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New York's congressional districts
Map of New York's congressional districts since 2013[1]
The U.S. state of New York currently comprises 27 congressional districts. Each district elects one member of the United States House of Representatives who sits on its behalf.[2] The state was redistricted in 2013, following the 2010 U.S. Census; it lost two seats in Congress.[3]
1 Current districts and representatives
2 Historical district locations
2.1 1789 elections
2.10 1806 elections
3 Obsolete districts
Current districts and representatives[edit]
List of members of the New York United States House delegation, district boundaries, and district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 27 members, with 21 Democrats and 6 Republicans as of 2018.
CPVI
(Residence)
In office since
R+5
Lee Zeldin
(Shirley) Republican January 3, 2015
(Seaford) Republican January 3, 1993
Thomas Suozzi
(Glen Cove) Democratic January 3, 2017
Kathleen Rice
(Garden City) Democratic January 3, 2015
D+37
Gregory Meeks
(Queens) Democratic February 3, 1998
Grace Meng
(Queens) Democratic January 3, 2013
Nydia Velázquez
(Brooklyn) Democratic January 3, 1993
Hakeem Jeffries
Yvette Clarke
(Manhattan) Democratic November 3, 1992
Max Rose
(Staten Island) Democratic January 3, 2019
Carolyn Maloney
(Manhattan) Democratic January 3, 1993
Adriano Espaillat
(Bronx) Democratic January 3, 2019
José E. Serrano
(Bronx) Democratic March 20, 1990
Nita Lowey
(Harrison) Democratic January 3, 1989
Sean Maloney
(Carmel) Democratic January 3, 2013
(Rhinebeck) Democratic January 3, 2019
Paul Tonko
(Amsterdam) Democratic January 3, 2009
(Willsboro) Republican January 3, 2015
Anthony Brindisi
(Utica) Democratic January 3, 2019
Tom Reed
(Corning) Republican November 2, 2010
John Katko
(Camillus) Republican January 3, 2015
Joseph Morelle
(Irondequoit) Democratic November 13, 2018
Brian Higgins
(Buffalo) Democratic January 3, 2005
R+11
(Clarence) Republican January 3, 2013
Historical district locations[edit]
Note A: There are now 62 counties in New York (state). The counties that are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized.
Note B: For the 1789 through 1796 elections, districts were named by the counties that comprised them, without applying a numbering system. For those elections, numbers were retroactively back-numbered for the districts.
1789 elections[edit]
Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 1789
On January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered.[4]
1st district: Kings, Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties.
2nd district: New York City, and Westchester County except the towns of Salem, North Salem, Cortland, Yorktown and Stephentown.
3rd district: Dutchess County and the abovementioned towns in Westchester.
4th district: Orange and Ulster counties.
5th district: Albany County east of the Hudson River, Columbia, Clinton and Washington counties.
6th district: Albany County west of the Hudson River, and Montgomery and Ontario counties.
The districts remained the same as for the previous elections in March 1789.
On December 18, 1792, the Legislature divided the State into ten districts, which were still not numbered, taking into account the new counties created in 1791.
1st district: Kings, Queens and Suffolk counties.
2nd district: New York County.
3rd district: Westchester and Richmond counties.
5th district: Dutchess County.
6th district: Columbia County.
7th district: Clinton and Rensselaer counties.
8th district: Albany County.
9th district: Washington and Saratoga counties.
10th district: Montgomery, Ontario, Herkimer, Otsego and Tioga counties.
The congressional districts remained at this election the same as at the previous election, only inside the tenth district a new county, Onondaga, was created in 1794.
10th district: Montgomery, Ontario, Herkimer, Otsego, Tioga and Onondaga counties.
The geographical area of the congressional districts remained at this election the same as at the previous election in December 1794. A new county was created, Schoharie County Most of the new Schoharie County was taken from Albany County, and remained in the 8th district, a part was taken from Otsego County, and remained in the 10th district. Besides, inside the 10th district a new county had been created: Steuben County.
8th district: Albany and Schoharie counties.
10th district: Montgomery, Ontario, Herkimer, Otsego, Tioga, Onondaga and Steuben counties.
On March 27, 1797, the Legislature re-apportioned the districts, taking into account the new counties which had been created in the meanwhile, and for the first time the districts were numbered.
1st district: Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
2nd district: The first six wards of New York County.
3rd district: The 7th Ward of New York County, and Westchester and Rockland[5] counties.
4th district: Orange, Ulster and Delaware counties.
6th district: Columbia and Rensselaer counties.
7th district: Clinton, Saratoga and Washington counties.
9th district: Herkimer, Montgomery, Chenango and Oneida counties.
10th district: Ontario, Otsego, Tioga, Onondaga and Steuben counties.
The districts remained the same as at the previous election in April 1798, but two new counties were created in 1799: in the 7th district, Essex County was split from Clinton County; and in the 10th district, Cayuga County was split from Onondaga County.
7th district: Clinton, Saratoga, Washington and Essex counties.
10th district: Ontario, Otsego, Tioga, Onondaga, Steuben and Cayuga counties.
Until the previous elections, there had been ten congressional districts. After the U.S. census of 1800, Congress re-apportioned the seats, and New York's representation was increased to 17. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts.
1st district: Queens and Suffolk counties.
2nd district: The 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th Ward of New York County; and Kings and Richmond counties.
3rd district: The 4th, 6th and 7th Ward of New York County.
4th district: Westchester and Rockland counties.
5th district: Orange County.
7th district: Ulster and Greene counties.
10th district: Rensselaer County.
11th district: Clinton, Saratoga and Essex counties.
12th district: Washington County.
13th district: Montgomery and Schoharie counties.
14th district: Delaware and Otsego counties.
15th district: Herkimer and Oneida counties.
16th district: Chenango, Tioga and Onondaga counties.
17th district: Ontario, Steuben and Cayuga counties.
After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Democratic-Republican majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans.
Besides, Seneca County was split from Cayuga County inside the 17th district.
2nd district and 3rd district (two seats): New York, Kings and Richmond counties.
17th district: Ontario, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties.
Three new counties had been created since the last elections in 1804: inside the 15th district, Jefferson County was split off from Oneida County; in the 16th district, Madison County from Chenango County; and in the 17th district, Allegany County from Genesee County The area of the districts remained the same.
15th district: Herkimer, Oneida and Jefferson counties.
16th district: Chenango, Tioga, Onondaga and Madison counties.
17th district: Ontario, Steuben, Cayuga, Seneca and Allegany counties.
On April 8, 1808, the State Legislature re-apportioned the districts again, separating the 2nd and the 3rd district, and creating two districts with two seats each to be filled on a general ticket: the 2nd and the 6th.
David Thomas had been elected in the old 12th district which had comprised only Washington County, so the vacancy was filled by a special election held only in this county, while at the same time two representatives were elected on a general ticket in the new 6th district to which Washington County had been re-districted together with Columbia County and Rensselaer County.
Due to the double-seat districts, there were then only 15 districts; the 16th and 17th were eliminated.
2nd district (two seats): New York, Richmond and Rockland counties.
3rd district: Orange and Westchester counties.
5th district: Ulster, Greene counties.
6th district (two seats): Columbia, Rensselaer and Washington counties.
8th district: Clinton, Saratoga and Essex counties.
9th district: Montgomery and Schoharie counties.
10th district: Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties.
11th district: Oneida and Madison counties.
13th district: Chenango, Onondaga, Broome and Cortland counties.
14th district: Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties.
15th district: Ontario, Genesee and Allegany counties.
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the above-mentioned counties.
The districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1808. Only four new counties were created inside some districts: in the 5th district, Sullivan County was split from Ulster County; in the 7th district, Schenectady County was split from Albany County; in the 8th district, Franklin County was split from Clinton County; and in the 15th district, Niagara County was split from Genesee County.
5th district: Ulster, Greene and Sullivan counties.
7th district: Albany and Schenectady counties.
8th district: Clinton, Saratoga, Essex and Franklin counties.
15th district: Ontario, Genesee, Allegany and Niagara counties.
Due to the increase in seats, the previously eliminated 16th and 17th district were re-established, and four more districts were created. Six districts had two members, elected districtwide on a general ticket.
1st district (two seats): The 1st and 2nd Ward of New York County, and Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
2nd district (two seats): The other eight wards of New York County.
3rd district: Westchester and Rockland counties.
4th district: Dutchess County, except the towns of Rhinebeck and Clinton; and Putnam County.
5th district: Columbia County; and Rhinebeck and Clinton in Dutchess County.
7th district: Ulster and Sullivan counties.
8th district: Delaware and Greene counties.
11th district: Saratoga County.
12th district (two seats): Clinton, Essex, Franklin and Washington counties.
13th district: Schenectady and Schoharie counties.
14th district: Montgomery County.
15th district (two seats): Chenango, Broome and Otsego counties.
16th district: Oneida County.
17th district: Herkimer and Madison counties.
18th district: St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties.
19th district: Onondaga and Cortland counties.
20th district (two seats): Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties.
21st district (two seats): Ontario, Genesee, Allegany, Niagara and Chautauqua counties.
For the 1814 elections, the districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1812, only one new county was created: in the 12th district, Warren County was split from Washington County.
12th district (two seats): Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Washington and Warren counties.
For the 1816 elections, there was no change.
For the 1818 elections, the geographical area of the districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1816. Two new counties were created: Tompkins inside the 20th district; and Cattaraugus inside the 21st district. In 1817, the Town of Danube was separated from the Town of Minden in Montgomery County, and transferred to Herkimer County, but Danube remained in the 14th district.
14th district: Montgomery County and the Town of Danube in Herkimer County.
17th district: Herkimer County, except the Town of Danube, and Madison County.
20th district (two seats): Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga, Seneca and Tompkins counties.
21st district (two seats): Ontario, Genesee, Allegany, Niagara, Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties.
For the 1821 elections, except for the split of the 21st district, the geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1818. Five new counties had been created. Hamilton County was split from Montgomery County inside the 14th district. Oswego County was created from parts of Oneida and Onondaga counties, but the parts remained in their previous congressional districts. On March 9, 1821, the New York State Legislature divided the 21st district in two districts: Ontario County and the newly created Monroe County remained as the 21st district; the remainder became the new 22nd district, including the new counties of Erie and Livingston.
16th district: Oneida County and the ex-Oneida part of Oswego County.
17th district: Herkimer County, except the Town of Danube; and Madison County.
19th district: Onondaga and Cortland counties, and the ex-Onondaga part of Oswego County.
21st district: Ontario and Monroe counties.
22nd district: Genesee, Allegany, Niagara, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Erie and Livingston counties.
On April 17, 1822, the New York State Legislature re-apportioned the congressional districts according to the figures of the 1820 United States census. The number of district was increased to 30, creating eight new districts; the number of seats was increased to 34, creating for the first time a triple-seat district, and keeping two double-seat districts.
2nd district: Kings, Richmond and Rockland counties.
3rd district (three seats): New York County.
4th district: Westchester and Putnam counties.
9th district: Rensselaer County.
10th district: Albany County.
11th district: Delaware and Greene counties.
13th district: Otsego County.
15th district: Herkimer County.
19th district: Clinton, Essex, Franklin and Warren counties.
20th district (two seats): St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis and Oswego counties.
21st district: Chenango and Broome counties.
22nd district: Madison and Cortland counties.
23rd district: Onondaga County.
24th district: Cayuga County.
25th district: Tioga and Tompkins counties.
26th district (two seats): Ontario and Seneca counties.
27th district: Monroe and Livingston counties.
28th district: Steuben, Allegany and Cattaraugus counties.
29th district: Genesee County.
30th district: Niagara, Chautauqua and Erie counties.
The geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1822. Two new counties were created within the 26th district: Wayne County and Yates County.
26th district (two seats): Ontario, Seneca, Wayne and Yates counties.
The geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1824. Only one new county was created: in the 29th district, Orleans County was split from Genesee County.
29th district: Genesee and Orleans counties.
New York congressional districts from 2003 to 2013
Obsolete districts[edit]
New York's 28th congressional district, obsolete since the 2010 U.S. Census.
New York's 31st congressional district, obsolete since the 2000 U.S. Census.
New York's 32nd congressional district, obsolete since the 1990 U.S. Census.
New York's 33rd congressional district, obsolete since the 1990 U.S. Census.
New York portal
New York's at-large congressional seat
List of United States congressional districts
List of United States Representatives from New York
United States congressional delegations from New York
Elections in New York
^ "The national atlas". nationalatlas.gov. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c
^ "New Congressional Lines Imposed by Federal Court". New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
^ The numbers which are used nowadays to describe these districts at this time derive from the numbers of the districts officially introduced in 1797, considering the sequence of the districts in the official listing and the approximate geographical equivalence.
^ a b In the Act of March 23, 1797, the Towns of Clarkstown, Haverstraw, Hempsted and Orangetown are mentioned. These towns were split from Orange County in 1798, before the election, to form Rockland County.
New York Public Library: New York Congressional Districts
Current districts
At-large
The at-large and 28th–45th districts are obsolete.
New York's past and present Representatives, Senators, and Delegations
Recent U.S. House elections in New York: 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020
All U.S. districts
Apportionment
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York%27s_congressional_districts&oldid=899298374"
Congressional districts of New York (state)


