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\begin{document}

\begin{titlepage}
 \title{ \LARGE\bf Discreteness of Black Hole Microstates\\[10pt]}
\author{Gerard 't~Hooft}
\date{\small  Institute for Theoretical Physics \\ Utrecht University  \\[10pt]
 Postbox 80.089 \\ 3508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands  \\[10pt]
e-mail:  g.thooft@uu.nl \\ internet:
http:/\!/www.staff.science.uu.nl/\~{}hooft101/ } \maketitle

\noindent \textbf{Abstract}  \begin{quote}
	It is explained that, for black holes much heavier than the Planck mass, black hole microstates can be well understood without string theory. It is essential to understand the antipodal identification at the horizon. We show why the microstates exhibit a discrete spectrum, and how they relate to the particles outside the hole.
 \end{quote} \vfill

\newsecl{The algebra leading to the microstates}{micro}
	Consider a Schwarzschild black hole in a stationary situation, during a time interval \({\mathcal O}} 	\def\DD{{\mathcal D}}	     \def\ZZ{\mathbb{Z}(M_{\mathrm{BH}}}\def\Pl{{\mathrm{Planck}}}\def\inn{{\mathrm{in}}\log M_{\mathrm{BH}}}\def\Pl{{\mathrm{Planck}}}\def\inn{{\mathrm{in}})\) in Planck units. Let it be surrounded by particles with masses and energies \(E_i\ll M_\Pl\ll M_{\mathrm{BH}}}\def\Pl{{\mathrm{Planck}}}\def\inn{{\mathrm{in}}\), and densities in the range of that of Hawking particles. There are particles moving inwards and outwards. The black hole mass, \(M_{\mathrm{BH}}}\def\Pl{{\mathrm{Planck}}}\def\inn{{\mathrm{in}}\), fluctuates accordingly when particles are absorbed and emitted. During the given time interval these mass fluctuations are small compared to the entire black hole mass. Consequently, we can handle the black hole metric as a background metric, with minor perturbations described by perturbative (quantum) gravity\,\cite{GtHantipodes}.
	\end{titlepage}

This time-reversal symmetric situation is the best configuration for describing quantum energy eigen states, since these have the same time symmetry. String theory\,\cite{GSW,Polchinski} is claimed to account for these quantum states by appealing to pictures of stacks of \(D\)-branes\,\cite{Dbranes}, fuzzballs\,\cite{fuzzballs} and other concoctions, while it appears to be almost impossible to reconstruct space-time itself, and the description of events as experienced by observers moving in or out, or to understand how unitarity is maintained in the black hole evolution. Where does quantum information go?

In recent papers\,\cite{GtHantipodes, GtHrecent} the author observed that, to get the picture right, one has to implement the gravitational back reaction between in- and out-states, and to impose the antipodal identification constraint. Disregarding these important insights inevitably leads to imprecise formulations. In contrast to claims often made, one cannot make the horizon disappear by becoming``fuzzy", or believe that strings already take over at macroscopic distance scales, without serious damage to the concept of General Relativity.
\setcounter{page}{2}

In a locally regular coordinate frame such as the Kruskal-Szekeres frame, the past event horizon is given by \(u^+=0\), and the future event horizon is \(u^-=0\), where \(u^+\) and \(u^-\) are local light cone coordinates. The most important region where most of the non-trivial physics takes place is the region where these two horizons intersect.  This region is often portrayed as an \(S_2\) sphere, but we noticed\,\cite{GtHantipodes} that it has to be replaced by a \emph{projective} sphere, \(S_2/\mathbb Z_2\). So, at the intersection, we identify antipodal points. The fact that the physical region is defined by \(r\ge 2M_{\mathrm{BH}}}\def\Pl{{\mathrm{Planck}}}\def\inn{{\mathrm{in}}\) implies  that \(r\) never comes close to zero. Therefore, the \(\mathbb Z_2\) identification never generates any physical singularity. As for the central singularity of the Schwarzschild black hole, it is well separated from the physical domain(s) by a horizon (cosmic censorship works fine here), so that it can do no harm.

Particles entering the black hole, in-particles for short, may be represented by the momentum distribution, \(p^-(\tht,\,\vv)\) that they deposit on the future event horizon. The out-particles can be characterised by their positions \(u^-(\tht,\,\vv)\) when they leave the past event horizon. A condition for our information preservation process to work is that these operator distributions suffice to characterise all in-states and all out-states. There are good reasons to assume that this should work. In any case, these are the variables in terms of which we shall define all states, both for the particles deeply imbedded in the black hole\fn{that is, close to an event horizon, but at the \emph{physical} side of it.} and for the particles further outside. Outside observers never need to refer to particles `inside' the black hole, that is, across any of the horizons.

The \emph{quantum commutation rules} turn out to be
\be [u^\mp(\tht,\,\vv),\ p^\pm(\tht',\,\vv')]=i\,\d(\tht-\tht')\,\d(\vv-\vv')\sin^{-1}\tht\ , \eelb}\def\eeql{\eeqlb}  \def\crl{\crlb} \def\newsecl{\newsecb}\def\bibiteml{\bibitem} \def\citel{\cite}\def\labell{\crld}{commup}
while\fn{Some caution is asked for: time \(t\) is not an operator in the usual sense, so states are characterised \emph{either}
by giving their wave function on the \(u^+\) axis \emph{or} on the \(u^-\) axis.} \( [u^\pm(\tht,\vv),\ u^\pm(\tht',\vv')]=[p^\pm(\tht,\vv),\ p^\pm(\tht',\vv')]=0\)\,.

To describe the scattering matrix, we expand both \(u^-\) and \(p^-\) in spherical harmonics \(Y_{\ell\,m}(\tht,\vv)\), turning them to variables \(u^\pm_{\ell\, m}\) and \(p^\pm_{\ell\, m}\), obeying
\be  [u^\mp_{\ell\, m},\ p^\pm_{\ell'\,m'}]=i\,\d_{\ell\,\ell'}\,\d_{m\,m'}\ , \eelb}\def\eeql{\eeqlb}  \def\crl{\crlb} \def\newsecl{\newsecb}\def\bibiteml{\bibitem} \def\citel{\cite}\def\labell{\crld}{commellm}

The condition that the masses and the momenta of the particles are all demanded to stay below the Planck regime ensures that we need not worry about fluctuations of the space-time metric, but this does restrict the time period considered to stay well within the domain \({\mathcal O}} 	\def\DD{{\mathcal D}}	     \def\ZZ{\mathbb{Z}(M_{\mathrm{BH}}}\def\Pl{{\mathrm{Planck}}}\def\inn{{\mathrm{in}}\log M_{\mathrm{BH}}}\def\Pl{{\mathrm{Planck}}}\def\inn{{\mathrm{in}})\). The earliest in-particles and the latest out-particles then develop momenta close to or beyond the Planck mass. These we now address by the back reaction equations\,\cite{GtHantipodes}:
	\be u^{-\,({\mathrm{out}})}_{\ell\,m}=\frac{8\pi G}{\ell^2+\ell+1}\,p^{-\,(\inn)}_{\ell\,m}\ ,\qquad
	u^{+\,(\inn)}_{\ell\,m}=-\frac{8\pi G}{\ell^2+\ell+1}\,p^{+\,({\mathrm{out}})}_{\ell\,m}\ .\qquad \eelb}\def\eeql{\eeqlb}  \def\crl{\crlb} \def\newsecl{\newsecb}\def\bibiteml{\bibitem} \def\citel{\cite}\def\labell{\crld}{backreac}
Consequently, the coordinates \(u^+\) and \(u^-\) do not commute,
	\be { }[u_{\ell\,m}^{+\,({\mathrm{out}})},\,u_{\ell' m'}^{-\,(\inn)}]=\frac{8\pi\,G\,i}{\ell^2+\ell+1}\,\d_{\ell \ell'}\,\d_{mm'}\ . \eelb}\def\eeql{\eeqlb}  \def\crl{\crlb} \def\newsecl{\newsecb}\def\bibiteml{\bibitem} \def\citel{\cite}\def\labell{\crld}{uucomm}
The suffixes `(in)' and `(out)', are superfluous and will be omitted henceforth.
The relations \eqn{commellm} --- \eqn{uucomm} do not allow us to restrict ourselves to the domain \(I\), defined by
(\(u^+>0,\ u^-<0\)), since the Fourier transform of a function supported by a domain \(x>0\) cannot be restricted to a domain \(p>0\).
This is why region \(I\) cannot be considered separately from region \(II\), defined by  (\(u^+<0,\ u^->0\)). Since both regions must be physical, we assume that region \(I\) refers to one hemisphere of the black hole only, while region \(II\) refers to the other hemisphere. It is the only way to keep the wave functions pure, while the condition that no cusp singularities are allowed makes this assignment unique. This is the antipodal identification\,\cite{GtHantipodes}.

We do see that, if \(|p_{\ell,m}^{-\,(\inn)}|>\ell^{\,2}\,M_\Pl\), then the in-particle responsible for this large value of the momentum can be replaced by the associated out-particle, since its position now is far enough reparated from the point \(u^-=0\) to be considered soft, as  its momentum will always be in the order of the inverse of its position.

\begin{figure}[h]\begin{center}\lowerwidthfig{0pt}{300pt}{bh_dividinglines.eps} \small
\begin{caption}{\small Dividing regions \(I\) and \(II\) both into four parts}\labell{dividinglines} \end{caption}
to separate the outside of a black hole from the inside.\\ The red line is a Cauchy surface.
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\newsecl{Discreteness}{discr}
Now, in region \(I\), consider two dividing lines: \(u^+=u_1,\ u^-= -u_1\), and similarly region \(II\), see Fig. \ref{dividinglines}.
To count the quantum states, we consider all states  on a Cauchy surface. Choose as our Cauchy surface a line such as the red line in Fig.~\ref{dividinglines}. We see that then the complete set of quantum states is generated by the product of the states in regions  \(A_1,\ B_1,\ B_2\) and \(A_2\). This gives us all available quantum states\fn{Of course, all \emph{entangled} states are just superpositions of these.}. The states in regions \(A_1\) and \(A_2\) represent all particles outside the black hole. They form a continuum, since these domains are not compact. We shall be interested in the states in \(B_1\) and \(B_2\). They may be regarded as states representing the microstates
inside the black hole, although they are still physically within reach for the outside world.

