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org.apache.poi.hssf.record

Class LbsDataSubRecord.LbsDropData

java.lang.Object

org.apache.poi.hssf.record.LbsDataSubRecord.LbsDropData

Enclosing class:

LbsDataSubRecord

public static class LbsDataSubRecord.LbsDropData
extends java.lang.Object

This structure specifies properties of the dropdown list control

Field Summary

Fields

Modifier and Type
Field and Description

static int
STYLE_COMBO_DROPDOWN

Combo dropdown control

static int
STYLE_COMBO_EDIT_DROPDOWN

Combo Edit dropdown control

static int
STYLE_COMBO_SIMPLE_DROPDOWN

Simple dropdown control (just the dropdown button)

Constructor Summary

Constructors

Constructor and Description

LbsDataSubRecord.LbsDropData()

LbsDataSubRecord.LbsDropData(LittleEndianInput in)

Method Summary

Methods

Modifier and Type
Method and Description

int
getDataSize()

void
serialize(LittleEndianOutput out)

void
setNumLines(int num)

Set the number of lines to be displayed in the dropdown.

void
setStyle(int style)

Set the style of this dropdown.

java.lang.String
toString()

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

STYLE_COMBO_DROPDOWN

public static final int STYLE_COMBO_DROPDOWN

Combo dropdown control

See Also:

Constant Field Values

STYLE_COMBO_EDIT_DROPDOWN

public static final int STYLE_COMBO_EDIT_DROPDOWN

Combo Edit dropdown control

See Also:

Constant Field Values

STYLE_COMBO_SIMPLE_DROPDOWN

public static final int STYLE_COMBO_SIMPLE_DROPDOWN

Simple dropdown control (just the dropdown button)

See Also:

Constant Field Values

Constructor Detail

LbsDataSubRecord.LbsDropData

public LbsDataSubRecord.LbsDropData()

LbsDataSubRecord.LbsDropData

public LbsDataSubRecord.LbsDropData(LittleEndianInput in)

Method Detail

setStyle

public void setStyle(int style)

Set the style of this dropdown.

 Possible values:

  0  Combo dropdown control
  1  Combo Edit dropdown control
  2  Simple dropdown control (just the dropdown button)

setNumLines

public void setNumLines(int num)

Set the number of lines to be displayed in the dropdown.

serialize

public void serialize(LittleEndianOutput out)

getDataSize

public int getDataSize()

toString

public java.lang.String toString()

Overrides:

toString in class java.lang.Object

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                Copyright 2015 The Apache Software Foundation or
        its licensors, as applicable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Evidence proves that alcohol and depression go together. However, which came first? It's interesting to note that this isn't always so easy to answer. That said, alcohol abuse easily leads to depression.
Alcohol's a nervous system depressant. It makes you sleepy. However, before it does that, it makes you perk up a little. You lose your inhibitions.
In this way, alcohol counteracts low-grade anxiety and depression. Because it does so initially, people keep falling back on it. Next, they're developing a tolerance to the drug. Now, they have to drink more to get the same results.
Most importantly, the drug no longer relieves the depression or anxiety the person experiences. Rather, it merely medicates them to fall asleep. This is why so many individuals drink until they pass out. They should participate in an anxiety or depression treatment program instead.
The connection between alcohol and depression continues because few people visit a doctor when they experience mental health issues. They're afraid someone will tell them it's all in their heads. Similarly, they don't want to stand out as needing medication. In fairness, some don't even realize that they struggle with depression or anxiety.
They figure that everyone's dealing with these things. However, they believe others are doing a better job of overcoming them. Therefore, they reach for the socially acceptable alcohol to self-medicate. Addiction isn't far behind.
Another care aspect that works well is the use of mindfulness training. You practice meditation, breathing techniques, and yoga to boost self-awareness. In the process, you learn how to let go of stress. Because stress is a significant contributing factor to drinking problems, it's essential to overcome in recovery.
Vivitrol shots can assist with reducing alcohol cravings after program graduation. In this way, it's part of an aftercare safety net. Similarly, 12 Step support group meetings offer peer accountability and support. Good-quality rehab centers facilitate your entry into these programs.
Learn more about the connection between alcohol and depression from the experts. Contact AspenRidge Recovery Lakewood to find out how therapists can assist you with recovery support. Most importantly, undergo an insurance verification to speed up enrollment. Call 866-977-8625 today!


text:
I'm too sexy...
An American banker is suing her former employer, Citibank, for firing her because she is too good-looking. Above the Law reports the modest Debrahlee Lorenzana is suing on the grounds of…
An American banker is suing her former employer, Citibank, for firing her because she is too good-looking.
Above the Law reports the modest Debrahlee Lorenzana is suing on the grounds of wrongful termination, which she believes was executed because her employers found her "too hot" and therefore distracting to other employees merely trying to do their jobs whilst having to look at Lorenzana's self-proclaimed extremely attractive self.
Amongst other things, Lorenzana alleges that her bosses made concerted efforts to render her less attractive by asking her to stop wearing pencil skirts, three-inch heels or fitted and flattering-to-the figure
suits. Lorenzana alleges she pointed out that other women in the office wore far more revealing clothing, but was told "those women's shapes are different" and that she "drew too much attention."
Needless to say, Citibank is "vigorously" denying the claims, though has not revealed the reasons for Lorenzana's termination.
Folklaw thinks either Citibank is living in the dark ages and should be taken to the cleaners, or Lorenzana has a severe case of excess self-appreciation.
Last Updated: 04 March 2012 Published: 15 June 2010

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Chess Olympiad: Anand to mentor squad as India name two teams
CHENNAI: Two teams each will represent India in the Open and women's section at the 44th Chess Olympiad with five-time world champion Viswanathan Anand being named as the hosts' mentor for the prestigious tournament scheduled to be played from July 28 to August 10. India being the host are entitled to field two teams each — in Open category as well as women's section for the first-time ever.
It has bolstered the home team's medal chances at the 14-day event, which is expected to witness participation of world's top names from more than 150 countries. Vidit Gujrathi, who led India to gold medal in the 2020 Chess Olympiad, held virtually, will be part of India's first team in open section alongside Pentala Harikrishna and Chennai-based Krishnan Sasikiran, who have represented India on numerous occasions.
The 19-year-old Arjun Erigaisi and SL Narayanan will also be part of the first team. Arjun has been impressive in the past year and will be one of the players to watch out for as he makes his debut at the event along with SL Narayanan, whose solid style has been very impressive.
The second team, on the other hand, will comprise of young talents, who have been making headlines with their consistent performances in the last couple of years, including Praggnanandhaa R, Nihal Sarin, Gukesh D and Raunak Sadhwani. They will be making their debuts at the Chess Olympiad. The team will also have experienced player Adhiban B, who was a part of the Indian side which won the bronze medal in 2014.
In the women's section, the first team will have the immensely talented Koneru Humpy and World No 10 Harika Dronavalli, who have stamped their authority on many international tournaments, and the prolific Tania Sachdev with R Vaishali and Bhakti Kulkarni. The second team will consist of national champions Soumya Swaminathan, Mary Ann Gomes and Padmini Rout along with Vantika Agarwal and 15-year-old Divya Deshmukh.
Anand, who decided against playing the upcoming Chess Olympiad, will be very much in action as the mentor of the Indian teams. "I am playing very few events these days and after playing many Olympiads, I thought it was time for the younger ones to play. India has many talented youngsters like Nihal, Praggnanandhaa, Gukesh, Arjun and a few more," Anand said.
Interestingly, Praggnanandhaa and Vaishali will be the second set of siblings to represent the country at the same Olympiad after N Saritha and N Sudhakar Babu, who played in 1988's edition held in Greece. GM Pravin Thipsay will be the Head of the Delegation. GM Srinath and GM RB Ramesh will be the coach for first team and second team of open section respectively.
GM Abhijit Kunte will be the Coach for the Women's first team and GM Swapnil Dhopade for the second team. India won a bronze medal at the Tromso Chess Olympiad in 2014. While in the two virtual Olympiads, India won gold jointly with Russia in 2020 and the women's team won bronze in 2021.
Opportunity to field two teams at the Chess Olympiad opens the door for many young Indian talents to showcase their game at the biggest stage which otherwise would have been possible after a wait of probably another couple of years. "Teams look strong and have a good mix of experience as well as young talents and I'm confident that they will make the most of this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. I wish all the members the best luck for the event and their preparations," AICF secretary Bharat Singh Chauhan, said.
The Chess Olympiad was moved out of Russia after it invaded Ukraine and was awarded to Chennai in March. Alongside the Olympiad, the 94th FIDE Congress and elections will also be held in the city.
The teams:
India A:Vidit Gujrathi, P Harikrishna, Arjun Erigaisi, S L Narayanan, K Sasikiran.
India B: Nihal Sarin, D Gukesh, B Adhiban, R Praggnanandhaa, Raunak Sadhwani.
India A: Koneru Humpy, D Harika, R Vaishali, Tania Sachdev, Bhakti Kulkarni.
India B : Vantika Agarwal, Soumya Swaminathan, Mary Ann Gomes, Padmini Rout, Divya Deshmukh.
Source: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chess-olympiad-viswanathan-anand-to-mentor-squad-as-india-name-two-teams-in-open-and-womens-section/articleshow/91260418.cms
24 wins in 27 bilateral series: India's incredible home record in ODIs since Nov 2009
Once I am 100 per cent fit, I will work more on my skills: Jadeja
Hockey WC: Belgium face tough task against New Zealand
The workload of key players will be monitored: Dravid
Not that I'm aware of: Dravid on India adopting split captaincy
Rohit Sharma to 'Hitman': A glorious decade


text:
Sinfonietta for Children (Japanese: こどものための小交響曲 Kodomo no tame no shō-kōkyōkyoku) in B, Op. 24 (1943) is an orchestral composition by Japanese composer Saburō Moroi.