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Shannon Sharpe, Grizzlies players argue in court confrontation
LOS ANGELES — Shannon Sharpe spends his days trading barbs with Skip Bayless on FS1's "Skip and Shannon: Undisputed," but the former NFL star turned sports commentator sparked a verbal altercation with multiple members of the Memphis Grizzlies during their Friday night game against the Los Angeles Lakers.
The Lakers defeated the Grizzlies 122-121 at the Crypto.com Arena and used an unlikely last-minute comeback to break Memphis' 11-game winning streak. But the on-field action took a back seat when Sharpe, who attended the game as a spectator and sat in a chair across from the Grizzlies bench, exchanged words with Dillon Brooks, Steven Adams, Ja Morant and Morant's father, Tee Morant, during the rest break.
As Sharpe, 54, turned his attention to Tee Morant, who came across court from the Grizzlies' bench as the heated verbal altercation unfolded, security guards and the umpires stepped in to separate the sides. The back-and-forth yelling contest lasted more than 30 seconds before the Grizzlies left the locker room and Sharpe headed for the tunnel.
Sharpe, a famous LeBron James vocal supporter, told ESPN.com that the conversation started when he told Brooks he was too small to defend the Lakers star. The Pro Football Hall of Famer added that he exchanged swear words with Brooks and that the Grizzlies' contingent "didn't want this smoke". When play resumed for the second half, Sharpe returned to his seat.
Brooks said afterwards that he only responded to Sharpe by saying that James had missed a shot.
"I'm not talking about that," said Brooks, who fouled by nine points on a 4-17 shootout against the Lakers. "You can ask him. He's the blogger or whatever he is. I don't really care. Next question."
The veteran guard later added that he felt it was inappropriate for Sharpe to be allowed to remain in his seat after the altercation.
"An ordinary pedestrian like him? No,' said Brooks. "He should never have come back in the game, but it's LA"
Grizzlies' Dillon Brooks said Shannon Sharpe, as a fan, should not have been allowed to stay in the arena after a half-time verbal altercation: "A regular pedestrian like him? No. He should never have come back in the game, but it's LA." pic.twitter.com/qXobVt9Nku
— Ben Golliver (@BenGolliver) January 21, 2023
The NBA has a code of conduct for fan behavior in the hope of "foster".[ing] a safe, comfortable and enjoyable sports and entertainment experience." Fans are not allowed to engage in "disruptive behavior, including foul or abusive language and obscene gestures", among other possible offenses or risk eviction or possible arrest. Printed versions of the policy are placed on court seats before matches, and announcers repeat the policy before tipping off.
James, who finished with 23 points, nine rebounds and six assists, thanked Sharpe for his support.
"That's my husband," he said. "I will always have his back, and he has mine. He can talk to the best, that's for sure."
Whether to blame for the fiery conversation or not, the Grizzlies blew a 13-point lead and gave up 41 points in the fourth quarter to the Lakers en route to their first loss since December 27. The Lakers recovered from a five-point deficit with 1:04 remaining in regulation and got the starting points when Dennis Schroder fielded Desmond Bane and converted an one-and-one layup in transition with 7.1 seconds remaining.
Russell Westbrook led the Lakers with 29 points, five rebounds and six assists from the bench. Schroder added 19 points, eight rebounds and eight assists.
During the break between the third and fourth quarters, Tee Morant approached Sharpe and the two settled their differences with a hug. Tee Morant told Bleacher Report that he had "nothing but love" for Sharpe. After the game, a celebratory Sharpe pointed to several Grizzlies players and laughed again with Tee Morant.
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Grizzlies coach Taylor Jenkins and Ja Morant dodged questions about the altercation during their post-game comments.
"We just had a complete letdown in the second half," said Jenkins. "[The Lakers] fueled the game with their fans and all that stuff, courtesy of them. We have not responded."
Morant added: "Let me think. No. I'm not going into that. I'll leave it there.'
Houston patients are struggling to find Ozempic as the popularity of weight loss drugs skyrockets on social media
Google employees are rushing for answers after layoffs hit lengthy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Throughout each struggle you'll find yourself enduring his pain, comforting his loneliness and fighting for his will to survive.This compelling story will awaken you to the truth about child abuse--and the ability we all have to make a difference.
Dave Pelzer is one of the nation's most effective and respected communicators addressing corporate groups, conventions and human-service professionals.Dave's unique accomplishments have garnered personal commendations from former presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush.
In 1993 Dave was honored as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Americans and in 1994 was the only American to be honored as one of The Oustanding Young Persons of the World.Dave was also selected as a Torchbearer for the 1996 Olympic Torch Relay.Dave has dedicated his life to helping others help themselves.


