Lab measurements for repeatability and reliability available on request.
Containing 1 Optical Head Adapter (D-shape), 1 Gauge, 1 Fiber Holder for fiber diameters 0 - 400µm and 1 Fiber Holder for fiber diameters 400 - 900µm.
Containing 1 Optical Head Adapter (threaded), 1 Gauge, 1 fiber Holder for fiber diameters 0 - 400µm and 1 Fiber holder for fiber diameters 400 - 900µm.
Containing 1 Optical Sensor Adapter, 1 Gauge, 1 Fiber Holder for fiber diameters 0 - 400µm and 1 Fiber Holder for fiber diameters 400 - 900µm.
The combination of light weight and low price allows to keep the fiber holder during the complete production process with the DUT without stress on the fiber.
The high repeatability on connection allows easy handling with the benefits of fixed connector interfaces.
The V-groove technique significantly reduces the stress onto the fiber and reduces polarization dependencies.
The bare fiber adapter can be used with power heads and power sensor modules, which allows you to use the connection of the DUT via most of the test stations in your production line.


Positioned on a popular executive development and within walking distance of the village, a well-presented detached family home with flexible accommodation throughout. Landscaped private gardens and garage.
From our office proceed down the High Street in the direction of Nantwich passing the Tarporley Community Centre on the left hand side. Take the next left after the petrol station into Eaton Road and pass Tarporley High School on the right. In a short distance turn right onto Bowmere Road and continue into Brook Road. Take the next right into Rue De Bohars and follow the road to the right. The property will be found on the right hand side.
Tiled floor, low level WC, vanity washbasin with tiled splashback, window to front and radiator.
Oak flooring, bay window to front, inset fireplace with surround and hearth and radiator.
Windows to sides and rear, double doors to rear, wall light points and radiator.
Accessed via Entrance Hall and Dining Room.
Tiled floor, fitted with a range of wall and base units comprising cupboards and drawers. Base units with worksurfaces over and tiled splashback, inset one and a half bowl single drainer sink unit with mixer tap, inset five gas ring Rangemaster cooker with stainless steel splashback and extractor hood over, space for fridge/freezer, space and plumbing for dishwasher, window and double glazed doors to rear and radiator.
Tiled floor, fitted with a range of wall and base units comprising cupboards and drawers. Base units with worksurfaces over and tiled splashback, inset stainless steel single bowl and drainer sink unit with mixer tap, door to side, space and plumbing for washing machine and separate dryer and space for additional fridge/freezer.
Bay window to front, built-in wardrobes and radiator.
Fully tiled walls, low level WC, pedestal washbasin with mixer tap, shower unit with wall mounted shower head over, window to front and heated towel radiator.
Wood laminate flooring, window to rear and radiator.
Tiled floor, fully tiled walls, low level WC, pedestal washbasin with mixer tap, panelled bath with mixer tap and separate wall mounted shower head over, window to rear and wall mounted heated towel rail.
To the rear there is a raised decked sitting area ideal for outside entertainment that steps down onto the garden which is mainly laid to lawn with planted borders, further steps down to an additional sitting area and fenced boundaries creating privacy.
To the front there is a further garden which is mainly laid to lawn with planted borders and hedged boundaries.


text:
FDBusiness.com
AIPIA
Interpack Preview
Packaging & Environment
Top 100 Food Companies
Total Processing Preview
EU Trade Surplus in Agri-food at €18 Billion Over 12 Months
DMK Group Expands Further in Ice Cream DMK Group is expanding its existing portfolio in the ice cream sector with new creations for the Milram and Baileys brands, while also further expanding its partnerships with other well-known...
Visitors to Irish Whiskey Distilleries Exceed 1 Million For First Time Over one million people visited Irish whiskey distilleries and brand homes last year, the first time visitor numbers have exceeded the one-million mark. That is according to Drinks Ireland/Irish Whiskey Association,...
Mergers & Acquisitions – Biggest Buyers and Sellers in 2019 Orkla, Pernod Ricard, Nestlé, Asahi, PepsiCo, Lactalis, Anheuser-Busch InBev, Azelis, Berlin Packaging, Kirin and Waterlogic were the most acquisitive companies of 2019, according to the bevblog.net food and drink transactions database,...
Tailored Insights For the Food Industry at Packaging Innovations 2020 Packaging Innovations 2020 will host curated content designed to tackle the biggest challenges faced by the food, drink, beauty, pharmaceutical and healthcare, e-commerce, and retail sectors, as part of the show's...
Fazer Becomes Market Leader in Gluten-free Bakery Products Fazer Group is continuing to execute its growth strategy and invest in growing product categories by acquiring Vuohelan Herkku's bakery and mill businesses. Vuohelan Herkku is one of the forerunners...
For the 12-months period November 2015 to October 2016, EU agri-food exports reached a value of €129.9 billion, corresponding to an increase by 1.9% in value terms compared to the same period one year ago, according to the latest monthly report of EU Agri-Food Trade. Considering that agri-food imports from third countries in the 12-months period November 2015 to October 2016 slightly decreased to reach €112 billion, the export surplus for the 12-months period thus increased to more than €18 billion.
The latest figures from October 2016 show that Japan has now overtaken Russia as the 4th most important export destination of EU agri-food products after the USA, China and Switzerland. The EU net-surplus in agri-food trade with Japan has been around €5 billion annually for the last years. EU producers mainly export to Japan pork, wine and vermouth, cheese and spirits and liqueurs.
Warning: count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable in /home/fdbusiness/public_html/wp-content/themes/legatus-theme/includes/single/post-tags.php on line 5
Lindt & Sprungli Beats Sales and Earnings Targets
Hain Celestial Acquires Churchill Foods
Encouraging First Half by Tate & Lyle
Food & Drink Business Conference & Exhibition 2016
[eventlist]
find food jobs
F&D Business Preferred Suppliers
Add a Business now!
New Subscriber
Which is the capital city of Great Britain?
© 2019 Copyright Premier Publishing. All Rights reserved.
Designed by PREMIER PUBLISHING

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Celebrating a 177-year heritage, Holt Renfrew is recognized worldwide for an inspired shopping experience. Once a purveyor of fashion to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Holt Renfrew began in 1837 as a modest hat shop. Over the years the brand developed and expanded across Canada. In the 1930's Holt Renfrew began exclusive accounts with leading European designers and in 1947 hosted Monsieur Christian Dior when he launched his "New Look." After many years of foreign ownership Holt Renfrew was bought in 1986 by W. Galen and the Hon. Hilary M. Weston. Under their ownership Holt Renfrew has become Canada's destination for luxury retail.


text:
\subsection*{Introduction}

Room-temperature ionic liquids display densely packed layers with
periodically varying charge next to charged substrates,
described in~\cite{dosch08}, and earlier e.g.~\cite{atkin07}. This
phenomenon has been observed in numerous experiments and simulations,
see e.g.~\cite{perkin10,zhou12,smith13,cheng16,smith17}; for a review,
see \cite{varela15}.

As argued already in~\cite{dosch08} the quantitative description of
the electrostatic properties of these layers, with their observed
unusual packing of cation and anions, cannot be covered by the
standard mean-field approach based on the {lattice-gas}
Poisson-Boltzmann equation.  {What is necessary is its generalization
  either in terms of structural contributions to the free energy,
  leading to micro phase separation and charge layering
  \cite{Gavish16}, or solving the lattice Coulomb gas model beyond the
  mean-field approximation \cite{Demery12a,Demery12a}.}  Recently,
however, a phenomenological Poisson-Boltzmann equation of fourth-order
has been postulated and applied to the structure of double layers in
ionic liquids~\cite{bazant11}. The origin of the higher order term is
argued to be due to correlations between the ions, {an effect known to
  fundamentally affect the behavior of ionic fluids
  \cite{Perspective}}.  Fourth-order Poisson-Boltzmann equations have
indeed appeared in other contexts, e.g.~by invoking additional ad-hoc
parameters in order to separate out the ion correlation effects on
different length scales \cite{santangelo06}. They can also appear in
phenomenological nonlocal theories, see e.g.~\cite{paillusson10},
where they can arise from specific forms of the wave-vector dependent
dielectric function.

The arguments leading to a simple fourth-order {Poisson-Boltzmann } equation in the
context of ionic liquids have been, however, somewhat sketchy.  The
atomistic simulations of~\cite{zhou12}, compared to this theory,
reveal deviations which should not be present if the theory can
correctly account for the correlation effects. Despite the substantial body
of work that has emerged meanwhile on the topic, a better
understanding of the underlying physics is certainly warranted.

Recently, two of us (ACM, RP) have studied (asymmetric) steric
interactions in electrostatic double layers with Legendre transform
methods~\cite{maggs16}. The starting point of this work is the free energy
of a homogeneous binary charged mixture, from which generalized
Poisson-Boltzmann equations can be systematically derived {in a form,
valid for any assumed equation of state of the uncharged fluid}. The resulting {Poisson-Boltzmann } equations,
however, remain partial differential equations of the second order, but with different types
of local nonlinearities which cover steric effects, see also the
earlier work~\cite{borukhov97,borukhov00}. Rather surprisingly,
arbitrary fluid mixtures were shown to give rise to  {Poisson-Boltzmann } equations, in
which one requires only knowledge of the non-electrostatic fluid
pressure as a function of the chemical potentials of the individual
components.

In this work, we present a formal derivation of generalized
Poisson-Boltzmann equations, where the appearance of higher-order
derivative terms {in the local density} is directly linked to the spatial variation in the
concentration of the ions in the binary mixture. It arises both within
a squared-gradient approach or a more general weighted density
approximation in the free energy density. Interestingly, the equation
governing the electrostatic potential appears, to lowest relevant
order, as a fourth-order partial differential equation whose
coefficients, however, in general depend on the {\sl non-electrostatic} equation of state. As
a first application of this type of equation we compare its solutions
to those of the phenomenological equation employed by Bazant et
al.~\cite{bazant11}. We show that even with these generalisations the
only input needed by the theory is again the pressure function of the
non-electrostatic problem. The phenomenological coefficients
of~\cite{bazant11} are found in terms of {this non-electrostatic} pressure function.