Written throughout October 1943 in the midst of the Second World War, the work was premiered by the Tokyo Broadcast Orchestra with Moroi conducting on 5 November 1943, just five days after the completion.

Instrumentation and Movements
Scored for double winds, brass, timpani and strings, the Sinfonietta is a neoclassical triptych consisting of a sonata form opening, a minuet and a mournful finale, marked:

 Allegro grazioso
 Andantino quasi allegretto
 Lento affabile

Recordings
 RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra — Takuo Yuasa, 2002. Naxos Records.

Reception
Gwin Parry-Jones from Musicweb International gave a positive review of the work following Naxos' release, highlighting the elegiac finale (haunting, moving music) as its most appealing movement while praising the charm, inventiveness and orchestration of the Allegro grazioso. Hubert Culot from the same website wrote a more lukewarm review while highlighting the work's melodic charm.

Victor Carr Jr. from Classics Today, praising Moroi's music as stimulating and often very beautiful, relates the composition to 19th-century French music with its tuneful melodies, light textures, breezy flow, and lush orchestral palette.

References
Notes

Sources

Compositions by Saburō Moroi
1943 compositions
Moroi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tag Archives: Carter Family
Victor P-79 – Smoky Mountain Ballads – 1941
Posted on September 23, 2019 by R. Connor Montgomery
In the year of 1941, the venerable folklorist and song collector John A. Lomax—best remembered for his 1910 book Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads, his field recordings made for the Library of Congress in the 1930s, and his discovery of the legendary Lead Belly—set out, at the age of seventy-four, to assemble a groundbreaking album of folk music from the Great Smoky Mountains of the southeastern United States. He selected from the catalog of the Victor record company (and their subsidiary label Bluebird) a total of ten masters of traditional mountain folk music recorded by relatively contemporary musicians and groups by the likes of Uncle Dave Macon, the Monroe Brothers, and the Carter Family. It was late in his illustrious career, and only one of the numerous remarkable accomplishments to his name.
The album cover for Smoky Mountain Ballads, edited by John A. Lomax.
John Avery Lomax was born on September 23, 1867, in Goodman, Mississippi, but he got to Texas as fast as he could. His parents James Avery and Susan Frances Lomax brought the family by wagon to "the low cedar-clad hills of Bosque County," north of Meridian, Texas, where young John was reared. Growing up on what was then the western frontier, Lomax was exposed to cowboy ballads and folk songs sung by a former slave hired to work on the family farm, and he began to do what had seldom yet been done: collect them and write them down. At twenty-one, he left farm life behind and enrolled in college in Granbury. After graduating, he became a schoolteacher around the region of his upbringing. In 1895, he entered the University of Texas in Austin, graduating two years later with a major in English literature. While there, he showed his collection of folk songs to one of his English professors, who decried them "cheap and unworthy." The dejected Lomax then burned them behind his dormitory and turned his focus to his studies. After his graduation, he married Bess Brown—with whom he would have four children, Shirley, John Jr., Alan, and Bess—and taught English for a stretch at Texas A&M. In 1907, he attended Harvard as a graduate student under Professors Barret Wendell and George Lyman Kittredge. Unlike his professor at U.T., they encouraged his interest in cowboy songs and ultimately helped him receive a Sheldon grant to research them. Thus, in 1910, at the age of forty-three, John A. Lomax published Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads, with a foreword by former president Theodore Roosevelt, the first in a series of song collections he would compile. With U.T. professor Leonidas Payne, he also established the Texas Folklore Society in 1909. From 1910, Lomax also worked an administrative job at the University of Texas, until Texas governor Jim "Pa" Ferguson's feud with academics got him fired in 1917. So he moved to Chicago to work as a banker in a firm operated by the son of one of his former professors, and later worked with U.T. alumni groups after Ferguson's impeachment.
After his wife passed in 1931, at his son John Jr.'s encouragement, Lomax set off on a lecture tour that ultimately resulted in his involvement in the Library of Congress' Archive of American Folk Song. Having previously recorded some Texas folksingers like Newton Gaines on wax cylinders, he arranged with the Archive to provide him with portable recording equipment, with which he would traverse the American South in search of traditional folksingers to record for posterity in the Library of Congress, preferably ones untainted by the influence of modern popular culture—those who still adhered to an older tradition. With his son Alan behind the wheel of his Ford sedan, the Lomaxes began their journey in their home state of Texas in June of 1933, visiting rural prison farms in search of musical convicts whose incarceration had separated their traditional repertoires from the dissemination of popular music. They were first turned away at the gates of the prison in Huntsville, but they soon found success when they arrived at the Central State Prison Farm in Sugar Land, Texas. There, they discovered sixty-three-year-old James "Iron Head" Baker and seventy-one-year-old Moses "Clear Rock" Platt,two "habitual criminals" who had spent the better part of their lives in the Texas prison system. Lomax recorded them singing hollers such as "Go Down Old Hannah", "Old Rattler", and "Black Betty", ultimately making return trips to collect more of their music. Lomax eventually grew fond of "Iron Head", and send him small amounts of money, which were reciprocated in the form of small handcrafted trinkets. Eventually, Lomax secured Baker's parole to act as his assistant, though the arrangement was short-lived. Soon after, they ventured on to Louisiana, where they paid a visit to the State Penitentiary at Angola. Locked away behind the prison walls was a singer and guitarist who would become Lomax's greatest discovery: the forty-five-year-old Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter. After recording Lead Belly in several performances in July of 1933, Lomax returned a year later with superior equipment to capture more of his extensive repertoire in better quality. This time, Lead Belly requested that Lomax deliver a song he had prepared as a plea for his pardon to Louisiana Governor O.K. Allen. Lomax obliged, and Lead Belly was released later that year (though the state insisted that the song had nothing to do with it). Required to find work or face re-incarceration, Lead Belly convinced Lomax to take him on as a driver and aide in his travels. Ultimately, Lomax traveled several hundred-thousand miles and preserved hundreds of songs by numerous performers, both in and out of prison, for the Library of Congress.
With Lead Belly along, Lomax went back to Yankeeland to begin a new series of lecture tours featuring the folksinger. Not long afterward, the partnership between the folklorist and the folksinger ended quite acrimoniously, as Lead Belly sued Lomax for payment that he believed had been withheld—though they later recovered a friendly acquaintanceship. In 1934, he remarried, to Miss Ruby Terrill, whom he had first met in 1921 while she was the dean of women at the East Texas State Normal College in Commerce. His associated with the Library of Congress' Archive of American Folk Music continued after his field work had more-or-less concluded. In 1947, with his son Alan, he wrote and published Adventures of a Ballad Hunter, a memoir of his life on the road in search of America's native song. John A. Lomax died from a stroke on January 26, 1948; an ailing Lead Belly gave his last concert in Austin, Texas, honoring the late folklorist. His legacy was carried on by his sons John Jr., Alan, and Bess, and his influence continued to be felt, both in the field of folklore scholarship and in folk music for the decades to come.
Posted in Records | Tagged 1930, 1930s, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1940s, Arthur Smith, Bill Monroe, Carter Family, Delmore Brothers, Folk, Gid Tanner, Hillbilly, J.E. Mainer, John A. Lomax, Monroe Brothers, Riley Puckett, Steve Ledford, Victor, Wade Mainer, Zeke Morris | Leave a reply
Victor V-40089 – Carter Family – 1929
The Carter Family—Maybelle, Sara, and A.P.—in the late 1920s, pictured in the Victor catalog.
I have written of the illustrious Carter Family before, more than once, but nothing I've so far published has done justice to their tremendous impact and legacy. In fact, I doubt whether I would be able to write anything that could honor their legend sufficiently. Nonetheless, I will do my best to pay them a worthy tribute, and I cannot think of a better record to accompany that attempt than the one herein. Not only is it without question among their finest works, but it contains, according to legend, the song that brought the Carters together, and the song that tore them apart.
The saga of the original Carter Family begins with the birth of Alvin Pleasant Delaney Carter in Maces Spring, Virginia, on December 15, 1891. The son of Robert C. Carter and Mollie Arvelle Bays, growing up 'midst the Blue Ridge Mountaintops fostered in the young Carter a love for music, and he took up the fiddle, but never achieved much note for his musicianship on the instrument. Music making did not put food on the table however, and so Carter found work as a traveling salesman, peddling fruit trees. It was in this line of work that he encountered the youthful Sara Elizabeth Dougherty, sitting on her porch and strumming her auto-harp. Far A.P. Carter, it was love at first sight, and they were married on June 18, 1915. In the following decade, Sara's cousin Maybelle (who was also married to Carter's brother Ezra) joined the couple and they formed a music group—the Carter Family.
Come the summer of 1927, A.P. got word of a record session to be held in Bristol, Tennessee, about twenty-five miles away from their homeplace in Maces Spring. He convinced Sara and Maybelle to make the journey, and they arrived late on the night of August first, and auditioned for Mr. Ralph S. Peer of the Victor Talking Machine Company. That day and the next, the Carter Family cut six sides: "Bury Me Under the Weeping Willow", "Little Log Cabin By the Sea", "The Poor Orphan Child", "The Storms are On the Ocean", "Single Girl, Married Girl", and "The Wandering Boy". Their first records were released that November, and proved successful enough to bring the Carters back to the Victor studio for further recordings, and they did so prolifically. Between then and the end of 1934, they waxed over one-hundred-fifty sides for the Victor company. To ensure that the group had enough material to ensure continued financial success, A.P. set out to canvas the mountains in search of good songs, which he then copyrighted in his own name. In one such travel, Carter encountered the black musician Lesley Riddle, and the two became friends. Riddle impressed both his folk repertoire and his method of guitar playing upon the Carters.
