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The head of South Korea's Taekwondo Association has been arrested on charges of rigging his election in February last year, and bribing fellow officials.
Prosecutors have indicted Koo Chun-seo, accusing him of using 300 "gangsters and taekwondo experts" to stop rivals attending the vote.
Mr Koo was unanimously elected chairman of the martial arts association by the 17 delegates who were able to attend.
He was also accused of paying over $20,000 to two association officials ahead of the vote.
Mr Koo was arrested and charged along with Lee Seng-wan, an adviser to the association, who was once in prison for organising the disruption of an opposition political rally in 1987.
The South Korean Taekwondo Association has been dogged by scandal in recent years.
Mr Koo, a former South Korean MP, took over after his predecessor, Kim Un-yong, was forced out after three decades in the job, over allegations of corruption.
Taekwondo is an Olympic sport which originated on the Korean peninsula.
The South Korean army uses it to train soldiers, and parents send their children to classes, believing that it is a character-building exercise which teaches discipline and patriotism.


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Prilosec vs Nexium vs Prevacid
January 23, 2019 Authored by: Katy Moncivais, Ph.D. Tagged: Takeda Pharmaceuticals
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first prescription proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) in 1989 as a treatment for heartburn caused by acid reflux. The extended-release drug, based upon the active ingredient omeprazole, was developed by AstraZeneca and marked the beginning of a new and popular class of heartburn drugs.
The most popular OTC proton-pump inhibitors today are:
Prilosec OTC (omeprazole) - made by AstraZeneca
Nexium (esomeprazole) - made by AstraZeneca
Prevacid 24 HR (lansoprazole) - made by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
Since their introduction to the market, proton pump inhibitors like Prilosec have become one of the most common prescriptions in the United States, accounting for $11 billion worth of pharmaceutical sales yearly. Omeprazole, the active ingredient in Prilosec, has also been on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines for almost a decade.
Given the popularity of these drugs, we've put together a comparison of the most popular proton-pump inhibitors to help you understand their relative risks. Though all PPIs function by blocking the final step in stomach acid production, they do have some important differences. Specifically, they differ in their approved uses, side effects, drug interactions, and contraindications (who should not take the drug).
Important: This comparison should not be considered as medical advice. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about how these acid reflux drugs could affect you.
Prilosec, Nexium and Prevacid Similarities
All PPIs treat excessive acid problems by blocking the action of a proton pump located in gastric parietal cells. This effectively prevents a substantial portion of stomach acid secretion, thereby reducing the overall acidity level in the stomach. According to a large number of studies, including those involved in the drug approval processes, this makes PPIs very effective in treating a variety of acid-related conditions.
Prilosec, Nexium and Prevacid Shared Indications
All three are approved for use in people 1 year of age and older for certain conditions, and the majority of indications are for short term therapy.
Erosive esophagitis healing and maintenance
Nonerosive reflux disease
Zollinger-Ellis Syndrome
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) as part of a triple therapy protocol
Common Proton Pump Inhibitor Side Effects
Despite their frequent usage and wide variety of treated conditions, each of these drugs has been associated with serious side effects including an increased risk of acute interstitial nephritis and chronic kidney disease. In acute interstitial nephritis, the spaces between kidney tubules swell and compromise kidney function. If caught early enough and treated properly, most patients can recover from this condition. However, if acute interstitial nephritis goes without treatment for a period of days or weeks, it can cause permanent kidney damage. Patients can find warnings about acute interstitial nephritis on the drug labels for each of these proton pump inhibitors.
Though researchers cannot agree on the biological rationale for it, PPIs seem to increase the risk of a very serious kind of diarrhea associated with Clostridium difficile (C. dif) bacteria. It may sound unbelievable, but this condition can be life-threatening. In fact, according to the Centers for Disease Control, 1 of every 11 people over the age of 65 who acquire a healthcare-associated C. diff infection die within a month of diagnosis. Medical researchers have suggested that patients diagnosed with C. diff associated diarrhea stop taking proton pump inhibitors immediately upon diagnosis.
All three of these drugs seem to interfere with absorption and metabolism of certain nutrients. Daily long-term use of PPIs for longer than three years may lead to poor absorption or deficiency of Vitamin B-12. In rare cases of long-term PPI use, patients may also experience diminished magnesium levels, which can cause a host of symptoms including insomnia.
According to their drug labels, the most common and least serious side effects of PPI usage include headache, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. All three of these drugs have been associated with new-onset lupus and fundic gland polyps.
Published studies indicate that the incidence of most proton pump inhibitor side effects increases with length of usage. Physicians involved in these studies encourage patients to use PPIs exactly as prescribed and for the shortest possible amount of time to achieve relief of their gastric acid related symptoms.
Common Proton Pump Inhibitor Contraindications and Warnings
Anyone taking a proton pump inhibitor should know that they can interfere with the diagnosis and treatment of a number of conditions. Many individuals may mistakenly believe that symptom improvement after PPI therapy eliminates gastric cancer as a diagnostic possibility. For this reason, drug labels for Prilosec, Nexium and Prevacid warn patients to seek additional testing for gastric cancer if it was a possible diagnosis.
PPI therapy can also interfere with diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. Patients and physicians are instructed to withdraw PPIs for at least 14 days before performing certain laboratory tests for this diagnosis.
As with any drug, patients run the risk of an allergic reaction to the drug itself. Any patient with a known PPI allergy should not take that drug.
Differences Between Prilosec, Nexium and Prevacid
While these three drugs function in the same manner and share many indications and side effects, their chemical structures vary slightly. These slight variations are the most likely cause for the few differences we see in their side effects and approved indications.
Both Prilosec and Nexium interfere with the function of St. John's Wort and rifampin, while Prevacid does not. On the other hand, Prevacid contains phenylalanine, meaning patients with phenylketonuria may want to choose one of the other two.
Neither Prevacid nor Prilosec should be taken by patients receiving rilpivirine products, and Prilosec may interfere with the action of certain antibiotics.
Summary: Prilosec vs Nexium vs Prevacid
Brand Name(s) Unique Properties
Prilosec OTC Contraindicated With: St. John's Wort, Rifampin, Some Antibiotics
Nexium OTC Contraindicated With: St. John's Wort, Rifampin
Prevacid 24 HR Contains: Phenylalanine
Proton Pump Inhibitor Lawsuits
One of the more unfortunate similarities we find for these three drugs is their status as the subject of lawsuits. Patients have filed thousands of lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies after experiencing unexpected and serious side effects from proton pump inhibitor therapy. Federal lawsuits involving PPIs were consolidated in the United States District Court of New Jersey using multidistrict litigation (MDL). As of January 2019, there are more than 2,700 active proton pump inhibitor lawsuits pending in MDL 2789.
Jardiance vs Invokana vs Farxiga
Black Box Drugs: What You Need to Know

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Your Marketing Kit is an essential part of getting your show on the road. It should contain everything presenters need to get a good understanding of your show and how they might market it to their local community.
It's important to consider your marketing early and ensure you have allocated a practical budget to create good quality materials. Think carefully about what content will work best to communicate your production. While a good set of images is mandatory perhaps footage is not the best medium for you. If your work is aural and doesn't have a strong visual element an audio clip might be best. If your production is highly visual, video will serve you better. Remember to be creative! If you haven't staged your work yet – interview the cast and director and perhaps include some rehearsal footage. If you don't have any media reviews gather some audience feedback, even better record audience vox pops to camera.
The arTour marketing kit is designed as a guide, you don't have to include everything however it's best to provide as much information upfront to allow presenters to develop a strategic campaign with the material you provide.


• George Washington (TOPIC) showed courage to cross the threshold, (OPINION), because he defined courage (REASON #1), he exemplified courage and overcame adversity (REASON #3).
•TOPIC SENTENCE #1: George Washington (TOPIC) showed courage to cross the threshold, (OPINION), because he defined courage (REASON #1).
•TOPIC SENTENCE #2: George Washington (TOPIC) showed courage to cross the threshold, (OPINION), because he exemplified courage (REASON #2).
•EXAMPLE: His example of never telling a lie despite the ramification further exemplifies his courage.
•TOPIC SENTENCE #3 George Washington (TOPIC) showed courage to cross the threshold, (OPINION), because he overcame adversity (REASON #3).
•EXAMPLE: Despite being almost beat by the English, George never gave up and kept fighting for liberty.
–George Washington (TOPIC) showed courage to cross the threshold, (OPINION), because he defined courage (REASON #1), he exemplified courage and overcame adversity (REASON #3). TOPIC SENTENCE #1: George Washington (TOPIC) showed courage to cross the threshold, (OPINION), because he defined courage (REASON #1). EXAMPLE: He stood up to the tyranny of the English and standing up before the powerful is a courageous thing to do. TOPIC SENTENCE #2: George Washington (TOPIC) showed courage to cross the threshold, (OPINION), because he exemplified courage (REASON #2).. EXAMPLE: His example of never telling a lie despite the ramification further exemplifies his courage. TOPIC SENTENCE #3 George Washington (TOPIC) showed courage to cross the threshold, (OPINION), because he overcame adversity (REASON #3). EXAMPLE: Despite being almost beat by the English, George never gave up and kept fighting for liberty. George Washington (TOPIC) demonstrated bravery that brought him success, because gave courage meaning, he was an example of courage and he used courage to cross the threshold.


