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Pre & Post Exercise Stretching
The following article has been reproduced by kind permission of the author, Leandros Callej. Leandros is a physiotherapist, fitness consultant and an athletics coach (Sprints and Jumps).
Aim: To investigate the most appropriate timing of stretching within a training session and during competitions, in terms of improving performance.
Methods: A random sample of 35 athletes (12 to 16 years) was divided into four groups. Pre-exercise stretching (GRP1) was compared to post-exercise stretching (GRP2), stretching both prior and after exercise (GRP3) and not stretching at all (GRP4). All four groups were monitored over 18 weeks and tested at regular intervals using a pre-test (T1), post-test (T5) and three intermediate testing dates (T2, T3, T4). A well-established battery of tests was used to monitor flexibility, explosive power, coordination, balance, agility, speed and endurance.
Results: The results showed that each parameter is affected differently. The effects of stretching on flexibility indicate that stretching has minimal influence on this parameter when investigated as only one part of the whole training session. Similar but more evident effects were reported for balance. Balance improved significantly in both GRP2 between T1 and T3 (p=0.0461) and in GRP3 between T1 and T5 (p=0.0156). Although stretching seemed to enhance explosive power, given at whichever part of the training session, no significant variations were obtained whatsoever. In contrast, coordination and speed were both negatively influenced by the stretching regime. The only significant change in coordination was registered by GRP1 between T1 and T3 (p=0.0209). On the other hand, speed alterations were only noted in GRP2 and GRP3 between T3 and T5 (both p=0.0391). GRP4 exhibited the least improvement in both coordination and speed. No significant relationship could be obtained between the different timing of stretching and agility (p>0.05). Although all groups enhance their endurance capacities, the best improvement was noted in GRP3 between T1 and T5 (p=0.0156), indicating that stretching after exercise will have the full effect on stamina.
Conclusions: The results suggest that the timing of the stretching protocol will diversely affect different parameters. Therefore, the timing of stretching should correlate with the specific training session to be undertaken.
In any kind of dynamic sport, stretching is one of the first things to be implemented in the training program. It is considered one of the fundamental requirements, which must be acquired before getting involved with more sport-specific work. Even more, mobility work has become so important that every sport has adopted its specific stretching regime (Appleton, 1998; Norris, 1993; Thompson, 1991).
However, does stretching before exercise enhance performance? On the other hand, would it be better to leave stretching as the last thing in a training session? Alternatively, can it be ignored completely?
There are several schools of thought regarding all of these concepts. Traditional research maintains that stretching should always precede exercise (Shellock and Prentice, 1985; Worrell Smith and Winegardner, 1994; Jones and Barker, 1996, and Norris, 1993) while more recent studies have shown that pre-exercise stretching hinders performance (Grantham, 2000; Fowles, Sale and Mc Dougall, 2000; Avela, Kyrolainen and Komi, 1999; Holder-Powell and Rutherford, 1999; Kubo, Kawakami and Fakunaga, 1999; Fowles and Sale, 1997; Rosenbaum and Hennig, 1995 as cited in Hartley, 2000). Further research suggests that post-exercise stretching entails more benefits than pre-exercise stretching (Anderson, 2000; Brucker, Knight and Rubley, 2000; Appleton, 1998; Lund et al. 1998; Young and Pitt, 1996 and Smith et al. 1993). However, most of these studies were carried out under standardized conditions and therefore, cannot be practically implemented on the field of play. Most of these studies focus on muscle and tendon physiology, rather than sports-performance.
Monitoring field performance in the sporting arena itself will yield more practical information. This study was, therefore aimed at evaluating the difference between pre-exercise and post-exercise stretching and their effect on-field performance in young athletes.
The performance parameters, which were monitored in this study, are flexibility, power, coordination, balance, agility, speed and endurance. These biomotor factors are the main physical requirements in major sports. Body mass index was also assessed.
The tests used are standard tests obtained from EUROFIT, Sports Coach and Sports Educational Chart. These tests have been evaluated and have proven that they are specific in assessing only one particular parameter (Wood, 2001; Sports Coach, 2001; Calorie Counter, 2001; Strel, 1997; Jones and Barker, 1996; Jackson and Baker, 1986, Johnson and Nelson, 1986 and Docherty and Collins, 1976, as cited in Docherty, 1996; Jackson and Baker, 1986, and Jackson and Langford, 1989, as referred to in Maud and Cortez-Cooper, 1995; Beunan, 1987 and Renson, 1987, as mentioned in Council of Europe, 1993; Alter, 1988; Council of Europe, 1988; Council of Europe, 1987).
Since injuries place the athlete "out of practice" for a considerable amount of time, they indirectly influence performance. Therefore, the lower the risk of injury, the better the ultimate performance will be. Several studies have found a significant relationship between stretching and injury prevention (Tabrizi et al. 2000; Appleton, 1998; Jones and Barker, 1996; Norris, 1993 and Thompson, 1991), while other investigations found no correlation (Pope, Herbert and Kirwan, 2000; Pope, Herbert, Kirwan and Graham, 2000; Shrier, 1999; Gleim and Mc Hugh, 1997 and Lally, 1994) or even the opposite effect (Shrier, 1999). Due to its indirect influence on performance, injury occurrence was also monitored in this investigation.
This study sheds light on the effect of diverse stretching procedures on specific biomotor-related physical parameters, thus adding information regarding the training practice to attain a greater level of performance. Knowing what to do and when to do stretching will enable the sports management team to be more efficient and safer in their exercise prescription.
Despite differences in context and focus, studies in physical performance have one common entry point - they all result from systematic analysis and monitoring of physical fitness. Moreover, they rigorously adopt a multi-dimensional approach, as they prove that there is no one complete test that can determine one's overall fitness. When examining the effects of the different timing of stretching on performance, several tests were utilized, where each test measures one specific fitness component. All tests presented here (Council of Europe, 1993, Sports Educational Chart, 1997, Wood, 2001 and Sports Coach, 2001) are indirect fitness tests, as they predict a physiological factor from performance, or else measure performance itself. This is in contrast with direct fitness testing, which involves the direct measurement of a physiological factor in connection with a fitness component (Wilkinson & Moore, 1995).
The research consisted of a longitudinal study with an experimental design. The athletes were given a stretching regime (refer to film provided as additional material) to carry out according to the specified timing in the training sessions. The athletes trained an average of five times per week (depending on the week's training load) for a total of 18 weeks, thus completing 90 sessions. The experimental hypothesis was tested for by using a pre-test and post-test measures along with three intermediate testing dates. This method allowed regular monthly assessment of the physical parameters for four consecutive months. Thus, any progression or regression could be detected more accurately. The athletes were chosen from a local club (Pembroke Athleta Mita). Assuming that athletes joined this club at random, irrelevant of age, gender, locality, education and socioeconomic status, will already make the sample a random one. Executing the study on a national basis is impractical mainly because of the variety of training programmes and inter-club rivalry.
Contacts and Scheduling
Contact with the president of Athleta Pembroke Mita athletic club was made in May 2001. A standard request letter was drafted to this club. Immediate approval was granted. Another request letter was submitted to the president of the Malta Amateur Athletic Association for the use of the Micallef St. John Track and Field premises at Marsa. Here again, the request was accepted. Therefore, the study was scheduled as shown in the table below.