In earlier treatises, these states formed continua also. This is because \(u^+\) and \(u^-\) are tortoise coordinates: considering them as the exponents of regular coordinates, by writing  \(u^\pm=\s^\pm e^{\r^\pm}\), one finds that \(\r^+\) decreases linearly and \(\r^-\) increases linearly in time. Since they are both unbounded below, the quantum states would seem to be continuous. This would have given us far too \emph{many} micro-states, and furthermore, the particles moving inwards seemed to be unrelated to the ones going out (the black hole information paradox).

In our treatise, due to the gravitational back reaction, which solves the information paradox, see Eqs.~\eqn{backreac}, this is different. We have for our microstates:
	\be -u_1<u^-<u_1\ .\eelb}\def\eeql{\eeqlb}  \def\crl{\crlb} \def\newsecl{\newsecb}\def\bibiteml{\bibitem} \def\citel{\cite}\def\labell{\crld}{compactdomain}
On this domain, the states are spanned by the functions
	\be \sin( \pi n(u+u_1)/2u_1))\ , \ee
having momenta \(|p^+|= \pi  n/(2u_1)\ ,\qquad n>0\ .\) \\
Taking \emph{periodic} boundary conditions gives us a similar set of states with the same density:
	\be p^+=2\pi n^+/2u_1\ , \qquad -\infty<n^+<\infty\ . \ee
But we have the relation \eqn{backreac},
	\(p^+=-\frac{\ell^2+\ell+1}{8\pi G}\,u^+\ ,\)
while also \(u^+\) is bounded,
	\be -u_1<u^+<u_1 \ \ \ra \ \ |p^+|<\frac{(\ell^2+\ell+1)u_1}{8\pi G}\ .	\ee
this implies that, at every \(\ell,\,m\), we have only a finite number of states:
	\be |n^+|=\frac {u_1|p^+|}\pi<\frac{(\ell^2+\ell+1)\,u_1^2}{8\pi^2\,G}\ .
	\ee
If we take the separation line at \(r=2GM(1+\e)\), this brings  the number of states at \(\ell,m\) to
	\be n_\mathrm{max}=\frac{G M^2(\ell^2+\ell+1)\e}{\pi^2}\ \equiv n_0\,(\ell^2+\ell+1)\ .\ee
The total number of states is the product of the number at each \(\ell\). Only odd values of \(\ell\) are allowed. Thus we get:	\def{\mathrm{max}}{{\mathrm{max}}}
	\be N_\mathrm{total}=\prod_{|m|\le\ell<\ell_{\mathrm{max}}}n_{\mathrm{max}}(\ell) = \ex{\, \fract12}		\def\quart{\fract14}	\def\halff{\ffract12}		\def\halfje{\fractje12\ell^{\,2}_{\mathrm{max}}\log( n_0\,	\ell_{\mathrm{max}}^{\,2}	)
	\big(1+{\mathcal O}} 	\def\DD{{\mathcal D}}	     \def\ZZ{\mathbb{Z}(1/\ell_{\mathrm{max}})\big) } \ .	\ee
At this point, there is one difficulty left: how many values of \(\ell\) and \(m\) should we admit? It seems reasonable to impose\fn{This is needed if we want not only discreteness, but also a strict maximum of the number of microstates. We are still working on finding a more precise treatment to relate this maximum to the area of the horizon.}  a maximal value \(\ell_{\mathrm{max}}\) for \(\ell\). In that case, we find that Hawking's value for the total entropy would match if, in Planck units,
	\be \ell_{\mathrm{max}}^2\log\ell_{\mathrm{max}}={\mathcal O}} 	\def\DD{{\mathcal D}}	     \def\ZZ{\mathbb{Z}(M_{\mathrm{BH}}}\def\Pl{{\mathrm{Planck}}}\def\inn{{\mathrm{in}}^2)\ ,\ee
which is the domain of values where the angular momenta of the in- and out-particles is near the maximal value for capture by the black hole.

Note, that in general, Hawking radiation is dominated by the lowest \(\ell\) values; in the wave functions, higher \(\ell\) is strongly suppressed.

	\newsecl{Discussion}{discn}
There is an important caveat. In Eq.~\eqn{compactdomain}, it was assumed that large values for \(u_1\) would imply that particles are far separated from the horizon. We must be aware that we are actually discussing the \((\ell,\,m)\) component of the partial wave expansion. This expansion describes the positions as functions of \(\tht\) and \(\vv\). In reality we should only attach one value set for \(\tht\) and \(\vv\), not one value set for \(\ell\) and \(m\). Therefore, we should regard the above derivations as a first approach to the discreteness of the microstates, but this is not the final word.

It would be more elegant if we could make the following train of arguments more rigorous: the Hartle-Hawking wave function is the entangled state
	\be |\psi\ket_{HH}=C\sum_{E,n}e^{-\fract12}		\def\quart{\fract14}	\def\halff{\ffract12}		\def\halfje{\fractje12\b E}|E,n\ket_I\,|E,n\ket_{II}\ , \eelb}\def\eeql{\eeqlb}  \def\crl{\crlb} \def\newsecl{\newsecb}\def\bibiteml{\bibitem} \def\citel{\cite}\def\labell{\crld}{HH}
where \(\b\) is the inverse Hawking temperature, \(E\) the energies of the states both in region \(I\) and region \(II\), and \(n\) stands short for any other type of quantum numbers. For a local observer near the horizon, \(|\psi\ket_{HH}\)  represents the single vacuum state, while for the distant observer it contains Hawking particles both going in and out. Averaging over the unseen states in region \(II\) gives us the thermal mixed states associated to Hawking's temperature. His value for the entropy, as the logarithm of the number of microstates, follows directly. In our picture the precise interpretation is slightly different. When we are close to equilibrium, the two hemispheres of the black hole are entangled.
 An observer watching at most one hemisphere of the black hole (regardless in which orientation) will not notice the entanglement, and hence observe the same thermally mixed state. Now if the local observer sees a vacuum, the global observer actually sees the entangled state \eqn{HH}.  The second hemisphere is entangled with the first, and hence the total number of microstates reached is strictly speaking only one, in practice better described as a combination of the states \(|E_1,n_1\ket_I\,|E_2,n_2\ket_{II}\), which we also get when things are thrown into the hole. Far from equilibrium, the local observer will see particles moving in and out, different everywhere; the external observer should then see all the states.

 In the present paper, our only concern was to establish that the microstates should have a discrete spectrum; this we think we have demonstrated.
 There is the question of the cut-off \(\ell_{\mathrm{max}}\) at high \(\ell\), which requires further exploration. At high \(\ell\) the gravitational back reaction produces effects in the transverse directions, and the different \(\ell,m\) partial waves begin to interact with one another.

 The non-gravitational interactions were ignored. In general quantum field theories, the couplings are weak, and they stay weak at the horizon, unlike the gravitational couplings. There are ways however to improve the argument, for instance by including gauge theory contributions. We do not expect these to substantially affect our conclusions.

Needless to state that string theories and AdS/CFT conjectures  were bypassed in our analysis. We are in 3+1 space-time dimensions, and have flat asymptotic space-time (\(\L=0\)). There is no need for supersymmetry, and there is no need to go to the BCS limit, where horizons are quite different from the more representative Schwarzschild case (in the BCS limit, the Cauchy horizon and the event horizon almost coincide, to form a structure that is quite different from an ordinary event horizon). No exotic assumptions had to be made to understand the gravitational back reaction, and, although the antipodal identification is an assumption, it is a natural assumption concerning space-time topology that does not violate causality and actually restores unitarity for the black hole. It is the only way to avoid cusp singularities at the horizon.

