text:
\section{Introduction}
In neutral meson systems, quantum coherence plays a crucial role in the
determination of many observables. However, any real system interacts with
its environment and this interaction can lead to a loss of quantum coherence.
The environmental effects may arise at a fundamental level, such as the
fluctuations in a quantum gravity space-time background \cite{Hawking:1982dj,Ellis:1983jz}.
They may also arise due to the detector environment itself.  Irrespective of
the origin of the environment, its effect on the neutral meson systems can
be taken into account by using the ideas of open quantum systems \cite{weiss, bp, bg03}.
This formalism enables the inclusion of effects such as decoherence and dissipation in a systematic manner
\cite{Banerjee:2014vga}.  Such an inclusion is
in accordance with the general principle of fluctuation-
dissipation theorem which states that dissipation is balanced by fluctuations.

The time evolution of neutral mesons, which are coherently produced in meson
factories, are used to measure a number of parameters of the standard model
of particle physics and also to search for physics beyond the standard model.
However, decoherence is an unavoidable phenomenon as any physical system
is inherently open due to its inescapable interactions with a pervasive environment.
With the inclusion of the decoherence effects, the measured values of some of
these parameters can get masked.
As the source of decoherence in the case of mesons could be expected
to be coming from a much finer scale, it may happen that the numerical value of some of the
masked observables are not greatly affected. This should however be verified experimentally.

In this work, we study the effect of decoherence
on the important observables in the $B^0_d$ meson system, such as the CP
violating parameter $\sin 2 \beta$ and the $B^0_d-\bar{B^0_d}$ mixing parameter
$\Delta m_d$. We show that these parameters are affected by decoherence.
So far only one attempt has been made to determine decoherence in
$B_d$ meson system \cite{Bertlmann:2001iw}. The bounds on the decoherence
parameter were obtained from the data on $R_d$, the ratio of the total
same-sign to opposite sign dilepton rates in the decays of coherent
$B_d - \bar{B}_d$ coming from the $\Upsilon (4S)$ decays. The data on
$R_d$ has not been updated in the last two decades \cite{R-chi}, whereas the
B-factories have provided direct and precise information on the
$B_d - \bar{B}_d$ mixing parameters.
In this work, we also suggest a number of methods which will enable clean determination
of the decoherence parameter along with the other observables quite easily at the LHCb or B-factories.
We also attempt determination of the decoherence parameter and $\Delta m_d$ using
Belle data on the time dependent flavor asymmetry of semi-leptonic $B^0_d$ decays as
given in Ref.~\cite{Go:2007ww}.

The evolution of the $B_d^0$ system is built up from first principles.
The effect of the environment forces the evolution
to be a semi-group rather than a unitary one \cite{lindblad,sudarshan,Banerjee:2014vga}.
We use the density matrix formalism to represent the time evolution of the $B^0_d$ system.
This ensures the complete positivity of the state of the system and hence its physical validity.
In this formalism, the decoherence is modelled by a single parameter $\lambda$.
By construction, the density matrices are trace preserving.

The work presented here, we hope, would lead to the inclusion of the
effects of decoherence in the analysis of data from the $B^0_d$ systems.
It may be worthwhile to reanalyze the data from the B factories and LHCb
to verify if a signature of decoherence is already inherent in it.  Thus a detailed study of $B_d^0$ observables
can lead to tests of physics at scales much higher than those typical of flavour physics.

We first study the parameter $\sin 2 \beta$, whose measurement is the first signal for CP violation
outside the neutral kaon system. The precision measurement of its value is the corner stone in
establishing the CKM mechanism for CP violation. With the inclusion of the decoherence effects,
it turns out that the experimentally measured CP asymmetry depends both on the decoherence parameter $\lambda$
and the angle $\beta$ of the unitarity triangle. Next we study $\Delta m_d$, which denotes the mixing
in the $B^0_d$ system and is an important input in extracting $\sin 2 \beta$ from the measured
time dependent CP asymmetry. We find that $\Delta m_d$ is also affected by
the decoherence effects. Finally, we suggest a method of analysis by which the three quantities,
(a) $\lambda$, (b) $\Delta m_d$ and (c) $\sin 2 \beta$ can all be measured.

\section{Determination of $\sin 2 \beta$}
In the following, we develop the formalism which is applicable to $B^0_d$ as well
as $B^0_s$ mesons. We are interested in the decays of $B^0$ and $\bar{B}^0$
mesons as well as $B^0 \leftrightarrow \bar{B}^0$ oscillations. To describe the
time evolution of all these transitions, we need a basis of three states:
$\ket{B^0}$, $\ket{\bar{B}^0}$ and $\ket{0}$, where $\ket{0}$
reprents a state with no $B$ meson and is required for describing the decays.
In this basis, we can define $\rho_{B^0(\bar{B}^0)}(0)$, the initial
density matrix for the state which starts out as $B^0(\bar{B}^0)$.
The time evolution of these matrices is governed by the Kraus operators
$K_i (t)$ as $\rho(t) = \sum_i K_i (t) \rho(0) K_i^\dagger (t)$ \cite{alle}.
The Kraus operators are constructed taking into account the decoherence
in the system which occurs due to the evolution under the influence of
the environment \cite{sudar,alok}. The time dependent density matrices are
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\rho_{B^0}(t)}{\frac{1}{2} e^{-  \Gamma t}}&=&
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
 a_{ch} + e^{-  \lambda t} a_c &  - a_{sh} -i  e^{-  \lambda t} a_s & 0  \\
- a_{sh} + i e^{-  \lambda t} a_s & a_{ch} - e^{-  \lambda t} a_{c}  & 0 \\
0 &0   & 2 (e^{  \Gamma t}- a_{ch})
\end{array}\right),
\nonumber\\
\frac{\rho_{\bar{B^0}}(t)}{\frac{1}{2} e^{-  \Gamma t}}&=&
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
 a_{ch} - e^{-  \lambda t} a_c &  - a_{sh} +i  e^{-  \lambda t} a_s & 0  \\
- a_{sh} - i e^{- \lambda t} a_s & a_{ch} + e^{-  \lambda t} a_{c}  & 0 \\
0 &0   & 2 (e^{ \Gamma t}- a_{ch})
\end{array}\right),
\label{dm-bbbar}
\end{eqnarray}
for $B^0$ and $\bar{B^0}$, respectively. In the above equation,
$a_{ch}=\cosh \left(\frac{ \Delta \Gamma\, t}{2}\right)$,
$a_{sh}=\sinh \left(\frac{ \Delta \Gamma\, t}{2}\right)$,
$a_c=\cos\left(\Delta m \,t\right)$,  $a_s=\sin\left(\Delta m\, t\right)$,
$\Gamma=(\Gamma_L + \Gamma_H)/2$, $\Delta \Gamma = \Gamma_L -\Gamma_H$,
where $\Gamma_L$ and $\Gamma_H$ are the respective decay widths of the
decay eigenstates $B^0_L$ and $B^0_H$. Also $\lambda$ is the decoherence parameter,
due to the interaction between one-particle system and
its environment. As our main motivation is to bring out the fact that fundamental parameters
of $B-\bar{B}$ mixing and B sector CP violation are affected by
decoherence, here, and from here on, we will neglect the small mixing induced CP violation
to keep our formulae simple.

We define the decay amplitudes $A_f \equiv A(B^0 \to f)$ and
$\bar{A}_f \equiv A(\bar{B}^0 \to f)$. The hermitian operator describing
the decays of the $B^0$ and $\bar{B}^0$ mesons into $f$ is
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{O}_f = \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
|A_f|^2 & {A_f}^* \bar{A}_f  & 0  \\
  A_f {\bar{A}_f}^* &  |\bar{A}_f|^2& 0 \\
0 &0   & 0
\end{array}\right).
\label{of}
\end{equation}
The probability, $P_f(B^0/\bar{B}^0;t)$, of an initial $B^0/\bar{B}^0$
decaying into the state $f$ at time $t$ is given by ${\rm Tr}\left[{\cal O}_f
\,\rho_{B^0(\bar{B}^0)(t)}\right]$.

Let us now consider $B^0_d \to J/\psi K_S$ decay.  One can  define a CP violating observable
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal{A}}_{J/\psi K_S} (t) = \frac{P_{J/\psi K_S}(\bar{B^0_d };t)- P_{J/\psi K_S}(B^0_d ;t)}
{P_{J/\psi K_S}(\bar{B^0_d };t)+ P_{J/\psi K_S}(B^0_d ;t)}\,.
\end{equation}
Calculating the probabilities using Eqs.~(\ref{dm-bbbar}) and (\ref{of}) we get
\begin{equation}
\frac{{\mathcal{A}}_{J/\psi K_S} (t)}{e^{-  \lambda t}}=
\frac{\left(|\lambda_f|^2-1\right) \cos\left(\Delta m_d t\right)+ 2 {\rm Im}(\lambda_f) \sin\left(\Delta m_d t\right)}
{\left(1+|\lambda_f|^2\right) \cosh \left(\frac{ \Delta \Gamma_d t}{2}\right)-2{\rm Re}(\lambda_f)
\sinh \left(\frac{ \Delta \Gamma_d t}{2}\right)},
\label{cpasy}
\end{equation}
where
$\lambda_f= A(\bar{B^0_d} \to J/\psi K_S))/ A(B^0_d \to J/\psi K_S)$.
Putting $\lambda=0$ in the above equation, we get the usual expression
for CP asymmetry in the interference of mixing and decay. Thus the presence
of decoherence modifies the expression for CP asymmetry  in the interference
of mixing and decay.

In order to determine $\sin 2\beta$ from asymmetry defined in Eq.~\ref{cpasy},  it is usually assumed that, $\Delta \Gamma_d \approx 0$, $|\lambda_{f}|=1$, i.e., no direct CP asymmetry and ${\rm Im}(\lambda_f) \approx \sin 2\beta$. With these approximations,
the above expression simplifies to
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal{A}}_{J/\psi K_S} (t) = \sin 2\beta\, e^{- \lambda t } \sin\left(\Delta m_d \,t\right)\,.
\label{tdcpasym}
\end{equation}
Therefore we see that the coefficient of $\sin\left(\Delta m_d \, t\right)$
in the CP asymmetry is $\sin 2\beta\, e^{-  \lambda t}$ and not
$\sin 2\beta$! The measurement of $\sin 2 \beta$ is masked by the presence of
decoherence. Thus in order to have a clean determination of $\sin 2\beta$,
an understanding of $\lambda$ is imperative.