\subsection*{Theory}

The starting point of our discussion is the free energy expression for
a charged binary mixture, composed of two contributions,
$ {\cal F} = {\cal F}_{electro} + {\cal F}_{fluid} $, where the
{electrostatic} contribution is given by the expression
\begin{equation} \label{eq:df} {\cal F}_{electro}[\{ c_i \}, {\bf D} ]
  = \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r} \left [ \frac{{\bf D}^2}{2\varepsilon} - \phi (\mbox{div}
    {\bf D} - e z_i c_i) \right ]
\end{equation}
while the fluid term can be either the sum of a local free energy plus
a squared gradient
\begin{equation} \label{eq:gradf} {\cal F}_{fluid}[\{c_i\}] =
  \frac{1}{2} \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r} \left [f(\{c_i\}) - \mu_i c_i + \kappa_{ij}
    \nabla c_i \nabla c_j \right ]
\end{equation}
{where the interaction strengths $\kappa_{ij}$ are proportional to the
  bulk correlation lengths}, or can be written in a weighted density form
\begin{equation}
  {\cal F}_{fluid}[\{c_i\}] = \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r}\, f(w(c_i)) \label{eq:weighted}
\end{equation}
where $w$ is supposed to be a linear, nonlocal function
\cite{curtin}. Note that, in the expressions, we have employed Einstein's
summation convention and that in what follows, we will be rather
careless in the exact symbol (and name) used for the various free
energies $\mathcal F$. We perform multiple and sometimes non-standard
Legendre transforms, while the stationary points of all the objects
that we construct have the same value.

The local contribution to eq.xs~(\ref{eq:gradf}) is the free energy of
an isothermal binary mixture with the concentrations $c_i$ and was the
basis of the discussion that in~\cite{maggs16} led to a general theory
of asymmetric steric interactions in electrostatic double layers; the
$\mu_i$ are the chemical potentials; ${\bf D}$ is the dielectric
displacement field, $\varepsilon = \epsilon\epsilon_0$ the relative
dielectric permeability, the $z_i$ the valencies of the charged
species and $\phi$ is the Lagrange multiplier which takes care of
Gauss' law, i.e.\ the electrostatic potential.

In~\cite{maggs16}, the theory on the mean-field level was transformed
into a free energy expression for the electrostatic potential
$\phi({\bf r})$. This was achieved by making use of the Legendre
transform approach developed in~\cite{ralfe,maggsxx}. The same
approach can be applied here, where in addition we further first
introduce a vector-valued variable for the concentration gradient
given by ${\bf v}_i \equiv \nabla c_i\, $ with an associated
multiplier ${\bf g}_i$. An integration by parts and regrouping of
terms in eq.~(\ref{eq:gradf}) leads to the expression
\begin{align} \label{eq:result}
  {\cal F}[\{c_i\},& {\bf D},{\bf v}_i]  =   \\
                   & \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r}  \left(f(\{ c_i \}) - (\mu_i + ez_i\phi + \nabla \cdot {\bf g}_i)c_i \right) \nonumber \\
  + & \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r} \left(\frac{{\bf D}^2}{2\varepsilon} + \nabla \phi
      \cdot {\bf D} + \frac{\kappa_{ij}}{2}{\bf v}_i{\bf v}_j - {\bf
      g}_i \cdot {\bf v}_i\right) \nonumber
\end{align}
We now recognise that the stationary point of this functional with
respect to the concentration leads to the Legendre transform of the
fluid free energy, thus
\begin{align} \label{eq:grad}
  {\cal F}[\phi, \{{\bf g}_i\}]  &= - \int d^3{\bf r} \, \kappa_{ij}^{-1}\frac{{\bf g}_i{\bf g}_j}{2} \\
  - & \int d^3{\bf r} (\frac{\varepsilon}{2}{(\nabla \phi)}^2 +
      P(\{\mu_i - \phi e z_i + \nabla \cdot {\bf g}_i\}) ) \nonumber
\end{align}
where $P$ is the fluid pressure expressed as a function of the
set of chemical potentials ${\mu_i}$, as discussed in~\cite{maggs16}.  It is important
to note that the Lagrange multiplier $ {\bf g}_i$ enters as an
argument to the pressure function which is in general a highly
nonlinear function.  We recall at this point the fundamental
Gibbs-Duhem relation linking derivatives of $P$ to the concentration,
\begin{equation}
  c_i = \frac{\partial P}{\partial \mu_i}.
\end{equation}

The variational equations found by taking derivatives of the free
energy eq.~(\ref{eq:grad}) have a simple first integral in
one-dimensional geometries. This integral can be found using the
standard construction of a Hamiltonian from a Lagrangian, taking the
coordinate $x$ as equivalent to the time in a particle system, while the conserved quantity is not an energy,
but rather the total pressure in the fluid (where external charges are absent) which can be derived as
\begin{equation} \label{osmo} p = - \epsilon \frac{(\partial_x
    \phi)^2}{2} +P + \frac{ g_i g_j}{2 \kappa_{ij}} - (\partial_x g_i)
  c_i
\end{equation}
Far from any external sources, where the potential and $g_i$ become
constant, this reduces simply to the neutral fluid pressure function
$P$.

We now take a fluid free energy based on the weighted functional form
eq.~(\ref{eq:weighted}). {The weighted density approximation is a
  more sophisticated approximation than the square gradient
  approximation. It supposes that one can evaluate the free energy of
  a non-uniform fluid from the equation of state of a uniform
  system. However the argument of the uniform state function is a non-local
  average of the density in some local neighbourhood. Typically such
  methods give more robust descriptions of fluid behaviour, above all
  in the presence of strong gradients. In the most sophisticated
  theories the weighting kernel is also calculated from the
  correlations of the equilibrium fluid but here we will take a very
  simplified form of the kernel as a Yukawa form, with range
  $k_i^{-1}$. This specific choice allows us to make considerable
  simplifications in the theory}.  The total free energy of the system is then
\begin{equation}
  {\mathcal F} = \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r} \, \left [ - \mu_i c_i + f({w_i\ast c_i}) +\frac{{\bf D}^2}{2 \varepsilon} - \phi ({{\rm div}\; } {\bf D} -
    e z_i c_i )  \right ] \nonumber
\end{equation}
Where by $w_i \ast c_i$ we mean the convolution of the concentration
field $c_i$ with the Yakawa kernel of range $k_i^{-1}$. We pull out the
weighting function as an argument of $f$ by introducing a local
density $d_i= w_i \ast c_i$:
\begin{align}
  {\mathcal F} = \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r}  [ - \mu_i c_i + f(d_i) +& \frac{{\bf D}^2}{2 \varepsilon} - \phi ({{\rm div}\; } {\bf D} -
                                                     e z_i c_i ) \\ -& \lambda_i (
                                                                       d_i - w_i\ast c_i) ] \nonumber
\end{align}
where again $\lambda_i$ is a Lagrange multiplier. All the
concentrations $c_i$ occur linearly allowing us to perform the
Legendre transform:
\begin{equation}
  {\mathcal F} =  - \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r}\, \left [ \varepsilon \frac {{(\nabla \phi)}^2} {2}
    -P(\{w_i^{-1} (\mu - e z_i \phi) ) \}   \right ]
\end{equation}
It is here that the utility of the choice of a Yukawa function becomes
clear as the inverse operator is then $w^{-1} = 1 -
\nabla^2/k_i^2$.
This gives the final {Poisson-Boltzmann } functional for the weighted density
approximation that involves purely the electrostatic potential,
without the introduction of any supplementary degrees of freedom:
\begin{equation}
  {\mathcal F} =  \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r} \left [ - \varepsilon \frac {{(\nabla
        \phi)}^2} {2}  -P\left ( \left  \{ (1
      -\frac{\nabla^2}{k_i^2} ) (\mu_i - e z_i \phi ) \right \} \right )  \right ].
  \label{eq:G2}
\end{equation}
{Within this local density approximation} we have therefore derived a
generalisation of the {Poisson-Boltzmann } equation with a Laplacian within
 the pressure function, $P$. We note that eq.~(\ref{eq:G2}) leads,
on expansion in gradients, to a free energy which is a series in
$(\nabla^2\phi)$. Retaining terms up to second order leads directly to
the free energies of the form proposed in~\cite{bazant11}.

\subsection*{Lowest order elimination of the gradient multiplier}

In eq.~(\ref{eq:result}) we can expand the pressure function to first order in
$({{\rm div}\; } \gg_i)$ to find:
\begin{equation}
F \approx \int {\rm d^3}{\bf r}  \left ( -P - c_i {{\rm div}\; } \gg_i   - \epsilon \frac{(\nabla
  \phi)^2}{2}  - \frac { \gg_i \gg_j }{2 \kappa_{ij} } \right )    \label{eq:approx}
\end{equation}
We  now integrate by parts and solve for $\gg_i$
\begin{equation}
\gg_i \approx \kappa_{ij} \nabla c_j
\end{equation}
Substituting back and using Gibbs-Duhem gives an effective action in
terms of only a potential variable:
\begin{align}
{\mathcal F} =&\int {\rm d^3}{\bf r}  \left [  -P + (\nabla P_i) \frac{\kappa_{ij} }{2}(\nabla P_j)   - \epsilon \frac{(\nabla
  \phi)^2}{2} \right ] \nonumber \\
=&\int {\rm d^3}{\bf r}  \left [ -P - \frac{(\nabla \phi)^2 }{2}  \left (\varepsilon  - \kappa_{ij}
   e^2 z_k z_l \frac{d  c_k}{d \mu_i} \frac{d c_l}   {d \mu_j} \right )
   \right ]
\label{eq:eff}
\end{align}
since $c_l$ is clearly itself a derivative of the pressure.
The lowest order correction to the Poisson-Boltzmann function has the
appearance of an effective shift in the dielectric properties of the fluid {or indeed implies that the molecular structure
of the system renormalizes its dielectric response}.

