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Bank of Asphalt
On road funding, it's been "the next best idea for the last 25 years." Could this finally be the moment for the National Infrastructure Bank?
By DARREN SAMUELSOHN
This week the Senate is making a last-minute effort to pass a long-term highway bill and avoid yet another short-term patch to federal road funding — potentially the 34th such fix lawmakers have had to make in six years. As Congress argues over which pockets of taxpayer money they can use to keep summer construction projects alive, you might think there might be another, more sweeping way to pay for our most crucial transportation network.
There is.
It goes by a lot of names — a fund, a financing authority — but the most common is the National Infrastructure Bank.
First proposed in the 1980s, the idea of a federal bank to finance road projects has never quite come to fruition, but it's attracting enthusiasm from both sides in the current polarized political climate. Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton have proposed plans to create one, as has Lindsey Graham. Thought its origins lie with Democrats, the leading Senate and House proposals this year to launch a bank include several Republican champions. Past legislative proposals have generated support from groups as politically diverse as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the AFL-CIO, both of which like the idea of a growth policy that creates new jobs and keeps goods flowing.
The details vary by proposal, but the principle is similar: Big highway and bridge projects are expensive, and the government can make them a lot cheaper by offering low-interest loans and other forms of financing. In some schemes the bank would replace direct federal funding. In others, it would supplement it.
But despite so much love from powerful players on both sides of the political aisle, the infrastructure bank maintains the unenviable status of being one of Washington's perennial policy bridesmaids — "the next best idea for the last 25 years," one transportation observer put it.
Why hasn't it ever happened? So far, plans for a National Infrastructure Bank have crashed against the same rocks that doomed other ideas: money. Though ideally it would be self-funding, charging modest interest to cover its costs, it requires a certain amount of seed capital, and not even its most motivated supporters have found a politically-feasible way to pull together the billions of dollars needed for the bank's launch.
But with lawmakers getting weary of half-measures that keep our transportation law going, a number of bank-like proposals are again coming to life in Congress, and it's getting a renewed look. In the words of Rep. Steve Stivers, a third-term Ohio Republican who supports a version of the bank: "People are running out of ideas."
Courted, admired and refined, the bank keeps getting left at the legislative altar. But could this finally be its moment?
MODERN SUPPORTERS DON'T point this out much, but the national infrastructure bank has its political roots in the failed Democratic presidential campaigns of Gary Hart, Jesse Jackson and Michael Dukakis, all of whom complained that the country's essential brick-and-mortar fabric was crumbling during President Ronald Reagan's shrunken-government era.
They suggested that the government should have a whole other way to pay for its critical building programs — one that didn't depend so much on state tax revenues, local bond issues, and the mercurial swings of congressional funding.
From left: Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) | AP and Getty
The variations on their ideas are many, but the basic concept boils down to the federal government serving as a middleman who, with a couple billion dollars in seed money, can offer low interest direct loans, loan guarantees and bonds as a way to spur spending of an exponentially larger amount of dollars on major infrastructure projects. State and local governments, a group of private partners, or some combination of each, could apply for the financing, like a homeowner applies for a loan or a scientist applies for a federal research grant. The winning projects would need to charge tolls, taxes or have some other kind of revenue stream to pay the government back. Awards are given on merit, not just by handing out cash across the board.
The words "national" and "bank" make it easy for conservatives to beat up, which has been one of its political problems. (Current versions tend to use euphemisms for that reason.) But at its core, an infrastructure bank is more a form of public-private partnership than a typical handout program. Supporters point out that such partnerships have deep roots in U.S. history: President Abraham Lincoln's transcontinental railroad involved lucrative government land grants, financial incentives and bonds to stimulate construction; the Pentagon's research and development effort that helped launch the Internet.
In recent years the United States has come close to creating a national infrastructure bank: twice, actually.
During his 1992 campaign, Bill Clinton had included the infrastructure bank as a centerpiece campaign promise, and once in office got some early backing for the concept from a bipartisan commission that included future Republican Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison. In 1995, Clinton signed a transportation law authorizing state-driven infrastructure bank pilot projects; three years later, he got Congress to enact a new Transportation Department program offering loan guarantees, loans and lines of credit to projects that could show they had revenue sources lined up for repayment. The Transportation and Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act, known today by its acronym TIFIA, still exists and is seen in some circles as the closest thing the country has gotten to a full-fledged infrastructure bank. But it's limited in scope and funding capacity, and operates as a program within the Transportation Department, rather than as an external quasi-government agency.
The big version of the bank has had a couple other near-misses over the years. In 2007 the bipartisan duo of Sens. Chris Dodd (D-Conn.) and Chuck Hagel (R-Neb.) partnered on an infrastructure bank bill that went beyond roads and bridges, raising about $60 billion in seed financing through a bond issue, for a variety of projects that also included mass transit, water projects and even public housing. The fatal Interstate 35 bridge collapse in Minneapolis, which happened just hours after they introduced their bill, gave the idea some urgency, but their legislation still failed to pick up enough support.
And in 2008, Barack Obama became the second Democrat elected to the White House promising to launch an infrastructure bank. Democrats say it was even considered for inclusion in his immense stimulus bill, but ultimately got axed in favor of tax cuts, government grants and clean energy loan guarantees.
"It was a shame," said Daniel Flanagan, an infrastructure consultant who chaired the 1993 commission that recommended the bank idea to Clinton and who was familiar with the Obama team's internal negotiations. Flanagan said the bank didn't make it into the stimulus because of concerns over its complexity and late objections from senior White House aides, including then-chief of staff Rahm Emanuel and National Economic Council Director Larry Summers. "We drafted it. We had it ready to go," Flanagan said.
AS AMERICA HEADS toward a "highway cliff" — one of the periodic fights to reauthorize our complex, messy national transportation funding law — the bank idea has seen a revival, not from the White House but from Congress.
But it's taking so many forms it's hard to track. And the sheer array of approaches gives a sense of all the things that make it difficult to get agreement.
For one thing, sponsors are desperate to avoid labeling it a "bank," which now has negative connotations both on the left and right, seen most clearly in the right-wing fight to kill the Export-Import Bank.
The Senate's leading bill on the topic, co-authored by Democrat Mark Warner and Republican Roy Blunt, eschews the word "bank" for "nonpartisan financing authority." It promises to leverage $10 billion in taxpayer dollars pulled from the general fund into spending of $300 billion or more for infrastructure projects. The legislation also tries to address concerns with other past iterations of the bank, including that only big urban areas have a shot at the funding awards, by setting aside five percent of the loan guarantees for rural regions and also creating a special new office to help smaller communities get money. A Warner aide explained that the bill would specifically exclude energy production facilities, to avoid the taint of the Obama administration's failed investment in Solyndra.
Across the Capitol, a bipartisan House bill authored by Maryland Democratic Rep. John Delaney tries to address the money question by skipping over the congressional appropriations process altogether. Instead, the Maryland Democrat has his eye on the pool of money that could be tapped if and when U.S.-based corporations start to repatriate the $2 trillion currently stashed in offshore accounts. Delaney's proposal, which has so far picked up the support of nine House Republicans, would use the money to replenish the Highway Trust Fund over a six-year period, and separately dedicate $50 billion to a financing program for projects ranging from transportation to water, energy, communications and even education.
Though that sounds a lot like the National Infrastructure Bank, Delaney steers around those words in an interview. "We view it as more of a fund than a bank," Delaney said. "It's really a tool for state and local governments, as opposed to being a tool for the feds."
For supporters, there's another issue looming in the background giving the infrastructure bank its urgency: China.
Illinois Republican Sen. Mark Kirk, one of the Senate bank bill's GOP cosponsors alongside Graham, said in an interview he backed the latest version of the Warner-led proposal because he wanted the U.S. "to keep up with the infrastructure I've been so mightily impressed with in China."
China, as it races to build sparkling new highways and rail networks, is planning to launch its own $100 billion infrastructure bank that goes well beyond its borders, and has signed up 56 countries, from Britain to India, as partners in financing road, railway, airport, energy, telecommunications and other infrastructure projects in the Asia-Pacific region.
But even with China getting into the game, can bank supporters finally get traction? The bank does still have powerful opponents. "It's just more borrowing," Senate Environment and Public Works Committee Chairman Jim Inhofe (R-Okla.), co-author of a competing long-term transportation bill that ignores the infrastructure bank concept, told me in an interview. "Ever since [the 1980s] we've gone through this thing. It sounds good. ... But bottom line it's a way from borrowing to get it done and it hasn't worked in the past."
The fact Obama has associated himself with the bank concept also may be a problem, said Rep. Earl Blumenauer, an Oregon Democrat who said he talked with the then-Illinois senator on the 2008 presidential campaign trail about the infrastructure bank. "It may well be we need a better Congress and a new administration, a fresh administration," Blumenauer said.
Though Obama still officially calls for an infrastructure bank, his administration has turned its focus to a number of other transportation funding mechanisms, including grants and the TIFEA loan program. "I think it can be part of the mix," Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx said of the infrastructure bank in an interview. "But it's not going to be the 100 percent solution for our challenges. We're still going to need public funding."
For now, neither Democratic nor Republican supporters are giving up, and they're willing to start small. Stivers, the Ohio Republican congressman, is co-sponsoring Delaney's infrastructure/repatriation bill and said one route might be a proposal that can get even a small part of the infrastructure financing program engrained into law. "Once you get the idea really alive," he said, "this town is good at expanding things."
Stivers, a deputy whip who is close to House Speaker John Boehner—their districts border each other—also told me he doesn't buy the notion that the bank will always be the next-best-thing. "Maybe having always been the bridesmaid," he said, "the infrastructure bank may get to be the bride this time."
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When I was a development intern in college, a mentor brought me a plain manila folder that she called an "Atta Girl" folder. She said it was for keeping track of the notes and accolades I received, and I should look back through the folder on tough days. Though unsure what all of that meant, I trusted her wisdom and dutifully took the folder. It has been incredibly important as I have progressed throughout my career.
Over time, I have created email and paper versions. In the folders are my formal offer letter for my first job in fundraising, the envelope from the first 7-figure gift I closed, notes from bosses recognizing my efforts and cards from colleagues cheering me on, among other things.
On the days you make a mistake or get rejected, it is easy to forget the many things you have accomplished and how you have helped others. The simple act of reviewing the folder and re-reading the notes provides you with the reinforcement to keep going, try again, learn from the experience and refocus on the big picture. Often it just takes knowing that the folder exists to motivate me.
As managers, our role is to encourage and empower our staff to be the best versions of themselves. Sometimes even with our best intentions, we can forget about the progress they have made. I keep an "Atta Girl" folder for each member of my team, which I title "Extra Efforts" and add to this folder throughout the year with notes they receive from donors, senior leadership and others. I make it a point to be the one to send many notes to them for their folders, because there is incredible power in knowing that your manager believes in you and your potential. When preparing formal performance evaluations, I have a treasure trove to remind me of the previous year. In addition to my folders for them, I encourage them to maintain their own folders for themselves.
In the last several years, an incredible thing has happened, I started getting notes from direct reports and staff I mentor/sponsor. These are the letters I cherish the most, the ones that remind me of why I choose to lead every day—the gift of helping others to achieve what they didn't think possible.
If you don't already have a folder, I encourage you to start one. Remind yourself that you add value through the work you do and the person you are. Right after you get yourself organized with your new folder, go write a note for someone else's.


