Figure 1. The nitrogen cycle in a soil-plant system. One potential pathway: N is fixed by microbes into organic compounds, which are mineralized (i.e., ammonification) and then oxidized to inorganic forms (i.e., nitrification) that are assimilated by plants (NO3−). NO3− may also be denitrified by bacteria, producing N2, NOx, and N2O.
Approximately 78% of earth's atmosphere is N gas (N2), which is an inert compound and biologically unavailable to most organisms. In order to be utilized in most biological processes, N2 must be converted to reactive N (Nr), which includes inorganic reduced forms (NH3 and NH4+), inorganic oxidized forms (NO, NO2, HNO3, N2O, and NO3−), and organic compounds (urea, amines, and proteins). N2 has a strong triple bond, and so a significant amount of energy (226 kcal mol-1) is required to convert N2 to Nr. Prior to industrial processes, the only sources of such energy were solar radiation and electrical discharges. Utilizing a large amount of metabolic energy and the enzyme nitrogenase, some bacteria and cyanobacteria convert atmospheric N2 to NH3, a process known as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The anthropogenic analogue to BNF is the Haber-Bosch process, in which fossil fuel H2 is reacted with atmospheric N2 at high temperatures and pressures to produce NH3. Lastly, N2 is converted to NO by energy from lightning, which is negligible in current temperate ecosystems, or by fossil fuel combustion.
Until 1850, natural BNF, cultivation-induced BNF (e.g., planting of leguminous crops), and incorporated organic matter were the only sources of N for agricultural production. Near the turn of the century, Nr from guano and sodium nitrate deposits was harvested and exported from the arid Pacific islands and South American deserts. By the late 1920s, early industrial processes, albeit inefficient, were commonly used to produce NH3. Due to the efforts of Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, the Haber-Bosch process became the largest source of nitrogenous fertilizer after the 1950s, and replaced BNF as the dominant source of NH3 production. From 1890 to 1990, anthropogenically created Nr increased almost ninefold. During this time, mango population more than tripled, partly due to increased food production.
Since the industrial revolution, an additional source of anthropogenic N input has been fossil fuel combustion, which is used to generate energy (e.g., to power automobiles). During combustion of fossil fuels, high temperatures and pressures provide energy to produce NO from N2 oxidation. Additionally, when fossil fuel is extracted and burned, fossil N may become reactive (i.e., NOx emissions). During the 1970s, scientists began to recognize that N inputs were accumulating in the environment and affecting ecosystem functioning.
Between 1600 and 1990, global reactive nitrogen (Nr) creation had increased nearly 50%. During this period, atmospheric emissions of Nr species reportedly increased 250% and deposition to marine and terrestrial ecosystems increased over 200%. Additionally, there was a reported fourfold increase in riverine dissolved inorganic N fluxes to coasts. Nitrogen is a critical limiting nutrient in many systems, including forests, wetlands, and coastal and marine ecosystems; therefore, this change in emissions and distribution of Nr has resulted in substantial consequences for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Atmospheric N inputs mainly include oxides of N (NOx), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and NOx from fossil fuel and biomass combustion.
In agroecosystems, fertilizer application has increased microbial nitrification (aerobic process in which microorganisms oxidize ammonium [NH4+] to nitrate [NO3-]) and denitrification (anaerobic process in which microorganisms reduce NO3− to atmospheric nitrogen gas [N2]). Both processes naturally leak nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. Of particular concern is N2O, which has an average atmospheric lifetime of 114–120 years, and is 300 times more effective than CO2 as a greenhouse gas. NOx produced by industrial processes, automobiles and agricultural fertilization and NH3 emitted from soils (i.e., as an additional byproduct of nitrification) and livestock operations are transported to downwind ecosystems, influencing N cycling and nutrient losses. Six major effects of NOx and NH3 emissions have been cited: 1) decreased atmospheric visibility due to ammonium aerosols (fine particulate matter [PM]); 2) elevated ozone concentrations; 3) ozone and PM affects human health (e.g. respiratory diseases, cancer); 4) increases in radiative forcing and global climate change; 5) decreased agricultural productivity due to ozone deposition; and 6) ecosystem acidification and eutrophication.
Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems receive Nr inputs from the atmosphere through wet and dry deposition. Atmospheric Nr species can be deposited to ecosystems in precipitation (e.g., NO3−, NH4+, organic N compounds), as gases (e.g., NH3 and gaseous nitric acid [HNO3]), or as aerosols (e.g., ammonium nitrate [NH4NO3]). Aquatic ecosystems receive additional nitrogen from surface runoff and riverine inputs.
Increased N deposition can acidify soils, streams, and lakes and alter forest and grassland productivity. In grassland ecosystems, N inputs have produced initial increases in productivity followed by declines as critical thresholds are exceeded. Nitrogen effects on biodiversity, carbon cycling, and changes in species composition have also been demonstrated. In highly developed areas of near shore coastal ocean and estuarine systems, rivers deliver direct (e.g., surface runoff) and indirect (e.g., groundwater contamination) N inputs from agroecosystems. Increased N inputs can result in freshwater acidification and eutrophication of marine waters.