In 1935, the Carter Family began recording for the American Record Corporation, but all was not well behind the microphone, for A.P.'s long song-hunting stretches away from his family drove Sara into the arms of A.P.'s cousin Coy Bayes. Sara and A.P.'s marriage dissolved in 1936, but the Carter Family stuck together as a music group for the time being. From 1936 until 1938, they recorded for Decca, before returning to the ARC for a string of records on their Okeh label in 1940. In the meantime, the Carter Family had relocated to Del Rio, Texas, from where they commuted to Mexico to perform on "border blaster" radio station XERA in Villa Acuña, Coahuila. The 500,000 watt station could be heard across most of the United States, and put the sounds of the Carters on the hearth of countless American homes, inspiring a wave of up-and-coming musicians. In some of these radio appearances, they were joined by the Carter children: Janette, Joe, Helen, June, and Anita. In October of 1941, the original Carter Family traveled to New York City to record one final session with the RCA Victor Company, for their Bluebird label. Around that time, they were photographed for a spread in Life magazine, scheduled to be published on December 8, 1941. With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor occurring the very day before, needless to say it was bumped from the publication. And thus, as the war broke out, the original Carter Family broke apart; Sara moved to California with her new husband, A.P. and Maybelle returned to Maces Spring, where he opened a general store.
That was not the end of their story however, Maybelle Carter continued the musical tradition with her children—Helen, Anita, and June—performing as "Mother Maybelle and the Carter Sisters" in the years to come, landing a place on the Grand Ole Opry in 1950 and remaining active until the 1970s. The original member reunited occasionally, as well, resulting in several sessions for Acme Records in the 1950s. A.P. Carter died on November 7, 1960, his dying wish to keep the music alive. Maybelle passed on October 23, 1978. The last surviving member of the original trio, Sara Carter Bayes died on January 8, 1979. A.P. Carter's last wishes were fulfilled with the establishment of the Carter Family Fold in Maces Spring, Virginia, founded by his daughter Janette in 1979 and devoted to the preservation of old-time Appalachian folk music. The beloved legacy of music put forth by the Carter Family remains indelibly attached to the American experience, and shows no sign of faltering as the years go by.
Victor V-40089 was recorded on February 15th and 14th of 1929, respectively, at Victor's home in Camden, New Jersey. The Carter Family consists of Sara on auto-harp and Maybelle on guitar, both of course singing. A.P. joins in singing on side "B".
The story goes that when A.P. Carter met Sara while traveling door-to-door peddling fruit trees, she was sitting out on her porch singing "Engine One-Forty-Three" and playing her auto-harp, and he fell in love at first sight and approached with matrimonial intentions. The song tells the true story of a wreck on the C & O line on October 23, 1890 near Hinton, West Virginia. This recording also bears the distinction of being one of the five songs by the Carter Family that were included by Harry Smith in his seminal Anthology of American Folk Music.
Engine One-Forty-Three, recorded February 15, 1929 by the Carter Family.
http://oldtimeblues.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Engine-One-Forty-Three.mp3
While the previous is said to be the song that birthed the Carter Family, the following is said to have eventually broken them up. After her divorce, Sara Carter wasn't happy performing on border radio with her ex-husband, while her lover Coy Bayes was in California. One show, she dedicated a performance of "I'm Thinking To-Night of My Blue Eyes" to Bayes, and he rushed down to Del Rio to sweep her off her feet and back west, leaving A.P., Maybelle, and the children to return home to Maces Spring, and thus bringing the story of the original Carter Family to its close. A standard of the Carters' repertoire, they recorded it twice, and many other artists covered it subsequently.
I'm Thinking To-Night of My Blue Eyes, recorded February 14, 1929 by the Carter Family.
http://oldtimeblues.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Im-Thinking-To-Night-of-My-Blue-Eyes.mp3
Posted in Records | Tagged 1920s, 1929, Camden, Carter Family, Hillbilly, Victor | Leave a reply
Victor 20877 – The Carter Family – 1927
Posted on August 1, 2016 by R. Connor Montgomery
In an effort to capitalize on the success of the popular "mountaineer songs" by the likes of Vernon Dalhart and Kelly Harrell, talent scout and record producer Ralph S. Peer arranged for the Victor Talking Machine Company to make a series of field trips in an effort to discover and record marketable new artists for the burgeoning "hillbilly" market. Arriving in Bristol, Tennessee, in late July of 1927, Peer got the word out about the sessions through local radio stations and newspapers, and soon musicians began coming to Bristol in droves to record for Victor. Among the many noted artists who recorded in those sessions were Ernest Stoneman and Blind Alfred Reed. It was in early August, however, when came the artists who were to make the biggest fame for themselves and for the Bristol sessions: the Carter Family and Jimmie Rodgers.
The Carter Family around the time of the Bristol Sessions. Left to right: Maybelle, A.P., Sara. Pictured in the Victor Catalog
When A.P. Carter of Maces Spring, Virginia—not far from Bristol—learned of the sessions, he persuaded his wife Sara and sister-in-law Maybelle to make the short journey from their home to audition for Ralph Peer. Though the trio had made music together since their meeting, only A.P. had inclinations to try and make a career out of it. There in Bristol, on the night of August 1, 1927, A.P., Sara, and Maybelle—as the "Carter Family"—recorded four songs: Bury Me Under the Weeping Willow", "Little Log Cabin By the Sea", "The Poor Orphan Child", and "The Storms are On the Ocean". Their audition went well. Peer was impressed by the Carters, and invited them to return the following morning to record again. They obliged, this time cutting ""Single Girl, Married Girl" and "The Wandering Boy". In return for these recordings, they were paid fifty dollars per song, and half-a-cent royalties on each record sold. Their second issued record, "Single Girl, Married Girl" and "The Storms are On the Ocean" on Victor 20937, made quite a hit, and the Carters' path to success as recording stars thus opened. The following May, they traveled to Camden, New Jersey to record again, anticipating the many sessions to come for Victor, Decca, and the American Record Corporation between then and the early 1940s. Thus, the Carter Family's decades long, multi-generation legacy as one of country music's most legendary acts of all time began.
Victor 20877 was recorded on August 1 and 2, 1927, in Bristol, Tennessee by the Carter Family, Sara, Maybelle, and A.P. Released on November 4, 1927, it was the first issued record, but not the first recorded sides, by the Carter Family.
Firstly the Carters sing "The Poor Orphan Child", the third side recorded at the Carter Family's first session.
The Poor Orphan Child, recorded August 1, 1927 by the Carter Family.
http://oldtimeblues.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Poor-Orphan-Child.mp3
On the "B" side, they sing the third title cut at their second session, "The Wandering Boy".
The Wandering Boy, recorded August 2 , 1927 by the Carter Family.
http://oldtimeblues.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/The-Wandering-Boy.mp3
Updated on June 1, 2018.
Posted in Records | Tagged 1920s, 1927, Bristol, Carter Family, Folk, Hillbilly, Ralph Peer, Victor | 1 Reply
Montgomery Ward M-4225 – The Carter Family – 1932/1928
Posted on July 21, 2016 by R. Connor Montgomery
With all due apologies for Old Time Blues unintended ten day hiatus, we hope now to return to regular posting. And what better a note to return on than these great classics by the one and only Carter Family, in honor of Sara Carter, born on this day 118 years ago.
Sara Elizabeth Dougherty was born in Copper Creek, Virginia on July 21, 1898 to William and Nancy Dougherty. In 1915, she married Alvin Pleasant (A.P.) Carter, with whom she had three children, Gladys, Janette, and Joe. In the 1920s, Sara began performing traditional folk songs with her husband and cousin Maybelle as the Carter Family. In August of 1927, they came to Bristol, Tennessee to record for the first time in a series of sessions organized by Ralph S. Peer for the Victor Talking Machine Company. At the Bristol Sessions, the Carter Family recorded six sides, four on the first and two on the second of August. Their first record, "Poor Orphan Child" and "The Wandering Boy" was issued on Victor 20877 in December of 1927, with considerable success, and their second, "Single Girl, Married Girl" and "The Storms are On the Ocean" on Victor 20937, found even greater popularity. In May of 1928, they ventured to Victor's facilities in Camden, New Jersey for another session, with many more coming thereafter. As the group reached their peak, Sara's powerful singing—initially quite high, and later maturing into the deep, low voice for which she was known—provided a heart and soul to their music, perfectly complimented by Maybelle's guitar playing.
In 1932, the Carters experienced marital strife, when Sara began having an affair with her A.P.'s cousin Coy Bayes while her husband was away on one of his many long trips to "discover" new material for the family, separating him from Sara for weeks or months at a time. They divorced in 1936, but the original Carter Family stuck together until 1943, after which Sara married A.P.'s cousin and moved to California, where she retired from music. A.P., Maybelle, and the kids returned home to Maces Spring, Virginia, where he opened a store, and she continued to pursue a musical career. Sara later made a small comeback during the folk revival of the 1960s with Maybelle, but she never regained what she had in the old days, and indeed she probably never wanted to. Sara Carter died in California at the age of 80 on January 8, 1979.
Montgomery Ward M-4225 was recorded in two separate sessions, the first on May 9, 1928, and the second on October 14, 1932, both in Camden, New Jersey. The trio sings while Sara plays autoharp and Maybelle plays guitar. They were originally issued on Victor 21434 and 23776. This Montgomery Ward issue was pressed from the original masters.
The Carter Family's classic rendition of the old standard "Keep On the Sunny Side" could be compared to Jimmie Rodgers' "Blue Yodel" as a song that became indelibly associated with them, serving as their theme song when they performed on border blaster radio, and later inscribed as the epitaph on both Sara and A.P. Carter's gravestones. Also like Rodgers' "Blue Yodel", it was recorded at the Carters' first session after the Bristol Sessions.
Keep On the Sunny Side, recorded May 9, 1928 by the Carter Family.
http://oldtimeblues.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Keep-On-the-Sunny-Side.mp3
"The Church in the Wildwood" is a song that I recollect fondly from my own childhood, and unsurprisingly the Carters' rendition is a pleasure to hear. Fittingly, this side was recorded in Victor's Camden, New Jersey church studio.
The Church in the Wildwood, recorded October 14, 1932 by the Carter Family.
http://oldtimeblues.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/The-Church-in-the-Wildwood.mp3
Posted in Records | Tagged 1920s, 1928, 1930s, 1932, Camden, Carter Family, Folk, Hillbilly, Montgomery Ward, Victor | Leave a reply
Oh, play that thing!
— Sugar Foot Stomp


Compare the Bullmastiff to the Rottweiler. Use the tool below to compare temperament, size, personality, maintenance requirements, and everything else between Bullmastiffs and Rottweilers.
Owner Experience - The Bullmastiff is a good choice for new owners, whereas the Rottweiler is not recommended for new/inexperienced owners.
Children - Both the Bullmastiff and Rottweiler are great with children.
Grooming - Both the Bullmastiff and Rottweiler are very low maintenance and easy to groom.
Barking - The Rottweiler bark/howls frequently. The Bullmastiff has a low tendency to bark.
Lifespan 8-10 yrs. 8-11 yrs.
Height 24-27 in. 22-27 in.


text:
SUERF
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Central Banks and Supervisors
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Jordi Gual
Professor of Economics at the IESE Business School
Non-executive Chairman of VidaCaixa
Industrial organization (telecommunications, banking, digital markets)
Regulation and competition policy
European integration
Macroeconomics and Finance
Jordi Gual holds a PhD in Economics (1987) from the University of California at Berkeley and he is a Professor of Economics at the IESE Business School, and a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) in London. Mr. Gual is Chairman of the Board of Directors of VidaCaixa since April 2021. He also sits on the Board of Directors of Telefónica and on the Supervisory Board at Erste Group Bank. He is also Vice President of Círculo de Economía and he serves on the board of CEDE Foundation. Between 2016 and 2021, he served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of CaixaBank. Prior to this appointment, he was Chief Economist and Head of Strategic Planning and Research for CaixaBank and Director-General of Planning and Strategic Development for CriteriaCaixa. Jordi Gual joined the "la Caixa" Group in 2005. He has been a member of the Board of Directors of Repsol and served as an economics advisor for the European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs in Brussels and as a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, the Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Barcelona Graduate School of Economics. His work on banking, European integration, regulation and competition policy has been widely published. In 1999 he was awarded the Research Prize from the European Investment Bank and in 1979 the Extraordinary Award for his degree in Economics and Business. He has also been a Fulbright Scholar.
Articles in other publications
GUAL, J., VIDELA, P. (2021). Can we emerge from our current debt trap? IESEconomics.
GUAL, J., VIDELA, P. (2021). ¿Podemos salir de la actual trampa de deuda? IESEconomics.
TORRENS, L., GUAL, J. (2005). El riesgo de deslocalización industrial en España ante la ampliación de la Unión Europea. Papeles de Economía Española (103), pp. 173 - 186.
GUAL, J., TORRENS, L. (2004). La competitivitat de la indústria catalana. Revista Económica de Catalunya (49-50), pp. 83 - 100.
GUAL, J. (2004). L'Impacte econòmic de l'ampliació de la Unió Europea. Barcelona Metròpolis Meditarrània Monogràfic (5), pp. 22 - 26.
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Panama is facing its fifth claim at ICSID brought by the Dutch founder of a Panamanian investment firm.
A US energy company has returned to ICSID after 20 years to compel Grenada to repurchase its 50% stake in the state's national electricity provider – a response to reforms aimed at liberalising the local market.
An Amsterdam court has ruled that Russia unlawfully drove Yukos into bankruptcy, a decision that could have a bearing on the efforts of the oil company's former majority shareholders to collect on their US$50 billion Energy Charter Treaty award against the state.
A mining group linked to Israeli billionaire Beny Steinmetz has accused US philanthropist George Soros and other international companies of an orchestrated conspiracy with Guinea's president to rob them of mining rights in the country's south-eastern region.
Venezuela has failed in another bid to disqualify Canadian arbitrator Yves Fortier QC from an ICSID case on the basis of alleged ties to Norton Rose Fulbright – after hiring a private investigator to make inquiries about a member of his staff.
A group of South African mining investors cannot serve notice of their leave to enforce a costs award on Lesotho except through diplomatic channels, a Singaporean judge has ruled - noting the "potentially huge repercussions" if a state were served incorrectly.
Uganda's president Yoweri Museveni is facing criticism in the country after agreeing a package of bonuses for government in-house lawyers who were behind the state's victory in a US$400 million tax dispute with Canada's Heritage Oil.
The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes has published a list of 16 potential areas that will be reformed in its new rules in light of public consultation, after a New York event where secretary general Meg Kinnear set out the priorities for change.
An ICSID committee has refused to annul an award for over US$380 million issued against Argentina in a dispute over a Buenos Aires water concession, holding that the tribunal reasonably rejected allegations that Swiss arbitrator Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler had a conflict of interest owing to her role as director of Swiss bank UBS.
Two Russian investors are pursuing Stockholm Chamber of Commerce arbitrations against Moldova after one won, and the other was denied, emergency relief relating to their interests in one of the country's largest banks.


• Book a maternity and newborn session together and receive $100 credit towards any newborn session.
Here are just a few Maternity Photography sample images from some of my Maternity photography sessions.
A few of my clients have asked me what dresses, wraps, and other maternity photography outfits I have available here at my studio, so I've created a special Maternity Dresses and Wraps for Photo-shoot Sample Gallery that you can view here.


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Advances in Educational Research and Evaluation
Advances in education: from the Egyptian papyrus roll to signature pedagogies of the digital era
Submitted Sep 25, 2019
Issue Vol 1 No 1 (2020)
DOI 10.25082/AERE.2019.01.001
PlumX Metrics
Sergei Abramovich
School of Education and Professional Studies, State University of New York, Potsdam, USA
E-mail: abramovs@potsdam.edu
Abramovich, S. (2019). Advances in education: from the Egyptian papyrus roll to signature pedagogies of the digital era. Advances in Educational Research and Evaluation, 1(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.25082/AERE.2019.01.001
Dewey J, 1938, Experience and Education, Kappa Delta Pi, New York.
Thorndike EL, 1912, Education: A First Book, MacMillan, New York.
Freire P, 2003, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Continuum, New York.
Chase AB, Manning HP and Archibald RC, 1927, The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, British Museum 10057 and 10058, vol. 1, Mathematical Association of America, Oberlin, OH.
Dai Q and Cheung KL, 2015, The wisdom of traditional mathematics teaching in China, in How Chinese Teach Mathematics, World Scientific, Singapore, 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814415828_0001
Gulley N, 1962, Plato's Theory of Knowledge, Methuen, London.
Gullickson AR, 2002, The Student Evaluation Standards: How to Improve Evaluations of Students, Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Luchins AS, Mechanization in problem solving: The effect of Einstellung. Psychological Monographs, 1942, 54(6): 1- 95. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093502
Arnheim R, 1969, Visual Thinking, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Nejad MB, RashidiMand Oloumi MM. Avicenna's educational views with emphasis on the education of hygiene and wellness. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 2013, 1(3): 201-205. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2013.37
Department for Education, 2013, National Curriculum in England: Mathematics Programmes of Study, viewed on September 20, 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nationalcurriculum-in-england-mathematics-programmes-of-study
Ministry of Education Singapore, 2012, Mathematics Syllabus: Secondary One to Four. Normal (Technical) Course. Curriculum Planning and Development Division, viewed on September 20, 2019. https://www.moe.gov.sg/education/syllabuses
Common Core State Standards, 2010, Common Core Standards Initiative: Preparing America's Students for College and Career, viewed on September 20, 2019. http://www.corestandards.org
Horlacher R. Vocational and liberal education in Pestalozzi's educational theory. Pedagogia Y Saberes, 2019, 50: 109-120. https://doi.org/10.17227/pys.num50-9504
Gershenfeld N, 2005, Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop - From Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication, Basic Books, New York.
James W, 1983, Talks to Teachers on Psychology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Montessori M, 1917, Spontaneous Activity in Education, Frederick A. Stokes Publishers, New York.
Makiguchi T, 1989, Education for Creative Living, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
Martin J, 1983, What should we do with a hidden curriculum when we find one?, in The Hidden Curriculum and Moral Education: Deception or Discovery?, McCutchan, Berkeley, CA, 122-140.
Revans RV, 1982, The Origin and Growth of Action Learning, Chartwell-Bratt, Brickley, England.
Naftalin I. Action learning in higher education. Educational Management and Administration, 1996, 24(2): 193-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263211X96242007
Biggs J, 2003, Teaching for Quality Learning at University: What the Student Does, The Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press, Philadelphia, PA.
Abramovich S, Grinshpan AZ and Milligan DL. Teaching mathematics through concept motivation and action learning. Educational Research International, 2019, ID 3745406: 13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3745406
Greenwood D and Levin M, 2007, Introduction to Action Research, 2nd edn, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Pressey SL. A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores - and teaches. School and Society, 1926, 23(586): 373-376.
Lumsdaine, AA, 1960, Teaching machines: an introductory overview, in Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning: A Source Book, Department of Audio-Visual Instruction, National Education Association of the United States, 5-22.
Skinner BF. Teaching machines. Science, 1958, 128(3330): 969-977. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.128.3330.969
Rabardel P, 1995, Les Hommes et les Technologies, une Approche Cognitive des Instruments Contemporains [Men and Technologies, a Cognitive Approach to Contemporary Instruments], Armand Colin, Paris, France.
Vygotsky LS, 1930, The instrumental method in psychology (talk given in 1930 at the Krupskaya Academy of Communist Education), Lev Vygotsky Archive, viewed September 20, 2019. https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygotsky/works/1930/instrumental.htm
Shulman LS. Signature pedagogies in the professions. Daedalus, 2005, 134(3): 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1162/0011526054622015
Bruner J, 1985, Vygotsky: A historical and conceptual perspective, in Culture, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives, New York, Cambridge University Press, 21-34.
Wiliam D, 2011, Embedded Formative Assessment, Solution Tree Press, Bloomington, IN.
15 Is the Three Character Classic (《三字经》) still suitable for contemporary literacy and enlightenment education for children? Insights from the perspective of cognitive psychology and child development psychology
14 Mathematics Achievement and Disciplinary Alternative Education Program Placement of Grades 3 Through 8 Students with Disabilities: A Texas Statewide, Multiyear Examination
13 Evaluating a universal emotional-centred intervention to improve children's emotional well-being over primary-secondary school transition
12 Differences in 1-year persistence rates by the institutional status of Hispanic community college students: A Texas, multiyear analysis
12 Effects of a flipped classroom approach on learning outcomes of higher and lower performing medical students: A new insight
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text:
<?php