Decoherence is expected to come from a scale much finer than that
of flavor physics and is likely to be small. Therefore, in the actual
comparison to the data, one should include all the known effects, which
are usually neglected in the extraction of $\sin 2 \beta$ and then do
a fit for clean determination of $\sin 2 \beta$ and  $\lambda$. The full fledged formula, of course, will
include the CP violation in mixing and decay width $\Delta \Gamma_d$.  Apart from these effects, one should also take into
account the penguin contributions. The theoretical precision for the extraction of CP violating phase $\sin 2 \beta$ from the
CP asymmetry of $B^0_d \to J/\psi K_S$ decay, defined in Eq.~\ref{cpasy}, is limited by  contributions from doubly
Cabibbo-suppressed penguin topologies \cite{ Fleischer:1999zi,DeBruyn:2014oga}. This involves computation of
non-perturbative  hadronic parameters which, at present, cannot be achieved reliably using QCD. However, a way
to control the penguin effects is offered by the $U$-spin symmetry of strong interactions
which relates $B^0_s \to J/\psi K_S$ to $B^0_d \to J/\psi K_S$ \cite{Fleischer:1999nz}.
Ref.~\cite{DeBruyn:2014oga} discusses the constraining of the relevant penguin parameters by making use of this symmetry
as well as plausible assumptions for various modes of similar decay dynamics.

\section{Determination of $\Delta m_d$}
 It is obvious that in order to determine $\sin 2\beta$, we need to know
$\Delta m_d$ and $\lambda$. If $\Delta m_d$ is measured using observables
which are independent of $\lambda$, then we only  need to determine $\lambda$
for the clean extraction of $\sin 2 \beta$. If the determination of $\Delta m_d$
is also masked by the presence of decoherence then we need to have a clean
determination of $\Delta m_d$.

The present world average of $\Delta m_d$ quoted
in PDG is $(0.510 \pm 0.003)\,\rm ps^{-1}$ \cite{Agashe:2014kda} which is an average of measurements of
$\Delta m_d$ from  OPAL \cite{opal}, ALEPH \cite{aleph}, DELPHI \cite{delphi},
L3 \cite{l3}, CDF \cite{cdf},  BaBar \cite{babar}, Belle \cite{belle}, D0
\cite{do} and LHCb \cite{lhcb} experiments. There are several ways in which
$\Delta m_d$ can be determined experimentally. LHCb, CDF and D0 experiments
determine $\Delta m_d$ by measuring rates that a state that is pure $B^0_d$ at
time $t=0$, decays as either as $B^0_d$ or $\bar{B^0_d}$ as function of proper
decay time. In the presence of decoherence, the survival (oscillation) probability
of initial $B^0_d$ meson to decay as $B^0_d (\bar{B}_d^0)$ at a proper decay time $t$ is given by
\begin{equation}
P_{\pm} (t,\lambda) = \frac{e^{-\Gamma t}}{2}\left[\cosh(\Delta \Gamma_d t/2) \pm e^{-\lambda t} \cos (\Delta m_d t)\right]\,.
\label{spm}
\end{equation}
The positive sign applies when the  $B^0_d$ meson decays with the same flavor as its production and
the negative sign when the particle decays with opposite flavor to its production.
We see that the survival (oscillation) probability of $B^0_d$ is $\lambda$ dependent!
The time dependent mixing asymmetry, used to determine $\Delta m_d$, is then given by
\begin{equation}
A_{\rm mix} (t,\lambda)=\frac{P_{+} (t,\lambda)-P_{-} (t,\lambda)}{P_{+} (t,\lambda)+P_{-} (t,\lambda)}
=  e^{-\lambda t} \frac{\cos (\Delta m_d t)}{\cosh (\Delta \Gamma_d t/2)}\,.
\label{amix}
\end{equation}
Thus we see that the in the limit of neglecting $\Delta \Gamma_d$, the otherwise pure cosine dependence of mixing asymmetry is modulated by $e^{-\lambda t}$. Belle and BaBar experiments determine $\Delta m_d$ by measuring time
dependent probability $P_+(t)$ of observing unoscillated $B^0_d \bar{B^0_d}$ events and
$P_-(t)$ of observing oscillated $B^0_d B^0_d$/$\bar{B^0_d} \bar{B^0_d}$ events for two
neutral $B_d$ mesons produced in an entangled state in the decay of the $\Upsilon(4S)$
resonance. The expressions for $P_\pm (t)$, in the presence of decoherence, are the same
as those given in Eq.~(\ref{spm}), except that the proper time $t$ is replaced by the
proper decay-time difference $\Delta t$ between the decays of the two neutral $B_d$ mesons.
Therefore, we see that the determination of $\Delta m_d$ at LHCb, CDF, D0, Belle and BaBar
experiments is masked by the presence of $\lambda$. The true value of $\Delta m_d$, along with $\Delta \Gamma_d$,
can be determined by a three parameter ($\Delta m_d,\, \Delta \Gamma_d,\,\lambda$) fit to the time
dependent mixing asymmetry $A_{\rm mix} (t,\lambda)$ defined in Eq.~(\ref{amix}).
This in turn will enable a determination of true value of $\sin 2 \beta$ using Eq.~(\ref{cpasy}).

Determination of $\Delta m_d$ in the LEP experiments is mainly based on time independent measurements, i.e.,
from the ratio of the total same-sign to opposite-sign semileptonic rates ($R_d$) or the total $B^0_d-\bar{B}^0_d$ mixing
probability ($\chi_d$).  We shall now see  that these observables are also $\lambda$ dependent. Therefore all the
methods used to determine $\Delta m_d$ depend upon $\lambda$.

\section{Correlated $B^0_d$ meson semi-leptonic decays}
The entangled $B^0_d-\bar{B^0_d}$ mesons, produced in the decay of the $\Upsilon(4S)$
resonance, can both decay semi-leptonically. The effects of decoherence
on the resulting dilepton signal was studied in \cite{Bertlmann:2001iw}.
Here we calculate these effects using the formalism described in the previous section.
The entangled $B^0_d-\bar{B}_d^0$ state can be written as
\begin{equation}
\ket{\psi(0)} =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \left(\ket{B_d \bar{B^0_d}}-\ket{\bar{B^0_d} B_d}\right)\,.
\end{equation}
The time evolution of the above state is described by the following density matrix
\cite{Huet:1994kr,Benatti:1999cq,Benatti:2001tv}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho(t_1,t_2)&=&\frac{1}{2} \Big(\rho_1(t_1)\otimes \rho_2(t_2) + \rho_2(t_1)\otimes \rho_1(t_2)\nonumber \\
&&- \rho_3(t_1)\otimes \rho_4(t_2)-\rho_4(t_1)\otimes \rho_3(t_2)\Big)\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\rho_1(t)=\rho_{B^0}(t)$, $\rho_2(t)=\rho_{\bar{B^0}}(t)$ which are given in Eq.~(\ref{dm-bbbar}),
while $\rho_{3/4}(t) = \sum_i K_i \rho_{3/4}(0) K_i^{\dagger}$, where $\rho_{3/4}(0) = \ket{B^0(\bar{B^0})}
\bra{\bar{B^0} (B^0)}$ and are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\rho_3(t)}{\frac{1}{2} e^{-  \Gamma t}}&=&
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
 -a_{sh} -i e^{-  \lambda t} a_s &  a_{ch} + e^{-  \lambda t} a_c & 0  \\
a_{ch} - e^{-  \lambda t} a_c & -a_{sh} +i e^{-  \lambda t} a_s & 0 \\
0 &0   & 2 a_{sh}
\end{array}\right),
\nonumber\\
\frac{\rho_4(t)}{\frac{1}{2} e^{-  \Gamma t}}&=&
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
-a_{sh} +i e^{-  \lambda t} a_s &  a_{ch} - e^{-  \lambda t} a_c & 0  \\
a_{ch} + e^{-  \lambda t} a_c & -a_{sh} -i e^{-  \lambda t} a_s   & 0 \\
0 &0   & 2 a_{sh}
\end{array}\right).
\end{eqnarray}
Here the parameters are as in Eq.~(\ref{dm-bbbar}). The double decay rate, $G(f,t_1;g,t_2)$,
that the left-moving meson decays at proper time $t_1$ into a final state $f$,
while the right-moving meson decays at proper time $t_2$ into the final state $g$,
is then given by ${\rm Tr}\,[ (\mathcal{O}_f \otimes \mathcal{O}_g ) \, \rho(t_1,t_2)]$.
From this a very useful quantity called the single time distribution, $\Gamma(f,g;t)$, can be defined as
 $\Gamma(f,g;t)=\int_0^{\infty} d\tau\, G(f,\tau+t;g,\tau)$, where $t=t_1-t_2$ is taken to be positive.

We now  consider the decays of $B^0_d$ mesons into semileptonic states $h\, l\, \nu$, where $h$ stands for any allowed
charged hadronic state. Under the assumption of CPT conservation and no violation of
$\Delta B = \Delta Q$ rule, the amplitudes for $B^0_d/\bar{B^0_d}$ into $h^- l^+ \nu$ can be written as
\begin{equation}
A \left(B^0_d \to h^- l^+ \nu \right)=M_h\,, \qquad A \left(\bar{B^0_d} \to h^- l^+ \nu \right)=0\,,
\label{ahm}
\end{equation}
whereas the amplitudes for $B^0_d/\bar{B^0_d}$ into $h^+ l^- \bar{\nu}$ are
\begin{equation}
A\left(B^0_d \to h^+ l^- \bar{\nu} \right)=0\,, \qquad A\left(\bar{B^0_d} \to h^+ l^- \bar{\nu} \right)=M^*_h\,.
\label{ahp}
\end{equation}
There are two important observables which can be affected by interaction with the environment.
 One is the ratio of the total same-sign to opposite-sign semileptonic rates
 \begin{equation}
 R_d = \frac{\Gamma(h^+,h^+)+\Gamma(h^-,h^-)}{\Gamma(h^+,h^-)+\Gamma(h^-,h^+)}\,,
 \end{equation}
 and the other is the total $B^0_d-\bar{B^0_d}$ mixing probability
 \begin{equation}
 \chi_d = \frac{\Gamma(h^+,h^+)+\Gamma(h^-,h^-)}{\Gamma(h^+,h^+)+\Gamma(h^-,h^-)+\Gamma(h^+,h^-)+\Gamma(h^-,h^+)}\,.
 \end{equation}
Time independent probabilities, $\Gamma(f,g)$, can be obtained by integrating
the distribution $\Gamma(f,g;t)$ over time.

