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Is metal unique to a specific culture?
Posted on June 22, 2018	by Old Disgruntled Bastard
One of the chief thrusts of Oswald Spengler's magisterial Decline Of The West is that all cultures are unique entities unto themselves, representative of the equally unique, racial constitution of the individuals comprising those cultures. This uniqueness is seen in all endeavors undertaken by members of that parent culture, across arts, architecture, philosophy, mathematics, and even politics. To the man belonging to a different culture with its own signs and signifiers, the true potency of a foreign culture remains closed at a fundamental level. He might come to recognize and appreciate its outer aspect, but he can never replicate the soul consciousness and putative chain of cause and effect that led to the founding and flowering of the original culture.
One can see how Spengler's idea can be considered dangerous in a world operating on the currency of multiculturalism. But Spengler, despite his obvious bias for Western man's "vision and perpetual quest for the infinite", as opposed to, say, the ancient Hellene's lack of it or the classical Indian's retiring introspection, wasn't in favor of creating cultural hierarchies. Rather, he advocated approaching all cultures in a spirit of understanding, treating them on their own terms, and refraining as much as possible from a judgement of the alien through superimposition of that which is only personally known. The latter, for instance, is evident in much Western scholarship on the Orient, where it is not uncommon to see Freudian psychosexual theory crudely grafted onto ancient forms of worship essentially sequestered from Western models of comprehension and interpretation.
I have often heard it expressed that heavy metal is Western music, one of the last sincere groans emanating from the crumbling edifice that is late order Western civilization or, more accurately and less euphemistically, a white man's music. But is it even possible to assign proprietorship of heavy metal to a single culture in a time when cross-pollination of influences has become the norm? After all, the genre's history is replete with musicians of diverse colors and cultural backgrounds. Heavy metal does not exist, relatively speaking, in an artistically isolated and culturally, politically, and religiously homogeneous climate like the baroque music or gothic architecture of medieval-late Renaissance Europe; for better or worse, it has come to fruition in a time when strange people and stranger traditions are in our faces more than ever before. How can one then definitely say which cultural group is heavy metal's sole owner and steward?
The only forms of heavy metal worthy of the name and worth discussing are traditional heavy metal, black metal, and death metal. Ethnic strains that incorporate native sounds are only building atop a pre-existing structure and therefore are mostly cosmetic. But even restricting the discussion to just these three sub-genres forces us to consider several fringe contributing styles like Western classical at large, progressive rock, punk, blues, and jazz. Each of these styles has been dominated, at least during the time of their definitive canons, by either (a) a certain demographic (Western Classical, progressive rock by "Northerners", blues and jazz by African-Americans), or (b) a certain state of social-political-cultural conditions (as in the case of punk which came about on either side of the Atlantic as reaction to the bloat of progressive rock, or a disenfranchised youth rebelling against an economy in free fall and the aggressive capitalism pursued in its wake by Thatcherite Great Britain).
This melting pot of influences should come as no surprise; no modern artform can be expected to evolve in a cocoon of its own weaving. For it to be vital and relevant, it has to be reactionary in the context of the milieu that it occupies. As surface markers of the foundation on which heavy metal is built go, traditional heavy metal retains the format of popular music, but elongates the narrative and sharpens the definition of the individual motif or riff. The more melodic variant of black metal is greatly influenced by the diatonic scale of Western classical music, whereas abrasive death metal and minimalist black metal share much in common, simultaneously or by turns, with the ferocity of hardcore punk, the classicist ambition and developmental variation of progressive rock, and the quasi-deconstructionism of off-time, atonal jazz and other avant-garde music.
But we do metal as philosophy and ideology and even as just music disservice by simply reducing it to its constituent elements. What is the grand narrative of heavy metal, what is its overarching theme? To me, the greatest heavy metal has always signified the notion of large orders of magnitude. In its different aspects, from the comically grandiose to the intellectually questing, from its celebration of beauty to its apotheosis of the darker currents of human life, from its reverence for the distant past to its fascination with mythology standing outside of phenomenal time, great heavy metal is exploratory in spirit. No other contemporary music focuses as intensely, as consistently, and as diversely on freeing man from his mental trammels. The theme of metal is motion itself, in terms of the movement which we refer to while describing a piece of music, but also as that eternal roving and striving that makes life worth living.
To those familiar with Spengler's exhaustive analyses of Western culture versus that with which it is most popularly, and mistakenly, compared i.e. that of the Greeks, with their obsession with all things unitary and parochial, the above would appear to be telltale signs of heavy metal's true cultural provenance. Without question, a vast majority of bands crucial to the music's origins and subsequent development have originated in bastions of Western culture and have accordingly shaped heavy metal in the graded traditions of their lands. That heavy metal has come of age in a time when there is far greater freedom of physical and intellectual movement has only meant that it has assimilated with an organic sincerity certain peripheral influences into its overall scope. But at its indivisible philosophical core, heavy metal remains a form of Western expression.
As a brown man of Indian descent owing no cultural allegiance to any of these genres, but sharing the same thrill as other hessians in hearing and living metal, I feel no sense of loss at this conclusion. The world we live in is what it is; people like me grew up under the dominant paradigm of the time, and our souls have quite naturally been tuned to its frequencies. Belatedly, but not a second too late perhaps, we take heed, with pride, of what is truly our own, but that by no means precludes an appreciation of where our formative influences come from, for they make us who we are, too, and without which we would be lesser men undoubtedly. Weak, puling talk of cultural beggary and cultural appropriation belongs to they who never heard the call in the first place.
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My best friend Robb and I have known each other since we were practically embryos. I would literally take a bullet for him and he for me. Now a days people talk all about having "besties" and multiple "best friends", but I don't get it. It's like the bride that has 16 bridesmaids because she doesn't want to identify any of them as the maid of honor so no one will be mad at her. Inevitably all of them think they are the maid of honor and an all out brawl is on the verge of ensuing.
Someone has to be closer than the others and for me that is Robb. Yet, through all of our years growing up together we rarely had any classes together which drove us nuts. The only exception to this was band and a physics class our junior year. Now band was always great because…well…we didn't take it seriously, we were still really good, and had fun doing it.
This will come in handy in just a second.
Now, in physics class we were assigned to build a tower out of wood that would hold the most weight possible while falling within the size parameters. Robb and I knew that we would kill this project so we got home and Robb's dad, Dave, helped us out. We cut and glued a tower that was epic before the word "epic" was cool to say. We knew that we had a good one but wanted to test it. So we decided to take the leg off the riser in band class one day and replace it with our tower. It totally held up the whole section! Boom this is an "A" for sure…we thought.
It wasn't until we got to class that we realized we had failed to read a key element of the assignment. Not only were there size dimensions, but there were weight dimensions too. So when everyone came in with their balsa wood structures that could have been blown down by a really good sneeze, we knew we were toast. You see ours was not made out of balsa, but of solid oak. Balsa is for sissies if you ask me. Needless to say, neither Robb or I are physicists and we got…well…less than an A on that assignment.
Let me ask you a question, what is your house built on?
I don't mean you actually physical house but your personal house. Your family. Your life.
Solomon's own words of reflection answer the question for what establishes a solid foundation. Wisdom. God centered, God focused, God produced wisdom. He goes on to say that "wisdom is sweet to your soul; if you find it, there is a future hope for you." (v 14) This future hope is beyond what the world says you need to be satisfied.
We must make the daily choice to not give in to the easy temptations of the world that are always a bait and switch. Never once has what the world sold you been anywhere near reality when you take the step into the river of sin. Foolishness is thinking that you will be the exception to the rule. Please don't kid yourself because sin will ruin your life too. Don't think your balsa wood life will withstand the rigors of this world, but rather believe that you need a strong foundation in God to not only survive but to thrive.
You may end up failing the world's test, but you will pass with the flying colors on God's.
Previous PostSeeking Wisdom – Proverbs 23: How To Be Fat And HappyNext PostSeeking Wisdom – Proverbs 25: God Want's To Turn The Heat Up On Your Life!


The Ohio chapter of the national Society of Pediatric Nurses, a trade organization for nurses. I completed a redesign of their website in early 2016.
In 2016, the OSPN had only a Weebly site. I purchased their domain and installed WordPress on a secure, custom Linux server.
Many of their existing webpages contained content that had not been updated in several years. I updated all of this content and added my own descriptions where necessary, e.g. the homepage slider.
I have maintained security and content updates to both their server and website for two years.
I also managed their social media profiles throughout 2016, increasing engagement with their members.


The latest G8 Climate Scorecard is topped by Germany with the UK in second place, while Canada falls to last behind the US.
The scorecard, released by the WWF and financial services company Allianz SE ahead of the L'Aquila, Italy G8 Summit next week, rates the eight nations' green achievements out of 100. While Germany is the only country to have crept past the 50 percent mark, the report does acknowledge that the UK and France are also enacting successful policies to cut emissions. All three nations are expected to exceed their Kyoto obligations.
At the other end of the scale, environmental victories scored by the Obama administration has lifted the US off the bottom and meant the Canada's high per capita emissions will soon surpass those of its neighbour. The report criticises Canada as one of the few developed countries in the world with fast-increasing emissions and no serious policies to control them.
There are no comments yet on UK second in G8 climate ratings as Canada hits bottom. Be the first to leave one, enter your thoughts below.


Our GIF Booth is very easy to use. Tap the screen, strike a pose, and you're off to a great start. This tiny powerhouse can produce animated GIFs, video or standard photos in the blink of an eye! If you're the DIY type of person, or have an amazing concept you want to bring to life our highly trained staff is here to help. This photo booth takes up less than two square feet of floor space and can be set up with or without a backdrop. Turn our booth into your booth with Custom Animated Overlays, Digital Props, and Filters.


Charm, Lead-Safe Pewter, Piano , 16x21mm, Antique Brass-Plated. Sold per pack of 20 pcs (605-569).
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Charm, Lead-Safe Pewter, Scissor, 20x26mm, Antique Brass-Plated. Sold per pack of 10 pcs (605-551).


