text:
GC Surveillance
About ASTDA
November 2008 - Volume 35 - Issue 11
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
Heterosexual Anal Sex Activity in the Year After an STD Clinic Visit
Tian, Lin H. MD, MS*; Peterman, Thomas A. MD, MSc*; Tao, Guoyu PhD*; Brooks, Lesley C. BA*; Metcalf, Carol MBChB, MPH†; Malotte, C Kevin DrPH‡; Paul, Sindy M. MD, MPH§; Douglas, John M. Jr MD* THE RESPECT-2 STUDY GROUP
*Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; †Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; ‡California State University, Long Beach, CA; and §New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton, NJ
The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the view of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Correspondence: Lin Hui Tian, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS E-63, Atlanta, GA 30333. E-mail: [email protected].
Received for publication Mar 7, 2008, and accepted May 26, 2008.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: November 2008 - Volume 35 - Issue 11 - p 905-909
doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318181294b
To describe heterosexual anal sex activity during a year and to identify factors associated with heterosexual anal sex and condom use during anal sex.
Secondary analysis of data from a trial conducted in 3 public sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. Patients described sexual behaviors every 3-months for the year. Logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to include multiple observations for each subject.
Two thousand three hundred fifty-seven heterosexual subjects reported on 6611 3-month intervals that included 9235 partnerships. About 18.3% of subjects had anal sex in a particular 3-month interval and 39.3% in the year. About 23.5% of subjects had anal sex in at least two 3-month intervals in the year. Anal sex was associated with having more sex acts, 2 or more sex partners, unprotected vaginal sex, and a main partner. For anal sex in the past 3 months, 27.3% of subjects consistently used condoms, and 63% of subjects never used condoms. Consistent condom use for anal sex was associated with having consistent condom use for vaginal sex, 2 or more partners, and anal sex with casual or new partner.
STD clinic patients were commonly engaged in heterosexual anal sex, and most of them never used condoms during anal sex. Patients who had anal sex tended to also engage in other risk behaviors that put them at risk of STD/human immunodeficiency virus. Clinicians should ask about anal sex, appropriately examine and test patients who have had anal sex, and recommend condom use for both anal and vaginal sex.
A secondary analysis of trial data found that STD clinic patients commonly engaged in heterosexual anal sex, and most of them never used condoms during anal sex.
ANAL SEX CAN TRANSMIT sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that may lead to proctitis or anal cancer1–7 and is especially effective at transmitting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).8 Heterosexual anal sex has been reported by different populations during different recall periods including: 35% of US women and 40% of US men aged 25 to 44 years in their lifetime9; 23% of nonvirgin college students in their lifetime10; 21.7% of low-income women in their lifetime11; about a quarter of sexually active sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients in the past 3 months12; and 19% of female and 20% of male injection drug users in the past 6 months.13 However, most studies on heterosexual anal sex collected very little data about anal sex activities, and they usually measured a single time point.
Consistent condom use can reduce the risk of transmission of HIV and other STI.14–16 However, an extensive review has showed that condom use during heterosexual anal sex is low.17 Few studies have identified factors associated with condom use for heterosexual anal sex. Only one study reported detailed information on heterosexual anal sex practices by subjects with their most recent 3 partners and assessed factors associated with anal sex and consistent condom use during anal sex.18 Studies have not adequately examined the association between characteristics of partnerships and condom use during heterosexual anal sex.
The purpose of this article is to: 1) describe heterosexual anal sex practices over a year among patients who attended an STD clinic; and 2) identify factors associated with heterosexual anal sex and with condom use for anal sex.
This secondary analysis used data from RESPECT-2, a randomized controlled trial of STD/HIV prevention counseling. Primary analyses and detailed methodology have been described elsewhere.19 Briefly, subjects were recruited from 3 public STD clinics in Denver, CO, Long Beach, CA, and Newark, NJ. Eligible subjects were those who came to the clinics during 1999–2000 for a full diagnostic STD examination, reported vaginal or anal sex in the past 3 months, were HIV-negative at enrollment, were aged 15–39 years, were able to speak English fluently, and were willing to return every 3 months for follow-up visits over the next year. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive prevention counseling with either a rapid HIV test or a standard HIV test, and half of the subjects received a booster counseling session 6 months after baseline. Subjects were examined, and tested for STIs and HIV as well as questioned about their behaviors at baseline. Outcomes including STI tests and sexual behaviors were measured at 13-week intervals, scheduled 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after enrollment. Behavioral data were collected using audio computer-assisted self-interview technology at baseline and each follow-up visit.
Subjects, Partnerships, and Study Intervals
We limited our analysis to subjects who reported at least one opposite sex partner at baseline. We included the 3-month follow-up intervals in which subjects had vaginal or anal sex and had a clinic visit both before and after the interval. For example, a subject who returned at 3, 6, and 12 months could contribute 2 intervals; one from baseline to 3 months, and another from 3 to 6 months. Because subjects were asked about partnership characteristics for each of up to 3 different partners in the preceding 3 months, all analyses by partnership included only the first 3 partnerships.
To estimate heterosexual anal sex practices over all four 3-month intervals in the full year, we analyzed subjects who had completed all four 3-month visits.
Sex Behaviors and Partnership Information
Subjects were asked to report sexual behaviors individually for up to 3 different partners in the preceding 3 months. A main partner was self-defined by the subjects as someone who had a relationship with the subjects, such as the subjects' spouse, girl or boyfriend, or lover. A causal partner was defined as a partner who was not the subjects' main partner. A new partner was a person whose first sexual contact with the subject was within the preceding 3 months.
Subjects with more than 3 partners in an interval were also asked about all other partners combined. Subjects were asked to report the number of vaginal sex acts, anal sex acts, and the number of times they used condoms during vaginal sex and anal sex with their first 3 partners individually and with all other partners in the past 3 months. Sex acts were classified as unprotected sex acts if condoms were not used.
Data Analyses
We looked for characteristics of subjects or individual partnership that were associated with reporting anal sex in a 3-month interval by logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations (GEE).20,21 GEE was used to account for the within-subject correlations with the outcome variable over time. Since GEE may be biased when missing data are not missing completely at random, we examined the association of missing data with the response variable (reporting anal sex) for all subjects included in our study. No significant association was seen, and this was interpreted as evidence of supporting the assumption of missing completely at random.22 An independent working correlation matrix was first used to avoid potential bias for parameter estimates of time-varying covariates,23,24 then exchangeable and autoregressive working correlation matrices were used to test models for robustness, and the results from these correlation matrixes were consistent. In the present analysis, exchangeable working correlation matrix was used in all GEE analyses.
We conducted similar multivariate analyses by subject and by individual partnership to identify factors associated with consistent condom use for anal sex in 3-month intervals. These analyses were restricted to intervals in which subjects or partnership had anal sex. We used anal sex acts as covariates instead of total sex acts. Similar model strategies were used as above.
There were no significant differences by intervention arm for anal sex and consistent condom use for anal sex, so we did not adjust the effect of intervention arm. Since 95% of subjects from Newark were black, race and site variables were highly correlated. Therefore, in multivariate analyses by subject, we include race, but not study sites. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS System version 9.1 for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). An α level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and all statistical tests were two-tailed.
Among 3297 subjects who enrolled in RESPECT-2, we excluded 162 men who reported only sex with men at baseline, 628 who did not have follow-up visits or who had no follow-up intervals with both before and after visits, and 150 who reported neither vaginal sex nor anal sex during follow-up. This left 2357 subjects who reported heterosexual anal sex; they reported on 6611 3-month intervals and 9235 partnerships. The subjects contributed data from one interval (19.6%), 2 intervals (22.4%), 3 intervals (16.2%), or all 4 intervals (41.9%).
At baseline, 22.4% of 2357 subjects reported anal sex in the past 3 months. During follow-up, anal sex was reported by subjects in 1208 (18.3%) of the 6611 3-month intervals. The number of anal sex episodes in 3 months was: 1 (40.7%); 2 to 3 (34.2%); 4 to 6 (15.2%); or ≥7 (9.9%). Among those 1208 intervals, subjects reported both anal sex and vaginal sex during 1202 3-month intervals. They had many more episodes of vaginal sex (mean 38.0) than anal sex (mean 4.7, Table 1). Among 1180 men who had sex with women, 23 also reported sex with male partner(s) at baseline; they had anal sex with female partners in 34.6% of 3-month intervals versus 17.5% for men who did not have male partners at baseline (P = 0.003). Of 367 intervals in which subjects had anal sex and reported having both main partners and causal partners, anal sex was reported with main partner only (61.6%), the causal partner only (21.8%), or both (16.6%).
Mean Number of Sex Acts and Unprotected Sex Acts During Intervals Where Subjects Reported Having Vaginal and Anal Sex in the Past 3 Mo (n = 1154)
Among the 989 subjects who completed all four 3-month visits, the percent who reported anal sex was similar in each study interval (20.1, 20.9, 21.2, and 20.2). The cumulative percent that reported anal sex was 28.6% after 2 intervals, 35.1% after 3 intervals, and 39.3% after 4 intervals (Figure 1). Among those 989 subjects, 23.5% reported anal sex in at least 2 intervals, 13.4% in at least 3 intervals, and 6.1% in all 4 intervals of the year.
Fig. 1:
Cumulative percent of subjects who had anal sex after 1, 2, 3, or 4 intervals among 986 who returned for all 4 intervals.
In multivariate analyses of the 6605 3-month intervals in which subjects had vaginal sex, anal sex was not significantly associated with age, gender, race, or study intervals. The total number of sex acts had strongest association with having anal sex (c2 test for linear trend test, c2 = 132, P <0.0001). Subjects who had 2 or more sex partners were more likely to report anal sex in the past 3 months than those who had 1 partner (AOR = 1.5, 95% C.I. (1.3–1.8)), and subjects who had unprotected vaginal sex were more likely to report anal sex than subjects who had no unprotected vaginal sex (AOR = 1.3, 95% C.I. (1.02–1.5)) (Table 2). In multivariate analysis of the 9229 partnerships that had vaginal sex, anal sex was more likely in main partnerships than in casual partnerships (AOR = 1.4, 95% C.I. (1.1–1.8)) and when either the subject or one of the partners was stoned or high from alcohol or drugs when they had sex at some time in the past 3 months compared to partnerships without this history (AOR = 1.4, 95% C.I. (1.2–1.7)) (Table 3).
Percentage of Subjects Who had Heterosexual Anal Sex in a 3-Mo Interval, by Demographic and Behavioral Characteristics
Percentage of Partnerships that had Heterosexual Anal Sex in 3–Mo Interval, by Behavioral Characteristics
Condom Use During Anal Sex
Condom use for vaginal and anal sex information was available for 1154 of the 1202 intervals in which subjects had anal sex and vaginal sex. Condoms were used consistently for both anal sex and vaginal sex (10.8%), for anal sex only (16.5%), or for vaginal sex only (2.1%). Condoms were never used for anal sex (63%). During 149 intervals in which subjects reported consistent condom use for vaginal sex, condoms were also used consistently for anal sex by 83.9%. During 1005 intervals in which subjects did not report consistent condoms for vaginal sex, condoms were used consistently for anal sex by 18.9%.
Multivariate modeling of subject characteristics indicated that consistent condom use for anal sex was more likely for subjects who reported 2 or more partners compared with one partner (AOR = 1.6, 95% C.I. (1.2–2.1)) and for subjects who used condom consistently for vaginal sex compared with subjects who did not (AOR = 17.4, 95% C.I. (10.8–28.1)); and consistent condom use for anal sex was not significantly associated with age, gender, race, number of anal sex acts, buying or selling sex, or study intervals (Table 4). Multivariate analysis of partnerships indicated that consistent condom use was more likely with casual partners than main partners (AOR = 2.1, 95% C.I. (1.5–2.9)) and more likely with a new partner than other partners (AOR = 1.4, 95% C.I. (1.04–1.8)); and consistent condom use for anal sex was not significantly associated with partners who were treated for STD, or when either subjects or partner was stoned or high when they had sex at some time in the past 3 months (Table 5).
Percentage of Subjects Who Consistently Used Condom for Anal Sex in a 3-Mo Interval, by Demographic and Behavioral Characteristics
Percentage of Partnerships that Consistently Used Condom for Anal Sex in 3-Mo Interval, by Behavioral Characteristics
During follow-up after a STD clinic visit, 18.3% of subjects had anal sex in a given 3-month interval and 39.3% had anal sex at some point during the year. Our estimate of anal sex in a year is as high as an estimate of anal sex over a lifetime (35%–40%) in the National Survey of Family Growth in 2002.9 Also, our finding that 23.5% of heterosexual subjects had anal sex in at least 2 three-month intervals exceeds a 1991 estimate that about 10% of American women and their male partners engaged in anal sex with some regularity.5 Anal sex may be more commonly practiced among persons who attend STD clinics than among persons in the general population. However, 12.5% of women who attended an STD clinic in San Francisco reported anal sex in the previous 2 months and 13% of women surveyed in the California Department of Motor Vehicle office reported anal sex in the previous 3 months.25
Anal sex may be more commonly practiced now than in the past. At enrollment 22% of participants in RESPECT-2 reported anal sex in the previous 3 months compared with 9% of participants enrolled in a similar study in those STD clinics 5 years earlier.26 These findings are supported by temporal trends in sexual behavior from surveys in the United States and Great Britain.9,27–30 A survey in Seattle reported an increase in anal sex during recent partnerships from 4.3% in 1995 to 8.3% in 2004, while a national survey in Great Britain reported increased anal sex in the past year between 1990 and 2000 for women (6.5%–11.3%) and men (7.0%–12.3%).28,30 It should be noted that some of the increased reporting of anal sex could be caused by methodological issues including enrollment criteria, wording of questions, or survey methodology such as computer assisted interviews.26,30 However, even less dramatic increases in anal sex could have implications for the incidence of anal cancer in women, which has been increasing since 1973.31
For those who had anal sex, the mean number of unprotected anal sex acts (3.3 times) was much fewer than the mean number of unprotected vaginal sex acts (30.4 times) in a 3-months interval. However, the risk of male-to-female transmission of HIV has been estimated to be 20–500 times greater for anal sex compared with vaginal sex.8,11 Thus, the risk of HIV transmission from unprotected anal sex acts could be very high.
Compared with subjects who did not have anal sex, subjects who reported anal sex were more likely to have more total sex acts, have 2 or more sex partners, to have unprotected vaginal sex, and to have been high or stoned when they had sex at sometime in past 3 months. These associations were similar to the findings of previous studies,10,13 suggesting that people who engage in anal sex tend to engage in other behaviors that put them at risk for STD/HIV.
Consistent condom use during vaginal sex was the strongest determinant of consistent condom use for anal sex. Subjects who used condoms consistently during vaginal sex were 17.4 times more likely to use condoms consistently for anal sex than subjects who did not use condoms consistently for vaginal sex. Among those who had anal sex and vaginal sex in the past 3 months, only 27.3% of subjects consistently used condom during anal sex; 63% of subjects never used condoms during anal sex. These findings suggest that clinicians should ask their patients about anal sex, tell them unprotected anal sex is an efficient path for HIV/STD transmission, and recommend consistent condom use for both anal sex and vaginal sex. For women who have had receptive anal sex, clinicians should examine the anal area and consider testing for the most common sexually transmitted pathogens (N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis)7,32,33 for those with symptoms or signs of anal infection. Further research is needed in persons who have had anal sex to determine the role of screening for asymptomatic infections as is currently recommended for men who have sex with men.34
Our study has several limitations. Although audio computer-assisted self-interview may increase reporting of stigmatized behavior,35 some subjects may still have underreported anal sex. Also some may not remember all their activities with their partners for the entire 3-month period. Our subjects had visited STD clinics and enrolled in a trial, so our findings may not generalize to other populations. Because all subjects received STD/HIV prevention counseling, reported risk behaviors were probably lower than they would have been without counseling. Only a few RESPECT-2 participants were tested for anal infection, so we could not assess the association between anal sex and anal infection.
Heterosexual anal sex was quite common during the year following the STD clinic visit, and condom use for anal sex was quite rare. Although subjects tended to have anal sex with their main partners, they were also more likely to have 2 or more total partners, and have unprotected vaginal sex. With extremely low consistent condom use for anal and vaginal sex, subjects could be at high-risk for transmitting STD and HIV.
Clinicians should ask patients about anal sex, appropriately examine and test patients who have had anal sex, and recommend condom use for both anal and vaginal sex.
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10. Baldwin JI, Baldwin JD. Heterosexual anal intercourse: an understudied, high-risk sexual behavior. Arch Sex Behav 2000; 29:357–373.
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24. Diggle PJ, Heagerty P, Liang KY, et al. The Analysis of Longitudinal Data. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
25. Barry PM, Kent CK, Philip S, et al. Female anal sex prevalence and correlates San Francisco, 1997–2006. 17th ISSTDR conference abstracts; P-585.
26. Satterwhite CL, Kamb ML, Metcalf C, et al. Changes in sexual behavior and STD prevalence among heterosexual STD clinic attendees: 1993–1995 Versus 1999–2000. Sex Transm Dis. In press.
27. Leichliter JM, Chandra A, Liddon N, et al. Prevalence and correlates of heterosexual anal and oral sex in adolescents and adults in the United States. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1852–1859.
28. Aral SO, Patel DA, Holmes KK, et al. Temporal trends in sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted disease history among 18-to 39-year-old Seattle, Washington, residents: results of random digit-dial surveys. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32:710–717.
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31. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM, et al. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the SEER experience, 1973–2000. Cancer 2004; 101:281–288.
32. Klausner JD, Kohn R, Kent C. Etiology of clinical proctitis among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:300–302.
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© Copyright 2008 American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association
Sexually Transmitted Diseases35(11):905-909, November 2008.
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Susquehanna University:
Monitoring the Watershed and Offering Student Opportunities
Susquehanna University (SU), founded in 1858, is a residential, liberal arts college that offers its 2,300 undergraduate students an education that integrates the liberal arts with professional and career preparation. Located on a 325-acre campus in Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, SU enrolls academically talented young people from a wide range of backgrounds. Approximately 35 percent of students are first generation college students, and 20 percent of the most recent incoming class identify as African-American, Hispanic, or other traditionally underrepresented U.S. minorities.
Among its many stellar programs, SU's earth, environmental science, and biology programs link geology, hydrology, and ecology—and get students knee-deep in the Susquehanna River as part of the university's Freshwater Research Institute (FRI), created in 2014 with Foundation support. With that grant, SU repurposed much of a former dairy barn into labs, classrooms, and meeting areas. It also established a cooperative research program with 10 other colleges, universities, and nonprofit groups with which the university not only engages in ecological research and restoration, but also attracts significant funding from other sources for water-based research.
A $950,000 Foundation grant awarded in 2019 is enabling SU to 1) expand collaborative research and monitoring of watershed health in the Susquehanna River and the Foundation's focal geographies of the Moshannon and Bald Eagle watersheds. These research and monitoring efforts inform policymakers, academics, advocates, and the public about the current state of stream health and the efficacy of restoration practices; 2) increase student experiences by offering access to high-quality education, research projects (that include grants and stipends), and hands-on skills training to high-need, high-achieving students who might not otherwise have these opportunities. All facets of the FRI program aim to train and inspire the next generation of scientists and conservationists, as well as increase diversity within the ecology and environmental science fields; and 3) offer broad outreach about the importance of healthy riparian habitats to elementary and high school students, regional farmers, and the general public. SU also is using the Foundation funding to complete renovation of the former dairy barn, adding more labs, office space, and meeting areas for its staff, students, and nonprofit partners.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tell your beloved that you value his or her brains with horribly romantic Valentine's Day cards.
Get a leg up on Valentine's Day.
Jane Austen's romantic novel "Pride and Prejudice" is even better with the Bennet sisters chasing down monsters.
Austen's 19th-century classic gave rise to the 2009 Quirk Books horror parody novel by Seth Grahame-Smith. The twisted version hit the big screen earlier this month.
In the movie, we witness the complicated life of Miss Elizabeth Bennet, played by Lily James (Lady Rose of "Downton Abbey"), as she navigates the challenges of high society and zombie slaying.
Skip the flowers and candles.
The movie also stars Matt Smith, a "Doctor Who" alum, and Lena Headey and Charles Dance, both of "Game of Thrones." The film is already in US and UK theaters. An Australia release date has yet to be revealed.
Thanks to publisher Quirk Books, you can print out and give your betrothed these special Valentine's Day cards depicting scenes from the book.
"The images are all high resolution, making them perfect for posting on Tumblr, tweeting at your friends, pasting one on that special someone's Facebook wall, or pinning them all on your Pinterest board," Quirk Books posted on its website. "Whatever you need to do to let the book lover in your life know you care."
The cards show Miss Bennet, Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy and a whole lot of zombies -- perfect for showing your loved ones that romance can be found in even the most dire of circumstances.
May your Valentine's Day be bloody, beautiful and brainy.