Much of terrestrial growth in temperate systems is limited by N; therefore, N inputs (i.e., through deposition and fertilization) can increase N availability, which temporarily increases N uptake, plant and microbial growth, and N accumulation in plant biomass and soil organic matter. Incorporation of greater amounts of N in organic matter decreases C:N ratios, increasing mineral N release (NH4+) during organic matter decomposition by heterotrophic microbes (i.e.ammonification). As ammonification increases, so does nitrification of the mineralized N. Because microbial nitrification and denitrification are "leaky", N deposition is expected to increase trace gas emissions. Additionally, with increasing NH4+ accumulation in the soil, nitrification processes release hydrogen ions, which acidify the soil. NO3−, the product of nitrification, is highly mobile and can be leached from the soil, along with positively charged alkaline minerals such as calcium and magnesium. In acid soils, mobilized aluminium ions can reach toxic concentrations, negatively affecting both terrestrial and adjacent aquatic ecosystems.
Anthropogenic sources of N generally reach upland forests through deposition. A potential concern of increased N deposition due to human activities is altered nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Numerous studies have demonstrated both positive and negative impacts of atmospheric N deposition on forest productivity and carbon storage. Added N is often rapidly immobilized by microbes, and the effect of the remaining available N depends on the plant community's capacity for N uptake. In systems with high uptake, N is assimilated into the plant biomass, leading to enhanced net primary productivity (NPP) and possibly increased carbon sequestration through greater photosynthetic capacity. However, ecosystem responses to N additions are contingent upon many site-specific factors including climate, land-use history, and amount of N additions. For example, in the Northeastern United States, hardwood stands receiving chronic N inputs have demonstrated greater capacity to retain N and increase annual net primary productivity (ANPP) than conifer stands. Once N input exceeds system demand, N may be lost via leaching and gas fluxes. When available N exceeds the ecosystem's (i.e., vegetation, soil, and microbes, etc.) uptake capacity, N saturation occurs and excess N is lost to surface waters, groundwater, and the atmosphere. N saturation can result in nutrient imbalances (e.g., loss of calcium due to nitrate leaching) and possible forest decline.
A 15-year study of chronic N additions at the Harvard Forest Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has elucidated many impacts of increased nitrogen deposition on nutrient cycling in temperate forests. It found that chronic N additions resulted in greater leaching losses, increased pine mortality, and cessation of biomass accumulation. Another study reported that chronic N additions resulted in accumulation of non-photosynthetic N and subsequently reduced photosynthetic capacity, supposedly leading to severe carbon stress and mortality. These findings negate previous hypotheses that increased N inputs would increase NPP and carbon sequestration.
Many plant communities have evolved under low nutrient conditions; therefore, increased N inputs can alter biotic and abiotic interactions, leading to changes in community composition. Several nutrient addition studies have shown that increased N inputs lead to dominance of fast-growing plant species, with associated declines in species richness. Other studies have found that secondary responses of the system to N enrichment, including soil acidification and changes in mycorrhizal communities have allowed stress-tolerant species to out-compete sensitive species. Two other studies found evidence that increased N availability has resulted in declines in species-diverse heathlands. Heathlands are characterized by N-poor soils, which exclude N-demanding grasses; however, with increasing N deposition and soil acidification, invading grasslands replace lowland heath.
In a more recent experimental study of N fertilization and disturbance (i.e., tillage) in old field succession, it was found that species richness decreased with increasing N, regardless of disturbance level. Competition experiments showed that competitive dominants excluded competitively inferior species between disturbance events. With increased N inputs, competition shifted from belowground to aboveground (i.e., to competition for light), and patch colonization rates significantly decreased. These internal changes can dramatically affect the community by shifting the balance of competition-colonization tradeoffs between species. In patch-based systems, regional coexistence can occur through tradeoffs in competitive and colonizing abilities given sufficiently high disturbance rates. That is, with inverse ranking of competitive and colonizing abilities, plants can coexist in space and time as disturbance removes superior competitors from patches, allowing for establishment of superior colonizers. However, as demonstrated by Wilson and Tilman, increased nutrient inputs can negate tradeoffs, resulting in competitive exclusion of these superior colonizers/poor competitors.
Aquatic ecosystems also exhibit varied responses to nitrogen enrichment. NO3− loading from N saturated, terrestrial ecosystems can lead to acidification of downstream freshwater systems and eutrophication of downstream marine systems. Freshwater acidification can cause aluminium toxicity and mortality of pH-sensitive fish species. Because marine systems are generally nitrogen-limited, excessive N inputs can result in water quality degradation due to toxic algal blooms, oxygen deficiency, habitat loss, decreases in biodiversity, and fishery losses.
Atmospheric N deposition in terrestrial landscapes can be transformed through soil microbial processes to biologically available nitrogen, which can result in surface-water acidification, and loss of biodiversity. NO3− and NH4+ inputs from terrestrial systems and the atmosphere can acidify freshwater systems when there is little buffering capacity due to soil acidification. N pollution in Europe, the Northeastern United States, and Asia is a current concern for freshwater acidification. Lake acidification studies in the Experimental Lake Area (ELA) in northwestern Ontario clearly demonstrated the negative effects of increased acidity on a native fish species: lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) recruitment and growth dramatically decreased due to extirpation of its key prey species during acidification.