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\section{Introduction}

The ZX-calculus was introduced by Coecke and Duncan \cite{CoeckeDuncan} as a graphical language for quantum computing, based on the framework of compact closed categories. The core part of ZX-calculus is a pair of spiders (complementary observables) with strong complementarity \cite{CDKW}. The ZX-calculus can also be seen as a form of PROP \cite{maclane1965}, thus it is usually presented by generators and rewriting rules.

There are three important properties of ZX-calculus: soundness, universality and completeness. Soundness means all the ZX rewriting rules hold when interpreted by matrices. Universality means each matrix (linear map between finite dimensional Hilbert Spaces)can be represented by a ZX diagram. Finally, completeness means each diagrammatic equality can be derived from ZX rules if their corresponding matrix equality holds in  finite dimensional Hilbert Spaces. The soundness and universality of  ZX-calculus have been proved in \cite{CoeckeDuncan}. The universal completeness  of ZX-calculus (which means ZX-calculus is complete for the full pure qubit quantum mechanics instead of any part of it) was first given in \cite{ngwang} and then incorporated in \cite{amarngwanglics}. The feature of this complete axiomatisation is that it has two new generators: the $\lambda$ box and the triangle symbol (which first appeared in \cite{jpvcltlics} as a short notation for some diagram composed of mere green and red nodes).  Based on some results in  \cite{ngwang},  there came another
 universal complete axiomatisation of ZX-calculus  \cite{jpvbeyondlics}  with only traditional generators as given in  \cite{CoeckeDuncan}.  Thereafter, two more  universal complete axiomatisations of ZX-calculus  were presented  \cite{jpvnormfmlics},  \cite{Renaudprulelics}. All of these universal complete axiomatisations of ZX-calculus have some non-algebraic rule involved with trigonometry functions such as $\sin$ or $\cos$.
 For example, the following so-called (P) rule  \cite{coeckewang} is deployed in \cite{Renaudprulelics} (with scalars added) as a key rule for universal completeness.
 \begin{equation}\label{zxztoxzxcreq}
\tikzfig{TikZit/zxztoxzx}\qquad\mbox{with}\quad
\left\{
\begin{array}{l}
\alpha_2=\arg z+\arg z_1\\
\beta_2=2\arg (|\frac{z}{z_1}|+i)\\
\gamma_2=\arg z-\arg z_1
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
where:
\[
\begin{array}{l}
z=\cos\frac{\beta_1}{2}\cos\frac{\alpha_1+\gamma_1}{2}+i\sin\frac{\beta_1}{2}\cos\frac{\alpha_1-\gamma_1}{2}\\
z_1=\cos\frac{\beta_1}{2}\sin\frac{\alpha_1+\gamma_1}{2}-i\sin\frac{\beta_1}{2}\sin\frac{\alpha_1-\gamma_1}{2}
\end{array}
\]
 One could imagine that it would be very hard to use such a rule directly if there are trigonometry functions involved. For example, in (\ref{zxztoxzxcreq}), if we take $\alpha_1=\frac{\pi}{4},~  \beta_1=-\frac{\pi}{4}, \gamma_1=\frac{\pi}{2}, $ then by  tedious calculation one can get that $\alpha_2=arctan(-\sqrt{2}),~  \beta_2=-\frac{\pi}{3}, \gamma_2=arctan(\frac{-1}{\sqrt{2}});$ or $\alpha_2=\pi-arctan(\sqrt{2}),~  \beta_2=\frac{\pi}{3}, \gamma_2=\pi-arctan(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}).$ This means simple angles can be turned into complicated angles, thus not easy to deal with in applications.

In this paper we overcome this drawback by giving a new complete axiomatisation of ZX-calculus with purely algebraic rules, in the sense that there are only ring operations involved for phases. One of the features of this axiomatisation in comparison to the previous ones is that we deploy a generator which is first introduced in \cite{ngwang2} diagrammatically represented by green box with parameters ranging in any complex numbers.   The usefulness of the new generator has been fully shown in  \cite{coeckewang} by its power in  deriving  the (P) rule. We obtain the completeness by deriving all the rules in \cite{amarngwanglics} from this new set of algebraic rules. One significant application of these  algebraic rules is the derivation of the so-called spider nest identities \cite{bobanthonywang}, which are key to the T-count reduction of quantum circuits \cite{nielbianwangtqc, nielbianwang}. The axiomatisation in  \cite{amarngwanglics} also has a triangle diagram as a generator as is the same case for the algebraic axiomatisation, whereas the former axiomatisation has a non-algebraic rule and its triangle-involved rules are more complicated then that of the latter. We point out that both the  green box and the triangle are not really external to the original generators usually described as green and red spiders \cite{CoeckeDuncan},  they  actually can be expressed in terms of those original generators, though in a complicated form  \cite{ngwang, amarngwanglics}.

Furthermore, for another graphical language for quantum computing called  ZH-calculus  \cite{miriamaleks},  which has applications in various fields like tensor network \cite{nakons2020} and hypergraph states  \cite{lwaleks2020},  we give a simple translation from the full ZH-calculus to ZX-calculus for the first time. Via this translation and the algebraic rules, we are able to derive all the ZX-translated ZH rules from the algebraic ZX rules. Although in principle we know this can be done because of the completeness of ZX-calculus,  that doesn't help us to gain a great benefit that all techniques obtained in ZH-calculus can be transplanted to ZX-calculus. Only by the detailed derivations  using the algebraic rules could we have such bonus for  ZX-calculus.

\section{Algebraic axiomatisation of ZX-calculus}
The ZX-calculus is based on a compact closed PROP \cite{maclane1965}, which  is a strict symmetric monoidal category whose objects are generated  by one object, with a compact structure  \cite{Coeckebk} as well. Each PROP can be described as a presentation in terms of  generators and relations \cite{BaezCR}.

First we give the generators of ZX-calculus in the following table. Note that all the diagrams in this paper should be read from top to bottom.
\begin{table}[!h]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|r@{~}r@{~}c@{~}c|r@{~}r@{~}c@{~}c|}
\hline
$R_{Z,a}^{(n,m)}$&$:$&$n\to m$ & \tikzfig{TikZit/generalgreenspider}  & $H$&$:$&$1\to 1$ &\tikzfig{TikZit/HadaDecomSingleslt} \\\hline
 $\mathbb I$&$:$&$1\to 1$&\tikzfig{TikZit/Id}
 &  $\sigma$&$:$&$ 2\to 2$& \tikzfig{TikZit/swap}\\\hline
   $C_a$&$:$&$ 0\to 2$& \tikzfig{TikZit/cap} &$ C_u$&$:$&$ 2\to 0$&\tikzfig{TikZit/cup} \\\hline
  $T$&$:$&$1\to 1$&\tikzfig{TikZit/triangle}  & $T^{-1}$&$:$&$1\to 1$&\tikzfig{TikZit/triangleinv} \\\hline
\end{tabular}\caption{Generators of ZX-calculus,where $m,n\in \mathbb N$, $ a  \in \mathbb C$.} \label{qbzxgenerator}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\FloatBarrier

 \begin{remark}
The generator $R_{Z,a}^{(n,m)}$ is first introduced in \cite{ngwang2}. It seems that the generators $R_{Z,a}^{(n,m)}$,  $T$ and $T^{-1}$ are totally external to the original generators usually described as green and red spiders \cite{CoeckeDuncan}, but they can actually be expressed in terms of those original generators, though in a complicated form  \cite{ngwang, amarngwanglics}. Here we just show that for $T$ and $T^{-1}$ as follows:
\[  \tikzfig{TikZit/triangleinvnspider}\]
 \end{remark}

Also we define some diagrams as follows:

 \begin{equation*}\label{downtriangledef}
 \tikzfig{TikZit/generalredspiderdefini} (H) \quad\quad\quad\quad \tikzfig{TikZit/downtriangle}
\end{equation*}
For simplicity, we make the following conventions:
\[
 \tikzfig{TikZit/spider0denote}
\]
and $$e: \tikzfig{TikZit/emptysquare}:=$$
which means  $e$ represents an empty diagram.

There is a standard interpretation $\left\llbracket \cdot \right\rrbracket$ for the ZX diagrams:
\[
\left\llbracket \tikzfig{TikZit/generalgreenspider} \right\rrbracket=\ket{0}^{\otimes m}\bra{0}^{\otimes n}+a\ket{1}^{\otimes m}\bra{1}^{\otimes n},
\]
\[
\left\llbracket \tikzfig{TikZit/generalredspider} \right\rrbracket=\ket{+}^{\otimes m}\bra{+}^{\otimes n}+a\ket{-}^{\otimes m}\bra{-}^{\otimes n},
\]
\[
\left\llbracket\tikzfig{TikZit/HadaDecomSingleslt}\right\rrbracket=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
        1 & 1 \\
        1 & -1
 \end{pmatrix}, \quad
  \left\llbracket\tikzfig{TikZit/emptysquare}\right\rrbracket=1, \quad
\left\llbracket\tikzfig{TikZit/Id}\right\rrbracket=\begin{pmatrix}
        1 & 0 \\
        0 & 1
 \end{pmatrix},
   \]
\[
 \left\llbracket\tikzfig{TikZit/triangle}\right\rrbracket=\begin{pmatrix}
        1 & 1 \\
        0 & 1
 \end{pmatrix}, \quad \quad
  \left\llbracket\tikzfig{TikZit/triangleinv}\right\rrbracket=\begin{pmatrix}
        1 & -1 \\
        0 & 1
 \end{pmatrix}.
 \]

\[
 \left\llbracket\tikzfig{TikZit/swap}\right\rrbracket=\begin{pmatrix}
        1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
        0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
        0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
        0 & 0 & 0 & 1
 \end{pmatrix}, \quad
  \left\llbracket\tikzfig{TikZit/cap}\right\rrbracket=\begin{pmatrix}
        1  \\
        0  \\
        0  \\
        1  \\
 \end{pmatrix}, \quad
   \left\llbracket\tikzfig{TikZit/cup}\right\rrbracket=\begin{pmatrix}
        1 & 0 & 0 & 1
         \end{pmatrix},
   \]

\[  \llbracket D_1\otimes D_2  \rrbracket =  \llbracket D_1  \rrbracket \otimes  \llbracket  D_2  \rrbracket, \quad
 \llbracket D_1\circ D_2  \rrbracket =  \llbracket D_1  \rrbracket \circ  \llbracket  D_2  \rrbracket,
  \]
where
$$ \ket{0}= \begin{pmatrix}
        1  \\
        0  \\
 \end{pmatrix}, \quad
 \bra{0}=\begin{pmatrix}
        1 & 0
         \end{pmatrix},
 \quad  \ket{1}= \begin{pmatrix}
        0  \\
        1  \\
 \end{pmatrix}, \quad
  \bra{1}=\begin{pmatrix}
     0 & 1
         \end{pmatrix},
 $$
$$ \ket{+}= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
        1  \\
        1  \\
 \end{pmatrix}, \quad
 \bra{+}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
        1 & 1
         \end{pmatrix},
 \quad  \ket{-}= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
        1  \\
        -1  \\
 \end{pmatrix}, \quad
  \bra{-}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
     1 & -1
         \end{pmatrix}.
 $$