Pre-test Intermediate 1 Intermediate 2 Intermediate 3 Post-test
29th Jul 01 26th Aug 01 30th Sep 01 28th Oct 01 2nd Dec 01
4 weeks 5 weeks 4 weeks 5 weeks
Testing dates and intervals
The subjects were provided with a consent document plus a questionnaire. These two forms had to be filled in by the athletes and signed by them and their parents. If these documents were not submitted before the first testing date, the athletes were not eligible to take part in the study. The questionnaire was aimed at creating specific criteria by which the subjects were chosen. The final number of subjects (n=40) was divided into four groups.
Assigning the subjects at random made the study more reliable. The ratio of male to female athletes (3:7) was representative to the same ratio present in Maltese track and field athletics (as seen in Aggregates result sheets 1999, 2000, 2001).
Control of Variables
Several other variables could have influenced the outcome. These were controlled in the following manner:
Effects of warming-up and cooling-down: this study aimed to investigate the effects of stretching and not warming up and cooling down. Therefore, all groups carried out an aerobic warming-up and cooling-down and then added the stretching regime at the given time;
Different training schedule: Along with the stretching regime, the athletes carried out their usual training schedule. Although the athletes were gathered from two different coaches, they had the same training load (volume and intensity) as the study was carried out in the recovery and pre-season phases;
Altered anthropometric measures: A gain or loss in height and/or weight could affect the performance in some of the tests (e.g. SBJ). However, if equal changes occur in both of these measures together, they will cancel out each other. Therefore, BMI was used as an indication of excessive change. In this study, only those subjects who had a discrepancy of less than 2 kg/m² in BMI from the beginning to the end of the study were taken into consideration.
Tests Used
Two things required consideration for the selection of the tests to administer. First, it was important to select tests that covered a range of fitness components. Secondly, the relative administration time, expenditure and location requirements had to be evaluated. Hence, the tests noted in the table below were deemed the most appropriate.
Physical Factor Test Abbreviation
Anthropometric Measures Weight Height Body Mass Index BMI
Flexibility Sit and Reach SAR
Balance Flamingo Balance FLB
Explosive Power Standing Broad Jump SBJ
Coordination Coordination Boxes COB
Speed 60 Metres 60M
Agility 10 x 5 Metres Shuttle Run SHR
Endurance 600 Metres 600
The physical parameters assessed, and the tests used
Note that all of these tests are simple enough for the young athletes to understand. They are also relatively cheap, straightforward and quick to administer.
The results obtained from the statistical analysis were vast and various. The preliminary investigation of the available results was aimed at achieving diagrammatic representation of the tendency of change in performance of each group in every biomotor factor. Substantial within-group variations and inter-group relationships will already be visible in these illustrations. However, statistical analysis through the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and Analysis of Variance will show if such alterations are within the 95% confidence limits.
Mean Values and Standard Deviations
In this section, the performance of each parameter of all the groups' altogether is diagrammatically represented in the form of graphs. Mean values (markers) and standard deviation (bars) of each group in every testing date are shown in each graph. Moreover, the term (i.e. linear, squared, cubic or quadratic) by which the graphs were significant is given after each illustration.
The initial flexibility was superior in GRP4, while that of the other three groups was approximately the same. This difference persisted for the first month of the study, but in the subsequent two months, the trends started converging towards each other until in the fourth testing date the mean values were very much the same (25.767, 25.800, 25.250 and 26.188 for GRP1, GRP2, GRP3 and GRP4 respectively). Similar results endured up to the consequent testing date.
Graphical representation of the mean values (markers) and the standard deviation (bars) obtained in the SAR test. This difference in graphs becomes significant when taken in cubic terms (p= 0.0281).
In terms of balance, GRP1 and GRP4 remained at the same level throughout the five testing dates. There was a slight degradation in performance occurring only on the second testing date. On the other hand, the balance of GRP2 and GRP3 showed constant improvement throughout the 18 weeks. Here again, all groups seemed to be converging towards the same point. However, in this case, this property was more pronounced in GRP2, GRP3 and GRP4.
Graphical representation of the mean values (markers) and standard deviations (bars) obtained in the FLB test. This difference in the graphs is significant if taken in linear terms (p= 0.0073).
Explosive power
Once again, the performance of GRP1 in the Standing Broad Jump test was relatively levelled while all the other groups showed some improvement at one point or another. GRP3 showed improved initially; GRP2 improved in the middle part of the study while GRP4 boosted up later on. However, no trends were noticeable in any of the four groups. The latter three groups all exhibited an increase in jump performance of approximately 10 centimetres from T1 to T5 while GRP1 ended up with just 0.67 centimetres improvement by the end of the study.
Graphical representation of the mean values (markers) and standard deviations (bars) obtained in the SBJ test. There is a significant difference if the plots are taken in linear terms (p= 0.0346).
As opposed to the previous parameters, a clear trend of improvement in coordination was only noticeable in GRP1, while that of the other groups remained relatively constant. Although this group started at a distant point, it was very close to the other three groups by the end of the study.
Graphical representation of the mean values (markers) and standard deviations (bars) obtained in the COB test. There is a significant difference if the plots are taken in linear terms (p= 0.0059).
GRP1 showed a trend of constant improvement throughout the 18 weeks with an enhancement of 0.4111 seconds from the first testing date to the last one. Such improvement is quite impressive in a 60-metre run since that would attribute to an upturn of 4.45%. The performance of the other three groups was rather fluctuating with several ascents and descents within the testing period.
Graphical representation of the mean values (markers) and standard deviations (bars) obtained in the 60M test. There is a significant difference if the plots are taken in quadratic terms (p= 0.0279).
In all of the four groups, fluctuations in agility occurred in the initial stages of the study but then seemed to have levelled off in the last two months. On the second testing date, GRP1, GRP3 and GRP4 showed a sort of a kink in their plot while GRP2 showed a constant rise in the level of agility in the first three months of the investigation.
Graphical representation of the mean values (markers) and standard deviations (bars) obtained in the SHR test. There is no significance whatsoever in whichever term the graphs are taken.
All groups exhibited an enhancement in endurance by the end of the study. GRP1, GRP3 and GRP4 showed a constant rise while GRP2 only showed one boost, which occurred between the third and fourth testing dates. In terms of endurance, GRP3 started with the worst times (along with GRP1) and ended up with the best timing (along with GRP2). This shows that this group made the best improvement overall.
Graphical representation of the mean values (markers) and standard deviations (bars) obtained in the 600m test. There is a significant difference if the plots are taken linearly (p= 0.0003).
Within-group Variation
When the data presented in the previous section was analysed further, it was found that change was a common factor for all groups in every biomotor factor. However, not all changes were significant enough to fall within the 95% confidence limits. Since there was a large amount of data, it was ideal to point out solely the significant values. In each sub-section, a table will summarize what was found significant when using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test.
Parameter Change Occurred between N Difference T p Value
Test Date No Test Date No Largest Value No of Occasions
Coordination 1 2 9 1>2 6 3.5 0.0241
Coordination 4 5 9 4 > 5 7 6.0 0.0498
Endurance 1 2 9 1 > 2 8 2.0 0.0156
Significant changes observed in GRP1 in any of the parameters throughout the four-month period (p value = probability of the results being due to random error; N = number of matched subjects with a non-zero difference; T = total of ranks with less frequent sign).