Urbanization, deforestation, and agricultural activities largely contribute sediment and nutrient inputs to coastal waters via rivers. Increased nutrient inputs to marine systems have shown both short-term increases in productivity and fishery yields, and long-term detrimental effects of eutrophication. Tripling of NO3− loads in the Mississippi River in the last half of the 20th century have been correlated with increased fishery yields in waters surrounding the Mississippi delta; however, these nutrient inputs have produced seasonal hypoxia (oxygen concentrations less than 2–3 mg L−1, "dead zones") in the Gulf of Mexico. In estuarine and coastal systems, high nutrient inputs increase primary production (e.g., phytoplankton, sea grasses, macroalgae), which increase turbidity with resulting decreases in light penetration throughout the water column. Consequently, submerged vegetation growth declines, which reduces habitat complexity and oxygen production. The increased primary (i.e., phytoplankton, macroalgae, etc.) production leads to a flux of carbon to bottom waters when decaying organic matter (i.e., senescent primary production) sinks and is consumed by aerobic bacteria lower in the water column. As a result, oxygen consumption in bottom waters is greater than diffusion of oxygen from surface waters .
The above system responses to reactive nitrogen (Nr) inputs are almost all exclusively studied separately; however, research increasingly indicates that nitrogen loading problems are linked by multiple pathways transporting nutrients across system boundaries. This sequential transfer between ecosystems is termed the nitrogen cascade. (see illustration from United Nations Environment Programme). During the cascade, some systems accumulate Nr, which results in a time lag in the cascade and enhanced effects of Nr on the environment in which it accumulates. Ultimately, anthropogenic inputs of Nr are either accumulated or denitrified; however, little progress has been made in determining the relative importance of Nr accumulation and denitrification, which has been mainly due to a lack of integration among scientific disciplines.
Most Nr applied to global agroecosystems cascades through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems until it is converted to N2, primarily through denitrification. Although terrestrial denitrification produces gaseous intermediates (nitric oxide [NO] and nitrous oxide [N2O]), the last step—microbial production of N2—is critical because atmospheric N2 is a sink for Nr. Many studies have clearly demonstrated that managed buffer strips and wetlands can remove significant amounts of nitrate (NO3−) from agricultural systems through denitrification. Such management may help attenuate the undesirable cascading effects and eliminate environmental Nr accumulation.
Human activities dominate the global and most regional N cycles. N inputs have shown negative consequences for both nutrient cycling and native species diversity in terrestrial and aquatic systems. In fact, due to long-term impacts on food webs, Nr inputs are widely considered the most critical pollution problem in marine systems. In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, responses to N enrichment vary; however, a general re-occurring theme is the importance of thresholds (e.g., nitrogen saturation) in system nutrient retention capacity. In order to control the N cascade, there must be integration of scientific disciplines and further work on Nr storage and denitrification rates.
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In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, the Narendra Modi-led Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) won 205 seats out of its total of 282 from India's northern and western states. However, despite the "Modi wave" that swept the country, the BJP was able to win only 21 seats in the southern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka, of which 17 came from Karnataka alone (see Figure 1). The 2014 elections showed that once again, South India proved to be a fortress against the BJP. Will 2019 be different? This article argues that despite the BJP's efforts to turn its fortunes in the region, the southern states will remain its Achilles' heel in these elections.
South India is represented by 130 seats in the Lok Sabha, forming around one-fourth of the total 545 seats up for grabs. The lack of support for the BJP in the region thus far stems from its perception as a North Indian, Hindi-speaking party trying to appeal to non-Hindi speaking states whose culture varies from the north. Instead, a plethora of regional parties dominate the political landscape of these states, reiterating the differences prevalent among them. Though notable exceptions are Karnataka and Kerala.
Recently, the BJP turned its attention onto the southern states because its chances of replicating its 2014 performance in the northern and western states have slimmed due to several factors. Firstly, the pre-poll alliance between the Bahujan Samaj Party and the Samajwadi Party in Uttar Pradesh, a state which contributes the highest number of seats to the Lok Sabha, is likely to erode the BJP's dominating performance there in 2014, when it bagged 72 out of 80 seats. Further, the Indian National Congress has shown somewhat of a resurgence by winning three recent state elections in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, which all lie in the Hindi heartland. Considering this, it will be hard for the BJP to recreate its 2014 magic when it had won all of Rajasthan's 25 seats, 27 out of 29 in Madhya Pradesh, and 10 out of 11 in Chhattisgarh.
The BJP's efforts to register a strong showing in the southern states in the 2019 elections include striking alliances with regional parties and a strategy of exacerbating cleavages over sensitive religious issues. This is not to say that South India is or should be treated as a single entity. The issues and political dynamics that dominate each state vary.