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Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment or Death Penalty
By bibek November 20, 2019
Capital Punishment or "Death Penalty" or "Death Sentence" is a government-imposed practice wherein a person is put to death as a punishment for the crime committed if proven guilty. Those crimes that are declared to be punishable only by a death sentence are called the capital offence.
Different countries have different categories of crime which may or may not be entitled to Capital Punishment or Death Penalty. The most common types of crime that are entitled to capital punishment are murder, mass murder, child rape, terrorism, espionage, aircraft hijacking, a war crime, genocide, drug dealing etc.
Post Content - In Short
Pros and Cons of Capital Punishments
Pros of Capital Punishment
1. Capital punishment discourages future crimes
2. Justice to the Victim
3. Avoid the Prisons from being Overcrowded
4. The Enforced Karma
5. No-Risk of the Accused Person Getting Back to the Same Crime
Cons of Capital Punishment
1. No Opportunity to Change
2. Violation of Human Rights and its Practices
3. Death Penalty is Costly
Should the death penalty be enforced by countries or not?
It's a debatable topic whether or not capital punishment should be enforced. One can argue that mistakes and wrong decision can be made by humans and should be forgiven, while the same thing can be counter-explained saying if such wrongdoings are not penalized and punished it might encourage others to do the same thing as an act of revenge or whatever.
While it remains an active topic of debate and controversy, there are points that speak for both sides. Here is a list of the pros of capital punishment or Death penalty.
Advantages of Capital Punishments or Death Penalty
Punishing the felons based on the committed crime deters anyone who is even distantly considering getting into it for whatever reasons it may be. Most of the countries have enforced capital punishment strictly to those crimes that are extreme in nature.
Capital punishment in many cases has avoided or reduced the number of crimes because the outcome could result in a death penalty. The fear of getting a death sentence deters people from getting involved in any form of criminal activities.
Seeking justice after being the victim of a crime is the only way to go about it. After all, the law enforcement authorities in all the countries work towards justice, peace and harmony of the people.
Punishing the culprit is not only for the vengeance but for being fair and justified. The victims and their family can spend the rest of their life in peace without looking over the shoulder and there will be less risk of being the victim again.
As the crime rate is always increasing, there are very few countries where prisons are not overcrowded. Enforcing capital punishment would in a way reduce the number of incarcerated people in the prison thereby sending a message that there is zero-tolerance for horrific crimes
The extreme levels of criminal activities are something that is beyond rehabilitation. No consultation or rehabilitation works when people are willing to go past the legal limitations of doing things. Capital punishments are also considered as the play of karma that justifies the crime.
The only way of dealing with the extreme horrific crimes are capital punishments that leave no chance for the accused to commit other crimes. Capital punishments are only to the ones who deserve no life because of the crimes they've committed.
There are some points that prove Capital Punishment is rather a bad consideration to punish people for the crimes they commit. Here are some of the Disadvantages of Death Penalty or Capital Punishment.
People have been debating that capital punishment is too harsh and allows no opportunities for those who are willing to follow the right path in their life after learning and realizing about the activities they got themselves involved in.
There should be a constructive way to deal with criminals and let them improve themselves and capital punishment eliminates all that.
The death penalty is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. Amnesty opposes the death penalty in all cases without exception – regardless of who is accused, the nature or circumstances of the crime, guilt or innocence or method of execution.
That's what Amnesty International has to say about it. According to them, people who are underage, mentally ill are also executed which is not acceptable and wrong.
Amnesty International holds that the death penalty breaches human rights, in particular the right to life and the right to live free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Both rights are protected under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN in 1948.
From the information revealed by the Death Penalty Information Center, it costs way more to conclude a case with the death penalty than housing a life sentence prisoner.
The average cost of a case with no death sentence is around $740,000 whereas the costs of cases with death sentence come out to be more than $1.2 million.
(Last Updated On: March 4, 2020)
Capital PunishmentDeath PenaltyDeath Sentence
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10 Pros and Cons of Police Body Cameras
8 − four =
16 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryptocurrency
15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy
10 Pros and Cons of 5G Technology
© 2020 Honest Pros and Cons


