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Joseph Maria Frederick Wilhelm of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Duke in Saxony (; 5 October 1702 – Hildburghausen, 4 January 1787), was a German officer, Generalfeldmarschall of the Imperial Army and Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall (Reichsgeneralfeldzeugmeister) of the Army of the Holy Roman Empire. He is best known for commanding the Franco-Roman-German at the Battle of Rossbach, losing to the Prussian Army.

Early life
He was the third but second surviving son of Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen and Princess Sophie of Waldeck-Pyrmont, daughter of German field marshal Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck. His mother died ten days after his birth, on 15 October 1702.

He received the typical education of a nobleman of his time, with some educational journeys to the different countries of Europe. When he was sixteen years old, the prince joined the Habsburg Army and became already in 1719 a staff captain in the Infantry Regiment N°18 "Seckendorff", and fought with it in Sicily during the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1717–1720).

After his conversion to Catholicism in 1728, a rapid ascent in his military career began.

In 1729 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel (Oberstleutnant) and the next year (18 July 1730) colonel (Oberst) of the Regiment "Palffy". In January 1732 he got his own 8th Infantry Regiment. Briefly after the outbreak of War of the Polish Succession (1733-1735/1738; since 1734 Generalfeldwachtmeister) he served in the following campaigns in northern Italy. He distinguished himself, especially in the Battle of San Pietro, where he was wounded in the face, and was promoted to lieutenant field marshal (Feldmarschall-Leutnant) before the end of the war (on 30 April 1735).

Joseph ended the War of the Polish Succession with the rank of Feldzeugmeister (25 September 1736). Only one year later, during the Austro-Turkish War, 1737–1739, he was entrusted with the command of an Austrian Corps. In 1737, his attempt to conquer Banja Luka failed, but in practically all important engagements of the war, Joseph displayed personal bravery, for example in the Battle of Grocka (on 22 July 1739), where he covered the retreat of the Imperial Army.

War of the Austrian Succession
After the war, Joseph was promoted on 11 June 1739 to Generalfeldzeugmeister of the Imperial Army and was appointed Governor of Komárom in Hungary. At the beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) Joseph raised in Komárom new Hungarian Regiments and consulted by the Austrian military administration in the conduct of the war. In 1743 he was appointed High Military Director and General Commander of Inner-Austria, Karlstadt and Warasdin. Thus he was responsible for the organization of the Military Frontier and the military supply. for this service, he was promoted to Feldmarschall (18 April 1744). In May 1749 he was relieved of his duties at his own demand.

Battle of Rossbach

In the following years, he lived quietly in the Archduchy of Austria. After the outbreak of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), in the spring of 1757, Joseph was appointed Commander of the Imperial Army, with orders to advance against King Frederick II of Prussia. Together with a French Corps, the Imperial Army was defeated in the Battle of Rossbach (5 November 1757). Joseph, shamed by the defeat, decided to renounce all military functions. In the evaluation by later historians the prince was nearly always blamed for the defeat, although he could hardly have changed the outcome of the fight, because of the catastrophic condition of the Imperial Army and the ineffectiveness of the French troops. Rather symbolic was the appointment to the post of Field Marshal of the Imperial Army (9 November 1785), with which the military career of Joseph ended. He died shortly after.

Personal life
Joseph maintained for most of his life very good relations with the Habsburg family. In 1739 the Emperor Charles VI appointed him Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, the dynastic order of the Habsburgs. On 13 March 1741 he represented King August III of Poland as godfather of the young Archduke Joseph, the son of the Empress Maria Theresa. This illustrates how close he stood to the new Empress, whose close friend he was to remain the rest of his life.

On 17 April 1738 Joseph married in Paris to Princess Maria Anna Victoria of Savoy, niece and sole heiress of the enormous fortune of the deceased Prince Eugene of Savoy. She was also sixteen years older than he was. Thanks to this union, Joseph came into the possession of large estates and assets. The marriage, however, was unhappy, and in 1752 they separated, but never formalised the divorce.

The prince earned himself a reputation as a patron, but also as a spendthrift. He spent most time at his castle in Vienna, but when his relatives the Dukes of Saxe-Hildburghausen were heavily indebted, he became by order of the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II in 1769 manager of the Duchy, in order to avoid the bankruptcy of Saxe-Hildburghausen. His grandnephew, Duke Ernst Frederick III, was incapacitated to rule. When he died (1780) he left a young heir, the seventeen years old prince Frederick, over whom Joseph took on the role of prince-regent, which he retained until his own death, aged eighty-four.

References

1702 births
1787 deaths
House of Saxe-Hildburghausen
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire
Austrian military personnel of the Seven Years' War
People of the Silesian Wars
Sons of monarchs
Non-inheriting heirs presumptive


