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european journal of general dentistry
Dental Journal of Advance Studies
European Journal of Dentistry
European Dental Research and Biomaterials Journal
CC BY 4.0 · European Journal of General Dentistry 2022; 11(03): 158-165
Role of Dietary Flavonoids in Preventing COVID-19 Infection and Other Infectious Diseases: A Mini Review
Upasana Kumar
1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
Roshan Zoha
2 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
Murali Venkata Rama Mohan Kodali
3 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Komal Smriti
Vathsala Patil
Srikanth Gadicherla
Anupam Singh
Funding None.
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Classification of Flavonoids
Anti-Viral Action
Anti-Fungal Action
Flavonoid Sources
Nutraceuticals - Commercially Available in The Market
Flavonoids are a large group of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that are almost universally present in various plant parts such as fruits, berries, leaves, and tubers. These compounds are synthesized in plants in reaction to environmental stressors such as microbial infections. The antioxidant properties in these flavonoids provide us with numerous health benefits. They can be extracted from said natural sources via methods such as maceration and boiling all the way to advanced methods such as microwaves and ultrasounds.
Numerous studies have been conducted to research the protective role that flavonoids can play in preventing infectious diseases in humans. The present modalities of treating such infectious diseases rely solely on chemotherapeutic agents and adjunctive therapies such as palliative and supportive care. These chemotherapeutic agents, primarily antibiotics, cause a degeneration of our immunity and an increased susceptibly to several other diseases. Thus, it is crucial that our methods in dealing with infections focus on prevention. This can be achieved by strengthening our immune system, which is the primary line of defense against such diseases. Flavonoids can help boost our immunity, fight infections, and decrease the incidence of antibiotic resistance.
Hence, these natural compounds are being largely studied and used as nutraceuticals to supplement our daily diet and successfully reduce the occurrence of major infectious diseases in our body.
flavonoids - nutraceuticals - antibacterial - antiviral - antifungal
Flavonoids are a category of naturally and extensively occurring polyphenolic organic compounds that consist of a benzo-gamma-pyrone structure that are almost universally present in plants.[1] Polyphenols are secondary metabolites that are biosynthesized by phenylpropanoid pathway through shikimic acid.[2] They are synthesized in plants in reaction to stressful environmental changes such as microbial infections. Their biological properties and their chemical nature are dependent on their molecular structure and chemical factors, e.g., their structural class, degree of hydroxylation, polymerization, etc. Flavonoids have numerous potential health benefits in humans because of their antioxidant properties. These antioxidant properties are mediated by the functional hydroxyl groups, which scavenge free radicals and chelate metal ions. This chelation of metal ions plays a role in preventing radical generation, which, in turn, prevents damage to target biomolecules.[1] They are present in stems, roots, bark, flowers, fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, wine, and tea.[3] Flavonoids are extracted through plant products through many methods. Conventional methods include maceration, boiling, percolation, soaking, and hydro-distillation. The advanced techniques utilize microwaves, ultrasound, pressurized liquids, and supercritical fluids to extract flavonoids.[4]
There have been numerous studies that describe the protective role of flavonoids against a wide spectrum of human disorders and diseases including infectious diseases, degenerative conditions, and malignancies.[1] Infections are the most common type of disease processes in humans and are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. An infection occurs when microbes enter the body and begin multiplying, whereas the actual disease usually occurs in a small fraction of infected people whose bodies exhibit cellular destruction and disrupt normal functions. COVID-19 is one such viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. It was first reported as pneumonia of unknown cause, in a hospital in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Human saliva and throat swab have been used extensively for diagnostic tests of SARS-CoV-2.[5]
The oral cavity is a known portal of entry of the virus due to the presence of ACE2-expressing cells.[6] It primarily affects the upper respiratory tract and causes a multitude of debilitating symptoms. Because there is no definitive treatment for this viral infection, we must rely on our immune system instead. Hence, immunity plays a crucial role in the current pandemic situation. The body's immunity helps fight and overcome the disease in its incubation period. The risk of developing COVID-19 and its complications is greater in people with a compromised immune system or increased inflammatory response. The disease severity depends not only on the viral load but the host response as well. In severe infections, an acute immune reaction ensues by the release of multiple cytokines concurrently, which results in multiorgan failure or death. This is known as a cytokine storm. Flavonoids can act as strong immunity boosters that can help prevent and cure such severe diseases. In the longer run, mucormycosis in patients with a history of COVID-19 have proven to be a burden on healthcare system. Prolonged ventilation, inadequate glycemic control, and excessive use of corticosteroids along with depressed immunity have been shown to be the possible reasons for the mucormycosis outbreak.[7]
Our immune system swings into action in response to an infection. The various components of the immune system such as leukocytes, antibodies, complement system, and cytokines work toward fighting the pathogens.[8] Thus, the competency and functioning of the immune system is the major deciding factor in the occurrence, duration, and severity of an infection. The treatment of infectious diseases is solely based on chemotherapeutic agents, primarily antibiotics. Adjunctive therapy includes palliative and supportive care such as rest, diet, and increased fluid intake. Antibiotics cause several adverse effects, the worst being a degradation of our immunity and consequential increased susceptibility to various diseases. Antiviral agents have been tested and used in various viral infections but none of them have been successful in curing the patient before the incubation period. It is therefore prudent that our approach in dealing with infectious diseases shifts toward prevention. Improving our immunity can shorten the recovery period and reduce the intensity and effect of the microbes on various organs of our body. The ever-evolving nature of the coronavirus has only intensified our need to strengthen our immune system. Flavonoids not only help fend off infections and reinforce our immune system; however, their use significantly decreases the incidence of antibiotic resistance.[9] As a result, these compounds are now being largely being researched and successfully used as nutraceuticals. Previous researches have depicted that biocompatibility and bio-safety is also an important requirement of the materials used for medical and dental applications whether in case of the treatment of disease or any other invasive procedure.[10] [11] [12]
Flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites, which exhibit a wide range of chemical forms and ecological significance.[1] [2] Flavonoids are found mainly in spermatophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, along with some bryophytes, pteridophytes, and algae. They are the third largest cluster of naturally occurring products with 10,000 flavonoids recorded so far that are classified based on their biosynthetic origin.[1] [2] [3] Chemically, flavonoids can be defined as an aromatic nucleus-containing compounds. This nucleus contains three rings, namely, A, B, and a C ring (heterocyclic). They are considered one of the most extensive group of phytochemicals because of their structural diversity. Flavonoids are usually classified according to the position of attachment of ring B to ring C. Mostly, the B ring is attached to position 2 of the C ring, but it can also bind to position 3 or 4. The pattern of glycosylation and structural characteristics are deciding factors of their biological properties. A detailed classification of flavonoids is described in [Fig. 1].[13]
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of flavonoids classification.
Flavonoids are chemotaxonomic compounds with numerous biological activities. Since ancient times, flavonoids have been used in various concoctions as the primary active ingredient to treat human diseases.
They have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and exhibit effective action against microbial infection. Hence, flavonoids display antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and chemopreventive actions. Furthermore, studies have exhibited synergy between certain flavonoids and existing pharmaceutical products. Flavonoids deactivate or interfere with the microbial adhesions by forming hydrophobic, covalent or hydrogen bonding with protein complexes ([Table 1]).[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] A few lipophilic flavonoids act by causing the disruption of microbial membranes. A detailed description of the antibacterial mechanism of flavonoids is depicted in [Fig. 2]. Many studies have shown flavonoids to cause the inhibition of many enzymes linked to virus growth.[1] They display inhibitory action against HIV, Dengue, Polio Virus, Herpes Simplex Virus, and Sindbis virus. Flavonoids also prevent viral polymerase binding of viral capsid proteins. These properties were suggested as antiviral modes of action[34] [35] [36] ([Fig. 3]). The antifungal action of flavonoids have been described in [Fig. 4].
Fig. 2 Antibacterial action of flavonoids.
Fig. 3 Antiviral action of flavonoids.
Fig. 4 Antifungal action of flavonoids.
Target organism of flavonoids
Target microorganism
Pelargonium sidoides extract
polymeric proanthocyanidins
Anti-adhesive property
A-Type proanthocyanidins
UTI–E. coli
Type A oligomers
UTI–Streptococcus mutans
Decrease inflammatory mediators
Epigallocatechin Gallate
Helicobacter pylori inhibition
E. coliinhibition of virulence factors such as formation of biofilm and Bacterial motility of the swarm
Flu virus-prevents binding of viral virulent particles to the target receptor cells by binding to the viral haemagglutinin
Adenovirus and Enterovirus-inhibition
Candida albicans–inhibition in superinfection of oral cavity, intestine, vagina
Rhamnetin, Myricetin, Morin, Quercetin
Chlamydia pneumoniae inhibition (decreases infectivity by 50%) in acute respiratory tract infections
Galangin, izalpinin, and rhamoncitrin
M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T.
rubrum (bacterial and fungal dermatitis–external topical use)
Proanthocyanidin
E. coli, S. mutans, S. aureus-inhibition
Influenza A virus and type 1 HSV
Raspberry, Cloudberry, Strawberry
Ellagitannins
Certain strains of Salmonella, Helicobacter, Staphylococcus, E. coli, Clostridium, Campylobacter and Bacillus (gram-negative intestinal bacteria)
Mango Kernel
Gallotannins
Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium botulinum
B. cereus, C. jejuni, L. monocytogenes,
S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella enterica (food borne bacteria)
Ocotea odorifera
Ellagitannin
Candida parapsilos
HSV-1, HSV-2, and EBV
The antibacterial action of flavonoids has been well researched and documented. Plants extracts used since centuries have been studied and screened for antibacterial properties. Certain preparations containing a high concentration of flavonoids have shown antibacterial activity. Among these, specific structures or classes of flavonoids have been isolated such as apigenin, epigallocatechin gallate, galangin, luteolin, quercetin glycosides, kaempferol derivatives. These phytochemical compounds have a wide range of inhibitory actions against bacterial cells. They are of three broad types: (i) inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis: Flavonoids that displayed this activity were robinetin, myricetin, and epigallocatechin. The B ring on the flavonoids has been suggested to play a role in the hydrogen bonding of the nucleic acid bases that explains the inhibitory effect on DNA and RNA synthesis. The antibacterial action of quercetin has been attributed to the inhibition of DNA gyrase. (ii) Inhibition of cytoplasmic membrane function: sophoraflavanone G has shown an antibacterial activity by reducing the fluidity of the membrane of the bacterial cells. Epigallocatechin gallate, a flavonoid found commonly in green tea has exhibited strong antibacterial activity. It may disrupt the lipid bilayer by disrupting them or causing fusion of the cell membrane layers. Galangin has also shown to cause cell membrane damage while quercetin caused an alteration of membrane potential and increased permeability of the inner cell membrane. (iii) Inhibition of energy metabolism: Flavonoids hamper the energy metabolism in bacterial cells by interrupting their oxygen consumption and by inhibiting NADH-cytochrome c reductase.[34]
