Once you have registered with us, you will meet with an employment counselor who will draw up a plan of action for you according to your needs. The activities related to your approach are developed according to two objectives: preparing to enter the labor market and developing one's autonomy in job seeking. The path you will make may include one, several, or all of the following steps.
Am I ready to work? What do I know about the labour market ?
You identify with your advisor basic job skills that are necessary for a job (punctuality, collaboration, stress tolerance, etc.).
You also discuss what the labour market is, according to you.
What job would I like to occupy? Am I able to do it? If I do not know, can I try different jobs?
You explore and identify with your advisor your interests in the field and type of employment you wish to occupy.
You also evaluate your abilities to determine if it is realistic to target the chosen job.
At this stage, it may be possible to conduct an exploratory training session to confirm interests and abilities.
Developing my knowledge of the labour market and my professional skills.
You discuss with your advisor the reality of the job market and its requirements.
You also discuss your rights and responsibilities as an employee.
You identify what are the social skills related to the job and your advisor can help you develop those that are not already acquired.
Your advisor can refer you to external pre-employability programs if you are not ready for a regular job.
What tools do I need? How do I search? How can I highlight my skills to a future employer?
Your advisor helps you write your resume and cover letter.
You identify relevant job seeiking tools and your advisor teaches you how to use them or support you in their use.
You practice for job interviews by doing simulations with your advisor.
You organize your job seeking with your advisor and he or her offers you support as needed to accomplish this research.
Your advisor can contact prospective employers to introduce you and explain our services.
Your counselor can accompany you to the hiring interview.
When an employer wants to hire you, your advisor plans your 2-day trial and will accompany you if necessary.
Your advisor assesses the duties associated with the position offered to you and the coaching available in the workplace. This is to determine with you what your employment support needs will be.


text:
René Mourre, de son vrai nom René Maurier, né le  à Saint-Étienne (Loire) et mort fusillé le  à Chailly-en-Bière (Seine-et-Marne), est un ajusteur français, militant communiste, dirigeant de Paris-Ville puis secrétaire administratif du Comité central du Parti communiste.

Biographie
René Maurier est le fils d'un cheminot. Il adhère au Parti communiste en 1925 et est connu sous le nom de Mourre. Après avoir suivi les cours d'une école régionale du parti, il est secrétaire de Paris-Ville aux côtés de Pierre Semard et de Maurice Lampe à partir de 1933.

Il joue rôle important au sein de l'appareil semi-clandestin du parti communiste français à partir de 1936. C'est un proche collaborateur de Maurice Thorez et il est impliqué aux côtés de Maurice Tréand dans des tâches touchant à la solidarité internationale (aide aux républicains espagnols durant la guerre d'Espagne) et à la sécurité. Avec Henri Janin, maire de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Maurice Colin, conseiller municipal de Paris, et le député Albert Rigal, il recherche des « planques » dans des pavillons ou de petites fermes dans la grande banlieue du sud-ouest de Paris.

Après la déclaration de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en , René Mourre est notamment chargé de préparer le départ clandestin de Maurice Thorez, sans toutefois pouvoir appliquer son plan car occupé à renouer les fils avec le « centre international » de Bruxelles. Il est arrêté le  à Paris. Les conditions de son arrestation sont décrites ainsi par Pierre Villon :

Condamné le  à cinq ans de prison, il est incarcéré à Bourges le . Par la suite, sous l'Occupation, livré aux Allemands, il est fusillé comme otage le .

Il est enterré au cimetière du Père-Lachaise, en même temps que Louis Thorez, frère de Maurice Thorez, en , face au mur des Fédérés.

Son nom figure sur une plaque commémorative apposée à la Bourse du travail de Paris, où  l'on peut lire : « à la mémoire des dirigeants de syndicats tombés dans les combats contre le nazisme pour la libération de la France. Lorsqu'on ne tuera plus, ils seront bien vengés et ce sera justice » (Paul Éluard).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Guillaume Bourgeois, notice dans Le Dictionnaire Bibliographique du Mouvement Ouvrier Français, Editions Ouvrières.

Article connexe
 Histoire du Parti communiste français

Liens externes

 Les Mémoires de Mounette Dutilleul, sur trcamps.free.fr

Personnalité du Parti communiste français
Naissance en août 1901
Naissance à Saint-Étienne
Décès en avril  1942
Décès à 40 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I feel like scrooge right now! Ughhh! We took the girls to see Santa this afternoon and I got some adorable pictures and was so excited to post them. During Christmas tree decorating I tried to delete just one picture and I deleted them ALL! Ughhh! Completely ruined my night and I just can't seem to get over it!
oh crap! I would have a hard time getting over that too. So sorry.


How to get the specific value from GameObject?
In the collectibles script you can not get the specific values by acessing the script itself, you need to have a owner.
I have this static value, how can I change this to access?
Okay, so I changed the script like how you type it and change "public static int score" to just "public int score" But instead of += this.score I think there must to be a += this.scoreValue right?
Wouldn't it be better to have Collectibles script with a List or Array that holds all the Collectible objects instead of two instances of that Script on the GameObject?
Is that will be easier? I'm not so good in scripting for now, don't know many things :) I need just to make the collectibles to show specific value, and not updating this value when other collectible is collected because it have his own score text to be shown.


text:
For the military use of this facility, see Bakalar Air Force Base.
Columbus Municipal Airport  is three miles north of Columbus, in Bartholomew County, Indiana, United States.

Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but this airport is BAK to the FAA and CLU to the IATA.

History
The airport is on the site of the former World War II Atterbury Army Airfield, a U.S. Army Air Forces facility, and Bakalar Air Force Base, a Cold War-era U.S. Air Force installation utilized primarily by the Air Force Reserve.  It was the host base for the 434th Troop Carrier Wing twice, from 1949 to 1952 and again from 1953 to 1969.

Facilities

Columbus Municipal Airport covers  at an elevation of 656 feet (200 m). It has two concrete runways: 5/23 is 6,400 by 150 feet (1,951 x 46 m) and 14/32 is 5,000 by 100 feet (1,524 x 30 m).

In 2005 the airport had 39,155 aircraft operations, average 107 per day: 91% general aviation and 9% military. In 2015, 77 aircraft were based at the airport: 58 single-engine, 8 multi-engine, 7 jet, 2 helicopter, 1 glider and 1 ultra-light.

Terminal building

The airport completely renovated its terminal building in 2015.

References

External links

 Columbus Municipal Airport
 Aerial photo from Indiana Department of Transportation

Airports in Indiana
Transportation buildings and structures in Bartholomew County, Indiana
Columbus, Indiana


We hope that these links on adoption encourage and refresh you in your walk with Jesus!
Little 5-year-old Miroslav is alone in an orphanage in Ukraine. Head on over to The Rebelution's website to read more about how you can help a precious boy find an adoptive family. It's easy and it only takes a minute!
Also on the topic of adoption, this touching video of the Chen family's journey paints a beautiful picture of our Heavenly Father and His adoption of us. Definitely worth watching!


text:
Biden-Harris Administration Launches New Initiatives to Modernize Electromagnetic Spectrum Access and Technological Resources on Tribal Lands
The Departments of the Interior and Commerce and the Federal Communications Commission announced a new Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to advance electromagnetic spectrum access opportunities and the deployment of broadband and other wireless services on Tribal lands. Additionally, the Department of the Interior is establishing a new Office of Indigenous Communications and Technology (OICT) to assist Tribal Nations and Tribal entities in managing and developing new technological and wireless services on Tribal lands to advance true self-determination over digital resources. The new MOU will provide a framework to explore new opportunities to develop wireless services and intergovernmental coordination, including spectrum access and data exchange over Tribal lands, in support of Tribal political and economic self-determination in the digital era. OICT will focus on the facilitation of robust partnerships between Tribes and the tech industry that will advance new Tribal economic development initiatives, including electric vehicles, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) used for mapping, surveying and other services. Building upon the Interior Department's unique role and fiduciary duty to manage Tribal lands and resources, OICT will also review new electromagnetic spectrum leasing opportunities to advance Tribal self-determination, help develop national Tribal broadband policy guidance through on-going, consistent intergovernmental coordination, and provide technical assistance for the establishment of wireless, digital and technological projects on Tribal lands and Native Hawaiian homelands.
Biden-Harris Administration Launches New Initiatives to Modernize Electromagnetic Spectrum Access and Technological Resources on
Digital Equity/Digital Inclusion
Economic Development Administration (Department of Commerce)
Universal Broadband
How the Martha Wright-Reed Act Moves Us Closer to Just and Reasonable Communications
Comcast Partners with National Skills Coalition to Close the Digital Divide
Closing the Digital Divide Requires More Than a Quick Fix
FCC Asks Consumers to Share Their Broadband Access Experiences
117TH Congress Accomplishments: Broadband