As we only considered black holes close to equilibrium, the question how antipodal identification switches on in the black hole formation process was not answered, but we may assume that this will be genuine Planckian physics that is not yet understood. Note that, when a black hole forms, the horizon starts out as almost a single point, where `antipodal identification' would only span Planckian distance scales.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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First for news and jobs in the culture industry
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The black queens of our theatre
Written on 31 July 2019 .
This image is a moment of history, a salute to the achievements of black women in British theatre. "It's our celebration, putting a ribbon around it" says Stella Kanu.
Called #WeAreVisible, it was taken on the stage of Shakespeare's Globe at Bankside in includes 250 of the most accomplished theatre makers in the country, on and behind the stage. All of them are women, all of them are black
The picture, by Sharron Wallace, records the emergence of BWiT – Black Womxn in Theatre (the spelling of "womxn" is to be inclusive, recognising non-binary people and trans women) says Ms Kanu, executive director of LIFT. "BWiT is an inter-generational bridge" she says "where black women in the theatre can advise and learn from each other, and enjoy our company".
They were hosted at the Globe by the theatre's head of research and scholarship, Farah Karim-Cooper.
In the group are front of house managers, make-up artists, actors, directors, fundraisers, programme sellers, playwrights. You might be able to make out Brenda Emmanus, the television journalist; the playwright Natasha Gordon (Nine Night); actors Sharon Duncan-Brewster, Judith Jacobs, Jocelyn Jee Esien, Sapphire Joy, Suzette Llewellyn, Josephine Melville, Cherelle Skeete; and Patricia Cumper, the former artistic director of Talawa Theatre.
The loose mutual help conference the photograph marks came into being last year in a water cooler moment, when Ms Kanu, then the executive director of Ovalhouse Theatre in Brixton, got into conversation with three other senior members of staff – Monique Baptiste-Brown, head of audience development, Annika Brown, then buildings project manager and now general manager of Theatre Royal Stratford East; and the writer Titilola Dawadu, Ovalhouse's former learning and participation manager.
"It was accidental, but we were four fairly senior women recruited as the best people for their roles, and as slightly older I was learning about up-coming directors from them, of writers and other achievers, and I was able to talk about things that had previously happened – and we realized we had a unique connection" Ms Kanu says.
There are famous names among black women British theatre, including the actor Carmen Munroe, Yvonne Brewster, co-founder of Talawa, and the director Paulette Randall, but however happy in their work today many black female achievers often find themselves the only black member of a team. It can be isolating.
So to mark Black History Month last October, the four organised a networking symposium at Ovalhouse and over 150 participants registered – and demanded more. Two more were organised in March this year and June. "We often talk about 'lack' in the sector, but here were groups of women tapping into each other showing what they had been missing. Some of them knew each other from social networks, or simply from reputation, but here they were able to make a connection.
"Anybody can come - men, white men, white women… there's lots of tweeting going on, an air of celebration" says Ms Kanu. "We're all working with less money, trying to do more. Our tradition now is social aims, there are huge demands on us and we're just doing it all the time. For me BWiT is the greatest success story – one of, similar for disabilities or LGBTQ people because hope also inspires other groups."
Each gathering has a theme. For the first it was "Hopes for the theatre" and for the second the playwright Winsome Pinnock spoke about what and who inspires, not just the makers on stage but the enablers at front and back of house. The third concerned career projects, featuring Karena Johnson, artistic director of the Hoxton Hall theatre venue.
"This is something to celebrate, it's unprecedented" says Ms Kanu. "We wanted to bring together all theatre staff and creatives across generations because we need to see each other, so many of us are experiencing isolation in our organisations and venues where we are usually just one or two.
"To be together in one moment in time is powerful for us and for our sector. We aim to drive a new conversation that celebrates and acknowledges the important role black women have played and continue to play in theatre and its diversity"
The first three #WeAreVisible events occurred at Ovalhouse, but the theatre is due to close its venue next to the Oval cricket ground soon to move to a purpose-built theatre complex, also in Brixton. So a new venue is being sought for the next gathering, which will mark Lynette Linton taking up her appointment as artistic director of the Bush Theatre in the autumn.
"It's a fantastic achievement for Lynette" Ms Kanu says, "but it's an example of what can be achieved and we can all learn from that whatever part of the theatre we work in."
www.blackwomxnintheatre.com
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HH: Tens of thousands are getting ready to descend upon the show this weekend. A lot of people just think over the top hairstyles when they think of hair and beauty shows. What do you say to that?
JB: I would say that pictures of the big hairstyles are the thing that stands out when people walk through and are a lot of times what the photographs catch, but there's a lot more behind the scenes.
HH: Can you give us an example?
JB: For instance, at the last show [in February], we actually held a legacy seminar that dealt with 'how did we do it for 68 years', with my mother who is the matriarch, she's 81 years old, on the panel. And, I had my brothers on the panel and we took audience questions and we actually walked them through how we did it. And, we were able to tell them [how to succeed] in this changing economy of hair and beauty.
We actually imparted the keys that helped us make it and the industry secrets that we've observed. We have sales teams that go all over the country. They see shops that are doing well and they see shops that are not doing well. We were able to give them keys of how the stylists that were doing better — some of the techniques they were using. So it was information that was actually transformative in the business of a stylist. And, that's something you couldn't get at any other show.
Hype Hair: You are right in the middle of everything hair. What are some common hair trends that are influencing the hair business?
James Bronner: As the natural movement has grown, people are looking for ways of not using chemical products in order to get chemical looks – to straighten hair or texturize hair. They are looking for more natural ways of getting those looks and figuring out how to make money in the shop with the chemicals being less requested.
JB: People are getting into color more — that's still a high-dollar service. And just creating healthy hair. A lot of people are having issues with hair breaking and thinning so they want to create healthy, natural hair. That's another trend and demand being seen.
Heads Are Turning for The Bronner Bros. International Hair Experience… And The Hair is Happy!