namespace Tests\Chromabits\Nucleus\Meditation;

use Chromabits\Nucleus\Exceptions\CoreException;
use Chromabits\Nucleus\Meditation\Boa;
use Chromabits\Nucleus\Meditation\Constraints\ClassTypeConstraint;
use Chromabits\Nucleus\Meditation\Constraints\PrimitiveTypeConstraint;
use Chromabits\Nucleus\Meditation\Primitives\ScalarTypes;
use Chromabits\Nucleus\Meditation\Spec;
use Chromabits\Nucleus\Testing\TestCase;
use Chromabits\Nucleus\Validation\Constraints\StringLengthConstraint;
use stdClass;

/**
 * Class SpecTest.
 *
 * @author Eduardo Trujillo <ed@chromabits.com>
 * @package Tests\Chromabits\Nucleus\Meditation
 */
class SpecTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @throws \Chromabits\Nucleus\Exceptions\LackOfCoffeeException
     */
    public function testCheck()
    {
        $instance = new Spec([
            'name' => new PrimitiveTypeConstraint(ScalarTypes::SCALAR_STRING),
            'count' => new PrimitiveTypeConstraint(ScalarTypes::SCALAR_INTEGER),
            'exception' => new ClassTypeConstraint(CoreException::class),
        ]);

        $this->assertEqualsMatrix([
            [true, $instance->check([
                'name' => 'Git',
                'count' => 101,
                'exception' => new CoreException('Missing git repository.'),
            ])->passed()],
            [false, $instance->check([
                'name' => 0,
                'count' => 101,
                'exception' => new CoreException('Missing git repository.'),
            ])->passed()],
            [false, $instance->check([
                'name' => 'Git',
                'count' => [],
                'exception' => new CoreException('Missing git repository.'),
            ])->passed()],
            [false, $instance->check([
                'name' => 'Git',
                'count' => 101,
                'exception' => new stdClass(),
            ])->passed()],
            [false, $instance->check([
                'name' => 0,
                'count' => 101,
                'exception' => new stdClass(),
            ])->passed()],
        ]);
    }

    public function testCheckNested()
    {
        $instance = Spec::define([
            'name' => Boa::string(),
            'count' => Boa::integer(),
            'address' => Spec::define([
                'street' => Spec::define([
                    'first_line' => Boa::string(),
                    'second_line' => Boa::either(Boa::string(), Boa::integer()),
                ], [], ['first_line']),
                'state' => [
                    Boa::string(),
                    new StringLengthConstraint(2, 2),
                ],
                'zip' => Boa::integer(),
            ], [], ['street', 'zip']),
        ]);

        $resultOne = $instance->check([
            'name' => 'Doge',
            'count' => 7,
            'address' => [],
        ]);

        $this->assertTrue($resultOne->failed());

        $resultTwo = $instance->check([
            'name' => 'Doge',
            'count' => 7,
            'address' => [
                'street' => [],
                'state' => 90,
            ],
        ]);

        $failed = $resultTwo->getFailed();
        $missing = $resultTwo->getMissing();

        $this->assertTrue($resultTwo->failed());
        $this->assertArrayHasKey('address.state', $failed);
        $this->assertTrue(in_array('address.street.first_line', $missing));

        $resultThree = $instance->check([
            'name' => 'Doge',
            'count' => 7,
            'address' => [
                'street' => [
                    'first_line' => '1337 Hacker Way',
                ],
                'state' => 'GA',
                'zip' => 13370,
            ],
        ]);

        $this->assertTrue($resultThree->passed());
    }

    public function testCheckWithInvalidConstraint()
    {
        $this->setExpectedException(
            CoreException::class,
            'Unexpected constraint type: array.'
        );

        $spec = new Spec([
            'somefield' => [['invalid'], 'wow', 1337],
        ]);

        $spec->check(['somefield' => 'wowo']);
    }

    public function testAccessors()
    {
        $strings = Boa::string();

        $spec = new Spec([
            'name' => $strings,
        ], [
            'name' => 'Bobby',
        ], ['name']);

        $this->assertEqualsMatrix([
            [['name' => $strings], $spec->getConstraints()],
            [['name' => 'Bobby'], $spec->getDefaults()],
            [['name'], $spec->getRequired()],
        ]);
    }
}