text:
Russia's answer to McDonald's: 'We've gone back to the same old'
Vkusno & tochka – Tasty, period – is the reincarnation of the US hamburger chain which pulled out of the country due to the war in Ukraine
The new Vkusno & tochka.
A member of staff at the new Vkusno & tochka. Photo: KIRILL KUDRYAVTSEV (AFP) | Video: REUTERS
Javier G. Cuesta
Moscú - 13 Jun 2022 - 23:58 UTC
Packaging without logos and a very sparse menu where the Big Mac has been replaced, for the moment, by a burger as tasteless as it is generic, the Grand. This is how the first restaurant of McDonald's spiritual successor in Russia has reopened. The chain has been renamed Vkusno & tochka (which can be translated as "Tasty, period") by its new owner, Alexander Govor. The businessman, who made his fortune from mining, represents a new phase of Russian capitalism: from the oligarchy formed by post-Soviet privatizations to those who are taking over the business left behind by Western companies after their hasty flight from a country isolated by its offensive on Ukraine.
Góvor, a former partner of the U.S. multinational with several franchises in Siberia, told the Russian agency Ria Novosti this Sunday, the day of its grand opening, that he bought the McDonald's network "for a symbolic price" and does not plan to invest in its expansion. According to his calculations, the bet will be profitable in less than two years.
"It's an impressive day for which we have been preparing for three weeks. We were expecting a huge number of visitors and wanted all our quality standards to be up to par," says Ruzanna Sarkisiyan, the manager of another former Moscow McDonald's, who lent a hand in the opening of the new establishment. According to her estimates, nearly 2,000 customers thronged the outlet near Púshkinskaya Square, a symbolic establishment because it was the first to open in the death throes of the Soviet Union. "We anticipate that about 20,000 people will stop by [this Sunday]. We have approximately 400 employees here," Sarkisiyan adds.
The logistics have been more than fulfilled. Outside the restaurant, a line several dozen meters long is moving at full speed. Within five minutes the doors of the establishment are crossed, and once inside the numerous cash registers take less than 10 minutes to deliver the menu. "The name changes, but the love remains," reads a huge sign outside the establishment. However, this reopening does not bring the same joy as the chronicles of 1990.
"I was at the opening of the first McDonald's 30 years ago," says Mikhail Gazmanov, who has come with his grandson. "The line was gigantic; it went around the block three times. At that time, we were unfamiliar with the food, taste and style; it was something interesting and thrilling. Now we have the same old again. The situation can't get any worse. Before there was no distinction. We Russians were naïve. We thought that with the fall of communism, Europe would come in and we would maintain a friendly relationship, but the capitalist world has its rules and the Russians have understood that. Now their only hope is in themselves," he adds gloomily.
Meanwhile, another customer whose name is Pavel says, "There is a huge difference between this and the first opening. Before, there was the glimpse of a different world; what we had up to now will never come back." To which his wife, Olga, says, "What is to come will be better." Both are only here to look around and confirm their suspicion that 30 years ago the opening was far more impressive, "a global milestone," they say.
There is a general consensus among the clientele that the menu at Vkusno & tochka (which translates as Tasty, period) is short on variety. "It's tasty, but it's not like it used to be. Hopefully, there will be more choices, but right now it's quite limited," says Gazmanov. A young customer called Dmitry Shurmov, says, "It's good. It's the same, only with Russian products."
The menu is very simple. There are only three hamburger options: a plain hamburger; a cheeseburger, and the Grand Deluxe hamburger, which is, in fact, quite tasteless and bland, like the fries. As for desserts, they are totally generic: caramel ice cream, strawberry ice cream and chocolate ice cream on the one hand; and slushies on the other. Addressing the lack of a logo, Sarkisiyan says, "It is true that the products are not branded, but the logo is still being decided and we are eager to present it to our customers."
The prices, which increased in McDonald's last year in Russia due to inflation, have remained the same. A Grand Deluxe accompanied by a Coke zero and small fries costs 343 rubles – the equivalent of about €5 at the official exchange rate.
Protest at the gates
The opening of the restaurant coincided with the celebration of Russia Day, the anniversary of the country's independence from the Soviet Union. Since last year, dozens of police vans have been deployed in the square to prevent demonstrations – not, however, the kind staged by a group of Russians outside Vkusno & tochka who are taking issue with the continuation of Western culture in the country. "It has to be closed. It's American food, we don't need it. They should cook pelmeni and borscht!" shouts protestor Liubov Androonova, an elderly woman handing out National Liberation Movement leaflets. "We don't want to be a colony," she insists as her companion, a middle-aged man in military uniform, loudly urges a Chinese reporter to highlight the fact that Russians want nothing to do with the United States.
The agreement signed by Govor with McDonald's includes a clause saying the new Russian chain will not use McDonald's brands or menus and that it will preserve tens of thousands of jobs for at least two years. Meanwhile, McDonald's has posted losses of $1.36 billion – about €1.3 billion – following its exit from the Russian market. Many other Western companies face increasing legal uncertainty in Russia. The Kremlin is currently developing a law that will allow for the nationalization of the assets of foreign companies that are applying pressure on the country by suspending economic activity.
Two employees in front of a sign displaying the chain's products. KIRILL KUDRYAVTSEV (AFP)
During the inauguration of the new burger establishment, Carlos Santana's Maria, Maria plays in the background. Its copyright belongs to Sony through the EMI-Blackwood label. In fact, the Japanese multinational together with Universal and Warner have closed their offices in Russia and some stores and restaurants have stopped playing their songs due to the difficulties posed by sanctions when it comes to paying for their use. In response, the Kremlin has pushed through another law that will legalize all types of venues, from cinemas to restaurants, to pay royalties in rubles via domestic banks, if they wish to do so. Whether multinationals will agree is another matter.
The evolution of the new fast-food chain could provide a good sociological study on the power of brands. In its last three months, McDonald's only operated in train stations and airports. The opening of the Vkusno & tochka locations will be gradual. According to the new owner, the 850 or so restaurants should be up and running within two months.
Govor made his fortune with the 1990s privatization drive undertaken by Boris Yeltsin. At that time, he acquired a number of mines in his native region of Novokuznetsk. After an accident causing more than 100 deaths in 2007, he sold the business to oligarch Roman Abramovich and moved his money into oil. Later, in 2015, he took McDonald's franchises into remote parts of Siberia. Now, many wealthy Russians could follow in his footsteps and move into sectors vacated by Western companies. In the last two weeks alone, firms such as Allianz, Marriott, Shell and Starbucks have announced their departure.
Russia boosts recruitment campaign in fresh step towards war mobilization
Javier G. Cuesta | Moscow
Leader of Pussy Riot escapes Russia: 'Putin doesn't scare me. He's a nobody'
Laura Fernández | Barcelona


you really want to know about my life?
first let's start with FRICKIN TAYLOR SWIFT. who is a big part of my life.
Taylor Swift 's been on her North American tour and announces her Australian tour I AM WAITING FOR HER UK TOUR which will probably be next year sometime. but here is the AMAZING 22 video which yes i had to get the cat ears headband…CAN WE TALK ABOUT HOW PERFECT THAT VIDEO IS?
I MEAN WTF HOW ARE YOU SO PERF?
she just released hew new single Everything Has Changed with Ed Sheeran it's defo one of my fave songs from the album.
i love Ed Sheeran- been listening to his old stuff: where we land, firefly, cold coffee, fall, one night and sofa…amazing.
Taylor Swift is also releasing a NEW perfume called TAYLOR by Taylor Swift. supposedly more modern and more her style as she's growing u. well i DID get Enchanted Wonderstruck WITH A FREE BAG. smells sweeeeeettt but nice.
AND I GOT MY TAYLOR SWIFT KEDS. AS IN THE ONES DESIGNED BY HER. WITH PAWS omg. totes adorbs.
SO one day in february i decided to start watching THE LIZZIE BENNET DIARIES which is a webseries fictional vlogs by lizzie bennet. a modern day pride and prejudice. IT IS AWESOME. the actors are amazing and the plot is yeah so good. just watch it. SO MANY FEELS.
meeting rushda TUMBLR FRIEND WOOP. um so yeah i met like one of my internet friends during the Easter holz. IT WAS AMAZING. coz firstly she didn't see me so i gave her a shock mwhaahahaha hen i gave her a signed copy of The Fault in our Stars and she nearly cried LOL and she got me bangles woop and we just shopped and talked and had a fabtastic time. it was surreal but lovely.
Social Theory: Durkheim and Freud to Western Marxism (Adorno, Lukacs, Benjamin and Gramsci) i hate social theory.
SPPAA: religion and politics, ICC, regime change hegemony, US and politics, Cambodia, just makes me so angry- politics is so annoyingly frustrating and i'm such a pessimist. it's like learning about the International Criminal Court and how they've only caught like 2 people and US haven't even signed up coz they don't want any of their own people in jail. and just the US and their stupid policies and urgh. religion and politics about secularism and how religion is bad but no it isn't just don't mix religion and politics but alas for many countries they're interdependent.
i had fun. but it was lonely. and so much work.
good thing i'm going to South Africa. BUT IT'S GONNA BE WINTER THERE. BUT IT'S USUALLY 20 DEGREES SO THAT'S FINE. I JUST NEED SUNSHINE. VITAMIN D!!!
Maya's House Party: UM BEST PARTY EVER. i danced to one song (Misery Business) and spent the rest of the night talking. yeah how badass of me. COZ I AM COOL LIKE THAT LOL.
goes to party. spends night talking.
met some amazing people. had random convos but yeah it was so much fun. and people respected my choice on not drinking and i just had coke (the drink which i dnt even like) which kept me up lol coz i went home pretty late but her house is so close so my dad actually picked me up which was nice of him. i just, i'm a shy person but i DO TALK A LOT once i'm comfortable or it's an interesting topic so yeah.
Paramore's new album- so good. still into you video.
DEMI: fave songs are Warrior, Something that we're not, really don't care (i don't like cher Lloyd but it's such an awesome tune) , two pieces, neon lights, fire starter and without the love. IT'S SUCH A GOOD ALBUM. demi lovato is awesome. hope she comes on tour in the UK.
EMBLEM 3's album Nothing to Lose is out sometime in July or August but you can pre-order it on iTunes.
their first song is Chloe cheesy pop but soon they will release awesome MEANINGFUL music. dnt be quick to judge.
i'm going to see Imagine Dragons in November OMG CAN'T WAIT. check out the video for Demons. woah. so emotional.
for my friend's birthday we went to Tinseltown AND I WAS REUNITED WITH MY OREO MILKSHAKE COZ THEY MAKE THE BEST OREO MILKSHAKE.
AH SO MANY ANIMALS. sadly no pandas or elephants. FLUFFY CHICKENS. but i'll be going SA so hopefully i'll go safari. the bugs and oh how wonderful animals are. it made me happy/sad because i love animals but then i want them to be FREE and in their natural habitat but stupid poachers and habitat loss are making lots of them become endangered species that need protecting. the tiger was the most heartbreaking BUT it was really awesome coz it saw a squirrel but the squirrel got away lol.
babysitting: first time wowza. overnight wasn't so bad. just watched cake boss and read my book and made HOMEMADE POPCORN had to google it tho lol and damn i made some money!!! =) my first actual job where i got paid omg. it was family friends but still.
BARJIS Summer Tea Party- lovely day. for BARJIS London showcasing her new scarf collection. the cupcakes by The Natural Cake Emporium. were so yummy and beautiful. it was a busy day helping out with the clothes and setting the place up.
anyways the finale. cece's sari was disgusting and tacky. but jess looked lovely.
The Mindy Project: this show is hilarious. i love morgan but OMG CASEY IS LIKE PERFECT like he is the Minister and he is just so nice and amazing and i love him. but of course i ship danny and mindy. but urgh this show and the FEELS.
anyways FRICKIN TOMMY OMG NOOO WHYYY URGH I HATE LAUREL SHE IS SUCH A BIATCH.
yeah so uneventful i just read, watch tv and blog tbh. and go out occasionally.
so i shall be going to South Africa but i shall try and keep up with the blogging once i'm there.
anyways. have a great Summer or Winter or holiday or just week.


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How To Find The Cheapest Country Music Tickets for Summer 2019
May 30, 2019 Florida Georgia Line, Garth Brooks, George Strait, Kacey Musgraves, Luke Bryan, Thomas Rhett, Carrie Underwood, Jason Aldean, Rascal Flatts, Zac Brown Band
While Classic Rock may be the most expensive set of shows this summer, Country is the most plentiful, with legends and newcomers alike touring across the country to sing about love, loss, livin' and…
How To Find Cheapest Florida Georgia Line Tickets For Can't Say I Ain't Country Tour - 2019
May 20, 2019 Florida Georgia Line, Music
Fans of country duo Florida Georgia Line this summer will get their first chance to the group on tour since 2017. This latest tour is Florida Georgia Line's fifth and is called the "Can't Say…
Florida Georgia Line Announce Tour for Early 2017
November 1, 2016 Concerts, Florida Georgia Line, Music, TicketIQ
Although the country duo Florida Georgia Line spent most of 2016 touring the road on their Dig Your Roots tour, the band has already announced a new tour for 2017. The 28-date run will launch in…
2015 Summerfest Tickets Are Averaging $114 On Secondary Market
June 22, 2015 ed sheeran, Florida Georgia Line, Keith Urban, Music, Carrie Underwood, Kings of Leon, Linkin Park, Rolling Stones, Summerfest
Each year, Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin brings in over 900,000 people to see more than 800 acts across an 11 day festival. That brings some truth to its billing as The World's Largest Music…
CMT Awards Tickets Averaging Nearly $200 On Secondary Market
June 10, 2015 CMA Music Festival, Florida Georgia Line, Keith Urban, Music, Carrie Underwood, CMT Awards, Jason Aldean, Kenny Chesney
On the night before the annual CMA Fest kicks off in Nashville, the CMT Awards will be held in the same city. While the four-day festival will take place in and around LP Field, the CMT Awards will…
Last Minute Florida Georgia Line Charleston Tickets Down 18% This Week
April 30, 2015 Florida Georgia Line, Music
This Friday, country pop duo Florida Georgia Line brings its Anything Goes Tour to the Charleston Civic Center in South Carolina. The "Sun Daze" creators are seeing ticket prices on the secondary…
Next Leg of Anything Goes Tour Sees Florida Georgia Line Tickets Average At $147 on Resale Market
(UPDATE 4/27/15) Country pop duo Florida Georgia Line will rev up the next portion of their Everything Goes Tour this week. They'll kick things off at the Colonial Life Arena in South Carolina on…
Luke Bryan Most Expensive, Dierks Bentley Least Expensive Performer at Houston Rodeo this Week
March 16, 2015 Dierks Bentley, Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan, Music, The Band Perry, Ariana Grande, Blake Shelton, Brad Paisley, Houston Rodeo
Luke Bryan Most Expensive, Hunter Hayes Cheapest Houston Rodeo Tickets In 2015
February 25, 2015 Dierks Bentley, Eric Church, Fall Out Boy, Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan, Music, Pitbull, The Band Perry, Alan Jackson, Ariana Grande, Blake Shelton, Brad Paisley, Brantley Gilbert, Houston Rodeo, Hunter Hayes, John Legend, Tim McGraw, Zac Brown Band
Luke Bryan Sells Out TCF Bank Stadium In Hours
February 23, 2015 Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan, Music, Thomas Rhett, TCF Bank Stadium


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Q: Impossible to launch registration page, toString javalang error I'm completely nex on Android development app, and I'm trying to create with my own skills a little app and today I'm facing to a nex error which was not present yesterday...
App is launching correctly but when I click on register or connection button, app is crashing and I can see on logcat the following error:
java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'java.lang.String java.lang.Object.toString()' on a null object reference
    at fr.app.faridsissaoui.myapplicationtinder.MainActivity$6.onChildAdded(MainActivity.java:207)

Below is the entire code if someone could give me some help, I just understood that was from ".toSting()" but not able to correct this.
package fr.app.faridsissaoui.myapplicationfinder;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import com.google.firebase.auth.FirebaseAuth;
import com.google.firebase.auth.FirebaseUser;
import com.google.firebase.database.ChildEventListener;
import com.google.firebase.database.DataSnapshot;
import com.google.firebase.database.DatabaseError;
import com.google.firebase.database.DatabaseReference;
import com.google.firebase.database.FirebaseDatabase;
import com.google.firebase.database.ValueEventListener;
import com.lorentzos.flingswipe.SwipeFlingAdapterView;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private cards cards_data[];
    private arrayAdapter arrayAdapter;
    private int i;

    private FirebaseAuth mAuth;
    private String currentUId;

    private DatabaseReference usersDb;

    ListView listView;
    List<cards> rowItems;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        usersDb = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference().child("Users");

        mAuth = FirebaseAuth.getInstance();
        currentUId = mAuth.getCurrentUser().getUid();

        checkUserSex();

        rowItems = new ArrayList<cards>();

        arrayAdapter = new arrayAdapter(this, R.layout.item, rowItems );

        SwipeFlingAdapterView flingContainer = (SwipeFlingAdapterView) findViewById(R.id.frame);

        flingContainer.setAdapter(arrayAdapter);
        flingContainer.setFlingListener(new SwipeFlingAdapterView.onFlingListener() {
            @Override
            public void removeFirstObjectInAdapter() {
                // this is the simplest way to delete an object from the Adapter (/AdapterView)
                Log.d("LIST", "removed object!");
                rowItems.remove(0);
                arrayAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
            }

            @Override
            public void onLeftCardExit(Object dataObject) {

                cards obj = (cards) dataObject;
                String userId = obj.getUserId();
                usersDb.child(oppositeUserSex).child(userId).child("connexions").child("nope").child(currentUId).setValue(true);
                Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "left", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show ();
            }

            @Override
            public void onRightCardExit(Object dataObject) {
                cards obj = (cards) dataObject;
                String userId = obj.getUserId();
                usersDb.child(oppositeUserSex).child(userId).child("connexions").child("yep").child(currentUId).setValue(true);
                isConnectionMatch (userId);
                Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "right", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show ();
            }

            @Override
            public void onAdapterAboutToEmpty(int itemsInAdapter) {

            }

            @Override
            public void onScroll(float scrollProgressPercent) {

            }
        });

        // Optionally add an OnItemClickListener
        flingContainer.setOnItemClickListener(new SwipeFlingAdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onItemClicked(int itemPosition, Object dataObject) {
                Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "click", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show ();
            }
        });

    }

    private void isConnectionMatch(String userId) {
        DatabaseReference currentUserConnectionsDb = usersDb.child(userSex).child(currentUId).child("connexions").child("yep").child(userId);
        currentUserConnectionsDb.addListenerForSingleValueEvent(new ValueEventListener() {
            @Override
            public void onDataChange(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {
                if (dataSnapshot.exists()){
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Nouveau Match!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                    usersDb.child(oppositeUserSex).child(dataSnapshot.getKey()).child("connexions").child("matches").child(currentUId).setValue(true);
                    usersDb.child(userSex).child(currentUId).child("connexions").child("matches").child(dataSnapshot.getKey()).setValue(true);
                }
                }