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Maddie Meyer via Getty Images
29+ NFL Injury Replacements Who Went On To Become Stars
By Elizabeth Russo
Not all NFL players got off to a memorable start. From Tom Brady to Todd Christensen, these football stars' careers took a dramatic turn for the best after replacing an injured teammate.
Todd Christensen
Christensen spent most of his career playing tight end for the Los Angeles Raiders before passing away almost a decade ago. After retirement, he became a sports analyst for NBC Sports, ESPN, and other networks.
Ron Eisenberg/Michael Ochs Archives via Getty Images
Eventually, he landed a spot on the Raiders, but it took him three seasons to be a starter for the time. Derrick Ramsey was the star of the Raiders in 1981, but after an injury, Christensen took the spot and traded Ramsey in '83. Christensen became the team's key player and eventually took his team to the Super Bowl.
Unexpectedly, Cruz became the New York Giants' golden player after he was drafted as a free agent in 2010. After Steve Smith's 2011 free-agency exit, the Giants needed to fill his spot. Although the wide receiver was second on the list after Domenik Hixon, Hixon suffered an ACL injury, and Cruz was tapped to play.
Michael Reaves via Getty Images
Two years into playing for the Giants, Cruz helped his team take home the Super Bowl against the New England Patriots, and he was deemed a star. After the success of the super bowl, the athlete signed a $43 million extension and a five-year deal with the team but suffered a major knee injury in 2014 that hurt his career.
Brett Favre
Greenbay Packers alum, Brett Favre, goes down in history as perhaps one of the greatest players the NFL has ever seen. But just so it happens, the QB started his career playing for the Flacons back in 1991 as second-round pick behind Chris Miller before he was turned over to the Packers.
Bruce Dierdorff via Getty Images
In 1992, the new Packers GM Ron Wolf sent the Atlanta team a first-round pick for Favre, and eventually, his talents were recognized. Don Majkowski suffered an ankle injury, and the QB stepped in and got the job done. The now-retired football legend holds the NFL title as the leader of every significant passing category.
Doug Flutie
The proud Heisman Trophy winner spent 21 seasons as a quarterback, but he had a rough start getting into the NFL. He began his career playing with USFL in the '80s before getting drafted to the NFL for a short period of time and then joining the Canadian Football League, where he would eventually be recognized for his extreme talent.
John Bohn/The Boston Globe via Getty Images
However, in 1998 he was signed to the Buffalo Bills, where the five-foot-nine quarterback stepped in after Rob Johnson suffered from multiple injuries and showed off what he's made of! During the 1999 season, he led the Bills to the playoffs before moving over to the San Diego Chargers in 2001.
Jeff Hostetler
The two-time super bowl winner, Jeff Hostetler, was drafted to the Giants in the third round back in 1984, where he spent years in the shadows of Phil Simms, barely making the active roster. In fact, he was close to retiring in 1990, but then Simms faced a massive foot injury, and Hostetler was put in.
Focus on Sport via Getty Images
Although he hadn't made much of an impression on the league by that point, he quickly became one of the most favorable players when he led the team to three wins in the postseason and a Super Bowl victory over the Buffalo Bills. However, he injured himself two years later and began playing for the Raiders in '93.
Kurt Warner was bagging groceries back in the '90s after being released during training camp when he was signed as an undrafted free agent for the Green Bay Packers. He played a few seasons in the Arena Football league and a season in NFL Europe before joining the Rams in the 1998 season as the team's third QB behind Tony Banks and Steve Bono.
Eliot Schechter /Allsport via Getty Images
The QB became number 2 behind Trent Green when the team released Bobo and traded out Banks. However, when Green tore his ACL before the season even started, Warner secured the top spot, and he dominated the field. Warner ended up winning NFL MVP, scored a Super Bowl win, and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2017.
Young didn't have it easy being backup to one of the greatest players in history, four-time Super Bowl winner and two-time NFL MVP Joe Montana. However, after spending four seasons playing second string to Montana on the San Francisco 49ers, he pulled through when the MVP player suffered an elbow injury and missed the entire 1991 season.
MediaNews Group/The Mercury News via Getty Images
He began starting for the team before he himself suffered an injury in the team's ninth game of that year's campaign and was replaced by Steve Bono. It took some time for him to get his job back, but eventually, he completely stole the show and became an NFL MVP himself.
Jeff Garcia
So after Steve Young replaced Joe Montana in the '90s, young himself suffered an injury years later that ended his career. It was the same year the San Francisco 49ers signed Jeff Garcia - but there were some concerns that the rookie was not ready to play just yet.
Stephen Dunn/ALLSPORT via Getty Images
However, Garcia surpassed all expectations when he got on the field. He made three Pro Bowl appearances and took the team to two playoffs in the 2001 and 2002 seasons before he signed a contract with the Cleveland Browns in 2004. Impressive, huh?
Owens was not high on the NFL scout's draft list when he was playing college football. But when it came down to the 1996 NFL draft, the San Francisco 49ers saw the wide receivers' potential and signed Owens to the team. He began his career as backup for the team's top receiver Jerry Rice, but when Rice tore his ACL, Owens stepped up!
MONICA DAVEY/AFP via Getty Images
Together with Young, the 49ers won 13 games, and just like that, Owens would become one of the greatest wide receivers of all time. Before retiring from the league after 15 seasons, Owens made it to the Pro Bowl six times and was named the NFL receiving touchdowns leader twice, eventually earning him a spot in the 49ers Hall of Fame.
Jim Plunkett
Jim Plunkett also stepped up to the plate for the Raiders not once but twice after replacing two injured quarterbacks. In 1980, Plunkett took over the team's starter Dan Pastorini after he broke his leg early in the season. That season, Jim took the team to the Super Bowl and was named the season's Super Bowl MVP.
Tony Duffy via Getty Images
A few seasons later, Plunkett replaced Marc Wilson after an injury and again led the Las Vegas team straight to a Super Bowl title over the Redskins. That year, Plunkett went down 10-3 as a starter in the regular season and was recognized for his ability to come in and sweep the field.
Earl Morrall
Morall's name went down in history after replacing not just one but two quarterbacks during his career due to injuries and absolutely slaying it. The former QB stepped in for Baltimore Colts legend Johnny Unitas in 1968 after he was injured, and Morall ended up taking the team straight to victory in a 13-1 record in their regular season.
A couple of years later, Earl replaced starting quarterback Bob Griese when he was playing for the Miami Dolphins. It was early on in the season, and with his help, he helped the team accomplish an undefeated season. Morrall ended up starting in 11 games that season.
Although his career playing for the NFL was cut relatively short, Colin Kaepernick rose to fame as a starting quarterback during his second season playing for the league. Kaepernick was drafted in the second round of the 2011 NFL draft for the 49ers and took over for Alex Smith during week 10 of the 2012 campaign.
Jim McIsaac via Getty Images
Kaepernick was crushing the field, and even when Smith was deemed fit to return, the quarterback stayed on as the lead starter and ended up taking the team all the way to the super bowl (where they eventually lost, but still). However, the QB remains a free agent after kneeling during the U.S. national anthem back in 2016.
Although he began his career as a backup player for the Philadelphia Eagles in the 2012 NFL season, Foles became one of the team's key players that year. After his rookie season, he continued on in his starting position and set the NFL season record for the best touchdown, and earned himself a Pro Bowl honors award!
Patrick Smith via Getty Images
However, things took a turn when he was traded to the St. Louis Rams and then spent a season as a backup player for the Kansas City Cheifs. In 2017, he returned back to the Eagles as Carson Wentz's backup and was promoted to first strong when Wentz was injured, where he led the team to their first Super Bowl title.
Although he never made it to the Super Bowl, Randall Cunningham is still recognized for his unbelievable achievements as a former quarterback. In the league for 16 seasons, Cunningham was first drafted back in 1985 by the Philadelphia Eagles and spent his rookie season as a backup for Ron Jaworski.
David Madison via Getty Images
However, things shifted when Jaworski injured his hand in '87, and Cunningham stepped in and took over full-time, eventually earning him three Pro Bowl appearances from 1988-1990. The QB took a second off before getting drafted to the Vikings in '97, where he replaced Brad Johnson and again showed the world what he's really capable of.
Philip Rivers
Playing for the league for 17 seasons, Rivers spent those first 16 years dedicated to the Chargers. He was the fourth overall pick in the 2004 NFL draft by the New York Giants but then was traded over to the Chargers when they were still in San Diego. However, as a rookie, he was third in line to Drew Brees and Doug Flutie.
Jayne Kamin-Once via Getty Images
Coincidently, Flutie also made it to the list, but after he was released in 2005, Rivers became QB2. It was in the final game in 2005 that Brees disclosed his shoulder, and Rivers took on QB1 responsibilities. Sure enough, he went on to break every passing record in his team's history and was chosen to the Pro Bowl eight times.
Rich Gannon
Although Gannon was initially drafted to play for the Patriots, he was soon traded to the Minnesota Vikings, where he began as a backup player for Wade Wilson. Shortly after, Wilson was injured, and Gannon took over as starting QB, where he led the team to an 11-5 season.
JUDY GRIESEDIECK/Star Tribune via Getty Images
After a couple of years with the Vikings, he moved around to the Washington Redskins, Kansas City Chiefs, and Oakland Raiders, where he saw major success. It was during his time with the Raiders he scored four consecutive Pro Bowls, two All-Pro selections, a Super Bowl appearance, and was even named MVP!
While he is now regarded as perhaps the greatest quarterback of all time, Brady got his start in the NFL playing backup for former All-Pro player Drew Bledsoe. Brady was drafted into the league over 20 years ago in the sixth round by the New England Patriots, his home for years to come - but he threw only three passes in his rookie season.
His career changed went Bledsoe was injured in 2001, and Brady stepped into the starting role - and, we all know how that turned out. He took the franchise to their first-ever Super Bowl victory, and then helped them take home five more. And in doing so, secured nearly every major quarterback record to date, becoming the ultimate GOAT.
The six-foot-tall running back was drafted into the league in 2000 during the Denver Broncos' sixth-round pick, where he played for five years. Anderson was third in line behind Terrell Davis and Olandis Gary, but both players suffered from injuries, and the rookie was called upon to show off his stuff!
Brian Bahr/Allsport via Getty Images
And well, he definitely didn't disappoint. Anderson played five seasons for the Denver-based team and was named the AP NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year after taking over Gary's spot. Once his time for the Broncos came to a close, he played two seasons with the Baltimore Ravens before he retired in 2008.
Mike Pruitt
Pruitt began his career playing for the Cleveland Browns back in 1976 after being chosen as the seventh overall pick in the first-round draft. He saw little playing time in his first few years as a backup player to Greg Pruitt (no family relationship there); he eventually became a starter mid-season when Greg suffered a knee injury.
Ronald C. Modra via Getty Images
The athlete's career skyrocketed after he took over the fullback position full-time, and he started all 16 games creating a career high for himself with 1,294 rushing yards, 4.9 rushing yards per carry, and 1,666 yards from scrimmage. Pruitt's career peaked playing for the Browns before he was released in '85 and switched teams.
Arian Foster
This running back was known for both his signature namaste bow following every touchdown, as well as his incredible run in the league after replacing Ben Tate after a season-ending injury. The originally undrafted free agent totally impressed the world after taking over Tate's position and winning the 2010 rushing title.
Bob Levey via Getty Images
During his time playing for the Houston Texans, Foster secured the franchise's records for rushing touchdowns and rushing yards before playing for the Miami Dolphins. The athlete retired from the NFL after only a few seasons in 2016 with four Pro Bowls under his belt.
The former running back sensation DeMarco Murray played in the NFL for only seven seasons, but he sure made his mark. Murray was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round back in 2011 and eventually took over Felix Jones's running back position after he suffered an ankle sprain that put him out of commission for a few games.
Ronald Martinez via Getty Images
Murray shined playing for the Cowboys and took home the NFL Offensive Player of the Year award while making three Pro Bowl appearances and was named the NFL rushing yards leader in 2014. He spent the remainder of his career playing for the Eagles and the Titans before serving as his college alma maters running back coach.
Shaun Phillips
Philips started his rookie season in 2004 as a backup pass rush specialist for the San Diego Chargers before making a real name for himself years later. After the unfortunate shooting of his teammate Steve Foley in 2006, Phillips moved up the ranks and scored the linebacker spot previously held by Foley.
George Gojkovich via Getty Images
It was then he instantly dominated the field as an outside linebacker and continued to emerge as a leader of the team. Phillips signed a six-year extension with the Chargers, where he earned a Pro Bowl and was named an NFL forced fumbles leader, before getting hurt and signing with the Broncos in 2013.
Prescott was chosen by the Cowboys in the fourth round of the 2016 NFL Draft and is still playing as the team's quarterback a few years later. Although he was initially serving as a backup during his rookie season, Dak was the team's starting quarterback just after Tony Romo was injured in the preseason.
Jonathan Bachman via Getty Images
That year he earned the Offensive Rookie of the Year award after taking his team to the top of the National Football Conference and winning 13 games. Since then, he has appeared in two Pro Bowls and has set the NFL record for the highest passer rating by a rookie QB (104.9) and highest completion percentage by a rookie QB (67.8%).
Gerald Riggs
The Louisiana native stepped up his game after taking over for Williams Andrews, who suffered a major knee injury during the Falcon's 1984 training camp before the season started. Riggs was a top ten pick in the 1982 NFL draft, and after Andrews' injury, took over as the Falcons full-time running back.
During his career, he made the Pro Bowl three times and hit numerous benchmarks, making him the franchise's all-time leading rusher with 6,631 yards under his belt. However, it was during his run with the Washington Redskins that he took home a Super Bowl and even scored two touchdowns while doing so.
Although he was selected as the 192nd pick in the seventh round of the 1990 NFL Draft for the Broncos, Sharpe's talent was soon recognized, becoming one of the greatest tight ends in the league's history. At the beginning of his football career, Sharpe was considered as Clarence Kay's backup until Kay was injured, and everything changed.
Tom Van Dyke/MediaNews Group/Mercury News via Getty Images
His injury took a toll on the team's passing game, but Sharpe soon became the team's secret weapon and took the team all the way to the Super Bowl (twice). He retired from the league with three Super Bowls, hit multiple accomplishments as a tight end, and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011.
The Oakland Raider's future Hall of Famer was chosen as a third-round pick during the 1968 NFL Draft - but it wasn't until two seasons later that the world truly saw his skill as an athlete. Shell took over veteran player Bob Svihus as their left-side starter after he faced an injury leading up to the beginning of the season.
Svihus was traded to the Jets in '71, and Shell took over as the team's offensive line until he retired just over a decade later. During his NFL run, Shell was named to eight Pro Bowls, and he made it to two Super Bowls, eventually leading him to make The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players in 1999.
Rayfield Wright
Nicknamed the "Big Cat," Rayfield Wright got his start in the NFL when he was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys back in 1967. It was only during his third season that Wright got the chance to start after Ralph Neely had to take a step back after his injury.
Richard Stagg via Getty Images
The franchise was so impressed by his talent that he was awarded a starting position as right tackle before training camp went down in 1970. During his thirteen-season reign, he played in five Super Bowls (and won two of them), went to 5 Pro Bowls, and even was awarded the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor.
Osi Umenyiora
Osi Umenyiora established himself as a valuable player early on in his career. After Michael Strahan and Keith Washington from the New York Giants suffered injuries, Osi Umenyiora stepped up to the defensive line and showed the crowd what he could do!
Benjamin Solomon via Getty Images
At the end of his career, the New York Giants player created a record for the most sacks in one game for the franchise and went on to become a two-time Pro Bowl holder and a Super Bowl champion. He even holds an NFL record for the most forced fumbles in a season, with 10.
Donnie Shell
Before becoming a five-time Pro Bowler and the Steelers team MVP, Donnie Shell spent the first three years of his career sitting on the bench. However, when Mike Wagner was injured in 1977, Shell took over as strong safety stared for 11 seasons to come.
Shell was a part of the 1974 rookie class that included future Hall of Famers John Stall worth, Jack Lambert, Lynn Swann, and Mike Webster. Throughout his career with the Steelers, he took home four Super Bowls and five Pro Bowls, amongst many other accomplishments that eventually led him to the franchise's Hall of Honor.
Bailey Zappe
Just this year, the New England Patriots selected Zappe in the fourth round of the 2022 NFL Draft as the 137th overall pick. Upon signing with the Patriots, he was chosen as the team's third-string quarterback behind Mac Jones and Brian Hoyer.
However, when an injury caused Jones to back up, Zappe was moved up to the second option once Hoyer was too injured. Since stepping up as QB, Zappe has impressed the franchise after becoming the first rookie to throw a touchdown pass during the season and continues to amaze us with his quick skill.