1990-07-13 Assigned to SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC., reassignment SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC., ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: DAVIDSON, HOWARD L.
A three dimensional arrangement for packaging planar arrays of circuit components in a plurality of essentially planar layers in which the layers lie closely adjacent to one another is disclosed. Each layer is separated by a shell that interposes slots for allowing coolant to pass between the layers and electrical conductors through the shell, so that when the layers are placed together, the conductors form a bus through the structure.
This invention relates to computer systems and, more particularly, to three dimensional packaging arrangements for providing very high density computer systems and other hybrid circuit systems.
The development of computers has progressed along two avenues. First, there has been the constant search for higher speeds and more capability. In general, this has required more and larger circuit arrangements using faster components. At the same time, there has been the desire to place more and more powerful computers within the reach of individuals. Thus, there is a constant attempt to make desktop computers more powerful and at the same time smaller. To some extent, these twin desires have aided one another while in other ways they have been opposed. For example, the search for faster speeds of operation and higher packing densities to give more power to a computer has tended to reduce the size of components and the length of the conductors connecting those components. On the other hand, the staggering numbers of connectors necessary to modern computer circuits has to a great degree placed an ultimate limit on how small they can be made.
In general, typical personal computers and work stations today are constructed with their major components such as central processors, cache memory, input/output circuitry, and some random access memory laid out on a primary circuit board called a motherboard. Individual components such as additional processors, more random access memory, and hard disk controllers are all adapted to fit into connectors along an open air bus on the motherboard. This arrangement allows components to be cooled by air driven by fans and circulated through the circuit boards. It also allows individual circuit boards to be removed from and placed into the computer in the field by the user. However, the size reduction possible with such an arrangement is quite limited, especially if the addition in the field of a substantial number of peripheral components is to be allowed.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a three dimensional packaging arrangement for a very densely packed electronic system. It is another, more general, object of the present invention to provide a very densely packed computer system composed of planes of circuitry laid side by side which may be easily augmented or reduced with additional peripheral components.
It is another more particular object of the present invention to provide an arrangement for packaging a computer system composed of planes of circuitry laid side by side so that a very densely packed high speed computer is realized while utilizing a more highly effecient and easy method to cool the system.
These and other objects of the present invention are realized in an arrangement for packaging planar arrays of circuit components in a plurality of essentially parallel layers in which the layers lie closely adjacent one another, one or more of the layers comprising a substrate of ceramic material, circuit board means imbedded in the substrate, at least one layer of insulating material covering the circuit board means, conductors through the layer of insulating material to provide connections on the upper surface of the layer and conductors through the ceramic material to provide connections to the conductors through the layer of insulating material and to the lower surface of the ceramic material. Each and every layer may be comprised of the above list of elements. The elements are merely options dependent upon the user's particular purpose for the product. For example, the user may opt not to interconnect two layers, but the user may opt to use only one layer even though the conductors through the insulating material is present.
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a packaging structure constructed in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded isometric view of a portion of a packaging structure constructed in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 3 is a top view of a portion of a single layer of a packaging structure constructed in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 4 is a side view of a ceramic layer portion of a single layer of a packaging structure constructed in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of two layers of a packaging structure constructed in accordance with the invention.
FIGS. 6 and 7 are cross-sectional views of details of a single layer of a packaging structure constructed in accordance with the invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated an isometric view of a packaging arrangement 10 constructed in accordance with the invention. The packaging arrangement 10 includes a plurality of individual layers 11 of operating circuit elements in general comprised of integrated circuits which individually may be any of a number of different components of larger systems. For example, a first layer 12 may include among other things circuitry constituting a central processing unit for a computer, a second layer 13 and a third layer 14 may include random access memory for the computer, and a fourth layer 16 may consist of input/output circuitry for the computer. In order to be able to easily augment the system, it is useful, although not necesary, that each of the layers serve a separable function in the system. Thus, a coprocessor or additional random access memory may be added to the system in the field by adding an additional layer 11 in the manner to be described. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, each of the layers 11 comprises one or more integrated circuit chips 18 (see FIG. 4) which may be hybrid circuits embedded in an insulating substrate 21. The layers 11 are all constructed to have opposing major surfaces parallel to one another so that a plurality of the layers 11 may be joined together as explained hereinafter to form a very densely packed electronic system. For example, it is expected that at least sixteen processors and 0.5 gigabytes of random access memory may be arranged as described and occupy a volume approximately four inches by four inches by one inch. Those skilled in the art will recognize that this arrangement may constitute a very powerful computer.
Each of the planar layers 11 of the arrangement 10 may be constructed using any technology which is capable of providing flat and parallel top and bottom surfaces.
FIGS. 2, 3 and 5 illustrate frame elements which provide the outer shell 17 for two layers 11 of a presently preferred arrangement 10 from top and side views. As may be seen in FIGS. 2, 3, and 5, the shell 17 is an essentially box-like structure which is manufactured of an insulating material. The shell 17 has a rectangular hollow indentation in its upper surface adapted to hold the electronic hybrid circuitry which performs the electronic functions of the component or components of that layer 11. Each of the insulating shells 17 has slots 20 cut into its lower surface to open the bottom of the hollow indentation to the air. The shells 17 are adapted to be stacked on one another in the manner illustrated in FIG. 5.
A presently preferred technology for producing the hybrid circuitry of the individual layers 11 illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 includes a modification of a process developed by the General Electric Company. The General Electric process uses a single flat sheet of featureless ceramic material as a substrate 21 (see FIG. 4). In this substrate 21 are carved recesses or pockets 23 for receiving integrated circuit chips 18. The chips 18 and the pocketed substrate layer 21 are covered with a thin flat layer 25 of high temperature plastic material such as polyimide which may have adhesive on its lower surface to adhere to the pocketed substrate 21. The covering layer 25 (best seen in FIGS. 2 and 4) has holes burned through it by laser to allow connections to be made directly to the chips 18 lying in the pockets 23. A photo-resist process is used to place connectors 26 in the holes produced by the laser and to pattern connections including conductive pads 27 on the upper plastic layer 25.
The laser-cut holes are treated using an oxygen plasma cleaning process to remove condensed plastic vapors, an argon back sputter treatment is applied to remove approximately twenty angstroms of oxide from terminals on the chip 18, titanium is sputtered to provide an adhesion layer, copper is sputtered to produce a strike (or film) over the entire surface of the insulator and holes, and the surface is electroplated with ductile copper over the strike. Additional layers 25 of plastic may be laminated to the first layer 25, and additional connections 26 may be provided through the laser-burning and the above-explained cleaning and plating processes. An advantage of using the laser-burning process is that a laser may be made to stop on a conductor on a lower layer 25 because of the reflectivity of the conductor so that incisions may be very accurately cut.
The copper may be patterned to produce connector pads 27 on the top plastic layer 25, and leads 28 may be brought out to the edges at any layer 25 of the plastic covering as is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 4. The pads 27 from the chips 18 may be placed at any convenient position on the upper surface of the layer 11. This produces a circuit which may have conductor pads 27 anywhere on the top surface thereby providing substantially more access to output terminals than in the usual connector arrangement of the prior art in which a chip has connector terminals only around its periphery. The exploded view of FIG. 2 demonstrates the number of terminals which any single layer may include.
This invention modifies the single layer arrangement produced by the General Electric process so that multiple layers 11 may be used in very close association with one another. This is accomplished by utilizing a co-fired ceramic base for each substrate 21, providing embedded vertical and horizontal conductors 22 in place of the bare ceramic base and providing a shell 17, with vertical conductors 33 in the rails 32, in order to separate the layers so that a cooling agent can be passed between the layers.
The pocketed substrate 21 may be constructed in a preferred embodiment of a kiln-fired ceramic called green sheet (a ceramic powder with an organic binder). Holes are punched through the ceramic sheet, and a silk screening machine is used to squeeze metallic (tungsten or molybdenum powder) ink through the holes. The sheet is put into a furnace to burn out the organic material; then the temperature is raised to sinter the ceramic and cause it to shrink, compressing the metallic powder in the hole into a solid conductor 22.
Using these conductors 22 in the ceramic base substrate layer 21 allows contact to be made from both the top and the bottom of any chip 18 in any layer 11. Moreover, the same conductors 22 connect to the conductors 28 running from the chips 18 within the pockets through the interconnect layers 25. Thus, the chips 18 may be connected to the pads 27 along the top surface and the pads 29 along the bottom surface which are themselves connected together through the substrate. Moreover, the pads 27 may connect to pads 29 without connecting to the chips 18.
Referring again to FIG. 5, it will be seen that the shell 17 has legs or rails 32 formed by the slots cut in its lower surface. These rails 32 carry vertical conductors 33 which are adapted to contact the pads 27 and 29 on the upper and lower surfaces of the substrate 21. The conductors 33 may be produced by drilling the insulating material of the shells 17 to provide holes which may be filled with gold-plated beryllium copper strands or similar malleable conductors. A similar form of such a conductor referred to as a Cin::Apse connector is manufactured by Cinch Connectors. The strands of wire are crumpled into the holes providing a plurality of redundant conductors 33 which emerge from both parallel surfaces of rails 32 to contact pads of the substrate 21. These conductors may be placed as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 5 in rows so that they conduct completely through each of the rails 32.
Thus, when two layers 11 are pressed together, the upper ends of the conductors 33 are compressed into the surfaces of the pads 29 on the lower surfaces of the substrate 21 and the lower ends of the conductors 33 are compressed into the surfaces of the pads 27 on the upper surface of the substrate 21 to make connections to the chips 18 in the pockets of the two layers 11. Rather than conducting through conductors 22 in the substrate 21 in which the chips 18 are embedded, the conductors 33 may be placed to run vertically completely through the end rails of the shells 17 and jumpers may be run from those conductors 33 to make contact with the chips 18 at the interconnect layers 25 at the edges of the substrate 21. For typical computer arrangements such as CMOS circuits, power may be provided through the chips 18 in the same manner as other signals.
FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate cross-sectional side views of details of an arrangement in accordance with the present invention for providing large amounts of power to an arrangement such as that illustrated in FIG. 1. In order to provide significant amounts of power to such an arrangement without the high impedances encountered in transferring the current through the conductors in the ceramic of the individual layers including the hybrid chips, a planar conductor of copper foil 40 may be run from the edge of each ceramic layer 11 to the hybrid chips therein to provide access to external power as is illustrated in FIG. 6. For meeting medium power requirements such as 60 amps per layer, larger conductors 22 running through the side rails 32 of the substrate shell 17 may be used to provide a low impedance power bus joining the layers 11 together and connecting to the copper foil conductors 40 to the chips.
For higher power requirements (e.g., 200 amps/layer), the copper foil may be replaced by thicker copper conductors 42 placed in horizontal slots in the substrate such as are shown in FIG. 7. These slots may be joined to metal blocks 44 running from parallel surface to parallel surface in the edge rails of the shell 17 holding the substrate. These blocks 44 form heavy bus bars of copper running through the substrate and replace the larger conductors illustrated in FIG. 6. When pressure clamps through the holes 39 (FIG. 3) compress the layers 11 together, they also force the conductors 42 in the horizontal slots and the blocks 44 together to form an essentially solid power bus bar structure. This arrangement allows the various layers to be replaced and augmented in the field.
It will be noted that the conductors 22 and 33 providing connections between the layers 11 may act as computer buses. This provides an especially important advantage in computers because the extremely short length of these conductors (e.g., an address bus with an overall length of one inch) provides overall exemplary values of 8 nanohenries of inductance, a few tens of milliohms of resistance, and 5 picofarads of capacitance. Such short conductors cut down the time to access circuit elements to a small fraction of the time required in present day computers.
Moreover, using the ceramic layers 11 and the conductors running through them together allows connective terminals to be structured at any place on the exterior surface of the structure 10. The number of terminals may scale with the surface area of the substrate 21 rather than the perimeter of any individual hybrid circuit chip 18. For example, it is possible to bring a critical signal out of the middle of a circuit board in the interior of the arrangement 10 to a pad on any surface of the substrate 21 and thus on any surface of the arrangement 10.
As is illustrated in the figures, the slots 20 cut through the shells 17 of the individual layers 11 allow circulation of air through the layers so that the entire arrangement 10 may be cooled. In this manner, the very densely packed arrangement may be operated at temperatures equivalent to those of systems in which the circuitry is arranged on open circuit boards. Fans and other airmoving arrangements may be provided to increase the degree of cooling. For cooling higher power arrangements, a special cooling is disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/553541, entitled APPARATUS FOR COOLING COMPACT ARRAYS OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY, Davidson, filed July 13, 1990 on even date herewith.
It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the arrangement of this invention allows entire computers to be constructed to fit in very small volumes. For example, a complete workstation (excluding the display monitor) may be placed in the very small volume of approximately one quarter inch by four inches by four inches by utilizing one layer 11 including a central processing unit, a coprocessor, and associated cache memory; a second layer 11 including input/output circuitry; and one or more additional layers 11 as desired of random access memory.
Illustrated in FIG. 3 are a number of key arrangements 36 which may be included in each of the layers in order to assure that the arrangement of layers 11 proceeds in the correct stacking order. Thus, for example, a particular layer 11 may have one or more keys 36 projecting from the bottom surface of the shell 17 adapted to join only to a top surface of another layer 11 having mating keys 36 recessed in the top surface of its shell 17. In like manner, alignment pins 37 may be placed in the shells 17 in order to assure precise alignment between layers of chips 18 embedded in ceramic substrates 21. Pressure clamps, not shown, may be placed through openings 39 provided in the shell 17 of each layer 11.
the shell further including rails, said rails including vertical conductors from the bottom to the top of the shell means, said rails further including means electrically joining the electrical connection means from the bottom surface of the substrate to the electrical connections on the upper surface of a next adjoining layer.
2. The arrangement for packaging planar arrays of circuit components as set forth in claim 1 wherein said electrical connection means includes electrical pads on surfaces of the arrangement.


