text:
← Ecosystem Out of Balance
Bellingham City Council
Compiled by Boris Schleinkofer
Action Taken at December 11, 2017 Meeting
212. Authorize the mayor to sign an agreement for Advanced Life Support Services with Whatcom County? Upon the passing of a countywide Emergency Medical Services levy in November 2016, staff from the city and county have developed a new interlocal agreement for the provision of Advanced Life Support services. This new contract reflects changes in funding brought about by the EMS Levy and will replace the previous ALS contract, effective through December 2023. There is projected Advanced Life Support revenue of $6,161,019 for 2017 and $6,345,852 for 2018. (AB21816) Approved 7-0
213. Authorize the mayor to award the low bid of $432,400 to Western Refinery Services of Ferndale for street asphalt? The engineer's estimate was $374,050. The annual repair contract is designed to provide a means and method for multiple city departments to repair asphalt pavement sidewalks, roads, alleys and structures as needed to maintain the city's infrastructure. The bid for one year with the option of five renewals. The city received four bids, the high bid was $512,575. (AB21817) Approved 7-0
214. Authorize the mayor to award the low bid of $789,100 to Konnerup Construction of Stanwood for street cement? The engineer's estimate was $579,117. The annual contract provides for multiple city departments to repair cement concrete sidewalks, roads, and structures as needed to maintain the city's infrastructure. This contract is also used to remove and replace sidewalk sections that may become safety hazards or fall out of compliance with Americans with Disabilities Act standards. The bid for one year with the option of five renewals. Two bids were received, ther high bid was $816,690. (AB21818) Approved 7-0
215. Authorize the mayor to award the low bid of $1,778,640 to Faber Construction of Lynden for water quality improvements and storm drain maintenance in the Columbia Neighborhood? The engineer's estimate was $2,081,785. This project involves installation of 10 bioinfiltration basins, rehabilitation of storm mains, catch basins and manholes, and installation of three stormwater filters to treat approximately 80 acres of runoff from the Columbia Neighborhood. The city received 13 bids, the high bid was $2,541,023. (AB21821) Approved 7-0
216. Authorize the mayor to award the low bid of $5,554,501 to Strider Construction of Bellingham for Mahogany Avenue improvements? The engineer's estimate was 6,470,232. The improvements involves 3,200 linear feet of new roadway between Pacific Highway and Northwest Avenue. The project includes installation of municipal utilities, new signalized intersection of Arctic and Mahogany and new signalized intersection at Mahogany and Northwest Avenue. The city received six bids, the high bid was $7,408,392. A bid protest submitted by the next lowest bidder was received and rejected. (AB21822) Approved 7-0
217. The mayor appointed Ellie Price to her first term on the Transportation Commission? The commission advises the City Council on transportation planning and transit issues, ensures that transportation investments are consistent with Comprehensive Plan goals and advises the council on parking fees, fines and collection methods, off-street parking contracts and possible expansion of residential parking zones. Ms. Price is an AmeriCorps college access coordinator at the North Cascades Insitute. She has been a resident in Bellingham since June 2017 and volunteers with Max Higbee Institute and is an avid biker. Her first term will expire on 12/11/2020, at which time she may be reappointed. (AB21826) Approved 7-0
218. The mayor appointed Chris Soncarty to his first term on the Transportation Commission? He was raised in Bellingham and moved back in 2008. Mr. Soncarty is a fish biologist and regulatory specialist with a BS (1994) from Evergreen State College. His first term will expire on 12/11/2020, at which time he may be reappointed. (AB21826) Approved 7-0
219. Appropriate $3,196,283 for payroll checks issued from November 10 through November 22, 2017? (AB21829) Approved 7-0
220. Appropriate $4,832,932 for goods and services checks issued from November 18 through December 1, 2017? (AB21830) Approved 7-0
221. Authorize the mayor to award the low bid of $162,492 to Huizenga Enterprises of Bellingham for the 2018 crack seal program? The engineer's estimate was $240,000. This annual project attempts to extend the life of city streets by sealing asphalt cracks and preventing surface water from entering the roadway subgrade. Four bids were received, the high bid was $300,000. (AB21831) Approved 7-0
222. Authorize the mayor and police chief to sign an agreement with the Whatcom Council of Governments for crosswalk enforcement? The Whatcom Council of Governments entered into an interagency agreement with Washington Traffic Safety Commission to implement a traffic safety project in Whatcom County. The city, through the Bellingham Police Department, shall administer the planning and implementation of the crosswalk enforcement events. This agreement includes a $9,000 federal grant from the U.S. Department of Tranportation and the National Highay Traffic Safety Administration. (AB21832) Approved 7-0
223. Declare a set of guiding principles for justice and justice related decisions? This resolution commits the council to promote public safety, the protection of individuals from unfair treatment in a variety of ways, free from discriminatory practices based on racial, socioeconomic, religious, cultural, ethnic, mental and physical disabilities, national origin, language spoken, immigrant status, political backgrounds, sexual orientation, gender identity or age. AB21788 (Resolution 2017-41) Approved 7-0
224. Initiate the annexation petition review process for the Mt. Baker Highway/Britton Road northern Urban Growth Area? Property owners submitted a petition for annexation of approximately 65-acres, it has a total assessed valuation of approximately $25,109,012 and the petition and no-protest annexation properties represents over 90 percent of the total taxable value of approximately $24,956,813. The annexation area contains 92 dwelling units and has an estimated population of 208 people. On 5/19/2017, the City Council directed staff to work with the property owners on annexation options; approximately 27.3-acres of the annexation area is currently owned by the Gunderson family. AB21561 (Resolution # 2017-42) Approved 7-0
225. Amend the Lake Padden Golf Course budget for 2018? At the 1/14/2008 meeting, vote #6, the council authorized the mayor to signed a 10-year lease with Lake Padden Golf, LLC. The company decided not to renew the lease so the city has entered into a management agreement with Premier Golf Centers, LLC, for the operation and maintenance of Lake Padden Golf Course. Under this agreement, the city will receive all revenues and pay direct costs plus a management fee to Premier. The budget amendment is necessary to reflect the change in revenue and expenses for 2018. At the 10/9/2017 meeting, vote #174, the council approved an exemption to the city's living wage requirements for the management of the Lake Padden Golf Course. AB21801 (Ordinance #2017-12-028) Approved 7-0
226. Adopt mid-biennium adjustments to the 2017-2018 biennial budget? The mid-biennium adjustment ordinance adds appropriation authority, recognizes new revenues, and authorizes new positions and changes to existing positions. Council received a presentation on the proposed mid-biennium adjustment on 10/9/2017; three work sessions and a public hearing 11/13/2017. The proposed adjustment authorizes $2,278,125 of general fund expenditures and $15,570,856 of expenditures in all other funds for a total increase of $17,848,980. It includes revenue increases totaling $7,620,353 across all funds. AB21787 (Ordinance #2017-12-029) Approved 7-0


text:
Should you choose this one or that one? VERSUS IO gets to the heart of the matter
Jamillah Knowles
Jamillah is the UK Editor for The Next Web. She's based in London. You can hear her on BBC Radio 5Live's Outriders. Follow on Twitter @jemi (show all) Jamillah is the UK Editor for The Next Web. She's based in London. You can hear her on BBC Radio 5Live's Outriders. Follow on Twitter @jemimah_knight or drop a line to [email protected]
There are plenty of online options to compare almost anything you care to mention from kittens to cars, but there are very few who get right down to the bones of the matter comparing specs when it comes to choosing something to buy.
Berlin-based startup, URGE IO has created VERSUS IO, a comparison engine that draws on official specs from the manufacturer and strips out subjective information like opinions and matters of taste.
The site works in 17 languages and compares mostly tablets and phones for now. The site also offers users to compare items for size by adding a scaling tool. Not ones to shy away from a challenge, the company says it hopes to add 640 vertical comparisons from credit cards to real estate, plastic surgeons to banks.
The VERSUS engine is also primed to compare people eventually. Folk will be ranked by popularity, friends, networks, curriculum vitae and other details.
The plans for people ranking are interesting. VERSUS crawls for quantitative data of a person, creates a "PeopleRank" score a bit like to Google's PageRank and makes comparisons available on all individuals properties.
Some sample properties include college and degree by using a global college ranking, a person's job by analysing title, company via brand and popularity and overall career history. Industry specific properties are also taken into account such as the number of successful exits with entrepreneurs and VCs or with soccer players, the amount of games won.
The site is already seeing success and traffic has been growing by 60% and 500,000 unique visitors per month.
URGE was founded by Ramin G. Far, entrepreneur and angel investor. In the past, Far headed MTV Online North Europe.
VERSUS recently received €500K ($600k) from Hightech-Gruenderfonds and €200K ($240k) from JMES Investments in a first round. Prior to this the company has been boot-strapped.
A plan to rank all the things is a huge undertaking, especially while trying to keep presentation smooth and clean. However the future plans go, as a simple and refreshingly clear site, VERSUS will certainly go some way to please minimalists.
➤ VERSUS IO
Image Credit: Marcin Wichary
Published July 26, 2012 - 5:47 pm UTC
AI translation firm unveils 'world-first' timeline to singularity
Privacy advocates are aghast at UK's anti-encryption plans
Has the EU's Graphene Flagship hit its 10-year targets?
Arm's push into cars 'a logical step' as competition grows from open-source RISC-V

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
IAAF World Relays | Women secure spot in 4x100m final
Published:Saturday | May 11, 2019 | 12:00 AM
Jamaica's women's 4x100m relay team are safely through to the final of the event at the IAAF World Relays in Yokohama, Japan after a second place finish in their heat on Saturday morning.
The Jamaicans (Sherone Simpson, Natasha Morrison, Shashalee Forbes and Jonielle Smith), stopped the clock at 43.08, to finish behind Germany, 43.03 in their heat.
They will now turn their attention to the final of the event, which takes place on Sunday at 6:37 a.m.
The Jamaicans got off to a good start and were in control after the first two legs, but Forbes struggled on the curve, handing the baton to Smith in third place before the youngster managed to wrestle back a spot and secure an automatic berth into the final. The Jamaicans enter the final, where they will likely introduce Jura Levy, as the fourth fastest qualifiers.
«IAAF World Relays | Jamaicans made to work for 4x400m qualification
IAAF World Relays | Jamaican men scrape into 4x100m final»
Disappointing end to Mona season
A draw and a thrashing
John Barnes must apply – JFF
Find a way to honour Lendore – Ato Boldon
'Everything comes from lower down'
Pupil gets the better of teacher
Runs aplenty in third Jamaica Scorpions trial match at Kensington
Stand-in captain wants Windies U19s to improve on 'the small things'
Mission accomplished for Briana
Fans shut out for Mexico and Costa Rica home games


DISLEY Ann Veronica Died peacefully on the 5th April 2019 aged 82 years. A beloved wife to the late Roy, mother to Jeremy and Charlotte, granny to Anna, Tom and Zoe. A service of thanksgiving will take place at St Giles Church, Chideock on Tuesday 23rd April at 2.00pm. Donations if desired in memory of Ann for the National Autistic Society may be sent c/o A J Wakely & Sons, 91 East Street, Bridport, DT6 3LB.