Prime waterfront location, off Naples Bay, with direct Gulf access and no bridges providing some of the best boating Naples has to offer. Boat dock is also included!! This well appointed 2-story town home, with Southern exposure, offers 3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms with one bedroom and bath on the first floor. Features include kitchen with granite, custom cabinetry and stainless steel appliances, new wood flooring throughout downstairs, impact rated sliders and a large outside deck for entertaining and relaxing. The upstairs master bedroom is spacious and bright overlooking the canal. A new air conditioning system was installed in 2016. A new roof and exterior painting was completed in 2017. In addition to the advantages of being on the water, this location is less than 1.5 miles to 5th Avenue South and a short distance to beautiful white sandy beaches in Olde Naples. Three bedroom, three bath town homes in this area are rarely available so this is a great opportunity if you are looking for investment property or plan to live here. Vacant and easy to show!!
I am interested in 1520 Blue Point Ave 102, Naples, FL 34102 (Listing ID # 218080116).
The data relating to real estate for sale on this limited electronic display comes in part from the Southwest Florida Multiple Listing Services. Properties listed with brokerage firms other than MPV Realty are marked with the BR Program Icon or the BR House Icon and detailed information about them includes the name of the Listing Brokers. The properties displayed may not be all the properties available through the BR Program. The source of this real property information is the copyrighted and proprietary database compilation of the participating Southwest Florida MLS organizations and is Copyright 2017 Southwest Florida MLS organizations. All rights reserved. The accuracy of this information is not warranted or guaranteed. This information should be independently verified if any person intends to engage in a transaction in reliance upon it. Some properties that appear for sale on this limited electronic display may no longer be available. For the most current information, contact MPV Realty Data last updated 4/23/2019 5:52 AM CST.


Enterprise workforces increasingly rely on mobile messaging platforms for company-wide communication and collaboration with internal team members and external stakeholders.
Seventy-three percent of employees use mobile and consumer messaging applications for business purposes, according to the latest research. However, most employees are using consumer-grade apps that lack the physical and technical safeguards necessary for enterprise communication.
For more information and findings about the use of consumer-grade messaging in today's enterprise, download the full report today.


Over the years Sligo Grammar School has been involved in debating and public speaking. In recent years both have become popular and we have set up SGS DebSoc. The Society meets every week in the Khansama. Ms Hynes anf Ms Finnerty are the teachers in charge and they teach the students the skills of public speaking and debating. The school enters competitions during the year.
In TY all students get to learn the skills of debating and public speaking in a seven week module.
Well done to 6th yr. Juno Ellison who was one of three students to win the regional Youth Leadership Development Competition. An all-expenses-paid trip to Europe is her prize! Juno will visit Stormont and the Dáil where she will meet with politicians and business leaders, and then she will travel to Strasbourg where she will debate a variety of motions in the European Parliament. Juno had to do two interviews where she discussed her achievements in leadership and planning and organisation as well as her work experience and personal achievements. Juno's active Transition Year and her involvement in school activities paid off in this as did her successes in debating. For the interviews she also had to demonstrate a good knowledge and critical understanding of social, environmental and political issues in Europe and Ireland. a well deserved win, Juno! Pictured with Juno are Máire Hynes, teacher, and Pat McNulty and Arnie Griffin of Rotary, Sligo. Arnie is also a past teacher of History at SGS!
Well done to all our competitors this year and especially first Year Alfie Barron who came second in the U18 competition.
A new competition was inaugurated in 2017. The local Europe Direct office organise a debate for local schools . It is sponsored by the Sligo County Council and is held in the Council chamber during the final term.
The school enters the Concern Debating competition which debates issues concerning the developing world and human rights.
Sligo Grammar School has had great success in the Soapbox Public Speaking Competition. We have had National Finalists from the school for the past three years.This competition is run by Europe Direct and each competitor had to deliver a three-minute speech on a specific topic.
The SGS DebSoc had a very successful term. A lot of 1st and 2nd year students joined and are enjoying the weekly activities. Ms Aoife Finnerty has joined Ms Hynes in running the society which meets on alternate Tuesdays and Wednesdays. The term started with a trip to NUIG for a Debating Day. A group of about 15 students went to Galway and did workshops in debating skills followed by debating competitions. Robyn Scott and Caoilte Brannigan emerged as winners that day. Genvieve Cox continued the SGS tradition when she won the regional Soapbox Public Speaking competition and went on to represent the region at the National Finals in Dublin. The runner-up in the regional competition was Aidan O'Reilly. For the first time in a number of years SGS debaters are involved in the prestigious Concern Debates competition. A team of four 5th year students, ably assisted by their researchers, have won 4 out of 4 debates in the league phase of the competition. This fantastic record should see us into the second phase of the Concern Debates. A group of three TY students gave up a weekend to do a residential debating workshop in Galway in November. This was funded by the EU and aimed to develop discussion and debating skills in a Mock European Parliament scenario. The New Year will see moore opportunities for our debaters and anyone who wishes to join the SGS DebSoc is more than welcome!
This year our team of Russell Nairn and Niamh Kilroy got through to the Finals of the West of Ireland Schools Debating competition but could not attend the final – which was held in SGS – because of their mock exams. Bad timing!
Russell also qualified for the National Trials of the Team Ireland Debating Team. Unfortunately he did not get onto the National team, but we were very proud of his achievement.
Our TY team along with some Seniors went along to Galway to compete in the Cambridge Schools Debating competition. The debates were very exciting and our new debaters did very well, though did not emerge as winners.
Our team of TY students argued a very difficult motion valiantly but did not win the judges over, emerging as runners-up. The motion was "This House Believes that Volunteering does make a difference" and we were arguing against it – particularly difficult as Sligo is European Volunteering Capital for 2017!
Last year Jude Perry was the Regional representative at the National Finals at the National Concert Hall. In previous years Russell Nairn and Rowan Kelleher were the National Finalists from the region. This competition is run by Europe Direct and each competitor had to deliver a three-minute speech on a specific topic.


A gathering of slapstick aficionados turned violent Saturday, requiring dozens of city police bearing shields and batons to quell the riot. It was the first conflict in the 13-year history of the Three Stooges Enthusiasts and Impersonators Annual Convention, held every year at the Westport Heights Sheraton & Conference Center.
The yearly event is part reunion, part workshop for the small but intense group of people from across the country who "want to live the Stooge way the right way," as the convention's mission statement says. "This is the worst thing to happen since the 2005 protests," said convention founder Howard Dewey, referring to a handful disruptive picketers that year, angry over the exclusion of devotees to Stooge replacements Shemp and Curly Joe.
The fracas broke out during a class on how to successfully block an attempted double eye poke. Instructor Bob Silver demonstrated the proper technique — it entails holding your hand at a perfect 90 degree angle from your face — and then paired off participants to practice the move. A fight started between attendee Lewis Oster, a member of the Moe group, and Curly group member Morris Heinz, who claimed later that Oster poked too hard and actually gouged both his eyes.
According to convention tradition, an attendee is supposed to utter the safety phrase "Woo-woo-woo-woo," if he is uncomfortable with how his practice partner is attempting a bit of slapstick. Instead, multiple witnesses say, Heinz shouted, "Oh, a f****** wise guy, eh?" and punched Oster in the face, sending him tumbling into a group of fellow Moes.
The 36 seminar participants in conference room 9-W quickly ganged up into their assigned Stooge character groups, with several of the Moes making threatening backhanded slapping gestures, and the Curlys responding by smacking and pulling down on their faces, dancing on their tiptoes and uttering high-pitched, guttural squeals. The Larrys, meanwhile, tried to make peace between the two groups, which just resulted in many of the Moes yanking their hair almost out of their roots.
Chaos broke out when one of the Moes threw a cream pie filled with quarter rolls at Curly impersonator Howard Klein, shattering his nose and left orbital. As a group of Larrys carried away the injured Klein, the Curlys, many of them making doglike "woof" cries, attacked the Moes. But witnesses say the Moes quickly routed the Curlys, employing many of the techniques they'd learned at the convention: mesmerizing the Curlys by fluttering their hands in front of their faces before smacking them; tricking the Curlys into slapping the tops of their outstretched fists, sending their arms into a windmill spin that ended with them bashing the tops of the Curlys' heads; and ducking at precisely the right moment, inevitably resulting in one Curly punching another.
Hotel employees called police, who arrived in riot gear to break up the confrontation. But the extra armament proved largely unnecessary: Once police entered and formed a cordon around the room, the Stooges momentarily froze and then tried to escape, in different directions, sending them crashing into one another. The officers quickly cuffed the writhing mass of arms and legs and loaded them into police vans for processing.
Police spokesman Sherman Larris said most of the Stooges would be charged with assault and destruction of property. The only other possible charge — threatening a law-enforcement officer — would be against Moe group member Richard Weinman, who allegedly said, "Why I oughta …" to the policeman who was handcuffing him.
And as usual,Larry,the middle man of the act,stood by nonchalantly and waited to see who to side with in the melee. This sounds like it could have been straight out of one of the Stoogaes films,or at least a typical day at the United Nations!
Hello , This is out right not right at all . These conventions are to honor our fav hereos and have some fun along the way doing so. Accidents do happen as they did so many times during the long careers of our fav guys , so why does ONE accident mean that a riot or even a fight has to ensue > Grow up jackasses , If you can't5 handle the heat , then get the hell outts the kitchen . Ya Knuckleheads .