Flexibility 2 3 9 2 < 3 9 0.0 0.0039
Balance 1 3 10 4 > 5 6 8.0 0.0461
Speed 4 5 6 4 > 5 6 0.0 0.0313
Significant changes observed in GRP2 in any of the parameters throughout the four months (p value = probability of the results being due to random error; N = number of matched subjects with a non-zero difference; T = total of ranks with less frequent sign).
Balance 2 3 6 2 > 3 6 0.0 0.0313
Explosive Power 3 4 8 3 < 4 7 2.0 0.0233
Inter-group Relationships
The values provided by the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, compare only inter-test-date performance within a group. However, the same change could be common to all groups, thus implying that the change occurred due to another factor (e.g. training program) rather than the different timing of the stretching regime. Hence, a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used to denote significant inter-group relationships. Here again, non-significant values were discarded.
The main flexibility discrepancy occurred between T3 and T4 where the tail probability was as low as 0.0265. Interestingly enough, the change seen by GRP3 was superior to the rest of the groups, while the change seen in GRP4 was the poor one. The difference between GRP3 and GRP4 was significant, especially between T3 and T4 and also to some extent between T3 and T5. All of the values mentioned are shown in the table below.
Groups matched Change occurred between: p value Type of Variance
Most Improved Least Improved Test Date No Test Date No
GRP1 GRP4 3 4 0.0150 Pooled
Balance seemed to improve quite similar between the four groups. However, one significant difference emerged. The separate variance was significant between GRP3 and GRP4 between T4 and T5, with the improvement for GRP3 being the greater one (p = 0.0115).
The coordination of GRP1 was highly augmented throughout the four months. The variation found in this group was always superior to the others, but between T2 and T3, T4 and T5 and T1 and T5, it was significantly greater than GRP4. Between T1 and T3, GRP1 was better than all of the other groups. Moreover, the tail probability between T1 and T3 was relatively significant (p = 0.0333).
GRP1 GRP4 4 5 0.0394 Separate
Coordination: Inter-group significance
In terms of improvement in speed, different groups peaked at different testing dates. However, GRP4 was always the under-dog and significant changes were always compared to this group.
Speed: Inter-group significance.
It is important to note that no significant inter-group relations could be found in the remaining biomotor factors.
Analysis of Flexibility Trends (SAR)
The major characteristics seen in this parameter was that all groups seemed to converge towards the same level of flexibility at the end of the 18 weeks, irrespective of the point of initiation and the timing of the stretching regime. This might indicate that training constituents (e.g. plyometric strength versus maximal strength) can have a stronger influence on the degree of flexibility rather than the timing of the stretching. This does not disprove in any way the results obtained by Mc Nair and Stanley (1998), Mallac (2000), Kubo et al. (2001), Auburn University (1986) as cited in Anderson (2000). Note that, in these studies, the subjects followed only a stretching regime and no other form of training during the investigation. Therefore, stretching was the major component of their training schedule, while in this study, stretching was just one part of a more complex training program. Therefore, in the latter case, the effects of stretching could have been masked by stronger training components. Considering the training schedule provided to the athletes involved, the time spent on stretching (20 minutes if before or after only; 40 minutes if both before and after) was only a small amount (26.92%) of the total time (135 minutes) of the whole session.
Time allocated to each component of each training session.
The significant changes noted earlier on were only between neighbouring testing dates. Thus, no significant changes were obtained right through the study. Such differences cannot be taken as reliable information since they were absent in the remaining periods of the investigation. Moreover, these variations could have been influenced by other factors (e.g. injuries, motivation, etc.), thus making them less reliable. This indicates that the common diversion towards the same point of flexibility occurred at a gradual, constant pace. This property continues to strengthen the assumption that stronger training components masked the effects of differentiating the timing of stretching.
Analysis of Balance Trends (FLB)
The trends obtained in balance were very much comparable to those obtained in flexibility. This could mean that flexibility and balance are inter-dependent; that is, a change in either one of these two elements will probably cause the same change in the other. Since flexibility levels were not greatly affected by the different timing of the stretching protocol, the levels of balance were not affected as well. Exception for GRP1, all of the groups seemed to converge towards the same point and by the end of the study, the levels of balance were pretty much comparable.
However, in contrary to flexibility, significant improvements in balance were obtained in two groups. GRP2 showed a substantial balance advancement between T1 and T3 (p=0.0461) while GRP3 exhibited an even larger enhancement between T1 and T3 (p=0.0313) and T1 and T5 (p=0.0156). As opposed to the results obtained in flexibility, these improvements are noteworthy and must be taken into consideration. It is important to note, however, that these alterations still occurred in parallel with those reported in flexibility. Thus, this might further indicate that although flexibility and balance are inter-dependent, when changes occur, they will be more pronounced in the case of balance.
Finally, no significant inter-group relations were obtained. Once again, this result is equivalent to that obtained in flexibility. Unfortunately, no studies have been carried out in this field to which these results can be compared. However, these results can shed new light regarding the relationship between flexibility and balance parameters.
Analysis of Explosive Power Trends (SBJ)
Despite the vast amount of literature debating the effect of flexibility on explosive power (Ettema, Huijing and de Haan, 1992; Fowles and Sale, 1997; Avela, Kyrolainen and Komi 1999; Grantham, 2000; Fowles, Sale and Mc Dougall, 2000; Rosenbaum and Hennig, 1995; Takarada, Yusuke Ishige et al, 1997; Kubo, Kawakami and Fakunaga, 1999), no significant relationship could be detected in this study. The only substantial change was seen in GRP4 between T3 and T4 (p=0.0233). However, such a value could have been obtained by chance when considering the remaining number of results, which were far from significant. Holder-Powell and Rutherford (1999) could also find no significant relationship and therefore, these results are congruent with their findings.
It is important to note, however, that all of the groups who stretched at some point or another, finally ended up with an increase in performance (by approximately 10 cm). On the other hand, the control group showed only a minimal improvement. Although this was not statistically significant, these results might indicate that if this part of the study is performed with a larger sample, some significant values might emerge.
Analysis of coordination Trends (COB)
Improvement in coordination was completely dominated by GRP1. The coordination of this group advanced drastically between several testing dates, and the change was still statistically significant between T1 and T3 (p=0.0209). Although enhancement in coordination persisted even beyond T3, the change was not large enough to be significant between T3 and T5 and consequently T1 and T5.
The boost in coordination seen in GRP1 was significantly superior to the change noted in all the other groups between T1 and T3. However, when considering the whole 18-week period, GRP1 was only substantially superior to GRP4 (p=0.0210).
These results suggest that stretching might hinder coordination performance irrelevant of the timing within a training session. This statement is further strengthened by the fact that GRP4, which spent the most time stretching, finally ended up with the least improvement in coordination. On the other hand, this argument is still debatable since no literature could be found to which these results can be compared.
Analysis of Speed Trends (60M)
The trends obtained in speed were very much similar to those obtained in coordination. This implies that a direct relationship might also exist between coordination and speed. Although the graphs of these two parameters appear to be similar, the changes seen in GRP1 were not statistically significant. Substantially significant advancements were only noted in GRP2 and GRP3 between T3 and T5.
On the other hand, GRP1 showed the same trend as that exhibited in coordination. Furthermore, the improvement displayed by this group was again statistically significant over GRP4 throughout the 18 weeks (p=0.0419). In this case, the change observed in GRP3 between T3 and T5 was also considerably superior to that noted in GRP4 (0.0412). Similar to what was perceived in coordination, GRP4 was once again the group to show the least improvement in speed.
