or approximately 13 fruitful referrals.
KidsPaidMoney does not reflect positive network criticism over the web like you may have been seeking after. Progressively negative encounters can be found at Reddit and Facebook.
A WHOIS report will uncover that KidsPaidMoney.com was a secretly enlisted area that was made on December 25th, 2018. (Not more than 10 years prior as they guarantee). Roughly 68.56% of KidsPaidMoney traffic gets from presentation ad sources while an extra 10.24% starts from internet based life and referral based sources.
Children Paid Money isn't the most blunt and straightforwardly straightforward site. Professing to be in presence for more than 10 years, yet we discover their area was enlisted not exactly a month back is an error difficult to disregard.
At that point obviously we have the way that they have purportedly paid out over $23 million to date, yet they highlight no irrefutable client audits on their site. Numerous clients additionally guarantee that they have not gotten pay for their endeavors, while many audit destinations have ordered Kids Paid Money as a trick.
Given the data shared above alongside the different inconsistencies, we trust Kids Paid Money to be a young trick task.
Children Paid Money targets maybe the most artless socioeconomics among us, which is an exasperating truth to mull over. While their stage may seem real clearly they are NOT authentic. In light of this we will conclude this survey and let the certainties represent themselves.
Result: Kids Paid Money is a SCAM!
Invest Centre Biz Review ; Profitable or Scam?
The Invest Center site, investcentre.biz, makes positively no be aware of employer proprietorship or initiative. The website online is wholly drained of records related to this matter, and that absolutely doesn't agree with us. How are we expected to confide in our money with these folks when we don't know their identity? The way that the widely wide-spread population in the back of this Invest Center HYIP won't expose to us their identification is a primary issue. It is demonstrative of a trick.
Something different that does no longer agree with us is this Invest Center business enterprise professes to be located in the UK. It likewise claims to be enlisted as a proper business, and it guarantees that it is approved to perform money related assignment exercises. Indeed, the e mail furnished on the site gave us no outcomes. We took a stab at messaging these folks, obviously, by no means heard some thing back. Besides, we achieved a appear for the gave business enterprise address and got here up void.
Whatever is located at the gave location, it isn't this Invest Center Biz business enterprise as guaranteed. At long last, on the off chance that you occur to test the UK Companies House, you likewise won't discover a solitary notice of the Invest Center organization. Unmistakably the Invest Center business enterprise isn't enrolled, it isn't official or official, it isn't authorized, and it sincerely has no specialist to well known your cash or to put speculations for your sake.
The Invest Centre HYIP cases to make use of your money to put assets into an assortment of mechanical advancements, creations, and in the realm of information innovation when all is said in done. To the extent we can tell, the case here is that the Invest Center framework puts sources into facts innovation new businesses. Presently, this might also be a first rate chance, on the off hazard that it have been the genuine article. Notwithstanding, to the extent we can advise, it is only a heap of fertilizer. The web site has a lengthy clarification of how this venture software functions.
Be that as it may, it is solely a tangled heap of babble. It certainly does now not bode properly or furnish us with useful data. The most serious difficulty that we see with this Invest Centre HYIP is that there is without a doubt no proof of earlier speculations. How are we anticipated to contribute our properly deserved money right here if these law breakers have no proof of any earlier or modern-day speculations? We need to recognise which groups and bits of tech are being put resources into!
Invest Centre HYIP – Supposed Profit Guarantees?
Alright, so a standout amongst the most absurd parts of this Invest Center HYIP has to do with the loopy ROI which it guarantees. Here there are 9 hypothesis bundles to take part in. Each bundle ensures favored and increased consequences over the last, and each one is emphatically greater ludicrous than the closing also.
The nice alleged task bundle right here is the Best VIP bundle, which guarantees to give a 3,000% ROI after only forty days. In this way, on the off risk that you make contributions $10,000, following 40 days, you need to leave with $300,000. Gee, to us this does no longer sound sensible, no longer at all.
Hell, even a 30% ROI in solely 40 days would violate the limits of the actual world, 300% is genuinely incomprehensible, and 3,000% is really silly. People, we formerly discussed how there is no sensible graph of motion right here and no actual statistics as far as how benefits are to be produced. In mild of this, do you simply figure it is workable to enlarge you money through a factor of 30 in only forty days? Folks, it simply is impossible. It is ridiculous that these Invest Center con artists would even profess to nearly virtually produce advantages this way.
There are a couple of different Invest Centre Scam trick factors that grew to become apparent right here and they are certainly really worth referencing. Another Invest Center trick aspect we noticed right here has to do with the companion program. The Invest Center accomplice software professes to furnish you with 5% of the venture, on the off hazard that you allude others to contribute. Sounds very well so a long way right? Off-base! We be aware of beyond a shadow of a doubt that these convicts don't clearly pay out the associate commissions as guaranteed. Indeed, they will take cash from humans whom you allude, alternatively you won't ever study that 5%. It's only a easy route for these quack remedy con artists to screw a whole lot more people out of their well deserved cash!