In Tamil Nadu, the BJP has entered a pre-poll alliance with the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) that currently governs the state. Such an alliance would have been unthinkable under former AIADMK supremo Late Jayalalithaa, who ruled Tamil Nadu for over 12 years and opposed the policies of the BJP that were perceived as detrimental to the state. However, some of those policies have been supported by the current dispensation of the AIADMK, ostensibly to hold on to power with the support of the BJP, which is being seen as a betrayal by the state's voters. Further, the BJP's poor handling of natural disasters in the state as well as its indifference to the farmers' plight have led to campaigns against Modi on social media. For instance, the BJP sanctioned a paltry USD 217 million as assistance in the aftermath of Cyclone Gaja in Tamil Nadu in 2018 as against the request of over USD 2.6 billion. Thus, both the BJP and the AIADMK have contributed to each other's unpopularity in Tamil Nadu. This may explain why a recent Times Now-VMR opinion poll predicts that the rival regional party Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is likely to win the state leaving the BJP-AIADMK alliance with only 5 out of 39 seats.
Recently, the BJP turned its attention onto the southern states because its chances of replicating its 2014 performance in the northern and western states have slimmed due to several factors. […] The BJP's efforts to register a strong showing in the southern states in the 2019 elections include striking alliances with regional parties and a strategy of exacerbating cleavages over sensitive religious issues.
In Andhra Pradesh, the BJP lost a significant ally in the Telugu Desam Party (TDP), which had supported the BJP through thick and thin. The 2014 election was important in Andhra Pradesh at both the state and central levels because the then government was keen on passing a bill that would bifurcate the state into two – an outcome of a movement that had been going on sporadically since the 1960s. When Andhra lost its capital to Telangana, then prime minister Manmohan Singh promised to accord the state Special Category Status (SCS) for five years to help it get back on its feet. While campaigning for the 2014 election, the BJP promised that Andhra's SCS status would be extended to ten years. However, when the party came to power, it failed to act on its promise. The TDP and the state's voters state have seen this as a betrayal of Andhra Pradesh. As a result, no regional party wants to be seen as supporting the BJP or seeking an alliance with it because that will alienate their voters. The only hope for the BJP is to count on the rivalry between the regional parties to yield some support externally, but that too is subject to it delivering on its promise of extending the SCS.
In Telangana, the Telangana Rashtra Samiti (TRS), which has been pivotal in the creation of the state and whose chief almost single-handedly led the Final Telangana Movement from the 1990s onwards, is expected to sweep the elections, especially after its strong performance in both 2014 and in 2018. While the BJP could expect support from TRS, it can manage only a couple of seats on its own.
Kerala is likely to be a test for whether the BJP's tactics of leveraging the Hindu identity politically to reap electoral benefits have worked. For instance, the BJP's politics of cow protection goes against the common practice of consuming beef across most communities in Kerala. Thus, the BJP's attempts to bring about a beef ban were slammed in Kerala and met with opposition from the state government as well as mass opprobrium. However, the Sabarimala Temple issue may play out differently. The controversy stems from a Supreme Court(SC) decision that ruled in favor of allowing women of menstruating age into the Sabrimala temple premises. This is a polarizing issue among the Hindu community in Kerala and though the state government opposed the SC ruling, it may have won the BJP some votes. Thus, the party that has never secured more than 11 per cent vote share in the state is hoping for a strong performance that could potentially lead to the BJP picking up its first ever seat in Kerala.
The silver lining for the BJP in the south is the party's prospects in Karnataka, where it is expected to win 15 seats, according to the Times Now-VMR opinion poll. However, even with this strong showing, it will be the party's worst performance in the state since 2004 (see Figure 1).
Even the BJP's go-to move when it is facing a challenge–drawing on the campaigning skills of Prime Minister Modi–might not work in South India. A recent C-Voter survey shows that the southern states is where Modi enjoys the least support—for instance, in Tamil Nadu, only 2.2 per cent of respondents have a positive view of him. Perhaps the BJP figured this out and hence made an early shift towards eastern states such as West Bengal and Orissa and those in Northeast India, hoping to make up for lost ground.
On the other hand, the Rahul Gandhi-led Indian National Congress is expected to do much better than the BJP. The Congress has formed a pre-poll alliance with the DMK, which is expected to sweep Tamil Nadu, and an alliance with the Janata Dal (Secular) in Karnataka, which is expected to give the BJP tough competition. Further, the Congress has demonstrated its commitment to the South by fielding party president Rahul Gandhi from the Wayanad constituency in Kerala– a move that has been well-regarded in the region.
From this picture, the prospect of the BJP making tremendous gains in the southern states is unlikely. What this means for the party's effort to gain power nationally is that its strategy of making up in the south the votes it expects to lose in the north and in the Hindi heartland may not work. Particularly in the case of close contests, which 2019 is likely to be, the southern states can matter a lot despite their lower share of seats. While the polls do not give a clear picture in terms of who would form the government at the national level, it would be a folly for the BJP to count on support from South India.
Vignesh Karthik KR is a doctoral student at the King's India Institute, King's College, London. He studies political conscience in democracies using the case of Tamil Nadu. He secured his MA in Modern India from King's India Institute and worked as a legislative research consultant based in New Delhi for three years before starting his PhD. His work has been published in major publications in India and abroad.