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Machetes and taser seized by Worcester police
A 24 year old man was arrested at the address and a large quantity of Class B drugs were recovered.
A second address was searched by officers in Kidderminster where further evidence was recovered.
Detective Sergeant Luke Papps said: "This operation forms part of an ongoing County Line investigation by the South Worcester Proactive Team into a drug line running from the West Midlands into Evesham.
"As part of the investigation five men from the West Midlands have been arrested and currently released under investigation.
"The investigation has so far recovered over £8000 in cash, over ½ kg of Cannabis and a significant amount of crack cocaine and heroin.
"Numerous weapons have been recovered including machetes and a Taser.
"This is an ongoing effort to proactively target those responsible for running drug lines into South Worcestershire. The team have been working jointly with West Midlands Police and local policing teams in Evesham to reduce the harm caused by drug related crime and disorder."
The criminal exploitation of vulnerable people, which includes county lines, has been a priority for West Mercia Police for a long time and our officers are working continuously to disrupt and dismantle drugs supply and protect the young and vulnerable people who are exploited by them in our communities.
Concerns about drug dealing and County Lines gangs or victims can be reported online at
https://www.westmercia.police.uk/ro/report/ocr/af/how-to-report-a-crime/.


text:
15 more deaths in county; new cases trending downward
Fifteen more Porter County residents succumbed to COVID-19 over the 72-hour period Friday-Sunday, the Porter County Health Department (PCHD) was reporting.
Seven of the victims resided in Center Township; seven, in Portage Township; and one in Liberty Township.
Three victims were in the 60-69 demographic; four, in the 70-79; six, in the 80-89; and one in the 90-and-over. PCDH did not provide the demographic of the fifteenth victim, whose death was reported on Sunday. Eight of the victims resided in long term care facilities (LTCFs).
To date, 144 Porter County residents have lost their lives to COVID-19.
Deaths by township: in Duneland, 14 Liberty residents; 10 Westchester; and two Jackson. Outside of Duneland: 60 Center residents; 49 Portage; seven Union; one Boone; and one Washington.
Deaths by age group (not yet fully updated): five in the 40-49; 12 in the 50-59; 20 in the 60-69; 32 in the 70-79; 42 in the 80-89; and 32 in the 90-and-over.
In the 44 days since Oct. 30, COVID-19 has claimed the lives of 88 Porter County residents. In the 20 days since Monday, Nov. 23, 57 residents have died.
Over the same 72-hour period, PCHD reported 406 new COVID-19 cases, to bring the total so far to 10,686.
As of Sunday, PCHD was putting the 0-19 age group at 1.5K cases; the 20-29 at 1.9K; the 30-39 at 1.6K; the 40-49 at 1.7K; the 50-59 at 1.6K; and the 60-69 at 1.2K.
The other age group totals as of Sunday: 70-79, 644 cases (622 on Thursday); 80-89, 349 cases (337); and 90-and-over, 140 (137).
Meanwhile, PCHD reported a total of 902 new cases for the week ending Saturday, Dec. 12, 36 percent fewer than the record high of 1,408 reported for the week ending Nov. 21. More: in each of the last three weeks--ending Nov. 28, Dec. 5, and Dec. 12--the number of new cases declined, which suggests that Porter County residents on the whole did in fact exercise caution while celebrating the Thanksgiving holiday.
PCHD also reported 42 hospitalizations on Sunday, up from 40 on Thursday.
Prior to Nov. 3, no more than 28 COVID-19 patients had ever been hospitalized at one time: on May 20, nearly seven months ago.
Of Sunday's 42 hospitalizations, 10 were residents of long term care facilities (LTCFs).
LTCFs
Of the new cases reported Friday-Sunday, seven were residents of a long term care facility, to bring the total so far to 498, up from 491 on Thursday.
Of those 498 LTCF cases, 10 were hospitalized on Sunday, up from seven on Thursday; 347 have recovered, unchanged from Thursday; and 84 have died, up from 76 on Thursday.
As of Sunday there were 67 active COVID-19 cases in Porter County LTCFs, down from 68 on Thursday.
Over the first six months of the pandemic--from March 17, when PCHD first started tracking COVID-19 numbers, to Oct. 16--a total of 119 cases was reported by LTCFs. In the 58 days since Oct. 16 that number has grown by fully 379 new cases, or 318 percent.
PCHD reported 8,725 recoveries on Sunday, unchanged from Thursday.
Total active cases in Porter County as of Sunday, after subtracting the 8,725 recoveries and 144 deaths: 1,817, up from 1,426 on Thursday.
-- New cases per 100,000 residents as of Sunday: 516 (529 on Saturday; 664 on Dec. 6).
-- Unique-individual positivity rate as of Dec. 5: 24.4 percent (26.0 percent on Dec. 4; 23.2 percent on Nov. 28).
-- All-test positivity rate as of Dec. 5: 13.9 percent (15.1 percent on Dec. 4; 13.4 percent on Nov. 28). Note: both positivity rates lag up to eight days due to Indiana State Department of Health reporting methods.
-- Westchester: 1,237 cases (1,180 on Thursday). Active cases: 204 (147 on Thursday).
-- Pine: 57 cases (51). Active cases: 11 (five).
-- Portage: 3,365 cases (3,237 on Thursday). Active cases: 550 (429 on Thursday).
-- Union: 591 cases (569). Active cases: 113 (91).
-- Boone: 347 cases (333). Active cases: 73 (59).
-- Pleasant: 182 cases (170). Active cases: 40 (28).
-- Morgan: 265 cases (259). Active cases 38 (32).


Palisades Powerplant serves large irrigation pumping power requirements on and near the Minidoka Project in southern Idaho. Palisades Dam is a large zoned earthfill structure 270 feet high, has a crest length of 2,100 feet, and contains 13,571,000 cubic yards of material. At the time of construction, this was the largest volume of material placed in a dam by Reclamation. The powerplant and outlet works are fed by separate 26-foot diameter tunnels through the left abutment. The Palisades Powerplant has four generators, and an original hydraulic capacity of 8,000 cubic feet per second. The spillway is a 28-foot diameter tunnel through the left abutment, with a capacity of 48,500 cubic feet per second. The powerplant serves large irrigation pumping power requirements on and near the Minidoka Project in Southern Idaho. Energy in excess of project uses is marketed by BPA. Palisades Powerplant was transferred to the Minidoka Project Office (now Snake River Area Office - East) for operations and maintenance soon after construction.
The Palisades Project is a multiple-purpose development involving irrigation, power, flood control, recreation, and fish and wildlife conservation. Palisades Dam is on the Snake River at Calamity Point in eastern Idaho about 18 miles west of the Idaho-Wyoming boundary. The project provides a supplemental water supply to about 670,000 acres of irrigated land in the Minidoka and Michaud Flats Projects. The 176,564-kilowatt hydroelectric powerplant furnishes energy needed in the upper valley to serve irrigation pumping units, municipalities, rural cooperatives, and other power users.
Oil filled 115 kV switchyard circuit breakers were replaced with SF6 breakers in 2003, 12.5/115 kV transformer was replaced in 2003, and unit protective relays were replaced in 2002-2003. Also in 2003, line relays and Units 2 and 3 thrust bearing oil coolers were replaced and the unit vibration monitoring system was installed. In addition numerous security enhancements were completed in 2003. Palisades has been operating under drought conditions since 2001 affecting net generation.
Complete replacement of unit trust bearing oil coolers in 2004, replace iso phase bus system on Units 1 and 3 in 2004, and replace Powerplant roof in 2004-2005.
The Secretary of the Interior initially authorized the Palisades Project on December 9, 1941, under the provisions of Section 9 of the Reclamation Project Act of 1939 (53 Stat. 1187). The Congress reauthorized the Palisades Project on September 30, 1950 (Public Law 864, 81st Congress), in accordance with a supplemental report approved by the Secretary of the Interior in 1949.


