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Home » UK » British Prime Minister Johnson tests positive for virus
British Prime Minister Johnson tests positive for virus
Posted on March 27, 2020 in UK // 0 Comments
LONDON (AP) — British Prime Minister Boris Johnson has tested positive for the new coronavirus, the first leader of a major nation to contract COVID-19, but he insisted Friday that he remains in charge of the U.K.'s response to the outbreak.
Johnson, 55, said he was tested Thursday on the advice of the country's chief medical officer after showing "mild symptoms" of a temperature and a persistent cough.
"I've taken a test, that's come out positive so I am working from home, I am self-isolating, and that's entirely the right thing to do," Johnson said in a video message posted on his Twitter account.
"But be in no doubt that I can continue, thanks to the wizardry of modern technology, to communicate with all my top team to lead the national fightback against coronavirus."
Over the last 24 hours I have developed mild symptoms and tested positive for coronavirus.
I am now self-isolating, but I will continue to lead the government's response via video-conference as we fight this virus.
Health Secretary Matt Hancock was also confirmed to have the virus. Hancock, 41, tweeted: "Thankfully my symptoms are mild."
Johnson is the highest-profile political leader to have contracted the virus, which has infected more than 500,000 people around the world.
The diagnoses of Johnson and Hancock are the latest evidence that no one — no matter how high-profile — is untouched by the global pandemic.
Politicians may be especially exposed, since they meet large numbers of people and hold multiple meetings daily. Britain's Parliament continued to meet as the virus spread, before it was eventually suspended on Tuesday. As of Thursday, Britain had 11,658 confirmed cases of COVID-19, and 578 people had died.
Elsewhere in the world, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen and South African President Cyril Ramaphosa have all been tested and found to be negative. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is self-isolating after his wife tested positive for COVID-19.
Britain's government is run from a series of interconnected buildings centered on 10 Downing St. and adjoining houses — a warren of rooms and narrow corridors that is both the prime minister's home and the workplace of hundreds of people.
Johnson's spokesman, James Slack, said the prime minister was self-isolating in his apartment, which is above 11 Downing St., and would have his meals left outside his door by staff.
"For now the prime minister's symptoms are mild and he is continuing to do all of the same functions he was performing before. The only difference is he will now have to do that by teleconferencing," Slack said.
He would not say whether Johnson's fiancee, Carrie Symonds, who is pregnant, was currently living in Downing St.
Slack said several other Downing St. staff are self-isolating but he did not know of any other confirmed cases.
The government said that if Johnson is unable to work, Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab will replace him.
For most people, the coronavirus causes mild or moderate symptoms, such as fever and cough that clear up in two to three weeks. But for others, especially older adults and people with existing health problems, the virus can cause more severe illness, including pneumonia, and sometimes death.
Johnson has met in person with some senior ministers and officials this week, and has appeared at press conferences alongside his top medical and scientific advisers.
On Thursday evening, Johnson stood outside his front door to join in a national round of applause for health care workers. Slack said the prime minister was careful to observe social distancing rules while he did so, standing several meters away from Treasury chief Rishi Sunak, who also took part.
Earlier this week Prince Charles, the heir to the British throne, announced that he had tested positive for the virus. His mother, 93-year-old Queen Elizabeth II, is self-isolating at Windsor Castle as a precaution.
Buckingham Palace said Johnson and the Queen last met on March 11. The pair have held their weekly audience by phone for the past two weeks.
Johnson has been criticized by his opponents for his Conservative government's initial reluctance to impose tough restrictions on movement and the economy to try to stem the spread of the virus.
Early this month, Johnson recounted shaking hands with medics treating coronavirus patients at a hospital and said "I continue to shake hands."
The government's initial advice was that people should wash their hands frequently. As the number of cases soared, the escalated to include the closure of schools, bars, restaurants and non-essential shops, a nationwide order for everyone but key workers to stay home.
Johnson's diagnosis comes at the end of a week when he effectively closed down much of the British economy and introduced strict curbs on people's day-to-day movements.
The pound suffered a knee-jerk retreat in the immediate aftermath of Johnson's disclosure but had soon recouped most of those losses and was trading 0.5% higher on the day at $1.2257.
In his Twitter video, Johnson thanked everyone in the public services for their "amazing national effort," and praised everyone who is staying at home.
"That's the way we're going to win," he said.
Johnson's political opponents wished him well. Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the main opposition Labour Party, wished the prime minister a speedy recovery and relayed his hope that his family is "safe and healthy." Corbyn said everyone's health "depends on everybody else."


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// Copyright 2014-2015 daxnet
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// =======================================================================================================

namespace CloudNotes.DesktopClient.Extensibility.Data
{
    using System;

    /// <summary>
    /// Represents the object that contains the <c>Note</c> data for client processing.
    /// </summary>
    public class Note
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the ID of the note.
        /// </summary>
        public Guid ID { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the title of the note.
        /// </summary>
        public string Title { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the short description of the note.
        /// </summary>
        public string Description { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the HTML content of the note.
        /// </summary>
        public string Content { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the BASE64 encoded string of the thumbnail image.
        /// </summary>
        public string ThumbnailImageBase64 { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the date on which the note was published.
        /// </summary>
        public DateTime DatePublished { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the date on which the note was modified last time.
        /// </summary>
        public DateTime? DateLastModified { get; set; }
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the <c>DeleteFlag</c> which indicates the note deletion state.
        /// </summary>
        public DeleteFlag? DeletedFlag { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the revision number of the note.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value>
        /// The revision.
        /// </value>
        public int Revision { get; set; }

        #region Overrides of Object

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a string that represents the current object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>
        /// A string that represents the current object.
        /// </returns>
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return this.Title;
        }

        #endregion
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
// $FlowFixMe[incompatible-type]
var test1: string = 123; // This error should be suppressed

// $FlowIssue[incompatible-type]
var test2: string = 123; // This error should be suppressed

function getNum() {
  return 123;
}

// $FlowFixMe[incompatible-type] This was the second loc in the error
var test3: string = getNum(); // This error should be suppressed

// $FlowFixMe Error unused suppression

var test4: string = 123; // This error is NOT silenced

// $FlowFixMe[incompatible-type] Indentation shouldn't matter
var test5: string = 123; // This error should be suppressed

/*
 * $FlowFixMe[incompatible-type]
 */
var test6: string = 123;


Anyone who writes a book over 800 pages should be shot. Really!
This copy is over a hundred years old and showing its age. It has a few loose pages with normal wear on the cover but they are all there and the pages are in good condition for the most part and all are entirely readable. Lets call it fair condition and you will not be disappointed. Remember its is very old and you will need to take care of it. I doubt it will last another hundred years.
This is a classic and anyone who is interested in navigation and taking a vessel to sea should at least look it over. There are many practical hints in it. Some would say too many practical hints and others would claim that after 812 pages their eyesight was destroyed and they lost interest in navigation and took up serious drinking instead.
"... To conclude the chapter- There is a proverb that -You should never lend to any one your horse, your gun or your dog" It also applies to the sextant- only more so. Bear it in mind dear boy"
..."use hexagonal pencils - they won't roll off the table like round ones and are just a cheap. Common Sense"
A cruel thought has struck me that Capt Lecky is the Martha Stewart of Navigation.
So if you feel a need to fill your head with practical information about navigation here is your chance. I must admit that there are many gems in the book and any effort you make to plough through all the pages will net you a lot of useful knowledge. All of us know that the GPS will do all the navigation for us now- but what happens when the batteries go dead or the spousal unit in a fit of pique tosses the sucker overboard. Then its back to the Mk 1 eyeball and whatever we can remember from Capt Lecky. Because Captain Lecky didn't have GPS, or a computer or even a calculator! I must admit that when I studied Navigation with the Royal Canadian Navy we used the Admiralty Manuals and although it was available- we managed to avoid Lecky's Wrinkles but looking back if I had to do it again I would book off from one or two runs ashore and speed read the damn thing. One aspect of being a good sailor is to learn from previous generations - there is simply too much to learn by your own experience.