Don't be immune to the buzz of blockchain. Its benefits are far reaching for businesses of all sizes. This tech is revolutionizing financial and non-financial transactions through improved connectivity, efficiency and security. Touchpoints include intellectual property, productivity, workforce management, and enterprise mobility.
Blockchain has been around for almost 10 years, and even the big players are seeing the potential. The Australian Securities Exchange will trial blockchain to record changes in shareholdings. And in November, the Federal Government 'invested' in the tech, by awarding a Smart Cities and Suburbs grant to a company part-owned by the first Australian company listed on digital currency exchanges, Power Ledger.
The theme here is protecting financial transactions and that's what most business people think when they hear the word, 'blockchain'. It's the tech behind the cryptocurrency, bitcoin.
Data 61 and the CSIRO have been exploring how government and industry could use block chain technology for productivity benefits and local innovation. They define blockchain as a "form of distributed ledger technology". It connects parties online to give a secure and trusted record of financial and non-financial transactions. They do this without giving a third party control.
Fewer parties involved in the transaction mean businesses spend less time and money. (But keeping that record online only could open it up to a small risk of hackers, which is why you'd want to have an offline storage, too).
"Blockchains can also enable better information sharing and better business processes, giving stakeholders more confidence and reducing cost and risk," say Data 61 and the CSIRO.
Its potential to protect non-financial transactions is another win. Here's one example of how that would work.
Blockchain offers a way to create a permanent record to identify provenance or ownership of a particular piece of intellectual property. That record identifies the day it was registered, the creator and links this information to tokens. Because this registration can't be changed, the record will stand up in court.
One Australian application of blockchain sees those who create film, video or virtual reality content being able to register their works on a digital platform called Veredictum.io. The benefit? It protects against plagiarism, that is outright theft of those creative ideas and products.
McKinsey & Company's take on such a platform is that it can "redefine how artists are remunerated" giving them a more robust way to prove it's their work and receive value for it. A blockchain-backed platform enables smart contracts, sets transparent person-to-person transactions, promotes efficient pricing, allows micrometering and micromonetizing and establishes a reputation system.
Sure, blockchain is emerging on the Australian business landscape with many businesses still working out how to harness it. Some are even piloting blockchain as a service (BaaS) embedded in a SAP cloud platform as a low-risk option for enterprises.
Your first step would be looking into 'baking' it into your overall enterprise mobility strategy, says Karin Kelly in Mobile Business Insights. Beyond cryptocurrencies, blockchain could revolutionise how we do business, particularly via mobile phones, she says.
"Three main areas mobile enterprises are working blockchain into a secure mobility strategy include mobile payments, the IoT and enabling a remote workforce. Blockchain technology eliminates the middleman, enabling mobile transactions to be conducted by two parties, thereby reducing the attack footprint.
So, blockchain is relevant for workforce management software. This may blow your mind, but the World Economic Forum predicts by the year 2027, 10% of global GDP will be stored in blockchain.
Types of blockchains include consortium, semi-private, private or public. Currently businesses use consortium blockchains where, let's say, a pre-selected group of corporations control the consensus process. However, business-to-business and governments are also looking into semi-private blockchains that a single company runs and gives access to particular users. A single organisation would control a private blockchain, such as for a sandbox rather than actual production. Public blockchains are bitcoin and Ethereum, which allow anyone to see the transaction, but users can be anonymous.
Blockchain sounding so good it could be carbon neutral? Stay with us on this. Again the World Economic Forum has put this one forward – using blockchain to transparently and reliably track carbon emissions and credits. Consider offering that sustainability cred to your customers. A carbon currency if you will.
There's a lot of scope for blockchain. Getting on board now doesn't mean you're an early adoptor, but will help you stay ahead of the curve if you keep blockchain nested in your company strategy.


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(Brandts Literacy Sponsors and Swales Discourse Communities). It should include all of the major sections that are specific to your thesis, and 2-3 sentences on what you will discuss in each section. If you..
Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field. Skip to content, contact Sales, thanks for visiting Turnitin.
of Europe and was in use until. New York: Alfred. 291 Panel painting becomes more common during the Romanesque period, under the heavy influence of Byzantine icons. An imperial decree of 388, which was later incorporated into the Codex Justinianus, orders cold river environment survival essay the population of the Empire "to assume the name of Catholic Christians and regards all those who will not abide by the law as "mad and foolish persons as followers. 489; Greatrex Lieu 2002,. . "Germans Say Goodbye to the Mark, a Symbol of Strength and Unity". Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-clio, 2014. From a different perspective, since the 7th century, the evolution and constant reshaping of the Byzantine state were directly related to the respective progress of Islam. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
Additionally, Italy has been invaded and settled by many different peoples.
Etruscans in Tuscany preceded the Romans and Umbria, while Greeks settled the south.
Italy (Italian: Italia ( listen officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana repubblika italjana is a country in Europe.
Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, and Vatican City.
Italy covers an area of 301,340 km 2 (116,350 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal.
Until the first half of the 6th century and in sharp contrast with the decaying West, the Byzantine economy was flourishing and resilient. The scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: the Christian Democrats, who ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a severe crisis and eventually disbanded, splitting up into several factions. The Alexiad (translated by Elizabeth. After Justinian died in 565, his successor, Justin II, refused to pay the large tribute to the Persians. "The Byzantine View of Western Europe". Geoffrey of Villehardouin (1963). The Canadian Trade Commissioner Service. Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization. Starting from the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed into a colonial power by forcing Somalia, Eritrea and later Libya and the Dodecanese under its rule. 137 He thwarted Hungarian and Serbian threats during the 1120s, and in 1130 he allied himself with the German emperor Lothair III against the Norman king Roger II of Sicily.


If you know 24,999 people, and you've been worry about meeting a new friend because Apple has limited the number of contacts stored in iCloud to 25,000, feel free to mingle. The company has raised the limit to 50,000. Now start shaking hands.
Apple has updated a support document on its website to reflect that iCloud now has a limit of 50,000 contacts, double the previous limit of 25,000 contacts (via iFun.de). iPhone, iPad and Mac users can now store up to 50,000 contacts between their iCloud-enabled devices, while all other limits for calendars, reminders and bookmarks have not been changed.
The support document also list the iCloud limits for Calendars, Reminders, and Bookmarks. I myself haven't had any concerns about bumping up against any of these limits. (He has no friends – Ed.) However, I imagine many readers are breathing a bit easier now that the limits have been bumped up.


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Фонд Форда () — американский благотворительный фонд, созданный, согласно уставу, для финансирования программ в поддержку демократии, сокращения бедности, продвижения международного сотрудничества и человеческого развития. Штаб-квартира фонда располагается в Нью-Йорке. Президент фонда — Луис Антонио Убиньяс.

Основан в 1936 году как независимая некоммерческая и неправительственная организация.

История
Фонд Форда был учреждён 15 января 1936 года Эдселом Фордом, сыном Генри Форда, и двумя директорами «Ford Motor Company» в ответ на налоговую реформу 1935 года Ф. Рузвельта, вводившую 70% налог на крупное наследство. Первые годы Фонд базировался в штате Мичиган и работал под управлением членов семьи Форд и компаньонов, оказывая финансовую поддержку таким организациям, как Госпиталь Генри Форда, Гринфилд-Вилледж, Музей Генри Форда и др.
После смерти Эдсела Форда в 1943 году и Генри Форда в 1947 году, руководство Фондом Форда перешло к старшему сыну Эдсела, Генри Форду II.
С середины 1970-х годов Фонд Форда не имеет никакого отношения ни к Ford Motor Company, ни к семейству Фордов. Генри Форд II, последний член семьи в совете директоров, отказался от участия в управлении фондом в 1976 году.

С 1952 по 1970 год финансировал образовательную сеть телевещания National Educational Television (NET). В 1952 году фонд открыл свой первый международный офис в Нью-Дели, Индия. Тогда же при финансировании фонда создается русскоязычное Издательство имени Чехова в Нью-Йорке.
В 1976 году фонд оказал помощь при запуске Гремин Банка Мухаммада Юнуса, выдающего микрокредиты необеспеченным в Бангладеш.
К концу 1980-х годов фонд начал оказывать помощь в борьбе со СПИДом.

В 1958—1965 гг. директором фонда был Джон Макклой.

Среди организаций — получателей грантов от Фонда Форда называют:
 Палестинский Комитет защиты прав человека и окружающей среды (LAW)
 Иерусалимский Центр средств массовой информации, поддерживающий веб-сайт «The Palestine Report»
 Бецелем
 Палестинский академический центр по изучению международных отношений (PASSIA)
 «Раввины за права человека»
 «Врачи за права человека»
 Университет Аль-Кудс
 Центр «Мивтах»
 «Аль-Мезан» — центр помощи палестинским беженцам в лагере Джебалия
 «Палестинская независимая комиссия по правам человека»(Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens' Rights)
 Независимый институт социальной политики (Россия)
 Фонд «Нет алкоголизму и наркомании» (НАН) на популяризацию идеи «социального заказа» в регионах.