Using e-mail software and e-mail communication has been increased during the last years to the world's number one in communication solutions. However, the problem of large data volumes and the effective management of this data is still not really solved.
Companies using their own e-mail servers in the office are struggling now with overloaded mailboxes and a weak system performance as a result of the tremendous increase of e-mail communication. Small companies with e-mail server hosted by their internet provider are facing this problem much more dramatic. The mailboxes' memory space is usually limited, so the ISP forces its users to delete old e-mails in the mailbox. Often times user are storing their e-mail content on a local disc drive, but by changing the hardware or any kind of hardware system problem the e-mail information disaster will raise up.
The ultimate solution for this dilemma, is providedby CM Studio .E-ARCHIVE.
CM Studio .E-ARCHIVE synchronizes your mailbox in a regular cycle with its archive database and stores all e-mails, including attachments in its high-performance and secured archive back-end. Text and index information will be stored in its powerful SQL-database, while the e-mails and documents are stored in the original format on the web server. With efficient search mechanisms the user can always access his the e-mails as well as the attached documents and related data.
nt that may be urgently required by your employers or for specific projects. At the same time, the group and user access rights onto the e-mail content can be implemented as well as group access to the shared folder and its content of your e-mail system.
Server storage space and CPU-resources causing in generally high costs, no matter whether in larger or smaller systems. The solution for your e-mail platform is the automated and server-based e-mail archiving.
E-mail attachments will be separated, archived and replaced by a link. This process will be done during the synchronization process in the backgground, but offers a transparent performance and usage for a user. An automatic duplicate check also ensures that a document is not stored multiple times. The powerful e-mail integration of CM Studio .E-ARCHIVE is available for all major e-mail systems like Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes, GroupWise or Kerio.