Productivity. Mining is still an intensely capital-driven business. The evolving business requires new technologies to improve operations, including drilling, blasting, and material hauling.
Automation. More devices today are equipped with sensors to track, measure, record, and send data. Sensing machines now allow for driverless trucks, trains, and detection devices. Used correctly, these will reduce safety risks. Labor shortages on remote sites will not be as detrimental to operations. Retrained employees can manage machines remotely, from a safe distance.
Innovative technologies. As wreless devices and sensors become more affordable, firms are using existing tech in new ways. For example, some companies use gaming software to train workers using virtual simulations.
Compliance. With increasing local, state, and federal regulations, compliance is a key driver. Technology makes operations safer and allows for better data collection and reporting on environmental, health, and sustainability issues.
Sustainability. Environmental issues are driving change. Water usage guidelines add costs and are a big risk to the viability of existing mine sites. Energy demand is shifting away from carbon-based and nuclear products and toward renewable energy models.
Cybersecurity. With increasing use of smart products and massive databases, the risks are heightened. Along with virtual threats, device-equipped tools are at an increased risk of physical theft.
Let's take a look at some examples of how digital transformations are taking place.
To improve operational performance today, increased technology use is a given. Radio-equipped mining vehicles and personnel tracking devices can feed data to central databases. Software systems use provided data in sync with mapping, modeling, and estimation data.
All this information is sent via inexpensive wireless networks, resulting in more accurate projections. Production management dashboards and analytics are fed to the work site, where workers can access the information on mobile devices for fast, data-driven decisions.
Perhaps one of the greatest threats to mining today is the dwindling supply of Tier 1 mining sites. Declining yield and poorer mined product grades compound the scarcity issue.
To reduce costs, firms need better information about where and whether to dig, with fewer unknown factors when looking for ore deposits. Technology is making those decisions easier and faster.
One example is assay analysis. Geologists no longer need to wait months for results. Apps let equipment and staff send data from remote locations to servers in the cloud.
This information on field operations, safety, maintenance, and drilling performance is critical. It can then be augmented by information on mine planning, ventilation, safety, rock engineering, and mineral resources.
This metadata allow mine employees to make much better choices about site selection. Results fromthose activities are merged with supply costs and market pricing. This mega metadata then informs future decisions at that site or similar ones.
Transformation needs to infuse all areas of mining companies. Business models must reconsider approaches to work. Processes need to be reevaluated. Workers need to interact in ways that break down silos.
Consider production assumptions. In a new demand-driven model, factors like weather, competition, and supply availability play critical roles. Production could respond to customers and markets more quickly than in supply-side models.
Collaboration also must be embraced fully. Data should be shared with suppliers and customers, even competitors. Orders of blended products are possible when working with other firms. Equipment makers seeing analytics may recommend new procedures and change future versions of products.
Sustainable sourcing of water and energy can be tracked in real time. Supply chains will be more agile, responding to real-time transmissions. As work site changes are made on the fly, supply procurement can and must change as well.
The digital mine is safer. Remote control centers can be thousands of miles away. Smart machines will diagnose problems or needed maintenance and send data wirelessly. Hazard and gas detection can be fully automated.
Unified training programs can be accessed remotely. As more mining workers are contractors, training remains consistent. Certifications and qualifications are standardized across the firm.
Back-office functions also improve, with tasks such as invoicing and payment processing becoming more automated and less dependent on manual labor.
The digital mine is here. Technological innovations allow mining companies to be more nimble and profitable. Transformation is vital to future success, especially given growing price pressure and poorer material quality. Companies that embrace digital transformation will be best suited to leverage technologies for healthy gains.


Things To Do in Magical Marrakech - Go For Fun: Travel, Sailing, Photography - Inspiration, Tips, Adventures - Australia and The World!
These are the bustling markets of Marrakech, where you can pick up anything from Moroccan spices to kaftans and traditional dress, along with a massive range of cookware and furniture. You should definitely pick up some sumptuous Moroccan food for sustenance as you browse the market and haggle for bargains with the stall owners.
Marrakech's vibrant main square is always buzzing with a throng of locals and tourists, but it's at night that it really comes to life. It can be found right at the centre of the medina, and is awash with bellydancers and musicians. It's a noisy, exciting area to be in, and stalls line the edges, so take along some dirhams to pick up some souvenirs.
Art and photography enthusiasts should be sure to check out this private exhibition of over 3,500 photographs. However, perhaps more impressive are the spectacular views of the Atlas mountains from the terrace, where you can choose to grab a bite to eat as you watch the sun setting over Marrakech.
This is a former theological college with a spiritual atmosphere and sense of peace which can be hard to find in the heart of busy Marrakech. Visit the cells used by its former students as accommodation, and take in the view of the courtyard with its cedarwood and marble artwork. This building makes for many great photo opportunities, and try to spot the donkeys and carts roaming around the surrounding area.
Nestled in the southwestern quarter of the medina is the city's biggest mosque. Its minaret is 77 metres tall and created in the Umayyad style, and the mosque is made from an attractive red stone in the Almohad style. Gilded copper balls adorn the spire, decreasing in size towards the top, in a classic Moroccan design.
The 16th century Saadian Tombs house roughly 60 members of the Saadi Dynasty, and boasts traditional Islamic architecture with floral decoration, cedarwood and stucco. Tourists can also visit the Seven Saints Tombs located in the medina, which contains the bodies of seven saints said to be sleeping who will rise again one day to perform good deeds.
Marrakech is an incredible city, and it's easy to see why it's become such a popular tourist destination in recent years. It's perfect for a five day trip, or even a leisurely week can be spent here to fully explore all of the bazaars, mosques and beautiful riads of Marrakech.
Emma Lawson is a keen travel writer, and produces articles on everything from Europe's best beaches to attractions off the beaten track in some of the world's quirkier destinations.


text:
Ischemia/reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus
Daniela Virgintino, Francesco Girolamo, Marco Rizzi, Nigar Ahmedli, Grazyna B. Sadowska, Edward G. Stopa, Jiyong Zhang, Barbara S. Stonestreet
Information on the effects of injury on neovascularization in the immature brain is limited. We investigated the effects of ischemia on cerebral cortex neovascularization after the exposure of fetuses to 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 48 hours of reperfusion (I/R-48), 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 72 hours of reperfusion (I/R-72), or sham control treatment (Non-I/R). Immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses of cerebral cortex sections included immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and collagen type IV (a molecular component of the vascular basal lamina) to determine the glial vascular network in fetal brains and Ki67 as a proliferation marker. Cerebral cortices from I/R-48 and I/R-72 fetuses exhibited general responses to ischemia, including reactive astrocyte morphology, which was not observed in Non-I/R fetuses. Cell bodies of reactive proliferating astrocytes, along with large end-feet, surrounded the walls of cerebral cortex microvessels in addition to the thick collagen type IV-enriched basal lamina. Morphometric analysis of the Non-I/R group with the I/R-48 and I/R-72 groups revealed increased collagen type IV density in I/R-72 cerebral cortex microvessels (p < 0.01), which also frequently displayed a sprouting appearance characterized by growing tip cells and activated pericytes. Increases in cerebral cortex basic fibroblast growth factor were associated with neovascularization. We conclude that increased neovascularization in fetal cerebral cortices occurs within 72 hours of ischemia.
Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0000000000000071
Cerebral cortex
Ischemia/reperfusion
10.1097/NEN.0000000000000071
Dive into the research topics of 'Ischemia/reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cerebral Cortex Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Sheep Medicine & Life Sciences 96%
Fetus Medicine & Life Sciences 85%
Collagen Type IV Medicine & Life Sciences 55%
Microvessels Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
Brain Ischemia Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
Virgintino, D., Girolamo, F., Rizzi, M., Ahmedli, N., Sadowska, G. B., Stopa, E. G., Zhang, J., & Stonestreet, B. S. (2014). Ischemia/reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 73(6), 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0000000000000071
Ischemia/reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus. / Virgintino, Daniela; Girolamo, Francesco; Rizzi, Marco et al.
In: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, Vol. 73, No. 6, 06.2014, p. 495-506.
Virgintino, D, Girolamo, F, Rizzi, M, Ahmedli, N, Sadowska, GB, Stopa, EG, Zhang, J & Stonestreet, BS 2014, 'Ischemia/reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus', Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0000000000000071
Virgintino D, Girolamo F, Rizzi M, Ahmedli N, Sadowska GB, Stopa EG et al. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2014 Jun;73(6):495-506. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000071
Virgintino, Daniela ; Girolamo, Francesco ; Rizzi, Marco et al. / Ischemia/reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus. In: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2014 ; Vol. 73, No. 6. pp. 495-506.
@article{cf88191c7ae448f6bb961bb623e4b978,
title = "Ischemia/reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus",
abstract = "Information on the effects of injury on neovascularization in the immature brain is limited. We investigated the effects of ischemia on cerebral cortex neovascularization after the exposure of fetuses to 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 48 hours of reperfusion (I/R-48), 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 72 hours of reperfusion (I/R-72), or sham control treatment (Non-I/R). Immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses of cerebral cortex sections included immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and collagen type IV (a molecular component of the vascular basal lamina) to determine the glial vascular network in fetal brains and Ki67 as a proliferation marker. Cerebral cortices from I/R-48 and I/R-72 fetuses exhibited general responses to ischemia, including reactive astrocyte morphology, which was not observed in Non-I/R fetuses. Cell bodies of reactive proliferating astrocytes, along with large end-feet, surrounded the walls of cerebral cortex microvessels in addition to the thick collagen type IV-enriched basal lamina. Morphometric analysis of the Non-I/R group with the I/R-48 and I/R-72 groups revealed increased collagen type IV density in I/R-72 cerebral cortex microvessels (p < 0.01), which also frequently displayed a sprouting appearance characterized by growing tip cells and activated pericytes. Increases in cerebral cortex basic fibroblast growth factor were associated with neovascularization. We conclude that increased neovascularization in fetal cerebral cortices occurs within 72 hours of ischemia.",
keywords = "Cerebral cortex, Fetus, Ischemia/reperfusion, Neovascularization, Ovine, Sheep",
author = "Daniela Virgintino and Francesco Girolamo and Marco Rizzi and Nigar Ahmedli and Sadowska, {Grazyna B.} and Stopa, {Edward G.} and Jiyong Zhang and Stonestreet, {Barbara S.}",
doi = "10.1097/NEN.0000000000000071",
journal = "Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology",
T1 - Ischemia/reperfusion-induced neovascularization in the cerebral cortex of the ovine fetus
AU - Virgintino, Daniela
AU - Girolamo, Francesco
AU - Rizzi, Marco
AU - Ahmedli, Nigar
AU - Sadowska, Grazyna B.
AU - Stopa, Edward G.
AU - Zhang, Jiyong
AU - Stonestreet, Barbara S.
N2 - Information on the effects of injury on neovascularization in the immature brain is limited. We investigated the effects of ischemia on cerebral cortex neovascularization after the exposure of fetuses to 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 48 hours of reperfusion (I/R-48), 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 72 hours of reperfusion (I/R-72), or sham control treatment (Non-I/R). Immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses of cerebral cortex sections included immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and collagen type IV (a molecular component of the vascular basal lamina) to determine the glial vascular network in fetal brains and Ki67 as a proliferation marker. Cerebral cortices from I/R-48 and I/R-72 fetuses exhibited general responses to ischemia, including reactive astrocyte morphology, which was not observed in Non-I/R fetuses. Cell bodies of reactive proliferating astrocytes, along with large end-feet, surrounded the walls of cerebral cortex microvessels in addition to the thick collagen type IV-enriched basal lamina. Morphometric analysis of the Non-I/R group with the I/R-48 and I/R-72 groups revealed increased collagen type IV density in I/R-72 cerebral cortex microvessels (p < 0.01), which also frequently displayed a sprouting appearance characterized by growing tip cells and activated pericytes. Increases in cerebral cortex basic fibroblast growth factor were associated with neovascularization. We conclude that increased neovascularization in fetal cerebral cortices occurs within 72 hours of ischemia.
AB - Information on the effects of injury on neovascularization in the immature brain is limited. We investigated the effects of ischemia on cerebral cortex neovascularization after the exposure of fetuses to 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 48 hours of reperfusion (I/R-48), 30 minutes of cerebral ischemia followed by 72 hours of reperfusion (I/R-72), or sham control treatment (Non-I/R). Immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses of cerebral cortex sections included immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and collagen type IV (a molecular component of the vascular basal lamina) to determine the glial vascular network in fetal brains and Ki67 as a proliferation marker. Cerebral cortices from I/R-48 and I/R-72 fetuses exhibited general responses to ischemia, including reactive astrocyte morphology, which was not observed in Non-I/R fetuses. Cell bodies of reactive proliferating astrocytes, along with large end-feet, surrounded the walls of cerebral cortex microvessels in addition to the thick collagen type IV-enriched basal lamina. Morphometric analysis of the Non-I/R group with the I/R-48 and I/R-72 groups revealed increased collagen type IV density in I/R-72 cerebral cortex microvessels (p < 0.01), which also frequently displayed a sprouting appearance characterized by growing tip cells and activated pericytes. Increases in cerebral cortex basic fibroblast growth factor were associated with neovascularization. We conclude that increased neovascularization in fetal cerebral cortices occurs within 72 hours of ischemia.
KW - Cerebral cortex
KW - Fetus
KW - Ischemia/reperfusion
KW - Neovascularization
KW - Ovine
KW - Sheep
U2 - 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000071
DO - 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000071
JO - Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology
JF - Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology


text:
Chris Terrio (Nueva York, 31 de diciembre de 1976) es un director, guionista y productor de cine estadounidense. Se hizo conocido por escribir el guion de Argo, dirigida por Ben Affleck.

Trayectoria

Argo
Terrio se hizo conocido al escribir el guion de la película de Ben Affleck Argo, por la cual recibió ovación por parte de la prensa y ganó el Óscar al mejor guion adaptado y nominaciones al Globo de Oro al mejor guion y el BAFTA al mejor guion adaptado. La película también ganó el Óscar a la mejor película, el Globo de Oro a la mejor película de drama y el BAFTA a la mejor película.

Dc Cómics
En 2016, Terrio se unió al llamado Universo extendido de DC al escribir junto a David S. Goyer el guion de la película Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, dirigida por Zack Snyder. En marzo de 2016 se informó que Terrio regresaría como productor y guionista junto a Joss Whedon, para la película Liga de la Justicia basada en una historia de Zack Snyder coescrita por Terrio. Para noviembre de 2017, se espera el estreno de la adaptación del equipo de la Liga de la Justicia.

Star Wars
El 12 de septiembre de 2017 se anunció que Terrio estaría co-escribiendo el guion de Star Wars: Episodio IX - El ascenso de Skywalker con el director J.J. Abrams . La película será lanzada el 20 de diciembre de 2019

Filmografía

Premios

Premios Óscar

Premios BAFTA

Premios Globo de Oro

Premios Razzie

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Directores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Católicos de Estados Unidos
Ganadores del premio Óscar al mejor guion adaptado
Directores de cine de Estados Unidos
Guionistas de Estados Unidos
Personas de Nueva York (estado)
Alumnado de la Universidad de Cambridge
Alumnado de la Universidad de Harvard

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Anglo American Update re. Anglo American Platinum
OREANDA-NEWS. Anglo American plc draws attention to an announcement issued by Anglo American Platinum Limited, the text of which is set out below:
Anglo American Platinum concludes restructuring consultations
Anglo American Platinum Limited ("Anglo American Platinum" or "the Company") has concluded consultations with key stakeholders and unions on the plans to restructure its business.
In January, the Company announced its proposals to reduce costs and reconfigure marginal operations following an extensive review of its business which commenced in February 2012. The review is aimed at restoring the Company's profitability to ensure its long-term sustainability and increase its competitiveness in the global platinum mining industry.
Following the consultation with the Department of Mineral Resources and recognised unions in a process facilitated by the CCMA, the Company will be proceeding with the implementation of its plans which are:
baseline production to 2.2 - 2.4 million Platinum ounces per annum in the short to medium term;
consolidating the Rustenburg operations into three operating mines by integrating the Khuseleka 2 and Khomanani 1 and 2 mines into the surrounding mines. Khuseleka 1 will remain operational. The rationalisation and reconfiguration of marginal operations will result in a reduction in production capacity of approximately 250,000 ounces per annum and by an additional approximately 100,000 ounces per annum in the medium term;
consolidation of Union North and South Mines into one mine. The disposal of the mine is still planned to take place in due course;
reducing overhead costs and improving efficiencies;
As previously communicated, the number of operational jobs that are affected is approximately 6,000. In addition, approximately 900 corporate and overhead employees will also be affected. However, the ultimate number of retrenchments will depend on the conclusion of the retrenchment avoidance measures; which include voluntary severance packages, early retirement, redeployments and the filling of internal vacancies.
Chris Griffith, Chief Executive Officer of Anglo American Platinum, said "We are at a critical stage of the process and this restructuring will be a crucial step to enable us to return to profitability and to focus capital allocations on our mines that are best placed to sustain the business and create employment opportunities over the long term."
"A month's notice period for affected employees will commence on 1 September. We are very aware of the impact this process has on our employees and we are working hard to finalise the details of our Social Impact Mitigation Plan aimed at minimising the impact on employees and affected communities."
"The implementation of our proposals will help us create stability for the business and we look forward to working constructively with all our key stakeholders during this time for the benefit of all. Once we have restructured the business, we expect to be in a better position to provide more secure employment for our employees and add the much needed value to all our key stakeholders," he concluded.


text:
Q: Array is not accessible in angular.forEach Out of a factory I get data using express and MongoDB with mongoose defined on a model, but I can get the document by the id and have it on the scope but I need to iterate through the array of crews, it works with ng-repeater on the view but I want to pick one subDocument or the array $scope.contractor.crews to send it to a view on from the controller, as the output below shows it is on the $scope.
Here is the Service using $resource
  .factory('Contractors', ['$resource', function($resource){
    return $resource('/contractors/:id', null, {
   'update': { method:'PUT' }
  });
}])

Here is my call to the factory.
    $scope.contractor = Contractors.get({id: $routeParams.coid });
contractor: f
$promise: Object
$resolved: true
__v: 0
_id: "553569cbbb73900f82b8359a"
active: true
address: "In Delano too"
commission: 30
crews: Array[4]
0: Object
1: Object
2: null
3: null
length: 4
__proto__: Array[0]
fax: "6612953423"
name: "Magbar Contracting"
note: "This one has Mayra maya"
phone: "6613458584"
updated_at: "2015-04-20T21:04:11.681Z"

I have tried with
            $scope.crews = function() {
            var crews = [];
            angular.forEach($scope.contractor.crews, function(crew) {
            crews.push(crew)
            });
            return crews;
        };

        console.log($scope.crews());

but all I get is []
Thanks.