Suspect Testimonials- Something one-of-a-kind that is surely flawed about this Invest Center trick has to do with the extent of humans and their withdrawals. The site, investcentre.biz, suggests this little format with the most current stores, payouts, and different part data, and it demonstrates a few "individuals" pulling back a big quantity of dollars.
People, there is no proof that any of these persons exist in any way or that this cash has truely been created and pulled back. To the extent we can tell, there are no glad individuals here, as we have gotten a lot of protests about this viral venture trick. The majority of the information we have introduced right here justifies itself with real evidence and it persuades that these alleged payouts are manufactured gibberish.
Basically the Invest Centre HYIP is just a hypothesis trick. It is a Ponzi format and it is meant to take as a lot of cash from the same quantity of men and women as humanly conceivable.
Who Runs The Luxearn HYIP?
All matters considered, this is some thing that we don't suppose about this Luxearn speculation framework. The precept website online is utterly bereft of records concerning this difficulty of possession and administration. At the give up of the day, whoever is walking this challenge trick does now not need us understanding their identity. On the off risk that you test the area for Luxearn.com, you will see that the data is both absolutely distorted or not handy for us to see. The truth is that you ought to in no way believe any type of speculation program which does now not discover organization information, for example, initiative and proprietorship.
How would you be capable to ever believe these folks with your nicely deserved cash on the off danger that you have no clue who is clearly walking the show? It in reality doesn't bode well, and the way that this Luxearn framework is both anonymous and nondescript suggests that something very dim is going on here. To the extent we can tell, these folks are now not to be confided at all. For what cause don't they need us understanding their identity? The excellent response is on the grounds that they intend to rip off every body who comes into contact with this Luxearn venture application.
The organization in the back of this challenge plot is known as Luxearn Proprietary LTD. The place recorded is ninety five PITT ST, SYDNEY NSW 2000, AUSTRALIA. The telephone wide variety recorded is 61290984492. The web page even ventures to such an intense as to furnish us with an Australian agency enlistment number, 622 973 960. We are likewise furnished with an e-mail address, which is CUSTOMERSUPPORT@LUXEARN.COM.
Folks, do you without a doubt experience that any of this data is true whatsoever. The way that this Luxearn framework is nameless and unremarkable should as of now give it away. For one, the e mail recorded doesn't work, or if nothing else no one at any factor composed again to utilize. Next, we had a go at calling the cellphone number, and obviously, it isn't in administration. Moreover, on the off risk that you seem into the recorded location, you will see that it honestly does no longer have a location with Luxearn Proprietary Limited.
To clear up, neither the FCS nor the FTC have a record of these folks. At the give up of the day, the employer enrollment variety for Australia is without a doubt sham. This company isn't virtually enlisted and it isn't licensed either. It has in reality no lawful expert or standing at all. This implies Luxearn Proprietary LTD isn't permitted to well known speculations for individuals, oversee cash, or make a contribution on the sake of others. This is truly now not a legitimate enterprise element and it should now not be working with accounts. The complete issue is genuinely fake and we in this manner can't confide in it at all.
How Does Luxearn Investment Software Work?
This is some other extremely suspicious phase of this Luxearn trick, the way that we are in no way honestly educated of how it absolutely attempts to vicinity cash in our pocket. The web page gives us some absolutely tangled and definitely accurate for nothing clarification with regards to the inward operations. We are knowledgeable that Luxearn programming creates cash by way of using propelled venture techniques and blockchain. Be that as it may, we are never suggested whether this Luxearn framework has to do with Forex, CFD, inventory exchanging, digital currencies, or anything else of the sort.
These people work to perfection at spitting words with masses of syllables, but the words themselves, on the off threat that you seem carefully, have no significance at all. It's a proper for nothing clarification that does not in any way help us recognize what is honestly going on here. It is definitely one more indication that something vague and illegal is going on with this Luxearn undertaking organization.
Does The Luxearn Investment Program Produce Profits?
Maybe the most observable trick aspect related with this Luxearn project stage is that it professes to provide up to 14,000% ROI inner 100 days. Do you absolutely think about this is conceivable? On the off risk that you contributed just $1,000, you would end up with $140,000 after only three months. Such a excessive ROI is simply incomprehensible with regards to this kind of thing. We have to put it alongside these lines, regardless of whether this Luxearn utility had been the authentic article and absolutely clarified how cash is created, these varieties of benefits are as yet unrealistic.
It is extraordinarily unlikely, now not even in a solidified damnation with flying pigs, that this kind of ROI would ever be produced, in particular now not with the aid of such a false venture corporation as this. We ought to likewise specify that we have effectively gotten a few grumblings about these fraudsters. From what we have been told, not a solitary man or woman to make a contribution cash here has gotten any type of ROI or benefits. Individuals have been getting ripped off as far lower back as this Luxearn framework grew to become out. It's really burglary and outrageous overpricing at its best.