Деятельность в России
В 1989 году Совет директоров фонда принял решение о начале проектов помощи гражданским институтам в СССР, Польше, Венгрии и Чехословакии для содействия демократическим и экономическим реформам в этих странах.
В январе 1996 года Фонд открыл офис в Москве. С тех пор на поддержку проектов в области журналистики, культуры, образования, развития гражданского общества и других было потрачено около 140 млн долларов.
В апреле 2009 года стало известно, что Фонд, потеряв треть своих ресурсов во время мирового экономического кризиса, планирует закрыть свои офисы в России и Вьетнаме и завершить финансирование проектов в этих странах. Предполагалось что Международная программа стипендий Фонда Форда продолжит свою работу до 2014 года.
Деятельность Института международного образования, администрирующего программу стипендий Фонда Форда в России вызывала ряд вопросов и отличалась порой неэффективным расходованием средств американского Фонда. В частности, организовывались финансовоёмкие поездки аппарата Фонда в регионы России с целью «презентовать программу для будущих участников».

Летом 2015 года в России, в соответствии с Федеральным законом № 272-ФЗ от 28.12.2012, Фонд Форда вошёл в «патриотический стоп-лист», который был разработан в Совете федерации. Согласно этому «стоп-листу» деятельность фонда является нежелательной на территории Российской федерации.

В 2018 году сайт организации fordfound.org недоступен для посещений с российских IP-адресов.

Критика
Фонд Форда подвергался критике за финансирование организации «Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting» (FAIR), выступающей в защиту права женщин на аборт.

Бывший профессор социологии Университета Бингемтона (штат Нью-Йорк) Джеймс Петрас (James Petras) и другие обвиняют Фонд в том, что он является своего рода «крышей» для ЦРУ. В качестве оснований для своих обвинений Петрас указывает, в частности, на обмен высокопоставленными сотрудниками между ЦРУ и Фондом, крупные пожертвования Фонда Конгрессу культурной свободы (Congress for Cultural Freedom), который поддерживается ЦРУ, связи бывшего президента Фонда Ричарда Бисселла с директором ЦРУ Алленом Даллесом и участие Фонда в осуществлении плана Маршалла в 1950-е годы. По словам Петраса, Фонд финансирует организации по защите прав человека, которые специализируются на критике нарушений прав человека, имеющих место в государствах — противниках США.

В 2003 году Фонд Форда подвергся критике американской произраильской информационной службой «Еврейское телеграфное агентство» — в частности, за его поддержку палестинских неправительственных организаций, участвовавших в антиизраильских мероприятиях в ходе Всемирной конференции против расизма в 2001 году. Под давлением ряда конгрессменов Фонд был вынужден принести свои извинения и впоследствии выдвинул в качестве одного из условий для предоставления финансовой помощи запрет на поддержку насилия, терроризма, нетерпимости или призывы к уничтожению какого бы то ни было государства.

См. также
 Фонд Карнеги
 Фонд Макартуров
 Фонд Рокфеллера

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт фонда

Примечания

Литература
 Inderjeet Parmar, Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller Foundations in the Rise of American Power. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
  (2001), , New Press, . [Aka, Who Paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War 1999, Granta (UK edition)].
 Edward H. Berman The Ideology of Philanthropy: The influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller foundations on American foreign policy, State University of New York Press, 1983.
 Yves Dezalay and Bryant G Garth, The Internationalization of Palace Wars: lawyers, economists, and the contest to transform Latin American states, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2002.

 «Target Ford» (2006), by Scott Sherman in The Nation.
 Ford Foundation, a philanthropic facade for the CIA Voltaire Network, April 5, 2004.
 , сотрудничество Фонда Рокфеллера, Фонда Форда и Фонда Карнеги с Советом по международным отношениям.
 The Ford Foundation and the CIA, a 2001 study by James Petras.
   Фонд Форды выделил Chelsea Theater грант в начале 1970-х, что позволило театру осуществить потрясающую мультимедийную работу. Финансирование было внезапно остановлено спустя три года, событие, которое наряду с урезанием финансированиясо стороны Национального фонда искусств поспособствовали ускорению краха театра. Это история, которая исследует театральные и закулисные драмы в «Челси» с особым вниманием к тому как поддерживались театры.

Гражданское общество
Неправительственные фонды
Благотворительные организации США
Социальные инвесторы (организации)
Фонды в США
Ford
Неправительственные организации, деятельность которых признана нежелательной на территории Российской Федерации

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What makes a beetle a beetle? Come find out as we will observe live beetles and discuss their different parts and what they do. After, we will tap into our creative side. Using a variety of materials we will construct a colorful beetle of our own, complete with moveable forewings!