text:
Subscribe to CANUSA VACATIONS
Sign up for our free newsletter and get the latest news.
We offer you clean, comfortable and spacious cottages. You can also enjoy one of our luxurious, fully equipped 44-foot long houseboats.
Find vacancies and availability. Make reservations by calling us at (705) 237-8965 or emailing us at [email protected].
We offer competitive pricing. Click here for cottage-rental rates, and houseboat rates.
We're proudly located on Lake Temagami, nestled in the heart of Ontario's Near North. It's a playground of unspoiled pine forests, hundreds of secluded islands, and crystal clear water.
From Toronto travel north on Highway 400 to Highway 11 to North Bay. Continue for 55 more miles north on Highway 11 (92 km). Watch for our highway signs and turn west (left) onto the Lake Temagami Access Road. Drive 11 miles (18 km) to the end of the road where you can park your car. Call us from the phone booth for transportation to Island 212.
See below for location of Canusa Vacations on Lake Temagami. You can enlarge the map for better viewing.
Click here to save map and print later.
If you are arriving for a cottage rental, please go to the Mine Landing.
If you are arriving for a houseboat rental, please go to the Manitou Landing.
Click on the map for better viewing.
Cottage Arrival Instructions:
When you arrive in the Temagami area (just south of the town of Temagami), turn left onto the Lake Temagami Access Road if you're coming from the south, or right if you're coming from the north (watch for our sign). Proceed to the very end of the road to the Mine Landing. If you have your own boat, you can come over on your own. Just head left; we are the second island on the right. The cottages are numbered sequentially, so just look for your cottage and land at the dock in front of your cottage. If you require transportation to the island, call us (at 237-8965) from the phone booth. Do not unload your vehicle until the shuttle boat gets there (as you may end up carrying everything further than you need to).
Refer to the Lake Temagami Access map above.
Houseboat Arrival Instructions:
When you arrive in the Temagami area (just south of the town of Temagami), turn left onto the Lake Temagami Access Road if you're coming from the south, or right if you're coming from the north (watch for our sign). If you have a cell phone, please call us (at 705-237-8965) just as you turn off Highway 11 onto the Lake Temagami Access Road to let us know your arrival time (cell service does not work at the landing). Otherwise drive to the Mine Landing, and call us from the phone booth there. Note: Your final destination point is the Manitou Landing (it has no pay phone), but you need to let us know when you will be there, so we can bring the houseboat over. The houseboat will be brought to the Manitou Landing for you to board directly; do not unload your vehicle until the houseboat gets there (as you may end up carrying everything further than you need to). An orientation will be provided and geared to your experience level. Please be patient; sometimes we have more than one group arriving on the same day.
Lake Temagami Cottage and Houseboat Rentals
Canusa Vacations | Group Box 6, Island 212 Temagami, ON P0H 2H0
+1 (705) 237-8965 | [email protected]
© Copyright 2019 | View our Privacy Policy


text:
Thomas Samuel Kuhn, född 18 juli 1922 i Cincinnati, Ohio, död 17 juni 1996 i Cambridge, Massachusetts, var en amerikansk professor, vetenskapsteoretiker och författare till många verk inom idé- och lärdomshistoria.

Kuhn avlade doktorsexamen i fysik vid Harvard University 1949 och undervisade sedan i vetenskapshistoria vid detta universitet mellan 1948 och 1956. Därefter undervisade Kuhn vid, i tur och ordning, University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University och Massachusetts Institute of Technology, till dess han pensionerade sig 1991.

Mest känd är Kuhn för sin bok De vetenskapliga revolutionernas struktur, i vilken han lägger fram idén att vetenskapen genomgår en stegvis utveckling där en fas utgörs av vetenskapsteoretiska revolutioner, av Kuhn kallade paradigmskiften, en idé som liknar Gaston Bachelards teori om epistemologisk brytning (coupure épistémologique), men utvecklades parallellt. Mot dessa revolutioner står den så kallade normalvetenskapen, som betecknar den fas när inga större förändringar sker, då vetenskapen håller sig inom paradigmet. Enligt Kuhn föregås ett paradigmskifte alltid av en vetenskaplig kris, som till exempel kan utgöras av anomalier som inte kan förklaras utifrån paradigmet. Olika paradigm har olika metoder och olika uppfattningar om vad som betingar giltighet. Vad som slutligen avgör vad som blir ett paradigmskifte är bland annat grupptryck.

Central i Kuhns begreppsvärld är även hans teori om inkommensurabilitet. Enligt Kuhn påverkas perceptionen av paradigmet, och vad som motsäger paradigmets giltighet märks därför inte av vetenskapsmännen; en observation kan således aldrig vara objektiv, opartisk eller utan förutfattade meningar.

Boken fick enorm betydelse för all form av vetenskaplig forskning, och det blotta faktum att det idag är vanligt att tala om paradigm går tillbaka till denna bok av Kuhn. Uttrycket vetenskaplig revolution är dock inte myntat av Kuhn utan hade redan börjat användas bland vetenskapshistoriker några år tidigare; den äldsta förekomsten i en boktitel härrör från 1954.

Kuhn är vid sidan av Karl Popper, Imre Lakatos och Paul Feyerabend en av de viktigaste vetenskapsteoretikerna under efterkrigstiden. Kuhn delar Poppers kritik av positivismen, men kritiserar bland annat Poppers vetenskapshistoriska åskådning och falsifikationism.

Arbeten i urval
 Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1962. . Svensk översättning De vetenskapliga revolutionernas struktur av Örjan Björkhem (1979), .

Referenser

Webbkällor

Tryckta källor

 . Översättning av Jim Jakobsson från originalet ''The Structure of Scientific Revolution, Fourth Edition, 2012.

Noter

Amerikanska filosofer under 1900-talet
Vetenskapsteoretiker
Personer verksamma vid Princeton University
Personer verksamma vid Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Alumner från Harvard University
Födda 1922
Avlidna 1996
Män
Personer från Cincinnati
Forskare från Ohio