We have to no longer overlook that this Luxearn framework is evidently a Ponzi plot. It ensures giant benefits, but by no means conveys them. In addition, it is likewise a fraudulent commercial enterprise model. These of us have a fake subsidiary program set up which ensures speculators up to 17% of the recreation in the match that they inspire others to contribute. Don't think about it any different way, because this Luxearn utility will take money from every body you allude, yet you won't ever have a look at that 17% commission. It is simply a ploy, an untruth supposed to sucker more persons into placing money into this speculation trick.
The Crypto Growth Hub hypothesis stage professes to be this extraordinary Bitcoin multiplying program that will supply you giant benefits. Evidently, we should certainly send these of us some Bitcoin, and they will twofold them for us in only quite a few days. Probably there is no charge for this administration and the benefits are a hundred percent ensured. Without a doubt, it sounds like a decent arrangement, alternatively can the Crypto Growth Hub application sincerely be trusted?
Presently, there are some truely difficult to understand angles to this Crypto Growth Hub program, ones that we can't in reality get over. There is really certainly no proof right here to help any of the cases made, regardless of whether it be in connection to the cryptographic money exchanging or conveyed benefits. Then again, we have located many trick elements which show that there is something illegal going on here. In any case, we are here nowadays doing this Crypto Growth Hub trick survey to find out exactly what is taking place here.
Besides, the Crypto Growth Hub company has to be enrolled and approved so as to work legitimately. All matters considered, this is a hypothesis firm. It isn't some thing that be feasible barring the best possible authorizing. All matters considered, on the off hazard that you test the US business vault, you will swiftly observe that this corporation isn't enrolled or authorized. To the extent the USA authorities is concerned, this Crypto Growth Hub organisation is whatever but a respectable enterprise element. As it were, it has no rights to take ventures from you.
One more warning that grew to become apparent here has to do with the Crypto Growth Hub purchaser tributes. Folks, these tributes on the website are absolutely counterfeit. They have been made through the specific identical con artists trying to move us this scam. The pix of the conventional populace who left tributes are in reality stolen or received stock pictures. They have been joined with arbitrary names to make imaginary personas. This is something that is outrightly self-evident. Folks, you absolutely can't confide in these Crypto Growth Hub purchaser tributes, no longer at all.
Crypto Growth Hub System – Profitable?
Obviously, the most fundamental part of any digital currency mission application is regardless of whether or not it is beneficial. All things considered, this Crypto Growth Hub guarantees that it takes the Bitcoin you send in, and exchanges it handy a huge number of instances over to make a benefit. What is extremely suspicious right here is that this speculation stage ensures benefits except a unhappy remnant of an uncertainty. This is incomprehensible.
People, changing reachable dependably consists of chance, and there is no hazard to get of comprehending what the ROI will resemble, or if there will be any advantages whatsoever. The Crypto Growth Hub framework is deceiving you via pronouncing that they can ensure benefits thru digital money exchanging. This is truely not how exchanging features and ensuring any measure of advantages is inconceivable.
In addition, these Crypto Growth Hub con artists guarantee that they don't cost cash for their administrations and that they don't take a cut. Precisely how these folks undergo in the event that they don't take any type of installment is previous us. The diagram of action, on the Crypto Growth Hub stop of things, does not bode well and is in reality unsustainable. This is different than the way that we have simply gotten large amounts of protests from persons who have been in a terrible way out of their Bitcoin by this Crypto Growth Hub trick.
The foremost warning which grew to be obvious about this Crypto Growth Hub HYIP has to do with the non-existent initiative. In the event that we are required to fork over our properly deserved cash to these folks, we actually need to understand who is responsible for everything. It appears like these hooligans have intentionally made a distinct effort to assurance that we never find out their identity. This is certifiably no longer a respectable sign, in such a case that this had been a authentic enterprise element, there would be no purpose at the back of the proprietors to cover up. This is a major indication that there is something surprisingly dim going on here, and we don't care for it one piece.
Along these lines, from what we can tell, this Crypto Growth Hub scam trick is to be certain an absolute sham. The employer isn't located in the USA as is guaranteed, in addition to the proprietors have stayed unknown. The web site is brimming with arbitrary facts that does not relate to this hypothesis framework by using any stretch of the imagination. The statistics that is given, for example, gain stages and interior things to do for instance, isn't legitimate in any way. Toward the day's end, the most important smart aspect to country about this Crypto Growth Hub assignment stage is that it is an absolute trick and you have to keep away from it no count number what.
The Libra Coin introductory coin supplying has been round for some time, and it is a trick now virtually like it was once the factor at which it used to be first discharged. This Libra Coin ICO cases to be the following massive element and you can of course make a vessel heap of money by inserting sources into it. The site makes some extraordinarily sturdy cases, and it looks sufficiently dependable. Nonetheless, in the tournament that you inspect it, matters speedy crumble and tumble to pieces. We are here doing this Libra Coin trick audit to discover precisely what is taking place here. How about we get to the base of things for the last time!
With regards to the duty for ICO, we are left totally in obscurity. The entire site, consisting of the essential page, the whitepaper, and the whole lot else, totally left out proprietorship and authority. People, this is a significant issue, one that we can solely with substantial effort get over. On the off danger that these people don't want us knowing their identity, for what purpose would it be a precise notion for us to confide in our properly deserved cash with them?