A: Change
$scope.contractor = Contractors.get({id: $routeParams.coid });

To
Contractors.get({id: $routeParams.coid }).then(function(response) {
 $scope.contractor = response;
});

because get returns a Promise object and you get the resolved value from the then callback.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Use this Metallic Feather Cascade Centerpiece to create a show-stopping table display.
Glam up your party table with a Metallic Feather Cascade Centerpiece. This amazing centerpiece features a cascade of gold or silver metallic foil feathers. The perfect way to dress up your party table.


text:
Woman suffrage | Article about woman suffrage by The Free Dictionary
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/woman+suffrage
woman suffrage
Also found in: Dictionary, Wikipedia.
Related to woman suffrage: Civil Rights movement
woman suffrage,
the right of women to vote. Throughout the latter part of the 19th cent. the issue of women's voting rights was an important phase of feminismfeminism,
movement for the political, social, and educational equality of women with men; the movement has occurred mainly in Europe and the United States. It has its roots in the humanism of the 18th cent. and in the Industrial Revolution.
..... Click the link for more information. .
It was first seriously proposed in the United States at Seneca Falls, N.Y., July 19, 1848, in a general declaration of the rights of women prepared by Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton, Elizabeth Cady,
1815–1902, American reformer, a leader of the woman-suffrage movement, b. Johnstown, N.Y. She was educated at the Troy Female Seminary (now Emma Willard School) in Troy, N.Y.
..... Click the link for more information. , Lucretia MottMott, Lucretia Coffin,
1793–1880, American feminist and reformer, b. Nantucket, Mass. She moved (1804) with her family to Boston and later (1809) to Philadelphia. A Quaker, she studied and taught at a Friends school near Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
..... Click the link for more information. , and several others. The early leaders of the movement in the United States—Susan B. AnthonyAnthony, Susan Brownell,
1820–1906, American reformer and leader of the woman-suffrage movement, b. Adams, Mass.; daughter of Daniel Anthony, Quaker abolitionist. From the age of 17, when she was a teacher in rural New York state, she agitated for equal pay for women
..... Click the link for more information. , Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Lucy StoneStone, Lucy,
1818–93, reformer and leader in the women's rights movement, b. near West Brookfield, Mass., grad. Oberlin, 1847. In 1847 she gave her first lecture on women's rights, and the following year she was engaged by the Anti-Slavery Society as one of their regular
..... Click the link for more information. , Abby Kelley FosterFoster, Abigail Kelley,
1810–87, American abolitionist and advocate of women's rights, b. near Amherst, Mass. Abby Kelley, as she was known to her contemporaries, began her crusade against slavery in 1837 after teaching in several Quaker schools.
..... Click the link for more information. , Angelina GrimkéGrimké, Angelina Emily
, 1805–79, American abolitionist and advocate of women's rights, b. Charleston, S.C. Converted to the Quaker faith by her elder sister Sarah Moore Grimké, she became an abolitionist in 1835, wrote
..... Click the link for more information. , Sarah GrimkéGrimké, Sarah Moore,
1792–1873, American abolitionist and advocate of women's rights, b. Charleston, S.C. She came from a distinguished Southern family. On a visit to Philadelphia, Sarah joined the Society of Friends.
..... Click the link for more information. , and others—were usually also advocates of temperance and of the abolition of slavery. When, however, after the close of the Civil War, the Fifteenth Amendment (1870) gave the franchise to newly emancipated African-American men but not to the women who had helped win it for them, the suffragists for the most part confined their efforts to the struggle for the vote.
The National Woman Suffrage Association, led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was formed in 1869 to agitate for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Another organization, the American Woman Suffrage Association, led by Lucy Stone, was organized the same year to work through the state legislatures. These differing approaches—i.e., whether to seek a federal amendment or to work for state amendments—kept the woman-suffrage movement divided until 1890, when the two societies were united as the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Later leaders included Anna Howard ShawShaw, Anna Howard,
1847–1919, American woman-suffrage leader, b. England. She emigrated (1851) to the United States in early childhood and grew up on a farm in Michigan. She received a degree in theology (1878) and one in medicine (1885) from Boston Univ.
..... Click the link for more information. and Carrie Chapman CattCatt, Carrie Chapman,
1859–1947, American suffragist and peace advocate, b. Carrie Lane, Ripon, Wis., grad. Iowa State College (now Iowa State Univ.), 1880. She was superintendent of schools (1883–84) in Mason City, Iowa.
Several of the states and territories (with Wyoming first, 1869) granted suffrage to the women within their borders; when in 1913 there were 12 of these, the National Woman's party, under the leadership of Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, and others, resolved to use the voting power of the enfranchised women to force a suffrage resolution through Congress and secure ratification from the state legislatures. In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution granted nation-wide suffrage to women.
The movement in Great Britain began with ChartismChartism,
workingmen's political reform movement in Great Britain, 1838–48. It derived its name from the People's Charter, a document published in May, 1838, that called for voting by ballot, universal male suffrage, annual Parliaments, equal electoral districts, no
..... Click the link for more information. , but it was not until 1851 that a resolution in favor of female suffrage was presented in the House of Lords by the earl of Carlyle. John Stuart Mill was the most influential of the British advocates; his Subjection of Women (1869) is one of the earliest, as well as most famous, arguments for the right of women to vote. Among the leaders in the early British suffrage movement were Lydia Becker, Barbara Bodichon, Emily DaviesDavies, Emily
(Sarah Emily Davies) , 1830–1921, British feminist, co-founder of Girton College, Cambridge. Educated at home, she became (1862) secretary of a committee to obtain the admission of women to university examinations.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Dr. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson; Jacob Bright presented a bill for woman suffrage in the House of Commons in 1870. In 1881 the Isle of Man granted the vote to women who owned property. Local British societies united in 1897 into the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, of which Millicent Garrett Fawcett was president until 1919.
In 1903 a militant suffrage movement emerged under the leadership of Emmeline PankhurstPankhurst, Emmeline Goulden
, 1858–1928, British woman suffragist. Disappointed in the disinterest in women's suffrage shown by the Liberal party, the Fabian Society, and the Independent Labour party, she founded (1903) her own movement, the Women's Social and Political
..... Click the link for more information. and her daughters; their organization was the Women's Social and Political Union. The militant suffragists were determined to keep their objective prominent in the minds of both legislators and the public, which they did by heckling political speakers, by street meetings, and in many other ways. The leaders were frequently imprisoned for inciting riot; many of them used the hunger strikehunger strike,
refusal to eat as a protest against existing conditions. Although most often used by prisoners, others have also employed it. For example, Mohandas Gandhi in India and Cesar Chavez in California fasted as religious penance during otherwise political or economic
..... Click the link for more information. . When World War I broke out, the suffragists ceased all militant activity and devoted their powerful organization to the service of the government. After the war a limited suffrage was granted; in 1928 voting rights for men and women were equalized.
On the European mainland, Finland (1906) and Norway (1913) were the first to grant woman suffrage; in France, women voted in the first election (1945) after World War II. Belgium granted suffrage to women in 1946. In Switzerland, however, women were denied the vote in federal elections until 1971. Among the Commonwealth nations, New Zealand granted suffrage in 1893, Australia in 1902, Canada in 1917 (except in Quebec, where it was postponed until 1940). In Latin American countries, woman suffrage was granted in Brazil (1934), Salvador (1939), the Dominican Republic (1942), Guatemala (1945), and Argentina and Mexico (1946). In the Philippines women have voted since 1937, in Japan since 1945, in mainland China since 1947, and in the Soviet Union and Russia since 1917. Women have been enfranchised in most of the countries of the Middle East where men can vote, with the exception of Saudi Arabia. In Africa, women were often enfranchised at the same time as men—e.g., in Liberia (1947), in Uganda (1958), and in Nigeria (1960). One of the first aims of the United Nations was to extend suffrage rights to the women of member nations, and in 1952 the General Assembly adopted a resolution urging such action; by the 1970s, most member nations were in compliance with it.
See The History of Woman's Suffrage (ed. by E. C. Stanton et al., 6 vol., 1881–1922); E. Pankhurst, My Own Story (1914, repr. 1970); M. Fawcett, What I Remember (1925); A. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920 (1965, repr. 1971); W. Severn, Free but Not Equal (1967); D. Morgan, Suffragists and Democrats (1972); B. Beeton, The Woman Suffrage Movement, 1869–1896 (1986); R. Darcy et al., Women, Elections and Representation (1987); L. Scharf and J. M. Jensen, ed., Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, 1920–40 (1987).
woman suffrage
Allen, Florence Ellinwood
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In Sparks and Walniuk's own words, this variable supposedly answers the simple "question of whether women were already voting in the state when mothers pensions passed." Ignoring the reality of partial woman suffrage, Sparks and Walniuk posit that states with any kind of suffrage at the time of enactment of mothers' pensions should be scored 1 for yes, while those with no suffrage at that time should be scored 0 for no.
The enactment of mothers' pensions: civic mobilization and agenda setting or benefits of the ballot?
By 1913 Kate Gordon and Laura Clay organized a Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference, a regional group opposed to the federal amendment which promoted a separate and specific southern strategy.
New Women of the New South: The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States
The question of woman suffrage is a very simple one.
Prejudice Against Women
The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History contains more than 100 digital items related to women's suffrage, including dozens of Woman Suffrage Postcards <https://s.
Celebrating the Nineteenth Amendment and Women's Suffrage: A Website Toolkit
For over fifty years, the History of Woman Suffrage stood as the authoritative primary record of the campaign for women's voting rights in the United States.
The Concise History of Woman Suffrage: Selections From History of Woman Suffrage
In terms of sheer numbers, the Woman Suffrage Amendment represented the single biggest democratizing event in American history.
How women won the vote: in the pleasant haze of half-remembered history, the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment is surrounded by images of determined suffragist on the march over the protests of buffoonish men. The reality was a lot more interesting than that
Emily Leighton, his wife Carrie Chapman Cart, former president, National American Woman Suffrage Association
Iron jawed angels: in 1917, the U.S. went to war to save democracy in Europe. But in America, women could not vote. Alice Paul and courageous women like her campaigned to change that
Woman Citizen, Public Spectacle: Victoria Claflin Woodhull and Woman Suffrage, 1870-1872, Angela G.
Woman Citizen, Public Spectacle: Victoria Claflin Woodhull and Woman Suffrage, 1870-1872. (Abstracts)
Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage, by Ellen Carol DuBois.
Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage
When historian Ellen Dubois first began her scholarly work on woman suffrage in the late 1960s, few in the developing field of women's history shared her interest in the long struggle for the vote or her insistence on the primacy of formal politics to women's history.
Woman Suffrage and Women's Rights
For example, she suggests that "the majority of suffragists appeared more reluctant than male legislators to argue for woman suffrage as a means of guaranteeing white supremacy," (p.
Southern Strategies: Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question
Using the newspaper as a launching pad, Stanton and Anthony founded the national Woman Suffrage Association.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: freethinker and radical revisionist
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Anthony D. Slonim | 100 Physician Leaders to Know 2015
Staff - Monday, October 19th, 2015 Print	| Email
Anthony D. Slonim, MD. President and CEO of Renown Health (Reno, Nev.). Dr. Slonim has more than 15 years of healthcare executive experience, and before being appointed president and CEO of Renown Health, was executive vice president and CMO of Barnabas Health in West Orange, N.J., CMO of Shady Grove Adventist Hospital in Rockville, Md., and vice president of medical affairs at Carilion Medical Center in Roanoke, Va. Dr. Slonim holds faculty appointments at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in Newark and the Jefferson College of Nursing and Health in Roanoke, Va., and is a tenured professor at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in Roanoke. He is a fellow of the American College of Physician Executives and the College of Critical Care Medicine and is board-certified in internal medicine, pediatrics, internal medical critical care and pediatric critical care.