It's actually happening! After initially canceling the film's premiere following threats from a group of hackers, Sony Pictures will now allow The Interview to play in select theaters on Christmas day — and reportedly plans to release it online, as well. It is, after all, the internet's favorite movie.
If you're looking to see the movie with family on Christmas day — or see the movie while the rest of the family watches Annie — here's a list of every theater that's confirmed to be showing The Interview on December 25th. If you see any that we've missed, let us know!
Sony will reportedly offer The Interview online for Christmas Day, though nothing's been announced yet.
Enterprise. Clark Cinema 1 & 2.
Fort Payne. Fort Payne Cinemas 6.
Huntsville. Madison Square Stadium 8.
Lake Havasu. Lake Havasu Cinema 10.
Scottsdale. Ultraluxe Scottsdale Pavillions 11.
Sierra Vista. Uptown 3 Theatre.
Tempe. The Valley Art will be showing the film at 10:45AM, 1:30PM, 4:15PM, 7:00PM, and 9:45PM. Tickets are available now.
Tuscon. The Loft Cinema has screenings set for 2:15PM, 5:00PM, 7:45PM, and 10:20PM. Tickets are on sale now.
Cabot. Silver Screen Cinemas 8.
El Dorado. Stars Cinema 6.
Hot Springs. Behind the Mall Cinema 5.
Little Rock. Riverdale 10 Cinemas. Times are forthcoming.
Agoura Hills. The Regency Agoura Hills Stadium 8. Tickets are available now.
Angels Camp. Angel Cinema 6.
Azusa. The Regency Foothill Cinema Stadium 10. Tickets are available now.
Bakersfield. Maya Bakersfield 16 Cinemas.
Bakersfield. The Regency at East Hills Mall. Tickets are available now.
Cathedral City. Mary Pickford Theatre.
City of Commerce. The Regency Commerce 14. Times available from the theater.
Folsom. The Palladio 16 Cinemas. Tickets available now on Fandango.
Fontana. The Regency Fontana 8 will show the film at 1:50PM, 4:40PM, 7:50PM, and 10:35PM. Tickets are available now.
Garden Grove. 4 Star Cinemas.
Granada Hills. The Granda Hills 9. Tickets are available now.
Los Angeles. The Los Feliz 3 has four showings scheduled: 1:30PM, 4:15PM, 7:00PM, and 9:50PM. Tickets are available at the box office.
Martinez. Contra Costa Cinemas 8.
Monterey. Osio Plaza Theatre 6.
Morgan Hill. Tennant Station Stadium Cinemas.
Palm Desert. Cinémas Palme D'Or. Tickets now available.
Perris. Regency's Perris 10, with three screenings on Christmas Day. Tickets are available now.
PIttsburgh. Maya Century Plaza 16.
Red Bluff. Prime Cinema 6.
Riverside. The Regency University Village 10 will be showing the film. Times are available from the box office.
Riverside. The Mission Grove Theater. Tickets are available now.
San Bernardino. Regency's Sterling 6. Tickets are available now.
San Diego. The Media Arts Center's Digital Gym Cinema has five screenings scheduled. Full information here.
San Jose. Camera Three Cinemas.
Santa Cruz. Del Mar Theatre 3.
Santa Paula. Regency's Santa Paula 7. Tickets are available now.
Scotts Valley. Scotts Valley 10 Cinema.
Thousand Oaks. The Janss Marketplace 9 has screenings at 1:40PM, 4:40PM. 7:50PM, and 10:30PM. Tickets are available now.
Van Nuys. Regency's Van Nuys Plant 16, at 11:45AM, 2:20PM, 5:00PM, 7:40PM, and 10:15PM. Tickets are available now.
Westminster. The Regency Westminster 10 is showing the film at 11:40AM, 2:20PM, 5:10PM, 7:50PM, and 10:30PM. Tickets are available now.
Ft. Collins. The Lyric Cinema Cafe. Tickets are available now.
Littleton. The Alamo Drafthouse Littleton will be screening the film. Tickets are available now.
Hartford. Spotlight Theatres Front Street Stadium.
Waterbury. Apple Cinemas Waterbury 10.
Rehoboth Beach. Movies at Midway 14.
Jacksonville. The Sun-Ray Cinema will be kicking things off with an 11:50PM screening on Christmas Eve. Tickets are on sale now.
Atlanta. The Plaza Atlanta will be showing The Interview five times across two screens: 4PM, 5PM, 6:30PM, 7:30PM, and 9:35PM.
Jasper. The Jasper 8 will be showing the film four times: 2:05PM, 4:40PM, 7:10PM, and 9:35PM. Tickets are on sale now.
Chalmette. The Chalmette Movies. Tickets are available now.
Shreveport. The Robinson Film Center will be adjusting its schedule to give the movie a week-long run.
Cambridge. Apple Cinemas has screenings scheduled for 1:30PM, 6:45PM, and 10:45PM. Tickets are available now.
Ann Arbor. The State Theatre will be showing the movie at 6:45PM and 9:30PM. Tickets are available now.
Kalamazoo. The Alamo will be screening the film.
Minneapolis. The Film Society of Minneapolis St. Paul will be screening the film at the St. Anthony Main Theatre. Tickets are available now.
Kansas City. The Alamo Main Street will be screening the film.
St.Louis. MX Movies will be screening the movie. Tickets go on sale later today.
Yonkers. The Alamo will be screening the film.
Roxboro. The Palace Pointe theater will be showing the film at 4:35PM, 7:10PM, and 9:45PM. Tickets available now.
Cleveland. Tower City Cinemas has four screenings: 2:05 PM, 4:45 PM, 7:15 PM, and 10:05 PM. Tickets are available now.
Columbus. The Gateway Film Center will be screening the film, starting at 8PM.
Pittsburgh. SouthSide Works Cinema. Times are forthcoming.
Charleston. The Terrace Theater will be showing the film at 12:15PM, 2:25PM, 4:45PM, 7:20PM, and 9:35PM. Tickets are available now.
Columbia. The Nickelodeon will begin screening the film on December 26th.
Nashville. The Belcourt Theatre will be showing the film at 1:30PM and 7:00PM, with more showing in subsequent days. You can read the theater's statement on its decision to open the film here. Tickets are on sale now.
Austin. The Alamo Drafthouse is owning The Interview on Christmas Day. It will be screening the film at: Alamo Lakeline, Alamo Slaughter, Alamo South Lamar, and the Alamo Ritz. You might want to try buying tickets in person, but the website is here.
Dallas / Fort Worth. The Alamo Drafthouse has four screenings: 2:20PM, 7:55PM, 10:15PM, 11:55PM. Tickets are on sale now.
Houston. The Alamo Vintage park will be screening the film.
Katy. The Alamo Mason Park will be screening the film.
Lubbock. The Alamo will be screening the film.
New Braunfels. The Alamo Marketplace will be screening the film.
Richardson. The Alamo will be screening the film.
San Antonio. City Base Cinema will also be showing the film. Tickets are available now.
Franklin. The Franklin Theatre will host 10PM screenings of the film. Tickets are on sale now.
Ashburn. The Alamo Loudoun will be screening the film.


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Defense News Conference
F-35 program office floats new 'agile acquisition' strategy
By: Valerie Insinna September 6, 2017
U.S. Air Force Capt. Michael Slotten, a 61st Fighter Squadron F-35 student pilot, climbs into an F-35 Lightning II at Luke Air Force Base, Ariz., on July 7, 2017. (Staff Sgt. Jensen Stidham/U.S. Air Force)
WASHINGTON — The F-35 joint program office is rolling out a new strategy that it hopes will make updates to the jet more efficient and agile, the head of the program announced Wednesday.
Vice Adm. Mat Winter will bring a new plan to the U.S. Defense Department's top acquisition official for final approval in late October, Winter said during a keynote speech at the Defense News Conference.
"The current acquisition strategy has us doing a serial [and] sequential design, develop, integrate, test [and] deliver strategy. I'm not convinced that's the most efficient and effective way, most importantly, to deliver and continuously deliver capability to our war fighters ... as we go beyond Block 3F," he said.
The Pentagon's plan to keep the F-35 modern
The program executive officer for the F-35, Vice Adm. Matt Winter, lays out the plan to begin modernizing the new aircraft as soon as it rolls off the line.
"Envision in your head: The pilot jumps in the jet, fires it up, the panoramic cockpit display comes up. We have different sensors on the airplane. One of them is an electro-optic system" called EODAS for short, he said. "Envision a little window pops up and says: 'latest EODAS software update ready for download, yes or no?' Similar to what you do on your smartphone."
That will entail changing the F-35's acquisition strategy to allow for agile software development where development and testing happen concurrently, and incremental updates are continuously pushed out, he said.
This new way of doing business will allow the joint program office, or JPO, to field F-35s with 3F software — which expands the plane's flight envelope and allows it to use its full suite of weapons — and deliver 3F jets for operational testing on time. The major change is that it would now fix minor software deficiencies after the fact.
F-35 Program Office Seeking an Extra $530M to Wrap Up Development
The F-35 joint program office will need an additional $530 million to complete development of the joint strike fighter program, it confirmed this week.
By: Valerie Insinna
However, Winter stressed that this will not impact the timeline of the F-35's follow-on modernization program, sometimes called Block 4, which is slated to start in 2019 and will involve adding software capability for new weapons and sensors.
The result will allow the JPO to more effectively prioritize corrections for software and firmware deficiencies that impact every part of the F-35 enterprise, including the sensors, mission-planning system and logistics suite, he said.
Those deficiencies are usually pretty trivial — for instance, a map that refreshes in five seconds instead of the three seconds specified by requirements — but they need to be corrected, he said.
"There is a DR [deficiency report] database against the 3F capability. We are going to continue to chip away where we have time and it makes sense, to enhance and improve the Block 3F capability while putting the design/development plan together for these brand new requirements and bring them into a blended correction of deficiency and Block 4 development delivery," he said.
"That timeline, we're reassessing the priorities of those new requirements with our war fighter based on technical feasibility and the resources available to execute."
Naval officer takes over F-35 program as Bogdan retires
Leadership of the F-35 program passed from the Air Force to the Navy on Thursday, as the joint program office looks toward wrapping up the F-35 development program and the Navy's initial operational capability declaration in 2018.
Winter said the JPO has provided continuous updates to congressional defense committees about the plan and will conduct a more robust briefing if the strategy is approved. However, the new strategy "has a lot of friction and inhibitors," he said.
"I am going to be asking the system to do things it's never done before," he said. "I'm asking the system to do true model-based systems engineering simultaneously with capabilities-based testing. The same time. With DT [developmental testing] and OT [operational testing happening at the] same time. Real time. Allowing us to be able to truly change the way we contract and cost estimate."
About Valerie Insinna
Valerie Insinna is Defense News' air warfare reporter. She previously worked the Navy/congressional beats for Defense Daily, which followed almost three years as a staff writer for National Defense Magazine. Prior to that, she worked as an editorial assistant for the Tokyo Shimbun's Washington bureau.
Pentagon acquisition boss talks industry, mergers and coronavirus
Thornberry on overseas priorities, funding and advice to his successor
US Navy's long-delayed plan for its future force is nearing the finish line … sort of
New Pentagon directive will put programs on more solid ground, says MDA boss
AI's dogfight triumph a step toward human-machine teaming


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De Diversis Artibus (DDA 57 (N.S. 20))
History of Modern Physics
Proceedings of the XXth International Congress of History of Science (Liège, 20-26 July 1997) Vol. XIV
H. Kragh, G. Vanpaemel, P. Marage (eds.)
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Online content: http://www.brepolsonline.net/action/showBook?doi=10.1484/M.DDA-EB.5.112472
Addressing modern physics in its largest perspective, the present volume, which includes 34 contributions, begins with a reappraisal of classical science. However, the stress is placed on the contemporary period with sections devoted to thermodynamics and mechanics, the centenary of the electron, Einstein, the quantum theory and particle physics.
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La géométrie de la mesure dans les traductions arabo-latines médiévales
Moyon Johannes Buridanus, Quaestiones topicorum
Green-Pedersen Walcher of Malvern, De lunationibus and De Dracone (Walcher of Malvern)
Nothaft Craft Treatises and Handbooks
Córdoba Avicenna and his Legacy
Langermann On the Properties of Soul and Body (Bartholomaeus Anglicus)
Long Shaping Authority: How Did a Person Become an Authority in Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
Boodts et al.