When you go over an ICO like this HYIP, you normally need to be aware of precisely whose palms your cash will be in. The predominant motivation behind why these criminals stay included up in a cowl of namelessness is on the grounds that they are conducting some thing very illicit. The organisation is a trick and the problem of is one massive exercising in parkway burglar. On the off risk that you don't comprehend who is responsible for any crypto ICO, don't put your cash into it.
Next, we likewise comprehend beyond a shadow of a doubt that this complete organisation isn't real at all. Regardless of whether or not it be in the UK, Australia, the USA, Canada, or anyplace else on the planet, no single country has a report of the presence of this organization. At the give up of the day, the Libra Coin ICO is certifiably no longer a real organization, and it is honestly now not enlisted, in no single country on this planet.
By and by, this is a big issue. On the off threat that it's anything but a true company and has no authentic remaining, in any event in no authentic sense, at that point it can in this way moreover now not be authorized. People, this Libra Coin ICO has actually no official expert. This implies it isn't working interior the bounds of the law. It has no directly to profess to be a actual ICO, a business, and it simply has no immediately to well known money from individuals. It's each one of the an enormous sham. On the off risk that the enterprise isn't genuine, the complete aspect just goes into disrepair.
The whitepaper of any ICO ought to uncover indispensable data. Organization possession, the sketch of action, an profits scale, and these different fun things ought to be incorporated. Nonetheless, that isn't what you get with the Libra Coin whitepaper. Basically, it's one colossal heap of fertilizer. It has neither rhyme nor reason. It is brimming with falsehoods. It doesn't supply us any profitable or crucial data. The Libra Coin whitepaper is a entire joke and it isn't even well worth taking a gander at. It's now not through any potential really worth the money it would take to print out the measly measure of pages it covers.
Moreover, the Libra Coin ICO actually has all the earmarks of being a fraudulent business model. There is a referral framework set up here. This referral framework has four levels. Inside and out, on the off danger that you encourage ample humans to contribute thru you, you ought to have the potential to get round 40% of their all out ventures. All matters considered, in any tournament this is the case. Presently, a fraudulent enterprise model like this isn't sincerely illicit, yet it absolutely does now not move certainty.
Additionally, it would be first-class if men and women sincerely gotten the assured commissions, however they don't. We have gotten a number of grumblings from people who inspired others to make a contribution via them. No one has definitely gotten any form of fee from this Libra Coin referral program. In this manner, with regards to this referral framework, the Libra Coin ICO is misleading people and taking section in false promoting. This is easily now not lawful, not in the scarcest.
Something distinct that we can say with complete sureness about this Libra Coin ICO is that it is a Ponzi conspire. Truly, there are a few beginning financial experts who recovered a couple of bucks in returns. Be that as it may, even these folks are a lengthy way from incomes lower back the authentic investment on their venture. Moreover, no one who has contributed as of late has recovered any type of cash, now not much.
This is an exemplary Ponzi conspire. The criminals in control are taking a giant component of the money for themselves. They pay tiny totals to monetary experts who put without delay at the outset, just to preserve confidence up. Be that as it may, all matters considered, no one will make a benefit. Ponzi plans like this really are no longer feasible via any stretch of the imagination. They all implode in the end. By and by, on the off chance that you make a contribution money with this Libra Coin commencing coin offering, you will lose everything.
At the point when all is said and done, basically you ought to never make contributions cash with this Libra Coin starting coin advertising. The vendors of this non-existent and completely illicit organisation are escaped locate. The whitepaper is a wreck, with clearly no practical marketable approach or gain display. To finish everything off, it is a incredible Ponzi conspire and a fraudulent commercial enterprise mannequin folded into one. Regardless of which way you see it, contributing money here is sincerely now not justified, in spite of any viable benefits.
Have you caught wind of multiplying your Bitcoins? Here doublebitcoin.io cases to twofold your Bitcoin interest in 24 hours. Sounds pipe dream? Evidently, with doublebitcoin.io you will get back 100% of your bitcoin venture around the same time itself. On the off chance that you have question about doublebitcoin.io program better avoid it. Our DoubleBitcoin.io audit causes you get rid of all trick bitcoin venture programs from great ones.
All kind of bitcoin venture tricks are around nowadays, for example, bitcoin exchanging trick, bitcoin multiplying trick, bitcoin speculation trick and so forth. Larger part have the expectation of plundering cash from honest individuals. DoubleBitcoin.io program is likewise in the suspicious rundown. Thus we chose to examine further. Our further examination uncovers that DoubleBitcoin.io is a trick and not put your well deserved cash in this multiplying diversion.
DoubleBitcoin.io Review; What Is DoubleBitcoin.io Program?
DoubleBitcoin.io cases to be an incredible method to contribute bitcoins and twofold your Bitcoin interest in 24 hours. Is DoubleBitcoin.io is the best alternative with regards to multiplying or increasing your bitcoin ventures?