Tag line: "Witchcraft enters the computer age, and a different terror begins"
Many fans of Halloween and Halloween II never warmed up to 1982's Halloween III: Season of the Witch. The reason, of course, is that, unlike the previous films, soulless killer Michael Myers is nowhere to be found. With Halloween III: Season of the Witch, executive producers John Carpenter and Debra Hill were hoping to launch what would have become an anthology of sorts, with a new Halloween movie, each telling a different story, released every year around the holiday. It was a great concept, and I kinda wish they'd had a chance to expand upon it. Unfortunately, it wasn't to be.
Several days before Halloween, Dr. Daniel Challis (Tom Atkins) is pulled into a bizarre mystery when an elderly patient, who was brought into the hospital clutching a Halloween mask, is murdered while still under his care. Joined by the dead man's daughter, Ellie (Stacey Nelkin), Dr. Challis heads to the small California town of Santa Mira, the headquarters of the Silver Shamrock Company, producers of the hottest Halloween mask on the planet. Thanks to their intensive marketing campaign (which includes a jingle you won't soon forget), Silver Shamrock has sold millions of masks all across the United States. What's more, they're telling kids to tune in to a special Halloween night program, which they should watch while still in costume. But as Dr. Challis and Ellie probe deeper into the matter, they discover the CEO of Silver Shamrock, Conal Cochran (Dan O'Herlihy), is plotting something that, if successful, will result in the deaths of thousands, possibly even millions, of innocent people.
Aside from a few brief scenes where the original Halloween is playing on TV, Halloween III has no tie-in whatsoever with Michael Myers, Dr. Loomis, Laurie Strode or Haddonfield, Illinois. Yet, despite its differences from the first two entries, Halloween III is a fun film in its own right. Sure, it's not perfect (there's a link to Stonehenge that doesn't make much sense), but the movie boasts a handful of noteworthy scenes, the best of which is a sequence where Cochran tests his devious plan on the family of Buddy Kupfer (Ralph Strait), a salesman who, because he sold so many masks, was given a V.I.P. tour of the plant. After being placed in a small room, Buddy's son Little Buddy (Brad Schacter) puts on his Silver Shamrock mask and watches the program scheduled to air on Halloween night. Needless to say, things get a bit out of hand, and the resulting carnage is something you won't soon forget. Also memorable is Conal Cochran's history lesson of sorts, where he discusses the true origin of Halloween (flawlessly delivered by O'Herlihy, it proves a fascinating monologue).
Admittedly, I'm a fan of the Halloween series, including the movies that followed Halloween III, all of which once again featured Michael Myers (Halloween IV: The Return of Michael Myers and Halloween V: The Revenge of Michel Myers are both solid horror films). That said, I can't help but wonder what stories might have been told had Carpenter and Hill had a chance to continue their initial plan for the series. I don't blame the fans, really, for not embracing Halloween III: Season of the Witch. For me, the fault lies with whoever decided to add the number "3" to this film (which led people to believe it was yet another sequel to the classic original). It's all water under the bridge now, of course, but the fact that I enjoyed Halloween III: Season of the Witch makes the failure of Carpenter and Hill's concept a little harder to bear.
Congratulations. This is an impressive milestone.
Thanks, Jared! I appreciate that!
I haven't seen this one, but it's one that my brother has told me more than once he thinks is far better than its reputation.
This movie is so much fun. The 'little Buddy scene' is so insane and one of the most mean spirited sequences in a mainstream horror film but it totally works.
O'Herlihy is so good in this movie. I think he's always overlooked when people discuss the best Horror villains.
And of course Tom Atkins; I actually prefer this to "Night of the Creeps," but that's not slam on "Creeps."
Recently discovered the blog and really enjoying going through all the reviews. Congrats on hitting 1,500. What an awesome movie to hit that milestone with.
@SJHoneywell: Yeah, can't believe I've made it to 60%! Time hs flown. And I definitely agree with your brother!


Argentine tango originated from the streets of Buenos Aires over one hundred years ago. It is an intimate sensual and dynamic dance with a strong emphasis on the connection between two people. Argentine tango is completely improvised and in the moment. For many, tango is both an addiction and a way of life.
This course is aimed at those with some prior experience in Argentine Tango (such as those who have taken our beginners course).
You will expand and develop upon what you have already learnt to establish an ever stronger ambience for the dance that is Argentine Tango.


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Fatal motorcycle crash reported on I-5; witnesses say rider was driving over 100 mph
Caleb Lunetta
California Highway Patrol officers investigate the scene of a fatal crash on Saturday, May 2, 2020. Dan Watson / The Signal.
First responders were called to the scene of a fatal motorcycle crash on the southbound side of Interstate 5 in Castaic Saturday.
The call came in around noon that a motorcycle had crashed in the center divider of the freeway south of Parker Road, according to Supervisor Bernard Peters of the Los Angeles County Fire Department.
"It is a fatal collision," said Officer Peter Nicholson of the California Highway Patrol Traffic Management office, adding that a coroner was on the way to the scene of the crash.
Officer Josh Greengard of California High Patrol said the victim was a man in his 30's and had been pronounced dead on the scene.
"Witnesses had him over 100 mph (before he) crashed," said Greengard, adding that the rider was on a Suzuki bike.
An investigation is being conducted, but it appears the rider flew off his motorcycle before the fatal impact, according to officials.
The motorcycle was reportedly on fire following the crash, but no fire was found when officials arrived on the scene, Peters said.
A traffic break is being conducted by CHP officers while the scene is investigated.
Caleb Lunetta covers government, criminal justice, education and breaking news for The Signal. He joined in Nov. 2018 and previously worked as a supply chain engineer in Veterans Affairs hospitals. He is a graduate of Cal State University, Northridge and a proud College of the Canyons Model United Nations alumnus. Have a story tip? Message him on Twitter (@lunettcaleb) or at [email protected]