 The expressions for $R_d$ and $\chi_d$ are obtained to be
 \begin{eqnarray}
 R_d &=& \frac{1-(1-y^2)\left( (1+\lambda')^2 +x^2\right)^{-1} }
 {1+(1-y^2)\left( (1+\lambda')^2 +x^2\right)^{-1} }\,,
 \label{Rd}\\
 \chi_d &=& \frac{1}{2} \left[1-(1-y^2)\left( (1+\lambda')^2 +x^2\right)^{-1} \right]\,,
 \label{chid}
 \end{eqnarray}
where we $x=\Delta m/\Gamma$, $y=\Delta \Gamma/2\Gamma$ and $\lambda'=\lambda/\Gamma$.
 We see that  $R_d$ and $\chi_d$ are both functions of $(1-y^2)$ and $(1+\lambda')^2$.
It is interesting to note that in the limit of small $\lambda'$ and $y$, these combinations have a linear term in $\lambda'$ but only a quadratic term in $y$.
Thus we see that along with $\Delta m_d$ and $\Delta \Gamma_d$,
these observables also depend upon the decoherence parameter $\lambda$.

For the observable $R_d$, the last experimental update was given about two decades ago \cite{R-chi}.
This value was used in ref. \cite{Bertlmann:2001iw} to estimate the value of $\lambda$ to
be $(-0.072\pm 0.118)$ $\rm ps^{-1}$.  It is
important to reanalyze the BaBar and Belle data on the time dependent mixing asymmetry in terms of
the three parameters $(\lambda, \Delta m_d, \Delta \Gamma_d)$ using the expression given in Eq.~(\ref{amix}).
One should also obtain the  value of $\chi_d$ from CDF, DO and LHCb. Then the expression in
Eq.~(\ref{chid}) can be verified using the values obtained from
the fit to the time dependent mixing asymmetry. This will provide an additional
consistency check on assumptions made regarding decoherence. Finally, the
values of $\lambda$, $\Delta m_d$ and $\Delta \Gamma_d$ from the $A_{\rm mix}(t, \lambda)$
fit can be used in Eq.~(\ref{cpasy}) to obtain a clean measurement of
$\sin 2 \beta$.

 The present analysis can easily be extended to the $B^0_s$ system as well.
The expression for the time dependent
CP asymmetry in the mode $B^0_s \to J/\psi \phi$ will be a function of four parameters: $\lambda$, $\sin 2 \beta_s$,
$\Delta m_s$ and $\Delta \Gamma_s$. The time dependent
mixing asymmetry defined in Eq.~(\ref{amix}) will determine $\lambda$, $\Delta m_s$ and $\Delta
\Gamma_s$. These two time-dependent asymmetries should be re-analysed using
a four parameter fit for a clean  determination of $\sin 2 \beta_s$, $\Delta m_s$, $\Delta \Gamma_s$ and $\lambda$.
Also, like $\sin 2 \beta_d$, the extraction of $\sin 2 \beta_s$ from time dependent
CP asymmetry in the mode $B^0_s \to J/\psi \phi$ is restricted due to penguin pollution.
In this case, the analysis of CP violation is more involved in comparison to $B^0_d \to J/\psi K_S$.
This is due to the fact that the final state involves two vector mesons. The admixture of different CP
eigenstates can be disentangled through a time-dependent angular analysis of the decay products of the vector mesons \cite{Dighe:1995pd,Dighe:1998vk}.
The penguin contribution to $B^0_s \to J/\psi \phi$ can be estimated using decays $B^0_d \to J/\psi \rho$ and $B^0_s \to J/\psi \bar{K^*}$
\cite{Fleischer:1999zi,Faller:2008gt}.

\section{Estimation of $\lambda$: An Example}

Here we make an attempt of a clean determination of $\lambda$, $\Delta m_d$ and $\Delta \Gamma_d$
using the experimental data of the time dependent flavor asymmetry of semi-leptonic $B^0_d$ decays as
given in Ref.~\cite{Go:2007ww}. We perform a $\chi^2$ fit to $A_{\rm mix} (\Delta t,\lambda)$,
using the efficiency corrected distributions given in Table I of Ref.~\cite{Go:2007ww}.
First, the fit is done by assuming no decoherence, i.e., $\lambda=0$. In this case, we find $\Delta m_d=(0.489\pm 0.010)$ $\rm ps^{-1}$
and $\Delta \Gamma_d = (0.087\pm 0.054)$ $\rm ps^{-1}$  with $\chi^2/d.o.f=8.42/9$. We then redo the fit including decoherence.
This gives $\lambda=(-0.012\pm 0.019)$ $\rm ps^{-1}$  along with $\Delta m_d=(0.490\pm 0.010)$ $\rm ps^{-1}$
and $\Delta \Gamma_d = (0.144\pm0.088)$ $\rm ps^{-1}$  with $\chi^2/d.o.f=8.02/8$.
Thus we see that the decoherence parameter $\lambda$ is very loosely bounded. The upper limit on $\lambda$ is
$0.03$ $\rm ps^{-1}$ at 95\% C.L.  We also find in this example that $\Delta m_d$ is numerically unaffected where
as $\Delta \Gamma_d$ can be affected by inclusion of decoherence.
Given the wealth of data coming from LHCb and expected from the KEK Super B factory, a clear picture is expected to emerge.

\section{Conclusions}
In this work, we have studied the effect of decoherence on two important
observables $\sin 2 \beta$ and $\Delta m_d$ in a neutral meson
system. We find that the asymmetries which determine these quantities are
also functions of the decoherence parameter $\lambda$. Hence
it is imperative to measure $\lambda$ for a clean determination of these quantities. We suggest
a re-analysis of the data on the above asymmetries for an accurate measurement of all the three
quantities $\lambda$, $\sin 2 \beta$ and $\Delta m_d$.
The present analysis can easily be extended to the $B^0_s$ system as well.

{\em Acknowledgments.\textemdash} We thank Kajari Mazumdar for helpful
discussions on several parts of this analysis.
We thank David Hitlin for suggesting an example for determination of $\lambda$.
We also thank Joaquim Matias, David London and B. Ananthanarayan for useful
comments. The work of AKA and SB is supported by CSIR, Government of India, grant no: 03(1255)/12/EMR-II.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Is zero vector always present in any n-dimensional space? The book "Introduction to Linear Algebra" by Gilbert Strang says that every time we see a space of vectors, the zero vector will be included in it.
I reckon that this is only the case if the plane passes through the origin. Else wise, how can a space contain a zero vector if it does not pass through the origin?

A: This is part of the definition of "vector space", which requires addition and so must have a zero vector for addition to be useful.
There are other things that can be called a "space" though. What you're thinking of is called an affine space: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_space
In particular, affine spaces don't have any way of adding vectors. Consider the plane in 3D given by $x=1$. If I try to add the points $(1,5,9)$ and $(1,-3,0)$, I get $(2,2,9)$, which is no longer in the plane. The fact that I can't add points is what makes it not a vector space.

A: A plane not passing through the origin is not a vector (sub)space: it has no $0$ vector, nor the sum of two vectors in the plane belongs to the plane.
However such a plane has another structure, known as an affine (sub)space. Roughly, it means that if you choose a vector $u_0$ in the plane $\Pi$, the set
$$\Pi_0=\{u-u_0\mid u\in \Pi\}$$
is a vector subspace.
In other words, an affine plane is a translated $u_0+\Pi_0$ of a vector subspace $\Pi_0$, which is unique (it does not depend on the choice of $u_0$). $\Pi_0$ is called the direction of the affine plane $\Pi$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This is an unofficial news site dedicated to the development of Indiana Jones 4. At the helm are Steven Spielberg and George Lucas with Harrison Ford reprising the role of Indy. The film has has now been released with mixed reviews from critics and fans, as of May 22nd 2008.
We're looking to start building a community of avid film fanatics and would love for you to join us. We'll soon be migrating all news discussions to their own topics on the boards.
What do you think? Much better than the cheesier one we recently reported on.


text:
"""Unit tests for the "get_error" module."""

import unittest
from unittest import mock

from google.auth.transport import requests

from . import get_error

class GetErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):

  @mock.patch.object(requests, "AuthorizedSession", autospec=True)
  @mock.patch.object(requests.requests, "Response", autospec=True)
  def test_http_error(self, mock_response, mock_session):
    mock_session.request.return_value = mock_response
    type(mock_response).status_code = mock.PropertyMock(return_value=400)
    mock_response.raise_for_status.side_effect = (
        requests.requests.exceptions.HTTPError())

    with self.assertRaises(requests.requests.exceptions.HTTPError):
      get_error.get_error(mock_session, "")

  @mock.patch.object(requests, "AuthorizedSession", autospec=True)
  @mock.patch.object(requests.requests, "Response", autospec=True)
  def test_happy_path(self, mock_response, mock_session):
    mock_session.request.return_value = mock_response
    type(mock_response).status_code = mock.PropertyMock(return_value=200)
    error_id = "ed_12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890ab"
    version_id = "ru_12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890ab@v_100000_000000"
    expected_error = {
        "errorId": error_id,
        "text": "something went wrong",
        "category": "RULES_EXECUTION_ERROR",
        "errorTime": "2020-11-05T00:00:00Z",
        "metadata": {
            "ruleExecution": {
                "windowStartTime": "2020-11-05T00:00:00Z",
                "windowEndTime": "2020-11-05T01:00:00Z",
                "ruleId": "ru_12345678-1234-1234-1234-1234567890ab",
                "versionId": version_id,
            },
        },
    }
    mock_response.json.return_value = expected_error

    error = get_error.get_error(mock_session, error_id)
    self.assertEqual(error, expected_error)