As indicated by DoubleBitcoin.io, "Moment installment following 24 hours and twofold your bitcoin +100% in 24 Hours. Min – 0.000050 BTC | Max – Unlimited. Enter your accepting Bitcoin wallet address and twofold your bitcoins".
Do you truly trust this? The general population behind the program are genuine evildoers. These tricksters, who are criminals can't uncover their actual personality since they are giving bogus guarantees of making you tycoon quick. Apparently, you can twofold your interest in 24 hours is the greatest lie. The truth of the matter is, your cash will vanish the minute you store. Evildoers are running the show, at that point how to anticipate benefit? As a matter of fact exchanging digital money is certified, yet not with DoubleBitcoin.io program. Multiplying cash with Bitcoin venture is an outright lie and is a method for catching individuals to contribute cash.
How Does DoubleBitcoin.io Program Work?
Obviously, in DoubleBitcoin you don't need to sign contracts. There are no banks and no borrowers. Truth be told, everything is exceptionally straightforward: one member requests help — alternate makes a difference. All benefits are given by new ventures. As per them, at DoubleBitcoin you can screen and pursue all stores and payouts of any client continuously whenever.
Be that as it may, would you say you are extremely going to profit with the speculation plan they referenced? They have not referenced the exchanging methodologies included, and the sort of pointers utilized, and about the calculation they use. These convicts are associated with specific intermediaries. Alongside trick handles their goal is simply to take cash from individuals. No where is referenced about the permitting and without appropriate documentation they can't just gather cash from individuals.
Furthermore,to make a venture you should initially turn into an individual from DoubleBitcoin.io program. When you are joined, you can make your first store. All stores must be made through the individuals region. You can login utilizing the part username and secret key you get when information exchange. All things considered, they never referenced in the DoubleBitcoin.io site how it truly functions. Since DoubleBitcoin.io is a trick program, you can never twofold your interest in 24 hours. Generally speaking DoubleBitcoin.io program is a demonstrated trick.
Is DoubleBitcoin.io a Ponzi Scheme?
The most amazing actuality about DoubleBitcoin.io program is stunning benefit returns. The exact truth in the site they referenced twofold your interest in 24 hours is unquestionably not true.This is to entice individuals hoping to profit. No program can give this ROI. Your underlying store is away for ever. In general DoubleBitcoin.io program isn't a genuine program. The email contact and address are on the whole phony. These individuals are a bundle of convicts. Besides, DoubleBitcoin.io program gives half associate commission. As per DoubleBitcoin.io program, "Get a high half commission in a flash paid to your wallet from each associate store. Installments are in a flash paid out to your wallet." This is the confirmation of ponzi plot. Just giving improbable benefit is to pick up the trust from individuals. Helpless individuals will effectively get bulldozed by it. As indicated by them, any sum under 0.000050 btc will be considered as gift, and won't reflect as a substantial store! Truly, DoubleBitcoin.io program isn't genuine and is a ponzi conspire.
In DoubleBitcoin.io site surveys given are for the most part phony. In any case, nobody is going to profit with this product, since Double Bitcoin io program is a trick. It's not possible for anyone to twofold your bitcoin interest in 24 hours. In the event that you utilize this product you can never purchase costly vehicles, huge houses and go for occasions. You can never turn into a mogul. Actually, you will lose cash. Whatever the underlying venture additionally you can't get back. This is unquestionably a sham program. Profiting with Bitcoin is real yet not with this program. Before you begin contributing with any product, read the greatest number of surveys as you can. This will assist you with staying far from con artists who are giving bogus guarantees of making you rich medium-term.
Exchanging with solid merchants is critical. Since Double Bitcoin io is a trick Crypto venture programming, they are unquestionably partnered with counterfeit dealers. It means that fleeting speculation programs. Check the validness of the specialists previously you contribute your cash with merchants. Learning diverse exchanging procedures joined with the involvement in exchanging, you can profit. The issue with parallel alternatives and Forex/crypto exchanging individuals will in general get covetous. These trick auto dealers are pointing such individuals who will fall for income sans work. We are here to assist individuals with avoiding falling for such tricks. We have uncovered such huge numbers of trick programming endeavoring to take cash from individuals.
Determination is Double Bitcoin io is a trick and not a dependable bitcoin venture program. Rather utilize our prescribed Crypto and Binary Options exchanging programming, where you can profit.
Verdict: Double Bitcoin Io is a scam ; Thread at your OWN peril!


text:
Powerball Numbers, Ottieni informazioni su Powerball Numbers, questo sito ti aiuterà con informazioni.
Powerball Numbers | Latest Results
https://www.powerball.net/numbers
Powerball Numbers. This page is updated with the latest Powerball numbers soon after each drawing has taken place. Winning numbers are displayed in ascending order. If you would like to see them in the order in which they were drawn, please select the 'Payouts' button under each result. On the subsequent page you will be able to view a full ...