The importance of antiviral activity of flavonoids has risen in the past few years, particularly due to the increased frequency of viral infections. Numerous in vitro studies have shown significant antiviral properties of flavonoids such as viral enzyme inhibition, cytopathic effect, and virion number reduction. Flavonoids have also shown potential inhibitory activity against coronaviruses, including the current pandemic outbreak (COVID-19), Herpes Simplex Virus-1, Hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, and influenza virus. The underlying molecular mechanisms of flavonoids involve the inhibition of viral replication, increased interferon-γ levels, inhibition of virion production, and virion assembly.[35] Flavonoids exhibit an inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 by preventing the entry of the virus into cells and their replication by targeting and binding to essential proteins involved in the viral life cycle. These phytocompounds also showed remarkable immunomodulatory activity including the inhibition of several inflammatory cytokines, thus curbing the possibility of a cytokine storm.[36]
There are several studies showing the antiviral effects of flavonoids. Apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and quercetagetin have been found to exhibit an antiviral activity against HCV. Flavonoids such as epigallocatechin gallate and chamaejasmin have the potential to affect the Dengue virus replication, and even pinocembrin targets the molecular machinery used by the Zika virus to replicate its own genome.[35]
Fungal infections affect millions of people worldwide every year and can even be fatal. These diseases are more prevalent in people with impaired immune systems such as patients of AIDS, cancer, diabetes, and organ transplantation. COVID-19 patients have also reported to develop fungal illnesses such as mucormycosis. There exist very few therapeutic agents for fungal infections compared to bacterial infections. Additionally, drug resistance in microbes is growing every day due to the elevated use of such antifungal agents. Medicinal plants with bioactive compounds are thus being applied comprehensively as an alternative and safer treatment modality. Flavonoids with antifungal activity have been screened from plants by employing spore germination, broth dilution and disk diffusion. They have shown to be effective against various species of pathogenic fungi such as C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, T. deformans, and A. flavus. Several modes of action have been exhibited by flavonoids in inhibiting their growth. These include plasma membrane disruption that causes reduction in fungal cell size, leakage of intracellular components, and cell death. Flavonoids can also cause cell wall deformations and mitochondrial dysfunction through various pathways. Furthermore, fungal cell division, nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and efflux pumps are inhibited by certain flavonoids as well. These flavonoids are effective even in synergetic combinations with existing antifungal drugs.[37]
Understanding various sources of flavonoids is very essential for their health-promoting effects. Flavonoids are available richly in plant and human diet products. Black rice being the rich source of it, flavonoids are also seen in blackberries, blueberries, propolis, honey, red beans, nuts, tea, and wine. Natural sources of flavonoids and their classes and subclasses is essential in understanding and implementing these products in daily dietary supplements ([Table 2]).
Natural sources of flavonoids
Natural source
Plant product
Flavonoid class
Flavonoid subclass
Quercetin, rutin, fisetin, kaempferol
Grape seeds/grapes
Flavonol
Quercetin, rutin, kaempferol
Flavonone
Narigenin
Anthocyanin
Quercetin,
Eriodictyol, hesperidin
Flavononol
Taxifolin
Flavone
Fisetin
Cranberries, blueberries
Anthocyanidin
Peonidin
Raspberries, blackberries
Quercetin, myrecetin, Rutin
Fisetin, kaempferol
Lettuce, brussel sprouts, green beans, squash, spinach
Carrots, Celery, green pepper
Tricin
Soyabean, fava beans
Biochanin
Biochanin, genistein
French bean seeds
Abyssinones
Diosmetin
Milk, chocolate
Rutin, myricetin,
Theaflavin
Natural sources of therapeutic agents have a higher preference over synthetic agents. There is an ongoing search for natural agents, which can protect body from various infections and diseases. This has given rise to various supplements rich in flavonoids available for use. Details of flavonoid supplements available for use is enlisted in [Table 3].[38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]
List of nutraceuticals-flavonoids available for use
Flavponoid type
750 mg/day
Anticarcinogenic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, cardioprotective
Diosmin + hesperidin
1000 mg/day (3 months)
Chronic venous diseases, hemorrhoids
Hidrosmin
Chronic venous diseases
Flavoxate
100-200 mg 3-4/day
Muscle spasms of the urinary tract
30-60 mg/day
Anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, reduce symptoms of menopause
Silibinin
200-400 mg/day
Galangin
Antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antidiabetic
500-1000 mg/day
Immunity booster, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy
Flavonoids are potential agents in the prevention of ailments and diseases. In the present scenario with ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the emphasis has been on the prevention of disease and reducing the risk of transmission.[46] While various agents, such as melatonin derivatives with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties have been assessed for their therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2, the arrival of newer virulent strains has driven the attention of the researchers towards the use of natural agents in building immunity.6 Flavonoids with their nutraceutical and therapeutic action and minimal or no adverse effects, have gained significant role in the field of health and pharmacy. This review paper highlights the modes of action of flavonoids against infectious agents with their natural sources.[47]
The authors would like to thank the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology for their cooperation during the writing of the review.
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Address for correspondence
Komal Smriti, MDS
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences
Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka
India-576104
Email: komal.smriti@manipal.edu
Anupam Singh, MDS
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Manipal, Karnataka
Email: anupam.singh@manipal.edu
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Home Buzz Blog	REVIEW: How to Survive a Plague
Buzz BlogThe Cool
REVIEW: How to Survive a Plague
written by Kaley Belval February 18, 2013
In less than two weeks, stars will walk the red carpet in their best attire at the Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars. This year, the ceremony means a lot more than recognition for David France's film; it means recognition for his cause.
France's documentary, How to Survive a Plague, captures the fear, helplessness, and perseverance of activists in ACT UP and TAG, two organizations committed to fighting the AIDS epidemic in New York City's gay community.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the virus was recognized and spreading rapidly throughout New York City. In 1992, France experienced the "plague" firsthand when his boyfriend, Doug Gould, died after contracting HIV.
The film is comprised of a series of found footage from the perspectives of protestors in the two organizations; people who were trying to get medical care and supplies for themselves and their community as quickly as possible. It is a heart-wrenching depiction of the struggle for help in stopping the disease.
While the majority of the content in the film is footage from the height of the city's epidemic, it also contains interviews with prominent members of the fight who are still alive. As someone who does not know much about the start of AIDS activism, this film really gave me an idea of the ways in which this community was isolated and ignored.
A scene that truly disturbed me was when protestors filed into St. Patrick's Cathedral in order to protest against the Catholic Church. I grew up in a Catholic family and it was incredible to see men and women lying on the floor of the church in order to finally be recognized. Instead of giving a voice to the protestors, the priest performing the mass just ignored them and continued on with the service. It was largely symbolic of the way that the patients and protestors were treated—until they finally took matters into their own hands.
Because AIDS affected the gay community in New York City more widely than any other, there was an added stigma that the film draws attention to. Religious groups, city officials and medical personnel all ignored the pleas of activists who were watching their friends and family die. No matter how loud, obstructive, or telling the protests were, they were continuously ignored.
How to Survive a Plague showcases the story of resistance against all odds, and the fight to achieve awareness and recognition. Through ACT UP's efforts, and those who joined them in the fight, treatment for HIV and AIDS was made much more affordable and available. It is an intense film that drums up a lot of emotions for the cause, especially seeing the sheer pain in the faces of the members who are still alive, remembering those who died from the disease.
The way that the film uses footage from the actual protests; an animated depiction of the number of people dying from AIDS; and interviews with the former protestors, shows the depth of commitment these people and the filmmaker have to the cause. I hope that people will watch this film in order to learn about the origins of the AIDS epidemic, its treatment, and the people who fought for awareness of this issue.
Simon Eats Garfunkel
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Pickling program popular with rural women
Beneficiaries display their first jars of pickles.
"I give thanks to the donors and all the people who are involved in this program. You help us and all the hardworking women who are involved now, who aren't shy, who work and struggle: you help us make progress. It's beautiful." -Ana, micro-credit program beneficiary
At the start of 2014, Self-Help International introduced a pickling and preserves program at the Fred Strohbehn Training Center in Nicaragua. Targeting the women in the micro-credit program and their children, this new initiative aims to educate families on how to start a home garden using drip irrigation technology, as well as how to add value to their produce at market.
The women are able to sell the fresh produce from their garden as an extra source of income, and what they don't sell, they can preserve for even more income with a greater profit margin. The Nicaragua Training Center offers monthly training sessions on preparing pickled vegetables, jams, and marmalades, where women like Ana and her children learn proper methods to preserve produce.
Ana and her children learn to preserve fruits.
Ana, a mother who takes pride in her children and home, wanted to provide for her family by gardening and pickling. On April 23, 2014, Self-Help International taught Ana and her three children how to plant a variety of seedlings in their family garden: chili peppers, papayas, passion fruit, and dragon fruit. Two weeks later, Ana brought her children to the training center where she and her children learned to make marmalades to preserve their fruits.
"What I've learned from the program is how to cultivate a garden, I have ideas of how to do things better in the home…it's not necessary to go to the hardware store," she said, gesturing to the watering can she made for herself from an old jerrycan while she was saving up to install a drip irrigation system.
Ana listed off what she had learned from Self-Help: to make marmalades, chili sauce, and to share experiences with the other women in the training sessions, as well as how to manage money, make profit, how to make better investments, "all these things!" she exclaimed with a grin.
Ana's children plant a vegetable garden
Ana said of the micro-credit program, "I give thanks to the donors and all the people who are involved in this program. You help us and all the hardworking women who are involved now, who aren't shy, who work and struggle: you help us make progress. It's beautiful."
This program has already reached 53 women like Ana through demonstration gardening plots at the training center. As many as 29 adolescents have attended training sessions on how to make the value-added products, and many more have helped their mothers with the gardening, pickling and fruit preservation at home. The program is increasingly gaining popularity as training sessions are continuing to be filled by interested women and youth.
Self-Help International aims to expand this program to more families in Nicaragua, introducing composting and other methods to encourage sustainable agricultural practices for generations to come.
Micro-Credit
Micro-loans unlock talents
Graduate's business creates employment