if __name__ == "__main__":
  unittest.main()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Cryptids and Legendary Creatures
Hodge Podge
Little-Known History
Otherworldly Phenomena
Religious Curiosities
Strange Anomalies
Buy The Books!
Tour Mexico
Mothman Sightings in Mexico
Posted July 22, 2019 Robert Bitto
http://mexicounexplained.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Mothman.mp3
On the June 9th 2019 episode of the Mexican paranormal YouTube show "Insólita Experiencia," or "Unusual Experience," in English, host Yohanan Vargas played an interesting audio track recorded in the wilderness outside of Mexicali.
The sounds were taped by paranormal investigator Stalin Valle Osuna while he and others were searching for a creature spotted in the remote areas of northern Mexico. In an interview, Osuna told Vargas that he had several testimonials from people all over the borderlands of gigantic flying humanoids that have striking similarities to the Mothman, a mysterious winged creature that first appeared in West Virginia in the mid-1960s. Roger and Linda Scarberry, and Steve and Mary Mallette, were some of the first people to see the Mothman in West Virginia in November of 1966. The local news published the two couples' account:
"(It is) a large grey creature whose eyes 'glowed red' when the car's headlights picked it up. They described it as a 'large flying man with ten-foot wings,' following their car while they were driving in an area outside of town known as 'the TNT area,' the site of a former World War II munitions plant."
Other people in West Virginia reported sightings of the creature coincidental to a whole host of bad things happening around them from missing dogs to bad television reception. Locals blamed the Mothman for the December 15, 1967 collapse of the Silver Bridge which caused the deaths of 46 people. The creature was immortalized in the 1975 book The Mothman Prophecies by author John Keel. In the year 2002 a movie came out based loosely on the book starring Richard Gere and Laura Linney. Some have argued that the West Virginia Mothman was really a gigantic crane, a bird that somehow went off its migratory route. Other researchers believe it is a true cryptid, or legendary creature previously unknown and undescribed by science. Others point to a more otherworldly or supernatural explanation for the creature. Could it be a creature from another world or another dimension?
Stories of a Mothman-type creature in Mexico apparently date back several decades. Sightings of creatures like the one described in West Virginia have been occurring in the northern part of the country for quite some time. Some stories of the Mexican Mothman – also known in Spanish as El Hombre Polilla – have even been carried by the mainstream Mexican media.
On January 8, 2017, ABC Radio out of Mexicali, Baja California, "La Voz de la Frontera," or, in English, "The voice of the borderlands," interviewed Ernesto Campa who had several encounters with the Mexican Mothman dating back over 20 years. When he was a boy living in the Colonia Orizaba neighborhood of Mexicali, Campa saw a large winged creature fly over him at night and land a short distance from him. The being was about two meters tall with very long legs and a wingspan of about 4 meters across. It was covered with fur, not feathers, and had red eyes. The fur was either dark gray or black. The young Ernesto Campa could tell from the anatomy of the creature that it was male. It was also slender but very muscular. He saw the same Mothman-type creature many years later in the Santa Barbara neighborhood of Mexicali just north of his boyhood home. The creature appeared very late at night, when only the gas station and a pharmacy were open and there were very few people out and about. Campa and eight other witnesses saw the flying humanoid pass over their area and then land upright near the neighborhood primary school. The description was the same: dark fur, red eyes, tall, athletic body and a massive wingspan.
Another encounter found in the local press happened in the Pacific coastal city of Ensenada in the Mexican state of Baja California in the spring of 2016. Yesenia Bustos Brown was working late at a bar and was closing for the night. She heard a rustling or flapping sound and looked out the window to see a large winged figure standing on top of a small shed located behind the bar. The creature had glowing red eyes and looked squarely at her before it spread its wings and flew away, off into the direction of the desert. To an interviewer Yesenia said:
"At first, I thought it was a very large bird, like a pelican, but it was too big and looked too human. It had dark brown or gray fur covering its whole body and it had gigantic wings, about 4 meters across. It had legs and feet like a human. It had hair all over its face, but it had a bald forehead. I was alone at the bar and no one else saw it. This was not a bird. I thought it was the Devil."
Yesenia called her mother the next day to tell her of her encounter. Yesenia's mom told her that when she was a little girl living on a small rancho in the state of Sonora that a similar creature was reported there and even allegedly attacked a young girl. This happened either in the 1960s or 1970s in the northwest corner of the state, Yesenia's mother recalled.
Paranormal investigator Stalin Valle Osuna has tracked the Mexican Mothman for the past few years and said on the "Insólita Experiencia," show that it is not uncommon for the creature to attack children or to carry away dogs or small livestock, like baby sheep. Many sightings of this being occur in rural areas and are connected to missing livestock, the investigator claimed. Valle presented the taped testimony of two more witnesses, two men known as Alejandro and Javier, who worked as ranch hands at a place called Cerro la Mesa just outside of Tijuana near the Mexican border with the United States. The two ranch hands described the creature as being three to four meters tall and having the body of a human but covered in fur and with the mane of a lion. When the creature landed, it crouched on the ground and moved like a crab from side to side. Nothing seemed to bother it and even though it had made eye contact with Alejandro and Javier, the creature was not afraid of the presence of humans. The two spoke to the local police and a police artist drew a small sketch of what the two saw on a piece of yellow lined notebook paper. Its head looked more like a bat's but with a human's body and large feet. In Osuna's compilations of various Mothman sightings, he claims that it is not uncommon for witnesses to dream about the creature before seeing it in real life.
According to several researchers, the Ejido of San Lorenzo, near the town of San Pedro in the state of Coahuila has been plagued by Mothman sightings for at least two generations. The locals believe that families of these creatures live in the remote desert hills nearby. According to San Lorenzo resident Sinuea Valenzuela, she describes the creature as,
"A species that is 1.8 meters tall, which instead of feathers has fur. Its face is semi-human and, at the moment you see it, it paralyzes you. It has consciousness. It has some mental power that makes you feel what it wants you to feel."
It's interesting to note that Sinuea Valenzuela's first encounter with this Mexican version of the Mothman occurred at 4:00 in the afternoon in broad daylight and she was not the only witness. In one encounter, according to Valenzuela, someone shot at the creature while it was flying away, but missed. To date, no body of the Mexican Mothman has ever been recovered. Additionally, no fur or other physical evidence has been left behind by the creature for scientists to study. All that exists are eyewitness testimonies, some blurry photographs and the sound recorded by one paranormal investigator which may or may not have come from this mysterious flying humanoid.
On his show about the Mexican Mothman, Yohanan Vargas noted that it seems like the range of the creature is limited to the northern states of Mexico as there have been few sightings outside the 7 Mexican states that border the United States. These sightings seem to cover the same geographical areas as two other gigantic flying Mexican cryptids, the "Man Bat," and the "Lechuza." For more information about the "Man-Bat of Northern Mexico" please see Mexico Unexplained episode number 51: http://mexicounexplained.com/man-bat-northern-mexico/ For more information about the sinister owl-like creature known as the Lechuza, please see Mexico Unexplained episode number 22: http://mexicounexplained.com/the-lechuza/ Perhaps the territories of these creatures really don't overlap. Could the Mothman, the Man-Bat and the Lechuza be the same cryptid? Could they be variations in the same unknown and previously undescribed species? Perhaps time will tell.
Gracias a Yohanan Diaz Vargas y a Stalin Valle Osuna.
cryptidFlying BeingsMexicaliMexican cryptidsparanormalSonora
⟵Tlaloc, Beyond the Rain God
The Young Cortés: Life Before the Aztecs⟶
Send me $2 cash in the mail!
Robert Bitto
2358 University Ave. #1581
Click here for purchase options
Four Legends from Veracruz
Alien Abduction in Acapulco, 1954
Yucatán, USA; A State That Almost Was
Toniná and the Tallest Pyramid in Mexico
Seven Brief Legends from Puebla
Gerald Goldberg on Lee Harvey Oswald in Mexico City
Emily on The Vampire Witches of Central Mexico
Rani Sharma on Vikings in Ancient Mexico? The Story of Votan
Robert Bitto on The Vampire Witches of Central Mexico
THE RAKE . on The Vampire Witches of Central Mexico
© Mexico Unexplained
Cryptids and Legendary Creatures (16)
Hodge Podge (17)
Little-Known History (39)
Myths and Legends (24)
Otherworldly Phenomena (19)
Religious Curiosities (23)
Four Legends from Veracruz January 20, 2020
Alien Abduction in Acapulco, 1954 January 13, 2020
Yucatán, USA; A State That Almost Was January 6, 2020
Toniná and the Tallest Pyramid in Mexico December 29, 2019
Seven Brief Legends from Puebla December 23, 2019
UFO Incident at the Santa Lucia Air Force Base December 15, 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
struct Node{
    int data;
    struct Node * next;
};

void insertNode(int d, struct Node ** lPtr);
void deleteNode(int d, struct Node ** lPtr);
void printList(struct Node * L);

struct Node ** createTable(int buckets);
int findHash(int key, int buckets);
void insertTable(int key, int buckets, struct Node ** tablePtr);
void freeTable(struct Node ** tablePtr, int base);


text:
from core import *
from differentiator import runSimulation

# Firstly, we can specify the dimension of the cartesian grid
nz, ny, nx = 5, 51, 51
dims = (nz, ny, nx)
g = Grid(dims)

# Then, we can specify the whole reservoir dimension
Lz, Ly, Lx = 75, 5000, 5000
resDimension = (Lz, Ly, Lx)

# Build the fluid and rock model
# See to this later!
f = Fluid(refRho=62.428, refPres=14.7, compress=3.5*1e-6, mu=10)
r = Rock(refPoro=0.18, refPres=14.7, compress=0, perm=0.015)

# rho is in lbm/ft^3
# refPres is in psi
# compress is in psi^-1
# mu is in cP
# perm is in D (Darcy)

# We contain all these informations in a Reservoir object
res = Reservoir(grid=g, fluid=f, rock=r, resDim=resDimension)

# By default, the moment we declare a Node object, a no-flow Neumann
# condition has already been imposed if the Node is a boundary Node.
# But we can specify another condition with another value as follows
bc = BoundaryCondition()
#res.addBoundaryCondition(bc, x='before')

# Set the initial pressure array
res.setInitPressure(6000)

# Set a source/sink in coordinate (0, 0, 3)
res.grid.nodes[np.ravel_multi_index((0, 24, 24), res.grid.dims)].setSrc(-150)

# Finally, run the simulation!
runSimulation(res, dt=15, nTime=24)

#runSimulation2(res, dt=15, nTime=30)


Fresh news guys! The time has arrived and I can tell that I have quit my job and, although I would love to say that it's because I'm going to be travelling full-time, unfortunately it's not the case, it's not the right time and I have my own personal reasons. However, I'm so excited to say that I will be going to Sri Lanka next Monday the 22nd of May on a solo trip for 4 weeks. I can't wait!
Sri Lanka has never been in my radar but I can tell you that, after looking for information about Sri Lanka, it looks amazing!
I'm really looking forward to seeing the Cultural triangle, where there are 5 UNESCO heritage sites: the Sacred City of Anuradhapura, the Ancient City of Polonnaruwa, the Ancient City of Sigiriya, the Ancient City of Dambulla and the Sacred City of Kandy.
I'm really looking forward to discovering the Hill Country and the stunning train journey between Kandy and Ella, visiting the tea plantations and hiking.
I'm really looking forward to seeing leopards at Yala National Park.
I´m really looking forward to visiting the undeveloped beaches of Arugam Bay, Batticaloa and Trincomalee and the Pigeon Island for snorkel (hopefully I can find Nemo this time!). I'm really looking forward to all of these and more!
All of these on my own, the longest solo trip I've done so far, or I will.
I just need to start packing wisely and will be ready to go!


text:
#19 Ryan Tachikawa
Hometown: Cupertino CA
Career Statistics for Ryan Tachikawa
2012-2013 Season Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express 37 6 11 17 7 14
2012-2013 Season Metropolitan Hockey League Total 37 6 11 17 7 14
2012-2013 Season Statistics By Game For Ryan Tachikawa
20497 09/30/12 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express Boston Junior Rangers 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
20614 10/05/12 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express Metro Fighting Moose 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20629 10/07/12 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express Philadelphia Junior Flyers 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
20622 10/08/12 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express New York Saints 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
20395 10/13/12 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express Laconia Leafs 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
20499 10/27/12 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express CT Wolfpack 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
20642 11/23/12 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express WB/Scranton Jr. Knights 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
20655 11/24/12 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express New Jersey Renegades 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
20663 11/25/12 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express Washington Jr. Nationals 1 0 0 0 1 2 0
20782 02/15/13 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express New Jersey Rockets 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
20790 02/16/13 League Game Metropolitan Hockey League Walpole Express Central Penn Panthers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


How Sustainable Is the Growth Plan at Bojangles Inc?
The quick-serve chicken restaurant has seen its stock price gain 16% in March, but investors should consider whether its growth plans are realistic.
A few weeks ago, fast food chicken chain Bojangles' (NASDAQ:BOJA) reported higher-than-expected fourth quarter profits and revenue, and the stock traded up over 23% as a result.
In this segment from the Motley Fool Money podcast, Jason Moser and Chris Hill go over what led to that success, what investors need to know about management's long-term growth plans for the chain, whether it can successfully execute those plans, and how the stock looks at its current price.
This podcast was recorded on March 11, 2016.
Chris Hill: Let's start with Bojangles'. Fourth-quarter profits coming in higher than expected, revenue higher than expected, and the stock up more than 17% on Friday. I know you like the chicken, Jason. How are you liking the stock?
Jason Moser: I just like seeing the 'Jangler, takes me back to my childhood. I think the important thing here, investors want to focus on the fact that Bojangles' management is meeting the targets and expectations that they set. Let's not worry about the expectations that Wall Street is setting for this business. Really, we want to focus on whether they're meeting their own benchmarks. And they certainly are.
And I think that, you look at the growth that's coming from new stores. In the short run, that's OK. In the long run, we really want to see their ability to grow beyond just opening new stores. And I think that remains the biggest question. If we look at their market opportunity, they see their market opportunity as around 1,400 stores in the states where they have a presence today, and around 3,500 stores total around the United States, versus about 660 or so that they have today. And that always has been the big question: Does that market opportunity really extend that far? I'm still not sold on that. I do love the chicken, I love the iced tea. And honestly, I think with the stock today, it's trading around 20 times full-year 2016 estimates, which is pretty reasonable. If they are able to get close to that market opportunity that they see, then I think today's stock level is actually a pretty attractive opportunity.
Ron Gross: Are there any [Bojangles'] remotely near where we are right now?
Moser: I think that's the biggest problem. I don't think there really are.
Gross: I have to taste this.
Moser: There are some in this area, but not really close by. It is very much a Southeastern concept. I know that they went through and shut a bunch down in Florida recently. So, that's the biggest question: Does this reach across the country?
Gross: Better than Chick-fil-A? Where do you put it? Nothing's better then Chick-fil-A.
Jeff Fischer: Jason, did you say they shut a bunch of stores down in Florida?
Fischer: What, they just weren't performing?


Do you know which routine maintenance services are the easiest to overlook? Drivers often forget about oil changes, tire rotations, and battery maintenance. It's not that hard to fall behind on your vehicle's maintenance schedule. Get it back on track with help from the team at the Grand Subaru auto service center near Chicago. We are a full-service auto maintenance center that's capable of servicing all makes and models. We even offer coupons and special offers to help you save on parts and service. Learn more about the services we have available below, and give us a call at (866) 455-7549 to make an appointment today.
Can I Get An Oil Change At Grand Subaru?
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What About Tire & Battery Services?
Other than oil changes, your tires and battery are the most often overlooked aspects of vehicle maintenance. Anyone who has ever had a flat tire or a dead battery will tell you that you should keep an eye on the health of you tires and electrical system. The auto service technicians at Grand Subaru are able to provide every tire service, ranging from replacement to balancing and rotation, to keep you rolling along. We also offer battery checks and replacement to make sure your car or SUV starts up every time you get behind the wheel.
Have your tires and battery maintained by our experts today by scheduling an appointment online. We have service appointments available almost every day to ensure that your vehicle is properly maintained. Book your time today and keep your vehicle maintained tomorrow!
Are There Other Auto Maintenance Services?
Of course! The auto service center at Grand Subaru offers a complete menu of maintenance and repair services. From brake repair to engine services, we're capable of helping with any aspect of your vehicle that may be giving you trouble. Take a look at our auto service scheduling form to learn more about available options and make a specific request.
Do They Have Auto Service Specials At Grand Subaru?
Yes! Our team offers several auto service coupons and specials to help our customers get the same great services for less. We update our special service offers every month, so it's a great idea to check our coupons every time your car or SUV needs to be maintained. You might find a deal that will save you on parts or service.
Do you have questions about the available auto service options at Grand Subaru near Chicago? Get in touch with our team through our contact form or give our service center a call at (866) 455-7549 to speak with a specialist.


Online visibility is not a coincidence. It is our commitment.
Make the most of your budget for a higher ROI.
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Are you running Google Ads campaigns and wondering why they are not delivering the results you were hoping for? GerMarketing will analyse your campaigns and come up with solutions that will really make a difference. You can expect a higher return on investment for your advertising budget.
Do you have an amazing website but are not getting enough visitors and leads? It's time to be found by your target group! With Search Engine Optimization (SEO) we help you increase your rankings on Google & Co to bring your target audience to your website.
Are you ready to work on your website's SEO but have no idea what needs be done to see results? Our SEO Audit helps you define the right priorities that will make a difference to your performance. With GerMarketing's SEO Audit you will have a comprehensive manual to work with.
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The Holidays tend to add an extra bit of anxiety to everyone's lives, especially when it comes to traveling. The key to surviving is a suitcase filled with all the things that make you tick. The essentials that make you feel at home, even if that "home" is temporarily Uncle so and so's living room couch. Hotels.com recently contacted me to get some of my holiday packing tips for their website and I was more than happy to accept the offer. I've been traveling up to two times a month this year, so I'm pretty dependent on their site. I mean where else are you going to find super low prices and an endless list of hotels to choose from? Most recently, my fiance and I used Hotels.com to book our trip to Aria in Las Vegas while we were attended the opening of the Giuseppe Zanotti Vegas Boutique. Our stay was beyond amazing and the hotel was the ideal choice for us. You may remember me raving about it here. And I'm sure we'll end up using their resources again to book our upcoming honeymoon... eek. Only five more months. I am going to be in three different states from now until New Years so smart packing and a great hotel is a total necessity. There's no denying that winter wardrobes lend to the biggest packing challenges. We all have bulky essentials and necessary accessories we simply refuse to live without during our holiday trips, so in order to remove some of that packing stress, I've put together a little guide to help with your upcoming travels.
1. Bag your jewelry. I take a ridiculous amount of jewelry on every trip I go, so to keep things slightly organized I always have a dedicated zip lock bag for my earrings, rings, and so on. To keep things safe, I add cotton strips to each bag for a nice layer of padding. Avoid cotton balls, they tend to cling.
2. Fashion & Function. I suggest always packing at least two pairs of heels. One for function and one for fashion. Layer them in the middle of your suitcase (heels facing in) so they're protected on both ends. Then of course, wear your most fabulous pair of boots on the plane, because lets face it, two pairs of heels is never enough and boots take up way too much room.
3. Easy fold Cardigans. No winter wardrobe is complete without a slew of cute cardigans. They can add style to the simplest outfits and they're super easy to manipulate while packing, unlike most jackets, so the more you can stuff down into the sides of your suitcase the better.
4. Hair Must. Chances are who ever you're visiting is most likely going to have a hair dryer you can borrow, so unless your visiting a family doomed with genetic baldness, I suggest leaving yours at home. Save room for your must have utensils like your straightener and curling iron.
5. Basics. We've all been in the scenario where you're getting ready at the last minute and that shirt that went perfect with that skirt is suddenly M.I.A. This is bound to happen, so replacements are always important. Basic tops and bottoms that can replace anything are crazy crucial. My number one basic is my little black dress. This is a great space saver and a fashion lovers secret to traveling.
6. One Jacket. Sadly until we all reach Rachel Zoe's status I wouldn't recommend packing all of your furs and other "space takers." Find the one jacket you simply can't live without and lay it flat on the top of your pile, then push the ends down into the side of the suitcase.
7. Choose a Pallet. Whether it be neutrals or a festive red and green, narrowing down your wardrobe will make choosing your selections easier and assure that no matter what you forget, you'll always match and have the proper accessories for each ensemble.
8. Tights. Every suitcase has a few weird and awkward spaces that should never be wasted. Fill these parts with your favorite winter tights and go-to knee highs. They're a holiday must and should never be forgotten when traveling during the colder months.
What are some of your packing tips? Head over to the Hotels.com facebook fan page to share your tips with them and for more packing tips, check out their Travel Smart Blog!
Great tips! Thanks for sharing!!! I use hotels.com as well and have never been disappointed!
Were you really at Aria? I was just there last weekend. Loved the modern hotel. It also smelled better than other casinos.
Good tips on traveling. We all need them.
great tips!!! lovely photos toO!!! plus+ love your outfits!!!
You just save my life. these are all great tips. I never thought about wearing my boots on the plane. I always have the hardest time packing them. lol.
You have the best style. Great pictures.
Your tips are awesome! And the pictures are a terrific illustration! Thanks :) I would never have thought of these myself...!
This is such a great idea for a post. Very helpful. I'm a big fan of hotels.com. I'd be lost without them.
Obsessed with this post. Your ring in the first pic is gorgeous.
Hotels.com is definitely a great resource. Glad to see you use it too. I can't believe how much you've been traveling. Is it all for blog stuff?
oh my goodness, Rachel's luggage is insane. Great tips.
Really great tips! Yeah if only we could all travel like Rachel Zoe...that is insane! Love your gold bangle in that top pic too.
i am the most horrible packer when i comes to travelling. i'm bound to forget things!
I love reading your posts, although sometimes I don't have time to comment. I always read your posts.
great tips! what a great post.
What great tips! I hate packing...I can never seem to squeeze everything in! You're right about hair dryers too. I always bring mine and it takes up so much room, but there's always one when I get to my hotel!
Great guide! My tip would be to roll your clothes rather than fold - saves so much mroe space!
Wauw! I am really impressed by your blog and I am following now.
If you got the time, check out mine !
Great tips btw. keep going on like this with your blog!
And here I was feeling overwhelmed by all of the packing I have to do. These are excellent tips and gorgeous photos.
love this post...really usefel tips!!!the firtsi pic is so funny..really enjoyed it!!!
Great tips :) love the different outfits with 1 dress!
great tips...especially about the boots. that's always my strategy!
come on by to see my latest post when you have a minute--i'm talking all about the Pose app I mentioned!
Great Tips! I'm a notorious overpacker. Even when I cut back, I'm still overpacked. I'll use these tips for my Key West trip in February!!
great tips! I remember packing for multiple trips to Europe and my biggest challenge was getting my suitcase under 50lbs!
These tips are amazing and so useful for any fashionista on the go! I love them!
LOVE all of your tips and those holiday outfits are too gorgeous on you! Hope you have a very very MERRY darling!
Thanks for these tips. I'm terrible at packing.
Great advice! I tend to pack a bunch of jewelry too!
Awesome packing tips!! So fun!!
love your tip on choosing a palette..probably the best advice for traveling because like you said, you suddenly end up losing certain pieces of your wardrobe!
you are so goddamn pretty!
Great tips, I already do most of them!
Luckily, I try to travel by car so just shove it all in!
That fur!...oh my! Love the gold wire bangle too.
love this post and great to discover your blog! totally agree re: boots, totally wearing on the plane, and about packing lots of cardis. Can do anything with them. Great to discover you!
I'm one of the lucky one's this year as I'm not going anywhere, all of my family are coming to me :) So I have my whole wardrobe at my fingertips - yay!
Keep up the good work sweetie!
Love all of your accessories in these photos!!!
what an excellant post! there really is such a science to packing and this pretty much nails it! i swear by packing the basics and filling up on accessories to change it up from day to day. and tights!! how easily tights change an outfit!
These are all great tips! I'll have them on my mind next time I'll travel. Thank you for sharing them with us.
great tips would definitely think about this next time i travel!
thanks for the comment btw and u have an awesome blog.
check out my latest post and let me know what you think about my bowtie.
Oh you've come up with a great guide, this will be so helpful for me dear!
This is an awesome post with great tips for people traveling within the Northern Hemisphere. I will be making the trek from Japan to Australia these holidays so imagine my difficulty leaving a cold climate for a hot one and packing appropriately!
Great tips! Stop by sometime! I just did a post on how to pick the perfect red lipstick!!
These are such amazing packing tips. I agree with every single one of them!
such great tips! thanks so much for sharing - they're definitely going to come in handy when i'm traveling next year!
I LOVE these tips - I travel every few weeks for work and any travel tips are always great ones. Im also taken off to Europe next year for an adventure holiday with my bf and only have a 60L backpack to stuff all my things in to so will be saving this post for when the time comes back around to pack.
Great tips! I love your creativity with the lbd - you should dedicate a post on accessorising basic items!
Such a helpful post. Thank you!
Absolutley LOVE your blog! The LBD pictures are great, and I'll definetly keep all these tips in mind for my next trip! Thanks for cheking out my blog!
All of your accessories are so beautiful. The rings especially.
This was a great post! I recently had to pack for a month trip and it was hard. I forgot a lot and didn't fit in everything but did go mostly blacks, whites and grays.
Your LBD is versatile it's fab. Well I guess you make it look great so you are fab!
Great post!! And thanks for all of the great tips!
i'm heading away for a week tomorrow and needed this advice, great tips!
فنحن نتميز بالمكانة والمهارة العالية من ضمن المؤسسات الأخرى المتعددة، حيث أننا نملك الخبرة الواسعة على مر السنين العديدة في ذلك الميدان بمختلف أشكاله سواء كان التغليف أو النقل الاثاث من موضع إلى موضع اخر، فنحن نحاول باستمرارً جاهدين بهدف تقديم أفضل الخدمات إليك عميلنا العزيز والتي لن تجدها فريدة سوى من خلالنا لاغير، علماً بأننا نقوم بعمليات التغليف بكامل الدقة والكفاءة والقدرة التي ليس لها مثيل في السابق من قبل العمالة المدربة على أعلى مستوى من الجدارة في التغليف، حيث أن يملكون خبرة عالية في أساليب التغليف للعفش بعناية واحترافية لا مثيل لها.


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Q: How to get an Id value from association rails At this time I need to get and id value from an association
Because I create a new note, but i can assign this note to whoever i want, then I have it this way
<%= f.association :user,
        :label      => false,
        :selected   => current_user.id,
        :required   => true,
        :input_html => {
            :class      => 'span4',
            :disabled   => true,
            :style      => "float:right",
            :id         => "usuario"} %>

And the controller create method is this way
 def create
    @note = Note.new(note_params)
    @note.user_id = params[:user]
    render :action => :new unless @note.save
end

But when I press the submit button everything save unless the value for the column :user_id
I have tried with params[:user_id] but it doesn't work
Thanks for your help and sorry for my english

A: First you need to remove the attribute disabled from your field, a disabled field isn't sended by your form (look at Disabled form fields not submitting data).
And, your user_id should be placed in something like params[:note][:user_id], take a look at server log and search for user_id right after you send a POST to server, there be something like:
Started POST "/note" for ::1 at 2013-07-18 15:22:34 +0000
Processing by NoteController#create as */*
  Parameters: {"note"=>{..., "user_id"=>"1", ...}}


The 4th chapter of volume 3 is now available. A triad?
2 chapters in such short time! awesome!
Well, this was unexpected =03. Thanks a lot for the chapter so quickly (^,^)!
you guys deserve love from all over the world!


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The creed of a true saint is to make the best of life, and to make the most of it. Edwin Hubbel Chapin
Hold a Koala
COMPLETED BY 29
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Koalas do not belong to the category of bears. English-speaking people of the 18th century referred to them that way because of their resemblance with bears. Though the term koala bears is still in use, it is incorrect to refer to koalas as bears.
Koalas, the extremely cute-looking and cuddly species of marsupials, are found in abundance in Australian states like Queensland, Victoria, New South Wales and some places in eastern and southern Australia. The fact that koalas have established their habitat in the eucalyptus forests and coastal islands of eastern and southern Australia doesn't come as a surprise as their diet mainly consists of eucalyptus leaves which are found in abundance in this region. Eucalyptus trees don't just fulfill their food requirements, but also protect them against their predators; that explains why they spend most of their time on these trees.
Koalas are known to feed on the leaves of different species of eucalyptus trees found in their native habitat. These leaves don't just provide them all the necessary nutrients, but also fulfill their water requirements, as 50 percent of the content of eucalyptus leaves is water. At times, they also feed on the bark and buds of the eucalyptus trees. They usually spend 3-4 hours of the day feeding, while most of the remaining part of the day is spent resting.
Koalas are extremely choosy and fussy about their diet, and are well aware of the existence of all the various species of eucalyptus trees. As per statistics, there exists around 650 species of eucalyptus trees in the eucalyptus forests of Australia, but a koala's preference lies with just two or three of the species. They are not only particular about the species of eucalyptus tree leaves that they feed on, but their attention to detail is such that, they consume the leaves and buds only after they have reached a particular stage of maturation.
The species of eucalyptus tree chosen by the koala for feeding, also depends on the area of its habitat. Koalas residing in the southern region of Australia, prefer feeding on eucalyptus trees like the swamp gum and manna gum, while those residing in the northern areas, prefer species like blue gum, gray gum and red gum. Other favorite species of eucalyptus trees include yellow box, small-leafed peppermint, tallow wood, river red gum and drooping red gum.
Apart from eucalyptus leaves, koalas occasionally feed on wattle, paper bark, pine trees, cherry trees and tea trees. At times, they also climb down the trees to eat gravel and soil, to fulfill their requirement of minerals and help them to digest the eucalyptus leaves. Koalas hardly stay on ground and the moment they are done with the feeding, they climb back safely to their respective trees.
Eucalyptus leaves consist of approximately 13% tannins, 2% minerals, 50% water, 18% fiber, 8% fat, 5% carbohydrates and 4% proteins. They also contain toxic oils that are extremely poisonous to other animals, but, the Koala bears, the Greater glider and the Ringtail possums are the only three mammals that can survive on a eucalyptus leaves diet. It might seem surprising how koalas can survive on such a diet, but, nature has equipped them with extraordinary mechanisms that ensure their survival.
Their digestive system has specialized adaptations that detoxify the toxic oils in the eucalyptus leaves, and this detoxification process is also aided by their liver which produces glucuronic acid. Glucuronic acid enables koalas to quickly excrete all the toxins. Koalas also have an additional part in their digestive tract, known as the 'cecum', that breaks down the food further and aids in digestion. Koalas have a very slow metabolic rate, that allows them to retain food and energy for a longer period of time.
katie adams
Feb 12 at 15:40 pm
Alex Roles
Dec 26 at 19:26 pm
When I went to Australia
Bucket List Blog
© 2015 BUCKETLIST 127


This elegant spoon has a tighter spin for a comfortable stir.
It has a waterdrop shape at the end of the spoon instead of a fork.
The waterdrop-shaped end works as a weight, to balance the spoon when stirring and also to muddle with precision.
The stem between the spoon and the muddler is evenly twisted.


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PHOTOS: How New York City watched the 2022 FIFA World Cup
Francisco Attié
Francisco Attié for Gothamist
Brazilian photographer Francisco Attié longed for the nostalgia of watching the World Cup with his family and his countryfolk. So, he embarked on a journey to find home at tournament watch parties throughout the city.
Supporters of the Ecuadorian soccer team watch a match at El Encebollado de Victor, a restaurant in Bushwick.
One of my earliest memories is of being home in Brazil, where I'm awakened by my parents in the early morning and then carried, half-asleep, to my neighbor's house to watch Brazil beat Germany in the 2002 World Cup final.
I don't actually remember much of the game. But what stayed with me after all these years are the colors, the palpable tension and the celebrations. I remember the yellow jerseys we were all wearing. I remember the Brazilian flags hanging in my neighbor's house. I remember the gasps and the shouts. I remember my younger brother sleeping on my mother's chest, and the fireworks outside after every goal; the screams and blaring car horns coming from many houses down, perhaps neighborhoods away, as Brazil won the game and lifted its fifth World Cup.
Supporters of the Brazilian soccer team celebrate a goal at Santo Brúklin in Carroll Gardens.
This was one of the formative moments of my life. To this day I equate waking up early, before the sun has fully come out, with adventure. And every four years, I hope to relive the memories I made as a little kid.
Twenty years and five World Cups later, for the first time in my life, I have spent an entire World Cup away from home. New York isn't the most soccer-oriented city in the world, and it was hard to imagine spending this time away from family and friends. But an international metropolis such as this certainly has its perks. For one, if I looked hard enough, I was sure I could find many of the nationalities present in the World Cup represented throughout the boroughs.
So, I went out into the city looking for pockets of life — a home away from home, where I could find people as dedicated to watching the World Cup as that little boy and his family. With this series of photos, I sought to capture fans at their most vulnerable, their most elated and their most enthralled.
At Banter Bar, in Williamsburg, fans gathered to watch Spain make World Cup history by beating Costa Rica 7-0.
And even though Brazil didn't win this time around, I still got to enjoy the World Cup through the eyes of many different cultures. In Harlem, I met Senegalese fans who spoke Portuguese and, at one point in their lives, called Brazil home, too. In Bushwick, I saw Ecuadorian fans celebrate a win in the World Cup's opening game. In Red Hook, I met up with Brazilian fans and got to speak and hear my mother tongue, which I seldom hear nowadays. But nothing could have prepared me for what I experienced in Astoria, after Morocco beat Portugal and became the first African team to make it to the World Cup semifinals.
That day, I saw fireworks and smoke signals popping off in the streets. I saw children being carried on the shoulders of their parents, holding flags from all North African nations and many others from the Middle East. I heard screams of "Dima Maghreb!" ("Morocco forever!" in Moroccan Arabic). I saw people crying and dancing with joy. At one point, I got caught in the middle of the crowd as people started jumping and singing, "On va s'aimer, on va danser, oui, c'est la vie" ("We will love one another, we will dance, yes, that's life," in French), and I couldn't help but jump and sing along with them. At that moment, I thought of my family, forgot the pains of days past and remembered what it was like to watch and celebrate for the very first time. I felt like I was home.
Fans gathered in Astoria to watch Morocco play France in the semi-finals of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. France beat Morocco by 2-0. But Morocco is the first African nation to make it to the semi-finals of the World Cup.
MORE arts-entertainment
Iconic artist Felix Gonzalez-Torres makes some noise in a posthumous exhibit
See two never-before-realized pieces by the pioneering conceptual artist in a new show at David Zwirner Gallery through the end of February.
Ben Yakas
Anticipating Lunar New Year, NYC hot pot fans share a warm obsession
Hot pot is a delicious, bubbling cauldron of choose-your-own adventure soup often shared with friends or family on the Lunar New Year — and one dedicated fan is on a quest to eat it as often as possible.
Olivia Ebertz
Bid farewell to a trio of beloved birds and more things to do in NYC this week
Saxophonist David Murray returns to the New York jazz scene in a new role
Piotr Orlov
Madison Square Park welcomes a gleaming golden giant by an artist known for miniatures
Marisa Mazria Katz


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Meet the Team – Hunter Visser
This week we are excited to introduce our mastermind, Hunter Visser. Hunter came to HeadStart after retiring from competitive halfpipe skiing. If you have been keeping up to date on our blog, you might have noticed a pattern starting to emerge; we like to ski.
Skiing has brought Hunter around the world as he progressed from local competitions all the way up to the international stage, competing at world cup level events.
"Skiing has taught me many lessons, but the most important lesson is how to pick myself up after falling over and over again."
Hunter's Story
It is early January 2013, and Hunter is at a team training camp in Whistler, BC. His team is getting ready for the World Cup season to kick off. It's one of the last training opportunities before the competition season and Hunter is determined to add a new trick to his competition run. The trick is called a double cork 1260, two flips with three and a half rotations, all performed while flying fifteen feet above the halfpipe!
The team is at a facility that has a half-pipe take-off aimed onto an airbag, which is essentially a snow-jump aimed at a 50'x50' 'stunt-man' bag. The airbag helps skiers to practice high-risk maneuvers with a low-risk of injury.Hunter is skiing over to the training site, thinking about the 1260 he planned to do onto the airbag – this is the 'easy' part of Hunter's run. In the blink of an eye, Hunter loses his balance, catches an edge, and falls, hitting his head on the hard snow. He sees stars but isn't knocked out, so he does a quick scan of his body to see if everything is ok. He's a bit shaken up but decides he will keep training and not mention anything to his coach.
"I'm wearing a helmet, a mouthguard and I have to compete in five days… I can't be concussed right now" Hunter thought to himself.
For the rest of the day, Hunter felt a little off but didn't think too much about it. He continued to train the double cork 1260 without mentioning anything to his coach, even though he wasn't feeling 'right.' In his mind, he decided that he would have a chance to rest before the next competition so it will be "all good."Fast forward one week, Hunter and his team are now at the first world cup of the year. They have three days of training before the event, and Hunter's goal is to land the double cork 1260 that he's been training. He feels ready. The crash, just days before, is a distant memory.
On the second day of competition training, he manages to land the trick but only after two falls. Both of the falls result in minor hits to the head, which he doesn't think much about. On the third and final day of training, Hunter is determined to land the 1260 a few more times before the competition, but he ends up hitting his head FOUR more times before the end of the day. None of the bumps on the head seemed to be big hits but combined with the other falls things begin to add up significantly. It isn't until after training that day that he begins to realize how severe his situation is. He has sustained seven hits to the head over the past week, and they have taken their toll.To make a long story short, it took Hunter just over six months to recover from a severe concussion. After dealing with major headaches, depression, blurred vision, extreme fatigue, loss of short-term memory, irritability among other concussion symptoms for six months, he decided that it was best to step away from the sport he loved so much.
"It was one of the hardest decisions I've ever had to make. But I couldn't even have normal conversations with my family so, in the end, I didn't really have a choice. I couldn't risk another significant blow to the head."
Fortunately for Hunter, an opportunity came around at that time to transition from competitive skiing to working with SafeStart (now HeadStart). Hunter's aim is now to share his story with athletes and help develop a program that will help athletes deal with mental states like complacency that potentially cost him his competitive skiing career.Flash forward almost six years and Hunter has shared his story with thousands of young people around the world with the SafeStart and HeadStart programs. He has helped build learning resources that work for young audiences, and with his knowledge in IT, he's excited to improve the online-learning experience for coaches and athletes. He still spends his free time skiing, but not in a competitive format. His time on skis is now spent exploring the backcountry with friends where he says "it is all about the adventure."
Hunter's favorite HeadStart coaching tool: Rate Your State"Rate Your State gives athletes a direct and practical approach to checking in mentally and physically. It allows us to rate on a scale of one-to-ten how rushed, frustrated, fatigued or complacent we are, in the moment, and make a conscious choice to either 'send it' or take a step back. I use it all the time when I am out in the mountains on my skis, mountain bike or snowmobile and in my everyday life, especially before driving."
We are fortunate to have Hunter as our "HeadStart Mastermind". He is the voice of our athlete's program and has now been working with athletes to help them improve their performance and prevent injuries for six years. His goal is to help improve the health and longevity of athletes while helping them achieve their best performances.


The primary dystonias are movement disorders characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that produce abnormal postures of different parts of the body. Named for the body part affected, the common adult onset focal dystonias are blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, and focal hand dystonia. Their pathophysiology and even underlying anatomy remain largely unknown. Neuroimaging does not presently have a clinical role except to rule out secondary dystonias, in which dystonia is a result of defined central nervous system lesions. However, neuroimaging plays a role in trying to define where pathology might be, although till date, the findings have not been robust. In this chapter, we review studies using different imaging modalities, aiming to understand the structural and functional deficits the patients might have. Gray matter studies, based on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images and morphometric techniques, suggest the presence of structural changes in basal ganglia and sensorimotor cortices of dystonia patients. White matter integrity, measured with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and modeled using tractography methods, indicate deficits in different aspects of the cerebellar-thalamo-cortical and basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical pathways. Changes in blood flow, function, and metabolism, measured with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) also support widespread deficits within the basal ganglia and beyond. Involvement of the cerebral cortex, in particular sensorimotor, supplementary motor area, and parietal association areas, are consistent in all the primary dystonias. The cerebellum is also affected in all the dystonias discussed here.


Neil Lerner Kitchens was introduced to us through the BNI (business Network International) which Mike our director was a member of for many years. Most recently Mike was voted in as Chapter Director, hosting the meetings on behalf of a 30+ group of business people meeting once a week to exchange referrals and bettering themselves in running their business. When it comes to producing a good website for clients recommended through a network or other business referral, we go that extra mile to ensure we do a great job. After all, there is nothing worse that introducing a potential client to a business contact only to find they have let them down and made you look unprofessional.
Having Dana from Neil Lerner's PR company project managing on the client side was fantastic as it pushed things through much quicker, coming back to us promptly on several occasions to supply all content and discuss design and the next step. Dana ensured that the project momentum moved along smoothly and without pauses. The custom design we produced for Neil Lerner was second to none, ensuring that the user was presented with the high quality kitchens produced by Neil Lerner that stood out and shone. The feedback by the initial users – as well as all their staff – has been extremely positive complimenting them on how visually appealing the entire website has become. The case study area features an individual gallery for each project with a very easy to use admin, which enables our client to easily update and add to their website themselves whenever the need arises.
Using WordPress for the base of the content management system (CMS) along with the custom designed templates we created, has provided Neil Lerner with a very high-end looking website with full control over the content at a very reasonable price. The website should go on to provide a good few years of good service to the company which will help promote and market their company to grow further.


The Romans did it, the Japanese love them and even today the Turkish are famed for theirs. The use of bathing as a means of relaxation has been around for centuries. The sound of the water and its purifying effects on the body make a visit to a spa an unforgettable experience. However an average spa day is also unforgettable for any budget conscious individual.
In a time of economic stress it may seem that giving up on such a means of relaxation is the only option. However think again – using these 6 concepts below you will be able to transform your bathroom into a home spa sanctuary and yet still maintain its functionality within the home. An endless array of new technology means that devices such as steam saunas, multiple shower heads, and whirlpool baths are now available for home use. However creating a home spa does not even require the purchase of expensive appliances. It can be as budget conscious or as salubrious as you desire using these simple concepts.
Feng shui is based upon Chinese philosophy and its principles can be applied to design and layout as a means of channelling the flow of energy and healing. According to Feng Shui principles bathrooms have a tendency to leak energy and therefore by properly balancing out the water energy within a bathroom such leakage can be prevented. For example closing all drains and plugholes and placing growing plants and mirrors within the bathroom. Whether or not you believe in Feng Shui it cannot be disputed that water has a relaxing and soothing quality. Any room which is focused around water has the capacity to soothe and relax.
The ultimate spa experience is a feast for all of your senses and therefore recreating this experience within your own home requires you to feed each and every sense. Visually a spa is aesthetically pleasing. With luxurious tiling, large fluffy towels and calming neutral colours you too can recreate the visually stimulating aspects of a spa within your own home. Texture is also important as it stimulates the sense of touch. Contrast the hardness of the tiles with luxurious rugs which will also add warmth to the room.
One of the most important ways that a spa feeds your senses is through the use of smells. Invest in an oil burner and some essential oils. Use Bergamot to combat stress, peppermint to target mental fatigue and lavender to relax. Combine oil burners with soft lighting to give the ultimate feeling of calm.
The final way a spa can soothe is through the sounds of gentle music or other relaxing noises such as the sound of water. If it is within the budget buy a sound system, to be installed in the bathroom, taking into account the potential dangers of electrical leads near water. For those on a tighter budget you can buy a sound machine which will give a choice of relaxing sounds such as waves crashing on the sea or birds in a forest.
Personal choice is very important when it comes to deciding whether you prefer horizontal or vertical water relaxation. For those who like to soak in warm water then a whirlpool bath or spa insert is a necessary purchase. Soaking in hot bubbling water will both massage and relax you giving you a spa sensation of weightlessness. For those of you who prefer the sensation of showering there are also a number of products on the market. A rainshower showerhead will give you the sensation of tropical rainfall flowing over your body. Or you can also buy multiple showerheads which will pummel your body all over giving a massaging effect.
A major part of the spa experience has to be the decadent accessories. It is important that you pay attention to such details in your own home if you truly want to recreate the experience. Buy some luxurious scented products such as bath salts and oils. It is these extra touches that will really make the experience memorable. Just the smell or sight of such little extras will awaken all of your senses.
Now just sit back and relax! That means turning off all distractions as you would if you were in a spa. Turn off the mobile, turn the answering machine on and hang a "Do Not Disturb" sign on the door. Enjoy.