\subsection* {Application: The symmetric electrolyte and the
 {square} gradient approximation in one dimension}

We now develop further the application of eq.~(\ref{eq:grad}), which unlike
eq.~(\ref{eq:G2}) is not directly of the {Poisson-Boltzmann } form, involving only a
functional of the electrostatic potential. We work with a symmetric
binary mixture and impose a one-dimensional geometry, having in mind
one and two-plate problems. {The electroneutrality condition is trivially
satisfied since no external charge is considered in the model. }

In this case the free energy expression, eq~(\ref{eq:grad}) reduces to
\begin{align} {\cal F}[&\phi, \{\partial_x g_i\}] = \\
  - &\int dx  \left[\frac{\varepsilon}{2}{(\partial_x \phi)}^2 +
    \frac{1}{2} \overline{g}\cdot\widehat{\kappa}\cdot\overline{g}^T +
    P(\{\mu_i - ez_i \phi + \partial_x g_i\}) \right] \nonumber
\end{align}
with $i=(+,-)$, where, explicitly, we have for the inverse matrix
$\kappa_{ij}^{-1} \equiv \widehat{\kappa}_{ij}$
\begin{eqnarray}
  \overline{g}\cdot  \widehat{\kappa} \cdot \overline{g}^T =
  \left(g_+\,\,\, g_-\right)
  \left(
  \begin{array}{cc}
    \widehat{\kappa}_{++}  & - \widehat{\kappa}_{+-}   \\
    - \widehat{\kappa}_{+-}  & \widehat{\kappa}_{--}
  \end{array}
                               \right)
                               \left(\begin{array}{c}
                                       g_+  \\
                                       g_-
                                     \end{array}
  \right)\,.
\end{eqnarray}
The standard expression for the pressure comes from a lattice gas model:
\begin{equation}
  P = \frac{1}{a^3}\ln\left(1 + \frac{\gamma}{2(1-\gamma)}\left(e^{\beta m_+(x)} + e^{\beta  m_-(x)}\right) \right)\,
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
  m_{\pm}(x) = \pm ez \phi(x) + \partial_x g_{\pm}(x)\, ,
\end{equation}
and, following ref. \cite{maggs16}, the conditions on the chemical potentials are
$ e^{\beta \mu_+} = e^{\beta \mu_-} = \frac{1}{2}[\frac{\gamma}{1 -
  \gamma}] $.  We can now vary the functional ${\cal F}[\phi, \{\partial_x g_i\}]$ with respect
to the fields $\phi, g_+$ and $g_-$. The variation with respect to
$\phi$ yields
\begin{equation}
  - {\varepsilon}\partial_x^2\phi(x) + \frac{\gamma ze}{a^3}\left[\frac{e^{\beta m_+(x)} - e^{\beta m_-(x)}}{1 - \gamma + \gamma(e^{\beta m_+(x)} + e^{\beta m_-(x)})} \right] = 0\, ,
\end{equation}
while for the two components of $\overline{g}$ one has
\begin{equation}
  \widehat{\kappa}_{++}g_+ - \widehat{\kappa}_{+-}g_- = \frac{\gamma}{a^3}\partial_x
  \left[\frac{e^{\beta m_+(x)}}{1 - \gamma + \gamma(e^{\beta m_+(x)} + e^{\beta m_-(x)})} \right]
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
  \widehat{\kappa}_{- -}g_{- -} \widehat{\kappa}_{+-}g_+- = \frac{\gamma}{a^3}\partial_x
  \left[\frac{e^{\beta m_-(x)}}{1 - \gamma + \gamma(e^{\beta m_+(x)} + e^{\beta m_-(x)})} \right]\,.
\end{equation}
\\

{\it Linearisation.}
It is instructive to consider the linearized equations --- we will see
that they contain already the essential physics of this theory. We
find
\begin{equation} \label{l1} - \varepsilon\partial_x^2\phi(x) +
  \frac{\gamma ze \beta}{a^3}(2ez \phi(x) + {\partial_x}g_+(x) -
  {\partial_x}g_-(x)) = 0\, ,
\end{equation}
while for the two components of $\overline{g}$ one has
\begin{equation} \label{l2} \widehat{\kappa}_{++}g_+(x) -
  \widehat{\kappa}_{+-}g_-(x) = \frac{\gamma \beta}{a^3}(ez \partial_x
  \phi(x) + \partial_x^2 g_+(x))
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation} \label{l3} \widehat{\kappa}_{- -}g_-(x) -
  \widehat{\kappa}_{+-}g_+(x) = \frac{\gamma \beta}{a^3}(-ez\partial_x
  \phi(x) + \partial_x^2g_-(x))\, .
\end{equation}
\\
Figure~1 shows the resulting solutions to these equations in the case
of a one-plate system with constant surface potential, $\phi(0) = V$, for
the parameters indicated in the caption. In Figure 1 A, $\kappa_{++} = \kappa_{- -}$,
while the contrast between the two couplings in increased by a factor of ten in Figure
1 B. The presence of $g_+$ and $g_-$ leads to oscillations in the profile of
the electrostatic potential whose number, amplitude and extension into the bulk depend
on the contrast between the coupling parameters.
The equation for the electrostatic potential $\phi$ looks similar to that if a
mechanical spring (in which the position $x$ plays the role of time), with the damping term
given by the functions $g_+(x)$ and $g_-(x)$, which in their turn essentially obey coupled
diffusion equations, with the electric field acting as a source or a
sink term. It is therefore not surprising that, as a function of the
coupling parameters $\widehat{\kappa}_{ij}$, the solution exhibits
damped oscillations.
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Figure1A.pdf}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.38]{Figure1B.pdf}
    \caption{Oscillatory profiles of the functions $\phi$ (black) $g_+$ (blue, large dashes) and $g_-$
    (red, small dashes), obtained from
      Eqs. (\ref{l1}), (\ref{l2}), (\ref{l3}) for two different sets of parameters. The parameters in A
      are $V=0.8$, $\kappa_{++} = \kappa_{- -} = 0.5$, $\kappa_{+ -} = 0 $. In B:
      $V=0.8$, $\kappa_{++} = 0.05$, $\kappa_{- -} = 0.5$, $\kappa_{+ -} = 0$.
      All other parameters are set to one. The other boundary conditions are $g_+(0)=g_-(0)=0$,
      $\phi(L) = g_+(L) = g_-(L) = 0$.}
  \end{center}
  \label{Figure1}
\end{figure}

The variational equations can be reduced to only two fields if one assumes the
symmetry condition $\widehat{\kappa}_{++} = \widehat{\kappa}_{- -} \equiv \kappa$.
We further set $\widehat{\kappa}_{+-} = 0$.
Subtracting the equations in $g_{\pm}$ and introducing
$g \equiv g_+ - g_-$ then yields a coupled system in $\phi(x), g(x) $.
Being linear equations, one can eliminate the field $g$ in favor of $\phi$
and ends up with a forth-order equation in the electrostatic field
\begin{equation} \label{korny} \tilde{\kappa}^2\partial_x^4\psi(x)
  - \partial_x^2 \psi(x) + \psi(x) = 0\, ,
\end{equation}
where $\psi \equiv (2ez)\phi $, $ \tilde{\kappa}^2 \equiv (2(ze)^2 (\gamma \beta)^2/(\kappa \varepsilon a^6)$
and the spatial coordinate $x$ has been rescaled by a factor $\sqrt{\epsilon}$
with $\epsilon = \varepsilon a^3/(\gamma \beta)$.

Eq.~(\ref{korny}) is exactly the linear equation discussed in~\cite{bazant11},
identifying the coupling parameter $\tilde{\kappa}^2$ with the parameter $\delta_c^2$ used in~\cite{bazant11}.
This connection also allows us to relate the parameter $\delta_c^2$ introduced in~\cite{bazant11} with the
interaction strength $\kappa$ in the binary mixture.  Furthermore, the linear solution derived in the
Supplementary Material of~\cite{bazant11} can immediately be adopted by just making the
replacement $\delta_c^2$ with $\tilde{\kappa}^2$.

{\it The nonlinear case.}
In the nonlinear case, one has to solve the coupled eqs. (\ref{l1}) - (\ref{l3}). A simplification can again be made if
we consider the anti-symmetric subspace $g_+(x) = - g_-(x) \equiv \overline{g}(x) $, corresponding to antagonistic gradients in
concentrations. In this case one has $m_+(x) = - m_-(x) \equiv m(x) $ and the resulting two equations
for $\phi$ and $g$ can be written as
\begin{equation} \label{nl1}
-\varepsilon \partial_x^2 \phi(x) + \frac{\gamma z e}{a^3}\frac{\sinh(\beta m(x))}{1 + 2\gamma \sinh^2(\beta m(x)/2)} = 0
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}   \label{nl2}
\overline{g}(x) = \frac{\gamma}{2a^3\kappa} \partial_x\left(\frac{\sinh(\beta m(x))}{1 + 2\gamma \sinh^2(\beta m(x)/2)}\right)\, .
\end{equation}
The full nonlinear equations can easily be solved numerically as a
boundary value problem with the conditions $\phi(0)=V$, $\phi(L)=0$,
$\overline{g}(0) = \overline{g}(L) = 0$. Figure 2 shows the results for the charge density
$ P'(\phi) \equiv (1/\gamma)\tanh(\gamma \phi(x))$, for a value of
$\gamma = 0.8$ and a value of $ \phi(x=0) = V = 5$. The results
compare favorably with those obtained in~\cite{bazant11}, and therefore indicate
that our explicit assumption of antagonistic concentration gradient is implicitly present
in the theory developed there.