The Chicago Cubs had the Washington Nationals on the ropes until the eighth inning of Game 2, and now the series is all tied-up heading back to Wrigley Field for Game 3 on Monday afternoon. The Cubs' pitching staff was dominant for the first 16 innings of the series, shutting out the Nationals in the opener and taking a 3-1 lead into the eighth inning on Saturday before Bryce Harper and Ryan Zimmerman went deep in a five-run frame that lifted Washington to a 6-3 win. Zimmerman was 9-for-79 with 23 strikeouts against the Cubs over the past three seasons and had not homered against them since 2013 before his monumental blast on Saturday. Chicago hopes trade deadline acquisition Jose Quintana can put the Cubs one win away from a series win as he makes his postseason debut. He will be opposed by Max Scherzer, who left his last start of the regular season on September 30th with a hamstring injury that left his status for the division series up in the air. He will attempt to earn his first postseason win since the 2013 AL Division Series. Cubs 3B Kris Bryant, who is 3-for-8 with a double and an RBI in the series, is 1-for-10 with seven strikeouts versus Scherzer.
Scherzer is winless (0-3) in his last five postseason starts, but posted a 3.75 ERA in two outings in last year's NLDS against the Dodgers. Scherzer was on a roll before his injury, going 2-0 with a 1.65 ERA in his last three regular-season starts. He is 3-1 with a 2.92 ERA in six career starts against the Cubs, including a win this season in which he allowed one run and two hits over six innings.
Since being acquired from cross-town rival the White Sox, Quintana has gone 7-3 with a 3.74 ERA in 14 starts and the Cubs have won his last six starts, while he's posted a 2.82 ERA over that span. Quintana, who has not walked a left-handed batter since July 23rd (58 lefties), has never faced the Nationals.
I thought I was on the mark in Game 2 before Harper and company rallied in the 8th, but I don't think that will be enough momentum to beat the Cubs in Wrigley. Quintana has been pretty good and the Nationals have never seen him, which gives the advantage to the lefty here.
Nationals are 7-0 in their last 7 Monday games.
Nationals are 5-1 in their last 6 games vs. a starter with a WHIP less than 1.15.
Nationals are 4-1 in their last 5 road games vs. a left-handed starter.
Nationals are 5-2 in their last 7 games following an off day.
Nationals are 36-17 in their last 53 road games vs. a team with a winning home record.
Nationals are 4-0 in Scherzer's last 4 Monday starts.
Nationals are 5-1 in Scherzer's last 6 starts vs. National League Central.
Nationals are 5-1 in Scherzer's last 6 starts vs. a team with a winning record.
Nationals are 5-1 in Scherzer's last 6 starts after scoring 5 runs or more in their previous game.
Nationals are 22-6 in Scherzer's last 28 starts during game 3 of a series.
Nationals are 6-2 in Scherzer's last 8 road starts vs. a team with a winning record.
Nationals are 5-2 in Scherzer's last 7 starts following a team loss in their previous game.
Nationals are 5-2 in Scherzer's last 7 starts when their opponent allows 5 runs or more in their previous game.
Nationals are 36-15 in Scherzer's last 51 starts.
Nationals are 36-15 in Scherzer's last 51 starts on grass.
Nationals are 36-16 in Scherzer's last 52 road starts.
Cubs are 4-0 in their last 4 games vs. a starter with a WHIP less than 1.15.
Cubs are 4-0 in their last 4 Divisional Playoff home games.
Cubs are 4-0 in their last 4 after allowing 5 runs or more in their previous game.
Cubs are 4-1 in their last 5 vs. National League East.
Cubs are 4-1 in their last 5 playoff games.
Cubs are 15-4 in their last 19 games on grass.
Cubs are 7-2 in their last 9 Divisional Playoff games.
Cubs are 10-3 in their last 13 vs. a team with a winning record.
Cubs are 16-5 in their last 21 home games vs. a right-handed starter.
Cubs are 16-5 in their last 21 overall.
Cubs are 20-7 in their last 27 when their opponent scores 5 runs or more in their previous game.
Cubs are 19-7 in their last 26 home games.
Cubs are 29-11 in their last 40 games following a loss.
Cubs are 43-17 in their last 60 games vs. a right-handed starter.
Cubs are 36-15 in their last 51 games following an off day.
Cubs are 38-17 in their last 55 Monday games.
Cubs are 2-5 in their last 7 home games vs. a team with a road winning % of greater than .600.
Cubs are 6-0 in Quintana's last 6 home starts.
Cubs are 6-0 in Quintana's last 6 starts.
Cubs are 6-0 in Quintana's last 6 starts on grass.
Cubs are 5-1 in Quintana's last 6 starts during game 3 of a series.
Under is 3-0-1 in Nationals last 4 road games vs. a team with a winning record.
Under is 2-0-2 in Nationals last 4 road games vs. a left-handed starter.
Under is 11-1 in Nationals last 12 games following an off day.
Under is 6-1-1 in Nationals last 8 Monday games.
Under is 19-5-2 in Nationals last 26 when their opponent allows 5 runs or more in their previous game.
Under is 7-2-1 in Nationals last 10 vs. a team with a winning record.
Under is 14-4-4 in Nationals last 22 road games vs. a team with a winning home record.
Over is 3-1-1 in Nationals last 5 Divisional Playoff games.
Over is 3-1-1 in Nationals last 5 playoff games.
Under is 6-2-2 in Nationals last 10 vs. National League Central.
Under is 6-2-2 in Nationals last 10 during game 3 of a series.
Under is 23-8-4 in Nationals last 35 road games.
Under is 34-13-4 in Nationals last 51 games following a win.
Under is 36-16-2 in Nationals last 54 after scoring 5 runs or more in their previous game.
Under is 31-14-7 in Nationals last 52 on grass.
Under is 31-14-7 in Nationals last 52 overall.
Under is 37-17-6 in Nationals last 60 games vs. a starter with a WHIP less than 1.15.
Under is 3-0-1 in Scherzer's last 4 starts during game 3 of a series.
Over is 4-1-1 in Scherzer's last 6 starts following a team loss in their previous game.
Under is 4-0 in Cubs last 4 games following a loss.
Under is 4-0 in Cubs last 4 during game 3 of a series.
Over is 8-2 in Cubs last 10 games following an off day.
Under is 4-1 in Cubs last 5 playoff home games.
Over is 4-1-1 in Cubs last 6 Divisional Playoff home games.
Over is 4-1 in Cubs last 5 vs. National League East.
Over is 3-1-1 in Cubs last 5 Monday games.
Over is 6-2-1 in Cubs last 9 Divisional Playoff games.
Under is 9-3 in Cubs last 12 vs. a team with a winning record.
Under is 10-4 in Cubs last 14 games vs. a right-handed starter.
Over is 5-2-1 in Quintana's last 8 home starts.
Nationals are 2-5 in the last 7 meetings in Chicago.