This is the RENTAL you�ve been waiting for! This beautifully updated 4 bedroom CAPE is picture perfect inside and out. Fully applianced kitchen opens to dining area. Hardwood floors and Fireplace in the Living Room. Master Suite with walk in closet, and STUNNING master bath. THREE more bedrooms and additional bath make room for everyone. More storage and useable space in the lower level. And the back yard � perfect spot for entertaining with huge deck and fire pit. Call to schedule your showing today!


text:
An end to neglect: fighting parasitic diseases
Pf looks at how the pharmaceutical industry is working with WHO to transform the developing world by defeating neglected diseases such as sleeping sickness and river blindness.
In January 2012, the World Health Organisation (WHO) launched a roadmap to defeat 10 key neglected tropical diseases, with support from 13 major pharmaceutical companies. The campaign targets diseases that are widespread only in the developing world and form major barriers to the economic development of the affected countries. The companies pledged to work in partnership with WHO, governments and health and finance organisations to strengthen their drug donation programmes, support drug distribution and implementation, and increase R&D in this disease area.
Most neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are carried by parasites (such as tsetse flies) or are parasites (such as flatworms), which makes them difficult to treat as parasites are well adapted to the biology of the host. The parasite often acts as a 'Trojan horse' introducing disease into the human body. While preventative measures such as sanitation are important for controlling infection, only effective drug treatment can strike at the lethal team of parasite and micro-organism. The challenge is not only to develop effective drugs, bu to ensure they reach the populations affected by the disease.
In the 'London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases', WHO and 13 drug companies committed to these objectives for 2020: to eradicate guinea worm disease; make progress towards eliminating lymphatic filariasis, blinding trachoma, sleeping sickness and leprosy; and achieve control of schistosomiasis, river blindness, Chagas disease, visceral leishmaniasis, and soil-transmitted helminthes. The companies involved are Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Gilead, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Merck KGaA, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi.
Margaret Chan, Director General of WHO, said: "The efforts of WHO, researchers, partners, and the contributions of industry have changed the face of NTDs. These ancient diseases are now being brought to their knees with stunning speed. I am confident almost all of these diseases can be eliminated or controlled by the end of this decade." For some of the world's poorest nations, that means an end to a crippling burden of endemic disease.
As a Sanofi video commented, NTDs are neglected because the populations they affect are neglected. For the pharma industry, offering drug donation, training and education to defeat these diseases is an opportunity to put down roots in important future markets, as well as boosting the industry's public image through concrete achievements. Despite the current global economic crisis, funding for neglected disease R&D has increased significantly since 2007. Corporate social responsibility is a key aspect of any global drug company's strategy – especially for companies based in Europe
and the US, where reputation can be a difficult issue.
In May 2012, Dr Margaret Chan commented on work to fight schistosomiasis in Africa: "These Cinderella diseases, long ignored and underappreciated, are a rags-to-riches story. We can blanket this part of the world with medicines that rid every schoolchild of worms and eggs, parasites that interfere with their learning, impair cognitive development, and compromise their nutritional status." Such achievements, which depend on the pharmaceutical industry, are of historic importance on the world stage.
Onchocerciasis (river blindness) causes an estimated 270,000 people each year in Africa and elsewhere to lose their sight. Its biological audit trail is complex: a nematode worm enters the body through the bite of a blackfly; the worms spread through the body, carrying symbiotic bacteria; when the worms die, the bacteria trigger the human immune system, causing severe itching and damaging eye tissue. Some 37 million people are infected with river blindness.
The most successful treatment is MSD's Mectizan (ivermectin), an oral medication that kills the parasite in its larval stage. On 11 October 2012 (World Sight Day), MSD celebrated 25 years of its programme to donate Mectizan for treatment of river blindness. Through this programme, progress has been made towards eliminating the disease in Nigeria, Uganda, Senegal, Mali and Sudan. MSD is committed to maintaining drug donations until the disease is eliminated.
The Mectizan Donation Programme has influenced the development of other initiatives to fight NDTs in two ways: its multi-sector partnership model and its use of community-directed intervention (CDI). Stakeholders working with MSD to build the programme include WHO, the World Bank, governments, NGOs and communities. The CDI strategy, whereby communities plan their own means of delivering treatment, has enabled Mectizan to be delivered to 75 million people in Africa each year.
Former US President Jimmy Carter commented: "In Africa, where it was once thought river blindness could only be controlled, strides are being made to completely eliminate the disease from a number of countries. Thanks to MSD, the commitment of endemic communities, and strong partnerships, we can now envision a world someday free of river blindness."
A leading distributor of Mectizan in Africa is Sightsavers, an NGO committed to preventing blindness. Simon Bush, Sightsavers' Director for NTDs, told Pf: "Sightsavers will, through its support to river blindness programmes in Africa, treat over 25 million people this year as well as playing our part in supporting a network of about one million community-directed distributors.
"We have also the proof of the elimination of transmission of the disease in Kaduna state in Nigeria, which shows that elimination of the disease can be achieved in Africa through treatment with Mectizan alone."
The contribution of MSD has been "vital", Bush said: "Sightsavers would not be able to support the elimination of river blindness and blinding trachoma if it were not for the drug donation programmes. We would not have been able to go to scale." The supply chain reaching from a major pharmaceutical company to a network of community-directed distributors, reaching through society and across the world, is expected to eliminate transmission of the disease in the targeted countries by 2021.
Blood fluke
Schistosomiasis (blood fluke) is a parasitic flatworm infestation. The larvae enter the body from fresh water sources, mature in the liver and travel through the blood vessels, laying eggs that trigger destructive immune reactions. The disease is estimated to affect 200 million people in Africa and to cause 200,000 deaths each year.
The only medicine with which all forms of schistosomiasis can be treated is Cesol (praziquantel) from Merck Serono (a division of Merck KGaA). In 2007, the company committed to donate 200 million Cesol tablets to WHO for distribution to school-age children primarily in Africa, and to support an awareness programme in schools. In January 2012, Merck Serono doubled its annual donation of tablets to 50 million, to be maintained until the disease is eliminated. It has committed to work with partners to develop a pre-school version of the drug.
Seven million children were treated with Cesol in 2012, bringing the total to 28 million. At the end of November, Merck Serono symbolically donated the 100 millionth Cesol table to WHO, and announced a new programme to distribute the medicine throughout Kenya.
The company's CEO, Stefan Oschmann, said: "Merck Serono is committed to more effectively fighting neglected tropical diseases." He added that partnership is the essence of the campaign: "The closer we co-ordinate the donation activities, research and development of new drugs, as well as the supply and distribution of drugs with each other, the more effectively we'll be able to fight these diseases."
Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is one of the tropical world's most feared diseases. It is spread by the bite of the tsetse fly and affects the brain, causing sleepiness, coma and death. Almost always fatal if untreated, sleeping sickness may be the real basis of the 'zombie' myth. But now, according to Dr Margaret Chan, "the stage is set for the elimination of sleeping sickness, a prospect that was unthinkable a decade ago". For over ten years, Sanofi has worked with WHO to provide drugs and develop treatment protocols for the disease via the campaign 'Human African Trypanosomiasis – Not Neglected by Sanofi'.
In 2011, Sanofi renewed its commitment to fighting sleeping sickness through a $25m donation, extending its partnership with WHO by another five years. The company donates three of the five drugs used to treat the disease. In January 2012, Sanofi announced a global partnership with Eisai and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to eliminate five NTDs including sleeping sickness and lymphatic filariasis. In July, it noted that the sleeping sickness treatment programme had saved 170,000 lives and reduced the number of new cases from 30,000 in 2001 to 6,500 in 2011. By 2020, WHO has said, Africa may be clear of the disease.
Sanofi's video from Chad illustrates the methods used to implement treatment. By funding mobile medical teams working in towns and villages, the campaign has brought daily drug therapy to people unable to travel long distances to the city hospitals. Seeing the effects of treatment within the community encourages other patients to be treated there. Sanofi is committed to providing the drugs and supporting their implementation until sleeping sickness is eliminated.
blinding trachoma
Cesol
Chagas disease
J&&
Mectizan
neglected diseases
Simon Bush
soil-transmitted helminthes
tropical disease
visceral leishmaniasis
Previous articleKeep taking the tablets
Next articleBBC exposes cash-for-drugs pharmacists
Digitising the pharmaceutical supply chain
Pharma supply chain management and packaging in 2020
Key publications to impact the UK access environment in 2020
Driving innovation in a modern NHS
Progress on human medicinal product standards in 2020
Harnessing academic excellence for biotech and drug discovery


The Consumer Credit Protection Act, more commonly known as the Truth-in-Lending Act, went into effect in 1968. The law is intended to protect borrowers from predatory lending by requiring lenders to fully disclose all costs associated with securing a mortgage loan.
Prior to the implementation of the act, borrowers routinely were paying considerably more than what had been initially advertised or agreed upon in the beginning stages of the loan process. Now, lenders must provide the potential borrower with an approximate cost, not only in dollars but percentage terms within a specified period of time prior to the application. Then, the exact costs and interest rate must be provided to the borrower, according to the law, at least, one full business day prior to the closing, in a document know as The Uniform Settlement Statement. This document provides relevant data clearly and consistently laid out, regarding finance charges, the total amount of each payment, the number of monthly payments over the life of the loan, as well as other pertinent financial information to help the borrower understand and manage the loan.
Also notable, a borrower who has applied for an equity loans or a second mortgage has the option to back out of the loan agreement, if he or she does so within three days. However, the rescission option is not applicable for a single home loan, to initially purchase a home.


Check out the slideshow above, and the photos below!
We had so much fun with Alie and Brian shooting their engagement photos in San Francisco! We chased the sun all throughout the city to find the perfect locations in able to capture the perfect photos. We started around Crissy Field, then made our way towards Baker Beach. Along the way, we stopped multiple times wherever we noticed the light was good! We even went through Main Post in the Presidio Area. It was quite an adventure and we can't wait to be a part of this couple's special day. Check out a snippet of Brian and Alie's engagement photos below!