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Hannah is from the nation's capital and is a recent graduate of American University where she graduated with a BA in Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. While at AU, Hannah was able to put the theories behind her academic work into practice while she served as the Director of Women's Initiative from 2013 to 2014. As Director of Women's Initiative, Hannah dedicated herself to becoming an advocate for the women on American University's campus. She focused her advocacy efforts of reforming sexual assault education at the university level. As a result of her advocacy efforts, Hannah researched and wrote her senior thesis as an analysis of American University's need for mandatory sexual assault prevention education. In addition to her advocacy efforts as Director of Women's Initiative, Hannah also brought prominent speakers to American University, such as Laverne Cox and Sandra Fluke. Before her work as Director of Women's Initiative, Hannah worked as a legal intern for the DC Volunteer Lawyers Project; it was in this position that Hannah found her passion for women's and gender equity. Hannah is excited to join the Women's Campaign Fund and is looking forward to applying her passion for women's and gender equity to the work she will be doing this Fall.
Originally hailing from Dallas TX, Camden graduated in 2013 from Beloit College with a major in Political Science and Psychology. While at Beloit, Camden worked as a Campus Coordinator for Common Cause of Wisconsin, participated in Beloit's Cross-Cultural study abroad program to Estonia and Morocco, and was a proud member of Theta Pi Gamma Sorority. Camden first fell in love with DC while participating in American University's Washington Semester Program where she focused her studies on International Law and Organizations while interning for the House Majority Committee on Ways and Means. Prior to joining the Women's Campaign Fund, Camden worked as an Admissions Associate for the Charles Koch Institute where she helped educate others on the ideas of liberty and free-market principles. Camden is excited about the opportunity to use her talents as Political and Programs fellow to help bring more women into the political arena.
Mary Lee graduated from Stonehill College in 2014 with a BA in Mediated Communications and Journalism minor. While at SC, Mary Lee was an NCAA student-athlete and played lacrosse for the Skyhawks. Mary Lee wrote for her college newspaper, 'The Summit,' and covered stories on academic news, campus sexual assaults, and the presidential election. She was also a contributing writer for Her Campus Magazine and Inside Lacrosse Magazine. During her senior year, Mary Lee participated in Stonehill's Los Angeles Internship program and worked for NBC Entertainment and The Groundlings Theatre. She was a publicity intern for shows like "Parks and Recreation" "The Blacklist" and "The Voice" and worked the improvisational and sketch comedy shows at The Groundlings. Before she went to LA, she worked as a production assistant on the documentary "113 Days," which brought attention to women athletics. Mary Lee also participated in her school's study abroad program at Charles University in the Czech Republic. Mary Lee is excited to unite her passion for equality, comedy, and politics at the Women's Campaign Fund.
Daniela graduated from Swarthmore College in 2014 with a B.A. in Gender & Sexuality Studies and Biology. While at Swarthmore, Daniela was a Sexual Misconduct Advisor, advocating for sexual assault survivors and raising awareness of the destructiveness of interpersonal violence. Daniela is also a certified Emergency Medical Technician and a reviewer for an online feminist journal. Most recently, Daniela was a Special Projects Assistant at a nonprofit in New York City that aims to empower underprivileged students and transform the educational system. Daniela is excited to combine her passion for gender equality and reproductive rights as a Development Fellow at the Women's Campaign Fund.


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Microsoft Store website finally has Surface 2 tablets back in stock
By John Callaham Neowin @JCalmn · Jan 20, 2014 12:46 EST · Hot! with 13 comments
Last week, we reported that the Microsoft Store website was showing that all but one model of the Surface 2 and Surface Pro 2 tablets were out of stock; a situation that had persisted for several weeks. This weekend, Microsoft finally got some new Surface 2 units for sale, which may signal better availability of the tablets in the future.
The site shows that both the 32GB and 64GB Surface 2 models are now available for purchase on the site. In addition, it also shows the 64GB Surface Pro 2 is back on sale alongside the 512GB model. However, both the 128GB and the 256GB Surface Pro 2 are still listed as out of stock, as is the 32GB model of the original Surface RT tablet.
Microsoft has not offered a direct comment on why they were unable to keep up with the demand for the new Surface tablets for the past several weeks, which included most of the holiday shopping period of 2013. The company's only statement on the matter said, "We're actively working with our manufacturing teams and retail partners to get Surface in customers' hands as soon as possible." Microsoft is scheduled to reveal its fourth quarter 2013 financial number on Thursday and hopefully we will get some information about sales of the new Surface models at that time.
Image via Microsoft
Respawn: Open beta for Titanfall is "possible" before game's release
South Korean wireless carrier promises 300 Mbps by end of 2014
Amazon is offering great discounts on Microsoft Surface accessories
Microsoft Surface Pro 7 gets a $440 price cut on Amazon


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January 10, 2022 1982kontepeters
Drone Alone: Cops Save Man Who'd Wandered From Hospital Lying In Freezing Ditch
By Lee Bullen
Derbyshire, England, police used a drone to find a confused elderly man lying in a ditch on a freezing night, six hours after he wandered out of the hospital.
The rescue took place in Calow in Derbyshire, at around 5:30 a.m. on Dec. 2.
Derbyshire Constabulary said in a statement on Jan. 8: "An elderly man who went missing from hospital in Chesterfield on a freezing December night was rescued by officers, after a last-minute decision to widen their search area using a police drone.
"The man, in his eighties, was being treated for an infection in Chesterfield Royal Hospital in Calow when he left the hospital in a confused state at around 11:10 p.m. on 1 December.
"That night the temperature had dropped to 2 degrees Celsius [35 degrees Fahrenheit] with a wind chill of -2 [28 F], and the man was not dressed for the conditions, wearing only a thin padded jacket, jumper, and trousers.
"Police were called by the hospital at 11:30 p.m. to say he had absconded, and they believed he had been gone around 20 minutes."
During an extensive search, the man called a relative and said he was at a bus stop in Brimington, miles away from the hospital.
The police searched the area and used a drone to help locate the confused man, but were unable to find him.
Derbyshire Constabulary said: "After almost six hours and due to the large search area involved, a request was put into the National Police Air Service (NPAS) to support. The aim was for the NPAS helicopter to search the area north of the hospital, as all intelligence suggested the man was somewhere in this area.
"While this was being arranged, Sergeant Kev Harrell, acting on a hunch, made the decision to use the last remaining battery to fly the drone to the south of the hospital, just in case."
The drone picked up a heat source in a field on Dec. 2, 2021, which turned out to be the missing man who had wandered out of a hospital. Given the cold weather, the rescue saved his life. (Derbyshire Constabulary/Zenger)
Sergeant Harrell said: "My heart skipped a beat when I located a heat source in a field — a heat source of a person — in a ditch behind some houses. I guided local officers in with the aid of the floodlight on the drone, and it was great news.
"The heat source was the missing man we had been looking for. He was found, freezing cold and clearly unwell at 5:30 am on 2 December, approximately six hours after he had walked out of the hospital.
"Medical staff later confirmed if he had not been found at that time, he would have likely died from hypothermia. It was a great effort from all involved and just goes to show the importance of having a drone readily available for deployment, and the fact that it saves lives," the police said.
The man's daughter said in the police statement: "That night, officers did a brilliant job, working tirelessly to find my dad, and ensure that he was safe.
"People need to know about this, as without the police and their ability to access a drone the outcome could have been so different."
The man has made a full recovery and is now back home.
A drone was also used Dec. 6 to locate an ill British man in Nottinghamshire, England, who was reported missing and found after wandering in a field.
Edited by Fern Siegel and Kristen Butler
The post Drone Alone: Cops Save Man Who'd Wandered From Hospital Lying In Freezing Ditch appeared first on Zenger News.
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Welcome one and welcome all! Come on in to our website where you'll find solutions to hints from crosswords published daily. Even though you love crosswords, you've probably gotten stuck on some new hint unfamiliar to you. Driving you crazy? Is the answer on the tip of your tongue? Is it the word that will let you solve the whole crossword? Maybe you're here because you're looking at One takes beating over races amid scuffle which appeared on 6 February 2019 in The Times Cryptic.
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What the future might hold for the millions of undocumented in this country with the incoming administration is full of uncertainty. A large percentage of these immigrants have been here for over a decade, working and raising a family and becoming part of their communities, churches, and economy.
Many undocumented immigrants have had children born here. These children are U.S. citizens. About 750,000 other young people, who came into the country years ago with their undocumented parents and so also are undocumented, have qualified for short-term legal status (renewable every two years) under Obama's DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) program. No one knows whether President-elect Trump will continue that program. If he does not, all of these young people will be left in a precarious situation.
In other words, immigrant families throughout the country have members of different legal status. To deport one or more undocumented parents would bring incredible hardship literally upon millions of children.
Lord Jesus Christ, our Refuge and Deliverer, as a child you sought refuge in Egypt while fleeing from those who would persecute and harm you. Remember those today who come seeking a new life, and who now find themselves in foreign and strange lands, granting them your Presence, your protection, and your provision. Illuminate us to be a shining light upon a hill amidst the dark evil in our world, that we may do our part with hospitality and resources; and that all who are immigrants might be led to the brightness of Your redemptive love made present by your glorious Incarnation; You, who live and reign with the Father and the Holy Spirit, ever one God, world without end. Amen.