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Canada Access Internet Choice & Affordability Wireless
Canadians Cannot Afford Rogers Acquisition of Shaw Communications
Higher cell phone prices inevitable conclusion to elimination of fourth wireless provider
March 15, 2021 — This morning Rogers Communications announced its plans to buy competitor Shaw Communications, for $20B. The deal threatens to eliminate choice and affordability in Canada's cell phone market entirely.
"This deal cannot be approved. Canadians already suffer from sky-high Internet prices. We need more competition in Canada – not less. Over the years, we've seen competitor after competitor swallowed up by the Big 3. The result is always the same – more profits for the Big 3, worse plans and less choice for Canadians. We can't afford this deal. This is going to be a true test of Minister Champagne's commitment to affordability, connectivity, and Canadians," said OpenMedia Executive Director Laura Tribe.
The acquisition announcement comes just one day before a national Affordable Internet Day of Action, calling for an end to Canada's already sky-high Internet prices. The Day of Action will feature a live online event from 1:00 - 4:40 pm EDT, and will provide numerous ways for concerned members of the public to take action and demand change.
Agenda and details for the Day of Action can be found at affordable-internet.ca.
Laura Tribe
Executive Director, OpenMedia
1 (888) 441-2640 ext. 2
Trudeau abandons promise to lower Internet and cell phone bills December 17 2021
OpenMedia calls on ISED Minister to condemn Rogers Shaw deal October 28 2021
Federal government hit with over 62,000 signatures of support to block Rogers-Shaw buyout May 18 2021
Over 61,000 petition signers call on federal government to block Rogers-Shaw buyout May 07 2021
Enough is enough: National Day of Action demands affordable internet for Canadians February 25 2021


As the Winter months become colder and the dark nights draw in there is a temptation to forget about your lawn until next year. Banbury Lawn care recognise the need to continue to care for your lawn during this period. Winter is the time when moss tends to take hold within a lawn which is why it is important to act quickly and ensure your lawn treatment plan continues throughout the Winter months.
Banbury Lawn care winter treatment takes place between November and February and involves applying a liquid product to your lawn that, as well as targeting moss contains essential plant nutrients and can keep fungal disease activity at bay.


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Google Pixelbook Go review
Windows Activator > windows 10 > Google Pixelbook Go review
If a Chromebook is what you have in mind for a laptop, the Pixelbook Go is one of the best you can lay your hands on—so long as you're okay with the quirks.
Google put some luxury into each Chromebook going back to the Pixelbook two years ago. Last year's Pixel Slate was more a tablet that functioned like a Chromebook because of the keyboard. The Pixelbook Go is almost a cross between them, more laptop than anything else.
This isn't meant to be a toy, as Google believes it has plenty of upside on productivity. That depends on your point of view, though. Chrome OS is still an evolving platform, so your workflow is a big factor. I took it for rigid testing to find out if it can make that case.
Display: 13.3-inch 1920 x 1080 LCD display with 166 pixels per inchOS: Chrome OSProcessor: Intel 8th-Gen Core m3 or Core i5 64-bit processorMemory: 8GB RAM, 64GB or 128GBCamera: 2-megapixel front-facing webcamVideo: Up to 1080p HD video qualityBattery: 6213mAhConnections: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.2, A-GPS, USB-CDimensions: 12.45 x 8.12 x 0.57 inchesWeight: 2.33 poundsComes in "Just Black" and "Not Pink"Design
There are two key things to immediately note about the design. First, the Pixelbook Go doesn't bend over backward 360-degrees like the first Pixelbook does. Second, it sports a 16:9 aspect ratio compared to the previous model's 3:2 aspect ratio.
That's not all, mind you, but those were the first two things I noticed when Google unveiled it. Once I had it in my hands, I found a number of other contrasting points. The 13.3-inch display has a 1080p HD resolution (there is a 4K variant) with smaller bezels around it. It remains a flush screen, so easy to clean and maintain, among other things.
It sports a neutral all-black design with no glass on the top or bottom. (NOTE: the Pixelbook Go is also available in a pinkish colour that Google calls "Not Pink"!)The rippled bottom surprisingly feels smooth and almost rubbery, even though there's nothing rubbery under there. The hinge is excellent, offering a nice, steady hold on the top, yet feels easy to pry open with one hand when it's closed.
Under the hood, you can choose from three configurations. The specs for my test unit are listed to the right, but it's basically the best you can get, except for the 4K model. To be honest, 4K resolution is a bit much for any Chromebook, so I find the one I tested to be the most balanced option.
The Pixelbook Go also mirrors the Pixelbook in that it has two USB-C ports and a headphone jack. Another interesting addition is the 1080p HD camera, which isn't a common spec for laptops, though it's limited to just 2-megapixels.
But without question, the keyboard makes this device what it is. The first Pixelbook is still one of my favourites to type on, and Google wisely chose to include its "Hush" keyboard here.
The keyboard and trackpad
The Pixelbook Pen is compatible with the previous Pixelbook and the Pixel Slate, but it won't work here. Instead, this device is every bit a laptop, despite the touchscreen support. My tendency with the Pixelbook was to touch the screen more than use the trackpad.
With the Pixelbook Go, I did the reverse, where I would often defer to the trackpad to navigate the interface. Not that the trackpad is exceptional; it's adequate, and better than some other Chromebooks I've tried, but that's also something I would expect from a premium laptop.
It's the keyboard that truly stands out, and if like me, you type a lot on any given day, the keys on this thing will feel almost perfect. They are backlit and feature just enough travel time with each stroke to be both quiet and accurate all at once. It's a superb design and one that would be even better if there was a lot to do with it.
Pixelbook Go and Chrome OS
Chrome OS is neither MacOS nor Windows, but when a Chromebook is in the same price range, there needs to be a payoff. Naturally, Google's apps and services are not far away, from the Chrome browser and on to Google's own office suite. As always, several apps you're accustomed to in Android are here too. Click on them and they open in a browser, like Google Maps does.
On paper, the experience may sound more cumbersome than it really is. The thing about Chrome OS is that it's always a work in progress. Many key third-party apps are there, including Microsoft's Office suite and Adobe Lightroom, among others, but it goes beyond that. Apple and Microsoft have file systems, drivers and other digital nuts and bolts that tie things together, be it for software or hardware peripherals. Chrome OS feels lighter by default, but that comes with those trade-offs.
Then there are all the Android apps available. The Google Play Store offers countless apps, even if all of them aren't optimized for a laptop screen. Google Assistant is always readily available, and Stadia, the company's streaming gaming platform, is set to go for that launch as well.
On the bright side, Chrome OS accords itself better in a laptop than it does with the Pixel Slate's tablet. That's why the touchscreen makes sense here. Using certain apps requires touching the screen to feel convenient and efficient.
I typed this review on the Pixelbook Go, but it's not the only one I worked on lately. A keyboard this good makes it easy when you have to write something every day. It's the rest of the laptop that I found had its own quirks.
The speakers lining the sides of the keyboard are sufficiently loud, even if they aren't heavy on bass. Google also fixed the Bluetooth issues that hampered the first Pixelbook. I had no problems pairing with speakers or headphones. YouTube would sometimes fail to play sound via Bluetooth, but only if the app had been on standby for longer periods.
Productivity depends on your choice in services. I mentioned earlier that Google's services are easy to find, and they are. Anything browser-based will work fine here, so whether it's WordPress, Google Docs, Gmail, Slack, Trello or some other work-related tool, you should be fine. It's the standalone apps that will be more hit or miss based on optimization.
On the consumption side, watching video is great. I routinely used the Pixelbook Go to watch YouTube, or live sports on NHL, DAZN, and NBA League Pass. Netflix, Prime Video, and Crave were great as well. I listened to streaming music on various platforms too. You shouldn't run into any problems doing any of that on this device.
The question is whether this is the laptop to do it on. You can do all of that on a Mac or Windows laptop—for a similar or lower price. However, one thing about a Chromebook at this level is that it stays consistent throughout. My Pixelbook still runs much like it did when I got it. I would expect the same thing of the Pixelbook Go two years from now.
The Pixelbook Go also has some of the best battery life I've seen in a 13.3-inch laptop. Google rates it at 12 hours per charge, but I actually did better than that. When I used it lightly, I cracked 13 hours. With a lot of video streaming, I went past 10 hours every time. The only instance where it lasted for less was if I was mirroring the screen to the TV via Chromecast.
If you plug in for a 20-minute charge, you can get two hours out of it. I tried it, and it's true. The quick-charge function works as advertised, and I appreciated that I didn't have to charge this unit as much as the previous two.
If you have a Pixelbook or Pixel Slate already, there's no reason to upgrade to this model. The similarities, especially to the Pixelbook, are evident. Besides, that device had the literal flexibility to be more than just a traditional laptop.
If you haven't tried a Chromebook before, the Pixelbook Go may be a good place to start. However, it's with the caveat that you prefer a laptop form factor and don't care for the lack of pen support. I would certainly advise playing around with one if you see it on display in-store.
The Google Pixelbook Go is available now in two configurations: the Core m3 and Core i5, and two colours: "Just Black" and "Not Pink".
Dec 26, 2021 Leave a Comment on Google Pixelbook Go reviewwindows 10
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"For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard. And when he had agreed with the laborers for a denarius for the day, he sent them into his vineyard."
The Jahari Window is a tool that helps us realize where we are in our ability to know who we are and for others to know who we are. Real transparency in communication takes place when those we associate know who we are after we discover who we really are.
You may know from first-hand experience that conflict among Christians is costly. But just how costly is it? I admit that it is difficult to quantify the spiritual cost of conflict-how do you measure the pain, suffering, and diminished witness caused by Christians who fight one another? Yet as I've looked at several studies in the United States, I think that it is possible (and reasonable) to estimate the more tangible costs of conflict. I believe you will find it both eye-opening and sobering.
Conflict can be seen in two ways that are fundamentally different. One way is to look at it as an inevitable negative experience that we should simply endure. The other view of conflict sees it as an opportunity that God can use to accomplish much good.
This article was adapted from one that originally appeared in Design-Build Digest, Vol. 1, No. 1 and is reprinted by permission.
Ever since the beginnings of our company, we have faced the dilemma of being equally yoked in our business (developing church facilities, working with employees, architects, contractors and owners). Like most people, we first learned the importance of this biblical concept by not following it. There are probably many churches that have also experienced the problem of not partnering with those of like mind and purpose.
One of the most difficult things a person has to do sometimes is confront another individual. In the workplace we are often faced with conflict arising from issues related to actions taken by an individual that directly impact us in some way. How do we effectively communicate concerns to another person in a way that does not alienate that person, but still allows us to confront the issue?
Cyber-gossip is the newest innovation in an ancient practice. Notwithstanding this new-and-improved medium for gossip, E-mail, the destructive effects remain the same. One now-former employee of a firm bears personal witness to this.
It seems that no matter what one does, conflicts are bound to happen. Peter's report of his visit to Cornelius aroused hostility and opposition among some of the believers at Jerusalem (Acts 11:2-3). His behavior in Joppa, socializing with the hated and feared Gentiles, was unacceptable-even scandalous.


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It is getting harder to fill tech roles yet we need them now more than ever
Twist Bioscience: New Profitability Oriented Management & Direction Compensates For The 435% Share-Premium (NASDAQ:TWST)
An Alternative Future for Advertising and Media
San Francisco reopens restaurant dining rooms at 25% of capacities
TCS, RIL, SBI, Bajaj Finance, Future Consumer
Lightweight Boards – Eurolight Decor from EGGER
Informa Financial Intelligence Banking Division Named Financial Benchmarking & Omnichannel Experience (FBX)
This app is your guide to the best Black-owned restaurants in the U.S.
Man who sold AR-15 to gunman pleads guilty
Amazon bets palm way to go
How 100 Page Speed Score Helped Australian Internet Advertising Jump to First Page of Google Search
Chevron overtakes Exxon Mobil as America's largest oil company
Key speaker at Shenzhen SEZ's 40th anniversary signals greater development of digital yuan
digital currency Photo: VCG China held a grand gathering to mark the 40th anniversary of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, known as "Silicon Valley of China" on Wednesday, when an advocate of digital currency made a speech as the second guest, sending a strong signal that the city will further […]
North Korea celebrates party anniversary amid economic woes
South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said early in the day that there were signs that the North had mobilized "large crowds and equipment" for a military parade at Pyongyang's Kim Il Sung Square during the early morning hours. In the evening, North Korean state television began airing a taped […]
North Korea Celebrates Party Anniversary Amid Economic Woes | World News
By KIM TONG-HYUNG, Associated Press SEOUL, South Korea (AP) — North Korea on Saturday celebrated the 75th anniversary of its ruling party with outside observers expecting leader Kim Jong Un to take center stage in a massive military parade in capital Pyongyang, where the North could possibly unveil the latest […]
Mission Linen Supply Celebrates 90-Year Anniversary, Earns International Marketing Award
SAN LUIS OBISPO, Calif. – October 7, 2020 – ( Newswire.com ) Hermes Creative Awards, one of the oldest and largest creative competitions in the world, recently announced that EMPATH, a national brand and marketing consultancy, has earned the prestigious Gold international design award for their Santa Barbara-based client Mission Linen […]
Executive Chairman Patrick Stone founded the Williston Financial Group (WFG) in 2010. (Photo: Business Wire) Executive Chairman Patrick Stone founded the Williston Financial Group (WFG) in 2010. (Photo: Business Wire) PORTLAND, Ore.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Oct 7, 2020– Williston Financial Group (WFG) , a Portland-based, full-service provider of title insurance and real estate […]
Herschel Supply Sees Growth Opportunities on Brand's 10th Anniversary
Lyndon and Jamie Cormack have been involved with a number of high-profile, fashion-related projects over the course of their careers. In addition to their flagship accessories brand, Herschel Supply Co., the Canadian-based company also owned Totokaelo, an influential fashion retailer in New York City that they acquired in 2016. This […]
Why Schwinn Canceled Its 2020 Marketing in the Middle of Its 125th Anniversary
The bike industry has seen a spike in engagement over the past few months due to the Covid-19 pandemic, even as other industries struggle. As Adweek previously reported, bike brands have seen an increase in sales and engagement throughout the pandemic as consumers pursue cycling to exercise in a safe, […]
John Hancock Investment Management celebrates five-year anniversary of its original ETF suite
TSX/NYSE/PSE: MFC SEHK: 945 BOSTON, Sept. 28, 2020 /PRNewswire/ – John Hancock Investment Management, a company of Manulife Investment Management, announced that its inaugural suite of John Hancock ETFs was launched five years ago today. The firm's ETF offering, subadvised by Dimensional Fund Advisors, has since expanded to 15 funds […]
10 Facts About David Fincher's The Social Network for Its 10th Anniversary
The Social Network—a movie made when Facebook was less than seven years old and the social media era was relatively new—seemed destined to age poorly. But in the decade since its premiere in October 2010, the film's depiction of the website and its young founder, Mark Zuckerberg, is more relevant […]
High-tech ship set for launch on 400th Mayflower anniversary
Dignitaries, seafarers and scientists are gathering in Plymouth, England, to mark the 400th anniversary of the departure of the Mayflower, which carried a group of Puritan settlers to a new life across the Atlantic Ocean By JILL LAWLESS Associated Press September 16, 2020, 12:38 PM • 4 min read Share […]


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Again, Melancholy: Sarah Cracknell's Favourite Albums
Gary Kaill , November 4th, 2015 03:40
Off the back of releasing her second solo LP, Red Kite, the singer-songwriter and Saint Etienne member diligently jogged her memory, picked her 13 top records and made annotations. She talks Gary Kaill through her notes
Massive Attack - Blue Lines
Shara Nelson is incredible. We ended up working with her - well, Bob [Bob Stanley] and Pete did, really. Again, another record from when dance music was really evolving: all those beats and new sounds. People were going off in weird and wonderful directions and with Massive Attack it was almost orchestral. Again, melancholy: always the best thing in music. You were starting to hear songs that were longer, too, and they were being played on the radio, which was pretty amazing. Yeah, big soft spot for Massive Attack. They were another collective type, weren't they?
You always hope and imagine with a band like that that they all live together in a big house. You picture them in a big squat, just living and breathing music together. Mmm. I suspect that wasn't the case somehow. Did we ever live together? We did actually, yeah. Do you know, it's actually really nice when you're living together and recording. And for my last album, everyone who was working on it was staying in the house. It helps the creative process, I think, when you're in each other's pockets. You're all on the same mission. We're not like Fleetwood Mac, though. None of this start at midnight and work through the night business. We're more like start early and then have a break for tea and cake.
« Previous | 1 | 2 | ... | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | Next »
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The celebrity baby names game can be the first game to be played before you jump on the other games. It is a natural thing if you provide some games for the baby shower meeting and do all the game between the main events. This is a good way to relax and start to mingle each other. Baby shower is a good way to introduce your friends one and another. And, by playing the baby shower celebrity baby game, you will start the game in a funny way. Moreover, women likes to discuss celebrity and they know more about this.
It is normal if you idolize one or two celebrities. Especially, women have a tendency to impersonate their favorite celebrity and we can find interesting fact that women usually name her baby just like their idol's name. If you are thinking about this thing, then you can play the celebrity baby name game so you will know how far you familiar with your favorite celebrity. Besides, it is a simple game where everybody can join it. The more people that join this game, then the funnier it will be. And, you do not need a lot of equipment to start this game.
Before you start this game you should supply the blank paper and pens to supply for all the guests. Make sure that every participant already have the pen and paper. Or if you get those freebie templates from the internet, then you do just need to give each guest the pen. On the paper written the celebrity baby names game that must be matched the name of the celebrity's children. The host, usually the mother to be, have to mention the name of the celebrities and let the participant answer it on the blank paper. It is the easiest way to play this game. Or if you want to bring this game to the next level, you can add some challenge on this game.
Related Post "Crazy Quiz Baby Shower Celebrity Baby Names Games"


I find it interesting that the subjects of this study were "health" workers and that it was published 16 years ago. Bad habits (like eating the flesh and secretions of sentient creatures) die hard, don't they?
How much better it would be to simply go vegan! They would be healthier; save a lot of money; and spare non-human animals from horrific cruelty, as well as the environment from degradation.


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De Stedenmaagd Amsterdamse Bos is een beeld in het Amsterdamse Bos. Het bos ligt grotendeels in de gemeente Amstelveen, maar is in eigendom en beheer bij de gemeente Amsterdam. Het beeld staat nog net in de gemeente Amsterdam, aan de grens met Amstelveen.

Het beeld is gemaakt door de beeldhouwer Friedrich Schierholz (1840-1894) voor de ingang van het Vondelpark aan de Stadhouderskade. Het is 2,53 meter hoog. Het werd gemaakt in opdracht van het parkbestuur om het park meer aanzien te geven ten tijde van de Internationale Koloniale en Uitvoerhandel Tentoonstelling in 1883. Het werd geplaatst op een van de pijlers van het hekwerk uit dezelfde tijd van Alexander Linnemann.

De Stede(n)maagd is een verpersoonlijking van de stad Amsterdam. Zij zit op een zetel, in haar linkerhand houdt zij een schild vast met het wapen van Amsterdam, en met haar rechterhand nodigde zij wandelaars uit het park te betreden. Op 6 oktober 1953 werd het Vondelpark overgedragen aan de Gemeente Amsterdam. De Vereniging tot aanleg van een rij- en wandelpark te Amsterdam schonk toen ook de Stede(n)maagd aan de gemeente.

Op 12 november 2009 is het beeld van Luxemburgs zandsteen uit Larochette bij het Vondelpark verwijderd. Het was sterk aan verval onderhevig en was al vele malen gerepareerd. Bovendien liet het drukke verkeer over de Stadhouderskade haar sporen na op het beeld. Het beeld werd vervolgens opnieuw gerestaureerd.

Op 18 juni 2014 werd het geplaatst aan de Koenenkade, bij de ingang van het Amsterdamse Bos bij brug 501. Het staat daar op een sokkel van cortenstaal tussen het spoor van de Electrische Museumtramlijn Amsterdam en de Sportasroute richting Amsterdam-Zuid. In de sokkel is de titel in het cortenstaal gefreesd. Het kreeg toen waarschijnlijk ook haar tussen-n.

Beeld in Amsterdam-Zuid
Amsterdamse Bos

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                      We add to the Jordan Standard by requiring our
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                      With an minimum required GPA of 2.5, the men of Sigma Chi
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                                Why Rush?

"Men join fraternities;
                              Leaders of men join Sigma Chi."

-John Wayne (University of Southern California 1929)

                              Our expectations exceed those of any fraternity,
                              as we are on the search for not just future brothers,
                              but founders. This requires men of high capacity,
                              various talents, and creative ideas. Rushing Sigma Chi
                              is one of the best decisions a male UMass undergraduate
                              could make. Reasons to join include:

Lifelong friendships. Brothers of our
                              chapter form lifelong bonds with a diverse group of talented
                              peers.

