text:
Are Jews Smarter?
By Jennifer Senior
What's Larry David's evidence for his exceptional brainpower? "To be paranoid, you need a very good imagination." Photo: Jill Greenberg
This story begins, as it inevitably must, in the Old Country.
At some point during the tenth century, a group of Jews abandoned the lush hills of Lucca, Italy, and—at the invitation of Charlemagne—headed for the severer climes of the Rhineland and Northern France. These Jews didn't have a name for themselves, at first. They were tied together mostly by kinship. But ultimately, they became known as Ashkenazim, a variation on the Hebrew word for one of Noah's grandsons.
In some ways, life was good for the Jews in this strange new place. They'd been lured there on favorable terms, with promises of physical protection, peaceful travel, and the ability to adjudicate their own quarrels. (The charter of Henry IV, dated 1090, includes this assurance: "If anyone shall wound a Jew, but not mortally, he shall pay one pound of gold … If he is unable to pay the prescribed amount … his eyes will be put out and his right hand cut off.") But in other ways, life was difficult. The Ashkenazim couldn't own land. They were banned from the guilds. They were heavily taxed.
Yet the Ashkenazim did very well, in spite of these constraints, because they found an ingenious way to adapt to their new environment that didn't rely on physical labor. What they noticed, as they set up their towns, located mainly at the crossroads of trade routes, was that there was no one around to lend money.
So there it was: a demand and a new supplier. Because of the Christian prohibition against usury, Jews found themselves a financially indispensable place in their new home, extending loans to peasants, tradesmen, knights, courtiers, even the occasional monastery. The records from these days are scarce. But where they exist, they are often startling. In 1270, for example, 80 percent of the 228 adult Jewish males in Perpignan, France, made their living lending money to their Gentile neighbors, according to Marcus Arkin's Aspects of Jewish Economic History. One of the most prolific was a rabbi. Two others were identified, in the notarial records, as "poets."
Success at money-lending required a different set of skills than farming or any of the traditional trades. Some, surely, were social: cultivating connections, winning over trust (or maybe bullying your way there, Shylock's awful pound of flesh). It probably required some aggression, because the field was competitive, with Jews suffering so few professional options. But it also required cognitive skills, or something my generation would call numeracy—a fluency in mathematics, a dexterity with numbers—and my grandmother's generation would call "a head for figures." If you were Jewish in Perpignan in 1270, and you didn't have a head for figures, you didn't stand much of a chance.
Numeracy, literacy, critical reasoning: For millennia, these have been the currency of Jewish culture, the stuff of Talmudic study, immigrant success, and Borscht Belt punch lines. Two Jews, three opinions … Keep practicing, you'll thank me later … Q: When does a Jewish fetus become a human? A: When it graduates from medical school.
Of course, there's another side to this shining coin. Jewish cleverness has also been an enduring feature of anti-Semitic paranoia. In the sixteenth century, Martin Luther said Jewish doctors were so smart they could develop a poison that could kill Christians in a single day—or any other time period of their choosing (and four centuries later, Pravda suggested Jewish doctors were spies sent to kill Stalin). After the calamities of September 11, one of the creepier conspiracy theories to whip through the Muslim world was the idea that only Jews were cunning enough to have pulled off the hijackings.
Last summer, Henry Harpending, an evolutionary anthropologist at the University of Utah, and Gregory Cochran, an independent scholar with a flair for controversy, skipped cheerfully into the center of this minefield. The two shopped around a paper that tried to establish a genetic argument for the fabled intelligence of Jews. It contended that the diseases most commonly found in Ashkenazim—particularly the lysosomal storage diseases, like Tay-Sachs—were likely connected to and, indeed, in some sense responsible for outsize intellectual achievement in Ashkenazi Jews. The paper contained references, but no footnotes. It was not written in the genteel, dispassionate voice common to scientific inquiries but as a polemic. Its science was mainly conjecture. Most American academics expected the thing to drop like a stone.
It didn't. The Journal of Biosocial Science, published by Cambridge University Press, posted it online and agreed to run it in its bi-monthly periodical sometime in 2006. The New York Times, The Economist, and several Jewish publications risked their reputations to legitimize it. Today, the paper has a lively presence on the Internet—type "Ashkenazi" into Google and the first hit is the Wikipedia entry, where the article gets pride of place.
From top, Dr. Henry Harpending and Dr. Gregory Cochran. Photo: From top, courtesy of Henry Harpending; courtesy of Gregory Cochran
Ascribing an ethnic or racial explanation to any trait more ambiguous than skin color is by definition a dangerous idea, the kind of notion that can seep into the political arena with disastrous consequences. Institutionalized racism has always found sanction in the scientific community, from eminent biologist Louis Agassiz's racial typologies justifying slavery in the 1850s, to the Nazi scientists' depraved use of calipers to establish Jewish inferiority, to psychologist Arthur Jensen's call in the sixties to stop funding Head Start because most of its poor, black recipients were intrinsically uncoachable.
We may consider ourselves the products of a new, more enlightened age, and scientists may carry on with more sensitivity than they did in the past. Yet to invoke the genome as an explanation for anything more complicated than illness or the most superficial traits (like skin color) is still considered taboo, as Harvard president Larry Summers discovered when he suggested the reason for so few female math and science professors might lurk in scribbles of feminine DNA (rather than, say, the hostile climes of the classroom, the diminished expectations of women's parents, or a curious cultural receptivity to Pamela Anderson's charms).
For this reason, and the fact that it did not meet the standards of traditional scientific scholarship, Harpending and Cochran's paper attracted a barrage of criticism from mainstream geneticists, historians, and social scientists.
"It's bad science—not because it's provocative, but because it's bad genetics and bad epidemiology," says Harry Ostrer, head of NYU's human-genetics program.
"I see no positive impact from this," says Neil Risch, one of the few geneticists who's dipped his oar into the treacherous waters of race and genetics. "When the guys at the University of Utah said they'd discovered cold fusion, did that have a positive impact?"
"I'd actually call the study bullshit," says Sander Gilman, a historian at Emory University, "if I didn't feel its idea were so insulting."
Cochran mirthfully bats their complaints away. "I don't see what the big deal is here," he says when I reach him at his New Mexico home. "I haven't actually told people how to make a hydrogen bomb out of baking soda in their garages."
But there's no question that Cochran and Harpending knew what they were doing. They were advancing a theory with a patina of sexiness and political incorrectness, one that would generate a good deal of discussion. And that it did. Some of that discussion was positive, and some was not, as one might expect. That's always the problem with theories that exploit stereotypes—they're titillating, sure, but also handy refuges for the intellectually lazy. The trick is not to harden and grow cold as we turn backward, as sure as Lot's wife.
"Albert Einstein is reputed to have said that 'Things should be described as simply as possible, but no simpler,' " reads the first sentence of Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence. "The same principle must be invoked in explaining Einstein himself." The authors, clearly, have no fear of getting personal. Einstein, they seem to be saying. Need we say more? The man whose very name is a shorthand for genius was an Ashkenazi Jew.
The world's proliferation of Einsteins—well, maybe not Einsteins exactly, but distinguished Jewish thinkers, particularly in math and the sciences—form the stark, quantifiable basis for Cochran and Harpending's hypothesis. Though Jews make up a mere 0.25 percent of the world's population and a mere 3 percent of the United States', they account, according to their paper, for 27 percent of all American Nobel Prize winners, 25 percent of all ACM Turing Award winners for computer science, and 50 percent of the globe's chess champions. (What the paper doesn't say is that these numbers seem to be tallied for optimum Jewishness, counting as Jews those who have as few as one Jewish grandparent to claim; it also wrongly assumes these winners are all Ashkenazim. But still.) Cochran and Harpending also cite studies claiming that Ashkenazim have the highest IQ of any ethnic group for which there's reliable data, perhaps as much as a full standard deviation above the general European average, which means, at the far end of the spectrum, that 23 per thousand Ashkenazim have an IQ over 140, as opposed to 4 per thousand Northern Europeans.
Reading these numbers, I was reminded of a story a friend once told me about a peer of his at Cambridge who wearily dismissed the intellect of another student with a five-word declaration: "Just your average Jewish genius."
Most social scientists—and biological scientists, for that matter—would argue that a complex combination of culture, history, and religious tradition has been responsible for the steady, metronomic production of average Jewish geniuses. Cochran and Harpending make a different case.
Their reasoning is straightforward enough: If the gene mutations responsible for diseases in Ashkenazim didn't confer some evolutionary selective advantage, they wouldn't persist. Cochran and Harpending liken these defective genes to the genes in Africans that often deform hemoglobin. Carrying one copy of the gene, most research suggests, helps ward off malaria—surely an adaptive advantage. Two copies, however, cause sickle-cell anemia.
Cochran and Harpending reasoned the same must be true of the genes that cause illness among Ashkenazi Jews, particularly the four that cause mutations in the enzymes responsible for breaking down fats: Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick, Gaucher disease, and mucolipidosis type IV. Two copies cause devastating illness, but one, they speculate, mutely aids the carrier.
How? By enhancing intelligence. Without this extra edge, they hypothesize, the Ashkenazim would never have survived. The Jews "experienced unusual selective pressures that were likely to have favored increased intelligence," they say. "Their jobs were cognitively demanding, since they were essentially restricted to entrepreneurial and managerial roles as financiers, estate managers, tax farmers, and merchants. These are jobs that people with an IQ below 100 essentially cannot do."
"I have a stack of books, like four feet high, on all metabolic diseases," Cochran tells me. "And the four sphingolipid diseases affecting Ashkenazi Jews"—the ones he and Harpending believe enhance intelligence—"are all in the same chapter. That's like one in 100,000 odds. People could say it's chance, I suppose—in the same way it's chance that 27 percent of all of those guys go to Stockholm every year."
There's scant physical evidence for this assumption. But what the authors found was intriguing. Among the papers they unearthed were studies by Steven Walkley, a neuroscientist at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, that showed growth of additional dendrites in the tissues of humans and cats with Tay-Sachs and Niemann-Pick. They also cite a 1995 study in the Journal of Biological Chemistry that shows increased neural growth in the brains of rats with Gaucher disease. The authors decided to contact Ari Zimran, the head of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem. It turns out that 81 of his 255 working-age patients have jobs that require, by the author's estimates, an IQ of at least 120. Twenty-three are engineers, and fourteen are scientists—a number that, if it were consistent with the Israeli workforce, should be just six.