In our next installment of Marketing for Beginners, we're going to discuss email marketing. Email marketing is an easy and affordable way to reach out to your customers and prospects. It provides you with a reasonably effective way to foster a relationship and help make them return customers. Several reports have shown that email marketing has the highest ROI compared to any other marketing channel; it's a formidable tool that's widely used and can be leveraged by any internet marketer.
In this article, I will walk you through the basics of email marketing and how you can get started building your list and generating leads with it.
Wikipedia defines email marketing as the act of sending a commercial message, typically to a group of people, using email. Simple enough. Effective email marketing is geared towards converting prospects to customers and one time buyers to loyal fans.
Most businesses can benefit from effective email marketing, because it's a simple way to nurture a client base and turn them into new or return buyers. Even with the rise in the popularity of social media platforms for marketing purposes, email marketing remains one of the best and most cost-effective ways to reach out to your base.
Here are some of the reasons email marketing stands out amongst other marketing channels.
Emails are checked often. Over 90% of consumers check their email daily. This is not as easily attainable with other channels.
Email marketing done correctly can have an ROI as high as 3800%. It's low cost and high impact are rivaled by few.
Individuals who receive emails with products marketed to them spend 138% more than people who do not receive those same emails.
You own your email list, and you can easily access your customers, unlike another medium such as social media where your account can be deleted or suspended at the whim of the platform.
The first step to email marketing is to begin building an email list. This means getting the email addresses from your prospective clients.
However, you can't just get the emails anywhere. Following shortcuts like scraping emails from the web or buying unverified email lists aren't recommended, because such processes are not ethical, nor are they legal in many cases. Also, the recipients may not respond positively to your efforts, which may lead to a waste of time and resources, and ultimately get your account marked as a spammer. If that happens, your email sending days are over.
For you to be successful in email marketing, you need to reach out to your core target audience and ask for their permission to send them emails. This implies that your email list should only consist of those who willingly gave you their email addresses in order to receive your marketing communications. We're looking for quality here, not quantity. 1,000 quality email contacts will net you far more value than 100,000 random email addresses who have no desire to ever hear from you.
To begin your email marketing campaign, you will need an opt-in form and an email service. With these in place, you are set to start building your email list.
For a simple start, you can place an opt-in form on your website, so anyone who visits has the option to sign up. However, you may find it difficult to grow your list with this strategy alone, because people aren't always excited about signing up for a newsletter without any call to action to get them engaged.
For this, you want a lead magnet, something to compel people to submit their emails to you.
The term "lead magnet" isn't some technological jargon. It merely means offering your prospects something of value for free, in exchange for their email addresses. The operating term is something of value, for free. It could be an e-book, video, coupon or just about anything that will excite your clients. Other items you can use include audio files, free webinars, free consultations, free trials, a white paper, a chance to partake in quiz, games, etc.
Below are some pointers for creating more effective lead magnets.
Useful. Lead magnets should contain information or tools that will be useful to your audience.
Easy to use. Choose a lead magnet that your prospects can efficiently use. Dumb down absolutely everything. The longer it takes to get to the goal line, the less people will make it there.
Instant. Lead magnets should be given out instantly. No one wants to get it tomorrow.
Relevant. Lead magnets should be related to your product or services.
Once you narrow down some good options to use for a lead magnet, the next step will be to create your opt-in form.
Remember, the opt-in, or opt-in form is the term used to describe the form where your visitors input their emails. The opt-in form bears the message that persuades your visitor to subscribe to your list.
Seductively describe the benefits of your lead magnet.
Include attractive images, graphics or videos.
Do not request too much information, unless you plan to segment your list(s). Each new bit of information you ask for, will result in a percentage of people who started the form to drop off.
Write your descriptions vividly. Use terms and fonts that will catch your visitor's attention.
Action driven subscription button. Your subscription button should push people to click right away. An example is "I need the e-book".
Note that the opt-in can come in various forms. It can be a pop-up, around your footer, on your about page, as a floating bar, etc. You can choose any type that best suits your website. You can and should also run A/B tests to see which form(s) bring in the most sign-ups.
Upon implementing these practical steps, you should be ready to start harvesting emails from your target audience.
Segment your emails. Break up your email subscribers into smaller groups using relevant criteria, such as age, interests, location, level of activity, shopping behavior, preference, length of subscription, etc. This will enable you to send more personalized and relevant emails that will result in higher conversions.
Run A/B tests in your emails. Change imagery and wording, and then break up your audience segments into sub-segments to send different version to, in order to see what style your audience responds to best.
Create great, timely, and relevant content.
Use catchy email headlines. This increases the possibility of your email being opened.
Write with a one-person view. Don't think of the thousands of people on your list when writing, instead make it personal as though you are writing just to a person.
Write creatively. You should write as though you are writing to a friend, be expressive and humorous. Don't be a robot.
Include funny and relevant images and videos if necessary.
Remove inactive subscribers from time to time.
Avoid the spam folder! People rarely check their spam box, so you should do all you can to ensure your emails aren't sent to spam. The first step towards this is getting the recipients permission, which you did when they opted in. Secondly, you need to use a reputable email service provider. Click here to find the best one for you!
Work on determining the best time of the day to send the emails. This is why it's beneficial to segment your list according to location.
Email marketing provides an affordable and effective way to reach your target prospects. If you have not yet begun, it may be worth looking into! If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask in the comments! We'll be back soon with more marketing tips for beginners!


The second VFP-62 reunion was held in Jacksonville, Florida Sept. 16-18, 2011 in conjunction with the Forrestal Association's reunion. We had squadron members and their guests from all eras of the VC-62/VFP-62 squadron years. I felt that the reunion was warm, filled with joy of meeting old and new friends that share the rich history of one of the greatest Navy squadrons.
I'd like to thank all who supported the events, especially the reunion committee: Greg Engler, John Sees and Robert Strong.
Adobe format (.pdf) file: 2012 VFP-62 Calendar --"Click" on the link and "Save" to your computer then print out for next year.
Word format (.doc) file: Reunion Activities --Click to view.


I got on the bike the other day, the camera strapped around me and I took off for an early morning ride. I ended up on the Bog road and believe me it was a magical and fabulous experience. The sun was just rolling off the Lough Corrib and climbing up towards the sky. The trees were still stretching up, their leaves fresh and green with golden light speckled through. I was the only person anywhere around. The only disturbance in the whole area was created unfortunately by my presence - I startled a fox, which was peacefully trotting along the Pier road and had to suddenly bolt and run for cover.
It had that wonderfully peaceful summer feeling that makes everything better. Enjoy!
You are welcomed to live a message and tell me what you think.
I would be glad to hear from anyone!


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Die Thermosphäre (von griechisch θερμός thermós "warm, heiß" und σφαίρα sphaira "Kugel") ist der Höhenbereich der Erdatmosphäre, in dem ihre Temperatur erneut (oberhalb der Ozonschicht) mit der Höhe ansteigt. Das deutlich ausgeprägte Temperaturminimum an der Untergrenze der Thermosphäre wird Mesopause genannt und liegt in 80–100 km Höhe. Der Bereich des steilsten Temperaturanstiegs liegt bei etwa 120 km. In etwa 500–600 km Höhe ist die stark schwankende (Neutralteilchen)temperatur der Exosphäre erreicht.

Die Thermosphäre überlappt weitgehend mit der Ionosphäre. Zwar ist der Ionisationsgrad erst in der Exosphäre nahezu 1, aber das Maximum der Elektronendichte liegt etwa in der Mitte der Thermosphäre. Hier geht es um Strahlungsabsorption und Energiebilanz. Für die elektrischen Eigenschaften siehe den Artikel Ionosphäre, für die Folgen von Teilchenstrahlung siehe Polarlicht.