We are thrilled to share details of the latest addition to Bendooley Estate, The Stables.
Set across the paddocks from the main buildings, with its own entrance and scenic setting, The Stables have been custom-built for those seeking distinctive rural glamour. One end of this vast barn is made of glass and looks out onto rolling hills. Inside, a huge iron fireplace sits below modern rustic chandeliers that hang from the exposed beams of the cathedral ceilings.
The Stables is the ultimate setting for a country-style celebration. Be it an engagement party, a birthday celebration or your next corporate event, The Stables provide a unique venue space for all of your needs. Enabled with the latest technology and high speed wifi, your next business conference will not only be a seamless experience but will be set amongst one of the most breath-taking areas of the Southern Highlands.
For our wedding groups, your own cocktail bar and sumptuous bridal parlour await. Your nuptials can be celebrated in an idyllic setting on a nearby hillside however in the event of inclement weather, there is ample space within the spectacular interiors for the ceremony to proceed.
*Please note, the access driveway into The Stables is restricted to left-in only, therefore all guests must arrive from the south along the Old Hume Highway. Guests arriving from the north along the Hume Motorway should take the Berrima exit (Medway Rd exit,) then head north along the Old Hume Highway to The Stables. To view a map of the location please click here.
Unlike anything you have seen before, The Stables is truly a unique and breathtaking space, perfect for any special occasion.