When photographs of Crystal Renn looking slimmer than usual hit the web, critics called it a "bummer," assuming that she'd lost weight. But new shots offer proof that the pictures — like most fashion images — don't reflect reality.
Glamour editor Cindi Leive spoke to Crystal when the model stopped by the office; Leive notes, "She's NOT as skinny as she looks in those pictures."
I was shocked. When I saw the pictures, I think I was silent for a good five minutes, staring with my mouth open. I don't know what was done to those photos or who did it, but they look retouched to me. And listen, everybody retouches, but don't make me into something I'm not.
Having had an eating disorder, I know what that very thin body looks like on me, and it's not something I find attractive. It's not something I aspire to.
Upon seeing the behind-the-scenes photo from the shoot (above, in color), Crystal told Leive: "That's what I look like. Yeah!"
So what the hell happened? Photographer Nicholas Routzen was asked to comment, and claimed: "[The photos were] taken from a higher angle with a wider lens." But admitted: "I shaped her…I did nothing that I wouldn't do to anyone. I'm paid to make women look beautiful."
First: Obviously, Crystal Renn is beautiful just the way she is. A photographer "shaping" her — and other models — may be a common practice, but it is completely unnecessary. And if a client hires a model, doesn't that mean the company wants her to look like herself? And not a slimmed-down version?
Second: Unfortunately, this situation forces us to consider the possibility that photographer Nicholas Routzen purposely made Crystal look dramatically thinner in order to draw attention to the images, which promote his nonprofit, Fashion for Passion, a campaign for children and the arts.
Third: As a society, our eyes still register photographs as facts, truths. Despite everything we know about Photoshop, tricks of the light, wide-angled lenses and posing using angles, we still don't immediately assume that pictures lie. Is it up to us to develop a more critical eye? Or should we demand less tampering, obfuscation and alteration?
I recently [saw] Karl Lagerfeld, and he said, "Did you lose weight since my show? Don't you lose any weight!" And I remember thinking, "I've actually gained an inch; must be the outfit! But no, don't worry, I won't." And Carine [Roitfeld, the editor of French Vogue] also said to me, "Don't lose weight. You're very beautiful just how you are." That support means so much to me.


text:
Ghosbusters Apartment
Film: Ghostbusters
Home: Dana Barrett
Address: 55 Central Park West, Manhattan.
Nicknamed "Spook Central", the apartment building is located btw West 65th and 66th Streets.
Additional Film Locations: Ghostbusters
Dana Barrett lives in the high-rise along Central Park West. Her small apartment has a living room, kitchen, bedroom and bathroom. In recent times, she has noticed some unexplainable paranormal activity in her kitchen and as a result, contacted a team of scientists to investigate.
otsoNY Comments: The building at 55 Central Park West was only used for exterior use and is now nicknamed, Spook Central. Digital effects were used to modify the roof's Art Deco.
The building at 55 Central Park West is a housing cooperative located in Manhattan. The building was built in 1929 and designed by the firm Schwartz and Gross. Both the interior and the exterior possess unique architectural features that set the structure apart from its peers. The building is considered a contributing property within the Central Park West Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The structure, btw 65th and 66th Streets and considered to be mostly second tier by the socialite New Yorkers who occupy most of the buildings along Central Park West, was opened as a rental property in 1930. Its neighbour to the south is the earlier Holy Trinity Lutheran Church. Though Central Park West would become an area heavily influenced by the Art Deco movement, the building was the first fully Art Deco structure on the street.
When the building opened in 1930 it had apartments ranging from three to nine rooms, the largest of which had four bedrooms. The apartment living rooms featured a dropped living room, developed by the Earle brothers, which set the interior apart from most others constructed around the same period. An original rental brochure shows the dropped living room nearly entirely open to the entrance gallery; traditionally the gallery was held as a different room. The six apartments on the top five floors of the building are considered the most desirable. Two apartments in particular, 19 and 20F, are the most highly sought after. Together the two units form a 4,500-square-foot (420 m2) penthouse, sporting eleven-foot ceilings, two functioning fireplaces and a 1,000-square-foot (93 m2) terrace.
The exterior of the building is also somewhat non-traditional. As the brick facade rises from the ground it changes shade from a deep purple to a yellow-white. Colour was being widely used during the 1920s as a tool in architecture for overall effects.
A - Z Film Listings
Greatest NYC Film Scenes
New York Super Heroes
Must-See Film Locations
Chart Listings
Top 100 NYC Films
Top 100 1980's NYC Films
Top 10 NYC Christmas Movies
Top 50 Most Romantic NYC Films
All images that appear on the site are copyrighted to their respective owners and otsoNY.com claims no credit for them unless otherwise noted. If you own the rights to any of the images and do not wish them to appear on the site please contact us, and they will be promptly removed.
2009-2022 otsoNY.com | Privacy Policy | Disclaimer | Contact
Donations for hosting


text:
The New Cross Fire (January 18, 1981)
Posted on June 9, 2019 June 12, 2019 by contributed by: Virgillo Hunter
Global African History: Global African History: Events
Protesters with Owen Thompson memorial poster, Black People's Day of Action, Fordham Park, New Cross, March 2, 1981
Photo © Vron Ware, Courtesy of Autograph ABP, London
On Sunday, January 18, 1981, thirteen black youths attending a birthday party in Deptford, South London was killed in an alleged racially-motivated house fire. The New Cross Fire tragedy highlighted hostility between black Britons, the police and the media.
On the night of the fire, nine black youth died. By February 9, four more black teenagers had succumbed to their fire injuries. Before the New Cross Fire, black homes and community centers were targeted and burnt down. Many black Britons believed that the National Front (NF), a fascist group, was responsible for those incidents as well as the New Cross Fire tragedy.
Corroborated eyewitness accounts placed a 'white man' in an Austin Princess vehicle at the New Cross Fire scene. Witnesses stated that he threw a Molotov cocktail into the house party. Others believed, however, that the fire started from a dispute between revelers.
After several subsequent failed inquests by The Metropolitan Police, (the Met) black Britons were convinced that the police had failed the black community by not treating the thirteen black youths' deaths seriously. Frustrated by the police's inquests, on January 20, black Britons began organizing. 'An assembly of the people' consisting of five hundred black Britons was formed to investigate the killings. A week after the fire, 2,000 mourners gathered at the Moonshot Youth Centre in South London to pay their respects and to 'devout themselves to the struggle for justice.'
It was through the 'assembly of the people' that black-Britons discovered that the police was 'forcing statements' out of black youths without lawyers or parents being present. Subsequently, the New Cross Massacre Action Group was formed and led by activists, writers, and civil rights campaigners John La Rose and Darcus Howe. They declared March 2, the 'Black People's Day of Action' to demonstrate against the Met's mishandling of the teenagers' deaths. On 1 March, the Daily Mail falsely reported that several of the fire survivors were arrested and would face severe charges in what black Britons saw as an attempt to undermine the demonstration and the black community's inquest into the house fire.
On March 2, an estimated 20,000 demonstrators including members of the Black Panther Party, Black Parents Movement, and Black Youth Movement, marched in one of the most massive demonstrations against racial injustice in British history. For ten hours campaigners marched eight miles from Fordham Park, South London to Hyde Park, Central London with placards stating, 'Thirteen Dead, Nothing Said' and 'No Police Cover-Up.'
Weeks after the demonstration, 'Swamp 81', a plainclothes police operation, was launched in Brixton, South London, the heart of the black Briton community. In early April, an estimated 943 peoples were stopped and searched by the police under 'Sus laws', an addendum to the 1824 Vagrancy Act, and 188 black youths were arrested. Many black Britons viewed those acts the state's retaliation for the 'Black People's Day of Action' demonstration. From April to the end of the summer of 1981, several significant uprisings occurred in various British cities.
The New Cross Fire was a significant turning point in Britain in terms of black Britons, the police and the media's relationship and intergenerational alliance to expose racism, injustices and the plight of black Britons. Today, the New Cross Fire remains unsolved. But, as Darcus Howe said on the 30th anniversary of the fire in 2011 it is 'the blaze we cannot forget.'
Subjects: Global African History, EventsTerms: Racial Conflict - Race Riots, Europe - Great Britain - England
Hunter, V. (2019, June 09) The New Cross Fire (January 18, 1981). Retrieved from https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/events-global-african-history/the-new-cross-fire-january-18-1981/
Peter Fryer, Staying Power: History of Black People in Britain. (London and Sydney: Pluto Press, 1984); Darcus Howe, 'New Cross: the blaze we cannot forget.' The Guardian, 17 Jan 2011.
Previous Previous post: Justin Soni Fashanu (1961-1998)
Next Next post: The Windrush Generation (1948- )