Bereits an der Mesopause sind Druck und Dichte etwa fünf Größenordnungen kleiner als am Erdboden. Hier beginnen Meteore ihre Leuchtspur und Raumfahrzeuge ihren Wiedereintritt aus dem Weltraum. Innerhalb der Thermosphäre sinkt die Dichte um weitere sieben Größenordnungen. In der oberen Thermosphäre liegen bereits niedrige Satellitenbahnen.

Der untere Teil der Thermosphäre in Höhe von rund 100 bis 200 km wird manchmal auch Ignorosphäre genannt, da weniger über sie bekannt ist, da sie für Ballons zu hoch und für Satelliten zu niedrig ist.

Druck und Dichte

Der Luftdruck nimmt wie im unteren Teil der Atmosphäre mit zunehmender Höhe ab. Durch den Einfluss der mit der Höhe zunehmenden Temperatur und die sich wandelnde Zusammensetzung erfolgt die Abnahme jedoch langsamer. Im oberen Teil der Thermosphäre folgt der Druck dabei grob einer Exponentialfunktion, die sich aus der barometrischen Höhenformel ergibt.

Obwohl die Atmosphäre hier außerordentlich dünn ist, macht sich der Luftwiderstand über längere Zeit doch bemerkbar. Die Internationale Raumstation (ISS), die in ca. 350 km Höhe die Erde umkreist, verlöre ohne regelmäßige Anhebung ihrer Umlaufbahn durch Raketentriebwerke innerhalb weniger Jahre so stark an Höhe, dass sie auf die Erde stürzte.

Die Dichte des Atmosphärengases nimmt nahezu exponentiell mit der Höhe ab (Abb. 3).

Die Gesamtmasse M der Atmosphäre innerhalb einer vertikalen Säule von einem Quadratmeter Querschnittsfläche A oberhalb der Erdoberfläche beträgt:

mit
 der Atmosphärendichte ρA = 1,29 kg/m3 am Erdboden in z = 0 m Höhe
 der mittleren Skalenhöhe H ≃ 8 km der unteren Atmosphäre.
80 % dieser Masse befindet sich bereits innerhalb der Troposphäre, während der Anteil der Thermosphäre nur etwa 0,002 % der Gesamtmasse ausmacht. Deshalb wird kein messbarer Einfluss der Thermosphäre auf die unteren Atmosphärenschichten erwartet.

Chemische Zusammensetzung

Gasmoleküle werden von der solaren Röntgen-, Ultraviolett- und Korpuskularstrahlung dissoziiert und ionisiert, weshalb Gase in der Thermosphäre vorwiegend als Plasma aus Ionen, Elektronen und neutralen Teilchen vorkommen. Mit der Höhe steigt die Strahlungsintensität und sinkt die Rekombinationsrate, weshalb der Ionisationsgrad steigt und die mittlere Teilchenmasse (in Abb. 2 als molare Masse angegeben) sinkt. Ein weiterer Grund für die Abnahme der molaren Masse liegt darin, dass leichte Teilchen bei gleicher Temperatur eine höhere Geschwindigkeit haben und damit weniger stark von der Gravitation beeinflusst werden. Auf diese Weise reichern sich im oberen Teil der Thermosphäre leichte Atome und Ionen an.

Konstituenten des Neutralgases
Turbulenz ist dafür verantwortlich, dass das Neutralgas im Gebiet unterhalb der Turbopause in etwa 110 km Höhe eine Gasmischung mit konstanter molarer Masse ist (Abb. 2).

Oberhalb der Turbopause beginnt sich das Gas zu entmischen. Infolge dynamischer Prozesse versuchen die unterschiedlichen Konstituenten dauernd, durch Diffusion in ihren Gleichgewichtszustand zu gelangen. Ihre barometrische Höhenformeln besitzen Skalenhöhen, die umgekehrt proportional zu ihren Molmassen sind. Oberhalb von etwa 200 km Höhe dominieren daher sukzessive die leichteren Konstituenten wie atomarer Sauerstoff (O), Helium (He) und Wasserstoff (H). Dort ist die mittlere Skalenhöhe fast um den Faktor 10 größer als in den unteren Atmosphärenschichten (Abb. 2). Die Zusammensetzung der Luft variiert hier mit der geographischen Lage, der Tages- und Jahreszeit, aber auch mit der Sonnenaktivität und den geomagnetischen Fluktuationen.

Geschichte
In der Zeit vor der Weltraumforschung waren die einzigen Informationen über den Höhenbereich oberhalb 70 km indirekt; sie stammten von der Ionosphärenforschung und dem Erdmagnetfeld:
 Elektromagnetische Wellen unterhalb des VHF-Bereiches (VHF = very high frequencies; 30–300 MHz), die an den unterschiedlichen Ionosphärenschichten reflektiert und gedämpft werden, können an der Erdoberfläche beobachtet werden, abhängig von der Frequenz, der Tages- und Jahreszeit und der solaren Aktivität.
 Die an der Erdoberfläche gemessenen Schwankungen des Erdmagnetfeldes werden elektrischen Strömen in Ionosphäre und Magnetosphäre zugeordnet (ionosphärische Dynamoschicht).
Mit dem Start des russischen Satelliten Sputnik war es zum ersten Male möglich, aus den Dopplereffekt-Messungen des Satellitensignals die Abbremsung der Umlaufzeit systematisch zu bestimmen und daraus die Luftdichte im Bereich der Hochatmosphäre sowie ihre zeitlichen und örtlichen Variationen abzuleiten. Hauptsächlich beteiligt an diesen ersten Messungen waren Luigi Giuseppe Jacchia und Jack W. Slowey (USA), Desmond King-Hele (England) und Wolfgang Priester sowie Hans-Karl Paetzold (Deutschland). Heute misst eine Vielzahl von Satelliten direkt die unterschiedlichsten Komponenten des Atmosphärengases in diesem Höhenbereich.

Energie-Budget
Die thermosphärische Temperatur  kann aus Beobachtungen der Gasdichte, aber auch direkt mit Hilfe von Satellitenmessungen bestimmt werden. Das Temperaturprofil gehorcht ziemlich gut dem Gesetz (Bates-Profil):

(1)

mit
 der global gemittelten exosphärischen Temperatur  oberhalb etwa 400 km Höhe
 der Referenz-Temperatur  = 355 K
 der Referenz-Höhe  = 120 km
 einem empirischen Parameter , der mit  abnimmt.
Aus dieser Gleichung lässt sich die Wärmezufuhr oberhalb von  bestimmen zu qo ≃ 0,8 bis 1,6 mW/m2 Höhe. Diese Wärme wird an die unteren Atmosphärenschichten abgegeben durch Wärmeleitung.

Die über der Höhe konstante Exosphärentemperatur  dient als Maß für die solare Ultraviolett- und Röntgenstrahlung (XUV). Nun ist die solare Radiostrahlung  bei 10,7 cm ein guter Indikator der solaren Aktivität. Daher lässt sich eine empirische Zahlenwertgleichung ableiten, die  mit  verknüpft und für geomagnetisch ruhige Bedingungen gilt:

(2)

mit
  in K
 dem Covington-Index  in , d. h. einem Wert für , über einen Monat gemittelt.
Typischerweise variiert der Covington-Index im Verlaufe des 11-jährigen Sonnenfleckenzyklus zwischen etwa 70 und 250 und wird niemals kleiner als 50. Das bedeutet, dass  selbst bei geomagnetisch ruhigen Bedingungen zwischen etwa 740 und 1350 K schwankt.

Die residuale Temperatur von 500 K in der zweiten Gleichung stammt etwa zur einen Hälfte von Energiezufuhr aus der Magnetosphäre und zur anderen Hälfte von atmosphärischen Wellen aus der Troposphäre, die in der unteren Thermosphäre dissipiert werden.

Energiequellen

Solare XUV-Strahlung
Die hohen Temperaturen in der Thermosphäre werden verursacht von der solaren Röntgen- und extremen ultravioletten Strahlung (XUV) mit Wellenlängen kleiner als 170 nm, die hier nahezu vollständig absorbiert werden. Ein Teil des neutralen Gases wird ionisiert und ist für die Entstehung der Ionosphärenschichten verantwortlich. Die sichtbare Sonnenstrahlung von 380 bis 780 nm bleibt nahezu konstant mit einer Variationsbreite von unter 0,1 % (Solarkonstante).

Dagegen ist die solare XUV-Strahlung zeitlich extrem variabel, so können z. B. solare Röntgenstrahlen, die mit Sonneneruptionen verbunden sind, innerhalb weniger Minuten drastisch ansteigen. Fluktuationen mit Perioden von 27 Tagen bzw. 11 Jahren gehören zu den prominenten Variationen der solaren XUV-Strahlung, irreguläre Fluktuationen über alle Zeitspannen sind jedoch die Regel.