Therefore, these results indicate that stretching, at any time given within a training session, might pose a negative effect on speed performance, possibly in a similar way as to how stretching affects coordination. The negative relationship between flexibility and speed obtained through these findings are incongruent with the findings made by Yamashita, Ishii and Oota (1992).
Analysis of Agility Trends (SHR)
No significant relationship could be drawn out from this study between the different timing of stretching and agility. Additionally, the graphical representation of the trends of agility was the only diagram that developed no significant connection in whichever term it was analysed. Furthermore, no literature could be found regarding whether stretching or flexibility influences the level of agility. This might, therefore, indicate that differentiating the timing of the stretching regime has no significant effect on agility.
Analysis of Endurance Trends (600)
Improvement in endurance was common to all groups. GRP1, GRP3 and GRP4 showed constant improvement in endurance while the performance of GRP2 boosted up only between T3 and T4. This was the only group that reported no significant improvements. The greatest level of improvement was observed in GRP3, which started with the worst times and ended up in front with the best times. GRP1 and GRP3 advanced significantly between T1 and T5 (0.0380 and 0.0156 respectively) and GRP4 only registered a substantial endurance enhancement between T3 and T5 (0.0391).
In spite of this, no significant inter-group relationships were reported. This implies that the significant changes seen throughout the study were attributed to external factors rather than the different timing of the stretching regimes. Since these tests were carried out during the pre-season phase, where most of the aerobic work takes place, the type of training was most probably one of these dominant factors. Therefore, this builds upon the conclusions made by Gleim et al. (1990), as cited in Sharp (2000), as it suggests that, although not significant enough, post-exercise will produce a sharper rise in endurance when compared to other timing-of-stretching possibilities.
Injuries were the most influencing factors throughout the study. The rate of injury and the time out of training required for each injury varied between the four groups.
Although the monitoring of injuries was never the aim of the study, it was still ideal to make a note of them as they might have interfered with the athlete's performance during the testing procedure. Interestingly enough, GRP2 had the highest rate of injury and the largest total time out of training. This goes against conventional research (Thompson, 1991; Jones and Barker, 1996; Appleton, 1998, Norris, 1993, and Tabrizi et al. 2000), which states that pre-exercise stretching lowers the risk of injury. On the other hand, these results complement other studies such as Gleim and Mc Hugh (1997), Shrier (1999), Lally (1994) Pope, Herbert and Kirwan (2000) Pope, Herbert, Kirwan and Graham (2000) and Voorn et al. (1993), which reject the traditional approach to stretching. Note, however, that this group comprised the largest number of subjects and therefore had a higher probability of injury occurrence.
Month Group Number of Injuries Percentage of total injuries Total time out of training
Total GRP1 2 20% 5 days
GRP2 6 60% 45 days
GRP3 1 10% 3 days
Total number and percentage of injuries per group and the total time out of training required.
GRP3 had the lowest percentage of injury (10%) and the least total days out of training (3). These results are consistent with the findings and comments produced by Borer, Edington & White (1983), Appleton (1998) and Lally (1994), which imply that post-exercise stretching is more capable of reducing the risk of injury. Amongst the reasons postulated were improved rate of transport of amino acids into muscle cells, accelerated protein synthesis, inhibition of protein degradation and alignment of collagen according to the lines of stress, thus aiding recovery and regeneration.
Fortunately, all of the athletes had recovered on the testing dates, and so they were able to carry out the tests. However, psychological setback, resulting from the injury itself, might still have been present on the testing date. A considerable change in anthropometric properties would have been a second highly influencing factor. However, by monitoring the body mass index, it could be seen that there were no sudden changes in weight to height relations. Additionally, the changes seen between one testing date and another were analysed, but no significant values were deducted.
Body mass index- the trends observed throughout the study
As reported by Renson (1987) cited in the Council of Europe (1993), the FLB test requires a lot of concentration. Therefore, the results could have also been affected by the differing potential of concentration in the subjects. Additionally, the SHR and 600 tests could have been affected by a lack of motivation due to the severity of the tests.
Limitations and Recommendations
A sample of 40 subjects (from which 5 athletes dropped out) was too small for such a study to obtain substantially significant results. Although some significant trends were obtained, many other quotients were in the region of 10% significance, using a larger sample, these results could have gone into the 95% confidence limits and become statistically significant as well. Thus, carrying out the same study with a larger sample will produce a clearer trend of results.
Another limitation would be that this study investigated only 12 to 16-year-old athletes. Since, this is a specific growth spurt area (i.e. puberty) the same results cannot be generalized and employed on a younger or older age-group as some of the results are prone to change, especially those of flexibility. Therefore, other studies must be carried out to observe if similar trends emerge in different age-groups.
First, the findings suggest that differentiating the timing of a stretching regime may produce a substantially significant result in individuals whose training load is minimal. However, in individuals such as the subjects tested in this study, this effect could have been masked by more dominant training components. Furthermore, the results of stretching differ according to the specific requirements of the event itself. In this study, it was found out that while stretching before exercise should ameliorate balance and flexibility, it could impede endurance. In contrast, post-exercise stretching can improve balance and flexibility without having any specific effect on any aerobic parameter. This indicates that middle to long-distance athletes will benefit if they cut down from pre-exercise stretching and concentrate more on post-exercise stretching.
On the other hand, sprinters, hurdlers, jumpers and throwers who require mainly speed, explosive power and some element of balance and flexibility, will benefit more from post-exercise stretching.
Coordination seemed improved only in GRP1, thus indicating that stretching poses a negative effect on this parameter. However, there is no specific athletic event that requires mainly coordination. Therefore, coordination can be reckoned as a secondary requirement, where other factors become more important. Moreover, the level of coordination in the other three groups was high enough for the athletes to work with.
It is important to note that injury prevention comes before improving performance. Considering that GRP3 had the least amount of injuries and the minimum time out of training, it would, therefore, add up to choosing post-exercise stretching as the best protocol for overall fitness.
For quite some time, there has been an ongoing debate on whether stretching should be done before or after exercise to prevent injuries and maximize performance. Other studies have even questioned the real significance of stretching. However, most of these studies were carried out under standardized or laboratory conditions.
But what about the specific meaning of stretching in the field of play? Is it needed? And if it is needed, where should it be carried out, before exercise, after exercise or even both before and after exercise? This two-tailed hypothesis was investigated by using well-endorsed fitness tests. The data was then processed using tables, graphs and statistical packages (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and ANOVA).
The results obtained suggest that a stretching protocol should be included in the training program. The ideal timing in which to include this stretching protocol is after the training session because the benefits of post-exercise stretching seem to outweigh those of pre-exercise stretching. Although one might think that combining these two will gain the benefits of both, analysis of the results obtained indicated that stretching both before and after physical training tended to hamper performance in most of the parameters tested.
It is important to note that stretching was not introduced to improve performance, but it was also meant to serve as a mechanism for injury prevention. This is the reason why the studies regarding stretching and injury prevention were also analysed in the literature review. During the study itself, injury occurrence was monitored but this was not detailed enough to attribute to the relationship between stretching and prevention of injury. This factor was monitored to check if the incidence was substantial enough to affect the results produced.