text:
Click Here for Items Related To - Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico ( es, Golfo de México) is an oceanic basin, ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States; on the southwest and south by the Mexico, Mexican States of Mexico, states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo; and on the southeast by Cuba. The U.S. states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, which border the Gulf on the north, are often referred to as the "Third Coast" of the United States (in addition to its Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, Pacific coasts). The Gulf of Mexico took shape approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics.Huerta, A.D., and D.L. Harry (2012) ''Wilson cycles, tectonic inheritance, and rifting of the North American Gulf of Mexico continental margin.'' Geosphere. 8(1):GES00725.1, first published on March 6, 2012, The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval in shape and is approximately wide. Its floor consists of sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea via the Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba. Because of its narrow connection to the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf experiences very small Tides, tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km2 (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin consists of shallow continental-shelf waters. The volume of water in the basin is roughly (). The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum-production regions in the world, making up one-sixth of the United States' total production.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southeast limit of the Gulf of Mexico as:
A line joining Cape Catoche Light () with the Light on Cape San Antonio, Cuba, Cape San Antonio in Cuba, through this island to the 83rd meridian west, meridian of 83°W and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the Dry Tortugas (24°35'N), along this parallel Eastward to Rebecca Shoal Light, Rebecca Shoal (82°35'W) thence through the shoals and Florida Keys to the mainland at the eastern end of Florida Bay and all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf.
The consensus among geologistsSalvador, A. (1991) ''Origin and development of the Gulf of Mexico basin'', in A. Salvador, ed., p. 389-444, The Gulf of Mexico Basin: The Geology of North America, v. J., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.Stern, R.J., and W.R. Dickinson (2010
''The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic backarc basin.''
Geosphere. 6(6):739–754. who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico is that before the Late Triassic, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist. Before the Late Triassic, the area now occupied by the Gulf of Mexico consisted of dry land, which included continental crust that now underlies Yucatán, within the middle of the large supercontinent of Pangea. This land lay south of a continuous mountain range that extended from north-central Mexico, through the Marathon Uplift in West Texas and the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma, and to Alabama where it linked directly to the Appalachian Mountains. It was created by the collision of continental plates that formed Pangea. As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox, this mountain range was breached in Late Cretaceous times by the formation of the Mississippi Embayment.Van Arsdale, R. B. (2009) ''Adventures Through Deep Time: The Central Mississippi River Valley and Its Earthquakes.'' Special Paper no. 455, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. 107 pp.Cox, R. T., and R. B. Van Arsdale (2002) ''The Mississippi Embayment, North America: a first order continental structure generated by the Cretaceous superplume mantle event.'' Journal of Geodynamics. 34:163–176. Geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea. The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea, including sutures where the Laurentia, South American, and African plates collided to create it. First, there was a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds. Second, as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic times, the continental crust was stretched and thinned. This thinning created a broad zone of transitional crust, which displays modest and uneven thinning with block faulting, and a broad zone of uniformly thinned transitional crust, which is half the typical thickness of normal continental crust. It was at this time that rifting first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. This flooded the opening basin to create the Gulf of Mexico as an enclosed marginal sea. While the Gulf of Mexico was a restricted basin, the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of Louann Salt and associated anhydrite evaporites. During the Late Jurassic, continued rifting widened the Gulf of Mexico and progressed to the point that sea-floor spreading and formation of oceanic crust occurred. At this point, sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased.Buffler, R. T., 1991, ''Early Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico Basin'', in D. Goldthwaite, ed., pp. 1–15, Introduction to Central Gulf Coast Geology, New Orleans Geological Society, New Orleans, Louisiana.Galloway, W. E., 2008, ''Depositional evolution of the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin.'' in K.J. Hsu, ed., pp. 505–549, The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada, Sedimentary Basins of the World. v. 5, Elsevier, The Netherlands. Seafloor spreading stopped at the end of Jurassic time, about 145–150 million years ago. During the Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, the basin occupied by the Gulf of Mexico experienced a period of cooling and subsidence of the crust underlying it. The subsidence was the result of a combination of crustal stretching, cooling, and loading. Initially, the combination of crustal stretching and cooling caused about of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional and oceanic crust. Because subsidence occurred faster than sediment could fill it, the Gulf of Mexico expanded and deepened.Sawyer, D. S., R. T. Buffler, and R. H. Pilger, Jr., 1991, ''The crust under the Gulf of Mexico basin'', in A. Salvador, ed., pp. 53–72, The Gulf of Mexico Basin: The Geology of North America, v. J., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. Later, loading of the crust within the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent coastal plain by the accumulation of kilometers of sediments during the rest of the Mesozoic and all of the Cenozoic further depressed the underlying crust to its current position about below sea level. Particularly during the Cenozoic, thick clastic wedges built out the continental shelf along the northwestern and northern margins of the Gulf of Mexico. To the east, the stable Florida platform was not covered by the sea until the latest Jurassic or the beginning of Cretaceous time. The Yucatán platform was emergent until the mid-Cretaceous. After both platforms were submerged, the formation of Carbonate rock, carbonates and evaporites has characterized the geologic history of these two stable areas. Most of the basin was rimmed during the Early Cretaceous by carbonate platforms, and its western flank was involved during the latest Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods in a compressive deformation episode, the Laramide Orogeny, which created the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico. In 2002 geologist Michael Stanton published a speculative essay suggesting an Impact event, impact origin for the Gulf of Mexico at the close of the Permian, which could have caused the Permian–Triassic extinction event.Stanton, M. S., 2002
''Is the Gulf's Origin Heaven Sent?''
AAPG Explorer (Dec. 2002) American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Tulsa Oklahoma. However, Gulf Coast geologists do not regard this hypothesis as having any credibility. Instead they overwhelmingly accept plate tectonics, not an asteroid impact, as having created the Gulf of Mexico as illustrated by papers authored by Kevin Mickus and others. This hypothesis is not to be confused with the Chicxulub Crater, a large impact crater on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico on the Yucatán Peninsula. Increasingly, the Gulf of Mexico is regarded as a back-arc basin behind the Jurassic Nazas Arc of Mexico. In 2014 Erik Cordes of Temple University and others discovered a brine pool below the gulf's surface, with a circumference of and feet deep, which is four to five times saltier than the rest of the water. The first exploration of the site was unmanned, using Remotely operated underwater vehicle#Science use, Hercules and in 2015 a team of three used the deep submergence vehicle . The site cannot sustain any kind of life other than bacteria, mussels with a Symbiosis, symbiotic relationship, tube worms and certain kinds of shrimp. It has been called the "Jacuzzi of Despair". Because it is warmer than the surrounding water ( compared to ), animals are attracted to it, but cannot survive once they enter it. Today, the Gulf of Mexico has the following seven main areas: * Gulf of Mexico basin, which contains the Sigsbee Deep and can be further divided into the continental rise, the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain, and the Mississippi Cone. * Northeast Gulf of Mexico, which extends from a point east of the Mississippi River Delta near Biloxi to the eastern side of Apalachee Bay. * South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope, which extends along the coast from Apalachee Bay to the Straits of Florida and includes the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas * Campeche Bank, which extends from the Yucatán Straits in the east to the Tabasco–Campeche Basin in the west and includes Arrecife Alacran. * Bay of Campeche, which is an isthmian embayment extending from the western edge of Campeche Bank to the offshore regions just east of the port of Veracruz (city), Veracruz. * Western Gulf of Mexico, which is located between Veracruz to the south and the Rio Grande to the north. * Northwest Gulf of Mexico, which extends from Alabama to the Rio Grande.
As early as the Maya Civilization, the Gulf of Mexico was used as a trade in Maya civilization, trade route off the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula and present-day Veracruz.
Spanish exploration
File:Fishing Fleet in Biloxi.jpg, upright=0.75, Fishing boats in Biloxi Although the Spanish voyage of Christopher Columbus was credited with the discovery of the Americas by Europeans, the ships in his four voyages never reached the Gulf of Mexico. Instead, the Spanish sailed into the Caribbean around Cuba and Hispaniola. The first alleged European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico was by Amerigo Vespucci in 1497. Columbus is purported to have followed the coastal land mass of Central America before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida between Florida and Cuba. However, this first voyage of 1497 is widely disputed and many historians doubt that it took place as described. In his letters, Vespucci described this trip, and once Juan de la Cosa returned to Spain, a Map of Juan de la Cosa, famous world map, depicting Cuba as an island, was produced. In 1506, Hernán Cortés took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba, receiving a large estate of land and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous slaves for his effort. In 1510, he accompanied Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, an aide of the governor of Hispaniola, in his expedition to conquer Cuba. In 1518 Velázquez put him in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization. In 1517, Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (discoverer of Yucatán), Francisco Hernández de Córdoba discovered the Yucatán Peninsula. This was the first European ethnic groups, European encounter with Mesoamerican civilizations, an advanced civilization in the Americas, with solidly built buildings and a complex social organization which they recognized as being comparable to those of the Old World; they also had reason to expect that this new land would have gold. All of this encouraged two further expeditions, the first in 1518 under the command of Juan de Grijalva, and the second in 1519 under the command of Hernán Cortés, which led to the Spanish exploration, military invasion, and ultimately settlement and colonization known as the Conquest of Mexico. Hernández did not live to see the continuation of his work: he died in 1517, the year of his expedition, as the result of the injuries and the extreme thirst suffered during the voyage, and disappointed in the knowledge that Diego Velázquez had given precedence to Grijalva as the captain of the next expedition to Yucatán. In 1523, Ángel de Villafañe sailed toward Mexico City but was shipwrecked en route along the coast of Padre Island, Texas, in 1554. When word of the disaster reached Mexico City, the viceroy requested a rescue fleet and immediately sent Villafañe marching overland to find the treasure-laden vessels. Villafañe traveled to Pánuco and hired a ship to transport him to the site, which had already been visited from that community. He arrived in time to greet García de Escalante Alvarado (a nephew of Pedro de Alvarado), commander of the salvage operation, when Alvarado arrived by sea on July 22, 1554. The team labored until September 12 to salvage the Padre Island treasure. This loss, in combination with other ship disasters around the Gulf of Mexico, gave rise to a plan for establishing a settlement on the northern Gulf Coast to protect shipping and more quickly rescue castaways. As a result, the expedition of Tristán de Luna y Arellano was sent and landed at Pensacola Bay on August 15, 1559. On December 11, 1526, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V granted Pánfilo de Narváez a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States, known as the Narváez expedition. The contract gave him one year to gather an army, leave Spain, be large enough to found at least two towns of 100 people each, and garrison two more fortresses anywhere along the coast. On April 7, 1528, they spotted land north of what is now Tampa Bay. They turned south and traveled for two days looking for a great harbor the master pilot Miruelo knew of. Sometime during these two days, one of the five remaining ships was lost on the rugged coast, but nothing else is known of it. In 1697, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville sailed for France and was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expedition to rediscover the mouth of the Mississippi River and to colonize Louisiana which the English coveted. Iberville's fleet sailed from Brest on October 24, 1698. On January 25, 1699, Iberville reached Santa Rosa Island in front of Pensacola founded by the Spanish; he sailed from there to Mobile Bay and explored Massacre Island, later renamed Dauphin Island. He cast anchor between Cat Island (Mississippi), Cat Island and Ship Island; and on February 13, 1699, he went to the mainland, Biloxi, with his brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. On May 1, 1699, he completed a fort on the north-east side of the Bay of Biloxi, a little to the rear of what is now Ocean Springs, Mississippi. This fort was known as Fort Maurepas or Old Biloxi. A few days later, on May 4, Pierre Le Moyne sailed for France leaving his teenage brother, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, as second in command to the French commandant.