Yesterday morning I was interviewed on Channel 9 Mornings about driverless cars. You can view the segment by clicking on the image below.
* Safety. Humans are highly fallible, as self-driving cars improve we can be confident they will in the (vast) majority of cases be safer than human drivers.
* Vehicle efficiency. Driverless cars can be continually operational and do not need to be tied to a single driver, meaning we can have far fewer vehicles.
* Fuel and road efficiency. Self-driving cars can be designed to be far more energy-efficient, and once there is a sufficient proportion of self-driving cars on the road, they can interact with each other to create optimal road efficiency, reducing traffic jams and travel time.
* Time and attention. Across major cities globally, average daily commute time is an hour or longer. This adds up to two weeks of waking time a year that is available for work, entertainment, or socializing.
* No drunk driving. Depending on your perspective, this creates far safer roads, or more opportunities to over-indulge.
* Free up parking spaces. Self-driving cars can drop people off and trundle off to somewhere convenient. The massive amount of parking in prime destinations can be freed up for better uses.
Of course there is not only upside. Beyond the technological, regulatory, and financial issues that need to be addressed to get driverless cars common on the roads, there will be a real impact on jobs as drivers transition to other work, as well as the reality that technology is vulnerable to compromise.
There is a very high degree of uncertainty on the pace of adoption of driverless cars, as it is driven by regulatory change. While four states in the US, UK and France are allowing driverless cars on the road for testing, suggesting that other countries could follow suit and the technology rapidly become widespread, that could easily change.
However the social and environmental benefits are compelling. Let's make it happen.


When will be SuperSecret TV Formulas next episode air date? Is SuperSecret TV Formulas renewed or cancelled? Where to countdown SuperSecret TV Formulas air dates? Is SuperSecret TV Formulas worth watching?
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World Swimsuit/Fresh Faces /Fresh Face – Ashley Moore
Fresh Face – Ashley Moore
It's the start of a new week and just like every other Monday here at World Swimsuit it's time for a fresh start.
Speaking of fresh, we have another fresh face to show the world. We chose another model who we think will be all over the model/fashion world soon.
Model, Ashley Moore, is who we are talking about. Born on July 15, 1993, in Oceanside, California, Ashley hails from a military family and as a result moved around a lot during her younger years.
Since then the model has slowly been working to establish herself through her work for brands such as Same Swim, Lexus and GQ.
A few years ago, her face was all over the internet as it was reported she was dating a name quite a few might know, Justin Bieber. While the two are no longer dating, it certainly put her firmly in the public eye and everyone is starting to remember who she is.
She has also gone on to feature in none other than Drake's video for his hit single "Hold on, We're Going Home" where she plays his love interest and gets saved by the Canadian hitmaker. She looks up to fellow model, Chanel Iman as one of her role models and sights Angelina Jolie as another of her inspirations due to acting skills and business acumen.
Ashely is currently managed by IMG Models and you can see more of the beauty by checking out her Instagram over here.
Evy Markovits, An Absolute Delight
The Divine Monday Fresh Face: Trish Badzé
Anna-Christina Schwartz A German-American Model Who Has Appeared In Campaigns For Brands Karl Lagerfeld, Maybelline, And Victoria's Secret


Mangaluru, Mar 15 2017: DK district jail in the heart of Mangaluru city has often come into the limelight more often; the recent escape of an undertrial from the jail accentuates the problems plaguing this jail. Shortage of staff, lack of proper security and improper location.
The Karnataka government and the prisons department seem to be fully in the know of the serious lacunae the jail is riddled with, yet it does not seem that much has been done to pre-empt and correct. Last weeks jailbreak is a first in 26 years, the inmate has just been caught in Sullia; a similar incident was reported in 1991.
The Jail's superintendent V Krishnamurthy is reported to have said, "For a while now two prisons are being run by us here, old and new, prison staff is seriously short. The government sanctioned Karnataka State Industrial Security Force staff last year, but they are unable to fully take charge."
About that undertrial's escape recently, Superintendent Krishnamurthy said he was not authorized to make a public statement and desisted.
On the condition of anonymity a person aware of matetrs is reported to have said this DK district prison houses 425 persons, including 14 women undertrials (total: 439)as against its capacity of 210; that is more than double. Undertrials are crammed into cells, there are incidents like faction feuds between gangsters who frequently cross paths during their detention.
The M'luru jail has witnessed several untoward happenings in past two years. Isubu and Ganesh were associates of underworld don Chhota Shakeel, said to be a rival of Vikki. The incident set off clashes between supporters of Isubu and Ganesh and the five, leaving Shobraj grievously injured.
In November 2015, five henchmen of Akashbhavan Sharan, an associate of fugitive Vikki Shetty, attacked Madoor Isubu, 41, and his friend Ganesh Shetty, 45, with sharp-edged weapons when the duo was outside their perimeter block, fatally assaulting them. The five were lodged in jail as undertrials.
The other incidents include smuggling of ganja into the prison by associates of undertrials, relatives and friends. Such cases are regularly booked at the jurisdictional Barke police station. "And we often hear about witnesses throwing food packets and other consumables into the jail. This is easy to carry out because the location of the jail lends itself into a perfect platform," a third prison personnel TOI spoke to said on condition of anonymity.
Staffing : Sources with due knowledge said the prison department, ordered a high-level probe into the escape of undertrial Jinappa Parava, 37, seems to feel the jail staff are at fault. Belagavi division DIG T P Shesha conducted the probe.
"The report said night duty staff present at the spot were asleep when Jinappa made good his escape. CCTV footage shows the incident took place at 3.39am," such a situation in precarious to the law and order of the land.
Place for the accused is extended?
the number of crimes are increasing so naturally the accused arrested also increase , Naturally capacity has to be doubled..


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We research insider buying and selling in expert and broker markets, utilizing the trades of inventory agents who had enhance copies of a inventory research column in company Week journal. we discover that raises in cost and quantity take place after educated trades. in the course of knowledgeable buying and selling, industry makers reduce intensity. intensity falls extra at the NYSE and Amex than at the Nasdaq. Spreads elevate at the NYSE and Amex, yet no longer at the Nasdaq. we discover none of those pre-release adjustments in a nontraded regulate pattern of shares pointed out within the column. Our effects exhibit that insider buying and selling has a destructive influence on industry liquidity; intensity is a vital software to regulate uneven info chance; and expert markets are greater at detecting educated trades.
Graziano has a Bachelor of Business Administration from Baruch College, City University of New York and a Master of Science in journalism from Iona College. Acknowledgements Special thanks to Lorna Raagas for assisting with response analysis, to Diane Albergo and Susan Cully for their contributions in developing the survey instrument, and to William Sinnett and the FERF Research Committee for their feedback regarding the project. About Financial Executives Research Foundation, Inc. Financial Executives Research Foundation, Inc.
Bryan S. Neider, VP and CFO, Worldwide Studio, Electronic Arts Pamela Penny, SVP of Finance, HCC Insurance Holdings, Inc.
Pfizer Inc. Procter & Gamble Co. Siemens AG Sony Corporation of America Tenneco The Chrysler Foundation Time Warner Inc Tyco International (US) Inc United Technologies Corporation Special thanks to: Peter E. Hornstra, CAO, Thermo Fisher Scientific Jearld L. Leonhardt, EVP and CFO, CommScope, Inc. Bryan S. Neider, VP and CFO, Worldwide Studio, Electronic Arts Pamela Penny, SVP of Finance, HCC Insurance Holdings, Inc.


Scroll down for descriptions, links to agendas, link to register, and a map to where we are located!
NOTE: All Workshops require some preparation so you can "hit the ground running"
Click here to find us: MAP To the MTTC <= Note, ALL the workshops will be at UNM's MTTC.
This workshop covers several important introductory topics related to MEMS fabrication: Crystallography, Oxidation, Light Interference and Etch. Participants will complete several activities to help them better identify crystal planes of silicon wafers, determine silicon oxide thickness based on its color, and calculate and estimate the growth rates and the etch rates of silicon dioxide. Workshop discussions will include where and how this material and the related activities can be incorporated into an existing curriculum.
This workshop covers a fabrication process for a MEMS pressure sensor. After studying the 10 step process, participants will complete two of the process steps (lift-off and anisotropic etch) using actual fabricated chips. Participants will also study 10 chips that represent each step of the fabrication process. They will identify the process represented by each chip and arrange the chips in the correct process order. Workshop discussions will include where and how this material and the related activities can be incorporated into an existing curriculum.
This workshop is a capstone activity that encompasses MEMS applications, MEMS components, and MEMS fabrication. Participants will work in teams to design and develop a component for a MEMS that addresses a specific problem in one of three fields: biomedical, environmental, or consumer product. Once the component is designed and constructed, the team will develop a process flow which addresses the fabrication building blocks needed to build the MEMS component. Workshop discussions will include where and how this material and the related activities can be incorporated into an existing curriculum.
You are encouraged to bring your laptop and digital camera!