Burbank, CA (March 29, 2018) – The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) advises motorists to expect traffic congestion and delays during seismic retrofit work scheduled to start at the Buena Vista Street interchange on Interstate 5 in Burbank, and that Buena Vista Street will be closed for construction under Interstate 5 from Friday, April 6 at 10PM to Monday, April 9 at 6AM to prepare for the work.
Northbound and southbound Buena Vista Street will be reduced to one lane in each direction.
Eastbound and westbound Winona Avenue, west of Buena Vista Street, will be reduced to one lane in each direction.
The weekend closure and retrofit work will ensure that the existing bridge columns are more resistant to seismic activity. It is part of a series of I-5 improvements in Burbank that includes HOV (carpool) lanes, elevated railroad tracks, and a new interchange at Empire Avenue. To learn more, please visit My5LA.com.
Due to the reduction in lanes, significant congestion is expected on Buena Vista Street and Winona Avenue near the freeway, and at nearby I-5 off-ramps, the intersection of Buena Vista Street and Winona Avenue, and the intersection of Buena Vista Street and San Fernando Blvd.
During the 56-hour weekend period that precedes the seismic work, Buena Vista Street in both directions will be closed to all vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians between Winona Avenue on the north, and San Fernando Boulevard on the south. Detour signs will be posted and I-5 on and off-ramps will remain open in the vicinity. The schedule is weather-permitting and subject to change.
For more information about the seismic retrofit work, please click here.


A family Festival with lots of fun!!
‹ PreviousDrexel School of Public Health engages with the Lancaster Avenue community two years in a row!
Next ›Join LA21 and Baltimore Avenue Business Association for our 4th Annual W.E.S.T. Event this Saturday December 8th.


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Sister of Iran's supreme leader condemns protest crackdown
Badri Hosseini Khamenei says brother's 'despotic caliphate' has brought nothing but suffering
Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was accused by his sister of not listening to his people, and instead taking counsel from 'his mercenaries and money-grubbers'. Photograph: Wana News Agency/Reuters
Oliver Holmes
Wed 7 Dec 2022 08.56 EST First published on Tue 6 Dec 2022 21.01 EST
A sister of Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, has spoken out against his bloody crackdown on nationwide demonstrations, saying her brother's "despotic caliphate" has brought nothing but suffering, according to a letter published by her exiled son.
The letter came a day after the country's former president Mohammad Khatami also issued a rare statement to voice support for the protest movement, adding pressure on the regime from powerful political figures.
In her letter, Badri Hosseini Khamenei, who lives in Iran, called on the country's feared Revolutionary Guards and "mercenaries" to lay down their weapons as soon as possible and "join the people". She said she would herself join the rallies were it not for her poor health.
"I think it is appropriate now to declare that I oppose my brother's actions and I express my sympathy with all mothers mourning the crimes of the Islamic Republic," she wrote in the note that was shared on the Twitter account of her son, Mahmoud Moradkhani, and dated December 2022.
Iran's moment of truth: what will it take for the people to topple the regime?
Badri Hosseini Khamenei comes from a side of the family that has had a fraught relationship with the regime since it took power in a 1979 revolution that overthrew the western-friendly Shah. Her husband, Ali Tehrani, lived for years in exile in Iraq and regularly criticised the Islamic republic in radio broadcasts. On his return in 1995, Tehrani spent 10 years in jail. He died in October this year.
"The crimes of this system, the suppression of any dissenting voice, the imprisonment of the most educated and the most caring youth of this land, the most severe punishments, and the large-scale executions began from the very beginning," Khamenei said in her letter.
She suggested that she had decided to speak publicly after her daughter, Farideh Moradkhani, who also lives in Tehran, was detained last month. Moradkhani had long-criticised the regime, including in a video message released after her arrest that accused the government of not being "loyal to any of its religious principles".
"Losing a child and being away from your child is a great sadness for every mother," Khamenei wrote of her daughter. "Many mothers were bereaved during the last four decades. I think it is appropriate now to declare that I oppose my brother's actions and I express my sympathy with all mothers mourning the crimes of the Islamic Republic regime, from the time of [the former supreme leader Ruhollah] Khomeini to the current era of the despotic caliphate of Ali Khamenei.
"My concern has always been and will always be the people, especially the women of Iran. I believe that the regime of the Islamic Republic of Khomeini and Ali Khamenei has brought nothing but suffering and oppression to Iran and Iranians."
She accused her brother of not listening to his people, and instead taking counsel from "his mercenaries and money-grubbers".
Iran's clerics are facing their most ferocious challenge yet after the death in September of a 22-year-old woman, Mahsa Amini, sparked a nationwide uprising.
Amini was arrested for improperly wearing her headscarf and was apparently beaten into a coma by Iran's "morality police". In the days after her death, girls and women nationwide abandoned their legally imposed dress code and ripped off their hijabs.
Meanwhile, Tehran has presented the protest movement as a security crisis and has accused "terrorists" of killing dozens of security force members. On Tuesday, authorities sentenced five people to death for allegedly killing a member of a paramilitary force affiliated with the Revolutionary Guards, state media reported. Eleven others received prison sentences.
The 13 men and three minors – none of whom have been identified – were charged with killing Ruhollah Ajamian, a member of the Basij, a paramilitary volunteer branch of Iran's elite Revolutionary Guards, according to the report from Irna, a state news agency. According to Amnesty International, Iran executed at least 314 people in 2021.
Iran regularly sentences people on charges related to espionage and has painted the protest movement as a western-backed plot. The UN office of the high commissioner for human rights says more than 300 people have been killed so far in the crackdown, including more than 40 children.
Wednesday marked the final day of a three-day nationwide strike called for by the protesters. In posts circulating on social media, demonstrators asked businesses to shutter their doors.
The rallies have gained widespread backing across Iran, including from celebrities and famous athletes. On Tuesday, Khatami added his voice to the support, describing as "beautiful" the movement's main slogan – "Woman, life, freedom".
Khatami, a 79-year-old reformist who served as Iran's president from 1997 to 2005 but has since been sidelined, said the chant was "a beautiful message that shows movement towards a better future".
"Freedom and security must not be placed against each other," he said in a statement quoted by Isna news agency Tuesday, on the eve of Students' Day.
"Freedom must not be trampled on in order to maintain security" and "security should not be ignored in the name of freedom", he added.
Reuters and Agence France-Presse contributed to this report
Iranian protesters sentenced to death were tortured, says Amnesty report
Iran to execute mentally ill man for allegedly burning Qur'an during protest
Protesters gather at Iranian prison in attempt to stop 'imminent executions'
Iran condemned for executing two men over alleged crimes during protests
Iran arrests celebrity chef in crackdown on protests
Iranian actor Taraneh Alidoosti released from jail after family post bail
Iran's supreme court accepts protester's appeal against death sentence
Iranian chess player 'moving to Spain' after competing without headscarf
Iranian police detain top footballers at New Year's Eve party

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In a perfect world, last night's Golden Globes, the first major awards show in the post-Weinstein era, would have signaled a profound shift toward gender equity and a zero-tolerance policy for any form of sexual abuse in Hollywood culture. Most of the female attendees used the ceremony as platform for this message, donning black and declaring their commitment to the #MeToo movement and the newly-formed Time's Up initiative on the red carpet and in their speeches. The same can't be said for the men of the evening, who generally avoided the conversation as if Hollywood wasn't in the midst of a hugely-publicised reckoning with powerful, abusive men.
It started on the red carpet, where E! viewers noticed hosts Ryan Seacrest and Giuliana Rancic failed to ask the Globes' male attendees (the majority decked out in Time's Up pins) about combatting harassment or the impetus for wearing all black on the red carpet. Meanwhile, many women walking the carpet, including Viola Davis, Meryl Streep, Eva Longoria, Kerry Washington, and Meryl Streep gave powerful statements about joining Time's Up and wearing black. Eight actresses even brought activists from a variety of organisations aimed at reducing inequality as their dates for the evening. As Time put it, "The imbalance created a strange dynamic: Most men were able to spend their interview time plugging their projects, while the women were responsible for bearing the burden of taking on sexism in Hollywood in little soundbites."
The trend continued inside. Of the 15 men who received awards onstage throughout the night—Alexander Skarsgård, Ewan McGregor, Aziz Ansari, Sterling K. Brown, Alexandre Desplat, Martin McDonagh, Guillermo del Toro, Sam Rockwell, James Franco, Gary Oldman, Bruce Miller of The Handmaid's Tale, Lee Unkrich for Coco, Benj Pasek and Justin Paul for "This Is Me," and Fatih Akin of In the Fade—zero referenced #MeToo or Time's Up in their acceptance speeches. This is particularly striking considering Skarsgård and Rockwell both won for playing abusive men in their respective projects. Both Miller and Oldman made vague references to making a difference in their speeches—Oldman said, "Words and actions can change the world, and boy oh boy, does it need to change" while Miller said, "To all the people in this room and this country and this world who do everything they can to stop The Handmaid's Tale from becoming real, keep doing that"—but gestures felt flat and perfunctory.
Notably, only two men stepped aside to allow their fellow female winners to speak. When Big Little Lies won Best Miniseries, David E. Kelley spoke for 45 seconds, then passed the mic to executive producer and star Reese Witherspoon. Later, producer Eli Bush stated, "the only person who should speak for Lady Bird is Greta Gerwig," when the film won for Best Motion Picture: Musical or Comedy.
Meanwhile, many of the night's female presenters and winners took the time to call out the movements, including Oprah, Reese Witherspoon, Laura Dern, Nicole Kidman, Elisabeth Moss, Frances McDormand, Salma Hayek, and Natalie Portman.
It didn't get better backstage. Rockwell, Oldman, and McDonagh seemed unprepared and unwilling to discuss the biggest topic of the evening.
It's not enough to stand aside while women attempt to clean up the mess left in the wake of the downfall of Hollywood's most elite. If the entertainment industry is committed to a culture of change, every individual with a platform must be united in the cause.


We're excited to share that Foundation Center and GuideStar have joined forces to become Candid, a single nonprofit organization dedicated to sharing information and insights that can fuel deeper impact. Although we've always shared a commitment to the same values, becoming Candid will allow us to combine our knowledge and passions to start a new era—and allow us to do more than we could ever do apart.
First things first: We will continue to provide you with high quality social sector training, knowledge opportunities, and resources you've come to find here on Grantspace, which includes the programs below.
For example, you can still visit one of our 400+ (and growing!) FIN partners in the United States and around the world. Go here to find a location near you for access to the funding data you need to thrive.
Our goal during this time is to make sure you get the same great experience you are accustomed to. Over the coming years, we're anticipating a lot of exciting enhancements that will directly benefit you and the entire social sector.
At Candid, we strive to have an open dialogue with our community of users. We know you must have some questions, but we also value any thoughts you have about the changes. So if you have any questions or simply want to share your thoughts on our new identity, let us know via chat or email. We would love to know what you think!
Unveiling Candid was only the first step. In the months ahead, we'll be providing you with more exciting developments, so stay tuned. You can also find more information on candid.org, and make plans to attend our free informational webinar on February 20.


Robert Mackay died at Upper Latheron 6th May 1947 aged 88.
Wife Janet Mackay died 2nd May 1912 aged 68.
Daughter Christina Mackay died 18th December 1950 aged 67.
Grandson Robert Mackay of Upper Latheron died 8th November 1982 aged 75 son of the late Mr and Mrs Angus Mackay of Beniechielt Latheron.