text:
Mother Jones illustration
The best nonfiction, novels, and cookbooks published this year—and some older reads that resonated anew.
Mother Jones StaffDecember 15, 2022
If you buy a book using a Bookshop link on this page, a small share of the proceeds supports our journalism.
Because Our Fathers Lied: A Memoir of Truth and Family, from Vietnam to Today
by Craig McNamara
Nonfiction Lots of people have daddy issues. But it's not often you come across a memoir written by someone whose father was the primary architect of the Vietnam War. Craig McNamara, a walnut farmer, sustainable agricultural leader, and son of John F. Kennedy's Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, writes a brutal and intimate story about a son confronting his father's legacy of destruction—a single relationship as unresolved as the infamous war. When I first picked up the book, I didn't quite know what to expect. To my surprise, I learned that in addition to tearing apart a nation, Robert McNamara's lies about Vietnam shattered the heart of his young, impressionable son. This book holds little in common with Errol Morris' famous, Oscar-winning documentary, The Fog of War—Craig McNamara is much gentler in writing about being haunted by his father's legacy, and trying to build a far-removed one of his own through farming. Instead, we find a Robert McNamara who loved the outdoors and took his son hiking and skiing; a family man who tried not to bring his work home to his children, but ultimately failed. The younger McNamara anchors the book in his father's inability to have an honest conversation about his involvement in the war and why he couldn't offer an apology. "Loyalty, for him, surpassed good judgment," writes Craig about his father's silent allegiance to the Kennedy and Johnson administrations and the values of the American empire. "It might have surpassed any other moral principle." —Ruqaiyah Zarook
Buy on Bookshop
A Death on W Street: The Murder of Seth Rich and the Age of Conspiracy
by Andy Kroll
Nonfiction Before QAnon. Before Donald Trump's Big Lie. Before Proud Boys stormed the Capitol—there was the murder of Seth Rich. A young Democratic National Committee staffer, Rich died in 2016 during what was almost certainly a botched armed robbery. But conspiracy theorists insisted his death had been ordered by the Clintons as part of a plot to frame the Russian government for hacking Democratic emails. These falsehoods would set the stage for years of political chaos. "Seth's story is a skeleton key to the past half-decade in America," writes Kroll. It's the story of "how the failure to find those who committed that crime opened a void into which the gullible, the dangerous, and the deluded poured their misbegotten ideas and political ambitions and so created a maelstrom of deception that undermined every important institution in the country." Kroll, a MoJo alum, shows how deep dysfunction—in the DC police department, in conservative media, in the legal system—helped turn a violent tragedy into a lie that blanketed Fox News. But for all his insights into what Seth Rich has meant to American politics, Kroll never loses sight of Seth Rich the person, and the friends and family from whom he was taken. —Jeremy Schulman
Dirtbag, Massachusetts: A Confessional
by Isaac Fitzgerald
Nonfiction "My parents were married when they had me, just to different people." So begins Fitzgerald's "confessional," a lucid memoir brimming with stoic New Englanders, seedy bars, stifling Catholicism, and somehow, despite all that, so much heart. Fitzgerald grew up poor in a dysfunctional household, spending a childhood stint at a homeless shelter before being carted out to a depressed rural town. He took solace in books, landing a scholarship at a prep school where he leaned into his role as local ruffian amid a sea of elite super jocks (Ritalin proved the great equalizer). Eventually, he made his way to San Francisco, where the biker bar Zeitgeist became his church, and supported a budding literary career (full disclosure: I worked on the Rumpus with Fitzgerald back in the day) with jobs as varied as bouncer and Kink.com model. The essays in this collection are entertaining and brisk, but it's their warmth and vulnerability that sets them apart. Fitzgerald holds a magnifying glass up to his own weaknesses, his tangos with toxic masculinity and his troubled relationship with his family, to reveal a generous soul who inspires camaraderie wherever he lands. —Maddie Oatman
Elite Capture: How the Powerful Took Over Identity Politics (And Everything Else)
by Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò
Nonfiction In a matter of years, Black Lives Matter went from being considered a fringe rallying cry to a hashtag and slogan that significant corporations weren't afraid to associate with. Despite this, nothing for Black people, or any other nonwhite races, has gotten materially better. In Elite Capture, Georgetown assistant philosophy professor Táíwò deftly guides us through how, by isolating identity from class, the masters of society can pay lip service to racial and social injustice without ever doing anything that would actually resolve it. In what is maybe the clearest articulation of this "elite capture" phenomenon that I've read, Táíwò provides the start of a roadmap that can hopefully lead us beyond it. —Ali Breland
by Rob Delaney
Nonfiction If you know anything about Delaney, you know that he is an American comedian and a recovering alcoholic who happens to be the star of the much-acclaimed Amazon prime series Catastrophe. He's also the author of the 2013 memoir Mother. Wife. Sister. Human. Warrior. Falcon. Yardstick. Turban. Cabbage. Perhaps you also know that his happy and successful life—okay he struggled with depression but his was a deliriously fulfilling marriage—was demolished when his third son, Henry, an incandescent little boy, died in 2018 at only 2 and a half years old of a brain tumor after enduring nearly unimaginable suffering for more than half his life. There is always the question of when one knows the agonizing conclusion to a story: Why voluntarily subject oneself to this kind of pain when life tends to dish it out so lavishly anyway? In this case, the reason is that in Delaney's remarkable memoir of that harrowing time, you will encounter a singular way of processing a grief so immense and an injustice so incalculable that it defies imagining. Someone told him that the London tabloid the Daily Mail "had called and were aware that I had a son…being treated for a brain tumor and wanted to know if I wished to comment. I told him to please tell the Daily Mail that if they printed anything about my son, I would kill the reporter and any editors who approved it, and then sit down in a puddle of their blood and wait for the police to come. No article ran." When his father-in-law said through his own tears, "I wish it was me instead of Henry," Delaney replied, "We do, too, Richard." The immediacy of the love, the grief, the rage at the sheer breathtaking injustice of it all, recounted with humor and heart, makes this story, dare I say it, inspirational. Throughout are the scenes of a sturdy and tender marriage that refuses to be broken by the shit sandwich its participants have been served. Read this book not for Delaney's celebrity nor even for a good cry but for something more: a rare picture of the family coping with the worst thing that can happen, with love and humor, all illuminated by a kind of costly grace. —Marianne Szegedy-Maszak
The High Sierra: A Love Story
by Kim Stanley Robinson
Nonfiction Robinson, a two-time Hugo Award winner, is one of the world's premier science-fiction writers. Or so I'm told; I've never read any of the novels he's famous for, but I picked up his ode to the high peaks and passes of California on a whim after a week hiking somewhere else—hoping, in that familiar post-vacation comedown, to mentally extend my stay just a little while longer. Robinson's book is part atlas and part memoir, a deep map that intersperses historical snapshots and geology lessons with stories from more than half a century ambling over rocks and snowfields. There is a personal story here, about friendship and family and growing up, but it is fundamentally just a dude writing about his hikes and how much they rule. This is not one of those books you can't put down; it's a book you'll be tempted to close in a hurry—to get to the nearest trailhead yourself. —Tim Murphy
I Dream of Dinner (So You Don't Have To)
by Ali Slagle
Nonfiction It might seem a touch overblown to credit a cookbook with easing postpartum depression. But after spending months chained to a nursing chair, the opportunity to properly prepare a meal—and maybe even enjoy its contents—felt absurdly exhilarating. It was even more thrilling because I'm not a natural cook; I blend soggy leftover nachos as a topping on fresh tortilla chips; I didn't know what a whisk was until some years after college, thanks to a friend, a former pastry chef at Jean-Georges. But with her debut cookbook—accessible but carrying hints of a more sophisticated life beyond baby spit-up—Slagle opened a sense of potential that didn't feel remotely available to me at a moment in life when I really needed it. Consider the recipe Slagle affectionately refers to as a "stunt," "Rice with Lots of Herbs & Seeds." At once exceedingly easy to whip up—I personally skip the coconut chips—yet surprisingly complex thanks to a dash of lime and fish sauce, the dish is lovely either on its own or paired with leftover salmon. I eventually bailed on breastfeeding, a decision that took months to make peace with. But I take pleasure in knowing that years from now, when he's ready to eat what I eat, I'll be ready with some delightful recipes. —Inae Oh
by Jennette McCurdy
Nonfiction If you're someone lucky enough to have a good relationship with your parents, you'll probably be shocked by the title of this book. "How could anyone ever say this about their mother?" you'll whisper to yourself. But, honestly, by the time you get to the end of this memoir, you'll be glad that McCurdy's mom died, too. McCurdy is a 30-year-old retired actress-turned-writer who rose to fame on a Nickelodeon sitcom as a teen. In this book, she details the abuse she endured from her mother, starting from her childhood living in poverty. Her mother, who had her own unfulfilled dreams of Hollywood stardom, forced McCurdy into performing regularly at only 6 years old. By the tender age of 11, McCurdy became the breadwinner for her entire family. After securing a leading role on the hit show iCarly as the fried-chicken-loving tomboy, Sam Puckett, she was thrust from obscurity into sudden stardom. She starred in six seasons of the show all while battling an eating disorder encouraged by her own mom, who consistently violated her boundaries, forcing her to share everything from her emails to the entirety of her income. She even showered McCurdy until she was 16 and made her succumb to full-body inspections. After her mother lost her battle to cancer in 2013, McCurdy was left adrift. The one person she lived her entire life to please was gone and now she had to deal with the complicated emotions on her own. This book isn't your average fluffy celebrity tell-all. McCurdy explores grief, parental abuse, identity, mental illness, the dark sides of child acting, and religion all with a biting wit and raw vulnerability. If there's only one book you read in 2023, make it this one. —Arianna Coghill
Marx in the Anthropocene: Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism
by Kohei Saito
Nonfiction Yes, it is like the title. And tolerance levels will vary for a book with sentences like "The plasticity of nature does not negate its characteristics as a natural substratum of labour." But Saito's book is revelatory. Its first sentence—"The world is on fire."—is more indicative of how jarring and powerful its ideas are, and how forcefully Saito argues for taking seriously radical new imaginings of Marxism, eco-socialism, and the taboo thought that we must stop growing. His argument is complicated and also simple. What if we misunderstood Marx's ideas on the need to dominate nature? What if, instead, Marx was something like an eco-socialist? Saito reads Marx's environmental work, often ignored, and finds a path forward. He can sound a bit like any scholar who wants sure footing here—aha, he seems to say, I've discovered what Marx really thought. Still, he does bridge a gap. Twentieth-century Communism was often described as the gray, materialist, smoke-filled image of dour Sovietism. Environmentalism was the verdant, sometimes spiritual, hope of freedom and trees. Can a socialist argue for something in tune with nature, especially amid climate catastrophe? The world makes us feel we must. But at the moment, green technology marches forward as the most acceptable answer to climate change among the powerful. Saito's clear-eyedness amid that is a balm. "Today capital is no longer productive," he writes, "but rather destructive and threatens human existence." For all its discussions of Harvey, neo-Malthusianism, non-Cartesian dualism, and the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (often called MEGA), this is a book about how we live our lives. It questions basic ideas of what is meaningful and what is desired. Do we really enjoy all that capitalism has offered? How do we actually want to exist? I was reminded of Svetlana Alexievich's Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets, an oral history about the lived reality of the fall of the USSR. "Happiness is here, huh?" one person rants to Alexievich of life after the fall. "Sure, there's salami and bananas. We're rolling around in shit and eating foreign food. Instead of a Motherland, we live in a huge supermarket. If this is freedom, I don't need it." —Jacob Rosenberg
No Choice: The Destruction of Roe v. Wade and the Fight to Protect a Fundamental American Right
by Becca Andrews
Nonfiction This was a year saturated with writing about abortion, and rightly so, as it was also a year when the politics of abortion changed in the United States forever. So you might be forgiven for feeling like you've hit your abortion quota for a while. But the first sentence of this debut book by former Mother Jones staff reporter Becca Andrews tells you that it won't be like anything else you've read on the subject. "For twenty-three years, I was vehemently antiabortion," she writes. "As my world grew, as I learned to let in more people who were unlike me, I could no longer find reasons to justify my worldview as it had been formed." What follows is a deeply empathetic examination of the place of abortion in society, starting in ancient Greece (did you know Socrates' mother was a midwife and abortion provider?) and running through the fall of Roe. With heart-wrenching and powerful stories of abortion and family-building at its center, No Choice ultimately seeks to draw readers into the world that changed Andrews' mind about reproductive choice. —Nina Liss-Schultz
The Storm Is Here: An American Crucible
by Luke Mogelson
Nonfiction There's only one person, as far as I know, who was an eyewitness to the torching of Minneapolis' Third Police Precinct in the aftermath of George Floyd's murder and the sacking of the United States Capitol in the attempted coup of January 6. We're lucky that it was a writer and reporter of the caliber of Mogelson. As the New Yorker's war correspondent for the United States' wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria, Mogelson was troubled by the "disconnect between our careless belligerence abroad and peace and prosperity at home." So in 2020, he returned to his home country to survey how the chickens had come home to roost. Building on his magazine dispatches, the book is something of a dystopian travelog, as Mogelson takes us from the anti-lockdown protests at the Michigan statehouse to the George Floyd uprising in Minneapolis, from anti-fascists clashing with Proud Boys on the streets of Portland and Washington, DC, all the way to the floor of the Senate chamber on January 6. The scenes are so vivid you can practically hear the QAnon Shaman roar. Mogelson doesn't hide that he finds some grievances to be far more legitimate than others, but he also has a sincere and deeply probing interest in what is happening in the hearts and minds of everyone who took to the streets in 2020. "Most of the Americans I'd met in 2020, no matter their politics, had one thing in common," he writes. "A diminished faith in the government as a reliable authority, whether to administer justice or to ensure their safety." In this book, Mogelson has crafted the definitive first draft of history of a year that will live in infamy, no matter what comes next. —Eamon Whalen
Strangers to Ourselves: Unsettled Minds and the Stories That Make Us
by Rachel Aviv
Nonfiction To read Aviv, a staff writer at the New Yorker, is to always wonder whether any other writer could have pulled off her dexterity and perceptive ability to navigate impossibly complex subjects—only to arrive at the conclusion that probably not. It's no different with her debut book, Strangers to Ourselves, a thought-provoking and profound examination of the ways people experience mental health illness and the narratives they tell themselves (and are told) to make sense of their struggles. "There are stories that save us, and stories that trap us," writes Aviv, recounting her hospitalization for anorexia at the age of 6 and her later journey with an antidepressant, "and in the midst of an illness it can be very hard to know which is which." As Aviv reflects on her own childhood diagnosis and how her life could have turned out differently had her identity been claimed by it (what she describes as a "sense of narrow escape" from the illness becoming a "career"), she introduces us to five other people facing often conflicting frameworks and remedies for the pain afflicting their minds. Among them are a doctor torn between psychoanalysis and psychopharmacology; an Indian woman whose religious awakening was interpreted as schizophrenia; and a Black mother caught in a cycle of poverty whose feeling that "white people are out to get me" led her to jump off a bridge with her twins. Drawing from journals and interviews with family members, Aviv gives us not a single, definitive narrative about the mind, but instead several portraits "searching for the gap between people's experiences and the stories that organize their suffering, sometimes defining the course of their lives." —Isabela Dias
There Are No Accidents: The Deadly Rise of Injury and Disaster—Who Profits and Who Pays the Price
by Jessie Singer
Nonfiction "At Three Mile Island, the decision to purchase a fragile reactor lined up with a routine shutdown lined up with a locked cooling system lined up with a control board that made it look like an open valve was closed—a tightly coupled, complex system." Oh boy, as someone who grew up in the figurative shadow of TMI, I sure did not like that section one bit. That's just one incident Singer lays out in her 250-page investigation into the complex web of government, corporate, and social systems that make us accept everything from the massive devastation of the Deepwater Horizon explosion to the pedestrian death at our local crosswalk as an "accident." If you're reading this in Mother Jones you're likely already aware of the ways in which corporations evade responsibility every day for the deaths and injuries of workers and people on their watch—but even this thinking is too small, argues Singer. Around 170,000 people die from "accidents" each year that we know well how to prevent. As the climate changes and the gig economy expands, that number is only likely to grow. "Find the systems that led to an accident—the big and the small, the personal and the systemic, the design of the road and the racism of vehicular homicide prosecution as well. This is the only way to prevent accidents," Singer challenges us. It's an energetic, engaging read that will challenge your perception of our everyday world—basically the kind of reporting I want to do when I grow up. If you don't have time to read Singer's book (and even if you do), my colleague Abigail Weinberg has a great interview with the author here. —Emily Hofstaedter
What's for Dessert: Simple Recipes for Dessert People
by Claire Saffitz
Nonfiction I am not, admittedly, a neutral newcomer to Saffitz's work, but a bona fide fangirl. I've seen all of her YouTube videos and even used a recipe from her debut, Dessert Person, to make my homemade funfetti wedding cake. So it's maybe no surprise that I quickly fell in love with her newest book, but I'd argue it'd be hard for any dessert lover not to. Compared with Dessert Person, the recipes in What's for Dessert? feel much easier to approach on a whim, which is exactly the point. "Not only can every person find a dessert here to suit their tastes," Saffitz writes in the introduction, "they can find one to match the time and energy they want to invest as well." I found this to be exactly true one night when I was suddenly overwhelmed with a need for chocolate cake. Rather than rushing to the corner store for some plastic-wrapped sugar bomb to stifle the craving, I opened up What's for Dessert? and in less than 45 minutes whipped up its Molten Chocolate Olive Oil Cakes, which were easy to make and decadent to eat. Saffitz's recipes are accompanied by gorgeous, colorful photography that makes What's for Dessert? feel more like a coffee table art book than a traditional cookbook, which is for the best, because as much as I've been enjoying it, I hardly want to put it away on a shelf. —Ruth Murai
When The Moon Turns to Blood: Lori Vallow, Chad Daybell, and a Story of Murder, Wild Faith, and End Times
by Leah Sottile
Nonfiction In June 2020, I took my stir-crazy teenager and fled the claustrophobic DC lockdown for my home state of Utah, where malls were open and the vistas were wide. Even as the pandemic raged, the biggest local news stories there had been about something else entirely: two missing children in nearby Idaho. There'd been vigils for the kids and increasingly bizarre reports emerging about their mother, Lori Vallow Daybell, and her new husband, Chad Daybell, the author of a series of apocalyptic Mormon novels who some people followed like a prophet. We were driving through Idaho the day police found human remains on the Daybell property. The kids had been located. As we road-tripped through my old stomping grounds, the explosive story followed us for the next few weeks, as news accounts revealed disturbing details about the Daybells' religious beliefs and the possible murders of their previous spouses. Eventually we went back to DC and I forgot all about the Daybells—until this summer, when Sottile published this gripping book that filled in all the details we'd missed. Host of the excellent podcast Bundyville, Sottile had previously taken a deep dive into the story of Cliven Bundy and his family, the Mormon ranchers whose beef with the federal government led to an armed standoff in Nevada in 2014 and a 41-day armed takeover of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon in 2016. She unearthed fresh details about the Bundys' unorthodox Mormon belief system and showed how it influenced their opposition to the federal government. The Daybell story felt like an extension of that work. Sottile deftly ties together a true crime narrative with one about a faith subculture that flourishes in both Utah and Idaho Mormon communities, despite the church's efforts to squelch it. If you liked Jon Krakauer's Under the Banner of Heaven, you'll definitely want to pick up When the Moon Turns to Blood, which I found even more riveting. —Stephanie Mencimer
The Wild World of Barney Bubbles: Graphic Design and the Art of Music
by Paul Gorman
Nonfiction As outrageous, brilliant, and impactful as his work was, Barney Bubbles (real name: Colin Fulcher) was something of a modest man. From the 1960s into the '80s, the British graphic artist designed for cutting edge bands and record labels, often uncredited. You probably know his work, most likely on Elvis Costello's early records. From the fantastical packaging of space rock pioneers Hawkwind to his stark, piercing covers for the earliest punk bands, created in collaboration with Stiff Records (Costello, The Damned, Wreckless Eric, DEVO, among many others), Bubbles' impact not just on record design but on punk and rock music more broadly still reverberates like a long ringing guitar chord. In The Wild World of Barney Bubbles, Gorman pulls the curtain back on Bubbles' process, the method to this madness. Heavily illustrated with paste-ups, works in progress, rough drafts of logos and posters, and unusual pieces (a square Ian Dury and the Blockheads watch!), it's a fun, inspiring insight into a great designer who often lets his work speak for him, and for itself. —Mark Murrmann
by Anthony Doerr
Fiction I can't remember if it was after finishing Matt Bell's Appleseed or midway through Sequoia Nagamatsu's How High We Go in the Dark that I noticed the trend: authors braiding together three or more narratives, flipping between characters from long ago, from a contemporary setting, and from far into the future. The structure appeared again and again in my 2022 fiction reading list, so much so that I began to think of it as the narrative flavor of the year. There it was in The Immortal King Rao, Vauhini Vara's tale of an Indian farmer's humble beginning, his rise to tech superstardom, and his granddaughter's plight in a futuristic society. Emily St. John Mandel played with the format in Sea of Tranquility, bouncing us between early 20th century Vancouver, the pandemic-pocked 2100s, and the dark-skied space colonies of the distant future. But in my eyes, it was Doerr's Cloud Cuckoo Land that best harnessed this device. Doerr sticks with three eras: the 15th-century Byzantine Empire, present-day Idaho, and a spaceship in the 22nd century, threading them together with a codex that survives the ages. His characters, including an ambitious seamstress in Constantinople and an autistic teen who takes up with ecoterrorists, are fierce, focused, and inimitable, their predicaments urgent, making each narrative feel grounded and full of life. We are always flitting between nostalgia and our hopes and fears for the future. So why did 2022's speculative novelists turn en masse to this structure? I'm not sure reading so many novels with this triptych composition led me to any revelations. The constant hurtling through various eras was often disorienting and became somewhat tiresome after the third book. In the end, it was Doerr's fully realized characters, the people who jumped off the page, who most held my attention, no matter their location in the space-time continuum. —M.O.
by Elaine Hsieh Chou
Fiction You know that feeling in your 20s where you're not quite sure what to do with your life, so you consider grad school? Well, in this biting satire of the world of higher academia, the main character is pursuing her PhD and still feeling lost. Ingrid is not quite connecting with the Chinese poet she's doing her thesis on, which her white adviser insisted she take on as a topic. Despite not being Asian, he is the premier scholar for this poet and feels that Ingrid may be able to take over for him one day. After Ingrid discovers a note in her school's archive that leads to questions about the famed Chinese poet, she launches an investigation and discovers things are not as they appear (think Rachel Dolezal). Aside from the rave reviews in major publications, Disorientation is also loved by Malala Yousafzai, whose production company is co-developing it for a movie. Between Ingrid's boyfriend's obsession with Asian culture, her dive into protests, and her adviser's descent into full MAGA culture, this book is nothing short of one of the best examinations of grad programs and what it's like to be a person of color in them. Chou would know—she was a Rona Jaffe Graduate Fellow at NYU in 2017. —Angelica Cabral
Fiction Readers familiar with Mandel's previous work (she's best known for Station Eleven and The Glass Hotel) will recognize in Sea of Tranquility her ability to describe grief and terror so quietly it almost feels serene. You might also recognize Mandel herself in the character of Olive, who like the author has written a hugely successful novel about a pandemic. Unlike Mandel, Olive was born and raised on the moon. Sea of Tranquility spans centuries and space, with characters unknown to each other but somehow connected. Even if the book did not explicitly mention Covid, which it does, it would be clear to anyone who has lived through this time that it was written in the pandemic's shadow as the characters grapple with questions about what makes any of us real to each other, and to ourselves. When the world is falling apart, when it is ending, when it is just simply not what you imagined it to be—what makes a life worth living? This is the kind of book that is hard to stop thinking about when you're finished with it. Even in the months since I last put it down, as the details of character and setting have faded from my memory, I have thought over and over again about Mandel's description of a spaceship leaving Earth: "The atmosphere turned thin and blue, the blue shaded into indigo, and then—it was like slipping through the skin of a bubble—there was black space." —R.M.
by Julie Otsuka
Fiction I am a swimmer and my mom has dementia, so I felt like Otsuka had written this book specifically for my demographic of one. "If you swim for long enough you no longer know where your own body ends and the water begins and there is no boundary between you and the world," she writes. "It's nirvana." In the delightfully funny first half of the book, Otsuka describes life at a pool, where the regulars have "real lives" above ground as "overeaters, underachievers, dog walkers, cross-dressers, compulsive knitters (Just one more row), secret hoarders, minor poets, trailing spouses, twins, vegans, 'Mom.' Above ground, they may be "ungainly and awkward," but in the water, "we are only one of three things: fast-lane people, medium-lane people, or the slow." There's lane-two sidestroker Irene or dogged paddler Lilian in lane three, and those to watch out for, like the "aggressive lappers, determined thrashers, oblivious backstrokers, stealthy submariners, middle-aged men who insist upon speeding up the moment they sense they are about to be overtaken by a woman, tailgaters, lane Nazis, arm flailers, ankle yankers." And then there's Alice, a retired lab technician with dementia who can be spotted above ground with her hair disheveled and her pants on inside out. But "even though she may not remember the combination to her locker or where she put her towel, the moment she slips into the water she knows what to do," the narrator observes. The swimmers paddle along contentedly in this chlorinated community until a crack appears in the bottom of the pool and things fall apart, especially for Alice and her prodigal daughter, who realizes only too late that her mother is slipping away. The Swimmers is a hard book to pigeonhole but at a slim 176 pages, it is a luminous and utterly original gem, and you don't have to swim to appreciate its loveliness. —S.M.
by Gabrielle Zevin
Fiction I am a sucker for writing about writers, and films about filmmakers: stories about craft, about the blurred lines between art and life and what it takes out of a person to make something beautiful. Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow is a vast, stunning story about storytellers. The storytellers at the heart of the book, Sadie Green and Sam Masur, are video game designers, and masters at their craft. But like many other successful artists, Sam and Sadie are nearly ruined by the work and their compulsion to continue it, no matter the cost to their minds, bodies, or, more importantly, friendship. This book is about love—romantic, platonic, unrequited, unconditional. Like a gamer glued to a screen all night, I couldn't keep the promises I kept making to myself as I read this book that I'd put it down after "just one more chapter." You don't need to be into video games for this story to connect with you, but don't be surprised if Zevin's vivid and exciting writing has you picking up some game controllers yourself. —R.M.
Books published prior to 2022.
America (1986)
by Jean Baudrillard
Fiction About 20 years before the sparsely populated rural American heartland became the endpoint of a hajj for people who went to Dartmouth and then got jobs writing about politics in the national press corps, French philosopher Baudrillard did his own trip across America. Unlike national politics writers, Baudrillard spends equal time traversing the American arterial highway system as he does in LA and New York. A verbose, goofy French academic cavorting around America via its expansive freeways is funny, but it's also instructive. Without realizing it, in 1986 Baudrillard gives an incisive snapshot of a moment in America that will define the next several decades—it is a loop that we never seem to escape. He, for example, describes an America embarrassed by a Vietnam War that has shaken its dominant status as global hegemon and that is desperate to reclaim it. Baudrillard also eerily writes about "The latest obsessions of American public opinion: the sexual abuse of children." He doesn't provide clear answers as to how we break any of this, but he does give us a way to look at it with fresh, foreign eyes, which is probably helpful. At the very least, it's extremely fun. —A.B.
Daniels' Running Formula, Fourth Edition (2021)
by Jack Daniels
Nonfiction Running is the dumbest sport. All you have to do is move forward, repeatedly—at length. At least, that's how it begins. Then, as you try to get better, as you train for races, the process becomes complex: paces, shoes, form, workouts, plans, gear. For about three or four years, I've run basically every day. I would log between 60 to 80 miles a week—throwing in track workouts, fartleks, long runs—but never really tried to race. Then, this year, I tried to be a serious runner. I bought this book, considered a bible of running, to follow a plan for once. The original book dates back to 1998. Daniels was famously dubbed the "world's greatest coach" for a time. His formulas—paraded out here in half-scientific charts—are most well-known for popularizing a method of training focused on VO2Max. Let's pause there. Do you even want me to explain that? Do you want to be trapped in a written version of a conversation with a person training for a marathon? Probably not. The reason I am recommending this book is because reading it in full I came back to my first conclusion about running: This is stupid. And that's great. Humans are sad creatures, in need of games and hope. Let me follow a therapist's advice, sorry: I am a stupid creature, in need of games and hope. All the tables, charts, and schematics to make the process of running faster into something scientific made me laugh out loud. They were genuinely helpful, sure. But, also, the idea of me—some guy trying to run a fast 5K who is not an athlete—using a graph to determine "lactate threshold" really tickled me. I got to play-act like an Olympian. I would keep a spreadsheet and obsess over paces. Then, in the end, I went back to my original thoughts about running—it's just one foot in front of the other. The idea I had tried so hard to make it not this silly activity (and, in the races, just a painful shitshow) delighted me. Real dumb. Real fun. —J.R.
Gilgamesh: A New Translation of the Ancient Epic (2021)
by various authors (2100–1200 BC), trans. Sophus Helle
Fiction Although the Mesopotamian epic about the adventures of a 17-foot-tall ancient king is one of the oldest written narratives in existence, we haven't been reading it for very long. The first cuneiform tablets were translated in the late 19th century, and the text continues to change as researchers decipher new fragments. In 2018, researchers discovered that Gilgamesh's buddy Enkidu, a wild man who becomes civilized after a marathon sex fest with a woman named Shamhat, had actually been going at it for twice as long as previously believed. (Two weeks, not seven nights.) The edition I read, a 2021 translation by Helle that was recommended by Defector, had long sections that were left blank—placeholders for the passages we haven't found yet, and might never. But there is an echo between the story in Gilgamesh and the story of Gilgamesh, that I find deeply moving. The epic is, in part, about the power of knowledge. Gilgamesh, we are told, traveled to the end of the Earth following the death of his friend, and "brought home a story, from before the Flood." (Yes, that flood.) He found some ancient kernel of knowledge—a lesson, incidentally, about immortality, from Utnapishtim, the Flood's lone male survivor—and gave it a new life. And by engaging with the epic several millennia after it was lost, you can too. —T.M.
The Hare With Amber Eyes: A Hidden Inheritance (2010)
by Edmund de Waal
Nonfiction I'm not breaking any new ground here: De Waal's bestselling memoir of the Ephrussi family—as told through a collection of Japanese netsuke that had passed through the generations into his possession—was such a magnificent achievement that it inspired its own exhibition, more than a decade later, at the Jewish Museum in New York. A ceramicist by trade, de Waal treats every page of his family's story—from the birth of their fortune in Odessa, to the lives they made in Vienna and Paris, to their exodus to the UK and North America before and during the Second World War—with the thoughtfulness and care of a master craftsman. If you've read it, you already know all of this, of course. But if you haven't, don't waste another year. —T.M.
It Came From Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office (2019)
by Dale Beran
Nonfiction I picked up this book expecting it to be a chore. Other contemporary histories of online phenomena I had read in the past were mostly boring slogs of internet tedium packed into a single physical book–useful documents for posterity, but not particularly interesting. A few pages in, I realized that Beran's book was something else completely. From the origins of the mostly forgotten but influential forum Something Awful to 4chan's efforts to help elect Trump to the alt-right's ascent and implosion, Beran nimbly contextualizes internet history with the actual world, blending it with intellectual influences hiding in the background that influence the decision-makers who help shape the internet. To Beran, trolls are not reductively described malcontents reacting to technology that's breaking their brains, nor are they simply young men who have turned to wreaking havoc on the internet in response to diminishing economic opportunities. Instead, Beran helps us understand how even people who hold views not worthy of absolution can still be products of forces larger than themselves. If you want to understand internet culture and how it intersects with politics, Beran's book is one of the most thoughtful I've encountered. —A.B.
John Wayne's America (1997)
by Garry Wills
Nonfiction If you're a fan of Wills' 1970 masterpiece of political analysis, Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man, you might like his lesser-known cultural biography of one of the most well-known—and mythologized—20th-century movie icons, John Wayne. You might also appreciate it if you're a fan of Westerns and have time to read someone psychoanalyzing our obsession with celebrities. The book is thoughtful, in-depth, and deeply researched, even though Wills occasionally finds it difficult to stick to his own thesis. He demonstrates how Wayne came to represent a "figment of other people's imaginations," a kind of "hollow triumph" for American audiences to attach themselves to. Wayne is also entrenched in some of the most fundamental myths of modern American history through his film roles. Wills writes: "Wayne was not just one type of Western hero. He is an innocently leering ladies' man in his B films of the thirties, a naif in Stagecoach, an obsessed adolescent in Shepherd of the Hills, a frightened cattle capitalist in Red River, a crazed racist in The Searchers, a dutiful officer in cavalry pictures, the worldly-wise elder counselor in later movies." When he reminds readers that Americans have not yet escaped "the myth of the frontier, the mystique of the gun, the resistance to institutions," Wills may be talking about virtually any decade in this century, and undoubtedly about the foreseeable future. —R.Z.
The Last Samurai (2000)
by Helen DeWitt
Fiction Very rarely is domestic fiction done just right. Maybe that's why DeWitt's The Last Samurai—which temporarily went out of print in 2005—is still considered a cult classic. The book is about a single mother, Sibylla, who uses Kurosawa's Seven Samurai to provide male role models for her intelligent, fatherless boy. In turn, Ludo, the child at the center of this novel, goes on a quest to find a "benevolent male" to look up to and begins a prolific journey of self-education in the process. The best part for me was how DeWitt unabashedly embellishes her story with all kinds of heavy symbolism: from Japanese syllabaries to Icelandic sagas, hieroglyphs, German phrases, and Homeric critique, she insists on writing with an intelligent, almost snobby style that perhaps only a polyglot writer with a PhD in Classics from Oxford could weave together. As a result, this book left me irrationally giddy and inspired. It's long, endlessly erudite, and warm, and relishes in being intertextual. It provides a timely meditation on what it means to feel closely connected to what we read and watch, and fetishizes art in all its forms. But The Last Samurai isn't about creating or being inspired by art. It's about consuming it in a million strange and unceremonious ways. —R.Z.
The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois (2021)
by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers
Fiction This debut novel moves back and forth in time between the story of Ailey Pearl Garfield, a Black woman coming of age at the end of the 20th century, and that of her enslaved ancestors struggling to survive on a Georgia plantation. In both worlds, the characters struggle to overcome trauma and abuse. Slowly, we see how the present mirrors the past, and how the legacy of the past lingers in the present, particularly in small-town Georgia where Ailey spends her summers and attends an HBCU. To name every theme or plotline of this book would sound like a long list of bitter vegetables the reader must swallow, including addiction, abuse, and American slavery. But the novel is layered and poignant, never obligatory; a feast of story and character from which I never grew full. I picked up Jeffers' novel as I made my way through lists of the best books of 2021. Love Songs was better than the sum of the rest, one of the best books I have ever read. It's no small feat to write an 800-page page-turner. A poet, Jeffers does not sacrifice craft for plot. This book is sweeping, riveting, painful to the point of tears. Despite its length, I mourned when it ended. Ailey and her ancestors stayed with me, swirling in my mind long after the last page. —Pema Levy
Our Noise: The Story of Merge Records, the Indie Label That Got Big and Stayed Small (2009)
by John Cook with Mac McCaughan and Laura Ballance
Nonfiction Maybe selling out used to matter because bands could actually do it. When, in 1993, Entertainment Weekly wondered if Chapel Hill, North Carolina, could be the "new Seattle," it was not only because there was a specific scene or a specific sound but because "record-company execs" felt the Pacific Northwest city had "grown passé." A new frontier was needed; corporations hoped to mine, and export, music for kids across America from these dingy college towns. And so A&R prospectors swooped in on underlooked cities looking for rumored deposits of loud guitars hidden in basements. It was the early 1990s. Nirvana lived. Rock mattered. Remember that? Well, sadly, I don't. I was born in 1994. I grew up in North Carolina fetishizing the idea of that Chapel Hill scene I missed, and the bands that grew out of it: Archers of Loaf, Dillon Fence, Superchunk, Polvo, Southern Culture on the Skids, Sorry About Dresden. This book offered me a glimpse of a nostalgia I didn't earn. It partially details the Chapel Hill of that era, and the creation of the record label that defined its legacy, Merge.
In some ways, this is a business book. Co-writers Ballance and McCaughan are members of Superchunk and the founders of Merge Records, which, as the title suggests, released a series of influential bands that defined the ethos of rock music in the 1990s and 2000s: Don't go "big." But that makes the story they tell, with journalist John Cook, so fitting. "Indie" as a genre has always hidden its origins—economics—in plain sight. This is a book about music, but it's also about how a series of bands, an entire generation, learned to make enough to live, create art, and give that art to people—all without "selling out." The trick? You sell something on your own terms. Putting out your own book? Very Merge records, very "indie." Reading it forced me to face that the Chapel Hill scene I thought I missed never existed, at least not strictly. The year before EW wrote about the "next Seattle," Sonic Youth put out a song called "Chapel Hill." "Too bad," the chorus lamented, "the scene is dead."
While living in the city during college, I put on a small variety show (read: an excuse to drink beer, tell jokes, and listen to friends' bands) with that as the name: The Scene Is Dead. I thought it perhaps could give voice to my fear: The whole thing is over—nothing will be cool again. Reading this book helped me remember the real lesson of Merge and Chapel Hill: Get all your friends in a room and make some dumb shit together. It might be nothing, it might be embarrassing—or it might end up being the thing that, years later, some dork like me is obsessed with. As Superchunk sings: "You've got muscles, use them." —J.R.
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Twilight of the Elites: America After Meritocracy (2012)
by Chris Hayes
Nonfiction Written during President Barack Obama's first term, this is very much a book of the moment in which it was conceived. Hayes produces an astute account of how America's meritocracy morphed into an oligarchy that, as it cheated to enrich itself, brought down big businesses and shook Americans' faith in their institutions. From Enron to the Catholic Church, from the financial collapse to the war in Iraq, the first decade of the 21st century revealed America's elites to be cheaters and thieves; as he put it, the emperors had no clothes. Despite its 2012 publication date, the book contains the seeds of many of America's current woes: how the age of Obama gave way to the Trump era, the disinformation crisis, and the assault on democracy itself. The failures of our elites, he writes, "prompt citizens to adopt a corrosive skepticism about the very legitimacy of the project of self-government." If we assume all elites are cheaters, why not elect one president? On disinformation, he observed: "If the experts as a whole are discredited, we are faced with an inexhaustible supply of quackery." Hayes then presciently cites vaccine hesitancy as an example; little could he have known that anti-vaxxers would become a large and corrosive force in American politics. It's hard to read Hayes' portrayal of an elite that, having been elevated as the best and brightest, now act with impunity, and not think of today's Supreme Court. Engaging and perceptive, Twilight of the Elites brings new perspective to the turbulence of the aughts—and connects it to the problems of the present. —P.L.
When the Moon Was Ours (2016)
by Anna-Marie McLemore
Fiction Since adulthood, books seldom take me to lands where I can be lost. Yet when I think of this book I am suddenly there beneath the silver blue moon, at the edge of the woods where the glass pumpkins grow and the scent of tuberose lays heavy on my skin. Miel and Sam are outsiders, terrifyingly strange and inseparable. Miel grows flowers from her wrists. Nobody knows where she came from, she just fell out of the water tower one night. Sam was born in Pakistan. He paints moons and hangs them in the forest because Miel is afraid of the dark. Only Miel knows he was born once-upon a-time as a girl. Their friendship turns to romance while Miel's magic makes her the target of other girls who are hungry to take her power for their own. This young adulthood fantasy novel has echoes of the legend of La Llorona but also navigates love and identity, inspired by McLemore's own relationship with her husband, who is transgender. "As teens, we feel the growing weight of questions we've held in our hands since we were children," McLemore writes in her author's note. During a time when any mention of teen queerness or sexuality seems to be under attack from the far-right, it is such a relief to have a book that gives space to ask questions. Give this novel to your teenager if they like romance and magic. Likewise, read this novel yourself with a cup of hot cocoa under a full moon while you break your own heart again with the memory of your first love. —E.H.
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Robert Koch – Biography – Free PDF Download
Posted by Published On April 2nd, 2020 Leave a comment on Robert Koch – Biography – Free PDF Download
FOUR POSTULATES
Biography Free PDF
Koch was born in Clausthal, Germany, on 11 December 1843, to Hermann Koch (1814–1877) and Mathilde Julie Henriette (née Biewend; 1818–1871).
Koch excelled academically from an early age. Before entering school in 1848, he had taught himself how to read and write.
He graduated from high school in 1862, having excelled in science and math.At the age of 19, Koch entered the University of Göttingen, studying natural science.
In his sixth semester, Koch began to research at the Physiological Institute, where he studied the secretion of succinic acid.In January 1866, Koch graduated from medical school, earning honors of the highest distinction.
Several years after his graduation in 1866, he worked as a surgeon in the Franco-Prussian War. From 1880 to 1885, Koch held a position as government advisor with the Imperial Department of Health.
Koch's early research in this laboratory yielded one of his major contributions to the field of microbiology, as he developed the technique of growing bacteria.From 1885 to 1890, he served as an administrator and professor at Berlin University.
In 1891, Koch relinquished his Professorship and became a director of the Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases [de] which consisted of a clinical division and beds for the division of clinical research. For this he accepted harsh conditions. The Prussian Ministry of Health insisted after the 1890 scandal with tuberculin, which Koch had discovered and intended as a remedy for tuberculosis, that any of Koch's inventions would unconditionally belong to the government and he would not be compensated. Koch lost the right to apply for patent protection
During his time as government advisor, Koch published a report, in which he stated the importance of pure cultures in isolating disease-causing organisms and explained the necessary steps to obtain these cultures, methods which are summarized in Koch's four postulates.
The organism must always be present, in every case of the disease.
The organism must be isolated from a host containing the disease and grown in pure culture.
Samples of the organism taken from pure culture must cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal in the laboratory.
The organism must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be identified as the same original organism first isolated from the originally diseased host
At the time, it was widely believed that tuberculosis was an inherited disease. However, Koch was convinced that the disease was caused by a bacterium and was infectious, and tested his four postulates using guinea pigs.
Through these experiments, he found that his experiments with tuberculosis satisfied all four of his postulates.
In 1882, he published his findings on tuberculosis, in which he reported the causative agent of the disease to be the slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Koch next turned his attention to cholera, and began to conduct research in Egypt in the hopes of isolating the causative agent of the disease.
However, he was not able to complete the task before the epidemic in Egypt ended, and after a short trip to Persia traveled to India to continue with the study.
In 1884 in Bombay state of India Koch resided and researched at Grant Medical College where he was able to determine the causative agent of cholera, isolating Vibrio cholerae.
Koch observed the phenomenon of acquired immunity. On December 26, 1900, he arrived as part of an expedition to German New Guinea, which was then a protectorate of the German Reich.
Koch serially examined the Papuan people, the indigenous inhabitants, and their blood samples and noticed they contained Plasmodium parasites, the cause of malaria.
The longer they had stayed in the country, however, the more they too seemed to develop a resistance against it
In 1905, Koch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his work with tuberculosis.
On 9 April 1910, Koch suffered a heart attack and never made a complete recovery.
On 27 May, three days after giving a lecture on his tuberculosis research at the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Koch died in Baden-Baden at the age of 66.
Posted by April 2, 2020 Posted inBiographyTags: biography
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