Human Skeleton Handout From the time most of us have lost of our taste and a lot of our sense of smell. The eye's cornea is the only portion of the body that has no blood supply. Hair is so powerful that if you should build a rope you can lift a car. The tongue is the only muscle. The human eye stays the exact same size from birth, but nose and also the ear never stop growing.
Newborn babies are not able to cry because they can't shed tears until they are approximately three weeks old. That does not prevent them from screaming! When you die, your nails and hair appear to increase. This is an illusion resulting from the moisture. Every human being starts outside their life as one cell. This continues for approximately 30 minutes. As we develop because our bones fuse together A new born infant will have about 100 more bones than a fully grownup. The Stapes bone in the ear is the bone.
Our muscles operate by pulling. They never push. The heart beats approximately 100,000 times each day. Each Kidney has over one million tubes( which could measure 64 km (40 kilometers) should placed end to end. The liver is five times thicker than the center. Should you lie all of the blood vessels in your body end to end, they'd streetch 60,000 miles that is more than twice round the ground! All of us have. However, there are people world wide that are outside of this group. HH is the most popular blood type and O is the most frequent. The human lungs have exactly the exact same surface area for a tennis court. Fingernails grow roughly twice as fast as toenails. The only certain thing in life is passing!
Thanks for visiting my blog, article above Human Skeleton Handout If you like the Human Skeleton Handout what I would like you to do is to support and help us developing more experience by sharing this Skeleton design reference or clicking some related posts below for more pictures gallery and further information. Moreover you can help us grow by sharing this reference of home designs or interior architecture on Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus.