text:
Home » Case Studies » Unleashing Private 5G Networks for Wireless Camera Applications
Unleashing Private 5G Networks for Wireless Camera Applications
A Recap of Recent Significant Developments
Wireless camera technology for sports, entertainment, and roving news applications has remained largely unchanged for more than a decade. Solutions have primarily been built around two different technologies: microwave links and bonded cellular.
Solutions using private microwave links have become a familiar sight at major sports and entertainment live TV productions. They are characterized by their ability to deliver uncontended, ultra-low latency, highest video quality video transmission. This enables immersive and unique visual perspectives that are only possible because of support for wireless cameras that are free to roam during events.
Bonded cellular-based wireless camera devices are newer to the scene, with their capabilities growing as cellular technology has evolved through 3G, 4G and now 5G. They first showcased their ability to provide bidirectional video connectivity from almost any populated location during the London 2012 Olympics. Bonded cellular camera solutions have enabled broadcast teams to arrive on location and begin broadcasting in moments without the need for any additional infrastructure.
Whilst each technology has proven its worth, both solutions have limitations. The private microwave solutions based on OFDM technology can require additional RF infrastructure to implement two-way connectivity, making connectivity into the deployment of IP based broadcast and remote production networks more challenging.
Bonded cellular systems are known to struggle in providing high data rate connectivity in highly populated areas where the cellular networks are operating at capacity. Latencies can be variable, creating challenges to synchronizing bonded cellular content with other video feeds.
The Appeal of Private 5G: the Best of Two Technology Worlds
Beginning in 2021, Vislink began investigating whether emerging private 5G networks could deliver the best properties of both existing roaming camera solutions while providing greater flexibility.
Public 5G cellular networks have been rolling out across the globe for quite a number of years and have been accompanied by much industry and consumer hype during that time. For wireless camera systems, public 5G networks in their current form are not ideal for roaming broadcast applications.
Most public networks are tailored to deliver maximum downlink data rates and are well-suited to applications like allowing consumers to view high quality streaming video. Broadcast camera systems, by contrast, need to deliver high uplink data rates. End-to-end latencies remain high for many public 5G implementations, due to having been built on top of 4G non-standalone network cores.
Private 5G networks can be deployed without the impediment of having to integrate into legacy cellular standalone network infrastructure. They can be biased towards high uplink rates and low latencies. Notably, they can also be portable.
MotoGP 5G Trial 2021
In the summer of 2021, Vislink was invited to participate in an exciting real-world test: the first trial of a 5G private network camera system of the premier MotoGP racing circuit. The trial was produced with the support of Dorna Sports (owners of the MotoGP motorcycle racing series), broadcaster BT Sport and Neutral Wireless (a technology spinoff from the University of Strathclyde that had been researching innovative ways to configure, optimize and deploy a private 5G core and radio system.)
For the project, Vislink created a prototype 5G wireless camera system that interfaced to its existing popular HCAM OFDM camera transmitter. Vislink was able to fit the prototype 5G transmitter to cameras that were providing roaming coverage from the pit lane. A second 5G transmitter was fitted to one of the race bikes, demonstrating the ability to deliver high-quality video from the bike while moving at high speeds.
Vislink 5G transmitter mounted to a broadcast camera for MotoGP pit lane coverage
Vislink 5G transmitter mounted to a MotoGP motorbike
While this was a private test, with none of the content shown on-air, the test validated the capabilities of the technology and proved that high uplink data rates were possible. In addition, extensive information about optimum antenna position was gathered that will be invaluable in future similar projects and actual deployments.
The success of the MotoGP test led Vislink to research how the technology could be applied to commercial applications and led a new development phase.
Vislink set about creating a new 5G transmitter that would be closely coupled to Vislink's existing HCAM wireless camera transmitter. With prototypes completed, Vislink sought a venue to showcase its innovations.
Saracens Rugby 5G Trial 2022
An opportunity arose at the invitation of BT Sport to use the new device at a Saracen's rugby game in London in the spring of 2022. Partnering with Neutral Wireless to provide the 5G cell, it successfully showed that it was possible to capture content from the touchline of the game — and simulcast the camera content with both classic OFDM modulation and in 5G.
Vislink wireless camera equipment capturing action from the Saracens Rugby match
The key takeaway from this event was that the 5G system was able to deliver the same critical benefits as the tried and trusted OFDM system, namely low latency, high-quality video with robust connectivity that was undisturbed by the cellular connections of the mass spectators' mobile devices.
With the 5G IP-native solution proving highly reliable, the event director had the confidence to use the 5G camera feeds in the live program content — making this test and this event the world's first 5G wireless camera live transmission.
Wireless camera applications are not restricted to capturing live feeds from the sidelines of sporting events. Modern sports news reporting takes place both inside and outside of stadiums and arenas. Entertainment and public interest programming relies heavily on roaming camera deployments, often utilizing bonded cellular technology to deliver the freedom to broadcast from almost any populated location.
With Vislink having added field-proven bonded cellular wireless camera solutions as a result of its Mobile Viewpoint (MVP) acquisition in 2021, there were now good synergies in place between the Vislink private 5G developments already in progress and the potential to extend the capabilities of its bonded cellular products.
Commonwealth Games 5G Trial 2022
Owing to its success in the prior 5G trials, Vislink was invited to participate in a new 5G private network trial as part of the Commonwealth Games coverage that the BBC was preparing in July 2022. This trial aimed to showcase the ability to deliver roaming camera content from Victoria Square, a busy location in the heart of Birmingham, England.
This trial was to go further than previous tests in that there would be no onsite production. A key requirement would be the need to provide the capability to produce interview-type content for inclusion into BBC national and local programming about the games. Raw camera content was to be contributed from Birmingham to the BBC's broadcast centre in London. This was to be a multi-camera production with two wireless camera feeds perfectly synchronized. With IP-native bi-directional connectivity, the Vislink MVP devices would be tasked with delivering intercom and reverse video links to the camera operator.
With the involvement of BT Media and Broadcast (who provided the 5G cell and backbone internet connectivity from Birmingham to London), a series of test phases was arranged. The objective was to prove the ability to synchronize multiple wireless cameras using NTP timing protocol and validate connectivity between the Vislink 5G camera system and BT's 5G cell before moving on to the live production.
With onsite preparation complete and having performed various tests to demonstrate that the cellular-connected cameras could access both the private 5G and public cellular infrastructure and switch between the different types of network at will, the system went live during the week of the Commonwealth Games.
Vislink 5G equipment operating at the Commonwealth Games
To showcase the technology, the 5G private network camera system would deliver live footage of the arrival of Queen's baton relay in the Birmingham city square, and of live interviews with content distributed on the BBC's premier evening magazine program The One Show.
With a groundbreaking combination of a live private 5G network, native two-way IP connectivity and accurate multi-camera synchronization, this trial became yet another world's first remote production private 5G event.
The trials conducted to date have proven the capabilities of 5G networks and how these systems can deliver operational benefits through their closer integration into the IP-native workflows of modern broadcast systems.
Vislink's vision is that private 5G networks will play a significant role in future broadcast infrastructures. Private 5G camera systems have been shown to deliver low latency, high-quality video over uncontended wireless links, with robust bidirectional IP connectivity enabling content to be remotely produced from any connected location.
The success of these trials has not gone unnoticed by the broadcast industry at large. As 2022 drew to a close, Vislink and its partners in the Commonwealth Games deployment were honored to be awarded the Best Innovation Project by industry publication Broadcast Tech.
Vislink and partners receiving award for Best Innovation Project
Vislink 5G 4Live
To spur the growth of this useful technology and allow live production teams to capitalize on the greater operational flexibility, Vislink has now launched the Vislink 5G 4Live solution. This solution creates a complete turnkey private 5G wireless camera solution. It offers the choice of either a hybrid OFDM and private 5G transmitter or a hybrid private 5G and public cellular transmitter system as appropriate Either can be utilized in combination with a 5G private network that can be scaled to match the application.
In recognition of this pioneering work, Vislink is proud to have been recognized with a second industry award (this time from IABM) for pioneering the new possibilities that the Vislink 5G 4Live system brings to the broadcast industry.
Vislink receiving the IABM award for 5G 4Live solution
While widespread use of private 5G networks in broadcast applications is still to be realized, it is becoming increasingly clear that change is coming to the world of wireless cameras —and that private 5G may well be the key catalyst for that change.
How to Effectively Reach Your Congregations Using AI-Driven Live Streaming Technology
How Vislink Plays a Crucial Role in Air-To-Ground Critical Missions


text:
Phoenix Could Require Short-Term Rental Owners to Register With the City
What's on Tap for Arizona Water in 2020? Five Issues to Watch
Migrants Inside ICE's Only Transgender Unit Decry Conditions
Hannah Critchfield
Images of the ICE media tour of the Cibola Correctional Center transgender unit on June 12, 2019.
Hannah Critchfield | July 12, 2019 | 2:50pm
A group of 29 inmates in Immigration and Customs Enforcement's only transgender unit are calling for outside investigation of the facility, which they say fails to provide livable conditions for its LGBTQ detainees.
Members of Trans Queer Pueblo, a Phoenix-based advocacy group run by LGBTQ migrants of color, received a letter outlining some of the complaints in late June addressed from transgender and gender nonbinary inmates at the Cibola County Correctional Center in New Mexico.
The three-page letter, written in Spanish, paints a disturbing picture of conditions that the group says have put migrant detainees' physical and mental health at risk.
50 Years After Stonewall: An Oral History of Phoenix's LGBTQ Bar Scene
Drag, Dinner, and Donations: A Trans Queer Pueblo Fundraiser
Pride Divide: LGBTQ Activists Briefly Block Phoenix Festival Parade; Attendees Jeer
Cibola County Correctional Center is the only ICE detention center with a unit specifically for transgender women. Able to house up to 60 people, it was created in 2017, following reports of mistreatment of transgender people within the U.S. immigration detention system.
After its opening, women from detention centers throughout Arizona — including the government's Eloy, Florence, and La Palma facilities — were transferred to Cibola, a for-profit correctional facility in Milan, New Mexico, about 80 miles west of Albuquerque. Though ICE has an Obama-era ICE guidance memo on caring for transgender migrants, the Cibola pod is not required to comply with this guidance.
The facility is where Roxsana Hernandez Rodriguez, 33, a transgender woman seeking asylum from Honduras, died of HIV-related complications and dehydration shortly after entering in 2018. An independent autopsy confirmed her cause of death, but found that she was physically abused during her time in ICE custody. ICE denies the findings of this autopsy report. Cibola also houses Alejandra Barrera, a transgender El Salvadoran woman whose ongoing incarceration has drawn international controversy. She has been detained at Cibola since she first filed for asylum on grounds of persecution for her gender identity in her home country nearly two years ago.
The 29 migrants from the letter say medical staff fail to provide proper health care to people with disabilities and HIV-positive individuals, and deny treatment for visible skin infections — some of which they allege were contracted within the facility. They say several detainees have been denied necessary medications. The inmates describe daily verbal and psychological mistreatment from officers, and a fear of retaliation in the face of complaints.
"We are afraid of repression but more afraid of being in this situation," the letter states (translated into English by the reporter).
Letter from the 29 migrant detainees who are calling for an outside investigation of Cibola County Correctional Center.
Trans Queer Pueblo
The handwritten letter is dated June 26, 2019 — just days after Cibola County Correctional Center gave a media tour of the transgender unit for the first time. ICE tweeted about the visit the next day, with photos showing inmates playing basketball, gardening, and getting their hair done in the unit's salon. The letter, which came in an envelope stamped with official U.S. postage from the Cibola ZIP code, additionally alleges the detainees were forced to sign documents they did not understand ahead of the tour.
Tweet from ICE's seven-part Twitter thread highlighting the conditions within the Cibola transgender unit.
Members of Trans Queer Pueblo said they received the letter because their organization worked with many of the pod's detained migrants when they first came to the United States by way of Nogales, Arizona, as part of one of the 2018 migrant caravans. The group traditionally supports transgender women and gender nonconforming migrants in Arizona, but the ICE policy has moved many of them out of state to the more-remote Cibola unit, or pod, which Bautista said isolates them from advocacy groups and crucial legal resources.
"This is the lie of 'safe' LGBT pods," said Dagoberto Bailon, general assistant for Trans Queer Pueblo. "This is ICE's strategy — to make sure that LGBT people are as far away from the support of migrant organizations as possible."
Karla Bautista, "coordinator of liberation" for Trans Queer Pueblo, has been corresponding with migrants detained in the Cibola transgender unit since April. The detainees who signed the letter were not available for interview. (Those contacted cited safety concerns).
But Bautista, a transgender woman from Guatemala, said reports like the ones detailed in the letter are common. One inmate told her that officers threatened to take away her food when she didn't want to participate in news media pictures at the facility beauty salon. Another described a diabetic detainee who had previously had an altercation with an officer being denied treatment for chronic diarrhea — she was given medication after six months of symptoms.
In an emailed statement, Brandon Bissell, manager of public affairs at CoreCivic, said the company is committed to providing a safe environment for transgender detainees.
"A robust grievance process is available to all at Cibola County Correctional Center, which we encourage individuals to utilize," Bissell said. "The grievance process provides multiple avenues for concerns to be raised, including toll-free telephone numbers. Additionally, all inmates have access to management staff."
Bissell added that officers receive training on respectful interactions with LGBTQ detainees, and their ICE-contracted facilities are held accountable to federal Performance-Based National Detention Standards, which include guidelines for the appropriate accommodation of transgender detainees.
The 29 migrant detainees from Cibola, who signed with their full names and identifying "A-numbers," ask for the national and international human rights community to launch an official investigation into the facility.
In light of the letter, Trans Queer Pueblo is also calling for an end to the policy of gay and transgender "pods" in ICE facilities, a release of all LGBTQ migrants in detention, many of whom have come fleeing persecution in their home countries, and complete closure of the facility.
"A lot of these women come from a background in organizing, so it's unsurprising that they would continue with their same activism here in the United States," said Wes Brockway, director of litigation at the Santa Fe Dreamers Project, which provides legal services to many of the transgender women detainees at Cibola. "They're doing what they can in the limited capacity they have — because they are so cut off from the world — because they understand that there are similarly situated people who will continue to come. If they are released, if they do win asylum, they don't want this to continue for the women who come next."
The average amount of time a transgender migrant spends in detention is 99 days, more than double the average time other migrants spend in ICE custody, according to a Center for American Progress report. Because many come on claims of fleeing persecution in their home countries, this extended time is likely because they're waiting for a judge to review their asylum cases.
Letter received from the 29 transgender and gender non-conforming migrants inside Cibola.
Cibola County Correctional Center has housed immigrants since 2017, when the U.S. Attorney General's office approved a county contract with CoreCivic, formerly called Corrections Corporation of America, the private prison company that runs the facility. It previously had operated as a federal prison, but the U.S. Bureau of Prisons canceled its contract with CoreCivic to hold prisoners at Cibola earlier that same year, after finding multiple deaths due to improper care at the facility. ICE took over shortly thereafter.
Twenty-five percent of CoreCivic's revenue currently comes from ICE.
"ICE takes seriously all allegations and investigates them thoroughly," ICE Public Affairs Officer Yasmeen Pitts O'Keefe said this week in an emailed statement, while noting that the agency cannot comment on any allegations of medical mistreatment without specific details. "ICE encourages such specific reporting so that all allegations can be thoroughly researched and corrected, if necessary, or debunked."
Roxsana Hernandez Rodriguez was one of two transgender women to die in ICE detention in just over a year, raising questions about immigration enforcement's ability to care for LGBTQ and HIV-positive asylum seekers while in custody. The other, Johana Medina Leon, 25, died in an El Paso facility last month.
The letter ends with a P.S., its letters capitalized: "WE ARE NOT CRIMINALS, WE ARE HUMAN BEINGS, WHO HAVE RIGHTS LIKE ANY INDIVIDUAL."
Sixteen people have died in ICE custody since the beginning of 2018, according to an American Immigration Lawyers Association analysis of ICE press releases.
The end of the letter, which states, "WE ARE NOT CRIMINALS, WE ARE HUMAN BEINGS, WHO HAVE RIGHTS LIKE ANY INDIVIDUAL."
Hannah Critchfield is an editorial fellow for Phoenix New Times.
Twitter: @hannacritch
Arizona Senator Proposes Bill to Repeal Notorious SB 1070
Can 18-Year-Olds Still Buy Tobacco Legally in Arizona? AG...
Phoenix City Council Passes Scaled-Down Regulations on...
Disgraced Republican David Stringer Is Running for Yavapai...