\iffalse
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\[
\quad \qquad\begin{array}{|cccc|}
\hline

\tikzfig{TikZit/generalgreenspiderfusesym}&(S1) &\tikzfig{TikZit/s2new2} &(S2)\\
\tikzfig{TikZit/induced_compact_structure}&(S3) & \tikzfig{TikZit/circtosquare} &(S4)\\
  \tikzfig{TikZit/b1slt}=\tikzfig{TikZit/b1srt}&(B1)  & \tikzfig{TikZit/b2slt}=\tikzfig{TikZit/b2srt}&(B2)\\
 \tikzfig{TikZit/redpicopy}  &(Picp)&  \tikzfig{TikZit/generalredspiderdefini2}&(H) \\
  \tikzfig{TikZit/eutrionly}&(EU) & \tikzfig{TikZit/rpirt2empt}  &(Ept)  \\
&&&\\
\hline
\end{array}\]
\end{center}
  \caption{  Rules I, where $m\geq 0, \alpha \in [0,~2\pi), a, b \in \mathbb C$.}\label{figurenon}
  \end{figure}
 \FloatBarrier

\begin{figure}[!h]
  	\begin{center}
  		\[
  		\quad \qquad\begin{array}{|cccc|}
  		\hline

  \tikzfig{TikZit/triangleocopy} &(Bas0) &\tikzfig{TikZit/trianglepicopy}&(Bas1)\\
  \tikzfig{TikZit/plus1}&(Suc)& \tikzfig{TikZit/triangleinvers}  & (Inv) \\
\tikzfig{TikZit/zerotored}&(Zero)&\tikzfig{TikZit/TR1314combine2} &(PCy)\\
\tikzfig{TikZit/lemma4}&(Sym) &  \tikzfig{TikZit/associate} &(Aso)\\
\tikzfig{TikZit/anddflip}&(Brk) &&\\

  		\hline
  		\end{array}\]
  	\end{center}
  	\caption{Ruels II, $a \in \mathbb C$}\label{figure2sfy}
  \end{figure}
 \FloatBarrier
  \fi

\iffalse
 \begin{remark}[Justification of new generators]
When given a graphical calculus $\mathfrak{G}$, it can be called as ZX-calculus if $\mathfrak{G}$ has the essential feature of ZX-calculus:   Z spiders and the X spiders with strong complementarity.  Some people may argue that only a graphical calculus has the same generators as the original version of generators for ZX-calculus \cite{CoeckeDuncan} can be called ZX-calculus. But this is not true, since the original version of generators vary in time: in \cite{Coeckebk}, the Hadamard node is not used as a generator. Also, the black diamond  generator in  \cite{CoeckeDuncan} is not used any more thereafter.
It is due to the inconvenience of only using green and red nodes  to deal with W state that cause Coecke and Kissinger to introduce GHZ-W calculus \cite{Coeckealeksmen}.
It is by the general phase spider as a new generator that we find the (P) rule \cite{coeckewang}, which was deployed in \cite{Renaudprulelics} as a key rule for completeness of ZX-calculus. It is by the  triangle symbol as a new generator that we had found the spider nest identities \cite{bobanthonywang}, which play a key role in T-count reduction \cite{nielbianwang}.
 \end{remark}
\fi
 Now we give a purely algebraic set of rules for ZX-calculus in the sense that there are no trigonometry functions such as $\sin$ and $\cos$ involved.

 \begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\[
\quad \qquad\begin{array}{|cccc|}
\hline
\tikzfig{TikZit/generalgreenspiderfuse}&(S1) &\tikzfig{TikZit/s2new2} &(S2)\\
\tikzfig{TikZit/induced_compact_structure}&(S3) & \tikzfig{TikZit/rpirt2empt}  &(Ept) \\
  \tikzfig{TikZit/b1slt}=\tikzfig{TikZit/b1srt}&(B1)  & \tikzfig{TikZit/b2slt}=\tikzfig{TikZit/b2srt}&(B2)\\
  \tikzfig{TikZit/eu2styles2}&(EU) & \tikzfig{TikZit/anddflip}&(Brk) \\
 & &&\\
  \tikzfig{TikZit/triangleocopy} &(Bas0) &\tikzfig{TikZit/trianglepicopy}&(Bas1)\\
  \tikzfig{TikZit/plus1}&(Suc)& \tikzfig{TikZit/triangleinvers}  & (Inv) \\
\tikzfig{TikZit/zerotored}&(Zero)&\tikzfig{TikZit/TR1314combine2} &(Pcy)\\
\tikzfig{TikZit/lemma4}&(Sym) &  \tikzfig{TikZit/associate} &(Aso)\\
  		  		\hline
  		\end{array}\]
  	\end{center}
  	\caption{Algebraic rules, $a, b \in \mathbb C.$}\label{figurealgebra}
  \end{figure}
 \FloatBarrier
 \begin{remark}
The last three rules are all about the properties of the W state  \tikzfig{TikZit/wstatezx}: (Pcy) means  phase copy,  i.e., any phase can be copied by the W state;  (Sym) means symmetry, i.e., the W state is symmetric; (Aso) means associativity, i.e., the W state is associative. In addition, the rules (H) and (S1) are first introduced in \cite{ngwang2}.
 \end{remark}

It is a routine check that these rules are sound in the sense that they still hold under the standard interpretation $\left\llbracket \cdot \right\rrbracket$. We mention again that a significant application of these  algebraic rules is the derivation of the so-called spider nest identities \cite{bobanthonywang}, which are key to the T-count reduction of quantum circuits \cite{nielbianwangtqc, nielbianwang}.

With the standard interpretation and the above rules, we can define the completeness of ZX-calculus.
  \begin{definition}
 The ZX-calculus is called complete if for  any two diagrams $D_1$ and $D_2$,  $\llbracket D_1  \rrbracket =  \llbracket  D_2  \rrbracket$ must imply that $ZX\vdash D_1=D_2$.
  \end{definition}

   \begin{remark}
All the rules in Figure \ref{figurealgebra}  now are  algebraic, and they will be proved to be a complete axiomatisation of ZX-calculs. One may wonder how these rules are obtained.  The answer is simply that giving rules is actually a constructive thing, and these rules are basically refined from plenty of practice of diagrammatical rewriting based on the previous rules \cite{amarngwanglics}. The reason why trigonometry functions can be eliminated in this new set of rules is because the generators we have chosen in Table  \ref{qbzxgenerator} allow an algebraic translation (an isomorphic functor in fact) from the ZW-calculus which is algebraic at the beginning \cite{amarngwanglics}. Furthermore, we note that this new set of algebraic rules are not unique, as one could add more rules to the set or derive equivalent rules from them. The most important thing for choosing a set of rules is that they should be useful in applications as much as possible.
 \end{remark}

  Below we give some useful properties following from  Figure \ref{figurealgebra}.
  \begin{lemma}
	 \tikzfig{TikZit/lemmahopf} (Hopf)

\end{lemma}
This has been proved in \cite{bpw} based on rules (S1), (S2), (S3), (B1), (B2) and the definition of red spider.

   \begin{lemma}\label{Invscalar}
    \tikzfig{TikZit/lemmainv}  (Ivs)
     \end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
 \tikzfig{TikZit/origininvprf}
 \end{proof}
  \begin{lemma}
   \tikzfig{TikZit/lemma6b} (Picp)
     \end{lemma}
  This has been proved in \cite{bpw} based on rules (S1), (S2), (S3), (B1), (B2) and the definition of red spider.

  \begin{lemma}
	 \tikzfig{TikZit/lemmacom} (Com)
\end{lemma}
	  This has been proved in \cite{bpw} based on rules (S1), (S2), (S3), (B1), (B2) and the definition of red spider.

  \begin{lemma}\label{redpigdot}
    \tikzfig{TikZit/redpigrdot}
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
 \tikzfig{TikZit/redpigrdotprf}
 \end{proof}