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Fake platelets clot blood and then dissolve
November 14th, 2014 Posted by Sonia Fernandez-UCSB
"We were actually able to render a 65 percent decrease in bleeding time compared to no treatment," says Aaron Anselmo. (Credit: Artist's rending of synthetic platelets by Peter Allen illustration/UC Santa Barbara)
If medical staff don't get a hemorrhage under control within the first few minutes, further treatment and healing are impossible. For this reason, stemming the free flow of blood from an injury remains a "holy grail" of clinical medicine, such as for traumatic injuries, illness, and surgery.
By creating nanoparticles that mimic the shape, flexibility, and surface biology of the body's own platelets, researchers now can accelerate natural healing processes while opening the door to therapies and treatments that can be customized for specific patients.
"This is a significant milestone in the development of synthetic platelets, as well as in targeted drug delivery," says Samir Mitragotri, director of the Center for Bioengineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
How bleeding stops
The process of coagulation is familiar to anyone who has suffered even a small injury, such as a scrape or paper cut. Blood rushes to the site of the injury, and within minutes the flow stops as a plug forms at the site. The tissue beneath and around the plug works to knit itself back together and eventually the plug disappears.
But what we don't see is the coagulation cascade, the series of signals and other factors that promote the clotting of blood and enable the transition between a free-flowing fluid at the site and a viscous substance that brings healing factors to the injury.
Coagulation actually requires the choreography of various substances, particularly platelets, the blood component that accumulates at the site of the wound to form the initial plug.
"While these platelets flow in our blood, they're relatively inert," says graduate student researcher Aaron Anselmo, lead author of the paper in ACS Nano.
As soon as an injury occurs, however, the platelets, because of the physics of their shape and their response to chemical stimuli, move from the main flow to the side of the blood vessel wall and congregate, binding to the site of the injury and to each other. As they do so, the platelets release chemicals that "call" other platelets to the site, eventually plugging the wound.
Platelet-like nanoparticles
But what happens when the injury is too severe, or the patient is on anti-coagulation medication, or is otherwise impaired in his or her ability to form a clot, even for a modest or minor injury?
That's where platelet-like nanoparticles (PLNs) come in. These tiny, platelet-shaped particles that behave just like their human counterparts can be added to the blood flow to supply or augment the patient's own natural platelet supply, stemming the flow of blood and initiating the healing process, while allowing physicians and other caregivers to begin or continue the necessary treatment.
Emergency situations can be brought under control faster, injuries can heal more quickly, and patients can recover with fewer complications.
"We were actually able to render a 65 percent decrease in bleeding time compared to no treatment," says Anselmo.
Tiny mimics
According to Mitragotri, the key lies in the PLNs' mimicry of the real thing. By imitating the shape and flexibility of natural platelets, PLNs can also flow to the injury site and congregate there.
With surfaces featuring the same biochemical motifs as their human counterparts, these PLNs also can summon other platelets to the site and bind to them, increasing the chances of forming that essential plug.
In addition, these platelets are engineered to dissolve into the blood after their usefulness has run out. This minimizes complications that can arise from emergency hemostatic procedures.
"The thing about hemostatic agents is that you have to intervene to the right extent," says Mitragotri. "If you do too much, you cause problems. If you do too little, you cause problems."
These synthetic platelets also let the researchers improve on nature. According to Anselmo's investigations, for the same surface properties and shape, nanoscale particles can perform even better than micron-size platelets. Additionally, this technology allows for customization of the particles with other therapeutic substances—medications, therapies, and such—that patients with specific conditions might need.
Elderly patients on blood thinners
"This technology could address a plethora of clinical challenges," says Scott Hammond, director of UC Santa Barbara's Translational Medicine Research Laboratories.
"One of the biggest challenges in clinical medicine right now—which also costs a lot of money—is that we're living longer and people are more likely to end up on blood thinners. When an elderly patient presents at a clinic, it's a huge challenge because you have no idea what their history is and you might need an intervention."
With optimizable PLNs, physicians would be able to strike a finer balance between anticoagulant therapy and wound healing in older patients, by using nanoparticles that can target where clots are forming without triggering unwanted bleeding.
In other applications, bloodborne pathogens and other infectious agents could be minimized with antibiotic-carrying nanoparticles. Particles could be made to fulfill certain requirements to travel to certain parts of the body—across the blood-brain barrier, for instance—for better diagnostics and truly targeted therapies.
Additionally, according to the researchers, these synthetic platelets cost relatively less, and have a longer shelf life than do human platelets—a benefit in times of widespread emergency or disaster, when the need for these blood components is at its highest and the ability to store them onsite is essential.
Further research into PLNs will involve investigations to see how well the technology and synthesis can scale up, as well as assessments into the more practical matters involved in translating the technology from the lab to the clinic, such as manufacturing, storage, sterility, and stability as well as pre-clinical and clinical testing.
Research for the study was performed in collaboration with scientists at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
Source: UC Santa Barbara
Original Study DOI: 10.1021/nn503732m
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MacFarlane Septs
By Laurie McFarland Jackson ©2011
Sept... such an innocent, uncomplicated-sounding four letter word, but, as it turns out, a word that creates much discussion and interpretation. One list of sept names may be different from another. In this article you will find various bits of information about septs from a variety of sources. One thing you will discover... the word sept is anything but uncomplicated.
According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, a sept is an English word for a division of a family, especially a division of a clan. The word might have its origin from Latin septum "enclosure, fold", [1] or it can be an alteration of sect [2]
The term is found in both Ireland and Scotland. It is sometimes used to translate the word slíocht, meaning seed, indicating the descendants of a person (i.e., Slíocht Brian Mac Diarmada, the descendants of Brian MacDermott).
In the context of Scottish clans, septs are families that followed another family's chief. These smaller septs would then make up, and be part of, the chief's larger clan. A sept might follow another chief if two families were linked through marriage. However, if a family lived on the land of a powerful laird or neighbor, they would follow him whether they were related or not. Bonds of man- rent were sometimes used to bind lesser chiefs and his followers to more powerful chiefs.
Historically, the term 'sept' was not used in Ireland until the nineteenth century, long after any notion of clanship had been eradicated. The English word 'sept' is most accurate referring to a subgroup within a large clan; especially when that group has taken up residence outside of their clan's original territory. (O'Neill, MacSweeney, and O'Connor are examples.) Related Irish septs and clans often belong to larger groups, sometimes called tribes, such as the Dál gCais, Uí Néill, Uí Fiachrach, and Uí Maine. Recently, the late Edward MacLysaght suggested the English word 'sept' be used in place of the word 'clan' with regards to the historical social structure in Ireland, so as to differentiate it from the centralized Scottish clan system. This would imply that Ireland possessed no formalized clan system, which is not wholly accurate. Brehon Law, the ancient legal system of Ireland clearly defined the clan system in pre-Norman Ireland, which collapsed after the Tudor Conquest. The Irish, when speaking of themselves, employed their term 'clan' which means "family" in Irish.
The site www.electricscotland.com suggests that the variety of surnames within a Scottish clan do not represent separate and definable sub-clans but instead reflect the vagaries of transition of the Gaels into the English naming system as well as marriages, migrations, and occupations. The main family itself may have developed a variety of surnames. The preferred modern usage is to avoid the use of the term "sept" and to simply describe these names as what they are – surnames of the family and of allied or dependent families. It is preferable to speak of "the names and families of Clan X" rather than to call a name "a sept of Clan X." "Sept" is actually a term borrowed from Irish culture in the nineteenth century to explain the use of a variety of surnames by members of a single clan. Where Scots would say, ―MacGregor and his clan, "an Irish historian might say, ―O'Neill and his sept."
ElectricScotland's short list of septs of Clan MacFarlane include the following families: Allan, Allanson, Bartholomew, Caw, Galbraith, Griesck, Gruamach, Kinnieson, Lennox, MacAindra, MacAllan, MacCaa, MacCause, MacCaw, MacCondy, MacEoin, MacGaw, MacGeoch, Macgreusich, Macinstalker, MacIock, MacJames, Mackinlay, MacNair, MacNeur, MacNider, MacNiter, MacRob, MacRobb, MacWalter, MacWilliam, Miller, Monach, Napier, Parlane, Robb, Stalker, Thomason, Weaver, Weir.
Macfarlane surnames listed in the Family Tree DNA Project (http://www.familytreedna.com) include the following:
Allan, Allanach, Allanson, Allison, Arrell, Arrol, Barclay (in Ulster), Bart, Bartholomew, Bartie, Bartson, Black*, Brice, Bryce, Caa, Callander, Caw, Condey, Condeyie, Condy, Cunnison, Galloway (in Stirling), Grassick (in Montrose), Grassie (in Aberdeen), Greusaich, Griesch (in Aberdeen), Grua- mach, Kennson, Kinnieson, Kinnison, Knox, Leaper, Lechie, Lennox, MacAindra, MacAllan, MacAllen, MacAndrew, MacAndro (in Dunbarton), MacCaa, MacCause, MacCaw, MacCondey, MacCondeyie, MacCondy, MacEach, MacEachern, MacEoin, MacErrachar, MacErracher, MacFarlan, MacFarland, MacFarlane, MacFarquahar, Macferlant (in Poland), MacGaw, MacGeoch, MacGilchrist, MacGreusach, MacGreusich, MacInally, MacInstalker, MacIock, MacJames, MacJock, MacKindlay, MacKinlay, MacNair, MacNaiyer, MacNayer, MacNeur, MacNider, MacNiter, MacNoyer, MacNuyer, MacRobb, MacWalter, MacWilliam, McFarlan, McFarland, McFarlane, Michie, Millar, Miller (in Dunbarton), Monach, Monachock, Nacfaire (in France), Parlan, Robb, Smith (in Dunbarton), Spruell, Stalker, Thomason, Thomson, Weaver, Webster, Weir, Williams, Williamson, Wilson, Wylie, Wyllie.
*Due to recent DNA results, the Admin team at FamilyTreeDNA have added the Black surname to the list of Septs. Four men with that surname are part of the main MacFarlane lineage, and their markers date back to before the 1600s. Although the Black surname is listed with three other clans, at least this one branch belongs with the MacFarlanes.
James Macfarlane wrote the History of Clan Macfarlane in 1922, (ISBN 978-1-152-95118-1.) At the time of 1846, "the lineal representative of the ancient and honourable house of Macfarlan and that ilk..." included the following families:
Arrell, Arrol, Allan (also Clan Ranald), Allanson (also Clan Ranald), Allanach (also Clan Ranald), Bartholomew, Barclay, Caw, Griesch (Aberdeen), Grassie (Aberdeen), Grassick (Montrose), Gruamach, Galloway (Stirling),Kinnieson, Kennson, Kinnison, Mac Allan (also ClanRanald, MacKay and Stewart),MacAindra, MacAndrew, MacAndro (of Dumbartonshire), MacCaa, MacCause (Thomson), MacCaw (also Stewart of Bute), MacCondey, MacEoin, MacEachern (also an ancient race of Kintyre and Criagnish), MacErracher, MacGaw, MacGeoch, Macgreusich (also Buchanan), MacInstalker, MacJock, MacJames, Mackinlay, MacNair (also McNaughton), MacNeur, MacNuyer (also Buchanan and Mcnaughton), MacNider, MacNiter, MacRob (also Gunn), MacRobb, MacWalter, MacWilliam (also Gunn), Miller (of Dumbartonshire), Michie, Monach, Parlane, Robb, Stewart, Stalker , Weaver, Wilson, Weir, Williamson, Galbraith, Lennox, Napier
James continues his description of the septs of Macfarlane in great detail. There were many Macfarlanes in the north and west Highlands, especially in the counties of Dumbarton, Perth, Stirling, and Argyle; also in the shires of Moray and Inverness, and the western isles. Northern Ireland was also home to many Macfarlanes.
There are a large number of descendants from, and dependents on, the Macfarlane surname and family. The largest group of these descendants is the Allans or Macallans. It began with Allan Macfarlane, a younger son of one of the Chiefs of Arrochar who went to the north and settled there several centuries ago. Allan's sons called themselves sons of Allan instead of taking the family name of Macfarlane. So, Allanson and Allanach are variations of Macallan.
In another case, the sons of Thomas, younger son of Duncan, the 6th Chief, called themselves Thomas' sons instead of Macfarlane.
―There are also Macnairs, Maceoins, Macerrachers, Macwilliams, Macaindras, Macniters, MacInstalkers, Macjocks, Parians, Farlans, Graumachs, Kinniesons, etc., all which septs acknowledge themselves to be Macfarlanes, together with certain septs of Macnayers, Mackinlays, Macrobbs, Macgreusichs, Smiths, Millers, Monachs, and Weirs.
Clans & Tartans of Scotland by James Mackay (Gramercy Books New York, 2000, ISBN 0-5 17- 16240-7) begins an explanation of septs starting in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries as surnames were gradually adopted in Scotland. In its most pure form, the clan was essentially a family group with members that traced their roots back to a common ancestor and who were thereby linked by blood ties. It included illegitimate children, as well as children fostered or adopted by the family. It would also include the children of women who had married outside the family group and who, therefore, had a different surname. More commonly, however, the appearance of other surnames within the clan came from landless men or outlaws attaching themselves to the clan for protection, giving service in return. From this arose the idea of the sept. This word, derived from the Latin septum, an enclosure or fence, alludes to the fact that, originally, a particular plot of clan land was set aside for these landless followers where they could establish a village of their own.
Following the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745-46 the age-old allegiance of the clansman to his chief was eventually replaced by the ties of kindred, in which the possession of a common surname became of utmost importance. A person's surname gives a sense of identity, but in the Scottish system it also gives a feeling of solidarity that nowadays links people from all around the globe and from every walk of life. The ties that bind us may be extremely tenuous, but the name is all-important. The spread of Scottish clan names to every part of the world is a reflection of the Scottish diaspora (a dispersion of a people, language, or culture that was formerly concentrated in one place.) Thirty million people who are of Scottish descent have been estimated to live outside Scotland - that is six times the number of people actually living in Scotland. Pride in bearing a Scottish surname has not only strengthened the bonds of expatriates, but has also helped to keep alive a sense of Scottish nationhood over the past three centuries.
S-E-P-T... a deceptively complicated four-letter word... a word that means family.


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Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: November 2015
Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: November 2015 Methodology
Bianca DiJulio, Jamie Firth, Liz Hamel	Follow @lizhamel on Twitter , and Mollyann Brodie	Follow @Mollybrodie on Twitter
This Kaiser Health Tracking Poll was designed and analyzed by public opinion researchers at the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF). The survey was conducted November 10-17, 2015, among a nationally representative random digit dial telephone sample of 1,352 adults ages 18 and older, living in the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii (note: persons without a telephone could not be included in the random selection process). Computer-assisted telephone interviews conducted by landline (540) and cell phone (812, including 476 who had no landline telephone) were carried out in English and Spanish by Princeton Data Source under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International (PSRAI). Both the random digit dial landline and cell phone samples were provided by Survey Sampling International, LLC. For the landline sample, respondents were selected by asking for the youngest adult male or female currently at home based on a random rotation. If no one of that gender was available, interviewers asked to speak with the youngest adult of the opposite gender. For the cell phone sample, interviews were conducted with the adult who answered the phone. KFF paid for all costs associated with the survey.
The combined landline and cell phone sample was weighted to balance the sample demographics to match estimates for the national population using data from the Census Bureau's 2013 American Community Survey (ACS) on sex, age, education, race, Hispanic origin, nativity (for Hispanics only), and region along with data from the 2010 Census on population density. The sample was also weighted to match current patterns of telephone use using data from the July-December 2014 National Health Interview Survey. The weight takes into account the fact that respondents with both a landline and cell phone have a higher probability of selection in the combined sample and also adjusts for the household size for the landline sample. All statistical tests of significance account for the effect of weighting.
The margin of sampling error including the design effect for the full sample is plus or minus 3 percentage points. Numbers of respondents and margins of sampling error for key subgroups are shown in the table below. For results based on other subgroups, the margin of sampling error may be higher. Sample sizes and margins of sampling error for other subgroups are available by request. Note that sampling error is only one of many potential sources of error in this or any other public opinion poll. Kaiser Family Foundation public opinion and survey research is a charter member of the Transparency Initiative of the American Association for Public Opinion Research.
Group N (unweighted) M.O.S.E.
Total 1,352 ±3 percentage points
Party Identification
Democrats 425 ±6 percentage points
Republicans 372 ±6 percentage points
Independents 390 ±6 percentage points
Insurance Status
Insured, ages 18-64 838 ±4 percentage points
Uninsured, ages 18-64 112 ±10 percentage points
Know anyone who has abused, been addicted to, or died from prescription painkillers
Yes 760 ±4 percentage points
No 577 ±5 percentage points
Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: November 2015 Findings
Tracking Poll
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When union bosses try to gain new union members and begin collecting their dues, they make a pitch to employees. But they usually only tell half of the story. Before signing anything or voting, employees should know their rights.
Learn more about labor law.
Employees who no longer want a union to represent them — whether it's because the union is undemocratic, corrupt, violent, or just plain inept — are entitled to seek an election to determine if a majority wants to drop the union.