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Disclaimer: This page is kept for historical purposes, but the content is no longer actively updated. For more on NASA Science, visit https://science.nasa.gov.
Comet Snowstorm Engulfs Hartley 2
Nov. 18, 2010: NASA has just issued a travel advisory for spacecraft: Watch out for Comet Hartley 2, it is experiencing a significant winter snowstorm.
Deep Impact photographed the unexpected tempest when it flew past the comet's nucleus on Nov. 4th at a distance of only 700 km (435 miles). At first, researchers only noticed the comet's hyperactive jets. The icy nucleus is studded with them, flamboyantly spewing carbon dioxide from dozens of sites. A closer look revealed an even greater marvel, however. The space around the comet's core is glistening with chunks of ice and snow, some of them possibly as large as a basketball.
This contrast-enhanced image obtained during Deep Impact's Nov. 4th flyby of Comet Hartley 2 reveals a cloud of icy particles surrounding the comet's active nucleus.
"We've never seen anything like this before," says University of Maryland professor Mike A'Hearn, principal investigator of Deep Impact's EPOXI mission. "It really took us by surprise."
Before the flyby of Hartley 2, international spacecraft visited four other comet cores—Halley, Borrelly, Wild 2, and Tempel 1. None was surrounded by "comet snow." Tempel 1 is particularly telling because Deep Impact itself performed the flyby. The very same high resolution, high dynamic range cameras that recorded snow-chunks swirling around Hartley 2 did not detect anything similar around Tempel 1.
"This is a genuinely new phenomenon," says science team member Jessica Sunshine of the University of Maryland. "Comet Hartley 2 is not like the other comets we've visited."
The 'snowstorm' occupies a roughly-spherical volume centered on Hartley 2's spinning nucleus. The dumbbell-shaped nucleus, measuring only 2 km from end to end, is tiny compared to the surrounding swarm. "The ice cloud is a few tens of kilometers wide--and possibly much larger than that," says A'Hearn. "We still don't know for sure how big it is."
Data collected by Deep Impact's onboard infrared spectrometer show without a doubt that the particles are made of frozen H2O, i.e., ice. Chunks consist of micron-sized ice grains loosely stuck together in clumps a few centimeters to a few tens of centimeters wide.
This plot compares the infrared spectra of particles surrounding Comet Hartley 2 (black crosses) to spectra of pure water ice grains in the laboratory (purple lines). Micron-sized grains provide the best match. What it means: Hartley 2's snowballs are made of small bits of H20.
"If you held one in your hand you could easily crush it," says Sunshine. "These comet snowballs are very fragile, similar in density and fluffiness to high-mountain snow on Earth."
Even a fluffy snowball can cause problems, however, if it hits you at 12 km/s (27,000 mph). That's how fast the Deep Impact probe was screaming past the comet's nucleus. An impact with one of Hartley 2's icy chunks could have damaged the spacecraft and sent it tumbling, unable to point antennas toward Earth to transmit data or ask for help. Mission controllers might never have known what went wrong.
"Fortunately, we were out of harm's way," notes A'Hearn. "The snow cloud does not appear to extend out to our encounter distance of 700 km. Sunlight sublimates the icy chunks before they can get that far away from the nucleus."
The source of the comet-snow may be the very same garish jets that first caught everyone's eye.
The process begins with dry ice in the comet's crust. Dry ice is solid CO2, one of Hartley 2's more abundant substances. When heat from the sun reaches a pocket of dry ice—poof!—it instantly transforms from solid to vapor, forming a jet wherever local topography happens to collimate the outrushing gas. Apparently, these CO2 jets are carrying chunks of snowy water ice along for the ride.
An artist's concept of Comet Hartley 2 shows how CO2 jets drag water ice out of nucleus, producing a 'comet snowstorm.'
Because the snow is driven by jets, "it's snowing up, not down," notes science team member Peter Schultz of Brown University.
Ironically, flying by Hartley 2 might be more dangerous than actually landing on it. The icy chunks are moving away from the comet's surface at only a few m/s (5 to 10 mph). A probe that matched velocity with the comet's nucleus in preparation for landing wouldn't find the drifting snowballs very dangerous at all--but a high-speed flyby is another matter. This is something planners of future missions to active comets like Hartley 2 will surely take into account.
Comet snowstorms could be just the first of many discoveries to come. A'Hearn and Sunshine say the research team is only beginning to analyze gigabytes of data beamed back from the encounter, and new results could be only weeks or months away.
Stay tuned for updates from Comet Hartley 2.
Author: Dr. Tony Phillips | Credit: Science@NASA
EPOXI --- home page
Cometary Poison Gas Geyser Heralds Surprises -- (Science@NASA)
Twin fireballs might have come from Comet Hartley 2 -- (Science@NASA)
Meet Comet Hartley 2! -- commentary from Dr. Jim Green, director of Planetary Science at NASA HQ
Deep Impact (EPOXI) hurtles toward Comet Hartley 2 -- (Science@NASA)
Search for New Worlds at Home With NASA's Planet Patrol Project
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Citizen Scientists Supercharged Data...
Hubble Captures the Galaxy's...
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This paper provides an overview of the processes involved in detecting and removing cracks from digitized works of art. Specific attention is given to the crack detection phase as completed through the use of morphological operations. Mathematical morphology is an area of set theory applicable to image processing, and therefore lends itself effectively to the digital art restoration process.
Dramdahl, M. Kirbie (2014) "Morphological Operations Applied to Digital Art Restoration," Scholarly Horizons: University of Minnesota, Morris Undergraduate Journal: Vol. 1 : Iss. 2 , Article 6.


Valentine's Day is upon us again, and if you're struggling with Valentines Day Gift Ideas for what to get your Significant Other, Galentine or whoever else you're spending the day with, look no further than my Valentine's Day Gift Guide for all the gift inspiration from splurging to budget buys.
My favourite Valentines Gift Idea is a gorgeous watch. How bloody gorgeous is this Adexe Official Watch Gift Box*?!
Containing the Sistine Rose Gold Watch with an interchangeable strap and a tan leather snake print alternate, it makes a stunning gift. Especially as you're essentially getting two watches in one box!
For a makeup lover, the Benefit I Pink I Love You Gift Set* is a gorgeous option with a very valentine's pink theme! Described as the Baby Pink Brightening Kit for complexion, lips and eyes it has a great mixture of products.
It contains Pose Tint, Dandelion Blush, Roller Lash and Dandelion Dew. You can get this for only £22.90 at World Duty Free, which is over £4 off the RRP!
Perfume is always a good option and if you're struggling to pick a scent, Victor Rolf Flower Bomb Perfume* is a gorgeous choice with floral notes of rose, osmanthus, orchid, jasmine. Not to mention the beautiful pink bottle with the embossed VR logo attached for a unique touch. You can get a 50ml from World Duty Free for £58.30 which saves £14 off the high street price!
For me, you can't go wrong with a LUSH Gift Set! The In Your Dreams set has two products in: Unicorn Horn Bubble Bar and Love Boat Bath Bomb. These were actually the two I wanted from the range and they come together in a box gorgeously wrapped with pink, yellow and purple paper embossed with confetti shapes.
At £11.75 it is £3 more than buying them separately but you can't beat a gift being presented nicely in a box. Unicorn Horn Bubble Bar contains lavender oil for relaxation and neroli oil to brighten your mood and you get a good four baths from one bar. Love Boat Bath Bomb has a citrus scent with sweet orange and lemon oils and it has tiny little red love hearts at the bottom that float around the bath and add to the beautiful bath art it makes in the water. The perfect valentines gift for the bath lover in your life!
If you're looking for an add on gift, a box of chocolates never goes amiss. Lindt Chocolates are a great option as they have a luxe feel and taste delicious! Every year I buy my Mum a box of the Lindt Strawberries and Cream and they fit in to the pink valentines theme peerfectly. So Mum if you're reading this, soz for showcasing your chocolates but it's hardly a secret you'll be getting them! These were on offer in Superdrug for only £3.50 so a bargain as well!
If you're on a budget or want to bulk up a gift, a bunch of flowers is my go to option. Roses are the signature valentines flower, and you don't have to spend a lot to get some good ones. These fair trade flowers are £5 from Asda and are a gorgeous mix of white, light pink and red roses.
So that's all of my Valentines Day Gift Guide Ideas, what are your gift ideas this year?
*PR Gifts sent to me in exchange for a blog post. All opinions are honest and my own.
Loved the ideas! The bath bomb is my favorite pick for valentine's day!
Lush gift set sounds great!