The College JumpStart Scholarship organization is committed to protecting your privacy and trust. We've created this privacy statement to demonstrate our firm commitment to online privacy.
Our promise. Our promise about your personal information: If we collect information from you, we use it only for the purposes for which it was collected and the other limited purposes outlined below.
What we collect and how we use it. We collect some non-personally identifiable information (including, but not limited to, your IP address, the type of browser and operating system you are using, the domain name from which you linked to our site) to help diagnose technical problems and to help administer our website.
We collect some personally identifiable information (such as when you apply for the College JumpStart Scholarship). We may use the information to contact the user, but users may opt-out of receiving future communications. For example, we may contact you if your application is missing required information or to update you when winners are selected.
We will not sell or disclose your personally identifiable data to any third party unless we first obtain explicit permission from you. For example, often journalists want to talk with our scholarship winners. However, we will always contact you first before giving them your contact information.
External links. We do link to other websites and non-profit or for-profit organizations that qualify as strategic partners. We are not responsible for the privacy practices or the content of these external websites.
Security. While there is no such thing as "perfect" security on the Internet, we will take all reasonable steps to ensure the safety of your personally identifiable information. This site has security measures in place to protect the loss, misuse and alteration of the information under our control. These measures include dedicated fire walled servers, password encrypted databases, and restrictions on user-to-user data visibility. However, we do not assume any liability for third-party usage of your personal information, whether obtained legally or illegally from our system.
Choice/Opt-Out. Users have the opportunity to opt-out of receiving communications from us and our partners at the point where we request information about the visitor.
Children's Privacy. Protecting the privacy of the very young is especially important. For that reason, we never collect or maintain information at our website from those we actually know are under 13.


text:
Andrew Michael Hurley
In love with the landscapes of the North
Born and based in Preston, England, UK
Extract: The Loney
Commissions & Articles
Andrew Michael Hurley has lived in Manchester and London, and is now based in Lancashire.
His first novel, The Loney, was first published by Tartarus Press, a tiny independent publisher based in Yorkshire, as a 300-copy limited-edition, before being republished by John Murray and going on to win the Costa Best First Novel Award and Book of the Year at the British Book Industry Awards in 2016.
REQUEST AN INTRODUCTION
Name * Email* Organisation * ROLE * BRIEf Introduction *
Devil's Day, 2017, John Murray
The Loney, 2015, John Murray
The Loney, 2014, Tartarus Press
Life in Britain
ACTIVITIES COVERED
Hosted conversation
Panel events
Work with primary schools (5 -11)
Work with secondary schools (11 - 16)
Writing workshops: emerging writers
Writing workshops: masterclass
EXISTING TRANSLATIONS
If it had another name, I never knew, but the locals called it the Loney – that strange nowhere between the Wyre and the Lune where Hanny and I went every Easter time with Mummer, Farther, Mr and Mrs Belderboss and Father Wilfred, the parish priest. It was our week of peni-tence and prayer in which we would make our confessions, visit Saint Anne's shrine, and look for God in the emerging springtime, that, when it came, was hardly a spring at all; nothing so vibrant and effusive. It was more the soggy afterbirth of winter.
Dull and featureless it may have looked, but the Loney was a dangerous place. A wild and useless length of English coastline. A dead mouth of a bay that filled and emptied twice a day and made Coldbarrow – a desolate spit of land a mile off the coast – into an island. The tides could come in quicker than a horse could run and every year a few people drowned. Unlucky fishermen were blown off course and ran aground. Opportunist cocklepickers, ignorant of what they were dealing with, drove their trucks onto the sands at low tide and washed up weeks later with green faces and skin like lint.
Sometimes these tragedies made the news, but there was such an inevitability about the Loney's cruelty that more often than not these souls went unremembered to join the countless others that had perished there over the centuries in trying to tame the place. The evidence of old industry was everywhere: breakwaters had been mashed to gravel by storms, jetties abandoned in the sludge and all that remained of the old causeway to Coldbarrow was a line of rotten black posts that gradually disappeared under the mud. And there were other, more mysterious structures – remnants of jerry-built shacks where they had once gutted mackerel for the markets inland, beacons with rusting fire-braces, the stump of a wooden lighthouse on the headland that had guided sailors and shepherds through the fickle shift of the sands.
But it was impossible to truly know the Loney. It changed with each influx and retreat of water and the neap tides would reveal the skeletons of those who thought they had read the place well enough to escape its insidious currents. There were animals, people sometimes, the remains of both once – a drover and his sheep cut off and drowned on the old crossing from Cumbria. And now, since their death, for a century or more, the Loney had been pushing their bones back inland, as if it were proving a point.
No one with any knowledge of the place ever went near the water. No one apart from us and Billy Tapper that is.
Billy was a local drunk. Everyone knew him. His fall from grace to failure was fixed like the weather into the mythology of the place, and he was nothing short of a gift to people like Mummer and Father Wilfred who used him as shorthand for what drink could do to a man. Billy Tapper wasn't a person, but a punishment.
Legend had it that he had been a music teacher at a boys' grammar school, or the head of a girls' school in Scotland, or down south, or in Hull, somewhere, anywhere. His history varied from person to person, but that the drink had sent him mad was universally accepted and there were any number of stories about his eccentricities. He lived in a cave. He had killed someone in Whitehaven with a hammer. He had a daughter somewhere. He thought that collecting certain combinations of stones and shells made him invisible and would often stagger into the Bell and Anchor in Little Hagby, his pockets chinking with shingle, and try to drink from other people's glasses, thinking that they couldn't see him. Hence the dented nose.
I wasn't sure how much of it was true, but it didn't matter. Once you'd seen Billy Tapper, anything they said about him seemed possible.
We first met him in the pebble-dashed concrete bus stop on the one road that skirted the coastline from Morecambe down to Knott End. It would have been 1973, when I was twelve and Hanny sixteen. Farther wasn't with us. He had gone out early with Father Wilfred and Mr and Mrs Belderboss to look at the stained glass in a village church twenty miles away where there was apparently a magnificent Gothic Revival window of Jesus calming the waters. And so Mummer had decided to take Hanny and me to Lancaster to stock up on food and visit an exhibition of old Psalters at the library – for Mummer never missed an opportunity to instruct us on the history of our faith. It looked like Billy was going the same way from the piece of cardboard strung around his neck – one of the several dozen that made it easy for the bus drivers to know where he was supposed to be going.
The other places he'd either been to or might need to visit revealed themselves as he stirred in his sleep. Kendal. Preston. Manchester. Hull. The last being where his sister lived, according to the square of bright red card that was attached to a separate shoestring necklace and contained information that might prove invaluable in an emergency, with his name, his sister's telephone number and a note in block capitals that he was allergic to penicillin.
This particular fact intrigued me as a child, and I wondered what would happen if he was given penicillin, whether it could possibly damage him any more than he had damaged himself already. I'd never seen a man be so unkind to his own body. His fingers and his palms were shattered with filth. Every crease and line was brown. Either side of his broken nose his eyes were twisted deep down into his skull. His hair crawled past his ears and down his neck which had turned sea-coloured with dozens of tattoos. There was something faintly heroic about his refusal to wash, I thought, when Hanny and I were so regularly scrubbed and towelled by Mummer.
He slumped on the bench, with an empty bottle of something evil lying on its side on the floor and a small, mouldy-looking potato in his lap that comforted me in a strange way. It seemed right that he should only have a raw potato. It was the kind of thing I assumed down-and-outs ate, nibbling at it bit by bit over weeks as they roamed the highways and byways looking for the next. Hitching lifts. Stealing what they could. Stowing away on trains. As I say, vagrancy wasn't entirely without its romance to me at that age.
He talked to himself in his sleep, scrunching his pockets – which, like everyone said, sounded as if they were full of stones – complaining bitterly about someone called O'Leary who owed him money and had never given it back to him, even though he owned a horse. When he woke up and noticed we were there he tried his best to be courteous and sober, offering a grin of three or four twisted black teeth and doffing his beret at Mummer, who smiled briefly but, as she managed to do with all strangers, got the measure of him instantly, and sat in a half-revolted, half-fearful silence, willing the bus to come by staring down the empty road.
Like most drunks, Billy bypassed the small talk and slapped his bleeding, broken heart into my palm like a lump of raw beef.
'Don't get taken in by the demon drink, lads. I've lost everything 'cause of this stuff,' he said as he held up the bottle and swilled the dregs. 'See that scar?'
He raised his hand and shook his sleeve down. A red seam ran from his wrist to his elbow, threading its way through tattoos of daggers and melon-chested girls.
'D'you know how I got that?'
I shook my head.
Hanny stared.
'Fell off a roof. Bone ripped right through it,' he said and used his finger to demonstrate the angle at which his ulna had protruded.
'Have you got a spare fag?'
I shook my head again and he sighed.
'Bollocks. I knew I should have stayed at Catterick,' came another non-sequitur.
It was difficult to tell – and he looked nothing like the ruggedly handsome veterans that popped up in my Commando comics all the time – but I guessed that he must have been of an age to have fought in the war. And sure enough, when he doubled up in a coughing fit and took off his beret to wipe his mouth, it had some cockeyed metal, military insignia on the front.
I wondered if that was what had set him onto the booze, the war. It had done strange things to some people, so Farther said. Knocked their compasses out of whack, as it were.
Whatever the reason, Hanny and I couldn't take our eyes off him. We gorged ourselves on his dirtiness, on his brutal, alien smell. It was the same fearful excitement we felt when we happened to drive through what Mummer considered a bad part of London and found ourselves lost in a maze of terraces that sat shoulder to shoulder with industrial plants and scrapyards. We would turn in our seats and gawp out of the windows at the scruffy, staring chil-dren who had no toys but the bits of wood and metal torn off the broken furniture in their front yards where aproned women stood and screeched obscenities at the men stumbling out of corner pubs. It was a safari park of degradation. What a world without God looked like.
Billy glanced at Mummer and, keeping his eyes on her, he reached down into the plastic bag by his feet and brought out a few tatty bits of paper, which he pressed into my hand. They had been ripped out of a dirty magazine.
He winked at me and settled himself back against the wall. The bus appeared and Mummer stood up and held out her hand to stop it and I quickly stuffed the pictures away.
'What are you doing?' said Mummer.
'Nothing.'
'Well, stop messing about and get Andrew ready.'
I started trying to coax Hanny into standing so that we could get on the bus, but he wouldn't move. He was smiling and looking past me at Billy, who by this time had fallen asleep again.
'What is it, Hanny?'
He looked at me and then back at Billy. Then I under-stood what he was staring at: Billy wasn't holding a potato, but his penis.
The bus stopped and we got on. The driver looked past us and whistled at Billy but he didn't wake up. After another go, the driver shook his head and pressed the button which drew the door closed. We sat down and watched the front of Billy's trousers darken. Mummer tutted and peeled our faces away from the window to look at her instead.
'Be warned,' she said, as the bus pulled away. 'That man is already inside you. It won't take more than a few wrong choices to bring him out, believe me.'
She held her handbag on her lap and looked straight ahead. I clutched the dirty pictures tight in one hand and slipped the other inside my coat and pressed my stomach hard with my fingertips, trying to find the kernel of bad -ness that only needed the right conditions of Godlessness and depravity for it to germinate and spread like a weed.
It happened so easily. Drink quickly possessed a man and made him its servant. Father Wilfred always said so.
When Mummer told him about Billy later that evening, he simply shook his head and sighed.
'What can one expect of a man like that, Mrs Smith? Someone so removed from God.'
'I said to the boys that they ought to take note,' said Mummer.
'And rightly so,' he said, taking off his glasses and looking at Hanny and me as he polished them on his sleeve. 'They should make it their business to know all the poisons that Satan peddles.'
'I feel rather sorry for him,' said Mrs Belderboss.
'So do I,' said Farther.
Father Wilfred put his glasses back on and raised a brief, condescending smile.
'Then you'll be adding to his already brimming store. Pity is the only thing a drunk has in abundance.'
'Still, he must have had an awfully hard life to have got himself into such a state,' Mrs Belderboss said.
Father Wilfred scoffed. 'I don't think he knows the meaning of a hard life. I'm sure my brother could tell you as many tales as I could about real poverty, real struggle, couldn't you, Reginald?'
Mr Belderboss nodded. 'Everyone had it tough in Whitechapel,' he said. 'No work. Kiddies starving.'
Mrs Belderboss touched her husband's arm in sympathy. Father Wilfred sat back and wiped his mouth with a napkin.
'No, a man like that is the worst kind of fool,' he said. 'He's thrown everything away. All his privileges and oppor-tunities. He was a professional, I believe. A teacher. What a terrible waste.'
It's odd, but when I was a child there were certain things that were so clear to me and their outcomes so inevitable that I thought I had a kind of sixth sense. A gift of foresight, like that of Elijah or Ezekiel, who had predicted drought and destruction with such unsettling accuracy.
I remember Hanny once swinging over a pond on the Heath and knowing, knowing, that the rope would break, which it did; like I knew that the stray cat he brought back from the park would end up minced on the tube line, and that he would drop the bowl of goldfish he'd won at the fair on the kitchen floor as soon as we got home.
In the same way, I knew after that conversation around the dinner table that Billy was going to die soon. The thought came to me as an established fact; as though it had already come to pass.
No one could live like that for long. Being that filthy took so much effort that I was sure that the same merciful God who sent a whale to save Jonah and gave Noah a nod about the weather, would put him out of his misery.
A Night Walk
Commissioned by the ILS for the 'Crossing Borders' series.
Writer and doctor exploring geographical, anatomical and cultural landscapes
Jo Mazelis
Art school dropout, writer, photographer and lover of Welsh mountains
Thomas Morris
Short story writer; Wales Book of the Year; editor
Louise Welsh
genre crossing, novelist, librettist, enquiring, political, feminist, sociable-loner, bookworm
The John Hewitt Society
Exploring identity through literature and creative writing across Northern Ireland
Non-profit organisation promoting skilled writers of colour
Society of Chief Librarians
SCL leads and manages public library services
Malorie Blackman at London Literature Festival
Recorded at the Southbank Centre
By Paul McVeigh
Traversing the print/digital divide
The printed word hasn't quite left us yet
Refresh, Expand
International Working - a writer's perspective
see all connections