Judges for the Intranet Benchmarking Forum's 'My Beautiful Intranet' competition said looks aren't everything. A look at who won, and why.
"We had quite a theological debate about what 'beautiful' really is," Louise Kennedy, usability evaluator and benchmarking program manager at Digital Workplace Group, told the hosts of IBF Live, the forum's monthly broadcast about intranets.
Rather than focus on slick graphics or big, bold pictures this year, the judges decided to look beneath the surface for well-embedded features, engaging looks, and social interactivity.
"We really did pay attention to the social bit when we were doing the judging," said Luke Mepham, global intranet and user experience manager at Aviva.
The intranet that ended up winning this year's competition, International Enterprise Singapore's, doesn't have a ton of flash. Instead, it puts content from employees front and center. A world map in the top-center displays micro-blog messages from employees all over the globe, and a prominent text box on the home page encourages employees to collaborate.


Lou Thorpe, our Female Engagement Co Production Worker with Fulfilling Lives attended the Social Care Institute for Excellence ( SCIE ) Co production Advanced Skills Training session on 23rd October in London.
'An Action Learning Set approach was used to brainstorm ideas, to focus on practical steps and reflect on the results.
We were asked before attending if we could each came with a co-production related issue or query and worked through this using the above approach. This made me feel that the day was on track right from the very start and the trainers used an excellent and simple icebreaker that really got us talking about the fundamental considerations when talking co-production and making it happen!
Lou was asked to give her feedback on the training at the end of the day. Watch here to see what she said and find out more about the course.


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Chabad.org Magazine News
Insight & Commentary
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Criminal Justice Summit at Columbia Inspired by the Rebbe's Teachings
Looking for alternatives to incarceration; finding the Divine spark in prisoners
By Dovid MargolinJuly 2, 2019 9:47 AM
The Aleph Institute's Rewriting the Sentence summit on alternatives to incarceration took place on June 17-18, hosted at the Columbia Law School. Some 400 leading jurists gathered to discuss all aspects of criminal justice reform.
A single statistic tells the tale: With a prison population of nearly 2.2 million people, the United States—home to just 4.4 percent of the world's population—holds around 22 percent of the world's incarcerated individuals, and has the world's highest per capita prison population, followed by El Salvador, Turkmenistan, Thailand and Cuba. Granted that some countries (Cuba, China, North Korea, Iran) are most certainly underreporting their prison statistics, that still doesn't leave the United States, a beacon of hope and freedom since its founding, in very good company. It wasn't always this way; in the last 40 years, America's incarcerated population has increased by 500 percent, leading to what is now commonly referred to as mass incarceration.
In a country deeply politically divided between right and left, few issues of the day draw as much broad consensus in the United States as the need for transformational criminal justice reform that would reduce the incarcerated population while enhancing safety. A key to the solution may come from the growing concern being expressed by voters. The American Civil Liberties Union's Campaign for Smart Justice recently found that although traditionally viewed as a "progressive" issue, 78 percent of likely voters, including 72 percent of Republicans, are more likely to vote for a candidate who supports criminal justice reform. The problem has become so endemic that—once too dangerous to address lest a candidate be accused of being "soft on crime"—it is now no longer the third rail of American politics.
These days, many people from across the political spectrum and at all levels within the criminal justice system are working hard to bring about change. On June 17-18, some 400 of them—leading jurists, including federal and state judges, district attorneys, members of Congress, probation and parole officers, academics and activists—gathered in Manhattan for the landmark Rewriting the Sentence summit on alternatives to incarceration. Hosted by Columbia Law School, the summit was organized by the Chabad-Lubavitch-affiliated Aleph Institute, the leading Jewish organization caring for the incarcerated and their families. Partners included the American Bar Association Criminal Justice Section, the ACLU, the American Conservative Union Foundation, the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and R Street, among other organizations.
Prison; Imprisonment(52)
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"This is an opportunity to gather different constituencies in the criminal justice system to try to really put the humanity back into sentencing and to make sentencing more proportionate to mitigate the harm," U.S. Circuit Judge Bernice D. Donald of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals and chair of the summit told Chabad.org. "As Rabbi [Sholom] Lipskar [founder of the Aleph Institute] mentioned, the sentencing process doesn't just affect the defendant, but it affects the family and the whole community. Sometimes, we are, through the sentencing process … disregarding the humanity of the person and the potential productivity of that person. We can't incarcerate our way out of our issues."
Indeed, the fact that society can neither police nor incarcerate its way out of the deeply rooted underlying societal dysfunctions that result in crime was a constant theme in the teachings of the Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, of righteous memory, who directed Lipskar to establish the Aleph Institute back in 1981. At the time, crime rates were rising in the United States, and by the end of that decade new Federal Sentencing Guidelines—coupled with strict mandatory minimum sentences for a wide swath of crimes, most of them nonviolent offenses—were the response.
At the summit's opening session are, from left, Aleph's chief counsel Gary Apfel of Pepper Hamilton LLP, who emceed the two days; Rachel Salem Pauley of Columbia Law School; Judge Bernice Donald, U.S. Circuit Court Judge, Sixth Court of Appeals and Rewriting the Sentence 2019 summit chair; and Rabbi Sholom Lipskar, founder of the Aleph Institute and director of the Shul of Bal Harbour in Southeast Florida. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
The Rebbe, whose 25th anniversary of passing will be marked on Gimmel Tammuz, which corresponds to July 6 this year, consistently rejected such an approach, stating unequivocally that a foundational moral education was the antidote to the root problem. Prisons, the Rebbe noted on a number of occasions, could only be useful if they first and foremost underlined the essential humanity and potential for good of each incarcerated individual—that they are "just as human as the prison guards," the Rebbe stressed in a 1976 talk. The goal of incarceration, he said, should be to re-educate and rehabilitate those convicted of crimes, preparing them to re-enter society as soon as possible so they could return to their individual missions in the world.
In those early days of the Aleph Institute, Lipskar, young and inexperienced in the alternate universe that is the prison system, met with Judge Jack B. Weinstein, former chief judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Weinstein, who still serves on the bench, recognized the Rebbe's vision. "Your Rebbe is ahead of the curve," he told Lipskar.
In 1989, as Weinstein prepared to testify before the Federal Sentencing Commission, he came to the Rebbe together with Lipskar, telling the Rebbe that he would be sharing his views on imprisonment with the commission.
"You will support my views also, not only report my views?" the Rebbe asked Weinstein, who answered in the affirmative.
"May G‑d Almighty bless you to go from strength to strength," the Rebbe continued, "and to reach the time when there will be no prisons, only preventative education to prevent people from going astray from the right way."
"They didn't listen," a still-spry Weinstein recently told Chabad.org, referring to the Federal Sentencing Commission.
Rabbi Sholom Lipskar delivers his opening remarks. Lipskar founded the Aleph Institute at the direction of the Rebbe in 1981. Since then, it has become a pioneer in the field of alternative sentencing. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
'An Extremely Serious Problem'
In the context of the Rebbe's revolutionary outlook on the very concept of criminal justice, Aleph has been at the forefront of alternative sentencing—pioneering, for example, the use of electronic monitoring.
Aleph's goal has always been to find a better way to balance society's need for safety and justice than merely by sending more people convicted of crimes away for longer terms of imprisonment, which had resulted in America's record incarceration rates. The organization's activism has helped change the fate of hundreds of thousands of individual prisoners, both Jews and non-Jews; in fact, Aleph played a key role in the successful passage of the 2018 First Step Act, the most consequential overhaul of the U.S. criminal justice system in a generation. The Rewriting the Sentence summit was yet another crucial step towards the Rebbe's vision of a better and more just world, and the realization of the concept that every human being has a Divine spark within them and a singular role to play in this world.
"We are dealing with an extremely serious problem because we are not dealing with a few hundred people, we're dealing with millions … ," explained Lipskar in his opening remarks at the summit. The criminal justice system incarcerates more than 2 million people. Even once they are released, they face more than 170 federal restrictions on their freedom, called "collateral consequences," and on average 1,000 state "collateral consequences," including limitations or prohibitions on voting, public education and housing, and businesses and occupational licenses.
More than 400 jurists, including federal and state judges, district and defense attorneys, probation officers, members of Congress and more, participated in the two-day summit. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
The devastating impact of incarceration extends to the estimated 10 million children in the United States who have experienced parental incarceration—an ordeal that statistically has an acute impact on their own chances of ending up within the criminal justice system.
" ... We're talking about millions of children and families who are totally discarded, not dealt with properly," stressed Lipskar "They don't have the social support that's necessary, the educational support that's necessary. They're looked down upon; they're embarrassed about their position."
The solution, he and others repeated over the next two days, is not a minor fix.
"We need to rethink it," he stated.
The summit was organized by the Aleph Institute and hosted by Columbia Law School. Nearly two-dozen organizations across the political divide partnered with Aleph for the groundbreaking event. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
The Divine Spark
Judge Jeremy Fogel, immediate past director of the Federal Judicial Center, spent 37 years on the bench, serving at the local, county, state and, most recently, as a U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of California. He also served as director of the Federal Judicial Center, the research and educational agency of the judicial branch of the federal government, from 2011 until his 2018 retirement from the bench. At that position, Fogel, who delivered the summit's keynote address, oversaw the center's work which includes what is colloquially termed "Baby Judges School," a crash course offered to newly appointed federal judges where they learn the fundamentals of the awesome responsibilities their lifetime appointments confer on them. While it's not mandatory, the vast majority of new federal district judges take the course.
Recognizing the vital importance of Rewriting the Sentence, the Federal Judicial Center funded travel for some 25 federal judges to attend.
Now serving as the first executive director of the Berkeley Judicial Institute, Fogel's wide-ranging address focused on the fundamental changes the American criminal justice system requires. But he also warned of the difficult road ahead, and the necessity of realistic expectations and recognizing that not all ideas are in fact effective or good ones.
The keynote address was delivered by Judge Jeremy Fogel, former U.S. District Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California and former director of the Federal Judicial Center, and today executive director of the Berkeley Judicial Institute. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
In setting the tone of the summit, Fogel recalled his school days at Columbia, where he had encountered the Jewish concept of the Divine spark in a religion class he took.
" ... There is a Divine spark within every human being ... , a spark that is present within every genuine connection between people ... ," said Fogel. " ... When I first heard about the Aleph Institute and its commitment to transforming the way we think about criminal justice, particularly our approach to incarceration, it was deeply reassuring to encounter the Divine spark again. It is a concept that affects not only the way we see people, but also how we relate with them. A truly transformative approach to criminal justice requires not only an abstract respect for every person, but also a genuine openness to meeting each person where he or she is and experiencing our common humanity … ."
In the Rebbe's pioneering formulation of this idea, he explained that the goal of prison—although not a consequence ever prescribed by the Torah—"should not be punishment, but rather to give him the chance to reflect on the undesirable actions for which he was incarcerated. He should be given the opportunity to learn, improve himself and prepare for his release … ."
Over the Aleph summit's two days, dozens of panelists doing innovative work in all areas of the criminal justice system presented alternative educational programs, including drug rehabilitation, job training and restorative justice initiatives that help those convicted to understand the consequences of their actions by meeting with victims and families, and engaging in meaningful community work. And yet, the Rebbe always pointed out—and as Fogel echoed—that education could not do its job without the underlying respect for and acknowledgement of the human soul.
Judge Donald makes her opening remarks. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
"In order for [education and improvement] to be a reality, a prisoner must be allowed to maintain a sense that he is created in the image of G‑d," the Rebbe stressed. "He is a human being who can be a reflection of G‑dliness in this world."
It has taken the U.S. criminal justice system decades of devastating experience and loads of data to start taking this core concept seriously.
"With few exceptions," Fogel stated, "people who have spent time in prison are most likely to succeed outside only if they can find a deeper place within themselves, only if they can see themselves and the people around them in a different way. They need to gain, or regain, a sense of their intrinsic worth, not as a vague idea, but as a physical and spiritual reality … ."
Rabbi Zvi Boyarsky, director of constitutional advocacy at the Aleph Institute, speaks with panelist Francis Greenburger, founder of the Greenburger Center for Social and Criminal Justice. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
New Approaches to Sentencing and Parole
The term "penitentiaries" as a name for prisons is unique to the United States, tracing back to the beginning of the 19th century. It was meant to connote places of penitents, where convicted individuals could consider and repent for their past actions before returning to society. Instead, in recent decades, prisons have become punitive facilities. The probation and parole system has experienced a similar trajectory; going from an institution meant to either keep a person out of prison or ease re-entry back into society to a system that all-too-often sends those convicted straight back to the facilities from which they had been released or which probation was meant to avoid. Despite the stated goal of correction and rehabilitation, data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics show that within three years, a full 68 percent of released prisoners are rearrested.
In other words, the system's not working.
A panel titled "Judicial Practices: Creative Approaches to Sentencing" was moderated by Rabbi Yossi Bryski, director of the alternative sentencing division at Aleph and featured (seated, from left) Judge Fredric Block, U.S. District Judge, Eastern District of New York; Judge Virginia Phillips, chief U.S. District Judge, Central District of California; Judge Brooke Wells, U.S. Magistrate Judge, District of Utah; and Judge Esther Salas, U.S. District Judge, District of New Jersey. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
But it's not only the correctional facilities that are to blame; they are part of a much larger system that has grown and developed over time. Radical change—some activists are seeking to cut incarceration numbers by 50 percent, which, according to The Sentencing Project, would take until 2093 at current decarceration rates—means drawing together all elements of the criminal justice system.
Fogel's keynote was followed by a panel of federal judges titled "Judicial Practices: Creative Approaches to Sentencing," which was moderated by Aleph's Rabbi Yossi Bryski, who directs the organization's Alternative Sentencing Division, and whose panelists were Judge Fredric Block, U.S. District Judge, Eastern District of New York; Judge Virginia Phillips, chief U.S. District Judge, Central District of California; Judge Esther Salas, U.S. District Judge, District of New Jersey; and Judge Brooke Wells, U.S. Magistrate Judge, District of Utah. In an animated discussion, each presented alternatives to prisons they had successfully pioneered in their own courtrooms.
Wells, for example, spoke about mental-health courts set up in her district, while Phillips described her California district's CASA program, or Conviction and Sentencing Alternatives, formed in 2012 via a partnership between the then-chief judge, the chief public defender and the then-U.S. State's Attorney. Geared towards individuals whose criminal activity—limited most often to drug and financial crimes—belies an underlying issue, the program includes drug rehab, if necessary, community service and educational requirements. Designed to reintegrate offenders into society, successful graduates of CASA's track one have their charges dismissed, while those on track two are sentenced to probation.
Judge Brooke Wells, U.S. Magistrate Judge, District of Utah. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
"I'm going to encourage everyone in this room to start incorporating a change within your own professional life … ," Salas told the audience. Describing her sentencing process, Salas explained, "I want to come up with a sentence that is sufficient but not greater than necessary to address our concerns. I can tell you that if anyone says, well, these programs, they're soft on crime. We're talking about avoiding recidivism; protecting the public, and how do you do that? You do that by addressing the problem. … There's changes that I've made, many more I'd like to try. But we have to try … ."
Block, who quipped that he was Judge "Feivel" Block when at an Aleph event, discussed collateral consequences at length, which are enacted by federal and state legislatures, and the need for both prosecutors and defenders to discuss pertinent consequences the convicted may face. Taking the state of Oregon as an example, he read out a partial list of collateral consequences that those convicted in the state faced, including being ineligible to be Black Bear Cougar agent for the department of fish and wildlife, ineligible for telemarketer registration, ineligible for an acupuncturist license and, crucially, ineligible to receive free public education, among many others—709 in Oregon in all.
"There are 94 district courts, only 24 with alternative sentencing programs ... where are the other 70 district courts that have not yet embraced any concept of alternatives to sentencing?" asked Block. "Hopefully, because of the Aleph Institute, it's important to become aware of where we are at, how much further we have to go and to hope that when we gather here next time … , all of the judges of all of the district courts in the United States will have embraced concepts of alternatives to incarceration."
"A New Wave of Proprietorial Thinking" featured a discussion moderated by, from left, Lucy Lang of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice; John Creuzot, district attorney of Dallas County, Texas; Rachael Rollins, district attorney of Suffolk County, Mass.; and Lawrence Krasner, district attorney of Philadelphia. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
The Why of Crime
Sentences are rendered by judges, who have it within their power to experiment with alternatives to incarceration, and active conversations took place throughout the two days of the conference, notably during the interactive mock-sentencing workshop given by Judge Nancy Gertner, a former U.S. District Judge for the District of Massachusetts, and today a professor at Harvard Law School. Gertner has been working closely with Aleph for years.
During the judges panels, presenters spoke of their approaches—all of them underscoring the need to look at each case individually and each defendant as an individual. Yet mandatory minimum sentencing laws first enacted in the 1980s have often made this difficult, sometimes impossible. These minimums, dictated by Congress from Washington, D.C., often took the power to sentence on a case-by-case basis away from the judge, applying a one-size-fits-all solution to disparate individuals. The First Step Act has eased some of those burdens, and yet there's still a long way to go.
The facts are that whether wittingly or not, harsh mandatory minimums have disproportionately impacted the African-American community. Until 2010's Fair Sentencing Act, minimums for crack cocaine offenses, a drug more common in black urban areas, carried far more severe automatic punishments than powder cocaine, a drug more often found in white suburbs. Among other factors, this has contributed to a glaring racial disparity in the U.S. prison population.
(Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
Just as criminal justice reform in general is popular across the political divide, a later panelist, Udi Ofer, director of the ACLU's Campaign for Smart Justice, pointed out that 75 percent of all likely voters, including 67 percent of Republicans, were more likely to support candidates who pledged to reduce racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
Ofer's panel, "Systemic Reform and the Role of Advocacy," was moderated by Michael Troncoso, director of criminal justice at the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, and included Ofer, The Sentencing Project's Kara Gotsch and Marc Levin, of the conservative-leaning Texas Public Policy Foundation and Right on Crime.
"I think at the end of the day, and [the ACLU's] polling reveals this, there may be differences in language … " with how those on the right and left discuss criminal justice reform, explained Right on Crime's Levin, "but we all want to get to the same place of fewer people in prison, more public safety, more people working and taking care of their families. So I think that resonates just as well in Oklahoma as it does in San Francisco."
Gertner's presentation cut more closely to the roots of the problem. Before beginning her case study, She shared her belief that decreased incarceration was not a criminal justice goal any more than more incarceration was. She also noted that while sentencing guidelines have taken away much discretion from judges, more discretion was only a beginning towards an actual solution.
"Criminal justice policy has to do with the kinds of issues people have been talking about today, which is the 'why?' of crime, the 'how?' of crime, not just more or less ... ," she said. While for judges, the key is "education."
The same way true reform goes beyond implementing changes within prisons and jails, and beyond the work judges do, every aspect of the criminal justice world has a role to play to create meaningful change. One summit highlight was a panel of three recently elected district attorneys: John Creuzot of Dallas County, Texas; Lawrence Krasner of Philadelphia, Pa.; and Rachael Rollins of Suffolk County, Mass. Krasner discussed changing the metrics by which his office measures success, focusing for example on the reduction of recidivism instead of the most common benchmark in the system: win rate.
Aside from the district attorneys, panels incorporated conversations on pretrial and probation—panels that included Christine Dozier, chief pretrial services officer for the district of New Jersey, and Mark Gjelaj, deputy chief U.S. probation officer for the eastern district of New York—and alternatives in the mental-health arena. Letitia James, attorney general of New York, also shared her own remarks
Among the most moving moments was a conversation reflecting on the passage, and more importantly, on progress in implementation of the 2018 First Step Act, which sailed through both houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Donald Trump at the end of December. The co-sponsors of the House bill, Rep. Doug Collins (R-Ga.) and Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.), were joined on stage by Matthew Charles, one of the first people released under the First Step Act.
Discussing necessary steps for implementation of the 2018 First Step Act are, from left: Matthew Charles, FAMM criminal justice fellow, who was among the first released from prison as a result of the First Step Act; and House First Step co-sponsors Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.) and Rep. Doug Collins (R-Ga.). (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
Charles, today a criminal justice fellow at FAMM (Families Against Mandatory Minimums), received a 35-year sentence for selling crack to an informant, serving more than two decades in federal prison—where he turned his life around—before gaining early release in 2016. Federal prosecutors appealed his release, citing previous felonies, and an appeals court was forced to order him back to prison after he had been free for two years, ruling that he needed to complete his initial sentence. Charles returned to federal prison before once again being released in January of 2019.
"When Matthew came to see us in January, literally, when I hugged him, I cried," Collins shared. "Because how many times do you actually put a piece of legislation—and I made this comment to the president, I said, 'Mr. President, when you sign this bill, it's not simply lines on the pages, its faces behind the lines'—and how many times do you get to hug the face? … This was a very special moment that should be celebrated and implemented … but if we're not able to say we kept our promise on this part and get it implemented properly, it'll be almost impossible to get to the next level."
The First Step Act was spearheaded by a group of Chassidic activists led by Moshe Margareten, who nearly a decade ago teamed up with the Aleph Institute to promote transformational reform legislation that incentivizes educational programs by offering time-reduction and places a premium on human dignity. The congressmen on stage were well-aware of this fact, as was Charles, who, at the conclusion of the summit, ventured together with Margareten to the Rebbe's resting place in Queens, known as the Ohel, to say thank you for the First Step Act, a direct result of the Rebbe's vision that continues to inspire Margareten and the other Chassidic activists.
Judge Jack B. Weinstein, then-chief and today senior judge on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York, receives a dollar and a blessing from the Rebbe—Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, of righteous memory—on Dec. 17, 1989, as Rabbi Sholom Lipskar, founder of the Aleph Institute, looks on. Weinstein was on his way to testify before the Federal Sentencing Commission. (Photo: Jewish Educational Media/The Living Archive.)
A summit like Rewriting the Sentence, bringing together such a wide-ranging group of thought leaders and players in the criminal justice system, is rarer than an outsider might think, according to participants.
"A two-day conference like this is astounding. It's an extraordinary achievement for everyone who was behind putting this together," said Professor Doug Berman, an attendee and panelist who authors the widely read and cited Sentencing Law and Policy blog.
"There can be at times an inclination for people to just get tired of thinking hard about it. 'I'm never going to solve the problem of crime, I'm never going to solve the problem of punishment, so I'm just going to follow the [sentencing] guidelines,' " Berman, who also teaches at the Moritz College of Law at The Ohio State University, explained. "That's why these things are so important, to take folks who can sometimes get jaded, whether judges, prosecutors or defense attorneys—the system can grind you down just because of the challenges. So just to be able to be refreshed and see other people energetic and presenting ideas and eager to talk about their experiences can be an incredible change agent … ."
Among the future steps are new and currently progressing pieces of legislation at all levels, and pilot programs being launched. At the conference, Aleph's Hanna Liebman Dershowitz also announced the creation of their newest initiative, the Center for Fair Sentencing, which will aim to be a clearinghouse for the best policy initiatives from around the country.
Aside from the broad political consensus on display at the summit, the common thread tying the entire conference together was the basic concept of the irreplaceable human soul championed by the Rebbe. A video of the Rebbe speaking about prisons had a palpable impact on the room—men and women who through experience have seen the Divine spark within each person flickering even in the darkest of places.
In the aftermath of John Hinckley's attempt on President Ronald Reagan's life in 1981, the Rebbe discussed the fact that if children are not given a moral foundation, a basic grounding in the idea that there is more to life than math, science, English and history—many individuals who go through the criminal justice system are not provided even that—then they will grow to feel they can outsmart their parents and the police, all to the detriment of society and even worse, themselves.
Society, the Rebbe stressed, cannot jail its way out of its issues. Each person is accountable before G‑d and thus important, and has an obligation to fulfill his or her mission in this world. Society must do everything to assist all of its members in fulfilling that mission, whether children in public schools (who would be helped, for example, by a Moment of Silence) or the incarcerated adults some children unfortunately one day become.
"The summit's objective was to inspire the key decision-makers to think about the process differently, to appreciate the humanity of everyone in the system," explained Rabbi Zvi Boyarsky, Aleph's director of constitutional advocacy. "Participants had the opportunity to hear firsthand about programs that can really turn people's lives around. These are really Torah values—ideas taught to us by the Rebbe and based on his values."
Judge Nancy Gertner, former U.S. District Judge, District of Massachusetts and now a professor at Harvard Law School, presented an interactive mock-sentencing workshop. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
"Teshuvah (return to G‑d through repentance) is essentially a matter of inner felt resolve," the Rebbe wrote in a pre-Rosh Hashanah letter addressed to prisoners in 1977, "sincere regret of the past and firm commitment for the future … the good resolutions that a person resolved deep in his heart, are known and revealed to the Supreme King of kings, blessed be He, who has given assurance that 'nothing stands in the way of Teshuvah,' and grants the requests accordingly … ."
Through a sincere contemplation of their past deeds and a firm resolve for the future, the Rebbe explained, it would also bring about "a change for the good in your present situation, by rousing compassion and amnesty in the hearts of those in authority who determine your status to speed up your freedom (in the plain sense), so that you can conduct your daily life at peace and inner freedom with yourselves and with society … ."
A panel on advocacy heard from both the right and left of the political aisle, criminal justice reform being one of the few issues where advocates are able to put differences aside and work together. From left: moderator Michael Troncoso, director of criminal justice at the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative; Marc Levin of the Texas Public Policy Foundation and Right on Crime; Udi Ofer, director of the Campaign for Smart Justice at the ACLU; and Kara Gorsch of The Sentencing Project. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
Letitia James, attorney general of the state of New York (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
Professor Doug Berman who writes the widely read and cited Sentencing and Policy Law blog. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
Matthew Charles at a side session at the summit. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute
Judge Leo Sorokin, U.S. District Judge, District of Massachusetts, speaks about alternative sentencing in his district as Professor Rachel Barkow of New York University's School of Law, and moderator Norman Reimer, executive director of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, look on. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
From left: Hanna Liebman Dershowitz, director of special projects at the Aleph Institute; Rodney Ellis, commissioner of Harris County, Texas, Precinct 1; Rebecca Brown, director of policy at the Innocence Project; and Rep. Roger Goodman, chair of the House Public Safety Committee at the Washington House of Representatives. (Photo: Meir Pliskin/Aleph Institute)
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This information was very thought-provoking but it does not seem right to release felons back into society when their brains have been hijacked to hurt people. They will only revert back to those behaviors. Isn't it enough that since we are now able to "open carry" a weapon, there have been more shootings and deaths? If anything, why aren't we taught about the brain in grade schools? Why aren't we taught that we can all get along, if we make the conscious effort to do so? With the high Veterans suicide rate due to PTSD and teen suicide rates due to bullying on social media or whatever, why are we not focusing on the brain, which is the powerhouse of our being and which can bring us to realize our worth and the worth of all on this planet? Reply
Anonymous Baton Rouge La July 2, 2019
Divine spark is an interesting concept. I never heard that expression before and I would like you to expound on it for me please. The prison system with the number of people incarcerated astounded me. Many people who are incarcerated are minorities and illegals in this country. Some are there because they were framed. I agree other means should be used in lieu of incarceration. The recidivism rate is very high because we cannot rehabilitate man through moral evolution. Man has a sin Nature with the fall of Adam and Hava. Man left total Gods conciousness to mans self conciousness. This nation needs to bring God back into the equation and his loving grace and mercy. Reply
Criminal Justice Reform While very well-meaning, you're operating on the presumption these criminals want to change into law-abiding citizens, and to refrain from further victimizing the rest of us. If they didn't get that moral underpinning while being raised in their homes or places of worship, nothing later is going to change it (I know, I was a prosecutor for almost 2 decades and saw the recidivism)! I don't want to take the chance of having ex-cons in my house, neighborhood or community, and I don't want them having access to my financial info. or telemarketing info., etc. - it's just not safe! How about a little concern for the law-abiding people among us, instead of just those who make "mistakes" that negatively affect us! Reply
David Seer NY July 2, 2019
Great summit. Congress should pass a bill requiring every child be taught basic morality.
Imagine if every child knew the Noahide Laws and all their details. It would be a great world. Reply
Ella July 2, 2019
Wow, this is totally geula'dik!
Blown away! Reply
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This is the second house Denise has sold for us and we wouldn't consider using anyone else. Her vast experience in the area, friendly and empathetic attitude make her a pleasure to work with. We are also pleased to report that she is honest, trustworthy and always adheres to strict real estate principles and protocol.
There's no better way to soak up the beauty of the Caloundra region than setting off on the scenic coastal walk along stunning coastal paths and well-maintained boardwalks. Take on the entire 25 kilometre stretch from Golden Beach in the south to Mooloolaba in the north or enjoy strolling along sections of the walk at a leisurely pace. If you're travelling with children, be sure to stop at the family-friendly Kings Beach where the kids can play in the water park or explore the rock pools. Keep an eye out for birdlife and dolphins at the Pumicestone Passage. Check out the historical Military Jetty used for operations during World War II, as well as the heritage listed Kings Beach Bathing Pavillion constructed in 1937.


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Cover design and title lettering for a futuristic trilogy, pitched as for fans of Gossip Girl.
Art for The Thousandth Floor by Sasha Vinogradova. Art for The Dazzling Heights and The Towering Sky by Craig Shields. Photos by EpicReads. Read about the design process in Spine Magazine here.


Two years after earning the title of best large-garrison food facility in the Army, the Freedom Inn again made a run at the prestigious Philip A. Connelly Award.
The Fort Meade chow hall was awarded second place in the food service competition. Freedom Inn competed in the civilian large-garrison category and was only topped by Casey Main Dining Facility, Camp Casey, Korea.
This year's award is the third time since 2005 that a Fort Meade facility has been recognized in the competition, which awards the Army's top food service facilities in several categories including small and large garrison; military and civilian; and camp kitchens.
Melba Taylor, contract manager for the Maryland Business Enterprise Program, said Fort Meade began competing for the Connelly Award after she arrived in 2003. The "desire to compete" led to entering the competition, she said.
In 2005, the Chesapeake Inn — the installation's former dining hall — was the runner-up in the small-garrison category. Then six years later, the Freedom Inn won the large-garrison category.
Out of more than 120 civilian-operated facilities in the Army, only a total of seven were selected to compete in the civilian large-garrison category. Freedom Inn was selected to represent the Installation Management Command's Northeast Region in the 2013 Armywide competition.
In addition to Casey Main Dining Facility, Freedom Inn was up against U.S. Army Garrison Grafenwoehr, Germany; DFAC 50, Fort McCoy, Wis.; Presidio of Monterey, Calif.; and Army Drill Sergeant School, Fort Jackson, S.C.
To prepare for the judging, which was held Nov. 8, 2012, staff conducted test runs of the planned meal every Thursday for a month. Sankey critiqued the facility with the same sheet judges use.
The meal, which was created by Freedom Inn manager Howard Mountain, was part of the reason the facility finished in the top group this year.
"One of the judges was a chef," Mountain said. "He was saying he hasn't seen a dining facility that made meals like we made meals.
The Freedom Inn will receive a plaque that will sit alongside the other Connelly hardware in the trophy case near the front door.
Sankey said the successes can be attributed to a devoted staff — many of whom have participated in the competition all three times.
Taylor said the Freedom Inn's partners — including MBEP, Son's Quality Foods and the garrison — have helped establish the facility as an annual contender.
The Freedom Inn will begin gearing up for another year of competing after the summer.
After finishing second this year, Mountain said his staff is motivated to win the big trophy once again.


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Home » Clay Tryan and Travis Graves Win the George Strait Team Roping Classic
Clay Tryan and Travis Graves Win the George Strait Team Roping Classic
Travis Graves banks $300,000 in three weeks.
By Chelsea Shaffer | March 15, 2015 | 3 minutes read
Travis Graves is perhaps having the greatest month in team roping history: He won the American, worth $100,000, on March 1, helped Trevor Brazile to a cool $100,000 at the Timed Event Championship March 8 and then won first with Clay Tryan and fourth with Chad Masters at the George Strait Team Roping Classic March 14, worth some $170,400 and a brand new pickup and three-horse trailer.
When the soft-spoken Graves, who had never before placed higher than eighth at the Strait, called from the driver's seat brand new GMC pickup, with that Bruton three-horse in tow, he still couldn't quite grasp what he'd done.
"It's just unbelievable," Graves repeated a few times. "If I invest this right, I could be set up for the rest of my life. It seems like after all the hard work, it's all paid off in this last month."
Tryan and Graves have entered this roping at the Rose Palace together five times, with little luck as a team. But in 2015, the duo was dialed in at a roping that was getting tougher ever minute. They finished at 13.95 seconds on three head, after qualifying for the top 50 with a time of 10.85 on two the first day. Masters and Graves would finish day two 15.35 seconds on three head after a 10.2-second first day.
"Probably no one has ever won that much team roping in one month," Tryan said of his partner. "Between the American and this, he was pretty dialed in. You can tell when a guy is not going to mess up, and he dang sure looked like that yesterday."
For Tryan, this was his second GSTRC win, both aboard his great gelding Dew. Dew has won the BFI, the George Strait (twice), the US Finals, the first three holes at the Windy Ryon, and dozens of other big checks.
"It's the way he scores," Tryan said. "There are horses that run and score, but he's unique. Rodeos you know what you've got as far as the steers. Jackpotting you don't know what they run in there. He can react so fast to the steer that breaks fast. If I mess up and go too early, I can slow him down. As soon as I can react to it, he's gone again and on the chase. He's the only one I've ever ridden that can do that. You never hardly get a bad go at the steer. If you break the barrier, it's on you not him."
Graves rode Manny, the same sorrel gelding aboard which he won the American.
Tryan still drives the GSTRC truck he won with Patrick Smith in 2012, and plans to give both trucks to his boys to drive someday.
"If it breaks, I'm going to fix it and keep driving it," Tryan said.
Tryan hickeyed a horn to make it back to the second day of action with Jade Corkill, but Graves was perfect over the five rounds of competition. He roped every steer turned for him by two feet, including the last steer in 4.19 seconds, one of the fastest times of the roping.
"We were trying to win it," Tryan said. "It got really tough, and going at him was the difference between $30,000 and $136,000."
They'd watch from the back end as the high call team of Derrick Begay and Cory Petska would come at them full force, but they'd go out with a wave-off on the head side.
For the full story, look for our May 2015. Subscribe here: http://bit.ly/STW_Print
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Toronto-area family lawyer Nicolle Kopping-Pavars is hosting a workshop at the upcoming International Academy of Collaborative Professionals (IACP) 18th Annual Networking & Educational Forum in Philadelphia.
On Oct. 15 from 9 – 10:30 a.m., Kopping-Pavars, principal of NKP Law, will present 'Mindfulness: Finding Clarity and Calm Amidst the Chaos,' which will explore how understanding the impact of emotional intelligence and mindfulness can save you from yourself, and why how you think and feel at any given moment affects your emotional and physical well-being.
The event will run from Oct. 12-15 at the Loews Philadelphia Hotel.


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Q: Likelihood - Why multiply? I am studying about maximum likelihood estimation and I read that the likelihood function is the product of the probabilities of each variable. Why is it the product? Why not the sum? I have been trying to search on Google but I can't find any meaningful answers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood

A: Under the common assumption of independence, $P(A \cap B)$ = $P(A) P(B)$.
Thus, if you assume that all your observations are independent, then the probability of observing all the values you saw is equal to the product of the individual probabilities.

A: This is a very basic question, and instead of using formal language and mathematical notation, I will try to answer it at a level at which everybody who can understand the question can also understand the answer.
Imagine that we have a race of cats. They have a 75% probability of being born white, and 25% probability of being born grey, no other colors. Also, they have a 50% probability of having green eyes and 50% probability of having blue eyes, and coat color and eye color are independent.
Now let us look at a litter of eight kittens:

You will see that 1 out of 4, or 25%, are grey. Also, 1 out of 2, or 50% have blue eyes. Now the question is,

how many kittens have grey fur and blue eyes?

You can count them, the answer is one. That is, $\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{8}$, or 12.5% of 8 kittens.
Why does it happen? Because any cat has a 1 in 4 probability to be grey. So, pick four cats, and you can expect one of them to be grey. But if you only pick four cats out of many (and get the expected value of 1 grey cat), the one which is grey has a 1 in 2 probability to have blue eyes. This means, of the total of cats you pick, you first multiply the total by 25% to get the grey cats, and then you multiply the selected 25% of all cats by 50% to get those of them which have blue eyes. This gives you the probability of getting blue-eyed grey cats.
Summing them up would give you $\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{2}$, which makes $\frac{3}{4}$ or 6 out of 8. In our picture, it corresponds to summing up the cats which have blue eyes with the cats which have grey fur - and counting the one grey blue-eyed kitten twice! Such a calculation can have its place, but it is rather unusual in probability calculations, and it is certainly not the one you are asking about.

A: Why not add?
Because that clearly makes no sense.  Suppose you have a quarter and a nickel, and you want to flip them both. There's a 50% chance the quarter will come up heads, and a 50% chance the nickel comes up heads.  If the chance of both coming up heads were the sum, that would make 100% chance, which is obviously wrong, as it leaves no chance for HT, TH, and TT.
Why multiply?
Because it does make sense.  When you multiply the 50% chance of the quarter coming up heads by the 50% chance of the nickel coming up heads, you get 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25 =25% chance of both coins being heads.  Given that there are four possible combinations (HH, HT, TH, HT) and each is equally likely, this fit perfectly.  When evaluating the likelihood of two independent events both occurring, we multiply their individual probabilities.

A: Independence between two events means that the occurrence of one event does not affect the likelihood of the occurrence of the another event . So for any two events $A$ and $B$ in a sample space $S$  we say that $A$ and $B$ are independent  iff $P(A$ and $B)=P(A\cap B) = P(A)P(B)$ .Now for more than two events we say that the events $A_1,A_2,...A_n $ are independent iff $P(\underset{i\in I}{\cap A_i})= \prod_{i\in I} P(A_i)$ for all subsets $I \subset [1,2,...,n]$ .
In the likelihood we suppose that there is a sample $x_1, x_2, …, x_n $of $n$ independent and identically distributed observations (iid), coming from a distribution with an unknown probability density function , that means this joint density function is
$f(x_1,x_2,...,x_n|\theta) = \prod_{i=1}^{i=n}f(x_i|\theta)$.

A: I am reading these posts because, like the Original Poster, my need is to understand why the 'Likelihood' fn is the 'Product' of the density of each sample value -'x'.
A readable and logical reason is given under the heading Principle of maximum likelihood Ref:
http://www-structmed.cimr.cam.ac.uk/Course/Likelihood/likelihood.html
A further quotation Mathematically, the likelihood is defined as the probability of making the set of measurements  (same ref.)
In short, the probabilty that you arrived at the sample that you have at hand.

A: The goal of the maximum likelihood method is find estimator that maximize the probability of observe certains values of the variable ( endogenous variable). That is the reason why we must multiply the probabilties of ocurrence.
For example: imagine that the numbers of phone calls that a secretary can answer in an hour follows a poisson distribution. Then, you extract 2 values of the sample ( 5 phone calls and 8 phone calls per hour)
Now you must answer this question. What is the value of the parameter that maximize the probability of observe 5 and 8 phone calls, simultaneously?. After, try to answer with the probaility of observe all the values of the sam
Due to the independant random variables,
f(y1 = 5 phone calls)*f(y2 = 8 phone calls) = ∏i f(y,θ) = L(θ,y1,y2)
Finally, try to answer, the probability of observe all the values of the sample.

A: In practice, when we want to find MLE we would usually take the log of the likelihood function. Then the product of density function or probability (depend on the data type) shall become sum.
As to the question why likelihood is a product of probability. Considering  "The goal of maximum likelihood estimation is to find the values of the model parameters that maximize the likelihood function over the parameter space", we want to maximize the likelihood and a best estimate is the probability. Suppose there is a normal distribution with parameters $\mu$ and $\sigma^2$, response Y, $x_i$ are independent, then $L(\mu, \sigma^2 | Y) = P(y | \mu, \sigma^2)$. Because probability of independent events $P(A\cup{B}) = P(A)P(B)$. The likelihood becomes the product of the probability.