{\it The two-plate problem.}
Finally one can also study the two-plate problem for this equation in the similar vein as \cite{Gavish16}.
Figure 3 plots an exemplary osmotic pressure, given by eq.(\ref{osmo}), between the plates for identical constant
potentials at the plates, $\phi(0) = \phi(L) $, based on the linearized two-field theory discussed just before.
Also shown is a comparison with the osmotic pressure of the linearized standard Poisson-Boltzmann equation,
which yields a parabolic potential $\phi(x) > 0$ with an exponentially
    decaying osmotic pressure for large plate distances. In the structured fluid, upon variation of the two-plate distance $L$, the potential
    $\phi$ first becomes flat at the center and crosses to negative values (as shown in an insert for $L=10$), resulting in a pronounced
    minimum in $p(L)$ (not shown).
    Upon further increase in $L$ the osmotic pressure progresses through a maximum and a second, very shallow minimum appears (see
    top insert). In this region, the electrostatic potential has a double-well structure next to the plates, as shown in the insert
    for $L=15$.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.36]{Figure2.pdf}
    \caption{The charge density $P'(\phi(x))$ from the solution of $\phi(x))$obtained from eqs.(\ref{nl1}), (\ref{nl2}) for the case of constant
    potential $\phi(0) = 5$. Insert: the approximate expression used, compared to the exact expression of the pressure of the symmetric
    electrolyte (exact: black, approximation: red dashed).}
  \end{center}
  \label{Figure2}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{Discussion}

In this work we have shown that the inclusion of concentration
gradients in a charged binary mixture leads in a natural way to the
appearance of higher-order terms in the generalized Poisson-Boltzmann equation,
which in general turns out to be much more complex than the
phenomenological fourth-order PB equation employed in \cite{bazant11}
due to the coupling of nonlinearities and spatial gradients.

{In the model case of a symmetric binary mixture the presence of
different coupling constants of the spatial gradient terms lead to pronounced
oscillatory behaviour of the electrostatic profiles. Also, on the level of
the generalized Poisson-Boltzmann equation, the oscillations near the wall
therefore are the consequence of bulk behaviour and not of the surface coupling.
Nonetheless, the solution of the corresponding system of
coupled nonlinear differential equations for the electrostatic
potential and the spatial gradient function yield results that are
qualitatively similar to the behaviour found in~\cite{bazant11}, and
actually coincide for the linear case, providing a physically more sound
justification of the phenomenological approach. At the same time, our
results make clear that the present state of theory does not go beyond
the mere mean-field level, and a consistent discussion of correlation
effects in ionic liquids, in addition to the structure effects, is still missing.
A description of the oscillations in electrostatic potential and osmotic pressure in
terms of two decay lengths, as discussed in~\cite{smith17}, might
therefore be only a special case of a more general situation in which
structural, or packing, effects play a crucial role.}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
    \vspace{0.5cm}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.34]{Figure3.pdf}
        \caption{Osmotic pressure in the linear two-field theory (orange) and the linearized   standard Poisson-Boltzmann equation (blue), both for constant potential $\phi(x=0)=0.5$ at the plates. All parameters are set to one.  In the range of plate distances $L$ shown, the osmotic pressure shows oscillations between repulsive and attractive behaviors. The electrostatic potential, shown in two inserts for the values of $L=10$ and $L=15$, evolve from from having single minimum at mid-plate to displaying two minima next to the plates.}
 \end{center}
  \label{Figure3}
\end{figure}

{Nevertheless, it is worthwhile pointing out that the squared density gradient theory, stemming
from the non-electrostatic structural contribution to the free energy, leads at least in the linear
regime formally to the same generalized {Poisson-Boltzmann } equation as one would obtain from the contribution
of the non-mean-field ion correlations, approximated via an appropriate length scale
separation \cite{santangelo06}. It would therefore seem difficult to disentangle these two effects
without a full theory taking into account the ion correlations as well as the molecular structure of the system.}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Michael Badnarik Quote
"Allow me to dispel a myth. People in the Middle East do not hate us for our freedom. They do not hate us for our lifestyle. They hate us because we have spent many years attempting to force them to emulate our lifestyle. The US government overthrew the democratically elected leader of Iran and replaced him with the Shah. The US government gave weapons, intelligence and money to Saddam Hussein. The US government also helped Libyan Col. Qaddafi come to power, propped up the Saudi monarchy and the Egyptian regime, and gave assistance to Osama bin Laden. Most Americans have forgotten these events. But the people of the Middle East will always remember. It was because of American troops in Saudi Arabia, lethal sanctions on Iraq, support for states in serious violation of International Law, and siding with Israel in its dispute with the Palestinians that terrorist leaders were able to recruit those individuals who caused 3,000 Americans to pay the ultimate price on September 11, 2001."
Michael Badnarik
(1954- ) American software engineer, political figure, and former radio talk show host
Hate, Islam, War, Terrorism
"Siding with Israel" is nt a reason to hate America. Neither are the other so-called reasons to hate America sufficient to murder 3,000 Innocent people. Why do the people of the Middle East Hate the Spanish?, The Saudi's? Badnarik doesn't understand these things. His advice is wrong.
-- Bill O'Neill, Holland, PA
A fool. The US did not EVER give aid to OBL. The forces in Afganistan the US supported formed what we today call the Northern Aliance. This alone should relegate this neophite (and most every Democrat) to the corner with a Dunce Cap. They hate us for a myriad of reasons; mostly because even our poor are successful beyond their imagination, while their nations suffer in obvious poverty. Our success is an affront to their belief that they are superior (as in literally a superior race) and serve a superior god; to them, therefore, to serve their god they must destroy Western Civilization. That's the framework we must deal with.
-- Stephen, Dallas, TX
Finally, after once having had great sympathy for Muslims, I have concluded that Muslims and America are fundamentally too different to coexist peacefully. I was raised an atheist, and was once anti-Christian. However, I have finally come to see that Christianity is very special in its emphasis on Grace. Christianity, in its best sense, has transformed America and Europe. We must not give that up to the Muslims.
-- Byron, Fort Collins
Badnarik speaks directly about the "Elephant in the room" that no one wants to talk about. As Americans we like to see ourselves in a better light...but the fact is, our government and its corporate pals have been screwing the world over for a long time now. The charitable actions of private citizens are our only saving grace, and until we clean up our own back yard, things will only get worse....MUCH worse. End the Fed - Restore the Constitutional Republic,
-- Anonymous, Reston, VA, US
If elected Ron Paul will have America's first successful foreign policy. There just won't be one!
-- cal, lewisville, tx
Much truth in what he says. The art of states craft and diplomacy is a sticky wicket. Nations actions result in responses etcetera. Ours is not the only nation that his been imperfect in this regard. A great quote was repeated this morning on TV. In 1936 Roosevelt responded to all the hatred he was receiving from right wing Republicans. He said, "I welcome their hatred."
-- Waffler, Smith
wow Waffler, I find myself almost agreeing with you on this quote. In 1936 the right wing Republicans hated the losing of their constitutionally limiting representative republic / government at law with its freedom, liberty, and inalienable individual rights while, Roosevelt reveled in the once free people's demise - not so much different than the subject of the above quote. A couple of Muslim friends live in the USA for the life style infrastructure (they are use to oppressive government - just not the variance of offending religions - atheistic socialism, Christianity, etc.) Though the quote is a little more accurate than not, there is still more to the story of hate.
Which president said that we should avoid entagling alliances with foreign countries? We have not heeded this and look at the messes we are in.
What if terrorists were used as a false flag which enabled the success of an inside job to continue the NWO's agenda..
-- Vexari, Chappaqua
Badnarik is correct except for his last sentence. The collapse of WTC-7 (not hit by an aircraft) proves that the folks in the Mid-East had nothing to do with 9/11. Slight investigation with "who benefits" in mind reveals the culprits.
-- Gene, Atanta, GA
There is no such thing as a capitalized NWO. A new world order exists every time a child is born, or a new generation takes over. This is as it should be and as Jefferson said it should be. We must have faith in our progeny and in the world order they will create.
Americans who have lived abroad know this quote to be true. In general, Americans are unconscious of the rest of the world, few speak a second language, and fewer still ever visit a Middle Eastern or Muslim country. Middle Eastern nations have traditions and cultures thousands of years old -- they have no interest in copying the white-bread consumerist American lifestyle. And, yes, the US military has been bombing these nations non-stop for DECADES. And there is sufficient reasonable doubt that 9/11 was caused by Muslim terrorists at all. But one thing is for sure, the US has never been smart-bombed with "shock and awe" by any of these Middle Eastern nations. The real reason for the wars in the Middle East are to secure control of their resources -- mostly oil, but Libya conveniently has 140 tons of gold that is used as backing for their currency. The press refers to these as 'American interests' -- in fact, it is US military might used for private financial interests -- the profits of securing this oil goes into private pockets, while Americans foot the bill in blood and treasure. I have been lied to most of my life -- and no matter how much the lies are repeated, they have no more substance than they did the first time. The real question is when will we Americans realize that we are not kids any more and MUST put a stop to this practice. Did you happen to see the picture of the guillotine erected on Rothschild Blvd in Tel Aviv, Israel? http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4107640,00.html Maybe it is time we saw one of these across from the Federal Reserve Bank in NYC. ;-) Waffler is out to lunch as usual -- the New World Order is the rule of the uber-rich, of those that have indebted all nations unto them with funny money, of a totalitarian oligarchy that respects no inherent rights of the people or the sovereignty of any nation. Waffler is a perfect stooge for the NWO -- ignorance may be bliss, but it stinks to high heaven for everyone else.
Bio of Michael Badnarik
More Michael Badnarik Quotes
Books by or about Michael Badnarik
Michael Badnarik Videos
This Michael Badnarik quote is found in these quote Categories:
Hate Quotes
Islam Quotes
War Quotes
Terrorism Quotes


Medical use of cannabis has really become popular over the last few years. People have been using CBD-products to treat several health issues. Of all, CBD oil has gained more importance amongst the community.
CBD oil provides plenty of health benefits such as eliminating depression, fighting chronic diseases, improving mood, soothing anxiety, balancing the metabolism, preventing inflammatory arthritis, aiding sleep disorders, and more. It can be used in a number of different ways.


Businesses that produce glass waste can strongly benefit from recycling the glass rather than leaving the bottles whole and having them collected by a waste management company.
Recycling glass saves businesses money, space and time on a day-to-day basis. Glass waste is often placed in a 140 litre wheelie bin as a whole bottle, which may not seem like a big deal but once multiple bottles are in the bin, space becomes an issue and the bin will be full in no time.
A full glass bin can be problematic as it becomes heavy to manoeuvre and bottles can even fall out and smash on the ground, which becomes a health and safety hazard as well as a nuisance to clean up. By recycling the glass, bin collections will reduce dramatically. Depending on how much waste glass a business produces, one or more bins could even be removed from the waste area.
A Glass Crusher Machine is the best way to recycle waste glass. There is a variety of different sized glass crushers to suit the needs of businesses, depending on the quantities of glass. With a large glass crusher, one 140 litre bin can fit beneath it so all crushed glass slides straight into the bin.
When the bin is at a safe capacity, there will be around 680 crushed bottles inside, which is five times more than there would be if the bottles were still whole. It may take one week for a bin to fill up with whole bottles so with the glass crushed, this collection could be reduced to a monthly collection. This means approximately 52 collections, gets reduced to 12 collections, which is a superb money saver. The large glass crusher can be situated inside or outside, for efficient disposal.
There is then the smaller glass crusher for recycling glass, which is built to fit under the bar counters of pubs, restaurants and nightclubs. This is an extremely convenient machine as bar staff can carry on serving while disposing of the waste glass bottles.
With this machine a blue tray is placed in the bottom of the crusher, so all glass empties into the tray. Around 90 crushed bottles can fill the tray before it needs to be emptied into a wheelie bin. Again this machine reduces glass bottle volumes 5:1, saving a considerable amount of money on glass bin collections.
A great deal of time can be saved with any recycling machine but glass recycling in particular is ultra-convenient. Without a glass crusher, more constant trips to the bin area would be required, which distracts staff from doing their jobs properly. For pubs, restaurants and nightclubs it's also better for customers who will receive better service from staff who are more likely to be available behind the bar waiting to serve drinks.
Depending on the amount of glass being produced, space can be saved with the removal of bins. A hotel and spa in Kent had 12 wheelie bins all being used to contain empty glass bottles before installing a small glass crusher. Bin quantities were reduced by a third here, which saved on space in the waste area and generally made the hotel look tidier. The glass crusher was situated in the kitchen area as well so kitchen and waiting staff didn't have to walk outside constantly to dispose of glass anymore.
By recycling glass, the end product turns into tiny sharp free pieces of glass, which are safe to handle. Smashed bottles are often very dangerous and can easily cause cuts on the skin. Another glass recycling machine is the glass imploder, which breaks down glass even further into an almost sand like material. For some, this material is then a useful raw material for creating products such as jewellery.
One particular hotel in Cornwall uses a glass implored to fill large sacks, which is then given to two local businesses that use the glass for making jewellery and to mix with a resin compund for roof repairs. The sacks have replaced bins as well, so the hotel is saving money and helping the local community. Crushed glass can also be reused by other businesses, including road repairs.
All glass recycling machines are sound proofed as well, so when the bottles are crushed or imploded they make little noise. Compare this with tipping a bin full of whole bottles into a truck and you get an almighty crashing sound. Even dropping multiple bottles into a bin makes a loud smashing noise. Customers won't have to endure loud noises and staff with sensitive hearing will benefit from this as well.


I traveled to the mountains only thrice in 2017 (though I did manage to strike off names from the list that were pending since 2011) and despite having ample time and opportunities at my disposal, I just couldn't leave. I believe that's age catching up real fast with me. My friend Rohit Bhat, member of the Himalayan Club (not the silly Facebook page), called me to inquire about my plans. He also inquired about people who were doing real good explorations but weren't documenting what they were doing.
Now these days even if someone is going to Triund they straightaway call it an unexplored heaven and write a detailed blog post about it (which is a good thing actually and I support documentation of any sorts, even better if it is factually correct). So to find someone who is really exploring Hiamalaya and not writing about it was a tough task. Though I managed to collect tidbits from here and there and by adding my own inputs gathered from leisurely hours spent on Google Earth, I am writing this blog post.
This is not a BuzzFeed inspired listicle. Most of these lakes have been visited by people (marginal footfall) but not much information is available about the route or gradient or terrain etc. And even if you don't see these lakes before you turn 21 or 30 or for that matter even if you die and not see these lakes, that wouldn't matter in the grand scheme of things.
But it would be nice to gather information and open the world of Himalaya for explorers. So here I present to you the story of 5 hidden lakes of Himalaya.
Approachable from Chatrari in Chamba, this is a high altitude lake that can be approached from both the sides but Dhauladhar expert Rijul Gill says that it is best suited to start the expedition from Chamba side. The trail is probably unmarked and riddled with thick labyrinthine deodar forests. Unlike Lam Dal or Nag Dal (two of the most popular lakes of Dhauladhars') this lake doesn't attract any pilgrims on the annual Bhadon 20 high altitude congregation.
The lank stands at an approximate height of 13500 ft/ 4100 meters which is as high as the Manimahesh Lake. The highest point of the trek, if one intends to return via the same route is 14000 ft/4210 meters. However one intends to cross over to the Kangra side, the highest point could be as high as 4400 meters.
I met a local shepherd during our visit to Kailash Kund Lake in Bhaderwah two years ago. He walked barefoot with his nephew all the way from Udhampur which must've been more than 20-25km one side. While we slept cozily in our sleeping bags, he kept talking whole night long about a lake that was even bigger and hidden somewhere up in the mountains. Prima facie that looked like a case of High Altitude Sickness but it was not. He was actually telling us the truth but we only realized that after we started exploring the area on Google Earth back home.
So once you have landed at the pristine shores of Kailash Kund Lake, it may take another 3-4 hours to visit the lakes above and come back. The farthest lake is approximately 4km from Kailash Kund Lake and the maximum altitude one will gain is not more than 14000 ft/ 4210 meters.
This caught me off guard. We were camping right beneath this lake on our way to Chehni Pass two years ago. I was told about a mysterious lake in Churah Valley by a close friend but none of us could locate where exactly this lake was. My friend Nandi Thakur from Churah Valley made a video and uploaded that on YouTube. The lake is oval shaped and is in close proximity of another lake which is mysteriously perched atop a mountain ridge.
This lake is approximately 5 kilometers from the Chehni Pass campsite and is a near vertical hike as one gains almost 4000 ft/ 1200 meters within a short distance of 5km. A slightly easier route is via Hail Village. The maximum altitude one reaches is at the lake: 14300 ft / 4300 meters.
This lake is adjacent to the famous Gadasaru Mahadev Lake in Churah Valley. On Bhadon 20 i.e in the month of August-September people gather here to take a holy dip in the lake. Mahakali Lake is a few hundred meters away from Gadasaru Lake. Earlier I was able to locate the lake on Google Earth but somehow can't find it now on the map. However, my friend Hitesh Naryal from Chamba has visited this lake and he was kind enough to share his photograph with us.
I read about this lake in 2016 when I was reading everything available on the Internet written by Commander Satyabrata Dam(R). So he had written this guest post about his accidental visit to Temcho/Tem Tso Lake. He intended to climb Manirang Peak but instead landed at the shores of this high altitude lake at 4800m.
Then a few weeks ago, another Sathya (the one who is always on the trail) sent a detailed trip report of his expedition in Kinnaur. His documentation revealed that Tem Tso, despite being at an unusual height of 4800m, is visited by pilgrims on Bhadon 20. Pilgrims venturing this high is certainly an unusual event for me.
Technically, not much has been written about this lake or this region in general but Sathya and Satya's blogs will provide you with all the information that you need.
I have been told that this lake is also known as Rumni Saur in local dialect. I also tried to look this up on Google Earth and this is what I have found.
Mehla Nag Lake: This is a small lake located somewhere on the Chamba-Doda Border.
This area is covered in the SOI map (I43X-08/52H-08).
There is another smaller glacial lake enroute to Sara Umga base camp ((32.17556 N, 77.50222 E / 4335M) which you can see in the photos of the above trek. As per the maps (if memory serves me right) there is another bigger glacial lake above this glacial lake. We could not go there as it was not in our route but am sure it would be worth exploring.
thanks for these inspirational & informative posts.
Still in my list. Let's see when do I get a chance to be there. Thanks for your comment.


text:
Reports: Lionel Messi set to sign with Paris Saint-Germain
/ by Kevin Brown
Lionel Messi deserved a better sendoff from the club he called home for 21 years.
After 18 months playing in an empty Camp Nou for Barcelona due to the pandemic, Messi addressed his departure from the club at a press conference on Sunday. Though Messi left the next stage of his career open in an emotional farewell, ESPN reported on Sunday Barcelona's all-time record goal scorer, who has played the most games in that storied club's history, is reportedly set to sign a two-year contract with Paris Saint-Germain in the coming days.
Messi, who has been a free agent since his Barcelona contract expired on June 30, confirmed the club's financial problems prevented the agreed upon five-year deal from being finalized. Barcelona's spending cap is reportedly estimated to drop around 200-million euros from the 600-million euro budget it had in 2019-20. Not even Messi's 50% wage cut from his record 4-year, $674 million contract would have been possible to sign.
"I am really sad because I didn't want to leave because this is the club I love," Messi said. "I didn't expect this. I have never lied. I have always been honest and upfront. Last year I wanted to leave. This year I didn't. That's why I am so sad."
Barcelona signed four players, including Messi's Argentina national teammate Sergio Aguero, in the transfer window before La Liga's new spending limits made the situation untenable.
Messi marks PSG's fourth free-agent signing of the summer, as midfielder Georginio Wijnaldum (Liverpool), goalkeeper Gianluigi Donnarumma (AC Milan) and Messi's long-time rival Sergio Ramos (Real Madrid) all moved to the French capital for free.
Messi said PSG winger and Argentine teammate Angel Di Maria's Instagram post with Messi plus three other PSG teammates, including Neymar, was purely coincidental - though he said they did joke about him making the move.
After 672 goals in 778 games en route to 35 trophies over his Barcelona career, Messi's departure ends possibly the greatest career with a single club in soccer history.


Transmission: Manual 6 Speed Color:Blue Interior Color: Tan Average Vehicle Review: (4.95 reviews) Comfort coupe is a perfect name for this car. The seats and the ride are the most comfortable I have ever had. The coupe is very responsive, thanks to the R-Line handling package. It has great acceleration with the turbo yet the 2.0 gets great gas mileage. Best car I have owned.
Transmission: Automatic Color:Gray Interior Color: Average Vehicle Review: (5 reviews) Looks and drives nice!


LONDON—May 25, 2006—Apple® and Pearson today announced an expansion of their relationship to enhance teaching and learning through technology. Pearson will acquire PowerSchool, Apple's award-winning student information systems (SIS) division, and develop educational content for teachers and students compatible with iPod®.
PowerSchool's web-based solutions provide K-12 administrators, teachers, students and parents with secure, up-to-the-minute information on student performance including grades, homework and attendance. They complement Pearson's existing enterprise and SIS business, which brings assessment, reporting and business solutions to over 16,000 schools, helping them to fulfill the accountability requirements set by No Child Left Behind. The integrated services will bear the respected PowerSchool name and will be located in Folsom, California and Mesa, Arizona. PowerSchool's president, Mary McCaffrey, will head the combined business.
Pearson will also develop new services for educators and students, including research-based educational content compatible with iPod, the world's most popular digital music player. Teachers will have access to podcasts on professional development to help with lesson preparation and provide innovative ways to reach students struggling with specific content. Students will be able to load their iPods with study guides that are aligned with Pearson texts and listen to review notes to prepare for exams.
Earlier this school year, Apple and Pearson collaborated to bring digital versions of Pearson textbooks and workbooks to California schools using the affordable Mac® mini.
Educating 100 million people worldwide, Pearson Education is the global leader in educational publishing, providing scientifically research-based print and digital programs to help students of all ages learn at their own pace, in their own way. Virtually all students and teachers in America learn from a Pearson program at some point in their educational career. In the US, nearly 25,000 schools use Pearson technology to help instruct K-12 students and manage how they are doing.
Apple, the Apple logo, Mac, Mac OS, Macintosh and iPod are trademarks of Apple. Other company and product names may be trademarks of their respective owners.


Description Moderate greenish-blue very fine diagonal rib cloth; two feather quill pens with tub of ink, decorative leaf and dot design around pens, two floral designs on either side of lettering, three letters with ribbon below lettering, all in gilt; two feather quill pins wrapped in ribbon, floret and lettering on spine in gilt; t.e.g.
Original dimensions H: 20.6 cm.; W:14.6 cm.; D: 3.6 cm.


Aiming Skywards is a youth-led organisation trying to deter young people away from engaging in crime, by building employment skills and opportunities especially for these individuals.
It was started by Peter Olawaye who grew up in Hackney, East London. Peter has personally been involved with youth clubs from a young age but always felt that there weren't enough opportunities for young people to find work in modern society. Growing up he saw more and more people at his school and in his area getting into trouble, getting arrested, or ending up in prison, and he decided that the only way to change things was to "get involved and try and make a change and show young people what they're capable of".
"I don't want future generations to be in the same position, caught in a cycle of crime," says Peter, and so he has set up his programme aimed at giving NEETs (those Not in Education, Employment or Training) aged 11-24 the chance to learn about how to become more employable and living an alternative life away from crime.
Aiming Skywards' first programme 'Hackney 2 City' includes one to one mentoring, workshops and apprentice style challenges to help the young participants gain knowledge, advice and above all build confidence. After the success of this initial programme Aiming Skywards are now running two other programmes as well; including 'Change Youths Through Music' exploring the positive and negative affect the UK music industry has on our young people today and "Break Out The Cycle Workshops" which targets those most risk at crime engagement.


text:
The Myth of World War II
July 30, 2018 § 2 Comments
In this month's issue of Foreign Affairs, there is a provocative essay from Graham Allison, Douglas Dillon Professor of Government at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government. Entitled, 'The Myth of the Liberal Order: From Historical Accident to Conventional Wisdom,' Allison provides a much needed corrective to the history of American foreign policy since the Second World War.
Allison argues, correctly, that American foreign policy was never about maintaining a liberal world order. Rather, she argues, the world as we know it globally arose out of the Cold War, a bipolar world where the United States and its allies confronted the Soviet Union and its allies in a battle of the hearts and minds of the global populace. In essence, the two core belligerent nations cancelled each other out in terms of nuclear arms, so they were left to forge and uneasy co-existence. And then, the USSR collapsed in 1991 and, the US was victorious in the Cold War. And, of course, Francis Fukuyama made his now infamous, laughable, and ridiculous claim:
What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.
How Fukuyama has any credibility after this colossal statement of Western hubris is beyond me.
Anyway, Allison notes that aftermath of this particular moment in time was that the neoconservatives and liberal interventionists made common cause and managed to convince both Bill Clinton and George W. Bush that the best way to spread the gospel of capitalism and liberal democracy was by dropping bombs. Only during the Bush II era did the idea of liberal democracy get tied up with American foreign policy, and here Allison quotes former National Security Advisor (and later Secretary of State), Condoleeza Rice, speaking of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: 'Iraq and Afghanistan are vanguards of this effort to spread democracy and tolerance and freedom throughout the Greater Middle East.'
Thus, we had a unipolar world, and now, with the resurgence of a belligerent Russia and a growing China, we are in a multi-polar world. And then she goes onto note larger American problems centring around democracy at home.
But what struck me about her argument was where she lays out her argument about the bipolar Cold War world, she notes that 'the United States and its allies had just fought against Nazi Germany.' but that the burgeoning Cold War with the USSR required new tactics.
The United States and its allies. There are several ways that this is problematic. The first is that the main Allied powers of the Second World War were the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union. I don't count France here in that it fell in 1940 and whilst Free French troops and the French Résistance were central to the Allied cause, they were not represented by a government in Paris. But those Big 3 of the US, UK, and the USSR were worth the equal billing. The UK held on and maintained a free Europe from the 1940 until the Americans got going on the Western front in 1942. And British troops (to say nothing of the Empire and Commonwealth) were central to the ultimate victory.
And then there's the USSR. The Soviets were absolutely and essentially central to the Allied cause in World War II. It was the Soviets that took the brunt of Hitler's fury on the Eastern front and absorbed the invading Nazi forces before expelling them, absorbing essential German attention as the US and UK dithered about opening a Western front, something that didn't happen until 1944. And then the USSR, all by itself, defeated the Nazis on the Eastern front and 'liberated' the Eastern European nations before closing in on Germany and Berlin itself.
In the US, Americans like to pronounce themselves as 'Back To Back World War Champs,' as the t-shirt says. This is bunk. The USSR did more to win World War II in Europe than any other nation, including the United States.
Allison's argument is made even more peculiar given that she is talking about the outbreak of the Cold War here. She makes no mention of the fact that the United States' allies in the Second World War included the Soviet Union. Hell, Time magazine even called Josef Stalin its 1943 Man of the Year. That part of the story is essential to understanding the outbreak of the Cold War, the hostility that was festering between the USSR on one side and the US and UK on the other was an important and central story to the last years of World War II.
Thus, better argued, Allison could've, and should've, argued that in the immediate post-World War II era, c. 1947-48, that the United States was fatigued from World War II, where the Allies, of which it was one, along with the Soviet Union, defeated German Nazism. To write it differently is to elide an important part of history and the Second World War. And frankly, Allison should know better.
Remembering Zmievskaya Balka
August 11, 2017 § Leave a comment
Today marks the 75th anniversary of the massacre at Zmievskaya Balka, a ravine in Rostov-on-Don, Russia. The literal meaning of Zmievskaya Balka is 'ravine of snakes.' It was here on 11-12 August 1942 that the Jewish men of Rostov were marched out to the ravine, just outside the city, and shot. The women, children, and the aged of the Jewish population were gassed, and their bodies dumped at Zmievskaya Balka. Communists and some Red Army soldiers met the same fate, along with their family. All told, 27,000 people were massacred. At least 20,000 of them were Jewish.
This massacre is one of the forgotten ones of World War II and the Nazis. My guess is no one reading this post will have ever heard of it. Soviet and Russian authorities have done their best to make sure the massacre, or at least the Jewish fact of it, is forgotten due to the on-going anti-Semitism of the state.
In 2004, activists managed to get a memorial plaque erected that identified one of the massacre sites and noted the Jewishness of the victims. In 2011, approaching the 70th anniversary of the massacre, this plaque was removed. It was replaced with a more banal commemoration of the "peaceful citizens of Rostov-On-Don and Soviet Prisoners of War." This erases the primary act of the Nazis in Rostov 75 years ago: the eradication of the city's Jewish population. And, it obscures the Nazis murderous anti-Semitism.
This morning, organizers held a march to the sites of the massacre in Rostov, to remember this brutal massacre. We owe it to them to hold the memory of these victims in our
November 11, 2014 § 1 Comment
One thing I have learned teaching history, of all varieties (World, Western Civ, American, Irish) is that human beings have long held a fascination with killing each other. Human beings have developed all kinds of methodologies and technologies dedicated to making murder easier and faster, from crucifixion, to Dr. Guillotine's invention, to machine guns, tanks, bombers, etc. I may be a cynic, but I believe that a world without war is impossible, based on history. I'm reading Njal's Saga, a Norse saga set in Iceland, amongst the Vikings, in the late 10th century. The violence just goes around in cycles, as a feud develops between two good friends, Njal and Gunnar.
And yet, today is Remembrance Day (or Veteran's Day in the United States). On 11 November, every year, I think of several things. First, I think of Erich Maria Remarque's novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, and the sad, lonely death of Paul Bäumer, killed on the morning of 11 November 1918, amongst the last casualties of the Great War. I think of the Treaty of Versailles, and all the damage caused by France's very understandable desire to punish Germany. I think of how the Germans were complicit in Hitler's rise to power. I think of the Japanese imperial mandate and the horrors of its empire, and I think of the butchery of both World Wars. The Somme. The trenches. Dresden. The Blitz. Hiroshima. Nagasaki.
I also think of Dr. John McCrae's poem, "In Flanders' Field":
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
When I was a kid in school back home in Canada, and I had to memorise this poem every November; it depressed me. It made me want to cry (I probably did cry a couple of times when I was really young). McCrae wrote this poem on 3 May 1915 after he presided over the funeral of his friend, Alexis Helmer, after the Second Battle of Ypres. McCrae himself met his end in the First World War, on 28 January 1918, of pneumonia, at the No. 3 Canadian General Hospital at Boulogne.
I also think of my own grandparents, Rodney Rupert Browne (1925-98) and Eleanor Shipman Browne (1918-2003). Rod and Eleanor, who didn't yet know each other, served in the Royal Canadian Air Force. I don't know when Eleanor joined, but I know that Rod enlisted when he was 17 in 1943, just before his 18th birthday. He served as a tail gunner. He never talked about what he saw or what he did during the war. And I knew better than to ask him. Same with Eleanor. Whilst she was obviously based in England, I know she saw horrors, of injured men, of German bombing blitzes. Rod came back to Montreal and married another woman, who bore him three children (two of whom, including my mother Carole Anne, and her brother, Russell, survived), and Eleanor went back to Ontario and married another man. Both ended up divorced, and they met in the 1960s and married. They remained together until Rod died of cancer on Christmas Day, 1998. Eleanor, who was a feisty old gal, held on until 2003, when she died that summer.
Rod is the reason I became an historian. One day in 1992, he met me in Montreal (I lived in Ottawa; he and Eleanor had retired to Gananoque, Ontario), and for some reason, he took me on a tour of his Montreal, showing me my family's past, he inculcated in me that day a sense of my own history, my own past. And he and Eleanor nurtured it in me until the end of their lives. And they loved me and supported me unconditionally.
But the Second World War profoundly marked them. They both came home scarred by what they had seen. They both wandered in the wilderness for a couple of decades after 1945.
So, for them, I wore poppies every year in Canada, something I can no longer do in the United States. But, it is them I will be thinking of today (though I still miss them both every day), and all their comrades-in-arms, all those who did not come back (including the wars since 1945), those who came home troubled, damaged, and who have had to struggle to regain an equilibrium.
The Spanish Civil War: On Memory and Forgetting
March 10, 2014 § Leave a comment
I have just finished reading Jeremy Treglown's fantastic Franco's Crypt: Spanish Culture and Memory since 1936. Treglown is a literary critic, so he approaches history and memory in a manner rather different than a historian, nonetheless, there is definite overlap in methodologies. I must say, I was originally concerned when I picked up the book and read this on the dust jacket: "True or False: Memory is not the same thing as History." Um, yeah, true. No kidding. But, the whims of publishers are rather different than the arguments of authors.
Treglown does a fantastic job of dealing with the complexities of the Spanish Civil War of 1936-9 and then the long Francoist dictatorship from 1939 until the Generalisimo's death in 1975 and the transition to democracy that followed. Treglown works very hard against the myth that Republicans = Good and Nationalists = bad during the Civil War. He also works hard against the myth that Franco's régime was purely repressive and oppressive vis-à-vis art and artists, noting that a great amount of art (film, literature, music, visual art, sculpture) emerged in Francoist Spain. This is not to say that Treglown paints a rosy picture of Francoist Spain. He doesn't. He doesn't glorify Franco, but he seeks to complicate the dictator and the community of artists in Spain during and since the Civil War. He also deals with the complexity of characters like Camilo José Cela.
Cela was a nationalist soldier during the Civil War, and later worked as the censor for the Francoist state. And yet, he was also himself a novelist, and remarkably blunt and sensitive in his work. He began a literary journal in 1956 "as a way of countering cultural officialdom and giving space to the ideas of Spanish writers living abroad." A noble sentiment, given that most of those expat Spanish writers were expatriates due to the Civil War and Franco's dictatorship.
Treglown points to Cela's most famous work, San Camilo, 1936. While San Camilo, 1936, has been criticised for a lack of morality, both due to the amount of time the characters spend in brothels and Cela's avoidance of the larger issues of the war, it is in the details that the novel works. Cela shows the moral and actual ambiguity of war, in Treglown's words:
Above all, San Camilo, 1936 grieves for Spain, gazing at a graveyard full of flowers of all colors, ignoring the shouts of "¡Viva la república!" and "¡Viva España!" because "it is no use being too enthusiastic when melancholy nests in the heart.
But what mostly interests me about Treglown's discussion about San Camilo, 1936 is the intersection between memory and forgetting. As Cela writes, "No one knows whether it is better to remember or to forget. Memory is sad and forgetting on the other hand usually repairs and heals." Nevertheless, as Treglown notes, San Camilo, 1936, is essentially a "puzzled, angry act of commemoration." In other words, Cela and his characters remain ambivalent with what is to be done with trauma, history and memory.
I find Cela' claims about the virtues of forgetting to be interesting. We live in an era that seems to believe the opposite in many ways. In our times, cultural historical memories have been exhumed and examined in public. Sometimes this takes the form of commemoration, (such as in Cork, Ireland, in the summer of 1997, marking the 150th anniversary of the Famine) or commissions of Truth and Reconciliation (such as in South Africa after Apartheid). Treglown himself recounts attempts by the caretakers of Franco's memory to maintain his dignity, three decades later at the Valle de los Caidos (Valley of the Fallen), a huge monument outside of Madrid to honour the Nationalist fallen of the Civil War. Meanwhile, since the end of the dictatorship in 1975, the Spanish have attempted to exhume the bodies of massacred Republican soldiers and sympathisers. Indeed, the balance of power has tipped in favour of the Republicans, to the point where the atrocities committed by them during the Civil War have been whitewashed, just as the Francoists whitewashed the Nationalist atrocities.
Cela's words, however, led me to think about Marc Bloch's blistering Strange Defeat: A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940, about the quick Fall of France at the start of the Second World War. Bloch, a captain in the French Army and the country's most famous historian, wrote this on the run from the Nazis (who eventually killed him). Strange Defeat is a searing book, almost painful to read, written by a fierce French patriot stunned and shocked his nation collapsed in defeat at the hands of the Nazis. Bloch blames France's political and military leaders for failing to have prepared for modern warfare. And while Bloch remains an annaliste (the school of historical scholarship Bloch pioneered) in writing Strange Defeat, the immediacy of the events he's describing and his anger and fury are clear.
Bloch was too close to the events, and too involved, to provide a long-view analysis of the Fall of France (nor, for that matter, did he wish to). The same can be said of Cela, a Nobel laureate. San Camilo, 1936 was published in 1969, thirty years after the end of the Civil War, while Franco was still alive and in power. Cela, like Bloch, was involved in the events his novel attempts (or doesn't attempt) to deal with, and his view on the past, memory, and forgetting is perhaps not surprising.
My grandfather, Rodney Browne, was 17 when he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1943. He was a tail gunner, which meant his chances of survival were pretty slim. And yet he did survive, and he came home to Montréal in 1945 with the conclusion of the war. But he was traumatised, deeply. He suffered silently, primarily by drinking. And he was restless, unable to settle into a job or family life, until his late 40s/early 50s, nearly thirty years after the war. By the time I was born, Rod was settled, married again, and he was a good grandfather. It is from him that I gained an historical consciousness about the Irish in Montréal. He didn't talk about his past much, and he never talked about the war. I later found out that this was pretty common for men of his generation who served in the Second World War. He didn't want to remember, which is why he drank when he got home, trying to obliterate those memories.
So maybe, it is the generation who lives through the worst of the trauma that wishes to forget, to never have to think of the atrocities they saw or committed. It is their descendants who feel the need to excavate these memories. Either way, these are not complete thoughts on memory, commemorations, and forgetting. Memory and forgetting remain incredibly powerful tools in historical scholarship.
You are currently browsing entries tagged with world war ii at Matthew Barlow.


How to deal with the dirt on cosmetic brushes? To make it clean and healthy for circular usage, this Professional Stylish Colored Silicone Egg-style Brush Cleaner is a must-have for each girl. Its cute egg style greatly highlights the overall taste of this cleaner. It is compact for easy operation. What is more, made with premium silicone material and meticulous treatment, this brush cleaner is soft and comfortable to use. Corrugated design on the back endows this brush cleaner with excellent cleaning ability. What about trying it now?


text:
var CoreModel = Backbone.Model.extend();

CoreModel.prototype.triggerDirty = function() {
	this.trigger( "dirty", this.__dirty__ || {} );
	delete this.__dirty__;
};

CoreModel.prototype.__combineDirty__ = function( dirty, otherDirty ) {
	if ( dirty === true || otherDirty === true )
		return true;
	for ( key in otherDirty )
		if ( Array.isArray( key ) )
			for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
				dirty[ key[i] ] = this.__combineDirty( dirty[ key[i] ] || {}, otherDirty[ key[i] ] );
		else
			dirty[ key ] = this.__combineDirty__( dirty[ key ] || {}, otherDirty[ key ] );
	return dirty;
};
CoreModel.prototype.combineDirty = function( otherDirty ) {
	this.__dirty__ = this.__combineDirty__( this.__dirty__ || {}, otherDirty );
};

CoreModel.prototype.__setDirty__ = function( dirty, keys, depth ) {
	if ( dirty === true )
		return true;
	if ( depth >= keys.length )
		return true;
	var key = keys[ depth ];
	if ( Array.isArray( key ) )
		for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
			dirty[ key[i] ] = this.__setDirty__( dirty[ key[i] ] || {}, keys, depth + 1 );
	else
		dirty[ key ] = this.__setDirty__( dirty[ key ] || {}, keys, depth + 1 );
	return dirty;
};
CoreModel.prototype.setDirty = function() {
	var keys = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments );
	this.__dirty__ = this.__setDirty__( this.__dirty__ || {}, keys, 0 );
};

CoreModel.prototype.__isDirty__ = function( dirty, keys, depth ) {
	if ( dirty === true )
		return true;
	if ( depth >= keys.length )
		return true;
	var key = keys[ depth ];
	if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) {
		for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
			if ( dirty.hasOwnProperty( key[i] ) )
				if ( this.__isDirty__( dirty[ key[i] ], keys, depth + 1 ) )
					return true;
	}
	else {
		if ( dirty.hasOwnProperty( key ) )
			if ( this.__isDirty__( dirty[ key ], keys, depth + 1 ) )
				return true;
	}
	return false;
};
CoreModel.prototype.isDirty = function() {
	var keys = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments );
	if ( this.hasOwnProperty( "__dirty__" ) )
		return this.__isDirty__( this.__dirty__, keys, 0 );
	else
		return false;
};

CoreModel.prototype.__getDirty__ = function( dirty, keys, depth ) {
	if ( dirty === true )
		return dirty;
	if ( depth >= keys.length )
		return dirty;
	var key = keys[ depth ];
	if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) {
		var results = {};
		for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
			if ( dirty.hasOwnProperty( key[i] ) )
				results[ key[i] ] = this.__getDirty__( dirty[ key[i] ], keys, depth + 1 );
			else
				results[ key[i] ] = undefined;
		return results;
	}
	else {
		if ( dirty.hasOwnProperty( key ) )
			return this.__getDirty__( dirty[ key ], keys, depth + 1 );
		else
			return undefined;
	}
};
CoreModel.prototype.getDirty = function() {
	var keys = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments );
	if ( this.hasOwnProperty( "__dirty__" ) )
		return this.__getDirty__( this.__dirty__, keys, 0 );
	else
		return undefined;
};

CoreModel.prototype.__setAttribute__ = function( attribute, keys, depth, value ) {
	var key = keys[ depth ];
	if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) {
		for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
			if ( depth + 1 >= keys.length )
				if ( value === undefined )
					delete attribute[ key[i] ];
				else
					attribute[ key[i] ] = value;
			else
				if ( attribute.hasOwnProperty( key[i] ) )
					attribute[ key[i] ] = this.__setAttribute__( attribute[ key[i] ], keys, depth + 1, value );
				else
					attribute[ key[i] ] = this.__setAttribute__( {}, keys, depth + 1, value );
	}
	else {
		if ( depth + 1 >= keys.length )
			if ( value === undefined )
				delete attribute[ key ];
			else
				attribute[ key ] = value;
		else
			if ( attribute.hasOwnProperty( key ) )
				attribute[ key ] = this.__setAttribute__( attribute[ key ], keys, depth + 1, value );
			else
				attribute[ key ] = this.__setAttribute__( {}, keys, depth + 1, value );
	}
	return attribute;
};
CoreModel.prototype.setAttribute = function() {
	var keys = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments );
	var value = keys.pop();
	var key = keys[ 0 ];
	if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) {
		for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
			if ( 1 >= keys.length )
				if ( value === undefined )
					this.unset( key[i], { "silent" : true } );
				else
					this.set( key[i], value, { "silent" : true } );
			else
				this.set( key[i], this.__setAttribute__( this.get( key[i] ) || {}, keys, 1, value ), { "silent" : true } );
	}
	else {
		if ( 1 >= keys.length )
			if ( value === undefined )
				this.unset( key, { "silent" : true } );
			else
				this.set( key, value, { "silent" : true } );
		else
			this.set( key, this.__setAttribute__( this.get( key ) || {}, keys, 1, value ), { "silent" : true } );
	}
	return this;
};

CoreModel.prototype.__hasAttribute__ = function( attribute, keys, depth ) {
	var key = keys[ depth ];
	if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) {
		for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
			if ( ! attribute.hasOwnProperty( key[i] ) )
				return false;
			else if ( depth + 1 < keys.length && ! this.__hasAttribute__( attribute[ key[i] ], keys, depth + 1 ) )
				return false;
	}
	else {
		if ( ! attribute.hasOwnProperty( key ) )
			return false;
		else if ( depth + 1 < keys.length && ! this.__hasAttribute__( attribute[ key ], keys, depth + 1 ) )
			return false;
	}
	return true;
};
CoreModel.prototype.hasAttribute = function() {
	var keys = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments );
	var key = keys[ 0 ];
	if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) {
		for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
			if ( ! this.has( key[i] ) )
				return false;
			else if ( 1 < keys.length && ! this.__hasAttribute__( this.get( key[i] ), keys, 1 ) )
				return false;
	}
	else {
		if ( ! this.has( key ) )
			return false;
		else if ( 1 < keys.length && ! this.__hasAttribute__( this.get( key ), keys, 1 ) )
			return false;
	}
	return true;
};

CoreModel.prototype.__getAttribute__ = function( attribute, keys, depth ) {
	var key = keys[ depth ];
	if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) {
		var results = {};
		for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
			if ( depth + 1 >= keys.length )
				if ( attribute.hasOwnProperty( key[i] ) )
					results[ key[i] ] = attribute[ key[i] ];
				else
					results[ key[i] ] = undefined;
			else
				if ( attribute.hasOwnProperty( key[i] ) )
					results[ key[i] ] = this.__getAttribute__( attribute[ key[i] ], keys, depth + 1 );
				else
					results[ key[i] ] = undefined;
		return results;
	}
	else {
		if ( depth + 1 >= keys.length )
			if ( attribute.hasOwnProperty( key ) )
				return attribute[ key ];
			else
				return undefined;
		else
			if ( attribute.hasOwnProperty( key ) )
				return this.__getAttribute__( attribute[ key ], keys, depth + 1 );
			else
				return undefined;
	}
};
CoreModel.prototype.getAttribute = function() {
	var keys = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments );
	var key = keys[ 0 ];
	if ( Array.isArray( key ) ) {
		var results = {};
		for ( var i = 0; i < key.length; i++ )
			if ( 1 >= keys.length )
				if ( this.has( key[i] ) )
					results[ key[i] ] = this.get( key[i] );
				else
					results[ key[i] ] = undefined;
			else
				if ( this.has( key[i] ) )
					results[ key[i] ] = this.__getAttribute__( this.get( key[i] ), keys, 1 );
				else
					results[ key[i] ] = undefined;
		return results;
	}
	else {
		if ( 1 >= keys.length )
			if ( this.has( key ) )
				return this.get( key );
			else
				return undefined;
		else
			if ( this.has( key ) )
				return this.__getAttribute__( this.get( key ), keys, 1 );
			else
				return undefined
	}
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: android studio kotlin notification body click Not sure how to open MainActivity when the body of notification is clicked:
class Notification : BroadcastReceiver()
{
    override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent)
    {
        val notification = NotificationCompat.Builder(context, channelID)
            .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.icon_notif_white)
            .setContentTitle(intent.getStringExtra(titleExtra))
            .setContentText(intent.getStringExtra(messageExtra))
            .build()

        val  manager = context.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager
        manager.notify(notificationID, notification)
    }

}

A: You need to add setContentIntent with pending intent for the MainActivity:
class Notification : BroadcastReceiver()
{
    override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent)
    {
        val activityIntent = Intent(context, MainActivity::class.java)
        val id = 0
        val pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(context, id, activityIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT)

        val notification = NotificationCompat.Builder(context, channelID)
            .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.icon_notif_white)
            .setContentTitle(intent.getStringExtra(titleExtra))
            .setContentText(intent.getStringExtra(messageExtra))
            .setContentIntent(pendingIntent)
            .build()

        val  manager = context.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager
        manager.notify(notificationID, notification)
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Xitanium drivers are designed specifically to optimally high power LEDs. The constant DC current output provides the long life and optimum operation of high power LEDs. Xitanium drivers have an operating life matching that of LEDs. The 25W dimming driver controls the LEDs by pulsing the LEDs on and off in relation with the input voltage for the driver's light regulation circuit. The input voltage for this light regulation circuit varies from 1V to 10V DC: 1V results in a minimum lighting level (5% LED output) and 10V in a maximum (100% LED output). The PMW-frequency is 700Hz (± 10%). Dimming does not affect LED lifetime.The outdoor versions have an IP66 rating.
LED String: a wire connected string of LEDs for safer, more energy efficient signs and architectural effects, Koledo affinium ans Illuminum LED products are state-of-the-art solid-state lighting devices the brightest LEDs on the market in a very compact package. Ideal for high-lumen, products, singnage, architectural and retail projects.
The Xitanium small, compact size enables you to innovate with new, low-profile fixture designs.
All the major safety requirements (as defined in CE, ENEC, KEMA, and UL) are met, so you can install them in practically any location.
Xitanium LED Drivers last up to 50,000 hours, to take advantage of the long life of LEDs.They come with the Philips electronic ballast guarantee. Extensive product portfolio gives you a wide choice. Portfolio consist of in- and outdoor types with power ratings from 12 to 80W, including a 25W for dimming possibilities.
Xitanium LED Drivers generate a limited output voltage and current and also provide isolation for safe operation. Low-temperature performance (-40°C) So you can be confident in any outdoor application (IP66).
Although optimized for high power LEDs, the Xitanium range of Drivers is also suitable for other LED based systems.