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text:
Trump says France not doing enough to sustain NATO
November 10, 2018 by meziesblog.com, posted in Uncategorized
President Donald Trump wasted no time taking a poke at his French host Friday as he arrived in Paris for events marking the 100th anniversary of the armistice that ended World War I, tweeting as he landed that President Emmanuel Macron had made an "insulting" proposal to build up Europe's military to counter the U.S., China and Russia.
Image: Donald Trump and Emmanuel Macron
It was a clear sign that the "America first" president was ready to chart his own course yet again as world leaders gathered to remember the coalition that brought an end to the first global war. Trump's visit comes on the heels of midterm elections in which Americans delivered a split referendum on his presidency, keeping the Senate in his party's control but ceding the House to opposition Democrats.
He planned to meet with Macron on Saturday for talks on topics expected to include European security, Syria and Iran.
As he arrived, Trump tweeted that Macron "has just suggested that Europe build its own military in order to protect itself from the U.S., China and Russia. Very insulting, but perhaps Europe should first pay its fair share of NATO, which the U.S. subsidizes greatly!"
Trump's brief visit to Europe comes amid uncertainty about the U.S. relationship with the continent. Trump has railed against trade deals with the European Union and has criticized some EU nations, including France, for not spending enough to defend or sustain NATO, the decades-old Western alliance formed as a bulwark to Moscow's aggression.
Trump's national security adviser, John Bolton, said Friday in Paris that the U.S. was concerned about stability in Europe and that Trump was not shirking from global engagement.
"I think the enduring lesson (of World War I) for the United States is that when you become a global power … you have global interests to protect," Bolton said.
"Great world leaders," he continued, "are driven by national interests."
Tagged Donald Trump, Emmanuel Macron, EU, France, NATO, News
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
>> Shootings
Las Vegas doctor faces discipline over Oct. 1 gunman's medical records
Dr. Ivan Goldsmith, a weight loss specialist, is accused of using his access to the state's Prescription Monitoring Program in an "incompetent, unskillful or negligent manner" by looking up Stephen Paddock's patient profile on five occasions.
By Jessie Bekker Las Vegas Review-Journal
Updated August 21, 2018 - 9:01 pm
Internist Dr. Ivan Goldsmith works with a patient at his Las Vegas office,Thursday, May 31, 2017. Elizabeth Brumley/Las Vegas Review-Journal
A Las Vegas doctor accused of improperly accessing the prescription records of Oct. 1 gunman Stephen Paddock will invoke his Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination at a state Pharmacy Board disciplinary hearing next month, his attorney said Tuesday.
Dr. Ivan Goldsmith, a weight loss specialist, is accused of using his access to the state's Prescription Monitoring Program in an "incompetent, unskillful or negligent manner" by looking up Paddock's patient profile on five occasions, according to a board complaint.
Paddock,who carried out the Oct. 1 mass shooting from a Mandalay Bay suite, was not a patient of Goldsmith's.
The doctor could face fines and suspension or revocation of his prescribing license if the board finds him in violation of the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which protects patient data.
According to the complaint, Goldsmith looked up Paddock's prescription information five times between the morning of Oct. 2 and the afternoon of Oct. 3.
At 9 p.m. on Oct. 3, the Las Vegas Review-Journal published an exclusive report which said Paddock was prescribed diazepam, an anti-anxiety drug better known as Valium. The report cited the Nevada Prescription Monitoring Program as the source of the records.
The board accused Goldsmith of "disclosing or allowing to be disclosed to the press" Paddock's prescription data. The board's co-counsel, Brett Kandt, said Goldsmith was the only provider who was able to access Paddock's patient profile after his death.
Paul Harasim, the former Review-Journal reporter who broke the story on Paddock's prescriptions, consistently declined to reveal his source.
"This doctor was trying to do it in public interest," Harasim said of his source's motivation.
Two other medical practitioners — a prescriber and a pharmacist — tried to access the records after the Review-Journal's story was published but were unsuccessful because the board had locked Paddock's profile, board co-counsel Paul Edwards said.
Both received letters of reprimand for attempting the unlawful act, Kandt said.
Goldsmith's cellphone was not working Tuesday afternoon, and he could not be reached for comment.
His attorney, E. Brent Bryson, would not confirm whether Goldsmith accessed Paddock's records but called the board's actions "a witch hunt."
"I believe that there's a vendetta against Dr. Goldsmith and doctors in general at this particular time," Bryson said. "Doctors are under high scrutiny having to do with … prescribing and obtaining medical records of that nature."
The board removed Goldsmith's internet access to the prescription database, prompting Goldsmith to file a petition with the Clark County District Court in October seeking to have his account reinstated.
The petition was denied by a court order one month later that noted that Goldsmith could still access the database legally by using pharmacy board staff as intermediaries.
Bryson said the Clark County district attorney's office in an Aug. 15 letter declined to press criminal charges against Goldsmith, but he would not provide a copy of that letter. The DA's office could not be reached for comment Tuesday afternoon.
Goldsmith has since left Las Vegas for Florida, where he is licensed to practice medicine, to pursue work in finance with a relative, according to Bryson. But he's scheduled to appear at the board's regularly scheduled meeting on Sept. 5 and intends to invoke the Fifth Amendment, his attorney said.
Goldsmith's medical license is listed as active on the Nevada State Board of Medical Examiners' online portal.
Contact Jessie Bekker at jbekker@reviewjournal.com or 702-380-4563. Follow @jessiebekks on Twitter.
Prescription Monitoring Program
The program allows licensed medical practitioners who prescribe and dispense medication to search the prescribing histories of their patients and determine a drug's medical necessity.
State law prohibits unauthorized use or access of data stored in program.
Posted on: Crime, Local, Local Las Vegas, Local Nevada, News, Shootings
Tagged: Las Vegas Shooting, The Shooter
Nellis airman gets military honor for actions during Oct. 1 shooting
By Briana Erickson / RJ
Air Force Staff Sgt. Kenneth DeLongchamp received the Airman's Medal on Friday, one of just a few to receive the award for nonservice-related action.
Man who sold ammo to Las Vegas gunman wants Reno trial
By Rachel Crosby / RJ
Fearing bias, the Arizona man who sold ammunition to the Route 91 Harvest festival gunman now wants to face a jury in Reno instead of Las Vegas.
Las Vegas police officer who shot, killed man won't face charges
The district attorney's office has ruled there will be no criminal prosecution of a Las Vegas police sergeant who shot and killed a man last year, it was announced Friday.
Las Vegas police release new report on Oct. 1 shooting
By Rachel Crosby and Michael Scott Davidson / RJ
Las Vegas police on Wednesday released a 158-page internal review of the department's response to the Route 91 Harvest festival attack.
Las Vegas police look for 2 persons of interest in fatal shooting
The men are seen in surveillance footage from a northwest condominium complex where Michael Rakem Menephee was shot and killed on July 3.


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text:
Jiangsu, Taicang
Sisli– Istanbul
China / South East Asia
IP/IT
Antitrust / Distribution
Public Construction and Environmental Law
Litigation / Dispute Resolution
Commercial Criminal Law / Compliance
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Your insight into DigitaLaw.
Artificial Intelligence and Copyright
Postings in social media – think before you act!
Children's photos from the contact weekend on the net? Allowed?
Data protection in research
Digitalisation of Public Procurement Law – E-Procurement
Problem outline
The proud father puts photos of his underage child on the Internet for the last contact weekend and also sends various pictures via WhatsApp to acquaintances and friends who show the child in the family environment. The mother doesn't like this for several reasons, in particular because she doesn't want the father to present the weekends with the child as particularly funny in the upright custody and contact proceedings and thus try to prove the good contact with his child to possible witnesses. Of course, even the minor child has no idea about the distribution and publication of these photographs.
Are these procedures to be accepted or are there legal possibilities to prevent this?
Consent by the person depicted
The sole holder of the right to his own image is the person depicted himself; this is also the case if the person depicted is still a minor. If necessary, the consent can be substituted by third parties (here by the legal representative). The consent of the legal representative is possible, for example, if a legitimate interest is not violated. If a legitimate interest is violated, the distribution must not take place anyway. Representation is also possible in the case of highly personal rights.
If the minor child himself is able to see and judge, consent can only be given himself. In addition, the consent of the parents must be required if the encroachment on the personal interests of the child is serious or detrimental (cf. § 173 (1) ABGB analogously). Otherwise - if the legitimate interest of the minor is violated - the publication must be omitted and substitution by the legal representative is not possible.
The assessment as to whether a child is capable of insight and judgement is always made on a case-by-case basis. In the case of mature minors (14+) it is presumed that they are capable of insight and judgement. The decision must also take into account whether the publication has far-reaching consequences. Consent must be obtained personally and in an informed manner.
In principle, the parent with obsortee rights is entitled to representation. If both parents are entitled to obsortee, then each parent can represent the other alone. However, the requirement of agreement applies (§ 137 (2) ABGB), according to which the parents of the child must in principle proceed by agreement in the case of important decisions and should coordinate in this respect. If the parents with joint obsortee rights are not in agreement, the guardianship court will decide.
Legitimate interest and balancing of interests
Whether or not there is a claim to post photographs must first be objectively examined. The question is whether the interests of the person depicted should be regarded as worthy of protection. The text associated with the picture must also be appreciated. Account must also be taken of how the viewer understands the image that reaches the public.
What is decisive here is that the right to one's own picture should prevent the exposure, abandonment of one's private life, humiliation and degradation of the person depicted.
In any case, the distribution of images that violate the private and intimate sphere of the person depicted is not permitted, especially in the areas of health, sexual life and life in and with the family. This is the case, for example, with humiliating, exposing and degrading pictures or videos (also "public shaming" or bullying on the Internet).
Distribution or publication may be permitted if a balance of interests shows that the person who published the photo is also interested in it. If no legitimate interest is violated, publication is probably permitted.
General consents (already in advance) are to be seen critically and rather inadmissible.
Application of data protection law
The data protection law is applicable to the processing of special categories of personal data and in this case consent is absolutely necessary. Essentially, this includes all data revealing racial or ethical origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs or trade union membership, as well as the processing of genetic, biometric data to uniquely identify a natural person, health data or data concerning sex life or sexual orientation of a natural person.
The production of purely private recordings is permitted and is not covered by the EU data protection basic regulation and the data protection law (so-called "budget exception"). The publication of such photos at irregular intervals on social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) is also not covered by data protection.
However, if the " household exception " is exceeded, the basic data protection regulation and the data protection law are applicable again, so that in this case again the consent of the data subject is necessary.
Access to social networks
The social networks have special access regulations, which, however, are limited to a succinct examination of the minimum age. As a rule, no proof of age - for example in the form of an official ID card - is required. For example, access to Facebook and Instagram is only permitted from the age of 13; however, it is sufficient to enter the age. Beyond this, there are no special protection provisions for young people.
Legal basis and resulting claims
There is an absolute right to privacy to protect the personality and the person as a whole. This covers congenital rights which are already plausible from reason (cf. § 16 ABGB). As a result, a claim for injunctive relief and damages can be asserted.
The right to one's own image is protected under § 78 Copyright Act. Inadmissible publications can be prosecuted by omission, removal, claim to publication of judgement and damages. Included are all acts of distribution according to which it can be assumed that the picture will be made accessible to several persons. Finally, under the Media Act, claims for compensation and counterstatement may also be made against the media owner (including the minor child himself).
The basic data protection regulation can demand a right to information, the right to deletion, damages, administrative penalties and fines.
According to Article 8 ECHR, private and family life, housing and correspondence are particularly protected.
Dr Birgit Leb
Lawyer Linz
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b.leb@scwp.com
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Italian foreign minister arrives in Tripoli to meet new Libyan prime minister - Daily News Egypt
Politics Italian foreign minister arrives in Tripoli to meet new Libyan prime minister
Italian foreign minister arrives in Tripoli to meet new Libyan prime minister
Several countries have offered to train Libyan forces in order to achieve security in the oil-rich country
Ahmed Abbas April 12, 2016 Be the first to comment
Italian foreign minister Paolo Gentiloni arrived in Libya on Tuesday, marking the first visit of a European official to the country since 2014.
Gentiloni is scheduled to meet with the new Libyan government leader Fayez Al-Sarraj on Tuesday at a naval base in Tripoli.
Al-Sarraj moved to Tripoli after being appointed the new Libyan prime minister, according to a UN-backed agreement.
Several countries have offered to train Libyan forces in order to achieve security in the oil-rich country which faced turmoil after the ouster of Muammar Gaddafi.
All diplomatic missions to Tripoli were evacuated in 2014 due to the deteriorating security situation.
Libya was governed by two warring parliaments and governments, until both sides reached an agreement with the help of the UN earlier this year.
The UN-sponsored deal between rival factions in Libya's government gave way to a unity government deal that was announced in December. This unity government has gained support from the Tobruk parliament, hopefully filling the void of governance that has been exploited by the "Islamic State" (IS) and militants.
Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi denounced last month the declarations of the US ambassador to Rome regarding Italy's intention to send 5,000 soldiers to Libya.
Topics: Fayez Al-Sarraj Italian foreign minister Paolo Gentiloni Tripoli
Ahmed Abbas
Ahmed Abbas is a journalist at DNE's politics section. He previously worked as Egypt based reporter for Correspondents.org, and interned as a broadcast journalist at Deutsche Welle TV in Berlin. Abbas is a fellow of Salzburg Academy of Media and Global Change. He holds a Master's Degree of Journalism and New Media from Jordan Media Institute. He was awarded by the ICFJ for best public service reporting in 2013, and by the German foreign office for best feature in 2014.
More in Ahmed Abbas
Egyptian ambassador to AU diminishes possibility of visa- free Africa
Africa is coming back to Israel: Netanyahu
Egypt has reservations about dealing with the current Turkish regime
John Lethbridge finishes collecting all human remains from MS804 crash site
US and Russia discuss possibility of increased cooperation in Syria
Examination of MS804's CVR shows no damage of memory chips
https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2016/04/12/italian-foreign-minister-arrives-in-tripoli-to-meet-new-libyan-prime-minister/
Rival Libyan factions to discuss dispute resolution in Paris on Tuesday
Obama says no plans for Libya intervention, vows to continue fight against IS
Shoukry urges Libyan parliament to authenticate newly formed government
April 12, 2016 Breaking News


Play as Kratos in the god of war rush. Run through the ruins of the city for you next challenge as the city crumbles around you. Can Kratos make it through the ruined city before it breaks down around you? You decide!!


Patricia Kempton felt immediate pangs of sadness and sympathy when she learned recently about the experience of a diabetic student who hadn't received proper treatment from the Park City School District.
Five years, she said, has not been long enough to forget the dread and anxiety that surged through her on one of the worst days of her life — the day, she claims, that the district's deficient care put her son's life in jeopardy.
"I could cry basically every time I think about what happened," she said.
Kempton is among several parents who have stepped forward to share their stories in the wake of a U.S Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights investigation into the district's treatment of a diabetic student at Parley's Park Elementary School. The inquiry determined the district had discriminated against the student by forcing a parent to accompany her on field trips and had failed to properly implement the Section 504 Accommodations Plan that outlines the special care she requires.
That investigation, which began in November, came to light only recently, when Bridget Llewellyn, the parent who filed the initial complaint with the Office for Civil Rights, released documents to The Park Record detailing the district's improper actions. Other parents are now claiming their students have experienced similar situations of neglect or inadequate care at school.
They say the district has a history of providing insufficient support for students with diabetes or other health conditions, and their stories establish a longer record of school officials failing to quickly alleviate the worries of parents who raise concerns.
For Kempton, the trouble began at the start of her son's sixth-grade year at Ecker Hill Middle School five years ago. He had been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes only a year prior, and the stress of transitioning to a new school full of new teachers and classmates was causing large fluctuations in his insulin levels.
Kempton, worried about how he was adjusting, recalled receiving little support from the Ecker Hill staff. But she never feared for his life until she got a worrying text from him one otherwise normal day. The message was incoherent, but she pieced it together: "How did I end up on the floor?" She called him immediately. Panic began to strike when he didn't answer.
She then called the main office, frantic, as she sped to school. But that also proved futile.
"I said, 'Where's my son?'" she said. "They said, 'Well, he should be in class.' I said, 'If he's in class, he's on the floor. There's something not right. He's not answering his phone.'"
She dialed her son one more time, then sent a text when he again didn't answer. This time, he finally responded. But this message, too, was hard to decipher, though she eventually concluded that it said, "Office." When she arrived, staff members had found him, alone, in the nurse's office.
He was conscious but confused.
"I shudder to think what would have happened to him if he didn't text me," Kempton said. "No one knew where he was, and I don't know if anybody would have found him."
Later, she learned that her son had asked to leave class because he wasn't feeling well. He went to the nurse's office, thinking there would be someone there who could help him. To this day, though, Kempton doesn't know what happened after that, or exactly how much danger her son was in, because he, himself, didn't have a clear recollection — and no one had accompanied him to the nurse's office.
That, Kempton said, was in direct violation of his accommodations plan Park City schools were legally bound to follow. Fearing her son's safety could not be guaranteed, she pulled him out of Ecker Hill. She home-schooled him for two years before enrolling him in classes out of the district.
"I told them that he has a full-time illness and they didn't have a full-time nurse," she said. "I didn't see how they would be able to take care of him properly."
Sara Sergent, whose diabetic son is a fourth-grader at Parley's Park Elementary School, is another parent who has long held concerns about how the district cares for students with medical conditions. When her son was entering first grade, she sat down with a district official, hoping for some guidance on how her son's condition would be handled at school. The meeting, she said, was unhelpful.
Following the meeting, she sent multiple emails to the district that she said went unreturned. Eventually, she gave up and began going straight to David Gomez, principal of Parley's Park, with her concerns. He, along with the rest of the staff at the school, have done all they could to help, she said.
"There is a disconnect between the district and the schools," she said. "The parents and the families have adapted to just working directly with the schools, and the schools have been as helpful as they can — obviously their hands are tied a bit by the district. It's an unfortunate series of events."
Multiple parents The Park Record interviewed echoed Sergent's sentiments. But even when teachers and principals have done as much as they can to accommodate students with health concerns, the level of care has often fallen short, they said.
Kempton, for instance, implicitly trusted her son's fifth-grade teacher at Trailside Elementary School to keep him safe after his diagnosis earlier that year. She felt assured when he was in class. Even so, she said, it was implied that she was to be available to provide care for her son because a nurse would often not be present.
Sergent also was forced to care for her son while he was at school. She said she didn't work away from home for his first- and second-grade years because she "pretty much lived at the school." Often, she would spend several hours a day there.
At the time, she was simply grateful she had been granted open access to the school. Now, though, she feels compelled to speak out.
"We stuck with working with the school, knowing a lot of (our son's) rights were being violated, but we were happy with the school and the teachers were amazing," she said. "We've kind of plugged away, and it was really Bridget (Llewellyn, who filed the Office for Civil Rights complaint against the district) calling the obvious truth and saying, 'There's a problem here.' Yes there is."
Another parent, John McNulty, removed his son from the district after his accommodations plan for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was, he claims, seldom followed at Ecker Hill. When McNulty reenrolled his son in the district before the 2014-2015 school year, counselors at Park City High School were unaware he even had an accommodations plan, he said.
"The problem that I see, generally, is how does this information get from point A to point B?" he said. "Because it doesn't seem like the district cares."
Other parents also shared their stories with The Park Record but declined to be named in this article. At least two were hesitant to go public because they feared retribution from the district.
Superintendent Ember Conley said she has been taken aback to hear that several parents have had negative experiences with the district.
"I am surprised because we have excellent staff that truly care about our kids in the district," she said. "And so the perception that our staff doesn't care is a perception that I disagree with. In all of our data, our teachers are beloved by this community and they take care of our kids.
"We would never do anything to harm them."
Conley said that, apart from Llewellyn's complaint, she is aware of only one formal parental appeal, which was resolved without intervention from the Office for Civil Rights. Another parent recently contacted her with concerns in an informal setting, and other parents of diabetic students have thanked her for how the district has cared for their children, she said.
She added that the district is committed to training staff to better handle students with medical needs and will seek to reevaluate and rewrite applicable policies. The district has also met with the head nurse and the special education director at the Utah State Office of Education to begin addressing any deficiencies.
"It's an opportunity to review and make things better," she said. "But I have heard just as many positives as I have negatives, if not more."
Conley is hopeful parents see the steps the district is taking. The Board of Education in a May 17 public meeting authorized her to hire an outside entity to perform a comprehensive review of the special education program, including how the district handles the Section 504 process that covers accommodations plans.
She said in the meeting that the review will include reaching out to parents to find how the district can make the system better.
"This could take some time," she told the Board, "but I think this is one that we need to take our time and get a lot of information so we can do that next step of improvement for that."
The superintendent has also expressed a desire to hire three additional nurses, bringing the districtwide total to seven. However, the Board appeared hesitant at the May 17 meeting when presented with a budget scenario that included about $250,000 funding for the new nurses.
The Board, while not ruling out hiring more nurses, asked Conley to provide information about the best practices of comparable districts, both in Utah and nationwide, and wondered whether other staff members can be trained to carry out some of the services nurses provide. The Board also asked for an analysis of how the need for more nurses fits in with the need for other support staff, such as counselors.
Conley said in the meeting that most districts in Utah do not have one nurse for every school, while many others nationwide do. Currently, there is one nurse for about every 1,500 students in Park City. Three additional nurses would lower that ratio to roughly one per 850.
School leaders in Park City are far from the only ones grappling with these issues. Michael Shay, an equal opportunity specialist and investigator for the Office for Civil Rights' Denver office, which oversees Utah, said many other districts have also had to determine whether they can provide full-time nurses.
Disability cases, including ones involving diabetic students, are the most common the Office for Civil Rights investigates. Most of the complaints, Shay said, concern the ability of districts to provide medicine — or insulin — to students throughout the day rather than calling on parents to do so. The trouble is when that interferes with a student's right to a free and appropriate public education.
"With a lot of budget issues with public education, generally, we have seen more part-time service providers — not just necessarily nursing — that are not on each school's staff but rotate through a district or sometimes even multiple districts," he said.
Kempton, and many of the other parents calling for change, say that is not good enough for Park City. She said she loves the community and wants to see the school district earn recognition for all the good things it does, rather than for the negatives. That is why she decided to go public with her experiences.
"If no one speaks up, then things don't change," she said. "I'm of the mindset that sometimes you do have to bring attention to something for change to come. Type 1 diabetes is a difficult disease. I would hope that the school district would be making steps to provide the right amount of care."


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Digul – indonezyjska rzeka w prowincji Papua w południowej części Nowej Gwinei. Źródła znajdują się na stokach Puncak Mandala (4760 m n.p.m.) w Górach Śnieżnych. Długość 525 km. Wpływa do Morza Arafura, tworząc deltę. W dolnym odcinku, żeglowna. Przepływa przez zabagnioną nizinę. Główne miasta i porty rzeczne: Tanahmerah, Bade, Mapi.

Linki zewnętrzne

 Jock Hughes. «Upper Digul Survey»

Przypisy

Rzeki w Indonezji
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
From Knowino
1 The earth sciences perspective
2 The chemistry perspective
2.1 The water molecule and its properties
2.2 Aggregates of water molecules and their properties
2.3 Unique properties of water
3 The biology perspective
4 Water by definition
5.1 Bottled water
6 Quality
Water is a chemical compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen and has the chemical formula (H2O or HOH). At typical room temperature and pressure, it is a liquid that is nearly colorless, tasteless, and odorless. Its molecular structure and other properties are discussed in one of the sections below.
Water is the liquid substance that makes up the bulk of our oceans, lakes, and rivers. It is a liquid that animals, plants, and all living organisms must take in to keep living. It is the liquid we use to wash our bodies and our clothes and to put out fires. We learn early in life that water can be transformed into a solid called ice by freezing it or into water vapor by boiling it or allowing it to evaporate. We also realize that such transformations occur naturally, accounting for glaciers, icy roads, humid weather, clouds, rain, and snow. Pure gaseous water above its boiling point is called steam.
Scientists specializing in particular disciplines (e.g., physics, chemistry, geology, biology) study, describe and/or apply the properties and behaviors of water particular to their discipline. This article approaches those particulars in a multi-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary way.
[edit] The earth sciences perspective
Oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers can be referred to as natural bodies of water. Oceans and seas consist of salt water, and so are considered saline. Many rivers and lakes consist of fresh water, meaning the water contains only trace amounts, if any, of salt. Water of intermediate salinity between salt water and fresh water is called brackish. Brackish water is commonly found where saline bodies of water meet bodies of fresh water. Among the many subjects dealt with by the earth sciences, water presents itself as a major focus and challenge.[1] In its broadest focus it deals with the distribution and masses of water on Earth. Oceanography deals with water in the oceans; hydrology, with water on land and underground; meteorology, with the characteristics of water in the Earth's atmosphere; glaciology, with water as glaciers and polar ice; climatology, with the role of water in Earth's climate.
Earth scientists also study and teach about the history of water in Earth's history as a planet, and unavoidably, about the possibility of water elsewhere in the Universe.
Water is one of the Earth's basic naturally occurring substances. It covers about 70% of the world's surface. If it covered the entire surface of a hypothetically flat Earth, the bottom of that flat 'waterworld' would lie 2.7 meters (8.9 feet) below the top.[2] In reality, only about 3% of Earth's water is fresh water, and of that about 30% is ground water, and about 70% is in ice caps, glaciers, and tundra (see accompanying illustration). Less than 1% of Earth's freshwater can be found in lakes, rivers, and clouds.
Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air. The amount of water vapor air can hold is highly dependent on its condition, typically including temperature. Water is constantly evaporating from bodies of water and entering the atmosphere to form clouds. Warm air can hold significantly more water vapor than cold air. When atmospheric conditions change such that the air can no longer hold the water vapor, precipitation occurs. Depending on temperature and conditions, precipitation can be rain in warmer weather, or snow, sleet, or hail in cold weather. Snow periodically falls on mountain tops forming glaciers. Glaciers continuously melt forming streams or creeks which flow together into rivers flowing downhill into other bodies of water, such as lakes, seas or oceans. Thus, a natural water cycle is ongoing.
[edit] The chemistry perspective
Chemistry deals with the properties of the water molecule itself, its interactions with other water molecules, and the way those properties and interactions account for its interactions with molecular species other than water — essentially all of its characteristics as 'water'.
[edit] The water molecule and its properties
Common name water
IUPAC name oxidane
CAS number 7732-18-5
Molecular formula H2O
Molecular mass 18.0153 g/mol
Density 0.998 g/ml for liquid at 20 °C, 1 atm
Normal boiling point 373.15 K (100 °C) at 1 atm
Critical point 647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa
Melting point 273.15 K (0 °C)
Freezing point [[Water/Freezing point|Water/Freezing point]][3][4]
Specific heat, cp 4.184 J/(g·K) for liquid at 20 °C
Heat of vaporization 2257 J/g for liquid at 100 °C
Heat of fusion 333.55 J/kg for solid (ice) at 0 °C
Viscosity 0.001 Pa·s for liquid at 20 °C
Refractive index 1.333 for liquid at 20 °C
On a molecular level, water is a chemical compound, a 'molecule' comprised of two atoms of hydrogen bonded to one atom of oxygen (H2O) (see the two figures on the left]. The two types of atoms bond together into a single structure by sharing the unpaired electrons in the outermost electron shells surrounding their nuclei — i.e., by 'covalent' bonds. We can give the least technical explanation of the phenomenon in the following way. Atoms are electrically neutral, having equal numbers of protons (charged positively, situated in the central nucleus) and electrons (charged negatively, surrounding the nucleus in one or more 'shells'). A hydrogen atom has a nucleus with one proton and one (unpaired) electron in its only electron shell. An oxygen has a nucleus with eight protons, with its counterbalancing eight electrons distributed two in its first shell and six in its next and outermost shell — of the latter, two remaining unpaired. For reasons requiring considerations of quantum mechanics, a hydrogen atom behaves as if it 'needed' one more electron to pair up with its sole electron in its first (and only) electron shell, to fill that shell to its natural capacity. An oxygen atom has its first electron shell filled to capacity with two electrons, but behaves as if it 'needed' two additional electrons to pair up with the two unpaired electrons among the six in its next (and outermost) shell, which has a natural capacity of eight electrons. Two hydrogen atoms can thus share electrons with one oxygen atom, filling their respective outermost electron shells to capacity, achieving a more stable state in the covalent bonds.
Three-dimensional model of individual water molecules associating with each other in three different structural configurations. Oxygen atoms shown in red, hydrogen atoms in grey.
The accompanying figures model the fact that the two hydrogen atoms do not bond symmetrically about the oxygen atom, but huddle somewhat closer together (~105o) than they would situated oppositely (180o) about the oxygen atom — the explanation of which requires knowledge of 'molecular orbital theory'. The plane of the molecule forms an isosceles triangle. Because the total charge of the nucleus of the larger oxygen atom exceeds that of the two smaller hydrogen atoms, the electrons spend more time nearer the oxygen atom, rendering the charge distribution on the molecule asymmetrical, with more negativity at the oxygen 'pole' of the molecule, and more positivity at the hydrogen 'pole' of the molecule. Chemists refer to the water molecule as 'polar', something roughly akin to the magnetic polar nature of a bar magnet. They also refer to the two covalent bonds in the molecule as 'polar covalent bonds'.
Though quantum mechanically simplistic, the above 'description' of the water molecule can serve to provide a fruitful level of understanding of the properties of water molecules in the aggregate, what we commonly refer to as the liquid, water, as ice, and as the gas, water vapor or steam — discussed in the next section.
[edit] Aggregates of water molecules and their properties
At one atmosphere of pressure, when liquid water is heated to 100 degrees Celsius (its boiling point), it begins to convert to steam, and when solid water — water ice — is heated to 0 degrees Celsius (its melting point) it begins to convert to liquid water. Water is unique among Earth's constituents in that it is the only naturally occurring substance that is found in those three states at temperatures normally occurring on Earth.
When cooled down to 0 K (absolute zero) or as close as can be practically achieved water is the only known substance (as of this date) that has a rest vibrational energy. No other known substance exhibits this peculiar behavior as it was assumed that at the absolute zero temperature every molecule would be totally frozen, having an energy of 0 J/mol.
Additionally, water is usually referred to as "the universal solvent" because of its ability to dissolve more substances than any other existing liquid. Absolutely pure water theoretically has a neutral acidity, which on a pH scale has a value of practically 7.0 at 25˚C, but even traces of impurity can affect the pH.
Frozen water has over 20 crystal structures it can assume dependent upon the circumstances. These water structures are denoted by Roman numbers, I -- XX. The structures of the different ice crystals are reflecting the response of water and its intramolecular interactions to the environment while freezing. This behavior also is specific for water, again making it in this respect an astonishing chemical.
Another special behavior of water is its internal charge distribution. Water is a polar liquid because of the electronegativity of O2 compared to H2 making the Oxygen atom slightly negatively charged compared to the 2 Hydrogen atoms in the water molecule. Since the electron clouds around Oxygen are pyramidically shaped (compare visual with the diamond structure or the structure of methane) Oxygen can form a pyramidical temporary bond with adjacent water molecules. These quickly forming and dissolving bonds are called hydrogen-bridges because they are energetically substantial yet are formed and broken at a very high rate. These hydrogen-bridges are important in the behavior of water (in all phases). It is the main reason for the high boiling point (373.15 K) and the low freezing point (273.15 K) as well as the exceptional behavior that the density of pure water is highest at 277.15 K (4˚C) where other liquid chemicals have the highest density at their freezing point. Sea water differs notably from pure water in that its density is greatest at its freezing point (about -1.9˚C).
The exceptional capability of water to dissolve very many chemicals is for a large part due to the structure water can form, breaking and forming hydrogen-bridges all the time and is the major contributor to the biological importance of water.
[edit] Unique properties of water
Martin Chaplin has listed many of the unique properties exhibited by water.[5]
Oceans, lakes, ponds, rivers, aquifers, and other natural liquid bodies of water on Earth can exist because water is liquid over a wide range of Earth's temperature, including its mean temperature of ~15oC. Icebergs exist because the density of solid water is lower than that of liquid water — ice floats.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many
[edit] The biology perspective
Water is life. It's the briny broth of our origins, the pounding circulatory system of the world, a precarious molecular edge on which we survive. It makes up two-thirds of our bodies, just like the map of the world; our vital fluids are saline, like the ocean. The apple doesn't fall far from the tree.
— Barbara Kingsolver.[6]
On Earth, to the extent of present knowledge, nothing actively living, no system carrying out the universal commonalities of living things, can do so except in an aqueous medium, cellular and extracellular water.
[edit] Water by definition
Water, in its liquid state.
The word "water" itself is practically synonymous with the word "liquid", as we refer to different liquids as "water-like", "watered down" or "watery". We know that water moves and flows. When we come across another liquid which visibly resembles water with an unknown chemical makeup, we might infer that it is water but would not know until some analytical tests were performed.
[edit] Uses
The availability of water on the Earth affords humanity an incredible number of uses, aside from consumption as an integral part of survival. Water can be used to cool machinery and facilities such as nuclear power plants and industrial milling tools. Sometimes, water containing an isotope of hydrogen (Deuterium) and is referred to as "heavy water", is used for that same purpose of cooling. Water can also be heated to generate steam that can then be converted into power--the focus of the steam engine which was born out of the industrial revolution. Large dams use water flow and gravity to turn turbines and rotors to generate hydroelectric power. Water can also be pressurized, creating a narrow stream that can cut through concrete.
[edit] Bottled water
In recent decades a multi-billion dollar market for "bottled water" has developed. This water is often advertised to have been additionally filtered, or to have come from a spring in order to enhance its "purity". However, there are cases where this was found to be untrue. The benefits and environmental impact of bottled water has been disputed for quite some time. Some governmental jurisdictions are concerned about the pollution created by the improper disposal of the plastic bottles and are considering a ban on the plastic throw-away bottles. However, some public health advocates agree that it is a healthy alternative to other drinks.
[edit] Quality
Water quality is generally determined by measuring the concentration of soluble chemicals, suspended clay particles, and microorganisms. With respect to human health, however, the most important criteria in measuring water quality is the degree of contamination by pathogenic microbes. Because natural water normally contains a large quantity of microorganisms that are nonpathogenic, the sanitary quality of water is determined by the kind, rather than number, of microorganisms.
Furthermore, water quality is measured only by the concentration of indicator bacteria, for measurement of all human pathogens would require too much time, and too many resources. Also, pathogens are difficult to detect due to their small and sporadically changing numbers in water, and their low survival rates (from exposure to water temperature, sunlight, chemicals, and other bacteria). An indicator microorganism is thus one that exists in large numbers in water, has stable properties and a longer survival time, and is absent from uncontaminated water[7].
These criteria are well satisfied when [[[coliform]]s are used as indicator microorganisms. Coliforms are Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, facultative (i.e. non-obligatory) anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas within 48 hours at 35°C[7]. Two prominent coliforms are Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, both enteric bacteria (that is, of the family Enterobacteriaceae). Along with viruses and protozoan pathogens such as Cryptosporidium, enteric bacteria are one of the major categories of waterborne disease of concern to humans[7]. Enteric bacteria, and in fact many pathogens, are transmitted by a fecal-oral route, and thus the presence of coliforms may indicate pollution by fecal material from humans (or other warmblooded animals).
To this end, coliforms are classified either as total coliforms, or the more specific fecal coliforms, which grow and ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas at 44.5 ± 0.2 °C for 24 ± 2 hours[7]. E. coli, indigenous to the human intestinal tract, is a fecal coliform, while Enterobacter aerogenes can also be found in soil and grain, and is thus considered a nonfecal coliform. Fecal counts are lower, and more clearly indicate fecal contamination by humans and other warmblooded animals than counts of total coliforms in water. E. coli, a major causative agent of the common "traveler's diarrhea," is the most commonly-used indicator microorganism in these counts[7].
Two accepted methods of determining coliform presence in water include the most-probable number (MPN) procedure, and the membrane filter technique. In the former, a series of tests is conducted until a positive result is reached, or a negative result is finally concluded in the last test. The tests involve looking for evidence of gas production under coliform incubation conditions, and observation of the colonies and cells of microorganisms in the water sample. The membrane filter technique uses filters that can select for either total or fecal coliforms, which form colonies on the pads. The more traditional MPN method has the principle advantage of not requiring any prior treatment of the water[7]. Advantages of the membrane filter method include a higher degree of reproducibility, more sensitivity (higher volumes of water can be tested), lower time requirements and fewer steps. The technique is disadvantaged in that the growth of the coliforms can be inhibited by background microorganisms such as cyanobacteria, and adsorbed metals and phenols, on the filter[7].
[edit] Treatment
In many parts of the world, water is obtained from a dug well, which draws from a deep pocket under the surface called an aquifer. Areas that use water from shallow aquifers for irrigation may exhibit a distinct rust discoloration due to iron oxidation. However, digging deeper may produce consumable water. The availability of water below the earth's surface and the depth at which it can be reached depends on the water table, which is directly impacted by the geological structure underneath.
Iron oxide (rust) produced from a well-water irrigation system.
In public groundwater and private water supplies in North America, it is desirable that fecal coliforms be virtually absent, while a level of under 10 per 100 ml is desirable in public surface water supplies. Permissible levels for total coliforms in recreational water are under 1,000 per 100 ml, and for fecal coliforms, under 100 per 100 ml[7]. Even very small numbers of pathogens are of concern, since high volumes of water may be consumed by humans. Contamination can result when sewage treatment systems break down, or when post-contamination occurs in pipelines. Against this possibility, residual chlorine is generally left in water after treatment. Such treatment, performed at a water treatment plant, may include the processes of sedimentation (flocculation), filtration, and disinfection[7] with arsenic, fluoride, and other additives. (In the case of fluoride, the treatment may help prevent tooth decay.) Pathogens such as Giardiasis and Cryptosporidium, however, produce cysts that are resistant to chlorination, and can only be removed by sedimentation and very fine filtration — through slow sand filters, for example[7].
[edit] References
↑ Gleick, Peter H. (2008) The World's Water 2008-2009: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources Includes chapters on: water and climate change; water in China; status of the Millennium Development Goals for water; peak water; efficient urban water use; business reporting on water....an updated chronology of global conflicts associated with water, as well as brief reviews of issues regarding desalination, the Salton Sea, and the Three Gorges Dam."
↑ Courtland R. (2008) Enough Water to Go Around? Nature News.
↑ For more information on why the freezing point of pure water is not measurable see:Revised Release on the Equation of State 2006 for H2O Ice Ih The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, The Netherlands, September 2009
↑ For more information on the colligative property of freezing point depression of water by adding of a solvent (such as a salt) see:Freezing Point Depression in Solutions Rod Nave, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University
↑ Water Structure and Science: Anomalous properties of water Professor Martin Chaplin, London South Bank University (Last updated September 2009)
↑ Barbara Kingsolver. (2010) Water Is Life. National Geographic Magazine. April, 2010.
↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA. 1996. Microbiology (3rd ed). Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. pp. 26, 107-108, 425, 428, 683, 770, 848-850, 852-853
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text:
Als Krummholz oder Knieholz bezeichnet man natürlich krumm gewachsenes Holz.

Krummholz und Krüppelformen
Der Ausdruck Krummholz wird in der Botanik für niedrige Baum- und Strauchformen mit zahlreichen, sparrig verzweigten, stark gebogenen oder hakenförmigen Ästen wie etwa für die Bergkiefer (Legföhre) der Alpen oder die Lappland-Weide Skandinaviens in der Krummholzzone oberhalb der Waldgrenze verwendet; deren Wuchsform grundsätzlich genetisch bedingt ist.

Hinzu kommt der Krüppelwuchs beziehungsweise Krüppelformen, die durch extreme Klimaverhältnisse verursacht werden. So wird das natürlich gewachsene Krummholz je nach Höhenlage nochmals durch langanhaltende Schneelast zum Krüppelwuchs gezwungen; aber auch starke Winde – zum Beispiel an vielen Küsten – oder steile Hanglagen mit entsprechender Solifluktion geben Gehölzen eigentümliche Formen.

Areale mit gleicher anomaler Krümmung sind ein geodynamischer Zeiger. Forstlich gesehen ist Krummholz heute weitgehend wertlos und wird als Wuchsfehler klassiert (Krummschäftigkeit).

Anwendungen

Historisch gesehen waren geeignete Krummhölzer aber gesuchtes Werkmaterial, anfangs für sonst technisch nicht umsetzbare Lösungen, später, weil das natürlich krumm gewachsene Holz mit seinem belastbaren Faserverlauf in einigen Spezialanwendungen nicht durch aus geradwüchsigem Holz geschnittene krumme Bauteile ersetzt werden konnte. Anwendung findet sich etwa:
 schon seit dem Anbeginn der menschlichen Werkzeugherstellung als ein knieförmig gekrümmtes Stück Holz, verwendet etwa als Grabstock und Waffe oder beim Bau bronzezeitlicher Geräte wie Randleistenbeil oder Pflug. Bedeutung verlieren die Knieholzgeräte erst, als man das An- und Einschäften von Stein- und Bronzeklingen entwickelt.
 für Werkzeugstiele (etwa Spaten, Sensen) aber bis in die Moderne.
 gewachsene Spanten, die aus Knieholz herausgearbeitet worden sind, fanden einst im Schiffbau Verwendung.
 krummes Holz findet sich auch regional im Fachwerkbau, für Zierwerk.
 auch in der Wagnerei (für Radreifen, Wasserräder, u. ä.), im Schlittenbau (Kufen) und verwandten Handwerken wurde bis in das 20. Jahrhundert mit natürlich gekrümmten Hölzern gearbeitet.
 Alphörner werden noch heute aus an Steilhängen gewachsenen, im unteren Stammbereich krummen Fichten gefertigt.

Um nicht auf Vorkommen wie Windflüchter oder Bäume mit Blitzschäden angewiesen zu sein, wurden im frühen 19. Jahrhundert junge Bäume mit Vorrichtungen gebogen, um den gewünschten Wuchs zu erreichen. Dies geschah vor allem im nordwestlichen Europa für den Bau von Schiffsrümpfen und Krummholzdächern. Endgültig verloren hat das Krummholz seinen technischen Einsatz erst mit der Erfindung des Holzbiegens (Bugholz), dem dauerhaften Umformen von mit Wasserdampf behandeltem Holz – an und für sich seit alters her bekannt und eingesetzt, etwa in der Küferei, aber erst um 1850 zum industriellen Einsatz weiterentwickelt (Thonetmöbel). Heute wird Bugholz für Träger im modernen Holzbau wieder zunehmend eingesetzt, wenn auch meist in Form von Leimbindern, natürliches Krummholz sehr selten.

Berufsbezeichnung
Als Krummholz wurde auch ein auf der Wanderschaft befindlicher Wagnergeselle bezeichnet.

Literatur
 Dietrich Böhlmann: Warum Bäume nicht in den Himmel wachsen – Eine Einführung in das Leben unserer Gehölze. Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-494-01420-3.
 Ignaz von Born: Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Böhmen. Fünfter Band, Verlag der Gerlischen Buchhandlung, Prag 1782, S. 130–132.
 Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg: Forstnaturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch verschiedene Gegenden Deutschlands. Nicolaische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1842, S. 369–377.

Weblinks

 Naturraumkartierung Oberösterreich (abgerufen am 9. August 2018)
 Knieholz: Waaren aus dem Riesengebirge (abgerufen am 9. August 2018)

Einzelnachweise

Holzfehler
Holz-Halbzeug
Baum


After the end of World War II, the Swiss Army purchased the "Tank hunter Hetzer" / G13 which had been produced for the German Wehrmacht by Skoda works, as well as large numbers of the legendary "Jeeps" from U.S. war surplus.
Brown Bovery developed a two channel frequency modulated wireless station, which did fit inside the equipment bays of the tank destroyers; it was based on a vehicle station EF21 intended for use of police and fire brigades.
The vehicle wireless station SE-202 / SEF has been developed by Brown Boveri and came in two variants: the "Jeep station" and the "tank hunter station" to be installed in the Panzerjäger "Hetzer" / G-13.
Later it has seen fixed use for training and in "mountain stations" of the Air Force.
The set consists of two metal cases with the receiver and the transmitter and a control unit, which was simple for the "Jeep station" and equipped with an on-board intercom for the "tank hunter station".
The metal containerd of the transmitter and receiver are stored in a equipment bay in the tank destroyer and under metal covers at both sides of the rear sets of the jeep.
In the years 1948/49 165 ex. of the "tank hunter" CF63 and 58 ex. of the CF41 "jeep" have been acquired, the last SE-202 have been faded out in 1973.


text:
Roman shipwreck discovered off coast of Sicilian town Aci Trezza
A Roman shipwreck of the second century BC laden with countless amphorae has been discovered in the sea off the coast of the Sicilian town of Aci Trezza.
Credit: LiveUnict
In addition to the amphorae, two lead anchors, some tiles and a long bilge tube above the amphorae have already been identified.
The find highlights the considerable importance in Roman times of ports of call such as the Cyclops islands, mentioned in the Aeneid.
"This is an important discovery that could give further prestige to our community as well as being a source for revival of tourism, providing the basis for the construction of an archaeological museum in Aci Trezza," said Councillor Tony Guarnera, "I sent a note to Councillor Sebastiano Romeo to initiate a series of contacts with the regional department to verify its feasibility. A note was also sent to the association Centro Studi Aci Trezza so that it can provide every support to the councillor, especially in terms of historical documentation".
Romeo agreed with Guarnera's proposal for making the Roman treasure available to all: "We are considering creating an archeosub site. It would be a unique opportunity for scholars and enthusiasts. We are also considering creating a second area at the castle of Aci to enrich the already existing archaeological collection".
Source: La Sicilia [June 24, 2018]
Labels Archaeology, Europe, Italy, Southern Europe, Underwater Archaeology


text:
IBD: New approach to symptom relief looks promising
Published	 Tuesday 12 March 2019	 Published	Tue 12 Mar 2019
By Catharine Paddock PhD
Fact checked by Jasmin Collier
Treatments that target inflammation directly don't work for many people with inflammatory bowel disease. Now, new research suggests that blocking a protein involved in blood clotting could be a promising alternative.
New research brings hope of a new treatment for people living with IBD.
After studying genetic data from lots of people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), scientists at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO, found that those with the most severe symptoms also had higher activity in genes associated with blood clotting.
The active genes were common to both the inflammatory cells and the epithelial cells, or the cells of the gut lining.
The gene SERPINE-1 and PAI-1, which is the protein that it encodes, were particularly active, so the team decided to focus on them.
Both PAI-1 and its encoding gene are involved in the early stages of blood clotting, but the recent study is the first to link them to inflammation, albeit indirectly.
The researchers found that an experimental drug that blocked PAI-1 alleviated the symptoms of IBD in a mouse model of the disease.
The journal Science Translational Medicine now features a detailed account of the study.
"No one's ever thought of targeting something like this," says senior study author Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck, Ph.D., a professor of laboratory and genomic medicine.
"But," he adds, "here we've found something that might help lots of people with IBD, especially the ones who aren't benefiting much from current therapies."
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
According to 2015 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 3 million adults in the United States have reported receiving a diagnosis of either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, the two conditions that make up IBD.
The main difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is that in ulcerative colitis, the inflammation largely affects the colon, whereas in Crohn's disease, it can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract.
IBD: A low-calorie plant diet relieves inflammation, repairs gut
A "fasting-mimicking diet" lessened inflammation, promoted tissue repair, and boosted good bacteria in the guts of mice with IBD.
The symptoms of IBD consist mainly of abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of weight, and fatigue. Rectal bleeding and bloody stools can also affect those with more severe disease.
The standard treatment is to administer corticosteroids or other drugs to suppress the inflammation. However, for many people with IBD, this either does not work or only gives slight relief.
Doctors can also treat more severe symptoms with strong drugs that suppress the immune system, including those that block the immune protein TNF. These can relieve symptoms, but they don't always work, and they can also raise the risk of cancer and infection.
Researchers took a new direction
Instead of following the already well-trodden path of searching for drugs that target inflammation, Prof. Stappenbeck and his team decided to go in a different direction.
They carried out a detailed search for genes that might contribute to IBD through routes that are not directly related to inflammation. To do this, they analyzed genetic data from 1,800 biopsy samples of people with IBD.
Various studies had generated the data by comparing the biopsies of people with IBD with those without IBD. The biopsies from people with IBD included samples from inflamed and noninflamed gut tissue and from cases of severe, moderate, and mild disease.
It was this analysis that produced a list of genes, all involved in blood clotting, that are more active in people with IBD.
The finding supports what others have observed: that people with IBD are more than twice as likely as those without IBD to develop blood clotting problems, especially during flare-ups.
Eventually, the team honed the list to focus on SERPINE-1 and its protein PAI-1, noting their high level of activity in both inflammatory and epithelial cells and the fact that they were both involved in the early phases of blood clotting.
"What's most exciting here," Prof. Stappenbeck remarks, "is that SERPINE-1 and its protein seems to be most highly expressed in people with the most severe disease and those who don't respond to immunosuppressive biologics."
Noninflammatory target looks promising
He and his colleagues then developed a mouse model of IBD by giving mice a compound that produces the same damage and symptoms in the gut.
Compared with control mice that the team had treated with a harmless compound, the IBD mice lost weight and their gut tissue showed lesions and high levels of inflammatory proteins and cells consistent with signs of IBD.
In addition, SERPINE-1 expression in the gut tissue of the IBD mice was six times higher than in that of the control mice.
The team then treated some of the IBD mice with MDI-2268, an experimental drug that blocked the action of PAI-1, and the rest with a placebo.
Compared with those that received placebo, the IBD mice that received the experimental drug began to show signs of improved health. Their weight loss diminished, and their gut tissue showed fewer lesions and reduced inflammation.
Prof. Stappenbeck explains, "We found a unique target that's not an inflammatory molecule, and yet blocking it reduces inflammation and signs of disease, at least in mice," adding, "If further research bears out our findings, we think this target could be helpful to a greater number of patients."
The team suggests that the finding will lead to new types of treatment for people with IBD who find no relief from those that are currently available.
"There's a lot of interest in novel therapeutic approaches for IBD because inhibiting inflammatory molecules doesn't work for all patients."
Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck, Ph.D.
What are the facts of Crohn's disease? Crohn's disease is a chronic condition that causes inflammation along the digestive tract. Here, we discuss Crohn's disease facts, including causes, risk factors, prevalence, treatment options, and costs. We also describe the differences between Crohn's and some other digestive disorders. Read now
Protein: Uses, sources, and requirements Protein is one of the three nutrients that the body needs in large quantities. It is essential to maintain and build body tissues and muscle. Not having enough can cause low growth and a weakened immune system, but too much leads to weight gain and liver problems. Learn more about the sources and uses of protein here. Read now
What is Crohn's disease? Crohn's disease is a chronic condition that can affect any part of the gut. It causes inflammation, which can lead to pain and other symptoms, including ulcers in the gut, fatigue, and anemia. Treatment options include surgery, medication, and supplements. In this article, we look at the disease in more detail. Read now
Ulcerative colitis: What you need to know Ulcerative colitis is a form of inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation of the large intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. The condition is chronic, and its cause is poorly understood, but it is possible to manage the symptoms and achieve remission. Here, we explain further. Read now
What to know about inflammatory bowel disease IBD is often confused with irritable bowel syndrome, but they are separate conditions. IBD is an umbrella term for intestinal issues. Find out about inflammatory bowel disease, including risk factors and management. This MNT Knowledge Center article discusses the two main types: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Read now
Blood / Hematology GastroIntestinal / Gastroenterology Pharma Industry / Biotech Industry
Popular in: Crohn's / IBD
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As the final details and finishes come together, and on the heels of a successful move-in of Vermeer from Fontana, the new RDO Equipment Co. store in Riverside is nearly complete. As the team prepares for the official grand opening, they took a look back at the old store and how much has changed in the new space.
Several upgraded features are included in the new shop like light tubes and overhead doors with full-view glazing panels for plenty of natural light. A system of large overhead fans ensures cooling and continuous circulation of air throughout the space, something the previous location didn't have. Another unique feature to the new shop is the ClearBlu Environmental system, a unique water-saving system that filters and recycles the water used to wash equipment.
The new Riverside store, located at 20 Iowa Avenue, is fully open and operational. Dennis Howard, Vice President of the Southwest Construction region, says the team is already enjoying seeing customers in the store and showing them around. "We invite all customers to stop in and see the new space," he said.
Miss the July update from RDO Equipment Co. in Riverside? Read it now.


NOTE: Please select freight shipping. Please note that each roll cage has a 3-4 week build time.
Paint Finish: Most steel products are sprayed with an industrial grade gloss black cover coat for rust protection. EXPECT some paint damage during shipping. You may want to refinish products before final installation. It is best to check fit and drill all holes before you repaint. There is NO paint finish guarantee.


text:
NONE TOO QUICK ON THE UPTAKE:
Rogue State America: Has America become a rogue state? (John B. Judis, 1/17/07, TNR Online)
What exactly are we doing in the Horn of Africa, where we have encouraged the Christian government of Ethiopia to invade Somalia and replace its Islamic government? As far as I can tell, we have violated international law, committed war crimes, helped Al Qaeda recruit new members, and involved ourselves in a guerrilla war that could last decades. It's Iraq writ small. And it can't be blamed on Donald Rumsfeld.
There's an old principle of international law, going back to the seventeenth century, against one nation violating the sovereignty of another. It was often breached, but, after two world wars, it was enshrined in the United Nations charter. We criticized the Soviet invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia and justified the first Gulf war on these grounds. The purpose of this principle has been to prevent wars that could arise if more powerful countries simply took it into their hands to dominate smaller, less powerful ones. […]
In the 1990s, foreign policy experts, eager to identify a new enemy, hit upon the concept of a "rogue state." A rogue state operated outside the bounds of international norms and had to be restrained. The obvious candidates at the time were Libya, Iraq, and North Korea. But the Bush administration has turned the United States itself into a rogue state. Tough-minded conservatives, flexing their "muscular" inclinations from comfortable sinecures in Washington, may dismiss concerns about international law and war crimes as inventions of silly panty-waist liberals. But these inventions, which, in the modern era, were championed by Theodore Roosevelt, were meant to protect Americans as well as other peoples from the wars and the inhumanity that prevailed for thousands of years. We ignore them at their peril, whether in Haditha or Ras Kamboni.
Mr. Judis is correct about the intervention being a mistake vis-a-vis the Somali people, but if he's just now noticing that we're a rogue state and sovereignty is a dead letter he doesn't pay much attention to American history.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, January 17th, 2007 at 7:17 pm and is filed under CRUSADER STATE/JACKSONIANISM, ISLAMIC REFORMATION, REDEFINING SOVEREIGNTY: THE BOOK, WESTPHALIAN SOVEREIGNTY.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


Description: Two vulnerabilities were reported in VMware. A remote user can cause arbitrary code to be executed on the target user's system.
A remote user can create specially crafted HTML or a specially crafted video file that, when loaded by the target user, will trigger a heap overflow in the VNnc Codec and execute arbitrary code on the target system. The code will run with the privileges of the target user.
VMware Workstation, Player, ACE, and Server are affected.
Aaron Portnoy from TippingPoint DVLabs reported these vulnerabilities.
Impact: A remote user can create a file or HTML that, when loaded by the target user, will execute arbitrary code on the target user's system.
ESXi resolve multiple security issues.
virtual machines on that host.
has assigned the name CVE-2008-4916 to this issue.
be exploited by a privileged Windows account.
has assigned the name CVE-2009-1146 to this issue.
address another potential denial of service in hcmon.sys as well.
has assigned the name CVE-2008-3761 to this issue.
between two or more virtual machines on the same host.
inside Windows-based guest operating systems.
hence they are not affected by this vulnerability.
assigned the name CVE-2009-1147 to this issue.
on Windows-based guests (column 4) if a solution is available.
page or opening a malicious video file.
non-virtualized host operating system that contains it.
testing team for reporting this issue to us.
has assigned the name CVE-2009-0908 to this issue.
of service condition on Windows hosts.
has assigned the name CVE-2009-0177 to this issue.
with a fixed version (see below).
has assigned the name CVE-2009-0518 to this issue.
- VC build number 147704, 147694, or 147633 (or higher).
(this patch is part of the ESX 3.5 Update 4 release).
The three ESXi patches for Firmware "I", VMware Tools "T,"
Initial security advisory after hosted product releases on 2009-04-01.


Fenworth was a 72, 000 year-old O'rant Bog Wizard from Wynd who lived in a castle situated within Bedderman's Bog until his death.
As an old Wizard, Fenworth had a remarkable wealth of knowledge on wizardry. He also had some teaching skill as he was able to Lyll Allerion, Kale Allerion, and Regidor how to access and taught them how to use their talents.
In addition, as a Bog Wizard Fenworth had the tendency to turn into a tree or bush when he stayed in one spot for too long. He was also constantly dropping small animals around.
He played an integral part of the story, the main goal for half the book was to find the wizard in The Bogs. Once found, he and his reliable yet reluctant librarian, Libreowitt, help Kale and her companions search for and rescue the meech egg stolen by Risto. His powerful wizardry proves useful many times, from drowning blimmets to assisting Kale in her own endeavors.
Fenworth was supposedly the ninth cousin twenty-times removed from the Lake Wizard, Cam Ayronn's, family though Cam denied this and claimed that he was only his second cousin never removed.
Dragon Keeper wiki is a FANDOM Books Community.


Our submission for PrimaImaging Beauty Photography Exhibition in Maja House, Bandung.
We saw a lot of beauty photography is represented with clean, nice shot pretty model with flawless make up. We came with excessive beauty represented with a lot of brush stroke with strong colours. Make up can hide true beauty from the model but in other way, make up is also one important thing to reveal beauty.
Is beauty photography equals to make up photography ?
Lighting Tools : Broncolor Grafit.


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