Leadership potential. New to UMass, Sigma Chi
                              offers pledges the unique and rewarding experience of shaping a
                              fraternity at a major university. Each pledge will have various
                              opportunities to be placed into leadership roles within the fraternity.

Social opportunities. We provide opportunities to get to know students across the UMass Campus
                                both in Sigma Chi and other social and professional organizations.

International connections. Sigma Chi
                              is an international fraternity, with more than 200 chapters
                              across the United States and Canada.

Alumni network. Past brothers have gone on to become
                              CEOs, distinguished professors, high-ranking government officials,
                              reknowned doctors, and Hollywood actors. They will help guide you
                              through college and well after.

Community service. Our chapter is dedicated to improving
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                              run for charity, and participate in Best Buddies.

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                            We look forward to meeting you. If you are interested in learning more about Fall Rush 2017 follow the link to our
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Nicole Rosove
Dancer, Actor
"Nothing can dim the light which shines from within."
Nicole's versatility within a wide range of dance genres, her energetic performance ability and her passion for performance has led her to work both locally and internationally as a dancer and actor. Originally from Ottawa, Ontario, Nicole trained at the Canadian School of Dance where she completed her ballet (RAD) exams and competed with Ottawa University's GeeGees Dance Team. After moving to Toronto in 2012, Nicole continued her training in ballet, jazz, hip hop, afro, popping and locking, which have all heavily shaped her unique movement style. She was accepted into "Rock the Industry", a professional artist development program led by Luam Keflezgy in New York Cit,y and is currently a member of Footnotes Elite, where she trains in street styles under Andrew "Pyro" Chung and Mariano Abarca.
Nicole has worked with local and international choreographers for stage, film and television, including Matty Peacock, Wynn Holmes, Andrew "Pyro" Chung and Mariano Abarca, Leon Blackwood, Scott Fordham, Caroline Torti, Gadfly, Nicole Hamilton, Jennifer Mote, Gigi Torres, Cara Spooner and Kevan Allen. Her credits include TIFF, Billie Eilish, ScotiaBank's Nuit Blanche, Fashion Art Toronto, The Umbrella Academy, Flight Centre, Toronto Raptors Home Opener, Goldwell Global Zoom, Nordstrom, Hershey's Canada, Redken, ASAP Live in Toronto, and World of Dance. Nicole was featured on the reality television show, Deal With It, and was the artist stand-in for Billie Eilish's "Hostage."
Nicole continues to grow as an artist as she enthusiastically works towards new dance and acting opportunities.


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Tomas asked Sharon Kay Penman:
What do you think are some universal values we have in common with people of the past?
Sharon Kay Penman HI, Tomas. What an interesting question. it is easy enough to rule out those values that we do not share with people of the past. Tolerance is one, for that was not considered a virtue throughout most of history. The faithful of the three major religions in the MA--Catholicism, Judaism, and Islam--were all convinced that theirs was the one true God and therefore those who believed otherwise were infidels. Nor would medievals have believed that women should enjoy equal rights with men, being daughters of Eve. And the concept of animal rights would have sent them into gales of laughter. But they valued many of the virtues that we value today. Courage, for one. Honor, for another. And while they did not always practice it, compassion was considered a virtue, but then we do not always practice it today either. Forgiveness was another one. And I believe that human emotions have not changed much over the centuries. People have always loved their children; that once-popular theory that medievals did not allow themselves to bond with their children because of the high child mortality rate, has been thoroughly discredited. While marriages were made for political or business reasons in most unions, we know that there were husbands and wives who came to love one another. The human need to bond with animals like dogs and horses was certainly true in the MA, even if they did subscribe to the belief that man has dominion over the earth and all in it. Loyalty to one's family, friends, lord, clan, king, etc, is a belief that we find familiar today. Medieval soldiers bonded on the battlefield just as soldiers today do. The trappings of civilization change, but human nature does not. At least in MHO!
David Elkin asked Sharon Kay Penman:
What do you think? Possible? https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/did-elizabeth-woodville-englands-white-queen-die-plague-180972053/
Maggie Pugh asked Sharon Kay Penman:
Sharon-my guess is that you've read Josephine Tey's Daughter of Time and wonder what your thoughts are. Do you agree with her conclusion?
Gary asked Sharon Kay Penman:
Dear Sharon Ive just finished reading Royal Mistress by Ann Easter Smith I dont know if youve red it or not You have an appearance by Jane Shore in Sunne in Splendour Isnt Jane Shore a fascinating character? Do you think Richard's treatment of her showed a puritanical nature or was it all punishment for her relationship with Lord Stanley and consorting with Elizabeth Woodville?
All answers from Sharon Kay Penman…
Sharon Kay Penman
To ask Sharon Kay Penman a question, please sign up.


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Chamaenerion is a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae (the evening primrose or willowherb family). It has sometimes been included in the genus Epilobium. Members of the genus may be called willowherbs (along with Epilobium), or fireweeds, based on a common name used for C. angustifolium. They are upright herbaceous perennials, growing from a woody base or from rhizomes, with racemes of usually purple to pink flowers. All species are found in the northern hemisphere. Most occur in moist habitats; C. angustifolium is the exception, favouring disturbed ground.

Description
Chamaenerion species are upright herbaceous perennials with either unbranched stems or, much less often, slightly branched stems. They either have a woody base or grow from rhizomes. The leaves are generally spirally arranged on the stems and are usually narrow, rarely ovate. The inflorescence is a simple or slightly branched raceme. Individual flowers have four petals that are rose-purple to pink, rarely white. The petals are free at the base rather than united in a floral tube, as in Epilobium. The lower petals are narrower than the upper ones, making the flower radially unsymmetric (zygomorphic). There are eight more-or-less equally sized stamens, and a long, four-lobed style. The fruit is a long, thin, four-chambered (loculicidal) capsule that splits to reveal the many seeds. The seeds have a tuft of hairs at one end.

Taxonomy
The taxonomy of Chamaenerion is complicated, as there is contention over whether the genus be separated from Epilobium, and if so, whether the valid generic epithet should Chamaenerion or Chamerion.

Nomenclature
Nomenclatural issues were reviewed by Alexander N. Sennikov in 2011. Although pre-Linnaean authors had used the name Chamaenerion, which may have originated as early as 1561, in 1753 Carl Linnaeus preferred Epilobium. Chamaenerion is derived from the Greek chamai (χαμαί), meaning "low", "near the ground", and nerion (νήριον), the oleander, Nerium oleander. Some authors continued to use Chamaenerion (or the alternative spelling Chamaenerium), but this name was not published legitimately under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) until Jean-François Séguier did so in 1754. It was assumed by some later authors that Séguier's name was a superfluous replacement for Linnaeus' Epilobium, but Sennikov argues that a strict application of the ICN shows that it was legitimate. Ludwig K.G. Pfeiffer in 1873 used Chamaenerion in a more restricted sense than Linnaeus' Epilobium, designating Epilobium angustifolium L. as the type species. Thus the correct name for a genus separated from Epilobium and including Linnaeus' Epilobium angustifolium is Chamaenerion.

In 1818, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque used the name Chamerion, suggesting it as either a subgenus or genus. Rafinesque had his own "rules" of botanical nomenclature, regarding it as appropriate to shorten generic names. However, his name was not acceptable under the ICN until published by Josef Ludwig Holub in 1972. Holub designated a different type species, Epilobium amenum Raf. As this is now included in Chamaenerion angustifolium, Chamaenerion has precedence over Chamerion. Sennikov's conclusion has been accepted by many sources since the publication of his paper, including Tropicos, GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, the Onagraceae website of the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Some sources published earlier that also split up Epilobium use the name Chamerion, including the Flora of China.

Phylogeny and classification
In 1994, a molecular phylogenetic study of 22 taxa of Epilobium, broadly defined, included three species previously assigned by some botanists to a separate genus, Chamaenerion, and by others to a section within Epilobium. The results showed that Epilobium and Chamaenerion were sister taxa:

The finding that Chamaenerion is sister to the rest of the genus contradicted a hypothesis that it was a specialized subgroup of Epilobium. Chamaenerion can be distinguished from Epilobium by features which include: having leaves mostly spirally arranged rather than mostly opposite; having flowers that are zygomorphic rather than mainly radially symmetrical; and lacking a floral tube and a notch in the petals. A 2007 monograph on the classification of the family Onagraceae accepted the separation of Epilobium and Chamaenerion (under the name Chamerion), dividing Chamaenerion into two sections, Chamaenerion and Rosmarinifolium. Differences between the species in the two sections are summarized in the table below.