\section{Proof of completeness}
In this section, we prove that the rules in Figure \ref{figurealgebra} are complete for ZX-calculus. Since it is already proved in \cite{amarngwanglics} that ZX-calculus is complete with the rules presented in Figure  \ref{figureold1} and Figure  \ref{figureold2}, we only need to prove that all the rules in Figure  \ref{figureold1} and  \ref{figureold2} can be derived from rules in Figure  \ref{figurealgebra}.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\[
\quad \qquad\begin{array}{|cccc|}
\hline
 \tikzfig{TikZit/spiderg1a} &(1a) & \tikzfig{TikZit/induced_compact_structure-2wirelt}=\tikzfig{TikZit/induced_compact_structure-2wirert}&(1b)\\
\tikzfig{TikZit/s2new} &(1c) & \tikzfig{TikZit/hsquare} &(1d)\\
  \tikzfig{TikZit/hslidecap1e} &(1e) &  \tikzfig{TikZit/HadaDecomSingleslt}= \tikzfig{TikZit/HadaDecomSinglesrt2}&(1f)\\
    \tikzfig{TikZit/b1slt}=\tikzfig{TikZit/b1srt}&(1g) & \tikzfig{TikZit/b2slt}=\tikzfig{TikZit/b2srt}&(1h)\\
    &&&\\
\tikzfig{TikZit/k2slt}=\tikzfig{TikZit/k2srt}&(1i) &   \tikzfig{TikZit/newemptyrl} &(1j)\\
&&&\\
\hline
\end{array}\]
\end{center}
  \caption{Previous ZX-calculus rules I, where $\alpha, \beta\in [0,~2\pi)$.}\label{figureold1}
  \end{figure}
  \FloatBarrier

 \begin{figure}[!h]
  	\begin{center}
  		\[
  		\quad \qquad\begin{array}{|cccc|}
  		\hline
		\tikzfig{TikZit/lambbranch2}&(2a)&\tikzfig{TikZit/sqr1is1}&(2b) \\
		 &&&\\
		\tikzfig{TikZit/lambdatimes}&(2c)&\tikzfig{TikZit/gpiintriangles}&(2d) \\
		 &&&\\
    \tikzfig{TikZit/trianglepicommute} &(2e) &\tikzfig{TikZit/triangleocopy} &(2f)\\

		\tikzfig{TikZit/trianglepicopy}&(2g) & \tikzfig{TikZit/tr10prime} &(2h)\\
			\tikzfig{TikZit/tr5prime}&(2i) & \tikzfig{TikZit/trianglehopf2}&(2j)\\
  		\tikzfig{TikZit/2triangleup}&(2k) & \tikzfig{TikZit/2triangledown}&(2l)\\
    \tikzfig{TikZit/2triangledeloopnopi}&(2m)&\tikzfig{TikZit/TR1314combine} &(2n) \\
  		\tikzfig{TikZit/plusnew} &(2o)&&\\
  		\hline
  		\end{array}\]
  	\end{center}

  	\caption{Previous ZX-calculus rules II, where  $\lambda, \lambda_1,  \lambda_2 \geq 0, \alpha, \beta, \gamma \in [0,~2\pi);$ in (2o), $\lambda e^{i\gamma}
  =\lambda_1 e^{i\alpha}+ \lambda_2 e^{i\beta}$.}\label{figureold2}
  \end{figure}
 \FloatBarrier

    \begin{remark}
  In the rule (2o), the equality  $\lambda e^{i\gamma}
  =\lambda_1 e^{i\alpha}+ \lambda_2 e^{i\beta}$ is not expressed in terms of trigonometry functions, but if we solve this equation to give the relations between the angles, then we get
  $\lambda=\sqrt{\lambda_1^2+\lambda_2^2+2\lambda_1\lambda_2\cos(\alpha-\beta)}, ~\gamma=\alpha+\arccos(\frac{\lambda_1+\lambda_2\cos(\alpha-\beta)}{\lambda})$, if $\lambda\neq 0;$   and $\alpha=\beta+k\pi, ~|\lambda_1| = |\lambda_2|,$ $\gamma$ can be any angle, if $\lambda=0$.

        \end{remark}

    \begin{remark}
The main difference between the algebraic axiomatisation in this paper and the previous axiomatisation in  \cite{amarngwanglics} lies in that we use as generator a green box with parameters ranging over complex numbers in the algebraic axiomatisation rather then a yellow box with parameters ranging over non-negative real numbers in the previous axiomatisation. Furthermore, the rules with triangles involved in Figure \ref{figurealgebra}  are simpler and more natural than those with triangles involved as shown in Figure \ref{figureold2}. The usefulness of the new generator green box has been fully shown in  \cite{coeckewang} through the derivation of the (P) rule with the main help from the green box.

 \end{remark}

       \begin{theorem}\label{zxalgcomplete}
       ZX-calculus is complete for pure qubit quantum mechanics with the rules listed in Figure  \ref{figurealgebra}.
        \end{theorem}
 The proof is given in the appendix.

\section{From ZH-calculus to ZX-calculus}
ZH-calculus is another graphical language for quantum computing introduced by Backens and Kissinger  \cite{miriamaleks}. It has found applications in various fields like tensor network \cite{nakons2020} and hypergraph states  \cite{lwaleks2020}. So it would be very useful if we could establish a connection between ZH-calculus and ZX-calculus. In \cite{Wetering}, there are translations established between phase-free ZH-calculus and ZX-calculus, yet there has been no translation found between the full ZH-calculus and ZX-calculus. In this section, with the algebraic axiomatisation of ZX-calculus, we are able to give a simple translation from any ZH diagrams to ZX diagrams with the semantics preserved. Furthermore, we derive all the translated ZH rules within ZX by the algebraic rules given in Figure  \ref{figurealgebra}. Although in principle we know this can be done because of the completeness of ZX-calculus, but that is not a constructive way.  We give the details of all such derivations which is far from trivial especially for the last three ZH rules, which means the translation from ZH diagrams to ZX diagrams alone doesn't guarantee an easy derivation of the ZH rules. By these translation and rule-derivation we have the bonus that any result obtained via ZH-calculus can be transplanted to  ZX-calculus.

The ZH-calculus is also based on a PROP, thus can be presented by generators and rewriting rules. First we list its generators as follows \cite{miriamaleks}:
\begin{table}[!h]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|r@{~}r@{~}c@{~}c|r@{~}r@{~}c@{~}c|}
\hline
$Z^{(n,m)}$&$:$&$n\to m$ & \tikzfig{TikZit/zhwhitespider}  & $H_{a}^{(n,m)}$&$:$&$n\to m$ & \tikzfig{TikZit/hspider}  \\\hline
   $\mathbb I$&$:$&$1\to 1$&\tikzfig{TikZit/Id} &  $\sigma$&$:$&$ 2\to 2$& \tikzfig{TikZit/swap}\\\hline
   $C_a$&$:$&$ 0\to 2$& \tikzfig{TikZit/cap} &$ C_u$&$:$&$ 2\to 0$&\tikzfig{TikZit/cup} \\\hline

\end{tabular}\caption{Generators of ZH-calculus,where $m,n\in \mathbb N$, $ a  \in \mathbb C$.} \label{qbzhgenerator}
\end{center}
\end{table}
 \FloatBarrier

There is also a standard interpretation $\left\llbracket \cdot \right\rrbracket$ for the ZH diagrams, here we only present the interpretation of the first two generators, as other generators are the same as that of ZX-calculus:
\[
\left\llbracket \tikzfig{TikZit/zhwhitespider} \right\rrbracket=\ket{0}^{\otimes m}\bra{0}^{\otimes n}+\ket{1}^{\otimes m}\bra{1}^{\otimes n},
\]
\[
\left\llbracket \tikzfig{TikZit/hspider} \right\rrbracket=\sum a^{i_1\cdots i_m j_1\cdots j_n}\ket{i_1\cdots i_m}\bra{j_1\cdots j_n}.
\]
It is clear that the white spider in ZH-calculus is just the phase free green spider in ZX-calculus.   Thus we can give a semantics-preserving translation
 $ \left\llbracket \cdot \right\rrbracket_{HX}$  from ZH-calculus to ZX-calculus via the translation of H-box:
 \[
 \left\llbracket \tikzfig{TikZit/hspider} \right\rrbracket_{HX}
=\tikzfig{TikZit/zhtozxgenerphasert}
\]

  This translation is totally new. Following  \cite{miriamaleks}, we make the convention that
 $$ \tikzfig{TikZit/hspiderconcention},$$ then the ZH rules are given as follows:

   \begin{figure}[!h]
  	\begin{center}
  		\[
  		\quad \qquad\begin{array}{|cccc|}
  		\hline
		\tikzfig{TikZit/zhzs1}&(ZS1)&\tikzfig{TikZit/zhhs1}&(HS1) \\
		 &&&\\
		\tikzfig{TikZit/zhzs2}&(ZS2)&\tikzfig{TikZit/zhhs2}&(HS2) \\
		 &&&\\
    \tikzfig{TikZit/zhba1} &(BA1) &\tikzfig{TikZit/zhba2} &(BA2)\\

		\tikzfig{TikZit/zhm}&(M) & \tikzfig{TikZit/zhu} &(U)\\
			\tikzfig{TikZit/zha}&(A) & \tikzfig{TikZit/zhi}&(I)\\
  		\tikzfig{TikZit/zho}&(O) &&\\
  		\hline
  		\end{array}\]
  	\end{center}

  	\caption{ZH rules, where  $a, b  \in \mathbb C$.}\label{figurezhrules}
  \end{figure}
 \FloatBarrier

 Now we derive the ZX-translated rules in Figure \ref{figurezhrules} from ZX rules.

 The rules (ZS1), (ZS2), (M) and (U) just follow directly from the ZX rules (S1) and (S2).
 The rule (HS2) follows directly the ZX rule (S2) and the definition (H) of red spider. The ZH rule (BA1) is just a generalisation of the ZX rule (B2), which has been proved in ZX papers, for example \cite{duncan_graph_2009}. So we only need to derive the remaining ZH rules (HS1), (A) (I) and (O) individually. This has been shown in the appendix.