A mix of 12kV and 34.5kv service lines throughout the Corridor.
Currently, Nicor is able to supply an adequate quantity of natural gas to the Corridor.
The backbone of the iFiber network runs through the Corridor and provides robust, high speed, affordable broadband service in partnership with a number of local ISP's.
Service from several national carriers is also available.


text:
Sacramento deadly wrong-way crashes become CA safety model
Pilot program in region aims to prevent tragedy
Updated: 10:38 PM PDT May 3, 2017
Vicki Gonzalez
WEBVTT MONTHS THEY AREALREADY SEEING RESULTS INCATCHING DRIVERS IN THE ACT.THEY ARE LIFE-ALTERING MISTAKES.WRONG-WAY DRIVERS SLAMMING INTOUNSUSPECTING VEHICLES.SACRAMENTO LEADING CALIFORNIA'DEATH TOLL IN 2015.14 LIVES TAKEN ON OUR FREEWAYS,INCLUDING HECTOR RAMIREZ'SFAMILY, AS HE MARKS THE TWO-YEARANNIVERSARY OF HIS SISTER ANDNIECE'S DEATHS.>> IT'S JUST TRYING TO RECOVFROM THIS IS NOT RECOVERING,IT'S JUST TIME.TIME AND HEALING.VICKI: 38-YEAR-OLD SOPHIARAMIREZ AND HER 17 AND15-YEAR-OLD DAUGHTERS ALYSSA ANDBRENDA KILLED AFTER A DRIVERSLAMMED INTO THEIR VEHICLEHEAD-ON.>> TWO YEARS AND NOT HEARINGFROM THEM AND NOT TALKING TOTHEM.NOT SEEING THEM.MY SISTER PLANNING ANY WEDDINGS.VICKI: TRAGEDIES NOW BEHIND ARECENT PUSH TO STEER WRONGDRIVERS IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION.>> WE'VE COME UP WITH THIS PILOTPROGRAM THAT'S THE NEXTGENERATION OF WRONG WAY DRIVERCOUNTER-MEASURES.VICKI: CALTRANS CHOOSINGSACRAMENTO AS THE TEST LOCATIONFOR NEW TRAFFIC TECHNOLOGYBACKED WITH U.C. DAVIS TO USETHE REGION AS A MODEL TO MAKEROADS SAFER STATEWID>> IT WOULD PROVIDE THE DATA ITHE FUTURE TO BE ABLE TO, FOEXAMPLE, LOOK EVERY HIGHWAYOFF-RAMP IN CALIFORNIA.VICKI: IN ALL, 17 FREEWAY OFFRAMPS SELECTED ALONG I-80, ANDHIGHWAY 50, WITH TESTING ALREADYUNDERWAYOUTFITTED WITH L.E.D. BLINKINGLIGHTS WARNING DRIVERS HEADINGTOWARDS ONCOMING TRAFFIC.SOME LOCATIONS ALSO COMING WITSURVEILLANCE VIDEO.AND IT'S WORKING, CATCHING THISDRIVER DISREGARDING WARNINGSIGNS AND EVEN DRIVERS HEADINGIN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.>> THAT'S GREAT, THAT'SWONDERFUL, BECAUSE YOU DON'TTHINK ABOUT UNTIL YOU LOSE AFAMILY MEMBER.IT'S A HARDSHIP.VICKI: HECTOR HOPING HISIRREPLACEABLE LOSS WILL REDUCETHE RARE BUT CATASTROPHI
California is looking to Sacramento as a model to reduce wrong-way crashes statewide. Caltrans selected the region as a test location for new technology to alert drivers heading toward opposing traffic and to alert dispatchers sooner. Sacramento was selected as the state's pilot location because in 2015 the region led California in deadly wrong-way crashes. Fourteen people were killed in four wrong-way driving crashed within a matter of months. The victims' ages ranged from 15 years old to 81 years old. "Trying to recover from this -- it's not recovering. It's just time for healing," Hector Ramirez said. He lost his sister and two nieces in 2015. Tuesday was the 2-year anniversary of their deaths. "Two years and not hearing from them and not talking to them," Ramirez said. "Not seeing them. My sister not planning any weddings." Sophia Ramirez, 38, her 17-year-old daughter Alyssa Santiago and 15-year-old daughter Brenda Santiago were killed driving home to Arbuckle from the Bay Area. The new program is hoping to prevent more tragedies. "We've come up with the pilot program that's the next generation of wrong-way driver with counter-measures," Caltrans spokesperson Glbert Mohtes-Chan explained. The technology is set up along 17 off-ramps in Yolo and Sacramento counties along Interstate 80 and Highway 50. LED blinking lights alert drivers when they head in the wrong direction -- using an off-ramp to get on a highway. Five of the 17 locations also come with video surveillance to capture images of wrong-way drivers. The goal is to alert dispatchers, giving them earlier notice so they can send authorities. The pilot program began January 2017. So far, two wrong-way drivers have been caught on video surveillance, according to Caltrans. The trial program will last two years and is expanding. San Diego will become a test site in the coming months. Caltrans is also working with UC Davis researchers for a holistic approach to make roads safer statewide. "It would provide the data in the future to be able to, for example, look at every highway off-ramp in California," UC Davis professor Bahram Ravani said. TAPCO is the contracted company installing the technology. Based in Wisconsin, the same technology is being used in Rhode Island, Arizona, Texas and Florida. Florida Department of Transportation said since 2014 when the program began, 42 wrong-way drivers triggered the system. All but one self-corrected; the outlier resulted in a crash. Ramirez hopes this new push for road safety will reduce the rare, but catastrophic consequences of wrong-way drivers. "That's great, that's wonderful because you don't think about it until you lose a family member," he said. "It's a hardship."
California is looking to Sacramento as a model to reduce wrong-way crashes statewide.
Caltrans selected the region as a test location for new technology to alert drivers heading toward opposing traffic and to alert dispatchers sooner.
Sacramento was selected as the state's pilot location because in 2015 the region led California in deadly wrong-way crashes.
Fourteen people were killed in four wrong-way driving crashed within a matter of months. The victims' ages ranged from 15 years old to 81 years old.
"Trying to recover from this -- it's not recovering. It's just time for healing," Hector Ramirez said.
He lost his sister and two nieces in 2015. Tuesday was the 2-year anniversary of their deaths.
"Two years and not hearing from them and not talking to them," Ramirez said. "Not seeing them. My sister not planning any weddings."
Sophia Ramirez, 38, her 17-year-old daughter Alyssa Santiago and 15-year-old daughter Brenda Santiago were killed driving home to Arbuckle from the Bay Area.
The new program is hoping to prevent more tragedies.
"We've come up with the pilot program that's the next generation of wrong-way driver with counter-measures," Caltrans spokesperson Glbert Mohtes-Chan explained.
The technology is set up along 17 off-ramps in Yolo and Sacramento counties along Interstate 80 and Highway 50.
LED blinking lights alert drivers when they head in the wrong direction -- using an off-ramp to get on a highway.
Five of the 17 locations also come with video surveillance to capture images of wrong-way drivers. The goal is to alert dispatchers, giving them earlier notice so they can send authorities.
KCRA 3
The pilot program began January 2017. So far, two wrong-way drivers have been caught on video surveillance, according to Caltrans.
The trial program will last two years and is expanding. San Diego will become a test site in the coming months.
Caltrans is also working with UC Davis researchers for a holistic approach to make roads safer statewide.
"It would provide the data in the future to be able to, for example, look at every highway off-ramp in California," UC Davis professor Bahram Ravani said.
TAPCO is the contracted company installing the technology. Based in Wisconsin, the same technology is being used in Rhode Island, Arizona, Texas and Florida.
Florida Department of Transportation said since 2014 when the program began, 42 wrong-way drivers triggered the system. All but one self-corrected; the outlier resulted in a crash.
Ramirez hopes this new push for road safety will reduce the rare, but catastrophic consequences of wrong-way drivers.
"That's great, that's wonderful because you don't think about it until you lose a family member," he said. "It's a hardship."