text:
\section{\textbf{Introduction}}

Morrey spaces $L^{p,\lambda }$ that play important role in the theory of
partial differential equations an in harmonic analysis were introduced by C.
Morrey \cite{Morrey} in 1938. Since then these spaces and various
generalizations of Morrey spaces have been extensively studied by many
authors. Mizuhara \cite{Mizuhara} introduced the generalized Morrey space
L^{p,\varphi }$ and Komori and Shirai \cite{Komori} defined the weighted
Morrey spaces $L^{p,\kappa }(w)$. Guliyev \cite{guli2012} have given the
notion of generalized weighted Morrey space $L^{p,\varphi }\left( w\right) $
which can be accepted as an extension of $L^{p,\varphi }$ and $L^{p,\kappa
}(w)$. We refer readers to the survey \cite{Rafe} and to the elegant book
\cite{Adams2} for further generalizations about these spaces and references
on recent developments in this field.

Fractional maximal operator $M_{\alpha }$ and fractional integral operator
I_{\alpha }$\ play an important role in harmonic analysis. In recent years
many authors have studied the boundedness of these operators on Morrey type
spaces. The boundedness of fractional integral operator $I_{\alpha }$ was
proved by Adams \cite{Adams} on classical Morrey spaces. In \cite{Guliyev4}
authours find conditions on the pair $\left( \varphi _{1},\varphi
_{2}\right) $ which ensure Spanne type boundedness of fractional maximal
M_{\alpha }$ and fractional integral operator $I_{\alpha }$ from one
generalized Morrey spaces to another generalized Morrey space. The
boundedness of fractional integral operator $I_{\alpha }$ was proved by
Komori and Shirai \cite{Komori}\ on weighted Morrey spaces. The boundedness
of $I_{\alpha ,b}$ was proved by Di Fazio and Ragusa \cite{Ragusa 2}\ on
classical Morrey spaces, by Guliyev and Shukurov \cite{Guliyev4} on
generalized Morrey space and by Komori and Shirai \cite{Komori}\ on weighted
Morrey spaces. Recently, Guliyev proved the boundedness of fractional
integral operator $I_{\alpha }$ and  fractional maximal operator $M_{\alpha }
$ and their commutators on generalized weighted Morrey space $L^{p,\varphi
}\left( w\right) $ in the elegant paper \cite{guli2012}.

The vanishing Morrey space $VL^{p,\lambda }$ which has been first introduced
by Vitanza in \cite{Vitanza} is a subspace of functions in $L^{p,\lambda }$
satisfying the following condition

\begin{equation*}
\underset{r\rightarrow 0}{\lim }\sup\limits_{\substack{ x\in
\mathbb{R}
^{n}  \\ 0<t<r}}t^{-\frac{\lambda }{p}}\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{L^{p}\left(
B\left( x,t\right) \right) }=0.
\end{equation*}

Ragusa \cite{Ragusa} proved the boundedness of $I_{\alpha ,b}$ on vanishing
Morrey spaces. Persson et al. \cite{Persson} proved the boundedness of
commutators of Hardy operators in vanishing Morrey spaces. Later N. Samko
\cite{Samko} introduced the vanishing generalized Morrey spaces $VL_{\Pi
}^{p,\varphi }\left( \Omega \right) $\textrm{\ }and proved the boundedness
of $I_{\alpha }$ and $M_{\alpha \text{ }}$ on these spaces.

Inspired by the above papers, we introduce the vanishing generalized
weighted Morrey spaces which are suitable subspace of functions in
L^{p,\varphi }\left( w\right) $ and prove the boundedness of $M_{\alpha
\text{ }}$and $I_{\alpha }$ from the vanishing generalized weighted Morrey
space $VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w^{p}\right) $ to another vanishing generalized weighted Morrey space
VL_{\Pi }^{q,\psi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w^{q}\right) .$ Furthermore we show that the commutators of both
M_{\alpha \text{ }}$and $I_{\alpha }$ are bounded in vanishing generalized
weighted Morrey spaces. In all the cases the conditions for the boundedness
are given in terms of Zygmund-type integral inequalities on $\left( \varphi
,\psi \right) $, where there is no any assumption on monotonicity of
\varphi $, $\psi $ in $r$.

Throughout this paper, $C,c,c_{i}$ etc. are used as positive constant that
can change from one line to another. $A\lesssim B$ means that $A\leq cB$
with some positive constant $c$. If $A\lesssim B$ and $B\lesssim A$, then we
say $A\approx B$ which means $A\ $and $B$ are equivalent.

\section{Preliminaries}

Let $w$ be a weight function on
\mathbb{R}
^{n},$ such that $w(x)>0$ for almost every $x\in
\mathbb{R}
^{n}.$ For $1\leq p<\infty $ and $\Omega \subset
\mathbb{R}
^{n}$\ we denote the weighted Lebesgue space by $L^{p,w}\left( \Omega
\right) $ with the norm

\begin{equation*}
\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{L^{p,w}\left( \Omega \right) }=\left(
\int\limits_{\Omega }\left\vert f(x)\right\vert ^{p}w(x)dx\right)
^{1/p}<\infty .
\end{equation*}

Let $1\leq p<\infty $, $\varphi $ be a positive measurable function on
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\times \left( 0,\infty \right) $ and $w$ be a weight function on
\mathbb{R}
^{n}$. We denote by $L^{p,\varphi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w\right) =$ $L^{p,\varphi }\left( w\right) $ the generalized weighted
Morrey space, the space of all functions $f\in L_{loc}^{p,w}\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) $ with finite quasinorm

\begin{equation*}
\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{L^{p,\varphi }\left( w\right) }=\underset{x\in
\mathbb{R}
^{n},r>0}{\sup }\frac{1}{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,r\right) }\left\Vert
f\right\Vert _{L^{p,w}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }
\end{equation*
where $B\left( x,r\right) $ denote the open ball centered at $x$ of radius
r.$

The fractional integral operator (Riesz potential) $I_{\alpha }$ and
fractional Maximal operator $M_{\alpha },$ which play important roles in
real and harmonic analysis, are defined b
\begin{equation*}
I_{\alpha }f(x)=\dint\limits_
\mathbb{R}
^{n}}\frac{f(y)}{\left\vert x-y\right\vert ^{n-\alpha }}dy,\qquad 0<\alpha <n
\end{equation*
and

\begin{equation*}
M_{\alpha }f(x)=\underset{r>0}{\sup }\frac{1}{r^{n-\alpha }
\dint\limits_{B(x,r)}\left\vert f(y)\right\vert dy,\qquad 0\leq \alpha <n
\end{equation*
where $f\in L_{loc}^{1}\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) $. If $\alpha =0,$ then $M\equiv M_{0}$ is the Hardy-Littlewood
maximal operator.