EMI's NEW Explorer Lock Knife!
Water repellent 1000D nylon cordura, padded with extra cushioning foam.
Lightweight, extra tought, and durable.
Double stitched with heavy nylon thread and includes a snap belt loop and reinforced VELCRO® brand closure.
2 slide-in pockets in front under covered flap.
Accommodates belts up to 2 1/2" wide.
Measures 7" x 5" x 1/2".


text:
Stephen Gates
Chatchawat Asawarakwong
KASIKORN BANK
Phil Cole
AusCERT
Joseph Burton
Content by John Fokker
John Fokker
Head of Cyber Investigations and Red Teaming for McAfee Advanced Threat Research, McAfee
Fokker is Head of Cyber Investigations for McAfee Advanced Threat Research. Prior to joining McAfee, he worked at the National High Tech Crime Unit (NHTCU), the Dutch national police unit dedicated to investigating advanced forms of cybercrime. Within NHTCU he led the data science group, which focused on threat intelligence research. During his career he has supervised numerous large-scale cybercrime investigations and takedowns. Fokker is also one of the cofounders of the NoMoreRansom Project. He started his career with the Netherlands Police Agency as a digital forensics investigator within a task force against organized crime. Before joining the national police, he served in the special operations and counterterrorism group of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps.
Bank on Seeing More Targeted Attacks on Financial Services
Since at least the middle of last year, online attackers have been increasingly targeting the financial services sector. So warns John Fokker, principal engineer and head of cyber investigations for the Advanced Threat Research group at cybersecurity firm Trellix. He says Trellix's latest threat assessment found a...
JD Sports Details Data Breach Affecting 10 Million Customers


Samrand Circle is located in the Samrand/Centurion area with easy access from the N1 highway via the Samrand off-ramp and heading west along Samrand Avenue.
The area provides easy access to the West and East Rand areas, Pretoria and OR Tambo International Airport.
Don't miss out on this fantastic development.


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Q: Differences between a line in a haskell source file and one in GHCI Haskell newbie here so please excuse if the question is too simple. Its just that I dont seem to be able to get a handle on why some things are ok in a file, but not in GHCI. For example, I have the following lines in a file:
showLst :: [[Int]] -> IO ()
showLst = putStrLn . unlines . map show

This takes a m x n array and prints the result on the screen. A very convenient function. However, when I am doing a quick check on GHCI and I want the same functionallity, I try to define the same function in GHCI like so:
>> let showLst = putStrLn . unlines . map show
>> showLst [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]

I get a type error. So I try several variations:
>> (showLst [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]) :: IO ()
>> (showLst:: [[Int]] -> IO ()) [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
>> (showLst [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]) :: [[Int]] -> IO () -- which us wrong anyway
>> showLst [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]] :: [[Int]] -> IO () -- which is also wrong

etc and they all fail. This seems to be a very simple thing to do, but not sure why I am finding this to be so difficult. I must be missing something that is really fundamental. Can someone please let me know what I am doing wong ?

A: The problem is that due to monomorphism restriction GHCi defaults type of your list element to ():
Prelude> let showLst = putStrLn . unlines . map show
Prelude> :t showLst
showLst :: [()] -> IO ()

You can disable this restriction and get general type:
Prelude> :set -XNoMonomorphismRestriction
Prelude> let showLst = putStrLn . unlines . map show
Prelude> :t showLst
showLst :: Show a => [a] -> IO ()

Or you can specify desired type manually:
Prelude> let showLst = putStrLn . unlines . map show :: [[Int]] -> IO ()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Translate and draft content for CKGSB's English website, news articles, etc.
To Apply: Please send your CV (resume) to Ms. Ira Zaka at irazaka@ckgsb.edu.cn.
Established in Beijing in November 2002 with support from the Li Ka Shing Foundation, CKGSB is China's first faculty-governed and independent business school. CKGSB boasts more than 40 full-time professors, many of whom previously held tenured faculty positions at leading business schools such as Wharton and Yale. Their research has provided the basis for more than 400 case studies of both China-specific and global issues. CKGSB also stands apart for its unmatched alumni network. More than half of CKGSB's 13,000 alumni are at the CEO or Chairman level and, collectively, they lead one fifth of China's most valuable brands.
Headquartered in Beijing, CKGSB is also located in Shanghai, Shenzhen, New York, Hong Kong and London. The school offers the following innovative courses: MBA, Finance MBA, Executive MBA, Business Scholars Program (DBA), and Executive Education programs. For more information, please visit http://english.ckgsb.edu.cn/.


text:
package com.orionplatform.math.number.services.tasks;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import com.orionplatform.core.abstraction.Orion;
import com.orionplatform.math.number.ANumber;
import com.orionplatform.math.number.InvalidNumberException;
import com.orionplatform.math.number.Numbers;

public class GetNumbersAsNumberListTask extends Orion
{
    public static synchronized List<ANumber> run(List<?> numbers)
    {
        List<ANumber> numbersTemp = new ArrayList<ANumber>();

        for(Object x : numbers)
        {
            if(Numbers.isNumber(x))
            {
                numbersTemp.add(ANumber.of((Number)x, 0));
            }
            else if(Numbers.isAbstractNumber(x))
            {
                numbersTemp.add(((ANumber)x).getCopy());
            }
            else if(x instanceof String)
            {
                try
                {
                    numbersTemp.add(ANumber.of((String)x));
                }
                catch(InvalidNumberException e)
                {

                }
            }
        }

        return numbersTemp;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


2 x 12 pk, a total of 24 pcs toilet seat covers.
MaxCare Traveller Pack. 2 x 12 pk, a total of 24 pcs toilet seat covers.
Planning a trip away from home or just dining out / party? This is a small price to pay for a peace of mind.


1. One definition of pride is taking credit for God's gifts. Where are some areas where you are committing "cosmic plaigarism"? What are some concrete ways that you can turn from boasting to thankfulness and praise?
2. No one likes to be humbled. It is a painful, stripping experience. Yet only the humble have experienced God's power in a personal way. Are you afraid for God to humble you in some difficult way? Why is that?
3. Pride makes us less human and more bestial. Discuss how you have seen this in your own life. How did lifting your eyes to God "restore your reason"? In other words, what did you learn about pride, about yourself, and about God?
4. Jesus is the only king who can say the kingdom is from him, through him, and to him, yet Jesus humbled himself. People who follow Jesus should be actively humbling themselves rather than waiting for God to humble them. Where will you lower yourself and submit to God's sovereignty and will over your life this week?