Species
, eight species were recognized, in two sections:
Chamaenerion sect. Chamaenerion
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. – Eurasia and North America
Chamaenerion conspersum (Hausskn.) Kitam. - Himalayas, China
Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) Th.Fr. & Lange – Eurasia and North America
Chamaenerion speciosum (Decne.) Lodd. ex Steud. – Himalayas, China
Chamaenerion sect. Rosmarinifolium
Chamaenerion colchicum (Albov) Steinb. – Caucasus, Western Asia
Chamaenerion dodonaei (Vill.) Schur – Eurasia
Chamaenerion fleischeri (Hochst.) Fritsch – European Alps
Chamaenerion stevenii Sosn. ex Grossh. – Caucasus, Western Asia

Distribution and habitat
Chamaenerion is native to the northern hemisphere. Six of the eight species are native to Eurasia; the two more widespread species, C. angustifolium and C. latifolium, are also found in North America. This contrasts with most members of the family Onagraceae, which are native only to the western hemisphere. Most species are found at high elevations, in moist, rocky areas. C. angustifolium is the exception, being widespread in disturbed habitats. Its American name, fireweed, reflects its regular occurrence in areas recovering from wildfires, to which it may be adapted. In Britain it is known as rosebay willowherb.

Ecology
Chamaenerion species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera species, including:
 Double-striped pug (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata), recorded on fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium)
 The gothic (Naenia typica), recorded on fireweed
 Hebrew character (Orthosia gothica), recorded on fireweed
 Setaceous Hebrew character (Xestia c-nigrum), recorded on fireweed
Elephant Hawk-moth (Deilephila elpenor) and Small elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila porcellus), on fireweed

Cultivation
The white form of Chamaenerion angustifolium is recommended as a border plant where it will not prove too invasive. It can grow to  tall. C. dodonaei and C. fleischeri are grown in alpine gardens, where they form clumps to about .

References

Onagraceae genera
Flora of North America
Flora of Europe
Flora of temperate Asia


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STAR of D-103 FM is rocking with TWICY's new single "Gimme Love"
STAR of D-103 FM is rocking with Ghanaian pop singing sensation TWICY's new single "Gimme Love"! After receiving and listening to the single this is what she had to say....
"I liked it. Nice vibe!" - Star (Radiah Johnson)
Listen to TWICY's single "Gimme Love" here at the direct link below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqrHgucS9sI
THE OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO COMING SOON!!
IF YOU ARE A FAN OF TWICY AND HIS MUSIC THEN YOU CERTAINLY NEED TO GET BEHIND HIS LATEST SINGLE "GIMME LOVE" and REQUEST IT ON D-103 FM!! Call the request line at 404 951 2076.
Catch STAR on the "Morning Work Out" on D-103-FM and you can also catch STAR as an occasional commentator on Blacktopia Round Table Talk Radio Tuesday nights at 9:00 PM Eastern!
ADVERTISE WITH BLACKTOPIA!
E-mail BlacktopiaBusiness@gmail.com
Get familiar with rising hip hop recording artist
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Come out to the Strategize to Maximize your Life Conference with Adrienne Charleston and Sandra Hardy on Oct. 12th from 10 AM to 4 PM.
Making moves is a liberating feeling, but making the right moves is empowering. To make the right moves you must understand the mental and the environmental factors of planning and decision making. Join us for this amazing experience where we speak real talk about presentation, elevation and knowing your why!
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for more information and details.
A Better Chance A Better Community (ABC2) was founded in 2012 by Mr. Chester Williams to "empower young people by providing a life skills program that promotes positive values, healthy habits, and education through community development, culture, and awareness– resulting in real life power, World Changers as Game Changers"
The World Changers Program is a network of youth working collectively for positive community change.
In the seven years since its founding, A Better Chance, A Better Community(ABC2) has played a major role in the positive transformation of the Roanoke Valley from an area with too many unproductive, unsupervised kids with too much time to get into trouble to one providing young people with a valuable structured program which focuses on community development, youth engagement and fun.
ABC2's signature program, The World Changers, is for young people ages 10 - 24 of various academic levels, demographics, and living in Halifax, Warren, Nash, Edgecombe, Wilson and Northampton Counties. Areas which suffers from health disparities and disproportionate systems of care & resources.
Some of the World Changers' first projects were community garden plots at farmers market, state youth trainings, and launching a Summer Fitness Program for Teens. The young people drives the passion and mission of ABC2's work.
Donate to the our World Changers program because the youth needs support and access to resources to Change The World One Community At A Time!
Cash App: $ABC2NC
In The Spirit Of Community http://www.abc2foundation.blogspot.com
Get familiar with rising stand up comedienne Laquita Johnson by visiting
http://www.LaquitaJohnson.blogspot.com
Yesterday Night Taped coming soon!
http://www.Facebook.com/YesterdayNightTaped
Get familiar with rising actress Monique Greene and all her work by visiting her official page below.
http://www.MoniqueGreene.blogspot.com
Labels: Blacktopia Round Table Talk Radio, D-103 FM, Gimme Love, Radiah Johnson, Single, Star, Twicy
STAR of D-103 FM is rocking with TWICY's new singl...
NEW MUSIC: TWICY "GIMME LOVE"
NEW MUSIC: GANG STARR & J. COLE "Family and Loyal...
#WCW (Wed's CLASSY Woman): ELLA JOHNSON
KLARISSA BYERS & RENEWED INSPIRATION continue to H...
EXPRESS YASELF OPEN MIC (hosted by KULA VONCILLE) ...
ARTIST SPOTLIGHT: KULA VONCILLE


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Are You Low, Middle Or High Class? - Playbuzz.
Swampee is a great activity that lets children use their imaginations. It's designed to train their listening skills and enable them to identify high and low pitches. You'll need some form of.
In the game you will describe characteristics for status and have your students take on those characteristics. Remind them that high status does not mean snobby or snotty and low status does not mean an emotionally broken person or somebody who has some sort of deep emotional problems. Again, it's all about power.
These general knowledge quiz questions are fun and free for everyone to try. You can test your general knowledge now by trying to answer them and then clicking on Check the Answer after each question. The quiz questions are in four levels of difficulty: Lower Intermediate Intermediate Upper Intermediate and Advanced (click, or scroll down, to find the different levels).
Understanding The Basics of High Key vs. Low Key Lighting. by Michael Gabriel. In photography, if you want to create a certain kind of mood, one of the things that you can do is use high and low key effects. These effects are important if your intention is to be as creative as you can be and play with the atmosphere and style of your photos.
How to play the High or Low Card Game Playing High or Low is very simple, no wonder the game has such a huge following. First of all, the dealer displays one card shown face-down. This card is a part of a complete deck and all of them are face-down Gamblers around the table place their bets.
The game finds a little toy careening along rollercoaster-like pathways, darting inside buildings and tunnels, and soaring high above snow-covered mountains and erupting volcanos.
But this chatty dinnertime game could turn things around. It's called High-Low, and the concept is pretty simple: one person starts things off by sharing the high and low points of his or her day. For example, maybe your child got a good grade on a test (that's a high!), but was teased by other students for being such a smarty pants (definitely a low).
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Fun Physical Education Games for High School Students.. This high-paced game gets the whole class moving at once, requires cooperative teamwork, and incorporates other areas of learning.. Give each student a designated spot in the gym with a hula hoop on the floor and a flag in the middle of the hoop. The goal is for each person to.
The Hi-Lo (or high or low card game as it is referred to by some) game is one of the best casino games for new players to look at due to how simple it is to play. The game involves just you as the player and the dealer, so no other players are involved at all.
Join cult podcasters Dolly Alderton and Pandora Sykes for the ultimate High Low experience, inspired by their incredibly successful current affairs and pop-culture podcast. This unique, live show encapsulates the curiosity, comedy and bibliophilia of the UK's leading female podcast, who believe that life is best consumed with a mix of the trivial and the political.
High-Low is a great golf game for groups of four where players have a wide range of skill levels. High-Low (Also known as ) HOW TO PLAY Two points are awarded each hole, one for the lowest score and.
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An interactive DVD game of Play Your Cards Right was released in 2007, with an updated sequel released in 2008, both produced by DVDPro. Format Main game. Two couples (two single players during the first series) alternated who went first on each question. The questions were based on surveys of 100 people.
Welcome to free printable music theory worksheets for music students available for download for free. These worksheets can be used in private music lessons, classrooms, group lessons, or for self-learners. The handouts can also be used to reiterate music theory concepts learned during lessons, assigned as homework, or serve as practice tests.
Hisses, crackles and high-pitched tones with headphones.
Music teaching resources for Twinkl Go. Created for teachers, by teachers! Professional KS1 teaching resources.High Low Jack is a trick-taking card game using a standard 52-card deck. In this "Laffey Rules" we will be discussing the only version that is of any value: NINE CARD THROW-AWAY. This game can be played with two opposing players, three way opposing players, 4 way, all opposing players, or the most fun way, 4 way with two teams, teammates sitting across from each other.A game for teachers to use with primary school pupils to build an understanding of pitch in music. Teacher techniques - Swampee (High and low pitch) Turn recognising changes in pitch into an.
Dark Chocolate Blackberry Cheesecake: Sara's Cooking Class. Papa's Freezeria. Sara's Cooking Class: California Rolls.In most high-low games the usual rank of poker hands is observed, so that an unsuited broken straight (7-5-4-3-2) wins low (see Morehead, Official Rules of Card Games). In a variant, based on Lowball, where only the low hand wins, a straight or a flush does not matter for a low hand. So the best low hand is 5-4-3-2-A, suited or not.