Recommendations for further research would be to reproduce such an investigation with a larger sample and nonetheless involving athletes of different age groups and different sports. It would also seem beneficial to repeat the studies that were mentioned in the literature review but this time involving all training components and not just stretching.
Such variance might have a dissimilar outcome. Traditionally, stretching was done after the warming-up before the exercise block. However, this study confirms the recent recommendations whereby stretching is undertaken towards the end of the training session. Apart from preventing unnecessary injuries, further studies in this field can contribute to elevating sports performance to a higher level.
Page Reference
If you quote information from this page in your work, then the reference for this page is:
CALLEJ, L. (2004) Pre & Post Exercise Stretching [WWW] Available from: https://www.brianmac.co.uk/stretchpaper.htm [Accessed
The following Sports Coach pages provide additional information on this topic:
Articles on Conditioning
Books on Mobility
Dynamic Stretching Exercises
Static Stretching Exercises
Warm-Up and Cool Down


text:
A house with water views in Bar Harbor, Maine, where you can explore the coast, for $1,250,000
This three-bedroom, three-bath house is just blocks from the water
Keating Pepper Jane Beaman
By Rebecca Fishbein
Bar Harbor, located on Maine's Mount Desert Island, is one of the state's best summer destinations, thanks in no small part to its proximity to the wonderfully wild Acadia National Park. The 47,000-acre park is billed the "Crown Jewel of the North Atlantic Coast," and certainly it is—the park is filled with beaches, wetlands, native wildlife, and seven rocky peaks, including Cadillac Mountain, the highest point along the North Atlantic seaboard.
You can spend weeks exploring Acadia, which is rife with kayak excursions, campgrounds, biking, and hiking trails, and other recreational activities, made all the better by the park's 45 miles worth of car-free roads.
Aside from Acadia, though, Bar Harbor itself is worthy of exploration. The town is known for whale watching, with the Bar Harbor Whale Watch Co. taking visitors out into the Gulf of Maine to spot all sorts of sea mammals. The town's Shore Path, a 1.5-mile walking trail along Bar Harbor's rocky shore, can be accessed from the Town Pier and has beautiful views of both the ocean and Bar Harbor's many elegant mansions.
There's also plenty to eat here, especially if you like lobster—spots like Stewman's Lobster Pound and Thurston in nearby Bernard are standouts, though you can get other seafood dishes at acclaimed eateries like the Reading Room at the Bar Harbor Inn. You can also sample lobster ice cream (!!) at Ben & Bill's Chocolate Emporium, in addition to fudge, candy, and other treats.
If any of that sounds appealing to you, consider the three-bedroom, three-bath property at 15 Grason Ln., now on the market for 1,250,000. The house, which was built in 2000, is located close to the Shore Path, and boasts some beautiful views, including from its window-lined sunken living room.
The living room also has a marble fireplace.
The dining room is also lined with windows.
It flows into the kitchen.
The kitchen has some lovely, unqiue-looking cabinetry.
This looks like the master suite, which has a little sitting area space, lots of windows, and a private balcony.
The views are incredible.
There's also a private en-suite master bath.
Here's a second bedroom, this one painted green.
It looks like there's a little sitting room under a peaked roof.
The third bedroom also has a slanted ceiling.
I love this spiral staircase.
Here's a second bath.
And a shot of the back of the house.
Look at that view.
The house is an eight-and-a-half-hour drive from Manhattan and a five-hour drive from Boston. There are also a few direct flights from New York, or you can fly into nearby Bangor, Maine.
A summer retreat near the beaches of Watch Hill, Rhode Island, for $579,000
A modern mountain house with a small lake near Phoenicia, NY, for $715,000
A Cape May Victorian with seven bedrooms and a very colorful interior, for $985,000
amenities outdoor space vacation vacation home views
The 10 best and worst neighborhoods in Manhattan for parking on the street
Brick Underground's best advice on how to work with a New York City real estate broker
The 10 best Brooklyn neighborhoods for first-time buyers in 2019
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What are casement windows, and why are they being used in new NYC apartments?
Wayfair under fire for supplying migrant camps, landlords to sue over new rent laws, & more

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text:
LUX EDMUNDI: REFLECTION: OCTOBER, 2016
Catholic Schools Week Resources
CEIST Resources
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Jesuit Schools Ireland
Lux Edmundi
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Resources for RE Teachers
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Category: Lux Edmundi, Religious Education
The Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church gives "a concise but complete overview of the Church's social teaching". "The Church, the sign in history of God's love for humankind and of the vocation of the whole human race to unity as children of the one Father, intends with this document on her social doctrine to propose to all men and women a humanism that is up to the standards of God's plan of love in history, an integral and solidary humanism capable of creating a new social, economic and political order, founded on the dignity and freedom of every human person, to be brought about in peace, justice and solidarity. This humanism can become a reality if individual men and women and their communities are able to cultivate moral and social virtues in themselves and spread them in society. 'Then, under the necessary help of divine grace, there will arise a generation of new men [and women], the moulders of a new humanity' (para. 19)".
It has been emphasised repeatedly in these reflections that all instruments of education arise from, and issue in, some understanding of humanity, of its origins, its nature, its destiny. All, therefore, are, in one way or another, to one degree or another, "moulders of a new humanity". Catholic schools are, most definitely, "moulders of a new humanity". Their raison d'etre is the formation of the young in Christ Jesus, the eikon of the invisible God, the first born of all creation (cf. Col 1:15), the template, the paradigm, the means to, and the end of, humanity at its most authentic.
A new Leaving Certificate subject, Politics and Society, was introduced in a number of recognised post-primary schools in the Republic of Ireland on 1st September, 2016. Its aim is "to develop the learner's capacity to engage in reflective and active citizenship informed by the insights and skills of social and political sciences". Like the proposed Education about Religions and Beliefs (ERB) and Ethics curriculum for primary schools – Politics and Society is, in fact, a "moulder of a new humanity". It arises from, and issues in, an understanding of what the Minister and the Department consider young citizens of the Republic of Ireland should know about themselves, about themselves and others, about the political and social context in which they live.
There is, indeed, much to be learned about humanity "from the insights and skills of the political and social sciences" and Catholic schools must ensure that the young people committed to their care learn that "much". However, not even the most ardent of their advocates, the ablest of their practitioners, would argue that these sciences tell us all that may be known, or should be known, about being human. Catholic schools will, therefore, help the young people in their care to keep the wider picture in view at all times. The Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church will be an indispensable instrument in the attainment of this objective. Used to this end, its contents will enable us examine Politics and Society from the complementary perspectives of faith and reason.
The Compendium, of course, is not intended as a text-book and, like other Roman documents, does not always read well in its official English translation. Help, though, is to hand in the form of DoCat: What to do, which is to the Compendium what YouCat is to the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Pope Francis describes DoCat as a "magnificent little book". It is all that and in many ways. It is well-produced, well-organised and well-written. It does not talk down to its audience. It does not harangue them. It engages them, rather, in real and open dialogue on the topics considered.