   Therefore, we have
     \begin{theorem}\label{zhcomplete}
     All the ZX-translated ZH rules can be derived from ZX rules.
           \end{theorem}

  \begin{remark}
  Obviously,  the completeness of ZX-calculus already implies that all the ZX-translated ZH rules can be derived from ZX rules. However, that is not a constructive proof, so we have no idea on how such derivation really happens. The consequence is that it does no help to ZX-calculus even if there is a great result obtained in the ZH-calculus. In another word, to know the conclusion that all the ZX-translated ZH rules can be derived from ZX rules is not enough, we need to show the details of the derivations.
  \end{remark}
 \section{Conclusion and further work  }
   In this paper, we give a purely algebraic axiomatisation of ZX-calculus by introducing new generators. We show the proof of completeness by deriving complete rules established previously. Based one this algebraic axiomatisation, we obtain a simple translation of diagrams from ZH-calculus to ZX-calculus, and derive all the ZX-translated ZH rules within ZX-calculus.

   In the next step, we would like to have a proof of completeness based on the algebraic rules presented in this paper via a normal form, rather than a translation from other graphical language. It is also interesting to go for another direction: translate diagrams from ZX-calculus to ZH-calculus and derive the ZX rules within ZH-calculus. Finally, it is worthwhile to apply these algebraic rules to the problem of quantum circuit optimisation.

 \section*{Acknowledgements}

This work was supported by AFOSR grant FA2386-18-1-4028.
The author would like to thank Aleks Kissinger for showing him the proof of the distribution rule in ZH-calculus. The author thanks  Bob Coecke,  Niel de Beaudrap and Konstantinos Meichanetzidis for useful discussions on the title of this paper.

\bibliographystyle{eptcs}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Мрежни комутаторски подсистем () је дио -{GSM}- система који обавља функције комутирање и управља комуникације између мобилних телефона и комутиране јавне телефонске мреже. Он је у власништву и размјештен од стране мобилних телефонских оператера и дозвољава мобилним телефонима да комуницирају једни са другима и телефонима у широј телекомуникацијској мрежи. Архитектура блиско личи на телефонску централу, али постоје додатне функције које су потребне, јер телефони нису учвршћени у једној локацији. Свака од ових функција управља различите аспекте управљању мобилности те су детаљније описани у наставку.

Мрежни комутаторски подсистем, такође се зове као основна ГСМ мрежа, обично се односи на језгро мреже са комутацијом кола, а користи се за традиционалне ГСМ услуге, као што су говорне позиве, СМС и позиве са Податкама преко комутацијом кола.

Постоји и преклапна архитектура на основној -{GSM}- мрежи који пружа услуге за пренос података комутацијом пакета те је познат као основна GPRS мрежа. Ово омогућава мобилним телефонима а да имају приступ услугама као што је -{WAP}-, -{MMS}- и Интернет.

Сви мобилни телефони произведени данас имају обе брсте услуга на основи вода и пакета, тако да већина оператори имају -{GPRS}- мрежу поред стандардне основне -{GSM}- мреже.

Мобилни комутациони центар
Мобилни комутациони центар () је главни чвор који снабдева услуге за -{GSM}-, одговоран за управљање говорних позива и кратких порука -{(SMS)}-, као и друге услуге (као што су конференцијске везе, факс и пренос података комутацијом вода). -{MSC}- успоставља, одржава и раскида позиве, управља мобилност и потребе за прослеђивање () током позива и води бригу о наплаћивању и нагледа припејд рачуне у реалном времену.

У -{GSM}- мобилном телефонском систему, у супротности са ранијим аналогним услугама, факс и подаци се шаљу директно кодиране дигитално према -{MSC}--у. Само у -{MSC}--у је то кодирано у "аналогни" сигнал (иако заправо ово ће готово сигурно значити дигитално кодирани звук као -{PCM}- сигнал на 64 -{kbit/s}- временски одсјечак (), познат као -{DS0}- у Америци).

Постоје различити називи за разне -{MSC}--ове у различитим контекстима, који одражава њихове сложене улоге у мрежи, сви ови појмови ипак могу се односити на исти -{MSC}-, али раде различите ствари у различитим временима.

Усмерујући -{MSC}-
() је -{MSC}- који установљава који гостујући -{MSC}- претплатник који је зван је намештен.
Такође се спаја са јавном телефонском мрежом. Сви мобилни препа мобилним позивима и -{PSTN}- према мобилним позивима су преусмерене преко -{GMSC}-.

Израз важи само у контексту једног позива јер било који -{MSC}- може обезбедити обе функције усмеривања и посетилачког -{MSC}--а, међутим, неки произвођачи праве -{MSC}- посвећене -{MSC}- високог капацитета који немају никакве -{BSS}- спојене са њима. Ови -{MSC}--ови ће тада бити Усмерујуће -{MSC}- за многе позиве које управљају.

Гостујући -{MSC}- () је -{MSC}- где претплатник се сада налази. Регистар локација посетилаца (-{VLR}-) у вези са овим -{MSC}--ом ће имати претплатничке податке у њему.

Усидрени -{MSC}- () је -{MSC}- од којег прослеђивање је започело. Циљни -{MSC}- () је -{MSC}- према којем прослеђиване ће се десити. -{MSC}- Сервер је дио реконструисаног -{MSC}- концепта потичећи од -{3GPP}- Издања 5.

Сервер мобилног комутационог центра

Сервер мобилног комутационог центра () је "" варијанта мобилног комутационог центра, које пружа позиве комутацијом водова, управљање мобилности и ГСМ услуге према мобилним телефонима у ромингу унутар подручја који се служи. Функционалности -{MSC}- Сервера омогућава подељеност између контроле (сигнализација) и корисничке равнине (носилац у мрежном елементу назван као Медијски усмереник [енг. ]), који гарантује више оптимално смјештање мрежних елемената унутар мреже.

Више информација је доступно у -{3GPP TS 23.205}-.

Остали елементи основне -{GSM}- мреже спојене са -{MSC}--ом
-{MSC}- се спаја са овим елементима:

 Регистар властитих претплатника -{(HLR)}- за добављање података о -{SIM}--у и -{MSISDN}--у.
 Подсистем базне станице који управља радио комуникацују са -{2G}- и -{2.5G}- мобилни телефонима.
 -{UTRAN}- који управља радио комуникацују са -{3G}- мобилни телефонима.
 Регистар локација посетилаца (-{VLR}-) да установи где су друби мобилни претплатници постројени.
 остали -{MSC}--ови за процедуре као што је прослеђивање.

Процедуре спроводене
Задаци -{MSC}--а укључују:
 испоручивању позиве претплатницима кад стигну на основу података из -{VLR}--а
 cpaja одлазне позиве према другим мобилним претплатницима или јавној телефонској мрежи.
 испоручива -{SMS}- од претплатника према -{SMSC}--у и обратно
 Приређује прослеђивање од контролеру базне станице -{(BSC)}- према другом контролеру базне станице
 Обављује прослеђивање из овог -{MSC}--а на други
 Подржава додатне услуге, као што су конференцијске позиве или држање позива.
 Прави податке за рачун.

Регистар властитих претплатника
Регистар властитих претплатника () је централна база података која садржи детаље сваког претплатника мобилног телефона који је дозвољен да користи основну -{GSM}- мрежу. Може да постоји неколико логичних, и физичких, -{HLR}--ова по -{PLMN}--у, али само један -{MSISDN/IMSI}- може бити придружен са једним логичним -{HLR}--ом (који може бити распрострањен преко неколико физичких чворова) у време.

-{HLR}- садржи податке о свакој SIM картици које је издао мобилни телефонски оператор. Сваки -{SIM}- има јединствени идентификатор који се зове -{IMSI}- који је примарни кључ за сваки -{HLR}- јединични податак.

Следећи важни предмети податка повезане са -{SIM}--ом је -{MSISDN}-, што је телефонски број који користи мобилни телефон да прави и прима позиве.

Примери остали података држане у -{HLR}--у на -{IMSI}- јединици података су:
 GSM услуге које је претплатник затражио или му је дато
 -{GPRS}- подешавања која омогућавају претплатнику да користи пакетне услуге
 Текући положај претплатника (-{VLR}- и -{SGSN}-)
 Подешавање за Преусмеравање позива примјењиве за сваки повезан -{MSISDN}-.

-{HLR}- подаци су држани за све време на које претплатник остаје са мобилним оператором.

-{HLR}- је систем који директно прима и обрађује -{MAP}- трансакције и поруке од елемената у -{GSM}- мрежи, на пример, поруке Пријава пребивалишта () примљене када мобилни телефони крстаре () око.

Ауторизациони центар
Ауторизациони центар () је заштићена база података, која се придружује сваком -{HLR}--у, и која садржи копије тајних кључева за ауторизацију свих постојећих -{SIM}- картица, који се користе за проверу аутентничности и кодовање радио канала.

Регистар гостујућих претплатника
Регистар гостујућих претплатника () је привремена база података претплатника које се тренутно налазе у географској области коју контролише {MSC}-. Свака Базна примопредајна станица у прежи је служена са тачно једном -{VLR}--ом. тако да претплатник не може бити у више од једног -{VLR}--а у времену.

Подаци држане у -{VLR}--у су примљене од -{HLR}--а, или скупљене од мобилног претплатника. У пракси, за разлоге перформанса, многи оператори интегришу -{VLR}- директно на гостојући Мобилни комутациони центар -{(V-MSC)}-, и где ово није урађено, -{VLR}- је веома чврсто спојен са -{MSC}--ом кроз посреднички интерфејс.

Подаци држани укључују:
 Интернационални идентификациони број корисника () (претплатнички број идентитета)
 подаци за ауторизацију
 Интернационални ISDN број мобилног корисника () (претплатнички телефонски број)
 GSM услуге које претплатник је дозвољен да користи
 -{HLR}- адреса претплатника

Остали елементи основне -{GSM}- мреже спојене са -{VLR}--ом
-{VLR}- се спаја са овим елементима:
 Гостујући -{MSC}- () да шаље податке потребне за -{V-MSC}- током своје радње, нпр. ауторизацију или успостављања позива
 -{HLR}- да затражи податке за мобилне телефоне у вези са својом послужном подручју.

Регистар идентитета уређаја
Регистар идентитета уређаја () је често интегрисан са -{HLR}--ом. -{EIR}- чува списак мобилних телефона (препознате по њиховим -{IMEI}- бројем), који се забрањен са мреже или надзиран.
Ово је дизајнирано како би се омогућило праћење украдених или неисправних мобилних телефона. У теорији све податке о свим украденим мобилним телефонима требају бити дистрибуирана свим -{EIR}--овима у свету кроз централни -{EIR}-. Јасно је, међутим, да у неким земљама ово није у операцији. -{EIR}- подаци не морају се мењати у реалном времену, што значи да ова функција може бити мање распрострањена него функција -{HLR}--а.

Референце

Мобилна телефонија

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Before undergoing lip augmentation you should be in good health and a nonsmoker. You may not be a candidate for lip augmentation if you have: If you have ever had a cold sore (oral herpes) any time in the past, you should tell your doctor before undergoing the procedure. If you have any known allergies or are allergic to lidocaine, tell your doctor before undergoing the procedure. Also, tell your doctor about any medications you are taking, including prescription and over-the-counter drugs and herbal supplements. There are several specialists who can perform 23 Version Psalm – Japanese augmentation, including: Plastic surgeons Dermatologists Cosmetic facial surgeons. The most important thing is to find a doctor who is qualified and experienced in giving injections and one whom you trust. Don't go to just anyone. Lip augmentation poses real risks, especially if the person giving the injection is inexperienced. Do your homework. 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Attorney General: In view of the Court's ruling, I will change my question, and I will ask you, Professor, whether you had any professional data on which to base any conclusions - I'm not asking you what the conclusion was - as to the veracity of Hoess' statement.
Presiding Judge: Perhaps it is desirable that you should know exactly the terms of the Court's decision.
Presiding Judge: We decided - to give you the essence of our decision - to agree to hear the scientific data which you had when you heard the statements from Hoess and the others there, and their mental state. However, we will not allow the conclusions which you drew in regard to the veracity of their remarks.
Witness Gilbert: I see. All right, Sir.
Attorney General: So it is only the data we are interested in.
Witness Gilbert: Very well, then. The data are formed by the psychological tests, the conversations that I had with them, the corroborational conversations I had with others on the same subject, and finally my own clinical impression as an experienced psychologist, as to their veracity, sanity, personality, and so on. Everything evaluated in totality and finally backed up by written documentary evidence and statements by the subjects of the study.
Q. I take it that, as a psychologist, you certainly understand that sometimes there is a state of mind of the accused which tends to drag down other people, as it were, and to incriminate them.
A. Yes, I certainly understand that. It's one of the common guilt defences.
Q. Would you say that Rudolf Hoess was in that particular state of mind when you were speaking to him?
A. No, definitely not. As I said before, he was a man who was just automatically telling the facts as he knew them. It apparently meant nothing to him that he had murdered millions of people, he had no hesitation in describing everything in detail, and without any attempt to share blame, or to prepare a defence or anything, quite spontaneously - certainly not with any urging on my part - the name of Eichmann came into his statements again and again and again, and finally I realized that this man was a key figure in the extermination programme.
May I amplify a little further? By contrast, I saw that Kaltenbrunner was a liar. When he tried to disclaim knowledge of the atrocities and shove the blame onto someone else, I could see - and I got corroboration from actual statements from the others - that this was outright perjury, false testimony, outright lies. So I was aware at all times that it is possible that any one of these men might be lying, but Hoess definitely was not.
Presiding Judge: This last part of your remarks is inadmissible, but, of course, that is not your fault.
Witness Gilbert: Oh, I'm sorry.
Attorney General: Did Rudolf Hoess tell you anything more about Eichmann in his conversation with you?
Presiding Judge: You are entitled to draw your own conclusions, but we shall simply not accept your conclusions as evidence.
Witness Gilbert: Thank you, Your Honour, now it is clear. The final statement that Colonel Hoess made to me was in connection with trying to explain his actions as following orders, as they all did. This was the standard excuse for all of them. But in one of my last conversations he said that, after all, it was the same with Eichmann, who was the chief of the extermination program.
Attorney General: Professor Gilbert, you spoke with the leading personalities on the chapter of extermination. You spoke to Ohlendorf, Pohl, Kaltenbrunner, Hoess. I should like to know whether in your mind - the mind of the psychologist - you somehow crystallized a picture of the murderous personality of an SS officer? Whether you got that picture crystallized in your mind after having spoken to these people?
Witness Gilbert: Yes, that was one of the main challenges of this entire study, and I wrote an analysis of what I called "the murderous robots of the SS." This appears in my book The Psychology of Dictatorship. And I have a formulation in my mind as a result of all these studies.
Q. Is this the book?
A. Yes, Mr. Hausner. I recognize it.
Presiding Judge: What is the purpose of these questions, Mr. Hausner?
Presiding Judge: Perhaps I anticipated a little, ahead of the translation.
Attorney General: I believe it is my duty to provide the Court with some kind of explanation from the point of view of the personality of the Accused.
Presiding Judge: Is it your intention to state that, if all SS men were murderers, therefore the Accused is also a murderer?
Attorney General: No, Your Honour.
Presiding Judge: Of course, this is put in a very extreme way, in order to clarify the issue.
Attorney General: No, Your Honour. The question is: How can it be that a man born of woman can perform such acts? How can it be that a person can come to the stage of committing these deeds which are now being revealed to us, day by day? That is the purpose of my question. What is there lacking in this personality? I know that I, and possibly many others, have been looking at this glass cage for the past six weeks and asking myself the question: How could this have happened, from the point of view of the man himself? I know that Professor Gilbert fashioned for himself - and he is, perhaps, the most qualified expert in the world, for he came into contact with these major criminals, he spoke to them for months - he has fashioned for himself the pattern of a personality that is not normal, that is not usual, and he has a scientific explanation.
Presiding Judge: I naturally have the greatest respect for this witness as a scientist; my question is simply this: In the absence of this evidence - to turn the question around - will some legal proof be lacking in the Prosecution's case? Do we really need a psychologist, in order to clarify the question of the Accused's guilt?
Attorney General: But I must provide an explanation of the background, also the mental background of the man. I think I shall not be fulfilling my task completely, if I were to abandon the chance that has happened to come my way to attempt to provide an explanation.
Judge Halevi: It should be clear that this expression of opinion cannot serve as proof that this Accused indeed committed the acts.
Judge Halevi: However, if it should be proved by other testimony, by evidence of a completely different nature, that murder on such a large scale must be ascribed to him, then, you maintain, there would still be lacking an explanation of how a man could be capable of acting in this way.
Attorney General: Precisely so, Your Honour. I thank you for your formulation. This is what I am attempting to obtain from the witness. He wrote about it - he researched this.
Presiding Judge: Is this a legal question which interests us here? It is a very interesting psychological question. But let us imagine that the facts have been established; we would be able to philosophize about the psychological aspect of the matter, in the same way as anyone could do. Professor Gilbert can do this much better than any of us. But is it relevant to the issues that we have to determine?
Attorney General: Perhaps this touches mainly on one question. How can one believe it? Because, ultimately, the cumulative significance, the cumulative effects of these matters, reach out to other qualitative considerations. Such a quantity of acts over such a long period of time, and to such a monstrous extent - all this is likely to give rise in the mind of the Court to the following question: Is it at all possible that a man can do such things? In respect of this question - I believe it would be most relevant to elucidate that this could be possible with a certain personality, the like of whom I doubt whether we shall ever have the opportunity of coming across again in our courts.
Attorney General: This is the object of my question.
Presiding Judge: Let us hear Dr. Servatius' views on the subject.
Dr. Servatius: It is clear that there is noticeable here the desire to hear evidence from this witness on the central theme in this trial, and that is: Is it possible to imagine that the Accused committed the acts with which he is charged? This is the question which must be resolved, in the light of documents and other testimonies from which the responsibility for these acts emerges. This is not a question which can be put to an expert.
Furthermore, this expert served in the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg as one of the prosecution staff, he acted as an expert on behalf of the prosecution, and, as it appears from Reitlinger's book The Final Solution, with which the Court is surely familiar, he was an expert who was most useful to the case made out by the Allies. It must also be pointed out that leading questions were put to this witness; for instance: Was psychological pressure on the Accused possible? All these are not matters which have to be put, and the replies to which must be heard, in Court. Accordingly, I ask that the witness should not be heard, that we should not hear his replies to these questions.
Witness Gilbert: May I take exception to one statement - I believe that Dr. Servatius said that I was there at the behest of the prosecution. If that is so, it is false. I was the official prison psychologist for the International Military Tribunal - neither at the behest of the defence counsel, nor the prosecution. I was on the prison staff and, of course, as objective as it is humanly possible to be in these circumstances.
Presiding Judge: We have no alternative but to adjourn the session, in order to consider this matter.
Dr. Servatius: May I be permitted, Your Honour, the Presiding Judge, to add one sentence, and to point out that the witness said that he acted in the service of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. It may be assumed that his mission was restricted to the submission of reports concerning the mental condition of the accused. It cannot be supposed that the International Military Tribunal would have accepted the opinion of the witness in respect of the question of personal responsibility, and that on the basis of this opinion it condemned the accused men there.
Attorney General: Naturally, I am not asking the witness to speak about guilt or innocence. We are referring to people who were found guilty by the Tribunal and whose sentences were severe. I am asking the witness: Is he able to create for himself a picture of the personalities of those individuals? And the relevance of this matter in regard to the Accused is, as I have already said, that I shall endeavour to prove to the Court that the personality of the Accused here is like the personality of the accused there.
Presiding Judge: That is clear.
Attorney General: Therefore, there is no question here of guilt or innocence. This question is of no significance, if I do not succeed in proving guilt.
Presiding Judge: Obviously, all this is intended to show to the Court that the Accused was capable of committing these acts - either this is important for the proof of his guilt, or it does not affect the issue in any way. This is how it appears to me.
We shall not permit evidence tending to show that the Accused was capable, from the point of view of his character, of committing the acts attributed to him in the indictment, because of his being a member of the SS. This we decide on the general grounds which limit the admission of evidence as to the character of an accused in a criminal trial.
Attorney General: If that is the case, I have no further questions, Your Honour.
Dr. Servatius: No, I have none, but are the Prosecution's questions finished? If so - yes, I nevertheless have questions. Witness, you said that the principal accused men in Nuremberg declared in your hearing that a certain measure of guilt rested upon the Accused here, and this allegation gradually gained emphasis. Did I understand you correctly?
Q. Was a common front of those who were accused in Nuremberg formed, so that no guilt should attach to any of them?
A. Do you mean to say that the principal accused men at Nuremberg created a united front, in order to cast the blame on Eichmann?
Q. No, I asked whether there was created in Nuremberg - if I may use this expression - a conspiracy? Did they conspire not to tell the truth? Would it be true to say that Goering told them, this was a political matter and no one will be convicted here? Was that the slogan?
A. No, it was a question of competence. It was clear to all that the extermination as such had nothing to do with the army but was exclusively in the hands of the SS.
Q. I put a general question to you. Is it true that the accused stood there united so that no one of the accused before the International Military Tribunal should bear the guilt?
A. Yes, this is what Goering tried to do but did not succeed at all. Because everybody tried to put his own case properly, and they did not want, because of Goering's self- serving views, to put the blame on others and exonerate him.
Q. Is there not a chapter in your book Nuremberg Diary with the heading "United Front"?
A. Yes, Goering tried to do just this. You will see this at the very early stages of the trial, but it failed, he did not succeed.
Q. Was the witness Hoess a dangerous witness for the accused Kaltenbrunner?
A. Yes, you are right. Many wondered why Hoess appeared at all to defend Kaltenbrunner.
Q. You said that he appeared as a defence witness for Kaltenbrunner? Is that correct?
Q. Did he impute charges to Kaltenbrunner in his evidence?
A. Yes. I do not wish to express a legal opinion, but it was very clear that he imputed blame to Kaltenbrunner, because he described the facts for which Kaltenbrunner was responsible.
Q. Yes, but would it not be true to say that he only mentioned the names of Heydrich and Mueller as those with whom he was in touch, and did he not carefully avoid mentioning the name of Kaltenbrunner?
A. This may be so.
Q. Thank you very much. Then I have no more questions.
Attorney General: Is there any explanation at all for the fact - if indeed it is true - that Hoess did not mention the name of Kaltenbrunner?
Witness Gilbert: It would certainly seem logical that the defence counsel would have coached him not to cause his client to be hanged because of his testimony before the court.
Dr. Servatius: May I be allowed to ask one more question regarding the contact: How was there contact between Kaltenbrunner and Hoess, so that he could know what Hoess was going to testify?
Witness Gilbert: They certainly discussed the matter with their defence counsel.


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text:
/* Credits Henry Rawas (henryr@schakra.com) */

#ifndef WIN32_INTEROP_TIME_H
#define WIN32_INTEROP_TIME_H

#if (_MSC_VER > 1800)
#include <corecrt.h>
#include <cstdint.h>
#else
#include "../../extern/include/stdint.h"
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

#define gettimeofday gettimeofday_highres

void     InitTimeFunctions();
uint64_t GetHighResRelativeTime(double scale);
time_t   gettimeofdaysecs(unsigned int *usec);
int      gettimeofday_highres(struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz);
char*    ctime_r(const time_t *clock, char *buf);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Library Browse by Book 1984
In this dystopian novel, the protagonist of the story, Winston Smith, attempts to rebel against a totalitarian government that exercises complete control over all aspects of its citizens' lives.
Someone Might Be Watching — An Introduction to Dystopian Fiction
Shelby Ostergaard 2017
Passage Summary: In the informational text "Someone Might Be Watching — An Introduction to Dystopian Fiction," Shelby Ostergaard discusses the characteristics of dystopian fiction and how the genre comments on society.
When and How to Pair: Introduce this text before students begin "1984," in order to provide them with some background and an insight on the genre of dystopian fiction and its history. Have students consider the characteristics of dystopian fiction and discuss their connections to the world they live in. How are fictional worlds able to comment on the real world? What types of connections are typically drawn and what kind of commentaries are made?
Stop and Frisk: Right or Wrong?
Mike Kubic 2016
Passage Summary: This article examines the rationale behind "Stop and Frisk," a controversial law enforcement tactic, and the impact of its decline.
When and How to Pair: 1984 and this article both consider the difficulty in finding balance between protecting people's freedom and keeping citizens safe. In 1984, the totalitarian government allows its citizens no freedom, which they supposedly do in their best interest. Before reading the novel, have students discuss whether or not the government should be able to violate citizens' freedom if it is in their best interest. What dangers arise when citizens assume that all government actions are undertaken in their best interest? Who gets to decide what is in the citizens' best interest? In Book One, have students pay attention to the government's position on sex, food rationing, and thoughtcrime, and how the government's position affects the lives of its citizens.
10th Grade Letter 1130L
Kurt Vonnegut 1973
Passage Summary: Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007) was an American author and humorist. One month after an English teacher at Drake High School in North Dakota decided to teach Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five in his classroom, Charles McCarthy, the head of the school board, decided that the novel's "obscene language" was not appropriate. Every copy of Slaughterhouse-Five at Drake High School was burned in the school's furnace. In response, Vonnegut wrote this letter to McCarthy.
When and How to Pair: Key themes in 1984 revolve around the power of controlling information. In the novel, the government can control people by controlling the information they receive. Introduce this text before beginning 1984, and ask students to discuss why controlling the information that people receive is so powerful. In Book One: Chapter Four, have students take notes on the ways that the government controls information. Ask students to discuss the connection between the central idea of Vonnegut's letter and the events of the chapter.
9th Grade Psychology 1030L
Why Do People Follow The Crowd?
ABC News January 12, 2006
Passage Summary: Dr. Gregory Burns, a professor of behavioral science, conducted several experiments to study why humans readily conform. ABC's Primetime recreated these experiments using several unsuspecting people.
When and How to Pair: In 1984, the reader experiences the "Two Minutes Hate," where the image of an enemy of the government is portrayed on a screen, and people yell and curse at the image. Although the protagonist initially marvels at how quickly people get upset, he soon finds himself mimicking their actions. After finishing this scene in Book One: Chapter One, ask students to use the information from the article to analyze why the narrator in 1984 involuntarily mimics the actions of the people around him. Identify evidence from the article that supports their claim about Winston's conformity. How can following the crowd be dangerous for society as a whole?
Total Control in North Korea
Passage Summary: This article describes life in North Korea under totalitarian government rule. In North Korea, the government has total control over the economy, the military, education, and people's access to information—and it punishes those who try to change the status quo.
When and How to Pair: 1984 and this article both describe life under a totalitarian government, including the misinformation that the government distributes. The protagonist of 1984 is an employee of the Ministry of Truth, a bureaucracy that distributes misinformation, such as informing citizens that their food rations are increasing in quantity, even though the opposite is true. After finishing Book One: Chapter Four (pg. 48), asks students to compare and contrast the way the totalitarian government in the article and 1984 coerce their citizens into obedience.
10th Grade Poem
Sonnet 18
William Shakespeare 1608
Passage Summary: "Sonnet 18" is one of Shakespeare's best-known love sonnets, also known as "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"
When and How to Pair: In 1984, the protagonist begins a secret romance with a woman, even though such activity is outlawed. After reading Book Two: Chapter Two (pg. 126), compare and contrast the protagonist's romance with the one in the poem. How does love affect them both?
The Daisy Girl Ad
CommonLit Staff 2015
Passage Summary: In the 1964 Presidential campaign, incumbent LBJ ran a controversial advertisement that used fear as a persuasive tool.
When and How to Pair: Throughout 1984, the government uses propaganda and fear to influence the minds of its citizens. After finishing the novel, have students compare and contrast the propaganda from the novel with the strategy used in the ad. How are people's actions and beliefs influenced by propaganda? How does the government, and O'Brien in particular, influence Winston beliefs through the use of fear and propaganda?
11th Grade Allegory 1150L
Plato 380 B.C.
Passage Summary: Plato's Allegory of the Cave is a piece of philosophy explaining the importance of knowledge in society and for the human soul.
When and How to Pair: In 1984, the protagonist of the novel attempts to gain knowledge about what it really going on in the world around him, rather than what the government is telling him is true. In the end, he is captured and brainwashed into accepting the government's tyrannical rule. After finishing the novel, have students compare and contrast the experiences of Winston Smith and those that Socrates discusses in "Allegory of the Cave." How are the journeys of Winston and the human born in the cave similar? In our modern society, how can we avoid a fate similar to Winston's?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
"Angels in America" in Charlotte / Masterworks from New Orleans Museum of Art
Part One: A Look Back at "Angels in America" in Charlotte More than a decade ago, the Pulitzer-Prize winning play "Angels in America" opened in Charlotte, to controversy. Heated debate focused on the country funding of the production, which included male frontal nudity. The controversy is now the centerpiece of the comedy "Southern Rapture," debuting in Charlotte this week. We'll hear about the fight for freedom of expression vs. public funding of art back then and how things have changed. Eric Coble - Playwright, Southern Rapture, Actor's Theatre Charlotte Chip Decker - Director, Southern Rapture, Actor's Theatre Charlotte More information about Southern Rapture at Actor's Theatre Charlotte Part Two: Masterworks from New Orleans Museum of ArtWorks by some of the most famous Masters in fire art are currently on display at the Mint Museum of Art. The exhibit comes from the New Orleans Museum of Art, where dramatic efforts were made by museum workers there to save these precious works from destruction during Hurricane Katrina. John Bullard - Director, New Orleans Museum of Art Charles Mo - Director of Fine Arts, Mint Museum of Art More information about Masterworks at Mint Museum of Art


text:
Q: Update a sessionManager Hellow,
I have a long list of user infos stored in sessionManager.
I am looking for the best way to update the user information without having to create again the createUserSession
I have that session manager class:
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.SharedPreferences;

public class SessionManager {

private SharedPreferences prefs;
private SharedPreferences.Editor editor;
private final static String PREFS_Name = "app_prefs";
private final static int PRIVATE_MODE = 0;
private final static String IS_LOGGED = "isLogged";
private final static String TEL_EMAIL = "tel_email";
private final static String PASSWORD = "password";
private final static String ID = "id";
private final static String FIRST_NAME = "first_name";
private final static String LAST_NAME = "last_name";
private final static String TEL = "tel";
.........
.......
.......

public SessionManager(Context context) {
    prefs = context.getSharedPreferences(PREFS_Name, PRIVATE_MODE);
    editor = prefs.edit();
    editor.apply();
}

public boolean isLogged() {
    return prefs.getBoolean(IS_LOGGED, false);
}

public String getTelEmail() {
    return prefs.getString(TEL_EMAIL, null);
}
public String getTel() {
    return prefs.getString(TEL, null);
}
public String getAvatar() {
    return prefs.getString(AVATAR, null);
}
public String getBack() {
    return prefs.getString(BACK, null);
}
public String getIntroduction() {
    return prefs.getString(INTRODUCTION, null);
}
public String getIntroductionAudience() {
    return prefs.getString(INTRODUCTION_AUDIENCE, null);
}
public String getInfosIntroAudience() {
    return prefs.getString(INFOS_INTRO_AUDIENCE, null);
}
public String getWallVisibilityAudience() {
    return prefs.getString(WALL_VISIBILITY_AUDIENCE, null);
}
public String getWallPostInAudience() {
    return prefs.getString(WALL_POST_IN_AUDIENCE, null);
}

public void createUserSession(String id, String tel_email, String password, String first_name, String last_name,
                              String sex, String tel, String email,...........) {
    editor.putBoolean(IS_LOGGED, true);
    editor.putString(ID, id);
    editor.putString(TEL_EMAIL, tel_email);
    editor.putString(PASSWORD, password);
    editor.putString(FIRST_NAME, first_name);
    ......
    ......
    ......
    editor.putString(TEL, tel);
    ......
    ......
    ......
    editor.commit();
}

public void logOut() {
    editor.clear().commit();
    }
}

When I want to edit tel, I have to create again the sessionManager like below:
  // Update SessionManager
                        sessionManager.createUserSession(sessionManager.getId(),
                                sessionManager.getTelEmail(),
                                sessionManager.getPassword(),
                                sessionManager.getFirstName(),
                                sessionManager.getLastName(),
                                sessionManager.getSex(),
                                NewTel,                          // here i want to update the value
                                sessionManager.getEmail(),
                                sessionManager.getCountry(),
                                sessionManager.getIso2(),
                                sessionManager.getDay(),
                                sessionManager.getMonth(),
                                sessionManager.getYear(),
                                sessionManager.getAvatar(),
                                sessionManager.getBack(),
                                sessionManager.getIntroduction(),
                                sessionManager.getIntroductionAudience(),
                                sessionManager.getInfosIntroAudience(),
                                sessionManager.getTelEmailAudience(),
                                sessionManager.getSituation(),
                                sessionManager.getLive(),
                                sessionManager.getFrom(),
                                sessionManager.getSchool(),
                                sessionManager.getSchool_2(),
                                sessionManager.getSchool_3(),
                                sessionManager.getSchool_4(),
                                sessionManager.getSchool_5(),
                                sessionManager.getJob(),
                                sessionManager.getJob_2(),
                                sessionManager.getJob_3(),
                                sessionManager.getJob_4(),
                                sessionManager.getJob_5(),
                                sessionManager.getPassion(),
                                sessionManager.getTotalFriends(),
                                sessionManager.getWallVisibilityAudience(),
                                sessionManager.getWallPostInAudience(),
                                sessionManager.getWhoCanFollowMe(),
                                sessionManager.getWhoCanIdentifyMe(),
                                sessionManager.getWhoCanIdentifyMe2(),
                                sessionManager.getWhoCanIdentifyMe3(),
                                sessionManager.getLast_Post_Audience(),
                                sessionManager.getFriends_Audience(),
                                sessionManager.getShowOrHideGroupPageEvent(),
                                sessionManager.getShowOrHideUserOwnGroupPageEvent());

How could I change only the tel without having to create sessionManager.createUserSession again ?
How could I avoid to repeate creating the sessionManager.createUserSession with all it values again ?
Thanks.

A: Just Make separate function for this like
public void setTel(String tel) {
    SharedPreferences.Editor editor = prefs.edit();
     editor.putString(TEL, tel);
}

Then call only this function;
  sessionManager.setTel("901234567")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


And troubles thus the sleepy?
And let not locks thus keep ye.
And e'en with cold half starved.
I spied he had a quiver.
And dried his dropping tresses.
Said he, with these late showers.
I'll leave thy heart a-dying.


Arsenal fan and Bollywood star Esha Gupta has been slammed online after sharing racist remarks aimed at Alex Iwobi on Instagram, describing the Nigerian as a 'gorilla'.
The Indian actress is a well-known Arsenal fan and has been spotted at the Emirates Stadium watching games in the past. She was also reported to have previously been dating Hector Bellerin and helped the club launch a kit in 2017.
However, after the Gunners' FA Cup defeat by Manchester United on Friday night, the 33-year-old posted a screenshot of a WhatsApp conversation between herself and another person on Instagram. She has 3.4million followers on Instagram and 412,000 on Twitter.
Gupta quickly deleted the screenshot from her Instagram account but eagle-eyed fans had quickly managed to screenshot before it was taken off the site.
After coming under fire on social media for the post she issued an apology and insisted there was no racial intention behind it.
Gupta wrote, "Guys I'm sorry you thought it was racist. Was bad on my part, being a sports lover.Wallah never meant it. Sorry guys forgive the stupidity.
"Well it was my fault. So gotta own up to my s***… sorry. It was us discussing our frustration during the game. Sorry as I didn't realise it was directed towards racism.
Fans were quick to condemn Gupta on social media as she received major backlash for her post.
@Keiron85 tweeted her, "Your response is embarrassing! You state on one hand you've suffered racism yet on the other have no idea that you've made a racial slur!
Such is Gupta's bond with Bellerin and the club she helped the Spaniard to launch last season's blue away kit.
The Bollywood actress, who had previously been on dinner dates with the Gunners defender, modelled the new strip in Arsenal's club shop.
Speaking to millions of supporters on Snapchat, she wore the social media site's Spectacles to speak to fans in north London as part of the unveiling.
Bellerin and the actress dined in Vanilla Black, a vegetarian restaurant in London, back in 2016.
Gupta is a former Miss India International winner most known for her roles in horror film Raaz and thriller Rustom.


When this someone I called W told me that he managed to get a Sugar Glider through an online website, I was like "huh"... what is that? Then he forwarded a picture of SG to me.... oh my, this is the first time I have seen such a creature, Big eyes, pouted nose, soft greyish fur with a long tail. I was told that it comes from a Koala and Kangaroo species, living in pouches and clinging to your finger or whatever it can grasp hold of.
Anyway... W is not devastated.. he loves this SG very much... he does not regret bringing it home, instead, he has more caring towards the Sugar Glider now... He accompanies him wherever he goes... even though the SG cannot see, he can sense his owner, W... They are now good friends!
May they remain good friends forever!
Sugar gliders are popular pets around here. Very friendly and high energy. Sometimes they display and sell them in the shopping malls!This baby is so lucky to have a an owner like your friend, who is so dedicated!
So cute. Like squirrel. I didn't know such animal too.
The first time I saw a sugar glider was at a pet show in Menglembu. It is blessed with a kind owner who will give it good care and love.


text:
» Insight » KPMG partner takes leave of absence over bullying allegations
KPMG partner takes leave of absence over bullying allegations
Sara White
The partner at the centre of accusations of alleged bullying against team members at KPMG has stepped down as investigations continue at the Big Four firm
Editor, Accountancy Daily, published by Croner-i Ltd
Sanjay Thakkar, a partner in the deal advisory group at KPMG, had worked at the firm for nearly 30 years. He has now taken a leave of absence following further accusations of bullying, which came to light last week after it was reported that two women partners, both part of the deal advisory team, Maggie Bereton, and Ina Kjaer, head of integration and separation, had resigned in February after they said KPMG failed to take adequate action to resolve the issue.
When the allegations of bullying were first raised and rejected by the firm, Thakkar went through a conduct investigation and was cleared of any wrongdoing after he took leadership coaching.
Now further allegations have come to light and Thakkar, who has been with KPMG since 1991, has now taken a leave of absence, pending the outcome of the investigation.
A KPMG spokesperson told Accountancy Daily: 'We can confirm that KPMG has launched an investigation into new allegations made against Sanjay Thakkar, which were reported to the firm's leadership last week. As this investigation is now live, it would not be appropriate for us to comment further.
'Sanjay has stepped down from his role as head of deal advisory, with immediate effect. Melanie Richards, our deputy chair will assume the role of acting head of deal advisory, in addition to her existing role, pending the appointment of new leadership.'
The gender split of partners at KPMG is the worst across the Big Four firms at 18.8%, split between 635 male partners and 120 female partners, according to the Accountancy Daily Top 75 Firms Survey 2019. The best performing Big Four firm in terms of partner gender diversity is Deloitte where 26% of partners are women. EY has a 20.5% split, while PwC has 19.3%.
The accounting profession generally has a poor reputation for promoting women to senior roles with the largest mid-tier firms Grant Thornton (16%) and BDO (15%) both having few women in top jobs with leadership teams dominated by men.
Report by Sara White
InsightPractice & IndustryCareersLeadership & management
KPMG head of FS consulting forced to leave
Fiona Wilkinson takes over ICAEW president role
Women at work: gender diversity at accounting firms
Women, let's look at the real issue: accountancy is still a man's world