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Elementary school teachers say 'no' to parents' wishes they refer to students by pronouns given at birth
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Butler co-founded Gender Inclusive Classrooms
strongly."LEGAL GROUP
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the School Committee
Chávez Elementary School
Refinitiv Lipper
Katy Butler
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César Chávez Elementary School
Kieran
Heather Eig
teach."Cortney O'Brien
the Charles F. Patton Middle School
Calif.
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Former DOJ official and director of Fight for Schools Ian Prior joins 'Fox & Friends First' to discuss lawsuits over pronoun policyA group of elementary school educators revealed in a recent virtual panel that they would say "no" if a parent asked them to refer to their students by the pronouns they were given at birth, as opposed to their preferred pronouns.Katy Butler, a second grade public school teacher at Harvey Milk Civil Rights Academy in San Francisco, moderated the meeting, "Creating and Sustaining GSAs in Elementary Schools," on April 26. Provost, Ed.D., Superintendent of Schools, who said he'd seen the panel discussion, confirmed to Fox News Digital that Slattery described using the name and pronouns which a student had requested and that he checked both with him and his principal "on the appropriateness of this practice." He added that Slattery went on to "accurately summarize" the District policy on Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Transgender and Gender Non-conorming Status. (iStock)Daniel Alonso, a fifth-grade Spanish teacher at César Chávez Elementary School in San Francisco, Calif., also told his fellow panelists that he would put the students' wishes first, adding that he wasn't sure if they were even "respectful" about it when they notified parents."Similarly to what Kieran said, in my school district, LGBTQ+ students have a bill of rights, and the fourth one is that they have the right to be referred to by their gender pronouns, a name that fits their gender identity," Alonso said. Like, our district-wide rule is that the student determines that, not you, even though you are the parent.'"César Chávez Elementary School did not immediately respond to a request for comment.A third panelist, Maryland School Counselor Heather Eig, agreed that she was following her school's policy on pronouns, but noted the laws differ in other districts and her calling students by preferred pronouns' depends on whether she has "the backing" of their administration.CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP
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Simon Fraser University (web site, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada) has a student-run pub (the "Highland Pub") in the centre of campus, that serves a good selection of food as well as the usual drinks. The pub's web site (click here) is the place to go to check out the upcoming events, which include live music nights, promotional fund-raisers, and televised sports events. The menu has been recently revamped to compete with trendy spots such as Cactus Club, and the prices have been lowered as well. I enjoyed my prawn curry rice bowl (around $8.00, pictured below) which was quite tasty!
The SFU Jazz band performing at the SFU Highland Pub.
11,753 views. This entry was posted on Thursday, November 22nd, 2007 at 1:37 am	and is filed under Affordable, Burgers, Burnaby, Casual, Pub, Students. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Can you send me contact info til SFU bigband?


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Wild Bill Donovan, the Grandfather of American Intelligence
by Steve Balestrieri Jul 11, 2021
On July 11, 1941, President Roosevelt appointed William "Wild Bill" Donovan to head up a civilian intelligence-gathering organization. And the face of American intelligence would change forever.
An Unorganized Intelligence Scene
Before World War II, the United States had no national intelligence apparatus. Intelligence gathering was strictly on an ad hoc basis with no sharing of information between government entities.
So, at the start of the war, President Franklin Roosevelt was forced to rely on his circle of friends. His friends would travel to Europe and report on what they found directly to him. One of those people was Wild Bill Donovan. He had been awarded the Medal of Honor in WWI and although a political rival, he was a trusted friend of Roosevelt (something quite unimaginable by today's standards).
Nevertheless, FDR was searching for more effective ways to gather intelligence to protect American interests in Europe and the Pacific.
Upon his return from an intelligence-gathering trip to Europe, Donovan lobbied hard to Roosevelt to create a national intelligence agency. Hoover, who wanted to maintain the only pipeline to information, openly opposed this. Yet, Donovan, aided by British officials, succeeded in convincing President Roosevelt.
Wild Bill Donovan Takes the Helm
FDR appointed Donovan as coordinator of information (COI) in charge of forming a civilian intelligence organization. The coordinator of information was to "collect and analyze all information and data which may bear upon the national security" for the president and his designees. Donovan was given the authority, "with the approval of the president," to request data from other agencies and departments. Nonetheless, he was specifically ordered not to interfere with the president's military advisers.
Hoover, however, insisted that the COI would not and could not conduct any intelligence gathering in South America, as that remained strictly the FBI's domain.
FDR split the duties of the COI between Donovan, who handled military intelligence and covert operations, and Robert Sherwood, a playwright and one of the president's primary speechwriters. Sherwood would head up the dissemination of domestic information and foreign propaganda.
Sherwood would begin The Voice of America a radio program that would broadcast on occupied Europe and the Axis countries. The Voice of America's pledge was that "The news may be good or bad for us — We will always tell you the truth."
The British gave invaluable assistance to Wild Bill Donovan who modeled the COI after British practices. He centralized the analysis of information into actionable intelligence for the first time.
Although Donovan still believed that a civilian professional intelligence service was needed, he suggested to Roosevelt that, during the war, the COI should fall under the newly formed Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to support the war effort.
The Office of Strategic Services Is Born
Wild Bill Donovan relied heavily on the British for the model of the U.S. intelligence agency as well as with training.
President Roosevelt liked the idea. However, he wanted to keep COI's Foreign Information Service (FIS), which conducted radio broadcasting, out of the military's control. It was then decided that the "black" (covert) and "white" (overt) propaganda missions be separated giving FIS the official side of the business. FIS and half of COI's staff were sent to the new Office of War Information.
The remainder of COI's operatives were then earmarked for what was to become the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).
On June 13, 1942, the OSS was formed. Donovan chose the name that reflected his sense of the strategic importance of intelligence and special operations.
The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for all branches of the United States Armed Forces. However, due to the wartime footing, other OSS functions included the use of propaganda, subversion, covert operations, guerrilla warfare, and post-war planning.
Read Next: The WWI hero that pioneered US global intelligence
Under the expert leadership of Wild Bill Donovan and a crash course of intelligence from the British, OSS expanded quickly. Just a few months after being formed it was instrumental in providing excellent and timely intelligence for the Operation Torch landings in North Africa in November of 1942.
Donovan had already provided the State Department with desperately needed French-speaking officers in French-held North Africa to act as "vice-consuls." Thus, he the OSS had won the grudging respect of the State Department. With Donovan's leadership and outstanding training by the British, OSS began to quickly build a worldwide clandestine intelligence capability.
The Glorious Amateurs and the British Teachers
The first COI/OSS officers arrived in Britain in November 1941 before the U.S. was even in the war. They leaned heavily on the British for training and information to get off the ground. The British, used to operating on more of a shoestring budget, happily partook of the seemingly endless resources of the new American unit.
The relationship was slow to blossom. The British were cautious at first, worrying that the neophyte Americans could compromise their hard-earned operatives in Occupied Europe. Despite this, the two sides grew interdependent on one another by the war's end. The operational marriage would be extremely beneficial to both sides and lay the groundwork for the close cooperation and trust the two countries still enjoy.
OSS officers with Wild Bill Donovan, his "Glorious Amateurs" or the collection of "PhDs who can win a barfight."
Donovan recruited an eclectic group of volunteers that he described as "Glorious Amateurs."
Donovan described the perfect OSS men as "PhDs who can win a bar fight." OSS wanted smart self-starters who could think on their feet.
At the peak of war operations in late 1944, OSS had grown to over 13,000 personnel. About one-third of whom were women.
These men and women formed the backbone of the CIA and later the U.S. Army Special Forces.
Enter the CIA
The CIA's seal and emblem found in the lobby of the agency's Original Headquarters building. (CIA)
When the war ended, the handwriting was on the wall for OSS. President Truman disliked Donovan and the OSS. Donovan's plan to keep a peacetime intelligence service was filed away but ignored. OSS was disbanded on October 1, 1945.
Two years later Truman approved the new organization called the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) until the National Security Act of 1947 turned CIG into the Central Intelligence Agency. The CIA was to perform many of the missions that Wild Bill Donovan had advocated for his proposed peacetime intelligence service. CIA became what General Donovan had initially proposed.
The modern-day CIA and the U.S. Special Operations Command owe a great deal of their legacy to OSS and Wild Bill Donovan. They still employ some "PhDs that can win a bar fight."
About Steve Balestrieri View All Posts
The WWI hero that pioneered US global intelligence
William "Wild Bill" Donovan, Awarded MOH October 14-15, 1918
Book Review- Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage
How the OSS Shaped Special Operations Forces and CIA of Today
General William Donovan: A Non-Political Intelligence Professional
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All new customers can try Oskar's network to see how good it is There is no risk, it's easy and affordable The results of a recently published independent network quality survey, commissioned by one of the Czech mobile operators, show that Oskar provides the best coverage in urban areas. Oskar was proven to have the best call setup successful rate and the best call completed rate as measured by the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences, Brno Technical University. Oskar is well aware of the good quality of its network and services – and is so confident about it that we are proud to offer a service trial at a price that is next to nothing. It's easy, it's affordable and..
The results of a recently published independent network quality survey, commissioned by one of the Czech mobile operators, show that Oskar provides the best coverage in urban areas. Oskar was proven to have the best call setup successful rate and the best call completed rate as measured by the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences, Brno Technical University.
Oskar is well aware of the good quality of its network and services – and is so confident about it that we are proud to offer a service trial at a price that is next to nothing. It's easy, it's affordable and... it's risk free!
Oskar's Testkartas are available from April 8. Testkartas are special prepaid SIMs that have all the features of regular Oskartas. The Testkarta SIM is available for free, customers pay only 100 Kc for the initial credit. If the Testkarta is recharged within 15 days of activation, the customer will receive an additional 50 Kc bonus credit for free.
"Testkarta and our recently introduced 30-day money back guarantee are proof that Oskar is an operator on the customer's side which wants to continue introducing services that make sense for customers," says Sylvie Scott, Vicepresident Marketing, Business & Retail Sales.
The intention behind the introduction of Testkartas is not to simply acquire a large number of customers over a short period of time. Consistent with Oskar's fair approach, Testkarta holders will not be considered as new subscribers until they demonstrate interest in using Oskar's services by recharging their Testkarta for the second time.
All Testkartas will have numbers in the special 0777 prefix range. Testkartas can be ordered by calling OskarKontakt (0800 77 77 77) or at any Oskar retail location. Testkarta expires after 30 days.
Cesky Mobil became the first dual-band (GSM 900/1800) network operator in the Czech Republic after being granted its license in October 1999. It launched commercial operation of its leading edge GSM network on March 1, 2000 under the brand name Oskar. The end of 2001 saw Oskar with in excess of 858,000 subscribers making it one of the leading, third license operators in Central Europe! At the World Communication Awards in August 2001, Oskar was a nominee for the Best Mobile Operator award.