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When presenting your business case, it is likely you will address an audience of senior decision makers, which may include business function leaders, C-suite, leadership team, heads of strategy, or even Board members. Take time to understand your audience early on so that you can develop a more relevant proposal.
Do you know any of them personally?
What are their backgrounds and leadership styles?
What is the business strategy they are leading?
What initiatives are they currently driving or sponsoring?
Who is a potential champion?
Who is a potential resistor?
If any leaders have been featured in the media recently, look up the articles or interviews. Read their executive bios. Step into their shoes as much as possible, so you can increase your chances of connecting effectively with them.
In addition, you may already have personal insights about the individuals in your audience from previous interactions with them as colleagues, managers, or mentors. Perhaps you had opportunities to discuss your project in prior one-on-one conversations. This is valuable information that you can leverage to tap into the audience's needs and expectations.
If you haven't done so already, try to get into a holistic mindset – think like a CEO. Refresh your knowledge of corporate strategy by reviewing recent internal messaging, speeches, leader messages to employees, message maps, and communication materials from leader meetings or town hall events.
You also can research current business issues of most concern to this audience profile. Many credible surveys and university studies provide insight into topics of discussion in the C-suite and boardrooms.
For example, one recent survey showed that most executives currently worry about the rapid pace of technological development and disruptive innovation. You may choose to leverage this kind of business intelligence to determine your points of emphasis, and how best to move your audience to action.
In any given audience, a good assumption to make is that half will likely be more visual and the other half may respond better to spoken or written material. In the same measure, in any given sample, half may be more responsive to emotional cues, and the other half more analytical or data-driven. The challenge with any audience is that there is usually a mix of many different types of intelligences and preferences.
The one intelligence used most frequently on a daily basis is spatial intelligence. Knowing this, you can plan to incorporate visual elements into your presentation.
Keep in mind that a speaker cannot be all things to every person in the audience. The job at hand is to cast a broad net to try to engage and influence as many as possible.
Another way to think about your audience is by using personality theory. While many theories and diagnostics are out there, the Big 5 and DISC seem to have the most research behind them.
Realistically, you won't be able to administer a personality test to your audience before the presentation. If you are a keen observer of behavior and habits, however, you might be able to tune into audience preferences before you even begin analysing and pitching your idea. Understanding these preferences will not only shape the way you eventually communicate, but they will also help shape your solution.
Big 5, sometimes called OCEAN, is a proven scientific tool which is used by experts who study human personality to understand the underlying processes behind a person's behavior. The Big 5 is, among people who study personality, considered the key indicator of the fundamentals of personality. The "official" diagnostic consists of 300+ questions administered by a professional (more recent work suggests that a simple 15-item diagnostic provides usable results).
Openness: open-minded, an interest in art, emotional, adventurous, new ideas, and curiosity. Audience members high in openness will be moved by big ideas and bold strategies.
Conscientiousness: typically self-disciplined, results-oriented and structured, traditional, and dutiful. Audience members high in conscientiousness will appreciate that all of the details are thought through.
Extroversion: high energy level, people person, extrovert, and stimulated by being around others. Audience members high in extroversion will be persuaded by personal interaction and conversation before and after the presentation.
Agreeableness: compassionate, cooperative, ability to forgive and being pragmatic; let's get the thing done. Audience members high in agreeableness will find value in solutions that have consensus around the table and might look toward others before they make their own decision.
Neuroticism: sensible, vulnerable; in the extreme, emotionally unstable and neurotic. Audience members high in neuroticism (what a terrible name for a personality factor!) will be more reactive that most and will want to see that the risks associated with your business case are addressed.
Drive/Dominance (D) – task-oriented, fast-mover, bottom-line-oriented audience members will want to focus on the ROI and logic of a plan and how it can get done. They thrive on the challenge of solving problems and like to be in charge. They can be impatient with people get in the way of their goals.
Influence (I) – people-oriented, energetic, desire popularity and praise. Audience members who value other people and their opinions. They are often classified as "optimists" who see the possibilities and opportunities.
Steadiness (S) – very people and family-oriented, motivated by loyalty and security, slower-moving. Audience members high in steadiness will want to know how solutions affect the entire team and their colleagues. They will be careful to make a decision that changes the status quo especially if it will upset other executives. They tend to be strong listeners and less vocal participants. That said, once a person high is steadiness is on board, he or she will be one of the most vocal advocates and teachers who can spread your idea.
Compliance/Conscientiousness (C) – task and detail-oriented, wants all information, slower-moving. Audience members high in conscientiousness will appreciate that all of the details are thought through and the the "right" things are done the "right" way. These folks love a good spreadsheet!
Again, you can't read people's minds, nor should you try. By thinking about these personality types, however, you will have a much better opportunity to understand and deliver the kind of information that each desires.
Approaching an audience with understanding and empathy will enable them to feel more connected to you. By demonstrating that you know the business issues that matter most to them, you can create a more solution-oriented presentation that is targeted, rather than hit-or-miss.
If you do not already know the individual audience members, one way to walk in someone else's shoes and develop empathy is to create a Persona.
Used frequently by companies to give a name and face to the anonymous consumer, a Persona is a fictional character that represents the demographics, key interests, and business perspectives of a target audience.
To build a Persona, you essentially create a person with that job title and give him or her a name that sounds real.
You won't have to invent a persona for your audience (after all you should be able to identify specific, real people who will be your audience!) but you can use this framework to detail their preferences.
Another aspect to consider is whether or not your audience is customer-obsessed.
Companies that are preoccupied with their customers understand the importance of protecting their reputation and public perception. They recognize that customers have more word-of-mouth power than ever before, often spreading praise and complaints about a business online through Twitter, Yelp, Facebook, and other social media channels.
By monitoring social media comments about the company, you can get a sense of the current sentiment and any key issues that may be important to a more customer-centric audience, such as customer experience, reputation, privacy, regulatory risk, CSR, and information protection.
What is the business media saying?
Another way to get an idea about what's top of mind for your executive audience is to search online for survey round ups by the Wall Street Journal, Forbes, or other business publications.
For example, a recent WSJ round up of compliance surveys revealed that executive leaders are highly concerned about anti-bribery and corruption risk; 90 percent believe that their companies are exposed to some level of corruption risk. Other risks include third-party risk (40 percent stating that this was their top compliance risk), local data protection laws, and challenges moving data across jurisdictions.
To present effective business case, research in advance who your audience is and what they care about. This will help you develop an empathetic understanding of exactly who you are speaking to, giving them all the more reason to feel engaged.


Scandinavia is and has always been the main focus for Revolver Copenhagen.
The AW19 season kicking off on January 30th in the very center of Copenhagen is no exception; The tradeshow has strengthened the focus with even more local heroes from the Nordic cities.
An increasing number of International buyers and press are travelling to Copenhagen to see and buy Scandinavian fashion as well as experiencing the city and the Scandic culture and lifestyle.
"In order to attract the best brands, buyers and press to Copenhagen and Revolver, we have always believed in a cocktail mixed with Scandinavian fashion, food, art & design taking place in the very center of our city" says Christian Maibom, Founder & Creative Director of Revolver and he continues: "That is simply the Revolver DNA, and right now we feel like being paid off for our consistency and integrity within the last 10 years of executing this strategy".
For the upcoming Copenhagen Fashion Week, a great number of new Scandinavian brands are finding their way to the Revolver family in the meatpacking district, including brands like; Newline Halo, Mark Tan, Emilie Helmsted, Marimekko, L`Homme Rouge, AF Agger, Britt Sisseck, Klättermusen, Rue De Tokyo, JUST, Hansen Garments, Fram & Maud and Unridden. All of them rooted in the culture of our region with a strong and relevant International approach.


While you might not get to that level of fitness, you can still get a surprisingly fit and firm body.
Vegetables offer many benefits when you are as important to building muscle. Vegetables provide nutrients that foods high in most carb and carbohydrates generally lack. You will also get a lot of fiber from them. Fiber is like a catalyst that helps your body to better use of the protein.
Building muscle needs a true commitment that lasts a while, so it's important for you to keep yourself motivated. You can even give yourself rewards that will help you in your muscle development. For instance, you can obtain a massage; they improve blood flow, it can improve blood flow and help your recovery.
Switch the order in which you perform elements of your workout routine. As with any workout routine, it could become boring, which may keep you from continuing.Make sure to keep your exercise routine regularly by using different exercises and workout different muscles each time you exercise.
Use as many sets and repetitions as possible when training. This keeps your lactic acid moving, which is a key component in muscle growth. Repeating this again and again will maximize muscle-building.
Eat plenty of protein when you are trying to gain muscle. Protein is essential for building muscle, and if you don't get enough of it, defeating the purpose of bulking up. You should consume up to one protein per pound that you weigh.
Building muscle doesn't necessarily mean that you will appear ripped. There are several different muscle routines that you must pick from prior to working out.
Try adding plyometric exercise into your routine. This is a good way to work on your fast-twitch muscle fibers and develop your mass quicker. Plyometrics are like ballistic moves due to the fact that acceleration is required. For example, when performing plyometric push-ups, you would allow your hands to leave the floor, propelling your body upward.
Some people have problems increasing all of their muscle groups are harder to bulk up than others. Use a fill set when trying to target your problem muscle groups. A small set of 25 to 30 repetitions should be performed on the targeted muscle groups about three days prior to the trick.
Make your goals realistic and reasonable. You will see the best results if you meet your goals over time.Trying to use stimulants and steroids can harm the body, long-term health problems.
Use smarts as you are completing squats.Make sure you lower the bar to the back to a point of the traps center. This will put a lot higher demand on your hamstrings, hips and glutes, which allows you to lift more weight.
Make your near-term goals achievable. While ambitious weight lifting goals may inspire you, this is a pipe dream and going too fast is a major cause of injury. You may surpass those goals. This will be encouraging and will keep you look forward to your next workout.
If you want to increase your muscle mass, you should eat only foods that are fresh and wholesome. Avoid pre-packaged, preservatives, and fillers that can harm your immunity. Eating healthy and nutritious foods helps to boost your immune system and increase muscle mass.
Mix up the back muscles. Use either a staged or mixed grip when doing deadlifts and rack pulls, so that you can build strength more easily. This will help to stop the bar when it starts to roll on your hands.
It is important to eat well when attempting to build up your muscle. Your muscles thrive on certain nutrients and minerals to begin to repair muscle fibers.
Just because your body isn't perfect, that doesn't mean you're not already amazing. You have taken the first step toward changing your life by reading the article above. This is a great step in the proper direction, so see to it that you remember the things you learned through this guide and use it as much as you can.


if you are looking for acceptance letter for the admission in Master's or Ph.D in China. I can help you to get one. First of all contact your professors by email. if you cant get one i can help you.
I can help you to get acceptance in the following fields.
and some others on request.
we can not send you material by email, you can ask any question here and we will help you as you want.
I need an acceptance letter.
Please email me for us to talk more.
We provide support on this forum, not in private.
i have replied to your personal message.
This year time is over, you need fresh acceptance letter which will be in November or December.
in which university or professor you are interested? also tell me you need for Master or PhD?
Hello, Sorry for the delay Abbjay. I think Fahad is some where out of internet connection. i will try to personally contact him and will update you soon.