Provided to CEIST by Dr. Frank Steele
http://www.presentationbrothers.org/
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text:
Emil Haury
Doctoral students Vance Haynes
Name Emil Haury
Fields Archaeology
Known for Snaketown, a Hohokam site in Arizona
Notable awards Viking Fund Medal (1950)
Died December 5, 1992, Tucson, Arizona, United States
Education Harvard University (1931–1934), University of Arizona
Awards Guggenheim Fellowship for Social Sciences, US & Canada
People also search for Vance Haynes, Lyndon Lane Hargrave, Edgar Anderson, E. B. Sayles, Isabel Truesdell Kelly
Books Excavations in the Forestdal, An Early Pit House Village of, Some Southwestern Pottery Ty, The Hohokam, Emil W Haury's Prehistor
Institutions University of Arizona
Emil Walter "Doc" Haury (May 2, 1904 in Newton, Kansas – December 5, 1992 in Tucson, Arizona) was an influential archaeologist who specialized in the archaeology of the American Southwest. He is most famous for his work at Snaketown, a Hohokam site in Arizona.
College career
Field work and experience
Gila Pueblo
Paleoindians in the Southwest
Ventana Cave
Naco site
Lehner Ranch
Roosevelt 9:6
Snaketown
Mogollon
Mogollon Village and Harris Village
At the University of Arizona
Emil was the youngest of four children born to Professor Gustav A. Haury and Clara K. Ruth Haury. Gustav was a professor at Bethel College a Mennonite college in Newton. When they were both six, Emil Haury met his future first wife, Hulda Penner, when she and her family visited Newton from a nearby Mennonite community.
After graduating high school in 1923, Emil then attended the University of Arizona where he earned his bachelor's degree in 1927 and his M.A. in 1928. It was during the 1928-29 school year that he earned his first teaching position. In 1934 Haury earned his PhD from Harvard University.
One of the first field experiences came in 1925. That year he was apprenticed to Byron Cummings, A.E. Douglass, and Harold Gladwin where their major work occurred at Cuicuilco right outside of Mexico City. It was at this time that he became one of Cummings' (who was at the time the acting university president) most important assistants. It was through connections made through Cummings that Haury was in attendance at the first Pecos Conference in 1927.
In 1928 the New York stockbroker turned archaeologist Harold Gladwin along with Winifred McCurdy started the Gila Pueblo Archaeological Foundation. In 1930 Haury became the assistant director at Gila Pueblo. During his time with Gila he was able to expand his work throughout Arizona and New Mexico. It was through this extensive research that Haury became part of the group that was to define the Hohokam culture. Thus, it helped Haury in eventually defining the Mogollon culture.
With the assistance and support from Gladwin, Haury was able to conduct large amounts of field research and publish reports. The 1930s was a time of plenty for Haury and when some of his most famous research was conducted. Some of the excavations he conducted included the Tusayan Ruins, Canyon Creek Ruin, Mogollon and Harris Village, and arguably his most famous research at Snaketown.
Between his extensive work with Gila Pueblo, Haury also managed to earn his PhD from Harvard. His dissertation dealt with the excavations by Frank Hamilton Cushing's excavations at Los Meurtos, a Hohokam site in Arizona.
One of Haury's passions that lasted throughout his career was the presence of Paleoindians in the Southwest. He conducted several excavations at Paleoindian sites and subsequently wrote several papers on the subject. In 1926 Pleistocene megafauna hunting in the Southwest was proven by the discoveries at Folsom, New Mexico. That same year Haury alongside Cummings began excavations at Whitewater Draw in southeastern Arizona where they excavated a mammoth skeleton which was above a deposit of artifacts from the Cochise Culture. This was Haury's first experience with Paleoindian archaeology in the Southwest.
During the late 1930s and early 1940s excavations, led by Julian Hayden and Haury, were conducted in the area of Ventana Cave in Arizona. Ventana Cave is a rock shelter with extensive stratigraphy of which the lowest layer was attributed to the Cochise culture while upper layers were attributed to more recent inhabitants. The impact of the work done by Haury and others at Vetnana cave helped in the understanding of Paleoindians in the Southwest.
In April 1952, Haury excavated the Naco Mammoth Kill Site near Naco, Arizona, finding the fossilized bones of a mammoth that had been killed by at least 8 Clovis points about 10,000 years ago. The Naco site was the first Clovis mammoth kill association to be identified.
The Lehner Ranch site is a mammoth kill site in the San Pedro Valley in Cochise County in southeast Arizona. In 1952 Haury began investigating an arroyo where a rancher, Edward F. Lehner, had observed bones sticking out from a deep layer. These bones were identified as mammoth bones. After excavating several projectile points were found in situ with the mammoth bones. Also a hearth was discovered. Lehner Ranch became another one of Haury's seminal works in Southwestern Paleoindian archaeology.
Haury's work with the Hohokam began in 1930 when he joined Gila Pueblo. There were many questions surrounding discoveries in southern Arizona beginning with A.V. Kidder in the early 20th century to Harold and Winifred Gladwin's work up through 1930s. One of Haury's first projects after becoming the Assistant director of Gila Pueblo was to investigate a site known as Roosevelt 9:6. The importance of understanding the Hohokam was extremely important to Haury and one of his most famous projects was at Snaketown where he conducted extensive excavations and on which he eventually wrote a book. Haury was the first to claim that the Hohokam were decedents of the Paleoindian Cochise culture. Haury was also a critical figure in the chronology of the Hohokam because of his work in establishing a timeline for the Pioneer period Hohokam. Haury was also a proponent of the idea that the Hohokam had contact with Mesoamerica.
The Roosevelt 9:6 site was a Colonial Period Hohokam site near the Salt River north of Globe, Arizona. The site came to the attention of archaeologists when pottery sherds and cremations were exposed by the recession of Roosevelt Lake. Working for Gila Pueblo alongside the Gladwins, Haury published an extensive and detailed report of the findings. This report along with those published by the Gladwins, were important in the establishment of ceramic typologies, burial techniques, and lifeways of the Hohokam.
By the 1960s there was a lot of controversy surrounding the Hohokam and where they fit or didn't fit chronologically. Haury decided then to re-visit a site where Gladwin had first conducted research in the 1930s. Snaketown was the epitomes Hohokam site. It was strategically placed in the proximity of the Gila River which then allowed for its famous irrigation system. Haury's re-examination of Snaketown was based around the hope that with the use of new technology, new research methods and ideas surrounding the Hohokam, that questions which had arisen since the first reports on Snaketown in the 1930s. In 1964 Haury began his reexamination which led to the publication in 1976 of one of the most influential works on the Hohokam, The Hohokam, Desert Farmers & Craftsmen: Excavations at Snaketown, 1964-1965.
Arguably Haury's most important contribution to the archaeology of the American Southwest was his work in establishing a timeline and refining the definition of the Mogollon Culture. Much of Haury's work was conducted in the most famous Mogollon area, the Mimbres Valley of New Mexico. Early research in the area focused on the ceramics that made the valley famous, while ignoring the underlying structures and pottery types. It was Haury who, starting in the 1930s with Gila Pueblo, began to identify and understand the timeline and uniqueness of the Mogollon from their Anasazi and Hohokam neighbors.
Haury's research in the area allowed him to be one of the first archaeologists to definitively give the Mogollon a chronological sequence. The sequences Haury established were: Early Pit House Period (200 C.E- 550 C.E.), Late Pit House Period (550 C.E.- 1000 C.E.), and Classic Mimbres Period (1000 C.E.- 1130 C.E.). Haury's research and findings were paramount when establishing a larger understanding the Mogollon that happened in the 1970s, as well as understanding the role of Casas Grandes in the Mogollon sequence.