Home | Powerball
https://www.powerball.com
Powerball® costs $2 per play. Select five numbers from 1 to 69 for the white balls; then select one number from 1 to 26 for the red Powerball. Choose your numbers on a play slip or let the lottery terminal randomly pick your numbers. The Powerball jackpot grows until it is won. Players win a prize by matching one of the 9 Ways to Win.
Powerball Winning Numbers and latest results - Lottery.net
https://www.lottery.net/powerball/numbers
Powerball Winning Numbers. Here you can find the most recent Powerball numbers and results. Click the "Prize Payout" button for details on the number of winners, payout amounts and the jackpot winning state for any draw. If you're looking for older results, you can scroll to the bottom and click "View Past Powerball Numbers".
Powerball Numbers | Draw Results
https://www.lottonumbers.com/powerball
On this page you'll find the most recent Powerball numbers from the latest 10 draws. Results are updated right after the draw is held every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday evening at 10:59 PM EST in Tallahassee, Florida. Check the numbers to find out if you've hit the jackpot or if it's rolled over. You can also follow the links to see the ...
Powerball Lottery USA
https://www.lotteryusa.com/powerball
Everything you need to know about the Powerball lottery, including winning numbers, prizes, how to play, ticket cost, and draw schedules.
Powerball Numbers for July 30 2022
https://www.powerball.net/numbers/2022-07-30
07-30-2022. You can find the Powerball Numbers for Saturday, July 30, 2022 displayed here in both drawn order and ascending order for you to check your ticket against. The payouts for each prize level are shown for both the normal draw and if you played with the Powerplay. Information about the winners and payouts in each state are shown at the ...
Winning Numbers Pop Out | Powerball
https://www.powerball.com/winning-numbers-pop-out
Estimated Jackpot $100 Million Cash Value: $56.7 Million. Countdown to Drawing Results pending. Winning Numbers – Aug 22, 2022. 12.
New York (NY) Powerball - Winning Numbers & Results
https://www.powerball.net/new-york/numbers
61. 64. 21. The latest New York Powerball draw took place on Monday August 22nd 2022, offering a jackpot worth $90 Million. See the winning numbers from the draw, including which Power Play was selected, right here. New York Winners. 21,645. All States Total Winners. 276,487.
Powerball Numbers for August 20, 2022, Saturday's jackpot was $80 million
https://www.newsweek.com/powerball-numbers-august-20-2022-saturdays-jackpot-was-80...
The Powerball jackpot for August 20, 2022 was $80 million, and here are the winning numbers from Saturday night's drawing. The numbers drawn Saturday night were 05, 09, 11, 16 and 66 for the white ...
Florida Powerball Numbers
https://www.powerball.net/florida/numbers
Double Play Result: 16. 37. 53. 56. 63. 22. The latest Florida Powerball draw took place on Monday August 15th 2022, offering a jackpot worth $57.1 Million. See the winning numbers from the draw, including which Power Play was selected, right here.
Powerball Results | Australia's Official Lotteries | The Lott
https://www.thelott.com/powerball/results
Number Frequencies for Powerball. Looking for the most or least common Powerball numbers? Check out our statistics below. It's important to note that Powerball is a game of chance where all numbers are drawn randomly. Each number has an equal chance of being drawn.
Powerball winning numbers for Saturday, Aug. 27, 2022
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/powerball-winning-numbers-for-saturday-aug-27-2022/...
Here are the Powerball winning numbers for Saturday, Aug. 27, 2022: 2 - 18 - 56 - 60 - 65 and Powerball 14. Powerplay was 3x. Start the day smarter. Get all the news you need in your inbox each ...
Tennessee (TN) Powerball - Winning Numbers & Results
https://www.powerball.net/tennessee/numbers
49. 51. 6. The latest Tennessee Powerball draw took place on Saturday August 27th 2022, offering a jackpot worth $116.5 Million. See the winning numbers from the draw, including which Power Play was selected, right here. Tennessee Winners. 8,977. All States Total Winners. 481,836.
Powerball Lottery | Powerball Jackpot Winning Numbers and Results
https://powerballjackpot.org
In Powerball, there are to types of numbers, First are five numbers of white balls, they are main numbers, and second is one red ball number and that is known as Power Ball. Main five numbers can be chosen between 1 to 69. And the one Power Ball number can be chosen between 1 to 26. You have to match all 6 numbers to win a Powerball Jackpot.
Powerball - Latest Draw Results | Oz Lotteries
https://www.ozlotteries.com/powerball/results
The Powerball number is the last number to be drawn. It is drawn from its own pool of twenty numbers and acts as an addition to the regular numbers. There are nine divisions for Powerball results, six of them including a correct Powerball number as a requirement. Choosing the correct Powerball number along with at least two correct main numbers ...
Powerball Payouts | Prizes Chart including Double Play
https://powerball-megamillions.com/powerball/payouts
View the Powerball payout chart for the latest drawing, held on Wednesday, August 24, 2022. The winning numbers are displayed first, followed by the Double Play results. The prize table below shows the number of winners for each category, from the jackpot down to the payout for matching just 1 number, the Powerball.