Google Pay users will soon be able to invest in gold through the app--at least in India.
Google Pay is preparing to launch 'Gold' as an investment plan on its platform , according to two sources, reports The Economic Times of India.
While the service has not been officially launched, the company has already updated its terms of service on the Google Pay application in India, which ET has checked and verified.
It appears from this that buyers will be able to take delivery of their gold.
The idea behind the new investment gold plan is similar to other applications already available in India, such as Paytm, PhonePe, and ETMoney.
ET reported in May last year that PhonePe claimed to have seen a 400% spike in transactions in digital gold within five months of launch, with a total 250kgs (8037.69 troy ounces or roughly at today's price $10 million) of gold having been sold then. Paytm has been reporting huge volumes of gold being sold through its platform as well.


text:
package org.keycloak.models;
import org.keycloak.provider.ProviderFactory;

/**
 * @author Marek Posolda
 */
public interface TokenRevocationStoreProviderFactory extends ProviderFactory<TokenRevocationStoreProvider> {
}


text:
Travelstripe
Welcome to Travelstripe
Tag Archives: Nikoletta Xydakis
Greece, Mykonos
Mykonos, Part 9, The Weavers
August 24, 2014 Patricia Moore	Leave a comment
In a warm, light-filled studio in a narrow street in Scarpa, Little Venice, Nikoletta Xidakis works away at her loom, surrounded by stands of bright yarn and shelves of seductively soft woollen shawls, scarves and rugs. She has plied the weaver's trade here for over 50 years. A collection of cuttings from international newspapers, in shades of fading yellow, speak of her talent and the fame it has. earned her
Mykonos has always been a weaver's island. Archeological finds here have shown that even in ancient times, textile production was significantly developed. By the 17th century the weavers of Mykonos had won considerable fame. Over the next three centuries the textile industry grew until by the mid 1900s, it involved most of the island's women. There were over 500 looms at work on the island. Mykonos textiles won international awards. Highly prized, they were sold abroad and used to decorate the Royal Place in Athens. With the advent of Tourism in the 1970s, a new market opened up. Weavers set up stalls in the streets of Chora and opened their workshops to the visitors. Textiles from this era, comprising over 500 different designs, can be seen in the town's Folklore Museum. Inevitably, with industrialization, traditional textile production, which once supported so many families on Mykonos, declined. One by one the island's looms fell silent. Nikoletta Xidakis is now one of the last two traditional weavers left on Mykonos. You can find her at:
Little Venice, Skarpa, Mykonos Town, Mykonos 84600
Phone: 22890/27503
MykonosNikoletta Xydakisweaving
Travel stories, anecdotes and observations
B&B luxury at Akaroa's Beaufort House
Historic Akaroa
Burj Khalifa; At The Top Sky
Wonder at Oamaru's Home Gallery Fine Arts and Living
Patricia Moore on Arabian Nights
Moana Kerr on Arabian Nights
Patricia Moore on Te Rito, dedicated to the art of weaving
Carma Bookhardt on Te Rito, dedicated to the art of weaving
Patricia Moore on Uprising Beach resort, where Fiji's Sevens Rugby Team prepared for Olympic gold
Greek Riviera


Carrasco (5-1) allowed two runs on five hits and a walk and struck out 14 to earn a complete-game victory Wednesday over the Brewers.
The Brewers didn't score until a fielder's choice pushed a run across in the seventh inning, and they added a meaningless sacrifice fly in the ninth inning as Carrasco was nursing a five-run lead. The story for Carrasco was his curveball, which induced a ridiculous 13 swinging strikes on 39 offerings. This was an important bounce-back effort for Carrasco, who had allowed 10 earned runs over just 8.2 innings in his previous two starts. Carrasco can be one of the nastiest pitchers in the league at his best, as he showed Wednesday afternoon. The main thing holding him back is his home run problem -- he has allowed six already in just eight starts. Carrasco brought his ERA down to 3.61 with Wednesday's effort, and he'll look to keep it trending in the right direction Tuesday against Detroit.


text:
Home»Initiatives & Policies»Transportation»N.C. Bridges»Historic Bridges»Bridging N.C.'s Coast
Bridging N.C.'s Coast
Three-mile-long Umstead Bridge (Dare County Bridge 9) built on US 64 by the State Highway Commission in 1955-1956 to connect the mainland with Roanoke Island (Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards, UNC-Chapel Hill)
Although Roanoke Island lays claim to the first attempted English settlement in the New World, the Roanoke Colony, the low-lying islands and shallow waters so treacherous to navigation long made the Outer Banks one of the most isolated and sparsely settled areas of the East Coast. Access was provided only by water transport and by 1900 development was limited to a handful of small villages, tiny resort towns such as Nags Head, and the stations established by the US Lifesaving Service. By the 1920s it was increasingly obvious to local developers that the future of the Outer Banks as a tourist destination was tied to improving highway connections with the mainland. They found, however, that they had little influence with the State Highway Commission and all of their proposals for bridges were turned down as too costly. The Commission was focused on improving a system of primary highways on the mainland and not yet ready to reach out to the barrier islands, a situation that was to change only in the 1950s.
Local businessmen initially took matters into their own hands by forming private toll-bridge companies. In 1928 in Dare County they built the Baum Bridge (replaced in 1951) over Roanoke Sound between Roanoke Island and the beach. They followed this in 1930, also in Dare, with the crossing that truly opened the islands to development, the Wright Memorial Bridge (replaced in 1966) that carried NC 158 over Currituck Sound. The Great Depression slowed development on the islands, but following World War II and into the 1950s, the Outer Banks became the tourist destination that developers had long desired, and the State Highway Commission began taking an increasingly active role, especially after buying the toll bridges and making them free. The second span to connect the islands and the mainland was the William B. Umstead Bridge, erected by the State Highway Commission in 1955-1956 to carry US 64 over the Croatan Sound (Dare County Bridge 9). The nearly three-mile-long bridge was the biggest state bridge project of the 1950s, based on overall length and expense, but the crossing posed few major technological challenges. The bridge was formed of an extensive series of conventional steel stringer and girder-and-floorbeam spans, none of which extended more than 130 feet.
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