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Tag Archives: News Corp
The Daily: Digital publishing at the speed of a slow-motion car crash
The Observer has an entertainingly scathing report about The Daily, News Corp's iPad "newspaper". Murdoch-haters will probably enjoy the reference to the family patriarch as a "cuddly Emperor Palpatine". For long-time Murdoch watchers, the key thing to watch for in reports of any digital project at News Corp is the attention and focus given it by Rupert Murdoch. Once he bores of a bauble, you can put the project on watch for the dead pool. (*See MySpace)
I read The Daily for a few days, when I could be bothered to wait for it to download. Initially it was slower than a download of photographs of an issue of Wired, known to some as an iPad magazine. More than its early clunkiness, even as an American, I found the content uninteresting, which surprised me. The Observer said that it's aiming to be middle of the road populist. You can accuse Murdoch of a number of things (queue begins to the left these days), but one thing you can't accuse him of is boring content. The Daily is boring.
The Daily also lives up to its name. It's a daily newspaper with some tablet navigation, and The Observer explains why it seems so slow and clunky.
But the sleekness of The Daily's presentation belies a "devilish" production routine for those inside, according to one source. Attempts to perfect the content management system were abandoned in order to launch closer to the announced date. After copy is filed, coders work a night shift to build the pages, each of which must be laid out both vertically and horizontally. Those familiar with the operations report long, frustrating nights.
Ouch. On one level, I'm willing to cut them some slack. The iPad is a new platform, and the tools are still emerging. However, when you're creating a new product, it hardly seems wise to make life so difficult. I wonder what requirements were made editorially in an attempt to justify such a painful production process. This is often the source of a lot of bad production, editorial requirements that actually 'cost' more than they are worth.
Digital can and should work at the speed of news. Just look at the rise of live blogging. Tablets and e-readers can take digital backwards. If they slow down the production of news, it's an unnecessary speed bump that can't (or at least shouldn't) be justified with their small use compared to the web (at least until the revenue picture improves). Fortunately, we're getting through the teething process with tablets. HTML5 is maturing much faster than anyone expected, and soon, we'll get past these very first generation efforts. It will be interesting to see if The Daily survives to see that day.
Standard | Posted in Journalism, Media 2.0	| Tagged HTML5, iPad, News Corp, The Daily
AP's Curley v Curley and News Corp's Rupert v Rupert
The newspaper industry has woken from its slumber, and they have realised the enemy is not the internet. The enemy is actually you and me, those of us who use the internet. According to the CEO of the Associated Press Tom Curley, "third parties are exploiting AP content without input and permission", and:
Crowd-sourcing Web services such as Wikipedia, YouTube and Facebook have become preferred customer destinations for breaking news, displacing Web sites of traditional news publishers.
I'm linking to this on one of these third parties sites, Google News, which has a commercial hosting agreement with the AP. Those bloody paying parasites!
Curley was speaking at the World Media Summit in Beijing's Great Hall of the People. Does Curley know who added those links to Wikipedia, shared those stories on Facebook or uploaded those videos to YouTube? Internet users, you, me and millions of others around the world. For Mr Curley, the internet is a "den of thieves", says Jeff Jarvis.
Jeff offers his argument against this view of the world. However, I'd like to stage another bit of a debate, one possible through the virtual time travel of the internet. Let's get ready to rumble! In this corner, we have the Curley of 2009, who argues:
We content creators must quickly and decisively act to take back control of our content.
With that jab, a slightly younger, slightly more optimistic Curley of 2004 lands a right hook: "The future of news is online, and traditional media outlets must learn to tailor their products for consumers who demand instant, personalized information." The Curley of 2004 instead sees this future from his own past:
the content comes to you; you don't have to come to the content so, get ready for everything to be 'Googled,' 'deep-linked' or 'Tivo-ized'.
Ouch Tom 2009, that looks like it hurts. Next up in our virtual cage match is a spry 78-year-old, Rupert Murdoch! Let's start with the Rupert of 2009:
The aggregators and plagiarists will soon have to pay a price for the co-opting of our content. But if we do not take advantage of the current movement toward paid content, it will be the content creators — the people in this hall — who will pay the ultimate price and the content kleptomaniacs who triumph.
Fighting back is the fighting fit Rupert "The Digital Immigrant" Murdoch of 2005:
Scarcely a day goes by without some claim that new technologies are fast writing newsprint's obituary. Yet, as an industry, many of us have been remarkably, unaccountably complacent. Certainly, I didn't do as much as I should have after all the excitement of the late 1990's. I suspect many of you in this room did the same, quietly hoping that this thing called the digital revolution would just limp along.
It's a shame to see this come to blows. These guys should really talk to each other. With Rupert 2009 on the ropes, Rupert 2005 delivers this shot:
What is happening is, in short, a revolution in the way young people are accessing news. They don't want to rely on the morning paper for their up-to-date information. They don't want to rely on a god-like figure from above to tell them what's important. And to carry the religion analogy a bit further, they certainly don't want news presented as gospel.
Instead, they want their news on demand, when it works for them.
They want control over their media, instead of being controlled by it.
Ouch. Can't you guys make up your mind? Has the Great Recession changed consumer internet behaviour and media consumption trends? Or did the industry's complacency finally catch up with it?
Standard | Posted in Business, Economics, Journalism, Media 2.0	| Tagged AP, internet, News Corp, paid content	| 4 Comments
Follow The Digital Immigrant's lead at your peril
Roy Greenslade (who also blogs at the Guardian, where I work) pierces Rupert Murdoch's air of invincibility.
Now, amid the recession, Murdoch is facing up to an uncomfortable reality. His company lost £2.13 billion last year, doing much worse than analysts had predicted. Most of those losses were directly attributable to his company's acquisition of the Wall Street Journal and its clumsy move into digital media.
In my view, Murdoch is a 20th Century figure. He understands the mass media models of the 20th Century, but he never seems to have grasped the internet. In fact, Michael Wolff of Vanity Fair says that Murdoch has declared on the internet.
Murdoch can almost single-handedly take apart and re-assemble a complex printing press, but his digital-technology acumen and interest is practically zero. Murdoch's abiding love of newspapers has turned into a personal antipathy to the Internet: for him it's a place for porn, thievery, and hackers.
I've never seen him make a smart internet move. (Ok, I'll cede that Hulu is smart and getting smarter.) He was late to the party in the 1990s, and by the time he took the dive it was on the eve of the crash and he dove headfirst into the dead pool. He pulled back with a vengeance, slashing and burning his digital divisions as he went. Rather than using his significant revenues to build for the future, he retreated into the past. After Google's rise, The Digital Immigrant took another dive with the purchase of MySpace, but the social network was almost old news the moment he bought it. Now, he's being portrayed as a paid content pioneer by terrified lemmings in the industry. They say: "Rupert has always been right in the past. He must be right now."
Blindly follow Murdoch's lead in digital at your peril. He's a 20th Century visionary who has yet to display any vision in the 21st.
Standard | Posted in Business, Journalism, Media 2.0	| Tagged News Corp, paid content, Rupert Murdoch	| 1 Comment


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Australomimetus daviesianus är en spindelart som beskrevs av Stefan Heimer 1986. Australomimetus daviesianus ingår i släktet Australomimetus och familjen kaparspindlar.

Artens utbredningsområde är Queensland. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Kaparspindlar
daviesianus