Mogollon and Harris Villages were very much the type sites for the Mogollon Culture and are the sites that convinced Haury of its uniqueness from other Southwestern cultures.
Work began on the Mogollon Village site in 1933. It is a site on the San Francisco River north of Glenwood, New Mexico in Catron County, New Mexico. During Haury's excavations eleven houses of several types were excavated. An abundance of artifacts were uncovered including pottery, clay objects, grinding stones, projectile points, as well as several burials.
Harris Village was another site excavated around the same time as Mogollon Village. The site is located in the town of Mimbres, New Mexico near the Mimbres River about 75 miles south of Mogollon Village. Thirty-four houses were excavated with variation in shape, and function (domestic, ceremonial, storage).
After the excavation and analysis of these two sites Haury was able to establish a housing typology for the Mogollon.
After becoming increasingly uncomfortable with Cummings' perspective on archaeology Haury looked for other opportunities. In 1929 he began to work for A. E. Douglass. It was in 1929 along with Douglass and several other archaeologists that a tree ring sample was uncovered in Show Low, Arizona. It was this tree ring which helped in establishing a missing link in the ability to use tree rings as dating markers, and was the watershed moment in dendrochronology. This discovery then allowed for archaeological sites in the Southwest to be more accurately dated.
In 1937 Haury went back to the University of Arizona to head the Department of Archaeology. To broaden the scope of the department Haury changed the name to the Department of Anthropology. As well as holding his position at the university, Haury also took on the role of Director of the Arizona State Museum, which he held until 1964. The Arizona State Museum Library & Archives currently holds the Emil Haury Papers in its collections. Even after retiring, Haury kept an office at the University of Arizona and went there almost every weekday for most of the rest of his life.
Throughout his career Haury published many papers and several books on archaeology and the Southwest.
The Stratigraphy & Archaeology of Ventana Cave (1950) ISBN 0-8165-0536-5
The Hohokam, Desert Farmers & Craftsmen: Excavations at Snaketown, 1964-1965 (1976) ISBN 0-8165-0445-8
Mogollon Culture in the Forestdale Valley, East-Central Arizona (1985) ISBN 0-8165-0894-1
Emil W. Haury's Prehistory of the American Southwest (1986) ISBN 0-8165-0896-8
Point of Pines Arizona: A History of the University of Arizona Archaeological Field School (1989) ISBN 0-8165-1096-2
"Tree Rings: The Archaeologist's Time-Piece", American Antiquity, Vol. 1, No. 2., pp. 98–108 (1935)
"The Stratigraphy of Ventana Cave, Arizona", American Antiquity, Vol. 8, No. 3., pp. 218–223 (1943)
"Artifacts With Mammoth Remains, Naco, Arizona", American Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 1., pp. 1–24 (1953)
"The Lehner Mammoth Site, Southeastern Arizona", American Antiquity, Vol. 25, No. 1., pp. 2–20 (with E.B. Sayles and William W. Wasley) (1959)
In 2004, a centennial issue of the Journal of the Southwest celebrating Haury's life and career was released. It includes examples of Haury's own artwork, which he used to illustrate both his field notes and letters to his future wife, Hulda.
Emil Haury Wikipedia
Sangre de Mayo
Steven L Peck


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For most people, using smart phone to contact and having fun has been the essential part to consist their daily life. And ringtone is the special music to remind people not only themselves but also somebody around them. It is hard to insist on using one fixed iPhone ringtone all the time, as there are so many good songs to enjoy online. Furthermore, some people tend to set different ringtones for different contacts, for some special people, to notify them directly.
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text:
Dr. Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is a chemical engineer that graduated from Clarkson College of Technology. He has more than 35 years of industry, applied research, and international consulting experiences. His international experiences in many ways strengthen his expertise on legacy pollution litigation support because he has worked first hand in countries with transitioning economies where western technologies and practices have been frozen in time in a number of instances, thus enabling historical practices to be documented and quantified.
Among his international assignments he has aided various environmental regulatory agencies in countries like Jordan, Ukraine, the Balkans, and many other parts of the world to develop solid waste, air and water pollution regulations and standards that are harmonized with the U.S. regulatory system and the European Community. He has led and or participated in more than 100 pollution prevention assessments and audits at large industrial complexes such as coke chemical plants, oil refineries, steel mills, copper smelting and recycling plants, wood preserving plants, machine building plants, armaments manufacturing facilities, pulp and paper mills, tanning operations, oil terminals, gas extraction fields, gas processing plants, animal feed supplement facilities, pesticide manufacturing plants, and a number of other heavy industry sectors. Working with teams of specialists he has identified and helped to implement scores of pollution prevention projects that have resulted in millions of pounds of air emissions reductions, the recycling and elimination of comparable tonnages of solid waste, and the conservation of millions of gallons of water through recycling and source reduction practices. Many of the assignments he was on also included capturing energy efficiency credits and greenhouse gas reductions. Dr. Cheremisinoff has worked more than 30 years over a broad spectrum of projects but with emphasis on source reduction and pollution management. He has trained several thousand industry and regulatory personnel on sound environmental management practices, the application of life cycle costing tools to making investments into pollution controls, and in the retooling of companies enabling more focused commitment to reducing emissions and protecting the public and works.
Dr. Cheremisinoff focuses on Standard of Care assessments. He renders opinions Responsible Care based on careful reconstruction of facility practices. He and his staff develop the source terms needed to quantify exposures and doses.
Dr. Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff
Key Expert - Responsible Care
Anton Davletshin
Anton oversees sampling and research programs and conducts historical environmental impact assessments that aid in forensic reconstruction of legacy pollution problems. His expertise also extends to application of air dispersion simulations using AERMOD. Anton is a certified FLIR infrared thermographic scientist and oversees teams performing inspection of industrial sites. A graduate of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, he holds a degree in Construction management.
Christopher Brown
Technical Case Manager
Chris works as the Technical Case Manager on environmental projects at No Pollution Enterprises. His expertise is in data management and analysis, environmental regulation research, legacy pollution reconstruction, and geospatial analysis to define the extent and impact of pollution events. Chris is a 2009 graduate of Shepherd University and holds a degree in Business Administration and Computer Science.
Mohit Dayal
Mohit is a 2008 graduate of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and holds a degree in Political Science focusing on Legal Studies. His expertise includes performing industrial data documentation and analysis, technical report analysis, data validation, project management, as well as assisting scientific research and editing of publications.
U.S. Occupational Health & Safety Admin
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
© Copyright No Pollution Enterprises. All Rights Reserved


text:
Purdue in the News
Autonomous diaper sensor better detects urinary tract infection
Watch $_SerializerTool.serialize($vidTitle) on YouTube
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — Urinary tract infections are the second most common type of infection in children, with ear infections taking first place.
Responsible for nearly 10 million doctor visits each year in the U.S., urinary tract infections can also be a major source of additional disease, particularly for elderly people.
Purdue University researchers have come up with a way to embed an autonomous sensor device in diapers to better detect UTIs. The disposable device has been tested and proven to accurately detect the infection, as seen in this video: https://youtu.be/0AWnGW0XEas.
While treatable with antibiotics, checking for UTI at the doctor's office typically involves testing a urine sample for bacteria and blood cells. These samples are hard to collect in individuals who wear diapers.