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Better Call Saul Continues the Moral Divides
I know, I spent most of my review for last week's episode of Better Call Saul talking about the moral divide between Jimmy and Kim. I'm going to do it again. "Piñata" continued this thread this week and has established it as the main thematic plot for both characters this season. Jimmy and Kim have started down very different roads that will make their continued relationship unsustainable. I'm so sad right now. Well, and happy for Kim. Get away from him, Kim.
The Straight and Narrow Path
For the second episode in a row, Better Call Saul used its opening scene to brilliant effect. It focused very much on this moral divide, as we got a flashback to Jimmy and Kim's glory days in the mailroom at HHM. The sheer amount of information given to the audience about both characters is astounding considering the uneventfulness of the scene.
In fact, if I were to pick one scene perfectly defining both characters, this innocent little opening would be it. Kim Wexler's drive, intelligence, and moral ambition stand out starkly. So does Jimmy's dissatisfaction, moral flexibility, and pattern of taking things on to please others. Their reactions to Chuck's legal victory tells you everything you need to know about both of them. By the way, so does Jimmy's sudden interest in use of the HHM library.
Turns out Kimmy might have inspired Jimmy's law career even more than Chuck did.
After last week established what both characters really want for their lives, "Piñata" put their plans into action. Kim's proposal to head up a banking division at Schweikart and Cokely was a move I could never guess, but it's a wonderful plot move. Kim would never give up on Mesa Verde. She knows doing so would be career suicide, for one. She is also not the type of person to give up. Time and time again, Kim proves her determination. It's probably her defining personality trait.
And yet, she was clearly second-guessing a career defined by banking law. Like she told Jimmy, she's good at public defense work and likes doing it. She wants to make a difference for the common man. Competing determinations pulled at her and I wondered how she would resolve this conflict. Now we know. She's taking her business over to become a partner for another big law firm.
In the process, she basically killed the dream Jimmy had for their legal futures. I can't help but wonder if Kim did this with exactly that intent.
As Kim begins down this increasingly rigid moral and ethical path, Jimmy continues straying further from it. The end scene with the three teenagers was the darkest thing we've ever seen Jimmy do. He straight up threatened the lives of these kids. I know he had no intent of actually hurting them. If they had surprised him and stood strong, I'm not sure what Jimmy would have done. But that doesn't change the darkness of the scene. Jimmy crossed over into a type of violent thuggery surpassing anything we've seen before.
Kim has to notice Jimmy's moral decline. She has to be suspicious about his late nights and excuses. There must be some part of her that took her business to Schweikart and Cokely specifically to end Jimmy's dream of the two of them working together. I think she both wanted a reason to break their future partnership while also inspiring Jimmy to rethink what he wants. I'm not sure she realizes the full extent of Jimmy's recent schemes, but she has to suspect some of it.
Jimmy, as seen in the opening, tends to follow others down respectable paths by piggybacking off them. He never truly commits. He's always wandering off to the side and looking for shortcuts. Jimmy took the mailroom job at HHM to please his brother and prove his willingness to "go straight," then began his law career in order to impress Kim. At no point does he choose a morally or ethically straight path of his own desire. His own desires always distract him, and eventually he wanders off them.
What he never seems to realize is how he holds others back. He makes those he was inspired by stop on their paths to wait for him, or even wander off in search of him. Kim has wandered off her path time and time again to help Jimmy. Multiple times she suffered the consequences. Chuck's death (and Jimmy's reaction to it) has seemingly opened her eyes to a truth she was blind to. She now recognizes the truth of Jimmy's behavior and how she enables him. She recognizes how he has and will hold her back.
Does that mean she wants out of their relationship? Hell no. Again, Kim Wexler gives up on nothing. I think she made the deal with Schweikart and Cokely in order to inspire him anew, or at least make him truly consider what he wants, not what he thinks others want of him. We know the dark path this leads Jimmy down. I wonder what Kim would do if she knew as well.
Ehrmantraut's Krauts
The moral divide was not exclusive to Jimmy and Kim. Mike has officially linked up with Gus and begun helping him in his criminal enterprises. It's remarkable how quickly he becomes a trusted, valuable member of Gus's organization. The superlab is no small project. It sits at the heart of all Gus's ambitions and plans. That he trusts Mike not only to advise, but basically oversee its construction and protection, says a lot.
While Mike throws himself into the criminal world, however, he continues down his own immoral path dividing him from his daughter-in-law and granddaughter. The therapy outburst created a distance between them that, while in the initial steps of reparation, is still fresh. I imagine that Stacey will start to feel the same change in Mike that Kim feels in Jimmy.
I think we all expect Mike to kill at least one of the German workers brought in to build the superlab. Now that he works for Gus, his inevitable moment of cold ruthlessness must be impending. Better Call Saul certainly established Kai as a goofball who will threaten the project. I expect by the end of the season Mike will have multiple bodies on his hands. At the very least he will have one, and it will solidify the criminal path he takes moving forward.
With the introduction of Stacey and Mike's determination to help her, combined with what we know about Mike's financial help in Breaking Bad, the relationship between these two has always fascinated me. Now that Mike is fully in the criminal world, I wonder just what Stacey knows and what she will know moving forward. Des she have any idea of the path Mike takes? Does she approve? Will she suspect and at some point make clear to Mike that she can never know? I don't think Stacey is stupid, and she'll notice changes in his behavior.
I expect this will create the same kind of moral divide currently widening between Kim and Jimmy. The difference, of course, being that while Kim is nowhere to be found in Saul Goodman's life, Stacey and her daughter are very much a part of Mike's life. Mike will continue visiting them, continue spending time with his granddaughter, and seems to be on friendly terms. What does this mean for Stacey's knowledge of her father-in-law?
Whatever the case, I hope it means an increased role for Stacey in the show. I love a good thematic parallel, and Kim/Jimmy and Mike/Stacey definitely qualify.
The examination of the moral path has always stood at the center of the shared Breaking Bad/Better Call Saul story. Walter White's entire story was basically one giant question of how long someone could use moral justifications for decidedly immoral behavior. Better Call Saul has continued down much the same path. We've watched both Jimmy and Mike slip further and further into immorality, knowing the dark paths their actions eventually lead them down.
It's no surprise that moral conflicts have come to the forefront of season 4. All I can hope for is that Kim, Stacey, and all the good people of this show keep their eyes forward while those they love stray off into the bushes.
I don't know why, but I thought Jimmy was making something with eggs when he used the juicer for orange juice. Kind of weird how eggs and orange juice looked so similar.
I went this entire review without mentioning Gus's amazing, terrifying monologue about the kind of vengeance he wants to take on Hector Salamanca. Giancarlo Esposito is so damn scary when he wants to be. And we know how his story ultimately describes Hector's life in the coming years.
Good touch by Mike to include that mini-football field for the German workers. They are Germans, after all.
Jimmy used the veterinarian again! I love how the vet always asks about the animals. It might seem obvious for even the guy using his vet work to cover for criminal networking to love animals, but I don't think it was a given.
It's interesting how Jimmy visibly grieved his deceased former client more than Chuck. For all his moral and ethical failings, Jimmy does care about his clients. Like Chuck says, he does love people and when tragedy strikes, he will be the loudest and saddest in his grief. Yet he can't help but repeat his mistakes again.
We have an uncensored "fuck" on AMC! It finally happened! And from Hamlin of all people. I didn't expect it from him.
Images Courtesy of AMC
Bo relaxes after long days of staring at computers by staring at computers some more, and feels slightly guilty over his love for Villanelle.
In this article:better call saul, episode review, Featured, Pinata


text:
BX Andromedae (BX And) is an eclipsing binary star in the constellation Andromeda. Its maximum apparent visual magnitude is 8.87. Within a cycle of approximately 14.6 hours, the brightness drops down to a magnitude of 9.53 during the main eclipse, and to a magnitude of 9.12 during the secondary one. It is classified as a Beta Lyrae variable.

Variability
BX Andromedae, like all Beta Lyrae variables, shows a primary and a secondary minimum when, respectively, the most luminous and the less luminous component of the pair is eclipsed by the other. The brightness however changes smoothly, so there is no onset and an end time for the eclipses. This cycle repeats approximately every 14.6 hours.

System
The two stars in the system are orbiting so close to each other that they retain an ellipsoidal shape. The spectrum of the two stars has not been separated yet; as a whole, the system has a spectral type F2V. The physical parameters of the stars (like mass, radius, and temperature) can be inferred from the light curve.

BX Andromedae, however, may be a quadruple system. This system shows slight orbital period variations that could be induced by a third faint body in the system with an orbital period of 62 years. There is also a visual companion star TYC 2833-53-1 of 10.85 magnitude only 20 arcseconds away with a common proper motion and a distance (measured with parallax) compatible with the one of BX Andromedae, and has an estimated mass of 1.04 .

References

Andromeda (constellation)
Andromedae, BX
J02090342+4047392
Beta Lyrae variables
BD+40 442
010027
013078

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: building a 3 input logic gate combination bounded by a simple if else statement For 3 variables x,y,z and output w I need help buiding a logic circuit that can implement
i.e. the logic diagram for the truth table:

A: 1)Simplify your truth table by making Z "don't care" when X=1, Y "don't care" when x=0
2)Try breaking the problem down into sub circuits:
A = X AND Y
B = Z AND (NOT X)
W = A OR B