KISSIMMEE, Florida — Utica City FC won the Major Arena Soccer League's Eastern Division regular season title with a 7-6 win over the Orlando Seawolves on Friday night at Silver Spurs Arena.
Utica City FC will play the Baltimore Blast (17-7) — the only other winner Eastern Division regular season champion in MASL history — in the divisional round of the Ron Newman Cup playoffs.
The best-of-three series will begin at 6 p.m. Saturday, April 20 in at SECU Arena in Towson, Maryland. Game 2 is set for 6:30 p.m. Monday, April 22 at the Adirondack Bank Center at the Utica Memorial Auditorium in Utica. An if-necessary Game 3 will be played immediately following Game 2 that same night at 9:30 p.m.
"In preseason, we set series of 'goals' that we wanted to achieve this season. Tonight was another box checked," UCFC head coach Ryan Hall said. "This is for all the players who grind it out day in and day out, the organization who took a chance on indoor soccer, and most importantly the City of Utica. If it wasn't for them we wouldn't be where we are. But make no mistake, as great as winning the regular season is, we aren't satisfied until we bring the title back to Utica."
Leading Utica on Friday was Jake Schindler, who had two goals and an assist. Lucio Gonzaga also had two goals and goalkeeper Andrew Coughlin had nine saves in helping UCFC finish its inaugural season 17-7 after winning four of its final five games.
On Friday, Utica led 4-1 at halftime after Schindler's unassisted goal in the second quarter.
Orlando got within UCFC 4-3 in the third before fourth-quarter goals by Jelovac and Mauricio Salles gave Utica breathing room at 6-3. Gonzaga's second goal gave UCFC a 7-4 lead midway through the fourth.
Tickets are available for UCFC's Game 2 divisional round game against Baltimore on www.empirestatetix.com.


text:
Otto Leisner, född 16 januari 1917 i Köpenhamn och död 16 augusti 2008, var en dansk radio- och tv-värd.

Biografi
Leisner var bland pionjärerna inom dansk TV. Han var således med när man 1948 gjorde de första experimenten med TV i Danmark på Tivoli. Det var dock i radion, där han började redan 1945 när det fortfarande hette Statsradiofonin. Bland annat, var det han som 1951 döpte om Radions Önskekonsert till Giro 413. [1]

På TV var Leisner värd för underhållningsserie Pladeparade (Skivparaden), och under det mesta av hans karriär uppträdde han som värd för frågesport såsom Fakta eller fiktion och Kvitt eller dubbelt, men också lätt underhållning som program som. Pusterummet, Turnéen och HOPLA - det senare ett program som stod hans hjärta särskilt nära. Han avgick med pension vid 70 års ålder 1987.

Leisner har även skrivit schlager- och vistexter.

Källor

Bra Böckers lexikon, 1977

Män
Födda 1917
Avlidna 2008
Danska TV-programledare

en:A Perfect Day (song)#In Norwegian ("En deilig dag")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


LIC House Finance Limited published selected candidate result for the Assistant, Associate and Assistant Manager post. Selected candidate register number or Admit Card number published below. Check your Roll Number in the given list.


The GDPR is EU-designed legislation which came into force on 25 May 2018 with the objective to strengthen the rights of individuals when and how companies use, collect and share their personal data.
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text:
function A = meanPref(mean, hyp, x, varargin)

% meanPref - mean function for preference learning.
%
% m(x) = m_0(x1)-m_0(x2), where x1=x(:,1:D), x2=x(:,D+1:2*D), D = size(x,2)/2.
%
% The hyperparameters are:
%
% hyp = [ hyp_m0 ]
%
% This function doesn't actually compute very much on its own, it merely does
% some bookkeeping, and calls another mean function to do the actual work.
%
% See Collaborative Gaussian Processes for Preference Learning, NIPS 2014.
%
% Copyright (c) by Hannes Nickisch and Roman Garnett, 2014-11-01.
%
% See also MEANFUNCTIONS.M and COVPREF.M.

if nargin<3, A = strrep(feval(mean{:}),'D','D/2'); return; end    % no of params

A =   feval(mean{:}, hyp, x(:,1      :end/2), varargin{:}) ...
    - feval(mean{:}, hyp, x(:,1+end/2:end  ), varargin{:});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Mary Stevenson's life has had a strong spiritual focus since the age of 23 when she was taught to meditate at the Reno TM Center. She became a TM teacher on April 13, 1976, after six months of training in Europe. From the early 1970's, Mary organized or helped run meditation centers around the country, including in Reno, Nevada; Austin, Texas; Silver Spring, Maryland; and Boulder, Colorado. She also spent four years in the spiritual community of Fairfield, Iowa. For many years, she regularly attended large world peace assemblies around the country to enjoy big group meditations with thousands of other TM practitioners from around the world.
She began studying Vedic Astrology in 1988, in order to understand why such life-changing major events occurred in her early life. These studies led to Mary giving much support, understanding and guidance to many thousands of people over the years, through her individual readings. She continues to provide Vedic Astrology sessions to clients near and far, which include the added value of her innate intuitive abilities.
While in Boulder, Mary also studied at the Institute for Spiritual Partnership for four years, becoming a Coach and Group Facilitator, and even co-teaching some courses on Authentic Life Work, with the Founder, Larry Byram. This system is also known as Higher Alignment, and Mary incorporates key points from this training in her individual readings. She has special memories of her 18 years in Boulder, hiking in the beautiful Rocky Mountains with so many dear friends there.
Mary currently resides in Sedona, Arizona, where she enjoys attending yoga classes and being in Nature, hiking in the unique natural beauty of the Red Rock formations, and of course, her twice-daily meditation practice.
She feels blessed to have found her writing mentor in Sedona, the famous Book Whisperer, Tom Bird, and to have gone through his weekend writing retreat which was such a transformational experience, to get her first book written, and published.
WatchYourStars.com Follow Mary's Blog for monthly updates on current planet transits.
HealingConnections.net Mary shares her remarkable journey of being healed of an "incurable illness" in 1999. She feels she's a "walking miracle" and shares connections with healers that may be of service to you.
MaryStevensonAuthor.com Enough time had elapsed after 42 years, that Mary finally felt free to write about this most significant, transformative time in her life. At the tender age of 22, Mary Stevenson sat in federal court and heard the judge pronounce a 30-year sentence on the man she loved. Years of more waiting for his release from prison ensued, but that trauma is what pushed her onto her spiritual path to change her life for the better. Her first book Falling Over Reno: The True Story of the Skyjacker's Wife reveals all the details of this headline-making event.
Mary Stevenson is a refreshing and skilled Vedic Astrologer. She provided very easy explanations of my planets and their influences which answered lifelong questions of why things are as they have been for me in my life. She explained how being born just before a lunar eclipse can affect my life and this insight provided me with a clear reason why my life has had some of the incidents that it has had. No other astrologer has been as detailed and clear about my chart and its influences. Her reading was very accurate and I would recommend her service to anyone interested.


text:
Q: Google Chrome looses cached data at system failure I am building an intreactive information kiosk for public use. Making it a web app in Chrome. It need to work offline. My solution is using the browsers application cache. Problem: Chrome looses all content in the application cache at crash/power failure. Is this normal behaviour?! Is there a way to hold the content in the event of system failure?
Edit 2012-12-19:
The content of the appcache is not lost, it is still there. But Chrome lost the reference to the data. If I start Chrome with the "--restore-last-session" flag it has the connection to the cached data. This is not a "pretty" solution though...
Clarification: The real problem is when Windows and Chrome starts after a power failure and the network connection is absent. Chrome acts as if there is nothing in the appcache and you get the "No network connection" error. I can't se why it works this way?