A disposable diaper sensor can continuously track the presence of urinary tract infection, leading to earlier treatment. (Purdue University image) Download image
"We have at least two big advantages here with our device," said Babak Ziaie, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue. "Because it's autonomous, it doesn't require the patient or caregiver to obtain urine samples, and it can help detect an infection in people who either aren't able to communicate their symptoms, or they don't show typical symptoms."
UTIs develop when bacteria get into the urinary tract and multiply, leading to redness and pain in the urinary tract. Some typical symptoms include an urgent need to urinate, a burning feeling when using the bathroom and a strong odor to the urine. The infection can easily spread to the kidneys and become more severe.
The bandage-sized sensor is self-powered. Once exposed to urine, the battery provides power to the sensor circuitry. The sensor checks for nitrites, chemical compounds commonly associated with urinary tract infections, and wirelessly sends the results via a smartphone to the patient, caregiver, and/or health care network if required.
Purdue researchers tested the prototype with synthetic urine samples. Testing has shown the prototype to be more accurate than commercial dipsticks.
"The autonomous feature improves accuracy because it checks for UTIs on a regular basis, increasing the amount of data. It can also track changes in the status of UTIs over time," said Byunghoo Jung, a Purdue professor of electrical and computer engineering who worked with Ziaie on this technology.
The researchers worked with the Purdue Research Foundation Office of Technology Commercialization to patent the technology. The research team is looking for additional partners and those interested in licensing the technology.
More information on the diaper-embedded sensor is available in a paper published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.
Their work aligns with Purdue's Giant Leaps celebration, acknowledging global advancements in health as part of Purdue's 150th anniversary. It is one of the four themes of the yearlong celebration's Ideas Festival, designed to showcase Purdue as an intellectual center solving real-world issues.
About Purdue Office of Technology Commercialization
The Purdue Office of Technology Commercialization operates one of the most comprehensive technology transfer programs among leading research universities in the U.S. Services provided by this office support the economic development initiatives of Purdue University and benefit the university's academic activities. The office is managed by the Purdue Research Foundation, which received the 2016 Innovation and Economic Prosperity Universities Award for Innovation from the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities. For more information about funding and investment opportunities in startups based on a Purdue innovation, contact the Purdue Foundry at foundry@prf.org. For more information on licensing a Purdue innovation, contact the Office of Technology Commercialization at otcip@prf.org and reference 2014-ZIAI-66713. The Purdue Research Foundation is a private, nonprofit foundation created to advance the mission of Purdue University.
Media contact: Kayla Wiles, 765-494-2432, wiles5@purdue.edu
Writer: Chris Adam
Sources: Babak Ziaie, 765-494-0725, bziaie@purdue.edu
Byunghoo Jung, 765-494-2866, jungb@purdue.edu
Note to Journalists: A YouTube video is available at https://youtu.be/0AWnGW0XEas. Other multimedia can be found in a Google Drive folder at http://bit.ly/ziaie-media. The materials were prepared by Erin Easterling, digital producer for the Purdue College of Engineering, 765-496-3388, easterling@purdue.edu.
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Trouble with this page? Disability-related accessibility issue? Please contact News Service at purduenews@purdue.edu.


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This card comes from a large aerospace manufacturer in the southern US. The author writes, "Earlier this summer, your company sent me some free 5mm M3 stylus extensions. That was awesome! I will happily purchase some more if added to the website."
Thanks for the suggestion! The parts on now available in our online store at www.qmarkdirect.com.
October's Card of the Month is from a client at a medical device and aerospace component builder in New England. She writes, "Needed a special made probe. Was done in one day. Very happy with turnaround time."
If you need something special, chances are we can build it for you in one day. Try us and see!
September's Card of the Month is from a client at a major aerospace component builder in the Southern US. He writes, "I plan on recommending your products to other CMM professionals whenever I get the chance. Y'all rock!"
What's special about his message is that he recognizes the growing community of CMM professionals. We've been serving CMM professionals like him since we opened our doors in 1992. When you call or write to us, you get a response from an individual who knows what we make and what they do. You're a CMM professional. Why not be treated like one?
June's Card of the Month is from a client at a Kentucky-based manufacturer of aluminum extrusions. He writes, "This was an emergency order. Appreciate the quick response".
The card is written in pencil, so it's a little difficult to read. However, the message is clear: Q-Mark helped this person out of a jam. We do that practically every day. That's what we mean by "The best service in the industry"!
May's Card of the Month is the most singular we've ever received. It contains upside-down writing, several puns, and wonderful compliments, like "Your probing saved the day!!!" and "You guys absolutely hit it out of the park each and every time I order probing!" Both sides of the card are festooned with marvelous comments.
Our client is a senior CMM programmer at a New England-based manufacturing firm supplying complex machined parts to the aerospace and power generation industries. We're speechless and extremely grateful for the sentiments!
April's Card of the Month is from a biomedical firm in New Jersey. After putting three(!) check marks on "It is easy to do business with Q-Mark", our client writes, "Extra shipping goodies are most welcome!"
This card is from an employee of a Michigan-based aircraft maintenance firm. He writes, "We are a small company, so we don't buy all the time. When I do buy, I start at Q-Mark. Good website, great phone support, repairs have been outstanding."
A client in New Jersey placed an online order with us. Later, he realized he'd made an error on his order. No problem! He contacted us via email and we fixed the error. He got the parts he needed without any additional delay. He writes, "I originally made an error on my order. Vicki G. was most helpful in getting it corrected. Thank you."
That's what we call "The Best Service in the Industry"!
"Great working with you - your company gets better all the time. Keep it up.", writes the Quality Manager at a precision machine shop in Colorado.
"Appreciate the fast service. You have saved us many times. My sole source.", writes a satisfied client from Connecticut.
"Keep up the good work", writes a Q-Mark client in Southern California. Thanks, we appreciate that!
"A wonderful company to work with", writes an Ohio-based client. That simple sentence sums up our business philosophy. Thank you!
"Great selection / variety" writes a client from Louisiana.


When it comes to winter dressing, gloves are probably a part of your wardrobe you really don't put much thought into. Chuck them in your coat pocket until you absolutely need them, and then shove them down into the depths of your briefcase (where hopefully the pair will stick together) once you're safely shielded from the elements. This, though, is decidedly not how Hestra approaches the cold-weather staple. The Swedish, family-owned brand has been carefully making fine leather gloves since 1936, using the same time-honed techniques for tanning leathers and crafting and stitching wool and fur linings today as they did over 80 years ago.
"Take a look at your own shoe wardrobe," explains Niklas Magnusson, a certified glove cutter and fourth generation member of Hestra's founding family. "I bet you have shoes for every possible occasion. We believe gloves should be [treated] the same way." Which is say you shouldn't be shoveling the snow out of your driveway in the same pair you plan to wear as you walk between meetings later that afternoon—though we'd hope you have enough sense to spare the carpincho nubuck leather cashmere-lined pair (shown above, available at Bergdorf Goodman in New York) for less hands-on activity. But the need to diversify your glove wardrobe doesn't mean that your hard-working pairs have to feel as rugged as they look.
The rugged wools, ultra-warm rabbit fur, and creamy ribbed cashmere that line both the more formal and casual styles ensure that all are as comfortable as possible. And, when combined with uniquely colored leathers, help push the gloves out of the realm of the mundane—making for an eye-catching marriage between form and function.