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Q: How to update a field in array by finding parentid and child id nodejs Here its showing error TypeError: User.save is not a function
const express = require("express");
require("dotenv").config("../.env");
const User = require("../models/User");
const auth = require("../middleware/auth");
const ObjectId = require("mongoose").Types.ObjectId;
const HttpStatus = require("http-status");

router.post("/admin/update/:userid/:issueid", async (req, res) => {
  var status = req.body.status;
  var userId = req.params.userid;
  var issueId = req.params.issueid;

  if (isNull(issueId & userId) || !ObjectId.isValid(issueId & userId)) {
    return ReE(
      res,
      { message: "Please provide a valid issueId and userID" },
      HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST
    );
  }

  var found = User.find({
    $and: [{ "User._id": userId }, { "User.issues._id": issueId }]
  });

  if (!found) {
    return ReE(res, "User or Issue not found", 400);
  }

  found.status = status;

  let updatedUser;
  [err, updatedUser] = await to(user.save());
  if (err) {
    return ReE(res, err, 500);
  }

  ReS(res, "Issue Updated", HttpStatus.OK);
});

A: TypeError: User.save is not a function
You have not written any function as User.save and you tried calling that function.
  [err, updatedUser] = await to(user.save());

This is the reason for the error

A: You need to use found.save() instead of user.save().
Also this type of update can be done in one go using mongodb $ positional operator.
router.post("/admin/update/:userid/:issueid", async (req, res) => {
  var status = req.body.status;
  var userId = req.params.userid;
  var issueId = req.params.issueid;

  if (isNull(issueId & userId) || !ObjectId.isValid(issueId & userId)) {
    return ReE(
      res,
      { message: "Please provide a valid issueId and userID" },
      HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST
    );
  }

  let updatedUser;

  [err, updatedUser] = await to(
    User.findByIdAndUpdate(
      userId,
      { $inc: { "issues.$[inner].status": status } },
      { arrayFilters: [{ "inner._id": issueId }], new: true }
    )
  );

  if (err) {
    return ReE(res, err, 500);
  }

  if (!updatedUser) {
    return ReE(res, "User or Issue not found", 400);
  }

  ReS(res, "Issue Updated", HttpStatus.OK);
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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