Powerball Results History - Lotto
https://www.lotto.co.za/powerball
Powerball Number Generator. Did you know that every number has the same chances to win in the next draw? Try our random number generator to quickly create a selection of your lucky numbers. SA Powerball Generator SA Powerball Rules and How to Play. To enter the SA Powerball, choose any five numbers from 1 to 50 - and an extra number from 1 to 20.
Powerball Numbers for August 27, 2022, Saturday's jackpot Was $115 million
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/powerball-numbers-for-august-27-2022-saturdays...
Powerball Numbers for August 20, 2022, Saturday's Jackpot Was $80 Million; Start your unlimited Newsweek trial. Continue Reading Show full articles without "Continue Reading" button for {0} hours.
Double Play | Powerball
https://www.powerball.com/games/double-play
Double Play and Powerball both have winning numbers drawn from the same two pools of numbers: five numbers are drawn from the first pool of numbers 1-69, and one Powerball number is drawn from a pool of 1-26. Players are trying to match the same set of numbers on their ticket in both the Powerball® and Double Play® drawings.
FAQs | Powerball
https://www.powerball.com/faqs
Most players think the odds of matching the Powerball to win a prize are 1 in 26, since the Powerball is drawn from a field of numbers from 1 to 26. But consider this… The odds of matching the Powerball ALONE are harder than 1 in 26, because there is also the chance you could match one or more white balls, in addition to the Powerball, to win another prize.
Winner Stories | Powerball
https://www.powerball.com/winner-stories
May 13, 2022. LANSING, Mich. – A Royal Oak woman is still in a daze after winning a $500,000 Powerball prize from the Michigan Lottery. Deborah Berschbach, 54, matched the five white balls – 14-22-38-56-60– in the May 7 Powerball Double Play drawing to win a $500,000 prize. She bought her winning ticket at Star Market, located at 1806 ...
Powerball Winning Numbers June 29: Check Your Ticket; There Was A $366 ...
https://www.ibtimes.com/powerball-winning-numbers-june-29-check-your-ticket-there-was...
The jackpot, which was the fourth Powerball lottery won this year, saw a single winning ticket sold in Vermont. The winning numbers drawn on Wednesday, June 29, were 8, 40, 49, 58, 63, with a red ...
Powerball Past Winning Numbers - 2022 - MichiganLotteryNumbers.com
https://michiganlotterynumbers.com/powerball/numbers/2022
Powerball Past Winning Numbers - 2022. You can find all of the past Powerball winning numbers for 2022 below. Select a date to get more detailed Powerball results for Michigan and to see what happened in that drawing. You can also view more Powerball archives by year if you want to find more past numbers.
Powerball Winning Numbers for August 27, 2022
https://michiganlotterynumbers.com/powerball/numbers/08-27-2022
The Michigan Powerball numbers for Saturday, August 27, 2022 are shown below. You can view the winning numbers for the regular drawing and the Double Play drawing, followed by a table of all the prize payouts. If you have chosen to play with the Power Play option, you can view the prize amounts for each tier in the second half of the payout table.
Powerball Past Winning Numbers | Powerball Numbers Checker
https://powerball.us.org/lottery-usa-powerball-past-winnning-numbers-checker
If you matched all 6 numbers then you win a Jackpot. But if you match only few numbers then you have to check Powerball Payout page to know how much you won.. If you want to know the numbers which are winning very frequently then you can check Powerball Statistics page. There we have done a detailed analysis of Numbers which will help you to choose the right numbers for your next ticket.
133,000 risultati
Powerball-numbers risposte?
Vedi risultati per powerball-numbers
Web 133,000 risultati
Powerball 43 risultati - Cerca Invece Powerball
Numbers 42 risultati - Cerca Invece Numbers
Number 17 risultati - Cerca Invece Number
Powerball numbers 9 risultati - Cerca Invece Powerball Numbers
Power ball 2 risultati - Cerca Invece Power Ball
tld risultati za
Lingue en
Powerball (net) Numbers
Lottery (net) Numbers
Lottonumbers (com) Powerball
Lotteryusa (com) Powerball
Powerball (net) 2022 07 30
Powerball (com) Winning Numbers Pop Out
Newsweek (com) Powerball Numbers August 20 2022 Saturdays Jackpot Was 80 Million 1735440
Thelott (com) Results
Msn (com) Ar AA11b2nJ
Ozlotteries (com) Results
Powerball-megamillions (com) Payouts
Lotto (za) Powerball
Msn (com) Ar AA11cOml
Powerball (com) Double Play
Powerball (com) Faqs
Powerball (com) Winner Stories
Ibtimes (com) Powerball Winning Numbers June 29 Check Your Ticket There Was 3667m Jackpot Winner 3557940
Michiganlotterynumbers (com) 2022
Michiganlotterynumbers (com) 08 27 2022
Us (org) Lottery Usa Powerball Past Winnning Numbers Checker
Wikipedia (org) Powerball
Powerball numbers winning number play jackpot drawn draw august drawing prize saturday numbers. latest five find power double view white lottery payout results right check including ticket page select balls matching past wednesday know million. winners. match.


Remember how we wrote letters to each other once upon a time? I remember back in boarding school, how I would always make a note of my friends' home addresses so I could write to them in the summer holidays. And it always felt great to get one back. That made me smile all day.
But what was the point of writing those letters? To stay connected!
Sadly, hardly any of us write handwritten letters anymore. In this day and age, most of us stay connected using emails, social networks (Facebook, Instagram), messaging apps (WhatsApp, Viber, Snapchat, etc) and other online channels.
The same goes for businesses. Most businesses, particularly online business, moved away from direct mailing and adapting online methods like emails, social media marketing and messaging apps to stay connected with their propects and customers.
And yes, even in this day and age (with Facebook, WhatsApp, Snapchat and the likes), email marketing is still relevant for all businesses. Whether you want to generate leads for your business, nurture and engage with prospects who are interested in your business or convert readers into buyers, email marketing is the way to go.
Why should you read this email marketing guide?
I have sent over 2 million emails in the last three years. Surely I would have learnt a thing or two. Actually, a couple more. And by doing so, I have found it to be one of the most reliable lead nurturing methods out there.
In this email marketing guide, I'll be sharing ways in which you can nurture your leads and best practices of doing so. Whether you are new to email marketing, an intermediate or a pro, this guide has something for everyone.
When I started email marketing for LeadSquared about four years ago, I struggled quite a bit. (I used to and still send out email invites for the LeadSquared webinars). The email open and click rates for my emails were pretty low. So I tried different things, tested variations, modified the language and sure enough, some things clicked. And I know that because our webinar registrations gradually went up. So clearly, I did something right. Here's my attempt at simplifying email marketing for you as well.


IAG's Stage 4 Cylinder Head Package utilizes a CNC porting program for the S20 heads that was developed over the past five years and tested on the most successful high-horsepower Subaru's. The ported head package starts with brand new S20 2002-05 WRX OEM head castings directly from Subaru of America. The bare castings are visually inspected then fixtured into our in-house Centroid 5-axis CNC Machine one of the most advanced precision engine machining equipment in the world. The Centroid CNC ports the intake and hard to reach exhaust "dog-leg" port runner. The benefit of CNC porting is not only an efficient way of machining the heads it also offers consistent port results that are hard to achieve by hand. Once the Centroid completes the port process the heads receive our combustion chamber modification (depending on option choice) in which the shapes of the chamber are machined to reduce compression and improve the burn path. The heads then undergo a cam clearance machining process that removes material from the lifter area where large duration cam profiles are known to contact the castings. Short after the heads are drilled to fit larger 1/2″ or 14mm head studs which are commonly used in high horsepower builds. Next the OEM guides are pressed out and replaced in favor of GSC Manganese-Bronze valve guides that are shaped to improve airflow. Once all the new intake and exhaust guides are in place they are diamond honed in our honing station. The heads are then fixtured in our Serdi 3.0 Valve Guide and Seat Machine to cut all intake and exhaust seat with multi-angle valve job that suits the flow characteristics of GSC's 1mm valves. At this point the heads decks are resurfaced using our TS-3000 BlockMate that cuts the aluminum to a smooth even finish. After resurfacing the heads are ultrasonically cleaned to remove debris and oils from the machining process. The heads are then reassembled using your choice of GSC Billet S2 or S3 camshafts. The Stage 2 cams are intended for vehicles making 500 wheel horsepower while the Stage 3's are for drag racing applications intending to make 700 wheel horsepower. During final assembly the cams are matched to GSC Beehive Valve Springs and Retainers along with GSC Viton stem seals then bench-lashed to a tolerance that is close to final specifications. Stage 4 Ported Head Package Includes: (x2) Brand New Subaru OEM S20 Cylinder Head Castings (x8) GSC 37mm ( 1mm) Intake Valves (x8) GSC 33mm ( 1mm) SuperAlloy Exhaust Valves (x16) GSC Beehive Springs & Retainers (x16) GSC Manganese-Bronze Valve Guides (x16) GSC Valve Stem Seals (x16) OEM Lifter Buckets Your choice of GSC S2 or GSC S3 Billet Camshafts IAG Performance CNC Porting Multi-Angle Valve Job Drilling for compatibility with ? or 14mm Head Studs Cam Clearancing Resurface Ultrasonic Cleaning Bench Lashed Additional Options: IAG Combustion Chamber Modification Machining GSC Camshaft Specs: S2 Billet Cam is intended for 500 WHP 7020S2	ADV Duration	Duration @ 0.040″	Peak Lift	Center Line Intake	272	234	10.25mm	110 Exhaust	272	234	10.25mm	115 S3 Billet Cam is intended for 700 WHP 7020S3	ADV Duration	Duration @ 0.040″	Peak Lift	Center Line Intake	280	241	11.20mm	110 Exhaust	280	240	11.20mm	115 Recommendations / Warranty: Final lash will need to be set upon the long blocks assembly. Assembly and professional installation recommended. Workmanship/parts warranty will only be available for professionally installed cylinder heads.