Bei magnetosphärisch ruhigen Bedingungen liefert die XUV-Strahlung etwa die Hälfte der Energiezufuhr in die Thermosphäre (ca. 500 K). Dies geschieht während des Tages, mit einem Maximum in Äquatornähe.

Solarer Wind
Eine zweite Energiequelle ist die Energiezufuhr aus der Magnetosphäre, die ihrerseits ihre Energie der Wechselwirkung mit dem solaren Wind verdankt.

Der Mechanismus dieses Energietransports ist noch nicht in allen Einzelheiten bekannt. Eine Möglichkeit wäre ein hydromagnetischer Prozess: Partikel des Solarwinds dringen in die polaren Gebiete der Magnetosphäre ein, wo die geomagnetischen Feldlinien im Wesentlichen vertikal gerichtet sind. Dabei wird ein elektrisches Feld erzeugt, das vom Morgen zum Abend gerichtet ist. Entlang der letzten geschlossenen Feldlinien des Erdmagnetfeldes mit ihren Fußpunkten in den Polarlichtzonen können elektrische Entladungsströme in die ionosphärische Dynamoschicht fließen. Dort gelangen sie als elektrische Pedersen- and Hall-Ströme in zwei engen Strombändern (DP1) zur Abendseite und von dort wieder zurück zur Magnetosphäre (magnetosphärisches elektrisches Konvektionsfeld). Durch ohmsche Verluste der Pedersenströme wird die Thermosphäre vor allen Dingen in den Polarlichtzonen aufgeheizt.

Bei gestörten magnetosphärischen Bedingungen dringen zusätzlich hochenergetische elektrisch geladene Partikel aus der Magnetosphäre in die Polarlichtzonen ein, die dort die elektrische Leitfähigkeit drastisch ansteigen lassen und damit die elektrischen Ströme verstärken. Am Erdboden beobachtet man dieses Phänomen als Polarlichter.

Bei geringer magnetosphärischer Aktivität beträgt diese Energiezufuhr etwa ein Viertel des Gesamtenergiebudgets in Gleichung 2, also etwa 250 K. Während starker magnetosphärischen Aktivität wächst dieser Anteil beträchtlich und kann bei extremen Verhältnissen den Einfluss der XUV-Strahlung weit überschreiten.

Atmosphärische Wellen
In der unteren Atmosphäre existieren zwei Arten großskaliger atmosphärischer Wellen:
 interne Wellen mit endlich großen vertikalen Wellenlängen, die Wellenenergie nach oben transportieren können und deren Amplituden exponentiell mit der Höhe wachsen
 externe Wellen mit unendlich großen vertikalen Wellenlängen, deren Wellenenergie außerhalb ihres Quellengebietes exponentiell abnimmt und die keine Wellenenergie transportieren können.
Viele atmosphärische-Gezeiten-Wellen sowie die atmosphärischen Schwerewellen, die in der unteren Atmosphäre angeregt werden, gehören zu den internen Wellen. Da ihre Amplituden exponentiell wachsen, werden diese Wellen spätestens im Höhenbereich um 100 km durch Turbulenz zerstört, ihre Wellenenergie wird in Wärme umgewandelt. Dies ist der Anteil von etwa 250 K in Gleichung 2.

Die von ihrer Meridionalstruktur her am besten an die Wärmequelle in der Troposphäre angepasste ganztägige Gezeitenwelle (1,−2) ist eine externe Welle und spielt in der unteren Atmosphäre nur eine marginale Rolle. In der Thermosphäre entwickelt sich diese Welle jedoch zur dominanten Gezeitenwelle. Sie treibt den elektrischen Sq-Strom im Höhenbereich zwischen etwa 100 und 200 km.

Thermosphärische Erwärmung, im Wesentlichen durch Gezeitenwellen, erfolgt vorzugsweise auf der Tageshemisphäre in niedrigen und mittleren Breiten. Ihre Variabilität hängt von den meteorologischen Bedingungen ab und überschreitet selten 50 %.

Dynamik
Oberhalb von etwa 150 km Höhe degenerieren alle atmosphärischen Wellen zu externen Wellen, und es ist kaum mehr eine vertikale Wellenstruktur sichtbar. Ihre Meridionalstruktur ist die der Kugelfunktionen Pnm mit
 einer meridionalen Wellenzahl m (m = 0: zonal gemittelte Wellen; m = 1: ganztägige Wellen; m = 2: halbtägige Wellen etc.)
 der zonalen Wellenzahl n.
Die Thermosphäre verhält sich in erster Näherung wie ein gedämpftes Oszillatorsystem mit Tiefpassfilterwirkung, d. h. kleinskalige Wellen (mit großen Wellenzahlen n und m) werden gegenüber großskaligen unterdrückt.

Im Falle geringer magnetosphärischer Aktivität kann man die beobachtete zeitlich und örtlich variierende Exosphärentemperatur  durch eine Summe von Kugelfunktionen beschreiben:

Es ist
 φ die geographische Breite
 λ die geographische Länge
 t die Zeit
 ta = 21. Juni ist die Zeit des Sommeranfangs auf der Nordhemisphäre
 ωa die Kreisfrequenz der Jahrsperiode
 ωd die Kreisfrequenz eines solaren Tages
 τ = ωdt + λ die Lokalzeit
 τd = 15:00 die Lokalzeit des maximalen Windes.

 ist die global gemittelte Temperatur der Exosphäre (von der Größenordnung 1000 K).

Der zweite Term (mit ) wird durch die unterschiedliche solare Erwärmung in niedrigen und hohen Breiten erzeugt. Ein thermisches Windsystem entsteht, mit Winden hin zu den Polen im oberen Zirkulationsast und entgegengesetzten Winden im unteren Ast (Abb. 4a). Es sorgt für einen Wärmeausgleich zwischen niedrigen und hohen Breiten. Der Koeffizient ΔT20 ≈ 0,004 ist klein, da die Joulesche Erwärmung in den Polarlichtzonen den solaren XUV-bedingten Wärmeüberschuss in niedrigen Breiten teilweise kompensiert.

Der dritte Term (mit ) ist für den Transport des Wärmeüberschusses auf der Sommerhemisphäre in die Winterhemisphäre verantwortlich (Abb. 4b). Seine relative Amplitude ist etwa ΔT10 ≃ 0,13.

Der vierte Term schließlich (mit ) der dominierenden Gezeitenwelle (1, −2)) beschreibt den Transport des Wärmeüberschusses von der Tagseite auf die Nachtseite (Abb. 4d). Seine relative Amplitude ist etwa ΔT11≃ 0,15.

Weitere Terme (z. B. halbjährige oder halbtägige Wellen) müssen zur obigen Gleichung hinzuaddiert werden, sind jedoch von geringerer Bedeutung (vgl. oben Tiefpasswirkung).

Entsprechende Summen lassen sich für Luftdruck, Luftdichte, Gaskonstituenten etc. herleiten.

Thermosphären- und Ionosphärenstürme
Weit stärker als die solare XUV-Strahlung variieren die magnetosphärischen Störungen, die am Erdboden als geomagnetische Störungen beobachtet werden können. Sie sind schwer vorhersagbar und besitzen Fluktuationen mit Dauern von Minuten bis zu mehreren Tagen. Die Reaktion der Thermosphäre auf einen starken Magnetosphärensturm nennt man Thermosphärensturm.

Da die Energiezufuhr in höheren Breiten erfolgt (im Wesentlichen in die Polarlichtzonen), ändert der zweite Term P20 in Gleichung 3 sein Vorzeichen: Wärme wird jetzt von den Polargebieten in die niedrigen Breiten transportiert. Zusätzlich zu diesem Term sind weitere Terme höherer Ordnung beteiligt, die jedoch schnell abklingen. Die Summe dieser Terme bestimmt die "Laufzeit" der Störungen von hohen zu niedrigen Breiten, also die Reaktionszeit der Thermosphäre.

Gleichzeitig kann sich ein Ionosphärensturm entwickeln. Wichtig für die Entstehung einer solchen ionosphärischen Störung ist die Änderung des Dichteverhältnisses von Stickstoffmolekülen (N2) zu Sauerstoffatomen (O): eine Vergrößerung der N2-Dichte erhöht die Verlustprozesse des ionosphärischen Plasmas und ist daher für eine Abnahme der Elektronendichte in der ionosphärischen F-Schicht verantwortlich (negativer Ionosphärensturm).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 CRISTA: Das Wetter in 140 km Höhe

Atmosphäre