The class of $A_{p}$ weights was introduced by B. Muckenhoupt in \cite{Muc1
. The Muckenhoupt classes characterize the boundedness of the
Hardy-Littlewood maximal function $M$ on weighted Lebesgue spaces. It is
known that, $M$ is bounded on $L^{p,w}
\mathbb{R}
^{n})$ if and only if $w\in A_{p}$, $1<p<\infty .$

Now we define Muckenhoupt class $A_{p}.$ Let $1<p<\infty $ and $\left\vert
B\right\vert $ be the Lebesgue measure of the ball $B.$ A weight $w$ is said
to be an $A_{p}$ weight, if there exists a positive constant $c_{p}$ such
that, for every ball $B\subset
\mathbb{R}
^{n},$

\begin{equation*}
\left( \dint\limits_{B}w\left( x\right) dx\right) \left(
\dint\limits_{B}w\left( x\right) ^{1-p^{\prime }}dx\right) ^{p-1}\leq
c_{p}\left\vert B\right\vert ^{p},
\end{equation*
when $1<p<\infty $, and for $p=1$

\begin{equation*}
\left( \dint\limits_{B}w\left( y\right) dy\right) \leq c_{1}\left\vert
B\right\vert w\left( x\right)
\end{equation*
for a.e. $x\in B.$

A weight $w$ belongs to $A_{p,q}$ for $1<p<q<\infty $ if there exists
c_{p,q}>1$ such that

\begin{equation*}
\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}(B)}\left\Vert w^{-1}\right\Vert
_{L^{p^{\prime }}(B)}\leq c_{p,q}\left\vert B\right\vert ^{1+\frac{1}{q}
\frac{1}{p}},
\end{equation*
where $\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{p^{\prime }}=1$. $A_{p,q}$ class was introduce
by B. Muckenhoupt and R. Wheeden \cite{Muc2} to study weighted norm
inequalities for fractional integral operators.

Following lemma gives the relation between $A_{p,q}$ and $A_{p}$ class.

\begin{lemma}
\cite{Lu} If $w^{q}\in A_{1+\frac{q}{p^{\prime }}}$ with $1<p<q,$ then $w\in
A_{p,q}.$
\end{lemma}

\begin{lemma}
\cite{guli2012} Let $0<\alpha <n,$ $1<p<\frac{n}{\alpha },$ $\frac{1}{q}
\frac{1}{p}-\frac{\alpha }{n}$ and $w\in A_{p,q}$. Then the inequalit
\begin{equation}
\left\Vert I_{\alpha }f\right\Vert _{L^{q,w^{q}}\left( B\left( x,r\right)
\right) }\lesssim \left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B(x,r)\right)
}\dint\limits_{2r}^{\infty }\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{L^{p,w^{p}}\left(
B\left( x,t\right) \right) }\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B\left(
x_{,}t\right) \right) }^{-1}\frac{dt}{t}  \tag{$2.1$}
\end{equation
holds for any ball $B(x,r)$ and for all $f\in L_{loc}^{p,w}\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) .$
\end{lemma}

\subsection{\textbf{Vanishing generalized weighted Morrey spaces}}

Let $\Omega $ be an open set in
\mathbb{R}
^{n}$ and $\Pi $ be an arbitrary subset of $\Omega $. Let also $w$ be a
weight function on $\Omega $, $\varphi \left( x,r\right) $ be a measurable
non negative function on $\Pi \times \left[ 0,l\right) $ $\left(
l=diam~\Omega \right) $ and positive for all $(x,t)\in \Pi \times (0,l)$.
The vanishing weighted Morrey space $VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left( \Omega
;w\right) =VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left( w\right) $ is defined as the space
of functions $f\in L_{loc}^{p,w}\left( \Omega \right) $ with finite quasi
norm

\begin{equation*}
\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left( w\right) }=\underset
x\in \Pi ,0<r<l}{\sup }\frac{1}{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,r\right)
\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{L^{p,w}\left( \widetilde{B}\left( x,r\right)
\right) }
\end{equation*
such that

\begin{equation}
\underset{r\rightarrow 0}{\lim }\text{ }\underset{x\in \Pi }{\sup }\frac{1}
\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,r\right) }\left\Vert f\right\Vert
_{L^{p,w}\left( \widetilde{B}\left( x,r\right) \right) }=0,  \tag{$2.2$}
\label{21}
\end{equation
where $\widetilde{B}\left( x,r\right) =B\left( x,r\right) \cap \Omega $ and
1\leq p<\infty .$

Naturally, it is suitable to impose the function $\varphi \left( x,r\right) $
on the following conditions

\begin{equation}
\underset{r\rightarrow 0}{\lim }\text{ }\underset{x\in \Pi }{\sup }\frac
\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{1}\left( \widetilde{B}(x,r)\right) }}{\varphi
\left( x,r\right) }=0  \tag{$2.3$}  \label{22}
\end{equation
and

\begin{equation}
\underset{r>1}{\inf }\text{ }\underset{x\in \Pi }{\sup }\text{ }\varphi
\left( x,r\right) >0  \tag{$2.4$}  \label{23}
\end{equation
where the last condition must be imposed when $\Omega $ is unbounded. These
conditions makes $VM_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left( w\right) $\ non trivial,
since bounded functions which have compact support belong to these spaces.

Henceforth we denote by $\varphi \in \mathfrak{B}\left( w\right) $ if
\varphi \left( x,r\right) $ is a measurable non negative function on $\Pi
\times \left[ 0,l\right) $ and positive for all $(x,t)\in \Pi \times (0,l)$
and satisfies the condition (2.3) and (2.4).

\subsection{\textbf{Commutator of Fractional Integral Operator }}

Let $f\in L_{loc}^{1}\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) $ we defin
\begin{equation*}
\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{\ast }=\underset{x\in
\mathbb{R}
^{n},r>0}{\sup }\frac{1}{\left\vert B\left( x,r\right) \right\vert
\dint\limits_{B\left( x,r\right) }\left\vert f\left( y\right) -f_{B\left(
x,r\right) }\right\vert dy
\end{equation*
wher
\begin{equation*}
f_{B\left( x,r\right) }=\frac{1}{\left\vert B\left( x,r\right) \right\vert
\dint\limits_{B\left( x,r\right) }f\left( y\right) dy.
\end{equation*}

The space of functions of bounded mean oscillation (BMO) are the class of
functions whose deviation from their means over cubes is bounded. The se
\begin{equation*}
BMO\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) =\left\{ f\in L_{loc}^{1}\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) :\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{\ast }<\infty \right\}
\end{equation*
is called the function space of BMO space.

Next we shall introduce the commutators of maximal operator $M_{\alpha ,b}$
and the commutator of fractional integral operator $I_{\alpha ,b}$.

Let $b$ be a locally integrable function, $M_{\alpha ,b}$ and $I_{\alpha ,b}$
which are formed by $b$ are defined b
\begin{equation*}
M_{\alpha ,b}f\left( x\right) =b\left( x\right) M_{\alpha }f\left( x\right)
-M_{\alpha }\left( bf\right) \left( x\right)
\end{equation*
an
\begin{equation*}
I_{\alpha ,b}f\left( x\right) =b\left( x\right) I_{\alpha }f\left( x\right)
-I_{\alpha }\left( bf\right) \left( x\right) .
\end{equation*}

\begin{lemma}
\cite{guli2012}

Let $0<\alpha <n,$ $1<p<\frac{n}{\alpha },$ $\frac{1}{q}=\frac{1}{p}-\frac
\alpha }{n},b\in BMO\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) $ and $w\in A_{p,q}$. Then the inequalit
\begin{equation}
\left\Vert I_{\alpha ,b}f\right\Vert _{L^{q,w^{q}}\left( B(x,r)\right)
}\lesssim \left\Vert b\right\Vert _{\ast }\left\Vert w\right\Vert
_{L^{q}\left( B(x,r)\right) }\dint\limits_{2r}^{\infty }\ln \left( e+\frac{
}{r}\right) \left\Vert f\right\Vert _{L^{p,w^{p}}\left( B\left( x,t\right)
\right) }\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B\left( x,t\right) \right)
}^{-1}\frac{dt}{t}  \tag{$2.5$}
\end{equation
holds for any ball $B(x,r)$ and for all $f\in L_{loc}^{p,w^{p}}\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) .$
\end{lemma}

\section{Main Results}

\subsection{Boundedness of Fractional Integral operators and their
commutators on vanishing generalized weighted Morrey space}

\begin{theorem}
Let $0<\alpha <n,$ $1<p<\frac{n}{\alpha },$ $\frac{1}{q}=\frac{1}{p}-\frac
\alpha }{n},$ $w\in A_{p,q}$, $\varphi \in \mathcal{B}\left( w^{p}\right) $
and $\psi \in $ $\mathcal{B}\left( w^{q}\right) $. Then the operators
M_{\alpha }$ and $I_{\alpha }$ are bounded from the vanishing space $VL_{\Pi
}^{p,\varphi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w^{p}\right) $ to another vanishing space $VL_{\Pi }^{q,\psi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w^{q}\right) ,$ i
\begin{equation}
c_{\delta }:=\dint\limits_{\delta }^{\infty }\sup_{x\in \Pi }\frac{\varphi ^
\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,t\right) }{\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left(
B\left( x,t\right) \right) }}\frac{dt}{t}<\infty  \tag{$3.1$}
\end{equation
for every $\delta >0,$ an
\begin{equation}
\dint\limits_{r}^{\infty }\frac{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,t\right) }
\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B\left( x,t\right) \right) }}\frac{dt}
t}\leq c_{0}\frac{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left( x,r\right) }{\left\Vert
w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }}  \tag{$3.2$}
\end{equation
where $c_{0}$ does not depend on $x\in \Pi $ and $r>0.$
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
By the pointwise inequality\textbf{\ }$M_{\alpha }f(x)\leq I_{\alpha }\left(
\left\vert f\right\vert \right) (x)$ for $0<\alpha <n$ it is sufficient to
prove the theorem only for fractional integral operator. For every $f\in
VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w^{p}\right) $ we have to show tha
\begin{equation*}
\left\Vert I_{\alpha }f\right\Vert _{VL_{\Pi }^{q,\psi }\left( w^{q}\right)
}\leq c\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left( w^{p}\right) }
\end{equation*
an
\begin{equation*}
\underset{r\rightarrow 0}{\lim }\sup\limits_{x\in \Pi }\frac{1}{\psi ^{\frac
1}{q}}\left( x,r\right) }\left\Vert I_{\alpha }f\right\Vert
_{L^{q,w^{q}}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }=0.
\end{equation*
Firstly, we prove that $I_{\alpha }f\in VL_{\Pi }^{q,\psi }\left(
w^{q}\right) $ when $f\in VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left( w^{p}\right) $.
Namely
\begin{equation*}
\underset{r\rightarrow 0}{\lim }\sup\limits_{x\in \Pi }\frac{1}{\varphi ^
\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,r\right) }\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{L^{p,w^{p}}\left(
B\left( x,r\right) \right) }=0\Rightarrow \underset{r\rightarrow 0}{\lim
\sup\limits_{x\in \Pi }\frac{1}{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left( x,r\right)
\left\Vert I_{\alpha }f\right\Vert _{L^{q,w^{q}}\left( B\left( x,r\right)
\right) }=0.
\end{equation*
Let $0<r<\delta _{0}$. To show that $\sup\limits_{x\in \Pi }\frac{1}{\psi ^
\frac{1}{q}}\left( x,r\right) }\left\Vert I_{\alpha }f\right\Vert
_{L^{q,w^{q}}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }<\varepsilon $ for
0<r<\delta _{0}$, by using the inequality $\left( 2.1\right) $ we can writ
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left( x,r\right) }\left\Vert I_{\alpha
}f\right\Vert _{L^{q,w^{q}}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }\leq C\left[
A_{\delta _{0}}\left( x,r\right) +B_{\delta _{0}}\left( x,r\right) \right]
\tag{$3.3$}
\end{equation
wher
\begin{equation*}
A_{\delta _{0}}\left( x,r\right) :=\frac{\left\Vert w\right\Vert
_{L^{q}\left( B(x,r)\right) }}{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left( x,r\right) }\left(
\dint\limits_{r}^{\delta _{0}}\frac{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,t\right)
}{t\text{ }\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}(B(x,t))}}\underset{0<r<t}{\sup
\frac{1}{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,r\right) }\left\Vert f\right\Vert
_{L^{p,w^{p}}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }dt\right)
\end{equation*
an
\begin{equation*}
B_{\delta _{0}}\left( x,r\right) :=\frac{\left\Vert w\right\Vert
_{L^{q}\left( B(x,r)\right) }}{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left( x,r\right) }\left(
\dint\limits_{\delta _{0}}^{\infty }\frac{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left(
x,t\right) }{t\text{ }\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}(B(x,t))}}\underset
0<r<t}{\sup }\frac{1}{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,r\right) }\left\Vert
f\right\Vert _{L^{p,w^{p}}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }dt\right) .
\end{equation*
Now we fix $\delta _{0}>0$ such that $\sup\limits_{x\in \Pi }\underset{0<r<t
{\sup }\frac{1}{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,r\right) }\left\Vert
f\right\Vert _{L^{p,w^{p}}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }<\frac
\varepsilon }{2Cc_{0}}$, where $c_{0}$ and $C$ are constants from $\left(
3.2\right) $ and $\left( 3.3\right) ,$ respectively. This allows to estimate
uniformly for $0<r<\delta _{0}
\begin{equation*}
\sup\limits_{x\in \Pi }CA_{\delta _{0}}\left( x,r\right) <\frac{\varepsilon
}{2}.
\end{equation*
The estimation of the second term, in view the condition (3.1), we ge
\begin{equation*}
B_{\delta _{0}}\left( x,r\right) \leq c_{\delta _{0}}\frac{\left\Vert
w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B(x,r)\right) }}{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left(
x,r\right) }\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left(
w^{p}\right) }
\end{equation*
where $c_{\delta _{0}}$ is the constant from $\left( 3.1\right) .$ Since
\psi \in \mathcal{B}\left( w^{q}\right) $ it suffices to choose $r$ small
enough such tha
\begin{equation*}
\sup\limits_{x\in \Pi }\frac{\left\Vert w^{q}\right\Vert _{L^{1}\left(
B(x,r)\right) }}{\psi \left( x,r\right) }<\left( \frac{\varepsilon }
2Cc_{\delta _{0}}\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left(
w^{p}\right) }}\right) ^{q}
\end{equation*
which gives required result.