                @Override
                public void onCancelled (@NonNull DatabaseError databaseError){ }

        });

        }

    private String userSex;
    private String oppositeUserSex;
    public void checkUserSex(){
        final FirebaseUser user = FirebaseAuth.getInstance().getCurrentUser();

        DatabaseReference maleDb = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference().child("Users").child("Homme");
        maleDb.addChildEventListener(new ChildEventListener() {
            @Override
            public void onChildAdded(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, @Nullable String s) {

                if (dataSnapshot.getKey().equals (user.getUid())){

                    userSex = "Homme";
                    oppositeUserSex = "Femme";
                    getOppositeSexUsers();
                }
            }

            @Override
            public void onChildChanged(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, @Nullable String s) {

            }
            @Override
            public void onChildRemoved(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {
            }
            @Override
            public void onChildMoved(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, @Nullable String s) {
            }
            @Override
            public void onCancelled(@NonNull DatabaseError databaseError) {
            }
        });

        DatabaseReference femaleDb = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference().child("Users").child("Femme");
        femaleDb.addChildEventListener(new ChildEventListener() {
            @Override
            public void onChildAdded(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, @Nullable String s) {

                if (dataSnapshot.getKey().equals(user.getUid())){

                    userSex = "Femme";
                    oppositeUserSex = "Homme";
                    getOppositeSexUsers();
                }
            }

            @Override
            public void onChildChanged(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, @Nullable String s) {

            }
            @Override
            public void onChildRemoved(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {
            }
            @Override
            public void onChildMoved(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, @Nullable String s) {
            }
            @Override
            public void onCancelled(@NonNull DatabaseError databaseError) {
            }
        });

    }

    public void getOppositeSexUsers(){
        DatabaseReference oppositeSexDb = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference().child("Users").child(oppositeUserSex);
        oppositeSexDb.addChildEventListener(new ChildEventListener() {
            @Override
            public void onChildAdded(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, @Nullable String s) {

                if (dataSnapshot.exists() && !dataSnapshot.child("connexions").child("nope").hasChild(currentUId) && !dataSnapshot.child("connexions").child("yep").hasChild(currentUId)) {
                   String profileImageUrl = "default";
                    if (dataSnapshot.child("profileImageUrl").getValue() != "default"){
                        profileImageUrl = dataSnapshot.child("profileImageUrl").getValue().toString();

                   }
                    cards item = new cards(dataSnapshot.getKey(), (String) dataSnapshot.child("name").getValue().toString(),  profileImageUrl);
                    rowItems.add(item);
                    arrayAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();

                }

            }

            @Override
            public void onChildChanged(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, @Nullable String s) {

            }

            @Override
            public void onChildRemoved(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {
            }

            @Override
            public void onChildMoved(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, @Nullable String s) {
            }

            @Override
            public void onCancelled(@NonNull DatabaseError databaseError) {
            }
        });

    }

    public void logoutUser(View view) {
        mAuth.signOut();
        Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, ChooseLoginRegistrationActivity.class);
        startActivity(intent);
        finish();
        return;

    }

    public void goToSettings(View view) {
        Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, SettingsActivity.class);
        intent.putExtra("userSex", userSex);
        startActivity(intent);
        return;
    }
}

Many thanks for your help.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
EurAsia Cup: Clarke leads Europe to emphatic win
Europe captain Darren Clarke led his team to an emphatic 13-point demolition of an Asian Tour team to win the EurAsia Cup in Kuala Lumpur on Sunday. His 12-man team was never headed over the three days leading by three points after Friday's opening four-balls, six points after the second day foursomes before winning nine of the singles and sharing one in an 18.5-5.5 points triumph at the Glenmarie Golf and Country Club.
Kuala Lumpur 17 January, 2016 14:22 IST
The European team with captain Darren Clarke celebrate with the trophy after winning the EurAsia Cup. - Getty Images
Europe captain Darren Clarke led his team to an emphatic 13-point demolition of an Asian Tour team to win the EurAsia Cup in Kuala Lumpur on Sunday.
His 12-man team was never headed over the three days leading by three points after Friday's opening four-balls, six points after the second day foursomes before winning nine of the singles and sharing one in an 18.5-5.5 points triumph at the Glenmarie Golf and Country Club.
It was Clarke's first taste of team leadership victory. The Northern Irishman joins recent European Ryder Cup captains Paul McGinley (Seve Trophy 2009, 2011) and Colin Montgomerie (Seve Trophy 2002, 2003, 2005, Royal Trophy 2010) in having led a team to victory ahead of captaining in the Ryder Cup.
"There are a lot of things I have learnt this week - time being one of them that I didn't have an awful lot of," said Clarke. "But there are a lot of positives I can take from this week and... hopefully I will do a better job when it comes to September. At the end of the day if your players don't perform you can be the best captain in the world but you're not going to win. But this week belongs to the players as they have just done fantastic. The quality of golf they have played has been impressive."
Right from the outset, each of Clarke's dozen players have been praiseworthy of his captaincy including his two picks in Lee Westwood and Ian Poulter.
Clarke indicated earlier in the week the veteran English pair will be a part of his Hazeltine Ryder Cup side whether competing or as one of five non-playing vice-captains.
"I have enjoyed this week immensely and it's been a wonderful learning experience," said Clarke. "As everyone knows I have been around the game for a long time and done most things in the game. But this week has been different with the guys seemingly keen to listen to what I have had to say and if my little part in this week has helped them along then well be it."
"We will now go back after this week and sit down with the European Tour what I did well as a captain and what I could have done better, and then work on those areas so that we can get the whole package even better come September."
'I will be apologising for that the rest of my life': Stokes on deflected boundary in World Cup final
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Dejected, Ambati Rayudu bids goodbye
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TNPL 2019 start date confirmed, full schedule to be announced shortly
Djokovic outlasts Federer in record-breaking epic to defend Wimbledon title
M.R. Poovamma
justice and rights


text:
Joyous love wins in "The Barber of Seville"
Arts & Entertainment // Music & Stage
David Hendricks May 6, 2017
It may have been election day on Saturday, but the comic pursuit of love dominated in Opera San Antonio's "The Barber of Seville" at the Tobin Center for the Performing Arts.
The opera company staged a union of virtuosic singing with physical comedy for the ever-popular masterpiece by Gioachino Rossini before an audience of more than 1,100 people Saturday night.
Stage director E. Loren Meeker prepared a highly entertaining interpretation of "Barber" with a cast that left nothing more to be desired.
All four top singers quickly established themselves with their opening arias that set into motion the story of "somersaulting hearts."
Tenor Andrew Owens, as Count Almavia, started with his aria to woo Rosina, his voice ardent and longing. The "barber," baritone Luis Ledesma, followed with the opera's best-known aria, his rich voice ringing out with "Figaro, Figaro."
Rosina, performed by soprano Sarah Coburn, was surprising, her bright, strong vocals filling the hall from such a petite figure. Baritone Jake Gardner was overly theatrical, appropriately, as Dr. Bartolo, as the plot advanced for the count to win Rosina's heart despite Bartolo's wish to wed Rosina.
Every scene was delivered with conviction, but nothing beat the prolonged music-lesson segment that opened Act 2. The witty acting and the ensemble singing soared with drama and delight.
The roll-on, roll-off set from the Glimmerglass Festival was appealing and functional. The costumes from Indiana University clearly placed the opera in the 1800s.
The 15-member chorus was wonderful in its multiple roles that varied from serenading band to police force.
The orchestra conductor was Vlad Iftinca, a staff conductor at New York's Metropolitan Opera from Romania. The 49 musicians from the San Antonio Symphony, plus guitar and harpsichord players, sounded warm and glowing from the H-E-B Performance Hall pit, especially during the famous opening overture and for the joyous ending with the singing cast.
dhendricks@express-news.net
David Hendricks
Follow David on:
http://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/david.hendricks.790
David Hendricks joined the San Antonio Express-News in February 1976 after receiving a bachelor of journalism degree in December 1975 from the University of Texas at Austin. In 1981, he obtained a master's degree in English literature from the University of Texas at San Antonio. He worked seven years on various beats for the Metro desk before working in 1983 at the Express-News Capitol Bureau in Austin, returning to San Antonio later that year and joining the business section. Hendricks was business editor from 1986 to 1992 and started his business column in 1989. His column now appears twice a week. He also covers international business, chambers of commerce and CC Media Holdings Inc. Hendricks also contributes classical music concert reviews, book reviews and travel articles. He is married to Lucila Hendricks. They have a daughter, Emily.
Review: Instrumental talent reigns at Cactus Pear Music Festival concert
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CineFestival 2019 features Texas-made films that explore border, immigration...
'Hedwig and the Angry Inch' gets a San Antonio revival
Cactus Pear Music Festival looks toward the future


I have heard all of the OST tracks from Code Geass, and the closest match is in Code Geass OST #2 - Pessimistic Time. If you listen carefully after 0:40, the main instrument's melody is the same. The style and backing are different, but it's normal for there to be some variation between the original OST and the version used in the series itself.
If you want the full list of all songs that played in the series, you can check them here.
What was the music playing at background at 13:58 in episode 2 of Your lie in April?


en-net | Can F-100 been given at home?
Can F-100 been given at home?
I would like to know what are the hazards to give F-100 for feeding at home. Is it strictly prohibited or there are some certain situation where it can be given at home.
Would appreciate a quick response.
1. It is like milk- can be distributed and shared easily with other children who do not need it and even adults. This is highly avoidable.
2. Water with which it is constituted needs to be clean - can this be ensured?
I would not like to list further - F-100 is best avoided. If the child has been stabilised and infections have been taken care of it is best that the child is given RUTF as per a standard protocol.
Thank you for your prompt response. Can I just have bit more in the point "if the child or adult who are not in need of such therapeutic treatment" take it what are the physical consequences can be happened?
Is there any written document on this, please.


text:
Home News & publications Publications 2018 Guidance on satisfactory expected commercial return (SECR)
22 August 2018 - OGA publication
Guidance on satisfactory expected commercial return (SECR)
New OGA guidance on satisfactory expected commercial return (SECR) is now published.
Satisfactory expected commercial return (SECR) is a safeguard for companies in the Maximising Economic Recovery Strategy for the UK (MER UK).
This guidance sets out the approach the OGA will usually take in assessing whether a project achieves a SECR.
The OGA is aware companies use a wide range of metrics and inputs in assessing their returns, not all of which are included in the guidance. The OGA will assess SECR only for the purposes of and as set out in the Strategy, and has no intention of expanding the application of SECR.
Where the SECR safeguard is applied, the OGA aims to take a pragmatic approach, including having discussions with the companies involved, to understand the project.
In addition to the safeguards included in the Strategy, there are likely to be earlier opportunities to resolve any potential MER UK differences.
This guidance has been published following an earlier consultation. The consultation response can be viewed here.
Guidance on satisfactory expected commerical return (SECR)
Download PDF | 434KB


Our beautiful 1972 Airstream Kitchen provides quality seasoned chops, choices of chips & pulled lamb & pork.
All our meats are locally sourced, professionally trimmed, seasoned, tenderised & then cooked to perfection for mouth-watering 'food to go'.
We are always out & about - local markets, corporate events, festivals, food shows, weddings, sporting events. From small village fetes to city like festivals.
No need for knives & forks as our chops are trimmed with eating on the go in mind. Served on the bone you'll find its the only cutlery you need.
Choose whether you'd like tender lamb or succulent pork then decide which of our delicious seasonings to add. Classic BBQ, spicy cajun, mixed herbs plus lots more to choose from.
Chop & Chip Co provided fantastic catering for our event at Clerkenwell Design Week. We work with a fair number of catering companies but were impressed by Chop and Chip's level of professionalism, they were easy to work with, understood our needs and provided fantastic service. Thank you for the delicious sliders and 300 happy guests.
We provide quality seasoned chops, choices of chips & pulled lamb & pork.


Presenter Leigh Toothaker who has been a complete angel and an asset to this project.
Leigh is a dear friend, a fashion designer, an amazing French macaron baker, and ballet, pilates, and tv enthusiast. She's a great host and keeps a wonderful home. She became involved in the project when we were discussing folding fitted sheets at my house. She admitted that she had watched YouTube videos in order to master it. Here's a text exchange from a couple of weeks ago about it.
Clearly I needed some help, so we asked her to come and present. The excitement from our attendees over finally learning to fold a fitted sheet was hilarious.


text:
Canadian actor François Arnaud in the running for '50 Shades of Grey'
Francois Arnaud
Canadian celebrities
Alexander Skarsgard
Christian Cooke
Oct 17, 2013 Print
Another name has joined the fray in the Fifty Shades of Grey casting scramble -- and this time, he's Canadian!
François Arnaud, best known for his role as Cesare Borgia on the Showtime TV series The Bogais, is rumoured to be in the running for the role of billionaire playboy Christian Grey.
The handsome French-Canadian actor was reportedly approached by producers after Charlie Hunnam backed out of the project unexpectedly, though nothing has been confirmed so far.
François, 28, joins the likes of Jamie Dornan, Alexander Skarsgård and Christian Cooke, all of whom are rumoured to be contenders for the whips-and-chains blockbuster.
Brooding, thick-haired and a Canuck to boot? Our vote is definitely with François!
What do you think: Would François Arnaud make a good Christian Grey?
Jamie Dornan to replace Charlie Hunnam in '50 Shades Of Grey?'
Dakota Johnson bonds with 50 Shades of Grey author E L James
Dakota Johnson's real life Christian Grey revealed as actor Jordan Masterson


text:
MethadoneCenters.com Close
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Get 24/7 Addiction Help Now800-530-0431 Who Answers?
Home › How Methadone Maintenance Treatment Works
How Methadone Maintenance Treatment Works
Opiate addictions can develop from any number of drugs with morphine, heroin, Percodan and OxyContin being just a mere few. Unfortunately, breaking an opiate addiction takes considerably more effort than staying off the drug. Even in cases where a person has been drug-free for months, opiate aftereffects can make it difficult to maintain a drug-free lifestyle.
As a drug treatment for opiate cravings and withdrawal effects, methadone has a long-standing history as an effective treatment approach. For recovering addicts who've completed the detox stage, methadone maintenance treatment makes it easier to maintain abstinence for the long-term.
Depending on the type of methadone program, treatment duration and treatment dosages can vary. While short-term and long-term treatment approaches offer various benefits, in general, the longer a person remains on methadone maintenance treatment the better chance he or she has for a successful recovery.
Opiate Aftereffects
Commonly prescribed as a treatment for pain conditions, opiates attach to opioid receptors throughout the body and block pain signals between cells. Opiates also stimulate the release of the body's natural pain-killer chemicals, also known as endorphins. By the time a person becomes addicted to opiates endorphin-producing cells lose the ability to function on their own. This effect in particular accounts for the ongoing withdrawal aftereffects a person experiences long after stopping the drug.
Methadone helps opiate addicts lead normal lives by keeping cravings and withdrawal at bay.
Opiate's aftereffects, for the most part, leave the body's pain management system incapacitated. Once a person stops using, it often takes years before these processes return to normal. Methadone maintenance treatment works because methadone is also an opiate drug. In effect, methadone occupies the same receptor sites as other opiate drugs. This, in turn, reduces the body's withdrawal effects and drug cravings. Methadone differs from other opiate drugs in that it doesn't produce a "high" effect. Methadone's effects also prevent recovering addicts from getting "high" in the event of relapse.
Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Methadone maintenance treatment not only uses methadone as a drug therapy, but also incorporates therapy and support group work as parts of an overall drug treatment plan. Methadone drug therapy treats the physical components of addiction while therapy and support group work address the psychological and emotional issues that drive addictive behavior.
In order for methadone maintenance treatment to be effective, a person's blood level of methadone must be enough to ward off cravings and withdrawal effects without producing the typical "high" effect associated with opiate drug use. Compared to other opiate drugs, methadone creates a long-lasting effect so participants only require daily doses rather than frequent dosages throughout the day.
Treatment Dosages
As different people enter drug treatment at different stages of addiction, methadone maintenance treatment dosages can vary from person to person, according to a Columbia University report. Any one dose must be high enough to ward off cravings and withdrawals while low enough to prevent a person from experiencing an opiate "high" effect.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the optimum therapeutic dose ranges somewhere between 60 to 120 milligrams per day for most people entering methadone maintenance treatment. When administered correctly, a single methadone does can ward off cravings and withdrawal effects for up to 24 to 36 hours.
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Marina project moves forward
Published 7:30 pm Tuesday, September 14, 2021
By Brandon Tester
This rendering of the proposed Bridge Harbor Marina was included in supporting documents for requested city code amendments associated with the project. (City of Washington)
After much discussion about the project's potential effects on the region, the Washington City Council on Monday approved a request from the developer of Bridge Harbor Marina to amend the city code in order to facilitate the construction of a dry stack boat storage facility and commercial marina.
Council voted 4-1 in favor of going along with the planning board's unanimous recommendation to approve the request. Betsy Kane dissented, citing a need for more public input on the project.
While Monday's vote was significant in terms of laying the project groundwork, City Manager Jonathan Russell noted that process of finalizing the project's details and putting together a final package for City Council's approval is still in its early stages. The next steps for the developers include appearing before the city's board of adjustment to request a special use permit, as well as requesting any variances needed to complete the project.
The approved amendments include: allowing dry stack boat storage facilities as a special use within an office and industrial zoning district; modifying the building height limitations found in the specific criteria for dry stack boat storage facilities; and allow certain accessory uses to dry stack boat storage facilities.
The Bridge Harbor Marina project is slated for a property across the Pamlico River from downtown Washington, next to U.S. Highway 17 heading toward Chocowinity. The plans for the Bridge Harbor Marina project include five parts: the Bridge Harbor Clubhouse, 152 wet slips with boatlifts and three fuel docks, a 272-slip dry stack facility, a repair and office building attached to the dry stack facility, a wedding venue pole building, and a parking and boat launch and hauling site on the west side of the highway.
Developer Jim Mezzanotte said the project's price tag is more than $28 million.
The property is located within Washington's extraterritorial planning jurisdiction, which means it's outside of the city limits but is subject to the city's land development regulations. Mezzanotte said the developers have volunteered to have the property annexed into Washington so they can pay "our fair share in terms of taxes" to the city.
Mezzanotte said the project could bring a minimum of 100 jobs to Washington.
Russell said the city has helped the developers work with agencies such as the Department of Environmental Quality and the Army Corps of Engineers during the planning phases of the project.
During the public comment period Monday, several people came forward to speak either for or against the project. Those who supported it emphasized the potential benefits the project could have on Washington's growing economy, particularly in terms of bringing more visitors to the downtown area. Those against the project explained their concerns about the lack of public knowledge about the project, how would affect the waterfront aesthetically, how it would affect traffic on the water, and what might become of the city if similar projects become a trend along the river.
Kane was the only City Council member to comment on the project before the vote. She said the public should have some more time to consider a project of this scale.
"I've been going at this for a couple years now, advocating for our city to have a completely supported vision and strategic plan for everything that we do over the long and the short term," Kane said. "We don't have that. We have a comprehensive plan that was done a long time ago."
Kane called that plan "grotesquely undersized."
"I've seen this movie before. The politicians love a big trophy project," Kane said. "… And visitors, visitors, visitors. Always, 'Visitors will come to our town.' We have like three city departments that do nothing but attend to the needs of visitors and tourists. And I love visitors and tourists, but what about our residents? What about our neighborhoods? What will this do for them?


The Bullet MT 3.0 can blast through any type of terrain thanks to the immense power of its HPI Nitro Star G3.0 engine and a durable 4WD drivetrain. Getting to awesome speeds and catching massive air has never been more fun! The durable, robust design of the Bullet means it can take hard landings and rough action so you can enjoy big air, hard-hitting action whenever and wherever you want! Underneath the brand new paint scheme, the Bullet 3.0 trucks have a rugged 8-shock double-wishbone suspension, tough shaft drive, metal gear diffs and reliable 2.4GHz radio system. All you need to provide is fuel for the engine and nerves of steel to control the powerful Bullet 3.0!


The 6.5 MWth heavy water moderated reactor was designed by Soviet scientists at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, and constructed jointly by Soviet and Yugoslav companies at the Nuclear Engineering Laboratory – NET, now renamed the Center for Nuclear Technologies and Research (NTI) at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Vinča. Construction began in 1956, and RA went critical in December 1959.
RA originally used 2% enriched S-shape uranium metal elements that were produced in the Elektrostal factory near Moscow. They were configured as hollow, cylindrical segments 112.5 mm X 39 mm in size and weighing approximately 6 grams each. The total load weighed 4.7Kg. In 1976, the Soviets introduced new 80% enriched uranium dioxide TVR-S fuel elements that were produced at the "Novosibirsk Chemical Concentration Plant" from Novosibirsk, Russia. It operated intermittently until August 1984 when it was shut down for an extended period due to safety concerns. At the time, no arrangements were made for managing the old Soviet fuel. In August 2002, out of worries for the safety and security of RA's fuel load, American technicians cooperated with Russian agencies, and Yugoslavian staff members to transport more than 5000 fuel rods containing 100 pounds of unirradiated 80% enriched HEU fuel, stored in 30 aluminum casks, to Russia. In October 2006, the IAEA announced that it had finalized a contract to package and ship more than two metric tonnes of spent nuclear fuel from the reactor to Russia. According to IAEA's program manager for the Vinca project, about 30 percent of the fuel may be contaminating the pool where it is currently stored, thus requiring that the removal be done remotely. The RA reactor is currently shut down, and is slated for decommissioning.
 "RA Reactor," Center for Nuclear Technologies and Research (NTI), Updated 2003, www.vin.bg.ac.yu.
 "Research Reactor Details – RA," IAEA Research Reactor Database, www.iaea.org, Updated 2002.
 Bunn, Matthew, Anthony Wier, and John P. Holdren, "Controlling Nuclear Warheads and Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan," Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard University, March 2003.


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Dream (Cadbury White in the UK) is a brand of white chocolate by Cadbury. It is no longer manufactured in the UK, though it is still manufactured in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. It is similar to a Milkybar, which is made by Nestlé. Some of the difference between it and Milkybar is that "Dream" uses real cocoa butter, is slimmer than the Milkybar, and the Milkybar uses puffed rice. Cadbury also released 'Cadbury White Giant Buttons' and plan to release 'Freddo White Treasures'.

The bar was relaunched in the UK in 2019 under a new name 'Cadbury White'.

History
Dream was first launched in Australia and New Zealand in 2001. According to Cadbury, the product became one of the top five block chocolate brands in New Zealand and had driven growth in the overall chocolate market. In 2002, the product was launched in the United Kingdom and Canada and was featured as part of Cadbury's sponsorship for Coronation Street. The bar was relaunched under a new name in the UK and Ireland in 2019 as 'Cadbury White'. It was sold exclusively at Asda and had poor reviews as of September 2019. In October 2019, Cadbury planned to release a special edition white christmas chocolate block in Australia. In May 2020 it was relaunched in the UK as part of the B&M Cadbury Australia Chocolate promotions it is sold along with Cadbury Dairy Milk Top Deck,Crispy Mint Creme, and Moro Bars and 2 flavours of the Cadbury Old Gold Bars (including Roast Almond and Peppermint) and later additions Cadbury Caramilk Bars and Cadbury Twirl Caramilk Bars and Australian Cadbury Dairy Milk Turkish Delight Bars were later added on sale and they are on sale at B&M, because according to B&M the Australian Cadbury Bars were the delicious products on sale.

See also
 List of chocolate bar brands

References

External links
 Cadbury UK
B&M Stores - Cadbury Dream White Chocolate 180g

Australian confectionery
Cadbury brands
Food and drink introduced in 2001
Mondelez International brands
Chocolate bars

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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As a member of SSM Health Medical Group, you will benefit from our physician-led organization with more than 65 locations throughout the service area. We offer our physicians the opportunity to manage the care of their own patients and provide appropriate treatment in a collegial, supportive environment. Additionally, our physicians enjoy an exceptional work/life balance via our flexible schedules, favorable call schedule and generous time-off plans.
St. Louis, Missouri, is an affordable place to live with 2.8 million residents and activities for everyone! Highlights include the world renown St. Louis Arch, the St. Louis Symphony, Fox Theater, Art Museum, Science Center, Missouri Botanical Gardens and one of the best zoos in the country. St. Louis is a big-league city where the best fans in baseball cheer on the 11-time World Series champions - the St. Louis Cardinals - along with the 2019 Stanley Cup winning NHL St. Louis Blues. In 2023, an MLS expansion team, St. Louis City SC, will begin play.
Pick a lifestyle - St. Louis has it - the city itself boasts diverse, iconic neighborhoods and proud heritage. Revitalized urban areas include Benton Park, Soulard, the Central West End, the downtown loft district, The Grove and Tower Grove South neighborhoods. Easily accessible suburbs offer award winning public, private and parochial schools. You'll find diverse worship and cultural opportunities through the metropolitan area. The proliferation of exceptional institutions of higher education, including Washington University, St. Louis University, and University of Missouri demonstrates that education is a priority for St. Louis.
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Archive for May 21, 2012
The Desert Notebooks: Charted Territories
"Of what avail are forty freedoms without a blank spot on the map?"
Arizona is one of the most beautiful states in the Union, a diverse range of landscapes, each more breathtaking than the next, ranging from vast and desolate plateaus to hidden canyons opening into lush, green fields, from cactus fields to piñon forests.
Arizona was an even more abundant land before the arrival of progress and massive numbers of new residents and industries built on extraction.
Native communities thrived here for centuries before Europeans arrived. The canyons of northern Arizona are littered with large numbers of prehistoric ruins — sophisticated, multi-story masonry structures built into protective cliffs and along rivers. These structures were abandoned well before the arrival in the area of the Navajo, the largest Native community in the United States, who now trace their origin stories to this land..
The former abundance is reflected in the sheer number of these ruins, a mysterious precursor of the wildly expanding low-density sprawl we have in Arizona today. Matteo Rubbi found an aerial photographic map of Apache Junction taken in 1971 that shows a view of largely undeveloped that will never be reproduced.
Visiting artists Miguel Palma and Bruno Pereira Sousa, both from Portugal, and Matteo Rubbi from Italy and I traveled north this week on behalf of the Desert Initiative. On May 14, we were hosted on a visit to the Navajo Nation and other locations in New Mexico and northern Arizona by Phoenix artist Steve Yazzie (http://www.stevenyazzie.com). Yazzie and his family grew up on the Navajo Nation, and he had an opportunity to visit his mother while we were there. Yazzie's late grandfather was a Navajo Code Talker, and Yazzie served in the Marines before dedicating himself to his work as an artist. One of his works was recently acquired by the Phoenix Art Museum.
Our first night was spent in Gallup, New Mexico, at the historic El Rancho Hotel. Gallup was once called the "Indian Capital of the World," and about 30 percent of the city's population traces its roots to Navajo, Hopi, Zuni or other Native communities.
The following morning, we had a meeting with Manny Wheeler, Director of the Navajo Nation Museum in Window Rock, and learned about many of the exciting exhibitions, projects and commissions he is leading there. We previewed several new temporary public art installations yet to be unveiled as part of a collaboration between the Navajo Nation and New Mexico Arts, the state arts agency. The commissions will be inaugurated in Sante Fe, N.M. on Friday, May 18. Desert Initiative and ARID Journal partner and ISEA2012 Artistic Director Andrea Polli and Will Wilson are among the artists commissioned. For more information, including a map and texts in both Navajo and English, visit http://www.timenm.com/
After a traditional Navajo lunch in Window Rock, we headed southwest through the Navajo Nation toward Chinle Canyon, where we saw several of the prehistoric ruins and watched horses run across the canyon floor. We spent the night and following morning in historic downtown Flagstaff, where we also met with Alan Petersen, Curator of Fine Arts for the Museum of Northern Arizona, and toured his current exhibition, Shadows on the Mesa—Artists of the Painted Desert and Beyond. I highly recommend a visit. More information is available on-line at http://www.musnaz.org/exhibits/shadows/index.shtml
On the drive south back to Phoenix from Flagstaff, as the elevation dropped, the exterior temperature rose from 72 degrees to 106 degrees over a roughly 140-mile drive. We passed by the fires raging on the west side of I-17 near Sunflower, Arizona. At a certain point, smoke from the fires blocked out the afternoon sun and cast otherworldly light and shadows on the landscape.
I saw things on this short journey that I've never seen before and may not ever see again: Horses attempting to open the front door of house. The sun sinking through a red and black veil of smoke rising from the largely uncontained Sunflower fires raging to the south, at one point lighting up the previously invisible silhouette of the San Francisco Peaks like a volcano as it slowly sank behind the horizon. Through it all, the best moments were watching the landscape through the eyes of international guest artists and watching the creative process in action as everyone interacted and responded creatively throughout with vision, inspiration, laughter and friendship. My sincere thanks go out to Steve Yazzie, Manny Wheeler and Alan Petersen for their time and support on behalf of the Desert Initiative and ASU, and to our visiting artists Miguel Palma, Bruno Pereira Sousa and Matteo Rubbi.
GREG ESSER
Desert Initiative Director
Photographs by Steven Yazzie.
May 21, 2012 at 7:44 pm dsussmansusser 1 comment


Joe Flower is a speaker, consultant and futurist based in Sausalito, Calif. He is also a member of Speakers Express, author of How to Get What We Pay For: A Handbook for Healthcare Revolutionaries, and regular contributor to H&HN Daily.
Health care leaders can adopt the tools used by futurists or risk becoming irrelevant, says futurist Joe Flower.
Successful strategies will be the ones that thrive despite high variance, multiple energy inputs and many strategic options.
A historical chart of health care spending exposes the culprit in rising costs: code-based, fee-for-service medicine.
It's not just the financial climate that's changing. Our weather is changing, and hospitals need to be ready for that along with other threats.
Those who make money off procedures will lose in the Next Health Care; those who create health will win.
New gadgets will lower costs only if they bring value to patients.
If you don't adapt your business plan to the New Health Care, your organization will founder.
Hospitals need to overhaul their processes so they can help the un- and underinsured stay healthy.
The new hospital you're planning may quickly become obsolete. It's time to rethink the need for hospital care.
If you don't have a structured way of driving your choices through the four Ts — transparency, targeting, trust and trim — you're headed for T as in trouble.
The Next Health Care calls for different strategies and tool sets. Many systems are acting as if they read a manual on how to do it wrong. How many critical strategic and tactical mistakes is your system making?
The progeny of the iPhone and the iPad will change the shape of your institution — and your balance sheet.
The progeny of the iPhone and the iPad will change the shape of your institution — and your balance sheet.
Some turn this way, some turn that. Which way is smartest? Which way works best in the short term, which in the long run?


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Scholarly perspectives on the mixed race experience.
I agree that the one drop rule had its origins in racist notions of White purity. However, many scholars have misunderstood the way that this rule has shaped the Black experience in America, and this misunderstanding has distorted their proposals for a new multiracial category on the census forms. As we examine the one drop rule and its importance in the current discourse, we should recall the famous exchange between Faust and Goethe's Devil:
Faust: Say at least, who you are?
Mephistopheles: I am part of that power which ever wills evil yet ever accomplishes good.
So it was with the one drop rule. The Devil fashioned it out of racism, malice, greed, lust, and ignorance, but in so doing he also accomplished good: His rule created the African-American race as we know it today, and while this race has its origins in the peoples of three continents and its members can look very different from one another, over the centuries the Devil's one drop rule united this race as a people in the fight against slavery, segregation, and racial injustice.
Christine B. Hickman, "The Devil and the One Drop Rule: Racial Categories, African Americans and the U.S. Census," Michigan Law Review, Volume 95, Number 5 (March 1997): 1166.
« Just Finished Reading: Fathers of Conscience: Mixed-Race Inheritance in the Antebellum South
Sex and Race in the Black Atlantic: Mulatto Devils and Multiracial Messiahs »
Social Construction of Ethnicity Versus Personal Experience: The Case of Afro-Amerasians
Journal of Comparative Family Studies
Volume 29, Issue 2 (Summer 1998)
Teresa Kay Williams
Michael C. Thornton, Professor of Afro-American Studies
University of Wisconsin, Madison
The article focuses on the existence of ethnic group differences in the U.S. and how the subgroup of Black Americans, Afro-Amerasians, situate themselves in an environment that attempts to place them within established racial boundaries. Afro-Amerasians are estranged between two forces: the contrasting push of society to identify them as only Black, and the pull of their own personal and unique experience. However, instead of succumbing to these forces, these groups developed a different kind of Black identity which incorporates other parts of their heritage. They choose to situate themselves on the traditional boundaries of racial groups rather than deny important parts of who they are; thus, they choose to be marginal. They grew up in environment where they had ample opportunity to develop. These people tried to make sense of their experiences as radicalized peoples. Their struggles with personal and social accepts of identity provide sociological insight into understanding the complexities and contradictions of race and their ever-changing meanings and applications.
There are two significant contributors to ethnicity or racial group identity: a thread of historical experience that is shared by each member of the collectivity, and a sense of potency/strength inherent in the group (see Phinney, 1990). In social science research, racial identity, ostensibly feelings toward the group, is rarely examined with explicit measures of group feelings. Usually, a racial label is correlated to psychosocial development of group members. In this regard, racial group membership – and not actual experience – is normally featured.
Thus, race is often used as a proxy for experience and attitudes, a practice embedded in premises of social science literature (Wilkinson, 1984). Deterministic views of race ignore important variations in how subgroups of Blacks relate to the larger group and to one another. Perhaps no experience better exposes the contradictions regarding how we view race in America than that of racially mixed individuals and, in particular, those with African heritage (Bonacich, 1991; King and DaCosta, 1995; Root, 1992).
Although a rare occurrence, interracial ties draw much attention because they encapsulate unresolved feelings and attitudes about race (Thomton and Wason, 1995). In a society racially stratified, where races are seen to be distinct, racial mixing has always been considered problematic (Spickard, 1992). Interracial populations muddy the dualistic view of race (i.e., that each of us is one or another race) and epitomize the inadequacies of this ideology; they lead us to question basic assumptions of how racial life is organized. In this article, we elaborate on this point by examining what would normally be considered a subgroup of Black Americans. We explore how Afro-Amerasians situate themselves in an environment that attempts to place them within established racial boundaries.
Black Group Identity
Work on Black group identity is not easy to characterize, in part because of relatively limited research on this issue, especially that which examines ethnic group differences (Porter and Washington, 1993). Typically, analysis highlights the influence of social class on identity (e.g., Landry, 1987; Farley, 1984). Some inquiry suggests that class is only a part of the puzzle. Broman et al. (1988) reveal that older, less-educated respondents in urban areas and highly-educated Blacks living outside the West were most likely to feel close to other Blacks. Gurin et al. (1989) show that identity, defined as common fate and as more Black than American, was not simply related to class. Males and those of upper-class status were more likely to feel a common fate with Blacks. Younger Blacks and those who did not work full-time were also more likely to feel more Black than American.
Usually, these studies implicitly assume that group identity is a globally positive (or negative) feeling toward a homogeneous racial referent (Allen et al., 1989). This view fails to recognize that subgroups of Blacks have attitudes about various groups within the racial category (e.g., poor versus middle-class Blacks). It is also common, within this perspective, to treat Blacks as having assimilated and thus not see identity as an alternate cultural experience (Porter and Washington, 1993). These assumptions result in an approach that rarely sees group attitudes as an admixture of positive and negative feelings. This approach does not allow for the possibility that group attitudes may involve an affinity with some aspects of subgroups within the racial category, even while coupled with attempts to disassociate from others (McAdoo, 1985; Jackson et al., 1988; Cross, 1991).
However, an ambiguity toward the racial group might be expected for minorities who contend with negative images of their group permeating society. Some emerging works identify several reference groups within the overarching racial category. Allen et al. (1989) describe identity as containing two important referents: masses (non-mainstream) and elites (mainstream). They suggest that within the racial category is an array of boundaries and identities prioritized in a variety of ways. For example, case studies show that native Black Americans distance themselves from Black Haitians (Stafford, 1985).
Multiracial Identity
Blacks will have different views of Blackness depending on where they are positioned in the social hierarchy. The position we consider here is mixed racial heritage. Historically, this category was simple. Mixed race referred to Black-White offspring who were part of a two-tiered system: Whites and Blacks, with racially mixed people viewed as improved versions of Blacks. Changes in the racial composition of the United States have been the catalyst of emerging work accenting race relations as inclusive …
Tags: Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Michael C. Thornton, Michael Thornton, Teresa K. Williams, Teresa Kay Williams
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