Yet there are many who'd find a very different way of explaining the intelligence of these patients. They wouldn't invoke their extra dendrites. They'd invoke their mothers. To say that the Jews have a history of emphasizing scholarship is not just the fantasy of ethnic chauvinists and Woody Allen fans. To look at a single page of the Talmud is to understand this, with its main text at the center, its generations of rabbis arguing around the rim. The dialectic and critical reasoning are at its core.
Growing up, most children in Jewish households are at least vaguely aware of their intellectual aristocracy—who do you think was counting all those Nobel Prize winners? The Swedes?—and if it's not the intellectuals they're aware of, it's the high-achieving Jews, the ones who killed on Dick Cavett, played lead guitar, helmed the Starship Enterprise. (The one season I attended Sunday school, one of my first assignments was to find the name of a Jewish celebrity; when I returned the following week with the name of Beverly Sills, rather than Gene Simmons, my teacher didn't find it the least bit strange.) All minorities have their private halls of fame, of course, but it was a Jew, Adam Sandler, who took this obsessive curatorial tendency and set it to music. "David Lee Roth lights the menorah / So do James Caan, Kirk Douglas, and the late Dinah Shore-ah … "
It's staggering what an emphasis on scholarship, both secular and religious, combined with a history of relentless displacement will do. One could argue it's a near-certain recipe for achievement. Just last month, Sherwin Nuland, author of How We Die, wrote a meticulous, almost pointillist essay for The New Republic explaining why Jewish doctors have been held in high esteem for centuries. (The title of the article: "My Son, the Doctor.") He notes that physical healing has always been privileged by Jewish scripture, and therefore became the province of learned rabbis, the apotheosis of whom was Maimonides. If the Jews were expelled from a particular country, as they so often were, they could take their profession with them—medicine was divinely portable.
From there, Nuland draws on the work of John Efron, a historian at the University of California at Berkeley, pointing out that once universities opened their doors to Jews, much of the Jewish emphasis on scholarship shifted from the religious to the secular, partly as a result of their tremendous desire for social respectability. At the fin de siècle, for example, Jews made up a mere 1 percent of the German population, but they made up 50 percent of all the doctors in Berlin and 60 percent of all the doctors in Vienna. "It had to do with emerging from the ghetto," says Efron, author of Medicine and the German Jews: A History. "There were enormous social pressures to succeed—part of the emancipation process was to show that Jews were good Europeans, good Austrians, and medicine was a universal, non-parochial science, where the barriers to entry were low but the prestige was enormously high. It's the same pattern you're seeing in the United States today, if you have a look at medical-school acceptances: There are much larger numbers of Asian and Indian students." Numbers from the American Association of Medical Colleges bear this out: Today, 18 percent of all med students are Asian, as opposed to 6 percent just a dozen years ago.
"I have always believed that the smartest people in the world are Asians," declares Ed Koch, former mayor of New York (and, let's face it, a pretty smart Ashkenazi Jew). "If you look at the special schools in New York City, they have so many. I think Stuyvesant's 40 percent Asian now, and Bronx Science is 50"—actually, 53 and 49 percent—"so this paper is something I question."
Jews have long debated the origin and nature of intelligence. In Kaddish, his beautiful book of aphorisms and ruminations about the rite of mourning, Leon Wieseltier notes that Rabbi Akiva postulated in the second century that sons inherit not just wealth, beauty, and strength from their fathers, but wisdom. Centuries later, Maimonides came to the opposite conclusion: It's "great exertion" that makes us who we are. To attribute it to anything in our blood would trivialize our own agency, our hard work, our humanity. Wieseltier can't even countenance another point of view. "The important question is, even if there is an Ashkenazi gene, what does it explain and what does it not explain?" he asks, when I reach him by phone. "The idea that it explains intellectuality seems empirically and philosophically spurious. The world is riddled—riddled!—with dumb Ashkenazi Jews, so it's empirically false, and it's philosophically spurious because it flies in the face of human freedom and the belief in human freedom."
He thinks. "We're living in a new golden age of scientism—the idea that there are scientific answers to all human questions," he says. "People are so rattled by the speed and complexity of their lives that they need rock-solid certainty. They cannot bear to live inconclusively. Religion provides one definitive answer; science provides another. The important thing for most people is to feel that the way they live is an inevitable outcome."
"I probably have a lot to say about this," he concludes, "because I'm an Ashkenazi. So I must be really smart."
Harpending and Cochran are hardly the first scientists to suggest that the diseases of the Ashkenazim are the product of genetic selection. Until fairly recently, many geneticists believed these mutations may have helped protect Jews from tuberculosis, because the disease so frequently surfaced in ghettos, though no one has been able to show how these mutations protected Jews—or why neighboring non-Jewish populations didn't develop the same immunity.
If geneticists are disinclined to believe a trait is the result of natural selection, they attribute it instead to something called genetic drift, a process by which a mutation, for some random reason, evolves in one population but not in another. The smaller the population, the more glaring this mutation will seem. Geographic isolation, for instance, can explain radical genetic differences—if two groups evolve in separate places with little intermingling, different mutations are bound to pop up and spread in each. Natural disasters are another explanation—a rock slide could kill off a species of purple petunias, say. Or—in the case of Jews—one of the founders of a small settlement has a lot of children, and these children have lots of children. What the founder doesn't know is that he or she has a gene mutation, like the one for Tay-Sachs. It takes hold and spreads, like an epidemic. (Geneticists call this "the founder effect.")
"Ashkenazi neurological diseases are hints of ways in which one could supercharge intelligence, so it seems likely we could develop pharmaceutical agents that had similar effects."
The problem with this theory, as Cochran and Harpending rather forcefully argue using mathematical models and a long disquisition about medieval Jewish economic history (starting from the expulsion of the Jews by King Dagobert of the Franks in 629), is that Tay-Sachs is just one of four sphingolipid diseases common to Jews, which seems like a rather unlikely coincidence. It suggests they all evolved for a reason, a similar reason. How could random mutations account for such a closely related cluster of ailments?
"That's one of the ways this paper is actually strong," says Sheila Rothman, a Columbia professor of public health who specializes in questions about genetics and group identity. "Geneticists don't have a great grasp of Jewish history. They often tend to cite each other. Sometimes they cite themselves."
It's not just social scientists who concede this part of the paper is strong. So, too, do many mainstream geneticists, who've never been entirely comfortable with the theory of genetic drift to explain so many interrelated diseases among Jews.
"If these genes were shuffling randomly," says Gregory Pastores, director of the neurogenetics unit at NYU, "then why is it that we see the clustering of four diseases in Jews—Gaucher, Niemann-Pick, mucolipidosis type IV, and Tay-Sachs—when the genes are in different chromosomes entirely? They're not even next to one another."
But this doesn't mean that Pastores buys the message of the paper, and neither do most of his colleagues. Ostrer, from NYU, points out what he believes is a major flaw: The authors assume Jews are selected for sphingolipid diseases, and not for some other gene that may happen to be passed along with these diseases. "Blocks of the genome are inherited together," he explains. "They're saying heterozygotes carrying these sphingolipid mutations are smarter. Fine. But who's to say it's that gene and not the gene next door? Or down the street?"
Furthermore, the authors' hypothesis that what's being selected for is intelligence is a sexy guess, but it's based on almost nothing concrete—just a handful of smart Gaucher patients, some extra dendrites in cats, and a rat. "Jews have been accused of being frugal, cheap, aggressive," says Neil Risch. "There's a clear survival advantage to those traits too. Why not pick on those?"
Risch is a big believer in genetic drift. He thinks the large number of mutations in Jews is random, coincidental, and has no causal relationship with the number of children they've had or why they've survived. He points out Ashkenazim are prone to other illnesses besides lysosomal storage diseases (such as clotting disorders and breast cancer). Anyway, what's so unique about Jews? Finns are prone to at least twenty diseases, as are French Canadians, Costa Ricans, Louisiana Acadians, the Amish, and European Gypsies. The Gypsies have interrelated diseases too, just like the Jews have interrelated sphingolipid disorders.
Risch is underwhelmed. "This is like saying, 'Because Europeans have a high rate of cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis, and Crohn's disease, the genes for those disorders must cause great ability to play tennis,' " he says. "And then the authors would come up with some elaborate theory about how those particular mutations are involved in hand-eye coordination, which allows for better retrieval of volleys."
Yet here's the irony: During the past year, the taboos surrounding the genetics of race and ethnicity have been significantly eroded, in no small part because of the efforts of Risch. A population geneticist at the University of California at San Francisco, a fiercely independent thinker, a fun gossip, and a liberal Jew, he published a paper in the American Journal of Human Genetics in February that rather boldly claimed that the races we claimed to be almost always corresponded with our continents of ancestry. It seemed to represent the consensus view that's slowly emerging among geneticists. Many have now stopped quarreling with the same vigor about whether race is or is not a genetic fact.
"I am not sure that most geneticists have agreed to 'races' per se," says Ostrer. "But continental groups or clusters, yes." To deny these clusters, he says, would be folly; it tells us to willfully ignore what all of us can see—that people look different all over the world. He quotes me a line from Jews: A Study in Race and Environment, written by his NYU predecessor, Maurice Fishberg: "One can pick out a Jew from among a thousand non-Jews without difficulty." Ostrer is now writing a book himself, about genetics and Jewish history. He has decided to call the first chapter "Looking Jewish."
"There's no doubt their paper is polemical," says David Goldstein, director of the Center for Population Genomics and Pharmacogenetics at Duke University. "But just because it's polemical doesn't mean I'd be dismissive of everything they had to say. I think their paper's interesting."
Goldstein, in fact, seems to rather appreciate its Zeitgeist. "Until recently, most human geneticists almost … disalloweddiscussion about genetic differences among racial and ethnic groups," he says. "Really. So many awful things had been done with genetic research in this last century that they developed a policy of 'Just say no.' But there's actually a lot of difference between groups, when you consider there are 10 million polymorphic sites on the genome. So it's not scientifically sound to rule out the possibility of differences corresponding to our geographic and ethnic heritages. It overlooks the basic point: The genome is just a huge place."
"If I had to choose between Jewish genes and Jewish mothers," Goldstein hastens to add, "I'd choose Jewish mothers." (He has both.) "But I would like us to carry out research in a way that doesn't imply that we have anything to be afraid of. That's what upsets me about the way this work has been approached in the past."
Using the notion of race, for example, has proved highly useful in medicine. Today, if you're an ambitious young geneticist, the world's awash in money to study racial difference and disease. It's even encouraged by statute, thanks to the Minority Health Disparities Act of 2000. This summer, the National Institutes of Health announced it was exploring links between African-Americans and elevated rates of prostate cancer; this spring, NitroMed introduced BiDil to reduce heart disease in African-Americans.
"Historically, in medicine, white males have been the subjects of study," says Risch. "But you can't always apply to women and minorities [lessons] from them. You need to be inclusive. So while I'm always afraid people will misuse information about genetic differences, this is a positive development."
Just because pharmaceutical companies are developing race-specific drugs, however, doesn't mean race is the most useful way to parse genetic differences. The fact remains that there's more diversity within racial groups than between them. What does "black" mean when discussing the 11,700,000-square-mile expanse of Africa? There are Pygmies and Nigerians, Zulus and Ethiopians. What, precisely, is a Mexican? Or—for that matter—a Semite?
"BiDil is more effective for some, rather than all, African-American hypertensives," says Ostrer. "Race, in this context, should always be used as an interim measure to see us through a period of ignorance," agrees Goldstein. "Once we know the underlying genetic or environmental factors that influence individual responses, you consider those directly and ignore race."
Talk to most geneticists, and they'll say that it's a combination of genetics and environment that inevitably makes us who we are—attempts to link specific behaviors, aptitudes, and weaknesses to genes and genes alone almost always come up short. Lynn Jorde, professor of genetics at the University of Utah School of Medicine, gives but one example: For a while, it was assumed that a particular variant of monoamine oxidase caused antisocial behavior. Then several thousand children in New Zealand with this variant were followed for a period of more than twenty years. Researchers found that their subjects misbehaved only if they'd been abused as children—if they hadn't, there was none. "We'll probably find that there are genes that influence behavior," says Jorde. "But I'm quite certain we won't find genes that determine behavior."
Risch noted something similar in Nature Genetics last year: Until recently, a famous study seemed to suggest that Asian children were more likely than Europeans to have absolute pitch. Then along came another study, this time showing that absolute pitch is most likely to manifest itself only if children take music lessons before the age of 6. No one in the first study had bothered to ask whether their Asian subjects were exposed earlier to music than their European counterparts.
And that's just absolute pitch, easily measurable. Intelligence isn't even possible to define, except maybe in the sense that Justice Potter Stewart famously said of porn: He knew it when he saw it. Intelligence is almost impossible to model in animals. How do you create a brainy Jewish mouse? (Replicate Michael Eisner?) There's book-smart and street-smart; numbers-smart and letters-smart. Matisse dreamed in paint, and Nabokov did magic tricks with words, but could either of them do multivariable calculus? How about calculate the tip on a bar bill?
"The problem is with phenotype," says David Rothman, a Columbia historian (and Sheila's husband). "Take schizophrenia. There's four kinds listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Or take alcoholism. The phenotypes are also varied—there's weekend bingers, hard drinkers, occasional bingers. Depression comes in many phenotypes. I don't know where to begin with shyness. So intelligence? I'm baffled."
"More important," he adds, "I don't know where they get the idea that mercantile life and high IQs go together. I wouldn't mind IQ-testing the bulls of Wall Street to find this out."
In the 1860s, Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin and father of eugenics, argued that Protestants were smarter than Catholics because they let their smart offspring reproduce, rather than shipping them off to monasteries. The idea didn't hold up too well over time. In the early part of the twentieth century, the mathematician Norbert Wiener suggested Jews were smarter because the daughters of wealthy Jewish men were married off to scholarly rabbis, who went on to have more children. Then Lewis S. Feuer, a sociologist, came along and showed that wealthy Jews married other wealthy Jews. "These were Fiddler on the Roof fantasies, a myth created by people in New York who romanticized the shtetl," says Sander Gilman. "The shtetls were horrible places. Do you think the man who wrote Tevye's story did it from a crummy little shtetl? No! He was sitting in the south of France on the Riviera. He's no fool."
"This study is putting forward one of these arguments you hear regularly but with new window dressing," Gilman says. "Today, that dressing is genetics. A hundred years ago, it was vitamins—as soon as they were discovered, everything was explained by a vitamin deficiency. Cancer. Schizophrenia. Hair loss." He pauses. "Okay, not hair loss. I made that up. But you see my point."
So who, exactly, are these people who've caused such a fuss? Harpending is certainly the more conventional of the two: a tenured professor, a respected population geneticist, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, an organization to which few slouches are accidentally admitted. When I speak to him on the phone, he sounds good-humored, cheerfully indifferent to academic niceties, and slightly bored. "I wouldn't think of letting a grad student work on this," he says. "I'm very senior. I don't live off grants. If I were running a lab, dependent on funding from the NIH, this would be the kiss of death."
What do his colleagues think of his work?
"They think it's probably right," he says. "But in public, their only reaction is a primate fear grimace."
But is that really the case? I ask Jorde what his colleagues in the Utah genetics lab thought of Harpending's study. He answers with extreme tact. "Most of us work on very different kinds of things," he says. "It's really peripheral to our kinds of interests."
Cochran, however, is another matter. He's a bit of a wild card, a fellow who has developed a knack for pushing unorthodox notions under the aegis of more mainstream intellectual patrons. In the late nineties, he teamed up with a biologist at Amherst, Paul Ewald, to explore the possibility that many of the diseases we consider intractable are mere germs, which ultimately made them the subjects of a cover story in The Atlantic Monthly in 1999. (Their idea is less crazy than one might think; for years, surgeons removed stomachs to get rid of ulcers, only to discover they were caused by … a germ.)
Cochran's latest kick, though, is population genetics. Although Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence is written with a modicum of academic restraint, his independent essays, posted online, are much more freewheeling, and they betray a much more unsettling agenda: "[I]f this is what I think it is," he writes, in an essay called "Overclocking," the term programmers use to describe supercharging a computer's brain capacity by weakening it, "all these Ashkenazi neurological diseases are hints of ways in which one could supercharge intelligence … so it seems likely that we could—if we wanted to—develop pharmaceutical agents that had similar effects."
To Cochran, in other words, Jews are the smart mice of history.
The Times, The Economist, and every other media outlet somehow missed this when they first reported that Cochran and Harpending's paper had been accepted for publication. Or at least they chose not to report it. Nor did they choose to report another interesting fact: The Journal of Biosocial Science, though part of a family of Cambridge University Press publications, went by the name The Eugenics Review until 1968.
"This guy is not some proto-Zionist," says David Rothman. It was Rothman's researcher, Nate Drummond, who shrewdly unearthed this information about Cochran. "What's driving him, as you read this, is bioengineering, not philo-Semitism."
So the plot thickens. At one point, I ask Cochran if he's serious about studying Jews in order to create "pharmaceutical agents" for mankind's general intellectual enhancement. Has he thought about taking this idea to pharmaceutical companies?
"I've thought about it halfway seriously," he says, hesitating a bit. "I'm probably not supposed to say. Because let's say it happens. Come patent time, I'll have told people."
So. Is this study good for the Jews? I talk to Abe Foxman, legendary head of the Anti-Defamation League, whose life's mission is the pristine upkeep of the Jewish reputation. His answer surprises me. "If it's a genetic condition," he says, "it's not for us to embrace or reject. It is what it is, and that's the way the genetic cookie crumbles." I detect a note of pride in his voice.
Of course, I recognize that tone. I've heard it in my own voice from time to time. When the site existed, I used to love poking around Jewhoo, a catalogue of prominent Jews in Western life. Then, in the middle of a Google search one day, I stumbled across jewwatch.com and discovered that under one if its many rubrics—Jewish Controlled Entertainment—was a nearly identical list.
Freud and Marx, Einstein and Bohr, Mendelssohn and Mahler. The brothers Gershwin. The brothers Marx. Woody Allen. Bob Dylan. Franz Kafka. Claude Lévi-Strauss. Bobby Fischer. Jews may take tremendous pride in their aristocracy, but we fetishize it at our own peril; to suggest that we're chosen, rather than that we make our own choices, curdles quickly into a useful argument for anti-Semites who'd love to claim that the objects of their derision are immutable vermin. It can't be an accident that the most aggressive debunkers of Jewish essentialism, including the participants in this story, are generally Jews themselves. The arguments come in handy when the ugly stuff is trotted out, too.
Personally, I'm always struck by how many Jews confess to a certain ambivalence about the volume and visibility of their accomplishments, as if there were something slightly vulgar or shameful about them. The friend who introduced me to Jewhoo confided that a friend of his, also Jewish, kept a list of Jews he wished were not. I realized I kept the same mental list. (Andy Fastow, the crook from Enron, is currently No. 1.)
A few years ago, I myself lunged for the easy joke when a non-Jewish friend asked what I did the summer I attended—for one miserable season only, I'd like to stress—Jewish summer camp. Oh, I told him. More or less what you'd expect. Banking lessons rather than canoeing, moot court rather than color wars. Recently, I also found myself quoting—with relish—Sarah Silverman's reaction to being taken to task by a watchdog group for using the word chink in her stand-up: "As a Jew, I'm really, really nervous we're losing control of the media."Perhaps one of the most subtle, insidious things about Cochran and Harpending's study is how it plays off a bias privately held by many Jews themselves—that the Ashkenazim are in fact intellectual superiors, and the Sephardim, originally from the Iberian Peninsula, are the handlers, the shylocks, the merchants of 47th Street.
Q: How do you tell the difference between an Ashkenazi and a Sephardi?
A: Show him a chessboard. This, even though Maimonides, arguably the most influential Jewish thinker to ever live, was a Sephardi, and the Sephardim have a perfectly dazzling intellectual history of their own. From the eighth to the eleventh centuries, Spanish Jews served in the courts, served as doctors to the caliphs, and translated all manner of texts, converting Greek and Hebrew into Arabic, and Arabic into Romance languages.
Yet in America, that sense of otherness, which for so long has served as a kind of incentive to strive and achieve, may be dissipating. "I'm no demographer, but I think what's happened in the U.S. is the normalization of the Jew," says Leon Botstein, who, as the president of Bard College, has seen all sorts of students cross his field of vision. "They've become as complacent and culturally undistinguished as the average, suburban, white middle-class American."
And maybe that's the price we pay for our current freedoms. Not, as Seinfeld or Larry David might say, that there's anything wrong with that.
deal of the day 6 mins ago


In a recent post to My Scotts Valley friends, we posed the question for the preferred dish at Maya's Mexican Restaurant as we were headed over there for lunch and the MSV CommUNITY had a lot to say and recommend.
Click here to go to that post and give your opinion if you are a MSV friend. If you are not a MSV friend, all you have to do is "Like" the FB page and you are now part of our commUNITY. Its that simple and everyone is welcome!


THE ROOT -- "A dozen U.S. universities each won a $35,000 micro-grant to seed collaborative news experiments in living labs — their communities," the Online News Association announced Friday. Among them: San Francisco State University: "Newspoints": Can a mobile- and web-based organizing tool improve reporting and get student journalists into the field sooner? Partners: El Tecolote, Accion Latina, Stamen Design.


text:
Milan Thomka Mitrovský, křtěný Emilián Rudolf (1. července 1875 Martin – 30. října 1943 tamtéž), byl slovenský malíř a spisovatel.

Život
Narodil se v Martině, v rodině Rudolfa Mistrovského a jeho ženy Emílie, roz. Thomkové. Po absolvování základního vzdělání v Martině pokračoval ve studiu na gymnáziu v Banské Bystrici a v Bratislavě, kde rovněž maturoval. V letech 1894–1896 studoval na malířské akademii v Praze u prof. M. Pirnera a následně pokračoval v letech 1896–1898 ve studiu na malířské akademii v Mnichově, u prof. G. von Hackla. V letech 1898–1901 byl na studijním pobytu ve Florencii.

Zpočátku žil a pracoval ve Vídni, po vypuknutí 1. světové války pak v Martině, kde byl vůdčí osobností a organizátorem uměleckého života a kde se utvořil klub spisovatelů a literátů "felibrov" (1914–1943).

Jeho tvorbu ovlivnilo německé malířství a přátelství s malířem E. Zamrazilem, ale s obdivem kopíroval i díla italských klasiků, jako byli Botticelli a Raffael. Základní osou jeho tvorby byla malba portrétů, figurálních kompozic, volných kopií starých mistrů a také figurální kompozice na náměty klasických literárních děl (Don Quijote, Hamlet, Faust). Příležitostně maloval krajinky a zátiší.

Jako spisovatel se od dvacátých let věnoval literární tvorbě – psal fejetony, glosy a úvahy, které uveřejňoval v "Národných novinách" a v "Slovenských pohľadoch". Knižně vyšly novely, vzpomínkové prózy a Aforistické zápisky. V letech 1923–1928 vycházely jeho "Listy bratislavským felibrom".

Milan Thomka Mitrovský byl členem Spolku Slovenských umělců. V roce 1902 se zúčastnil výstavy Slováckých výtvarníků v Hodoníně.

Ocenění
 Za svou sbírku novel Paní Heléne (1930), kde zpracoval náměty z období studií v Itálii, byl vyznamenán Státní cenou.

Dílo

Výtvarné
 Autoportrét (1897, vícekrát)
 Splynutí duší (1897)
 Cyril Makovický (1898)
 Turčianská krajina (kolem 1904)
 Vladimír Hurban (kolem 1904)
 Krajina se zříceninou (kolem 1935)
 Sulamit Mitrovská (kolem 1922)
 Anton Bernolák (kolem 1940)
 Pasačka (kolem 1940)

Literární
 Paní Helène, Turčianský Sv. Martin (rok 1930)
 Viola d'amour, Bratislava (rok 1970)

Galerie

Odkazy

Literatura
 1936 – Kulturní adresář ČSR (Biografický slovník žijících kulturních pracovníků a pracovnic), Českolipská knih a kamenotiskárna, Česká Lípa
 1943 – Tilkovský, V.: Výtvarná pozostalosť Milana T. Mitrovského, Bratislava
 1948 – Osudy slovenských výtvarníkov, Štátné nakladateľství, Bratislava
 1960 – Váross, M.: Slovenské výtvarné umenie 1918–1945, Bratislava, s.48–50
 1993 – Nový slovník československých výtvarných umělců (II. díl; L – Ž), Výtvarné centrum Chagall, Ostrava
 1997 – Výtvarná moderna Slovenska (Maliarstvo a sochárstvo 1890–1949), Vydavaťelstvo Slovart, s.r.o., Bratislava

Reference

pro vytvoření tohoto příspěvku byl použit volný překlad článku ze slovenská Wikipedie

Externí odkazy

 Informační systém abART: Milan Thomka Mitrovský
 Zlatý fond – spisovatelé, Milan Thomka Mitrovský
 Diela Milana Thomku Mitrovského ve Slovenské národní galerii

Narození v roce 1875
Narození 1. července
Narození v Martině
Slovenští malíři
Slovenští spisovatelé
Žáci Maxmiliána Pirnera
Úmrtí v roce 1943
Úmrtí 30. října
Úmrtí v Martině
Muži
Pohřbení na Národním hřbitově v Martině

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I met the coolest 69 year old woman. Ever.
She is a high school teacher (48 years!) and I had a great (though short) conversation with her at the grocery line. I then went outside, and she was putting her groceries in her VW Jetta TDI! Last gen. I said, wow, that's a really nice car as I helped her put her things in the car, I noticed something amazing! Yes, it's true, it was a manual! I told her she was the coolest woman I had met in a long time. I wish I had taken a picture of the car, however, I think that would have been a touch on the creeper side.


text:
typedef NS_ENUM (NSInteger, GRRequestMethod) {
    GRRequestMethodUnknown = 0,
    GRRequestMethodGet,
    GRRequestMethodPost,
    GRRequestMethodPut,
    GRRequestMethodDelete
};

NSString *NSStringFromGRRequestMethod(GRRequestMethod requestMethod);
GRRequestMethod GRRequestMethodFromNSString(NSString *requestMethodString);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Unusual contraptions known as "skimmers" are focusing on ATM customers, along with the in the past needs you to definitely be organized. When hooked up on your ATM, the device can be employed to steal your credit card information, seize your pin code, and mail the data wirelessly by means of Bluetooth or mobile phone textual content. Don't Allow this transpire for you!
Have you ever ever been in the midst of some thing and gotten a phone from the number you didn't know? Have you answered the cellphone only to comprehend it's not even a person on the other aspect of the line?
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text:
From Fortune 500 Founder to Champion of Fair, Transparent Healthcare
Schedule Art as a Speaker
Art Goetze – Story
Aliere was started by serial entrepreneur Art Goetze, who's first attempt at fixing healthcare sparked an explosion of freestanding ERs in the US. 'I believed we were solving a critical problem in healthcare. But, ER wait times cut in half and more saved lives was only treating the symptoms, we missed the true diagnosis on what's wrong with healthcare'.
The ER gave Art a courtside seat to the most extreme examples of the broken healthcare system, and the years of hyper-inflation fueled by insurance driven medicine. The waste, overhead, and excess was shocking. He decided to sell the business when the big Wall Street insurance companies began forcing crippling medical bills on families who couldn't afford to pay. He knew then, that there had to be a better way.
He believed the only solution was to restore the role of the consumer in healthcare. Art started Aliere and launched a membership-based Direct Primary Care membership organization. He believed easy access to a personal physician, advanced technolgy and unlimited primary care actually made everyday patients into savvy consumers of health care. But even than when it came to catastrophic medical needs the DPC plan members still had a problem.
Art continued searching for a clear alternative to bad health insurance. He discovered that Medical Cost Sharing had been quietly working in the Christian community for 30 years. But he needed a catastrophic solution that worked for everyday people whether they went to church, or not.
Sedera Health was an esay choice. The 25 years of negotiating medical claims and leadership in the medical cost sharing community was impressive. 'But most of all, I chose Sedera medical cost sharing because of the amazing people and a shared dedication to fixing the bad insurance system by providing access to affordable quality healthcare for everyone'.
The sharing economy has shocked and improved our world in incredible ways. It has transformed old-school industries, like hospitality and taxis for example. Together Aliere and Sedera aim to eliminate bad health Insurance in the next breakthrough of the sharing revolution.
support@aliere.com
1526 Campbell Rd. #200, Houston, TX 77055

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/* The original from which this derives bore the following: */

/*

   Derby - Class org.apache.derby.impl.sql.compile.JavaValueNode

   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
   this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
   The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0
   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   limitations under the License.

 */

package com.bj58.sql.parser;

import com.bj58.sql.StandardException;
import com.bj58.sql.types.DataTypeDescriptor;
import com.bj58.sql.types.JSQLType;
import com.bj58.sql.types.TypeId;

/**
 * This abstract node class represents a data value in the Java domain.
 */

// TODO: I think this is too much (or too little).

public abstract class JavaValueNode extends QueryTreeNode
{
    private boolean mustCastToPrimitive;

    protected boolean forCallStatement;
    private boolean valueReturnedToSQLDomain;
    private boolean returnValueDiscarded;
    protected JSQLType jsqlType;

    /**
     * Fill this node with a deep copy of the given node.
     */
    public void copyFrom(QueryTreeNode node) throws StandardException {
        super.copyFrom(node);

        JavaValueNode other = (JavaValueNode)node;
        this.mustCastToPrimitive = other.mustCastToPrimitive;
        this.forCallStatement = other.forCallStatement;
        this.valueReturnedToSQLDomain = other.valueReturnedToSQLDomain;
        this.returnValueDiscarded = other.returnValueDiscarded;
        this.jsqlType = other.jsqlType;
    }

    /**
     * Get the resolved data type of this node. May be overridden by descendants.
     */
    public DataTypeDescriptor getType() throws StandardException {
        return DataTypeDescriptor.getSQLDataTypeDescriptor(getJavaTypeName());
    }

    public boolean isPrimitiveType() throws StandardException {
        JSQLType myType = getJSQLType();

        if (myType == null) {
            return false;
        }
        else {
            return (myType.getCategory() == JSQLType.JAVA_PRIMITIVE);
        }
    }

    public String getJavaTypeName() throws StandardException {
        JSQLType myType = getJSQLType();

        if (myType == null) {
            return "";
        }

        switch(myType.getCategory()) {
        case JSQLType.JAVA_CLASS:
            return myType.getJavaClassName();

        case JSQLType.JAVA_PRIMITIVE:
            return JSQLType.getPrimitiveName(myType.getPrimitiveKind());

        default:
            assert false : "Inappropriate JSQLType: " + myType;
        }

        return "";
    }

    public void setJavaTypeName(String javaTypeName) {
        jsqlType = new JSQLType(javaTypeName);
    }

    public String getPrimitiveTypeName() throws StandardException {
        JSQLType myType = getJSQLType();

        if (myType == null) {
            return "";
        }

        switch(myType.getCategory()) {
        case JSQLType.JAVA_PRIMITIVE:
            return JSQLType.getPrimitiveName(myType.getPrimitiveKind());

        default:
            assert false : "Inappropriate JSQLType: " + myType;
        }

        return "";
    }

    /**
     * Toggles whether the code generator should add a cast to extract a primitive
     * value from an object.
     *
     * @param booleanValue true if we want the code generator to add a cast
     *                                       false otherwise
     */
    public void castToPrimitive(boolean booleanValue) {
        mustCastToPrimitive = booleanValue;
    }

    /**
     * Reports whether the code generator should add a cast to extract a primitive
     * value from an object.
     *
     * @return true if we want the code generator to add a cast
     *               false otherwise
     */
    public boolean mustCastToPrimitive() {
        return mustCastToPrimitive;
    }

    /**
     * Get the JSQLType that corresponds to this node. Could be a SQLTYPE,
     * a Java primitive, or a Java class.
     *
     * @return the corresponding JSQLType
     *
     */
    public JSQLType getJSQLType() throws StandardException {
        return jsqlType;
    }

    /**
     * Map a JSQLType to a compilation type id.
     *
     * @param jsqlType the universal type to map
     *
     * @return the corresponding compilation type id
     *
     */
    public TypeId mapToTypeID(JSQLType jsqlType) throws StandardException {
        DataTypeDescriptor dts = jsqlType.getSQLType();

        if (dts == null) {
            return null;
        }

        return dts.getTypeId();
    }

    /**
     * Mark this node as being for a CALL Statement.
     * (void methods are only okay for CALL Statements)
     */
    public void markForCallStatement() {
        forCallStatement = true;
    }

    /** @see ValueNode#getConstantValueAsObject
     *
     * @exception StandardException Thrown on error
     */
    Object getConstantValueAsObject() throws StandardException {
        return null;
    }

    /** Inform this node that it returns its value to the SQL domain */
    protected void returnValueToSQLDomain() {
        valueReturnedToSQLDomain = true;
    }

    /** Tell whether this node returns its value to the SQL domain */
    protected boolean valueReturnedToSQLDomain() {
        return valueReturnedToSQLDomain;
    }

    /** Tell this node that nothing is done with the returned value */
    protected void markReturnValueDiscarded() {
        returnValueDiscarded = true;
    }

    /** Tell whether the return value from this node is discarded */
    protected boolean returnValueDiscarded() {
        return returnValueDiscarded;
    }

}


text:
Lampard seeks improvement at Chelsea
Pakistani celebrities wish the Christian community Merry Christmas
Salah is happy at Liverpool, says Klopp
Manager dismisses media speculation Egyptian wants to leave the club
REUTERS December 25, 2020
Liverpool manager Juergen Klopp has said that Mohamed Salah is in a "good moment" and is happy at Liverpool, dismissing media speculation the Egyptian wants to leave the club.
Salah told Madrid-based newspaper AS in an interview last weekend that he admired Real Madrid and Barcelona, fuelling talk in the British press that the forward was looking to move on.
"We never speak (about contracts)," Klopp told reporters ahead of the visit of struggling West Bromwich Albion on Sunday. "Mo is in a good mood and moment, and that is most important.
"You would have seen him laughing a lot (today, in training). The rest is nice for you to write but internally, nothing really (to say)."
Salah was left on the bench for last weekend's 7-0 thrashing of Crystal Palace, but still scored two goals when he came on to help the Premier League leaders maintain their fine form.
Champions Liverpool are unbeaten in 10 league games while conceding just eight goals since losing 7-2 at Aston Villa in October -- winning three of the last four.
They are the first side to spend three straight Christmases leading the English top flight since they also achieved the feat between 1978 and 1980, but Klopp is not getting carried away.
"7-0 is a number you don't see often," Klopp said. "After the (Palace) game my thought was we cancelled out (Villa).
"Two years ago when we didn't win after being top at Christmas. It was about the quality of the opponents and that quality is still out there.
"Top is the best position you can be in at the moment but that is it. We know how tough it is. It's nice, nothing else. If we want to do something special we focus until the end of the season."
Klopp also confirmed that close-season signing Thiago Alcantara is not ready to return against West Brom after missing the last nine games with a knee injury.
"Thiago made the first steps back towards team training," he added. "But not full yet. After a long time, we cannot rush it."
Woman officer vows to do away with drugs


text:
State Authorization for Educator Certification
Blended Courses
Blended Courses FAQs
Practicum & Internship Resources
Masters Higher Education
Portfolio Information
Portfolio Training
Suggested Sites
Professional Education Unit
» Education » Faculty/Staff
Dr. Tamara Lynn
tglynn@nwmissouri.edu
204 Brown Hall
Joined Northwest in 2009
Ed.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis; University of Missouri-Columbia, 2022
Ed.S. Educational Leadership (K-12 Administration & Special Education Administration); Northwest Missouri State University, 2016
M.S.Ed. Special Education; Northwest Missouri State University, 2009
B.S. Business Administration-Management; University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002
62-372 Systems for Supporting Instruction & Behavior for Students with Disabilities
62-394 Theory and Techniques of Evaluation, Instruction and Behavior in Special Education
62-396 Implementing Techniques and Strategies of Evaluation, Instruction and Behavior in Special Education
62-408 Theory and Techniques of Transition & Career Readiness, Families and Partnerships in Special Education
62-643 Teaching Students with Mild to Moderate Disabilities
62-635 Techniques for Conferencing and Collaboration
Stakeholder Collaboration & Teams
Autism Consultation
Administrator's Role in Novice Teacher Induction & Mentoring
Profession Based Field Experience
Publication (in press) Lynn, Tamara; Farnan, Shantel; Reuter, Jessie A.; and Moore, Adam (in press). "Looking Behind Virtual Lenses: Field Experience, Modeling, Coaching, Feedback, Supervision, and Partnerships", The Journal of Special Education Preparation (JOSEP).
Dissertation: "An Investigation of the Administrator's Role in the Design, Support, and Evaluation of Induction Programs in Rural, Public K-12 Schools in Northwest Missouri"
Lead Presenter at Residency Practicum Call Back Day "Intervention strategies for the struggling student" [with co-presenter Dr. Sara Taylor] in February 2022.
Lead Presenter at Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) [with co-presenters Dr. Sara Taylor and Dr. Shantel Farnan] "Diverse Virtual Field Experiences: A Rural, Regional Institution's Response to School Closures" in January 2022.
Lead Presenter at Residency Practicum Call Back Day "Intervention strategies for the struggling student" [with co-presenter Dr. Sara Taylor] in November 2021.
Lead Presenter at Teacher Education Division-Council for Exceptional Children (TED-CEC) "SSEPC Shares: Critical Topics Related to Wellbeing: Effective Practices for positive mental health, work-life balance, and flourishing in PK-12 and University Communities" in November 2021.
Lead Presenter at Teacher Education Division-Council for Exceptional Children (TED-CEC) [with co-presenters Dr. Sara Taylor and Dr. Shantel Farnan] "Responding to School Closures Through Diverse Virtual Field Experiences for Rural Special Education Teacher Candidates" in November 2021.
Panel Member at Teacher Education Division-Council for Exceptional Children (TED-CEC) "Covid-19 and teacher candidate supervision: How small programs are creating high-quality supervision in spite of a pandemic" in November 2021.
Accepted Virtual Co-Presenter at Council for Exceptional Children (2021, March) "Using Constructive Feedback to Improve the Classroom Management Practices of Teacher Candidates".
Co-Presenter at MO-Council of Administrators of Special Education (2020, March) "Developing mutually beneficial partnerships for the recruitment and retention of special education teachers".
Lead Presenter at Teacher Education Division-CEC (2019, November) "Implementing a profession-based assessment to Individualized Education Program (IEP) project to improve personnel preparation".
Lead Presenter for Teaching Classroom Management & Discipline (2019, April) "IEPs and accommodations/modifications for secondary school teachers".
Lead Presenter at NWMSU Secondary Student Teacher Return Day (2019, March) "IEPs and accommodations/modifications for secondary school teachers".
Lead Presenter with Co-Presenter at Council for Exceptional Children (2019, January) "Improving and evaluating self-advocacy strategies through student participation and student-led IEPs".
Co-Presenter at Teacher Education Division (2018, November) "Responding to the needs of early career SETs through educator preparation programs: Program redesign".
Co-Presenter at Presentation at Teacher Education Division (2018, November) "Preparing teacher candidates for the implementation of student led IEPs to improve self-advocacy and self-determination skills for secondary students with disabilities".
Lead Presenter with Co-Presenter at MO-CASE (2018, September) "Improving Student Transition Outcomes Through the Implementation of Student Led IEPs".
Publication (2018, August) Kang, Jeongae; Farnan, Shantel; and Lynn, Tamara (2018) "Responding to the needs of early career SETs through educator preparation programs," The Advocate: Vol. 23: No. 6. https://doi.org/10.4148/2637-4552.1002
Student Group Advisement
Northwest Missouri State University Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Student Group, Co-Advisor
Other Professional Experiences
ACES Director, Maryville R-II School District (Maryville, Missouri), July 2014 - Present
Special Education Teacher & Compliance Team Member, Maryville R-II School District (Maryville, Missouri), 2012-2014
Special Education Teacher & Transition Coordinator, Savannah R-III School District (Savannah, Missouri), 2006-2012
Paraprofessional, North Kansas City School District (Kansas City, Missouri), 2002-2006


text:
Q: Making div vertically centered I'm trying to vertically align center a div in bootstrap  but it does not work (please before voting down visit JSFiddle link!):

    <button type="button" class="btn btn-default navbtn">

    </button>
    <button type="button" class="btn btn-default navbtn" >

    </button>

        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default navbar-search-btn" >

        </button>
        <input type="search" class="navsearch" />

When I remove navbar-search div buttons are fine.

JSFiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/maysamsh/Rp94k/1/
Note: Search container has display:inline-block; and makes it stick to the top, I can't remove it.

A: You need to add .navbar-btn to buttons to vertically center them. See Bootstrap Docs for further details.
Semantically if it's a nav it should be in a nav HTML5 element. Anyway, your columns are too wide and are pushing down the icons (columns taking up 100% of the width leave no room for anything else).
See Fiddle using pretty much base Bootstrap

1

2

3

          <form class="navbar-form navbar-right" role="search">

                  <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Search" name="q">

                          <button class="btn btn-default" type="submit">

                          </button>

              </form>

              <button type="button" class="btn btn-default navbtn navbar-btn">

              </button>
              <button type="button" class="btn btn-default navbtn  navbar-btn" >

              </button>

A: html

                    3

                    2

                        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default navbtn">

                        </button>
                        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default navbtn" >

                        </button>

                            <button type="button" class="btn btn-default navbar-search-btn" >

                            </button>
                            <input type="search" class="navsearch" />

css
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fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/monzoor/TC9UH/1/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
John Lennon's round sunglasses and Ringo's parking ticket up for auction
John Lennon's round sunglasses and a parking ticket issued to Ringo Starr are going under the hammer.
Beatles album photographer Robert Freeman dies aged 82
Photographer Robert Freeman, who helped define the image of The Beatles with some of the band's best-known album covers, has died at the age of 82.
Sir Ringo Starr on unexpected message from John Lennon on lost demo
Sir Ringo Starr has revealed the unexpected message John Lennon left for him on a long-lost demo recorded shortly before his death.
Paul McCartney and Mick Jagger lead tributes to 'wild' drummer Ginger Baker
Sir Paul McCartney and Sir Mick Jagger have paid tribute to "wild, lovely" and "extremely talented" drummer Ginger Baker.
Rock royalty and former bandmates pay tribute to 'sensitive' Ginger Baker
Rock royalty has paid tribute to legendary drummer Ginger Baker, who had a "heart of gold" beneath his abrasive exterior.
Lost footage of The Beatles found in Welsh bread bin
Lost footage of The Beatles has emerged after being found in a Welsh bread bin.
Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney record version of lost Lennon song
Sir Ringo Starr has teamed up with Sir Paul McCartney to record a version of a lost demo written by John Lennon less than a year before his death.
Sir Ringo Starr shares his advice for staying fit and healthy as he turns 79
Sir Ringo Starr has celebrated his 79th birthday, and offered his advice for staying fit and healthy – "don't eat a lot of crap".
Paul McCartney says happy birthday to 'world's best drummer' Ringo Starr
Sir Paul McCartney has called fellow Beatle Ringo Starr "the best drummer in the world" as he wished him a happy birthday.
Ringo Starr backs clean water campaign at Glastonbury
Ringo Starr is backing a Glastonbury Festival campaign for clean water.
BTS channel The Beatles for US talk show appearance
K-pop superstars BTS channelled The Beatles as they performed on the same stage as the Fab Four during an appearance on a US talk show.
Rare Beatles record owned by John Lennon sells at auction for £180,000
A rare and controversial Beatles record once belonging to John Lennon has sold at auction for £180,000.
Ringo Starr honours historic US label at Jazz FM Awards
Sir Ringo Starr has paid tribute to the president of one of the US' most prestigious jazz labels during an event celebrating the genre in London.
Rare Beatles record owned by John Lennon to go under the hammer
A Beatles record owned by John Lennon and dubbed one of the band's rarest could fetch £136,000 when it goes under the hammer.
Aberdeen University choir keep New York celeb party going with Auld Lang Syne in a power cut
It's an iconic Scottish song which will reverberate across the world on Hogmanay.
Sir Ringo Starr signs publishing deal with BMG
Sir Ringo Starr has signed a worldwide deal with music publisher BMG, the company has announced.
Ringo Starr finally receives 'most overdue' knighthood
The Beatles' Ringo Starr has told of his "shock" at receiving a knighthood at Buckingham Palace.
Hotel directory signed by The Beatles expected to collect £10,000 at auction
A hotel directory signed by all four of The Beatles is estimated to sell for £10,000 at auction.
Sir Paul McCartney congratulates 'best pal' Ringo Starr on knighthood
Sir Paul McCartney has hailed Ringo Starr as the "best drummer, best pal" while he congratulated his fellow Beatle on his knighthood.
Ringo Starr describes drumming up knighthood as 'an honour and a pleasure'
Ringo Starr has said it is "an honour and a pleasure" to be awarded a knighthood, 52 years after receiving an MBE with the "Fab Four".
How much would you pay for this previously unseen Beatles concert footage from their first ever north American tour?
Previously unseen footage of the Beatles performing on their first north American tour is expected to sell for more than £10,000 at an auction.
All hail the mighty Nils
Ahead of his forthcoming concerts in Inverness and Aberdeen, legendary musician Nils Lofgren shares some of his fascinating memories with Susan Welsh


text:
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News & Updates »Are Case Outcomes Affected by the Size of the Claim?
A Data-Driven Exploration of Arbitration as a Settlement Tool:
by Natalie Baker
Are Case Outcomes Affected by the Size of the Claim?
Brian Canada (Illustrategy, LLC and University of South Carolina Beaufort) and Debi Slate, Bill Slate (Dispute Resolution Data, LLC)/May 5, 2019
The growing repository of international commercial arbitration case data maintained by Dispute Resolution Data (DRD) is designed to enable practitioners to use analytical tools, ranging from simple to complex, for gleaning valuable insights into the effectiveness of arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism. For example, we showed in our first blog post that among the 3,500+ active international arbitration cases in DRD's database, a sizeable majority result in settlement/withdrawal—and in many cases, this outcome is reached relatively quickly, often within one year following the claim date and before any counter-claims or hearings. Since then, we have published follow-up results that dive continually deeper into the dataset to show how the patterns of arbitration case outcomes can vary depending on case type and other parameters.
Here, we examine the potential effect of the size of the claim, both alone and in conjunction with case type, on the outcomes of international commercial arbitration cases, with a specific focus on whether the case resulted in settlement/withdrawal (as opposed to other outcomes, such as the rendering of an award judgment, dismissal of the case, or administrative closure). For the sake of keeping the analysis relatively simple, we will group the cases into three different ranges of claim amounts corresponding to successively larger orders of magnitude. The first range consists of smaller claims, totaling $1M or less (where M = "million"). The second range includes cases with claim amounts between $1M and $10M, and the third range includes cases with the largest claim amounts (totaling $10M or more).
When looking at an aggregate view across all case types in the DRD database, there appears to be an inverse relationship between the claim amount and the likelihood of reaching settlement or withdrawal. As depicted in Figure 1, the average settlement frequency for cases with the smallest claim amounts ($1M or less) is 60%, with a margin of error of ±2% (computed at a 95% level of confidence). Cases with claim amounts in the range of $1M to $10M had a settlement frequency of 54% ± 3%, and the largest cases ($10M or higher) settled at a frequency of 43% ± 4%.
Figure 1. Estimated frequencies at which settlement/withdrawal is reached for international commercial arbitration cases (since 2005), as computed across all case types from the DRD database, and for successively larger ranges of claim amount ranges. Each measurement is annotated with the DRD Signal Strength, which is closely tied to the size of the sample used in the analysis (thereby reflecting data quantity, not quality.) Claim amounts for international cases have been converted to U.S. Dollars for the purpose of this analysis.
The DRD Signal Strength, introduced in our October 2018 blog post, is our proprietary indicator of the degree of confidence that the data samples used in our analysis are reflective of the corresponding populations of all such international commercial arbitration cases that meet the same criteria. Similar to examples we have shown previously, larger sample sizes yield a higher "signal strength," and with the relatively large samples analyzed here (1911 cases with claim amounts of $1M or less, 974 cases with claim amounts between $1M and $10M, and 574 cases with claim amounts of $10M or more), the high signal strength — 5 out of 5 for all three claim amount ranges — is not surprising. Consequently, we can be reasonably confident that the true proportion of international commercial arbitration cases reaching settlement appears to decrease with increasing claim size.
The apparent inverse relationship between claim amount and settlement/withdrawal frequency motivates many possible questions, but one must recognize that we are looking at an overall, "aggregate" view of the data. Could a similar relationship be observed for specific case types—or, at the very least, are there any differences in settlement frequency with respect to the claim amount's order of magnitude?
Figures 2A through 2D illustrates the settlement/withdrawal frequencies, for each of the three claim amount ranges, across four of the most well-represented case types in the DRD database, respectively: commercial contracts, construction, wholesale & retail trade, and hospitality & travel. For at least one of these case types, there appears to be a pattern of decreasing settlement frequency with increasing claim amount, although the "steadily decreasing" behavior observed in the aggregate view (depicted in Figure 1 above) is not as apparent.
For example, smaller cases ($1M or less) in the commercial contracts category (Fig. 2A), appear to settle at a very high rate (71% ± 3%), with the settlement rate dropping off considerably for cases between $1M and $10M (34% ± 12%) and above $10M (39% ± 17%). In addition, we see what appears to be a drop-off in settlement frequency for cases in the hospitality & travel category (Fig. 2D), but this appears to occur only for cases with claim amounts above $10M, and there is a significant margin of error due to the very small number of cases that fall into this claim amount range. For cases in the commercial contracts category, there is no overlap in the margin of error between the groups of cases with the smallest ($1M or less) and largest ($10M or more) claim amounts, suggesting the possibility of a relationship between claim size and case outcome—at least for this particular case type. However, for the other three case types shown (Figs. 2B-2D), the possibility of a relationship between claim amount and settlement frequency is much less clear, owing largely to the significant margin-of-error overlap across all three claim amount ranges.
Figures 2A through 2D. Differences in the estimated proportions of international commercial arbitration cases (since 2005) that result in settlement/withdrawal, for each of four highly represented case types in the DRD database, grouped by claim size range.
The results shown in Figures 2A through 2D suggest that the combination of case type and claim amount could have a potential effect on settlement frequency, but such an effect may only be limited to certain case types. A more complex analysis (at a minimum, a test for statistical significance) would be required to determine the probability that a case's outcome is potentially dependent on the range in which the case's claim amount falls. As an example, it can be shown from the results of performing a chi-square (𝛘2) test of independence that for these three ranges of claim amounts (i.e., $1M or less, $1M to $10M, and $10M or higher) and the two outcomes studied herein (i.e., settled/withdrawn vs. not settled/withdrawn), there is a very low, almost negligible probability that reaching an outcome of settlement or withdrawal is independent of the claim amount range—at least for those cases in the commercial contracts category. This appears to be in line with the evidence presented in Figure 2A above, which suggests that—for this case type—there appears to be some relationship between claim amount and settlement frequency.
In contrast, performing a chi-square test of independence for each of the other three case types (construction, wholesale/retail trade, and hospitality & travel) results in a much higher probability of the data observed under the hypothesis that a case's outcome and the size of its associated claim amount are independent. In other words, we cannot reject the possibility that the size of the claim has little or nothing to do with the outcome of the case, given the data that we currently have available for these three case types. When you look at Figures 2B through 2D above, this should make sense—the proportions of cases reaching settlement/withdrawal for each range of claim amounts appear not to be that different, especially considering the significant overlap in the margins of error across the three claim size ranges.
For space considerations, a detailed walkthrough of the computations involved in this and other tests for significance will be reserved for a future blog post, but of note: a chi-square test based on the data aggregated across all case types (i.e., the data depicted in Figure 1) yields a very low probability that the outcome of a case is independent of its claim amount range. This suggests that performing similar significance tests for other case types (beyond the four case types analyzed herein) could potentially produce results similar to those computed for the commercial contracts category.
DRD continues to grow and strengthen the quantity and quality of international commercial arbitration case data in its repository. In future blog posts, and as noted above, we plan to present at least one tutorial to illustrate the basics of statistical hypothesis tests, such as the chi-square test of independence that was summarized above, and possibly others. We also plan to explore the costs associated with various input variables (including but not limited to claim amount and case type), which can potentially help practitioners to set realistic budgets for international commercial arbitration cases in which they may be involved.
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Disclaimer: Dispute Resolution Data LLC (DRD) is an unaffiliated independent company engaged in the collection, processing and dissemination of data relating to arbitration, mediation and other forms of alternative dispute resolution. DRD neither practices law, nor renders legal services; nor does it provide, directly or indirectly, any analysis or interpretation of its published data to be relied upon by any third party. No subscriber for DRD data, whether by the DRD database or research facility, be they corporate entity, legal practitioner, party, arbitrator or any other person, should rely upon any data or other materials produced by DRD as any form of commercial or legal advice.


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Anna Kofoed was appointed Executive Vice President of Travel Content Sourcing at Amadeus in 2017 bringing +20 years of experience in tech companies. In this role she works whole-heartedly, together with a team of skilled and enthusiastic experts to understand and deliver the content that travel companies need today and in the future. They cover everything from airline content to hotel, rail, car rentals, transfers and other destination services to come.
Anna's ambition is to work with customers, partners and colleagues to build the industry's preferred travel platform that will enable travel companies to access all relevant content from any provider, via multiple technologies to shape the future of travel.


The world needs churches on the heartbeat of time in which people experience love, peace and joy. We do our best to ensure that we create a loving atmosphere.
ICF is a non-denominational church with a biblical foundation which arose from the vision of a dynamic, true-to-life church which is in tune with our times. Together, we celebrate our mutual belief in God, integrating our faith into our daily lives and living it out in true friendships and relationships.
We envision a church in which faith in God, who truly loves us, makes a difference. We see a church that has a positive impact on and in our community, dedicated to actively help people in need and to bring them hope and a meaningful life.
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We dream of a modern church on the heartbeat of time.
Gifts and talents are discovered and encouraged.
The church we dream of is passionate and has a positive influence on society.


text:
A Casa de Santa Eufêmea, localizada na freguesia portuguesa de Alcafache, concelho de Mangualde, é património edificado no distrito de Viseu.

Mesquitela (Mangualde)
Património edificado em Mangualde
Santa Eufemea
Imóveis de interesse municipal no distrito de Viseu