The Gulf of Mexico's eastern, northern, and northwestern shores lie along the US states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The US portion of the Gulf coastline spans , receiving water from 33 major rivers that drain 31 states. The Gulf's southwestern and southern shores lie along the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán (state), Yucatán, and the northernmost tip of Quintana Roo. The Mexican portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,743 miles (2,805 km). On its southeast quadrant, the Gulf is bordered by Cuba. It supports major American, Mexican and Cuban fishing industries. The outer margins of the wide continental shelves of Yucatán and Florida receive cooler, nutrient-enriched waters from the deep by a process known as upwelling, which stimulates plankton growth in the euphotic zone. This attracts fish, shrimp, and squid. River drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone. The Gulf Stream, a warm Atlantic Ocean current and one of the strongest ocean currents known, originates in the gulf, as a continuation of the Caribbean Current-Yucatán Current-Loop Current system. Other circulation features include the anticyclonic gyres which are shed by the Loop Current and travel westward where they eventually dissipate and a permanent cyclonic gyre in the Bay of Campeche. The Bay of Campeche in Mexico constitutes a major arm of the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the gulf's shoreline is fringed by numerous bays and smaller inlets. A number of rivers empty into the gulf, most notably the Mississippi River and the Rio Grande in the northern gulf, and the Grijalva River, Grijalva and Usumacinta River, Usumacinta rivers in the southern gulf. The land that forms the gulf's coast, including many long, narrow barrier islands, is almost uniformly low-lying and is characterized by marshes and swamps as well as stretches of sandy beach. The Gulf of Mexico is an excellent example of a passive margin. The continental shelf is quite wide at most points along the coast, most notably at the Florida and Yucatán Peninsulas. The shelf is exploited for its petroleum, oil by means of offshore drilling rigs, most of which are situated in the western gulf and in the Bay of Campeche. Another important commercial activity is fishing; major catches include Lutjanus campechanus, red snapper, amberjack, tilefish, swordfish, and various grouper, as well as shrimp and crabs. Oysters are also harvested on a large scale from many of the bays and sounds. Other important industries along the coast include shipping, petrochemical processing and storage, military use, paper manufacture, and tourism. The gulf's warm water temperature can feed powerful Atlantic hurricanes causing extensive human death and other destruction as happened with Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In the Atlantic, a hurricane will draw up cool water from the depths and making it less likely that further hurricanes will follow in its wake (warm water being one of the preconditions necessary for their formation). However, the Gulf is shallower; when a hurricane passes over the water temperature may drop but it soon rebounds and becomes capable of supporting another tropical storm. The Gulf is considered aseismic; however, mild tremors have been recorded throughout history (usually 5.0 or less on the Richter magnitude scale). Earthquakes may be caused by interactions between sediment loading on the sea floor and adjustment by the crust.
2006 earthquake
On September 10, 2006, the United States Geological Survey, U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center reported that a magnitude 6.0 earthquake occurred about west-southwest of Anna Maria, Florida, around 10:56 am Eastern Time Zone, EDT. The quake was reportedly felt from Louisiana to Florida in the Southeastern United States. There were no reports of damage or injuries. Items were knocked from shelves and seiches were observed in swimming pools in parts of Florida.United States Geological Survey, September 11, 2006
The earthquake was described by the USGS as an intraplate earthquake, the largest and most widely felt recorded in the past three decades in the region. According to the September 11, 2006 issue of ''The Tampa Tribune'', earthquake tremors were last felt in Florida in 1952, recorded in Quincy, Florida, Quincy, northwest of Tallahassee, Florida, Tallahassee.
Maritime boundary delimitation agreements
Cuba and Mexico: Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the Boundary delimitation, delimitation of the exclusive economic zone of Mexico in the sector adjacent to Cuban maritime areas (with map), of July 26, 1976. Cuba and United States: Maritime boundary agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba, of December 16, 1977. Mexico and United States: Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary, of November 23, 1970; Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean), of May 4, 1978, and Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Western Gulf of Mexico beyond , of June 9, 2000. On December 13, 2007, Mexico submitted information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) regarding the extension of Mexico's continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Mexico sought an extension of its continental shelf in the Western Polygon based on international law, UNCLOS, and bilateral treaties with the United States, in accordance with Mexico's domestic legislation. On March 13, 2009, the CLCS accepted Mexico's arguments for extending its continental shelf up to into the Western Polygon. Since this would extend Mexico's continental shelf well into territory claimed by the United States, however, Mexico and the U.S. would need to enter a bilateral agreement based on international law that delimits their respective claims.
A ship now called the ''Mardi Gras'' sank around the early 19th century about off the coast of Louisiana in of water. She is believed to have been a privateer or trader. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now BOEM), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum. As part of the project educational outreach Nautilus Productions in partnership with BOEM, Texas A&M University, the Florida Public Archaeology Network and Veolia Environmental produced a one-hour HD documentary about the project, short videos for public viewing and provided video updates during the expedition. Video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the ''Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck'' documentary. On July 30, 1942, the ''Robert E. Lee'', captained by William C. Heath, was torpedoed by the . She was sailing southeast of the entrance to the Mississippi River when the explosion destroyed the #3 hold, vented through the B and C decks and damaged the engines, the radio compartment and the steering gear. After the attack she was under escort by USS ''PC-566'', captained by Lieutenant Commander Herbert G. Claudius, en route to New Orleans. ''PC-566'' began dropping depth charges on a sonar contact, sinking ''U-166''. The badly damaged ''Robert E. Lee'' first listed to port then to starboard and finally sank within about 15 minutes of the attack. One officer, nine crewmen and 15 passengers were lost. The passengers aboard ''Robert E. Lee'' were primarily survivors of previous torpedo attacks by German U-boats. The wreck's precise location was discovered during the C & C Marine survey that located the ''U-166''. The German submarine ''U-166'' was a German Type IXC submarine, Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's ''Kriegsmarine'' during World War II. The submarine was laid down on December 6, 1940 at the Seebeckwerft (part of Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG, Deschimag) at Bremerhaven, Wesermünde (modern Bremerhaven) as yard number 705, launched on November 1, 1941 and commissioned on March 23, 1942 under the command of ''Oberleutnant zur See'' Hans-Günther Kuhlmann. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla, ''U-166'' was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front-line service on June 1, 1942. The U-boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling . She was sunk on July 30, 1942 in Gulf of Mexico. In 2001 the wreck of ''U-166'' was found in of water, less than from where it had attacked ''Robert E. Lee''. An archaeological survey of the seafloor before the construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren. The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying approximately apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat.
Various biota include chemosynthetic communities near cold seeps and non chemosynthetic communities such as bacteria and other micro – benthos, meiofauna, macrofauna, and megafauna (larger organisms such as crabs, sea pens, crinoids, demersal fish, cetaceans, and the extinct Caribbean monk seal) are living in the Gulf of Mexico.Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region (November 2006). "Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales: 2007–2012. Western Planning Area Sales 204, 207, 210, 215, and 218. Central Planning Area Sales 205, 206, 208, 213, 216, and 222. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Volume I: Chapters 1–8 and Appendices". U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans. page 3-27–3-3
Recently, resident Bryde's whales within the gulf were classified as an endemic, unique subspecies and making them as one of the most endangered whales in the world. The Gulf of Mexico yields more finfish, shrimp, and shellfish annually than the Southern United States, south and Mid-Atlantic states, mid-Atlantic, Chesapeake Bay, Chesapeake, and New England areas combined. The Smithsonian Institution Gulf of Mexico holdings are expected to provide an important baseline of understanding for future scientific studies on the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In Congressional testimony, Dr. Jonathan Coddington, Associate Director of Research and Collections at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, provides a detailed overview of the Gulf collections and their sources which Museum staff have made available on an online map. The samples were collected for years by the former Minerals Management Service (renamed the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement) to help predict the potential impacts of future oil/gas explorations. Since 1979, the specimens have been deposited in the national collections of the National Museum of Natural History.
The major environmental threats to the Gulf are agricultural runoff and oil drilling. There are frequent "Algal bloom#Red tides, red tide" algae blooms that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore. This has especially been plaguing the southwest and southern Florida coast, from the Florida Keys to north of Pasco County, Florida. In 1973 the United States Environmental Protection Agency prohibited the dumping of undiluted chemical waste by manufacturing interests into the Gulf and the military confessed to similar behavior in waters off Horn Island (Mississippi), Horn Island. The Gulf contains a Hypoxia (environmental), hypoxic Dead zone (ecology), dead zone that runs east-west along the Texas-Louisiana coastline. In July 2008, researchers reported that between 1985 and 2008, the area roughly doubled in size. It was in 2017, the largest ever recorded. Poor agricultural practices in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico have led to a tremendous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in neighboring marine ecosystems, which has resulted in algae blooms and a lack of available oxygen. Occurrences of masculinization and estrogen suppression were observed as a result. An October 2007 study of the Atlantic croaker found a disproportioned sex ratio of 61% males to 39% females in hypoxic Gulf sites. This was compared with a 52% to 48% male-female ratio found in reference sites, showing an impairment of reproductive output for fish populations inhabiting hypoxic coastal zones. Microplastics within semi-enclosed seas like the Gulf have been reported in high concentrations and the Gulf's first such study estimated concentrations that rival the highest globally reported. There are 27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells beneath the Gulf. These have generally not been checked for potential environmental problems.
''Ixtoc I'' explosion and oil spill
In June 1979, the ''Ixtoc I'' oil platform in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout (well drilling), blowout leading to a catastrophic explosion, which resulted in a Ixtoc I oil spill, massive oil spill that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped. This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the ''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill in 2010.
''Deepwater Horizon'' explosion and oil spill
On April 20, 2010, the ''Deepwater Horizon'' oil platform, located in the Mississippi Canyon about off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion; it sank a day and a half later. It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment, to avoid environmental problems. Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 24, it was claimed by BP that approximately of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead, about below the surface on the ocean floor. On April 29, the U.S. government revealed that approximately per day, five times the original estimate, were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead. The resulting oil spill, oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to Marine biology#Lifeforms, marine life and adjacent Salt marsh, coastal wetlands and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen. Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the US government will be "employing booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants and controlled burns" to combat the oil spill. By May 1, 2010, the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway but hampered by rough seas and the "tea like" consistency of the oil. Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable. On May 27, 2010, The USGS had revised the estimate of the leak from to 12,000– an Deepwater Horizon oil spill#Spill flow rate, increase from earlier estimates. On July 15, 2010, BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days. In July 2015 BP reached an $18.7bn settlement with the US government, the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, as well as 400 local authorities. To date, BP's cost for the clean-up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54bn.
Minor oil spills
According to the National Response Center, the oil industry has thousands of minor accidents in the Gulf of Mexico every year.
''Brutus'' oil spill
On May 12, 2016, a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on Royal Dutch Shell, Shell's ''Brutus'' oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil. This leak created a visible oil slick in the sea about south of Port Fourchon, Louisiana, according to the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement.
* Charlotte Harbor (estuary), an estuary in Florida * Green Canyon, a US Gulf of Mexico petroleum exploration area * Gulf Coast of the United States * Gulf of Mexico Foundation * Jack 2 (a test well in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico) * Keathley Canyon, a US Gulf of Mexico petroleum exploration area * Nepheloid layer * Orca Basin * Outer Continental Shelf * Sigsbee Escarpment, a US Gulf of Mexico petroleum exploration area * Territorial evolution of the Caribbean
Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research
Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science
Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck
Bathymetry of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean East of Florida
United States Geological Survey
The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe
written by Thomas Kitchin, 1778, in which Kitchin discusses, in chapter 1, why the Gulf should have been called the "West Indian Sea."
BP Oil Spill
NPR {{DEFAULTSORT:Gulf Of Mexico Gulf of Mexico, Bodies of water of Alabama Bodies of water of Florida Bodies of water of Louisiana Bodies of water of Mississippi Bodies of water of Texas Gulfs of Mexico Gulfs of the Atlantic Ocean Gulfs of the United States Landforms of Campeche Landforms of Tabasco Landforms of Tamaulipas Landforms of Veracruz Landforms of Yucatán Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean Mexico–United States border


Contractors should be aware that HMRC's focus on the VAT charged by small and medium sized companies, including personal service companies, is as strong as ever according to recent findings.
A story in this weekend's Mail on Sunday indicated that VAT now accounts for 49% of the extra tax HMRC takes from investigations into these companies.
The data the newspaper saw and reported on was for the tax year to April 2017, and was put together by PfP – a tax investigations firm.
Interestingly, the actual amount of VAT being taken isn't increasing, despite the percentage rising.
At one point, firms who broke VAT rules were brining in £3.5 billion for HMRC. PFP's research found that the last tax year actually saw £3.4 billion accumulated this way.
But the fact that these investigations are bringing in significant income to HMRC means it's likely the organisation's focus on small and medium sized companies such as personal service companies will not let up any time soon.
It's therefore vital that contractors ensure their taxation is in order, and avoid slip ups that could see HMRC calling with a vengeance.


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Montfermeil é uma comuna situada nos subúrbios de Paris. Está localizada a 17,2 km do centro da capital francesa. Montfermeil é famosa por abrigar a pousada Thénardier, da peça Les Misérables.

A estação de trem ferroviário, Montfermeil Le Chenay - Gagny, situada na cidade vizinha de Gagny, liga o centro da capital às proximidades de Montfermeil. Até 2005, a cidade registrou cerca 26.100 habitantes.

Geografia

Transportes
A cidade é servida por 2 estações de tramway:

 Notre-Dame des Anges - linha T4
 Arboretum - linha T4
 Hôpital de Montfermeil - linha T4

Toponímia

História

Geminação

Cultura local e patrimônio

Ver também
 Lista de comunas de Seine-Saint-Denis

Ligações externas


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You are here: Home / In the Media / NewsBits: The Hebrew Press
E-Mail 'NewsBits: The Hebrew Press' To A Friend
February 3, 2009 By eJP
Email a copy of 'NewsBits: The Hebrew Press' to a friend
Filed Under: In the Media Tagged With: JDC / Joint Distribution Committee, Jewish Federations of NA/formerly UJC, The Jewish Agency/JAFI
Ernest Stock says
We are evidently witnessing another stage in the on-going
struggle for control of the funds raised in the U.S. on behalf of the Zionist enterprise and Israel, which dates back to the 1920's. The earlier stages, up to the Jewish Agency's reorganization in 1971, are described in my book,
"Partners & Pursestrings" (University Press of America, 1987) which is still available through Amazon or Barnes & Noble) or from me directly.
Dr. Ernest Stock, formerly with the Council of Jewish Federations, then representative of the UIA in Jerusalem.


I facilitate a safe, contained therapeutic space with a range of art materials if you wish to use them, to allow a creative way to think through and process challenging experiences and difficulties.
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I welcome further enquiries please do contact me for more information.
Exhibitions 'some unconscious things' 24 June 2015 - 4 October 2015 part of Festival of the Unconscious The Unconscious Revisited at the Freud Museum.


It is my privilege to welcome you to Regis Jesuit High School!
With more than 140 years of history behind us, we are a Roman Catholic educational community rooted firmly in Jesuit educational tradition, and leading the way in preparing students for the 21st century. For almost five centuries, Jesuit education has been universally regarded as a model of excellence.
As a proud alumnus, I can attest that Regis Jesuit's innovative educational model offers a quality, rigorous, college preparatory program. More importantly, Regis Jesuit provides a transformational values-based and faith-formative experience, preparing the whole person to become a healthy, capable and compassionate young adult.
Our students are challenged to grow spiritually through retreats, liturgies, faith-sharing and daily prayer in the Ignatian tradition. And our Service Program encourages students to expand and deepen their commitment to becoming Men and Women with and for Others.
As the only co-divisional school among the network of nearly 60 Jesuit high schools in the United States, Regis Jesuit's unique approach provides the best of both worlds for students seeking the benefits of a single gender learning environment as well as a wide variety of co-curricular activities.
We serve the greater Denver metropolitan area by developing leaders within a diverse and caring environment who are open to growth, striving for intellectual competence, religious, loving and committed to doing justice – the five pillars of Jesuit high school education known as the Graduate at Graduation.
We're delighted by your interest, and I hope you will visit us in person and see what we have to offer first-hand!
David Card returned to his alma mater as the first lay President of Regis Jesuit High School in August 2016 and second alumnus to serve in the role. He had previously worked at the school as Director of Development from 1999 to 2003. Prior to his return to RJHS, David served as president of Escuela de Guadalupe, a dual language Catholic grade school in northwest Denver from 2003 to 2016.
He holds a master's degree in public administration from the University of Colorado at Denver and an undergraduate degree in political science from Regis University. David and his wife Janalee are the parents of three daughters: Delaney '20, Alexandra '21 and Mae.


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Home Latest News Thailand News CMU students in mock U.S. election debate
CMU students in mock U.S. election debate
By Shana Kongmun (Chiangmai Mail)
Students in a win –win situation as they learn debating skills
Chiang Mai University Political Science students took on new roles on Tuesday, March 15 as Republican and Democrat candidates in a mock U.S. election debate at the Uniserv building. Outside the debate room was a comprehensive display on the electoral process in the United States presidential campaign; covering everything from primaries to the Electoral College. Inside was a room full of enthusiastic supporters sporting campaign stickers cheering for their favorite candidates.
The Dean of the Political Science and Public Administration Faculty Dr. Ora-orn Poocharoen reminded students that the debate was being held for three key reasons; to raise awareness and increase understanding of the U.S. election process, to learn how to debate and obtain the skill sets to do a debate in English. Finally she said it educated students and the general public about "the importance of understanding international relations and international affairs and how that affects our daily lives."
Dean Dr. Ora-orn Poocharoen (4th left), U.S. Consul General Michael Heath (center) and U.S. Consul on Political and Economic Affairs Jennifer Barnes-Kerns are joined by representatvies from the American Corner at the CMU Library, consular staff and faculty at the opening of the Mock Debate.
U.S Consul – General Michael Heath opened the event reminding students that this debate was an important part of the political process and noted that even though some of the debaters didn't necessarily support the positions they were arguing that it gave them a good look into the debate process and may open their eyes to other viewpoints.
U.S. Consul on Political and Economic Affairs Jennifer Barnes-Kerns and ), U.S. Consul General Michael Heath before the start of the debates.
He said, "The purpose of this is to provide you with a forum to discuss issues that we discuss ourselves during the election season." He noted that important primaries were being held that night and added that it would not determine the exact winner but go a long way towards knowing who were the leading candidates.
"We've been very fortunate to have some very eloquent Chiang Mai University students representing the Democrat Party and the Republican Party here today", the U.S. Consul General said as he opened the debate. He continued, "We want to stress that when these students come up to give you their opinions, these are not necessarily their own opinions but they've been asked to provide what they think a candidate for the Democrat Party or a candidate for the Republican Party might present on a certain issue. And of course we must realize that even our own parties also have many differences between them; the Democrats themselves and the Republicans themselves don't always agree with each other on what we should be doing in terms of foreign policy, immigration or protecting the environment. So, we have to recognize that just because we have two parties doesn't mean we necessarily have two points of view."
He reminded the students that they will all have the opportunity to vote on the candidates after the debate and said that there is no one right answer but did ask the students to not necessarily vote for the positions they already agree with but said he would like to see the students vote for the side they think presents their opinions in the best way and makes the most clear presentation of their positions on each issue.
U.S. Consul General Michael Heath thanked the students for their hard work in preparing for the debate, the volunteers and the American Corner as well as sponsor s.
The students then took the stage to present their case on various issues including foreign policy, ISIS, the economy and immigration, the very issues many Americans are discussing now.
The students said they were very excited to have the debate although several confessed it was difficult debating for policies they didn't support but that it was a great learning opportunity and did open their eyes to differing points of view.
Students representing the Republican Party ready for the debate which was conducted entirely in English.
The table representing the Democrat Party supporting their candidate and his running mate.
Representatives for the Democrat Party (left) and Republican Party (right) take to the stage to debate.
Outside the debate was a comprehensive exhibition of the U.S. electoral process.
Chiang Mai University
Dr. Oraorn Pooch
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