By the definition of the norm and Lemma 2.2 we hav
\begin{eqnarray*}
\left\Vert I_{\alpha }f\right\Vert _{VL_{\Pi }^{q,\psi }\left( w^{q}\right)
} &=&\underset{x\in \Pi ,r>0}{\sup }\frac{1}{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left(
x,r\right) }\left\Vert I_{\alpha }f\right\Vert _{L^{q,w^{q}}\left( B\left(
x,r\right) \right) } \\
&\leq &c\underset{x\in \Pi ,r>0}{\sup }\frac{1}{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left(
x,r\right) }\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B(x,r)\right)
}\dint\limits_{r}^{\infty }\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{_{L^{p,w^{p}}\left(
B\left( x,t\right) \right) }}\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B\left(
x,t\right) \right) }^{-1}\frac{dt}{t}.
\end{eqnarray*
Thus by the condition (3.2) we ge
\begin{equation*}
\left\Vert I_{\alpha }f\right\Vert _{VL_{\Pi }^{q,\psi }\left( w^{q}\right)
}\leq c\left\Vert f\right\Vert _{VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left( w^{p}\right) }
\end{equation*
which completes the proof of Theorem 3.2.
\end{proof}

\begin{remark}
Note that in the case $w\equiv 1$ Theorem 3.1 was proved in \cite{Samko}.
\end{remark}

\begin{theorem}
Let $0<\alpha <n,$ $1<p<\frac{n}{\alpha },$ $\frac{1}{q}=\frac{1}{p}-\frac
\alpha }{n},b\in BMO\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) $, $w\in A_{p,q}$ and $\varphi \in B(w^{p})$ and $\psi \in
B(w^{q})$. I
\begin{equation}
c_{\delta }:=\underset{0<r<\delta }{\sup }\text{ }\dint\limits_{\delta
}^{\infty }\left( e+\ln \frac{t}{r}\right) \sup_{x\in \Pi }\frac{\varphi ^
\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,t\right) }{\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left(
B(x,t)\right) }}\frac{dt}{t}<\infty  \tag{$3.4$}
\end{equation
for every $\delta >0,$ an
\begin{equation}
\dint\limits_{r}^{\infty }\ln \left( e+\frac{t}{r}\right) \frac{\varphi ^
\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,t\right) }{\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left(
B\left( x,t\right) \right) }}\frac{dt}{t}\leq c_{0}\frac{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q
}\left( x,r\right) }{\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B\left(
x,r\right) \right) }}  \tag{$3.5$}
\end{equation
where $c_{0}$ does not depend on $x\in \Pi $ and $r>0,$ then $I_{\alpha ,b}$
is bounded from $VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left( w^{p}\right) $ to $VL_{\Pi
}^{q,\psi }\left( w^{q}\right) .$
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
Proof of Theorem 3.3 follows by Lemma 2.3 and the same procedure argued in
the proof of Theorem 3.1.
\end{proof}

\begin{corollary}
Let $0<\alpha <n,$ $1<p<\frac{n}{\alpha },$ $\frac{1}{q}=\frac{1}{p}-\frac
\alpha }{n},b\in BMO\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n}\right) $, $w\in A_{p,q}$ and $\varphi \in B(w^{p})$ and $\psi \in
B(w^{q})$. If $\varphi $ and $\psi $ satisfy conditions (3.4) and (3.5) then
$M_{\alpha ,b}$ is bounded from $VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left( w^{p}\right) $
to $VL_{\Pi }^{q,\psi }\left( w^{q}\right) .$
\end{corollary}

\begin{example}
If $w$ is a weight and there exists two positive constants $C$ and $D$ such
that $C\leq w(x)\leq D$ for a.e. $x\in
\mathbb{R}
^{n}$, then obviously $w\in A_{p,q}$ for $1<p<q<\infty .$ Let $0<\alpha <n,$
$1<p<\frac{n}{\alpha }$ and $0<\lambda <n-\alpha p.$ Moreover, let $\frac{1}
q}=\frac{1}{p}-\frac{\alpha }{n},$ $\varphi (x,r)=r^{\lambda }$ and $\psi
(x,r)=r^{\frac{\lambda q}{p}}.$ Then $M_{\alpha }$ and $I_{\alpha }$ are
bounded from the vanishing space $VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w^{p}\right) $ to another vanishing space $VL_{\Pi }^{q,\psi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w^{q}\right) .$
\end{example}

\begin{example}
Let $0<\alpha <n,$ $1<p<\frac{n}{\alpha }$ and $0<\lambda <n-\alpha p.$
Moreover, let $\frac{1}{q}=\frac{1}{p}-\frac{\alpha }{n},$ $\varphi
(x,r)=r^{\lambda }$ and $\psi (x,r)=r^{\frac{\lambda q}{p}}.$ Suppose that
v(y)=\left\vert y\right\vert ^{\beta }.$ Then $v\in A_{p}$, $1<p<\infty ,$
if $0<\beta <n(p-1).$ From Lemma 2.1 we have $w(y)=\left\vert y\right\vert ^
\frac{\beta }{q}}\in A_{p,q}$, $1<p<q<\infty $ if $0<\beta <n\frac{q}
p^{\prime }}$. Thus we can obtain the following:

\begin{equation*}
\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}(B(x,r))}\approx \left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
r^{\frac{n+\beta }{q}} & \text{when} & \left\vert x\right\vert <3r \\
r^{\frac{n}{q}}(\left\vert x\right\vert +r)^{\frac{\beta }{q}} & \text{when}
& \left\vert x\right\vert \geq 3
\end{array
\right. .
\end{equation*}

If $\left\vert x\right\vert <3r,$ then we get for the left hand side of (3.2)

\begin{equation*}
\dint\limits_{r}^{\infty }\frac{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,t\right) }
\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B\left( x,t\right) \right) }}\frac{dt}
t}\lesssim r^{\frac{\lambda }{p}-\frac{n+\beta }{q}}
\end{equation*}

since $\frac{\lambda }{p}-\frac{n+\beta }{q}<0.$ On the other hand, for the
right hand side of the inequality (3.2), we have

\begin{equation*}
\frac{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left( x,r\right) }{\left\Vert w\right\Vert
_{L^{q}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }}\approx r^{\frac{\lambda }{p}
\frac{n+\beta }{q}}.
\end{equation*}

If $\left\vert x\right\vert \geq 3r,$ then

\begin{equation*}
\dint\limits_{r}^{\infty }\frac{\varphi ^{\frac{1}{p}}\left( x,t\right) }
\left\Vert w\right\Vert _{L^{q}\left( B\left( x,t\right) \right) }}\frac{dt}
t}\lesssim \frac{r^{\frac{\lambda }{p}-\frac{n}{q}}+\left\vert x\right\vert
^{\frac{\lambda }{p}-\frac{n}{q}}}{\left\vert x\right\vert ^{\frac{\beta }{q
}}
\end{equation*}

and

\begin{equation*}
\frac{\psi ^{\frac{1}{q}}\left( x,r\right) }{\left\Vert w\right\Vert
_{L^{q}\left( B\left( x,r\right) \right) }}\approx \frac{r^{\frac{\lambda }{
}-\frac{n}{q}}}{(\left\vert x\right\vert +r)^{\frac{\beta }{q}}}.
\end{equation*}

Obviously

\begin{equation*}
\frac{r^{\frac{\lambda }{p}-\frac{n}{q}}+\left\vert x\right\vert ^{\frac
\lambda }{p}-\frac{n}{q}}}{\left\vert x\right\vert ^{\frac{\beta }{q}}
\lesssim \frac{r^{\frac{\lambda }{p}-\frac{n}{q}}}{(\left\vert x\right\vert
+r)^{\frac{\beta }{q}}},\qquad \text{when }\left\vert x\right\vert \geq 3r.
\end{equation*}

Furthermore we hav
\begin{equation*}
c_{\delta }\approx \delta ^{\frac{\lambda }{p}-\frac{n+\beta }{q}}.
\end{equation*}

Therefore $M_{\alpha }$ and $I_{\alpha }$ are bounded from the vanishing
space $VL_{\Pi }^{p,\varphi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w^{p}\right) $ to another vanishing space $VL_{\Pi }^{q,\psi }\left(
\mathbb{R}
^{n};w^{q}\right) .$
\end{example}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv