text:
Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence (Picardy) sheet music
Traditional Trad. Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence (Picardy) Alto Sax-Guitar Duet version
Alto Sax-Guitar Duet Traditional Alto Sax-Guitar Duet Traditional Alto Sax-Guitar Duet Free Sheet Music Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence (Picardy)
World Europe France Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence (Picardy)
Christian Christian Alto Sax-Guitar Duet Sheet Music Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence (Picardy)
Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence (Picardy) sheet music for Alto Sax-Guitar Duet
This piece is part of our collection of French pieces.
Tempo: q =132 BPM
About 'Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence (Picardy)'
Artist: Traditional Melody
The Artist: Traditional Music of unknown author.
Score Key: D minor (Sounding Pitch) ( View more D minor Music for Alto Sax-Guitar Duet )
Tempo Marking: =132
Instrument: Alto Sax-Guitar Duet ( View more Easy Alto Sax-Guitar Duet Music)
Style: Traditional ( View more Traditional Alto Sax-Guitar Duet Music)
Guitar and vocal
Guitar-Clarinet Duet
Guitar-Flute Duet
Violin-Guitar Duet
Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star by Trad.
Yankee Doodle by Trad.
Aberystwyth by C.H.H. Parry
Jesus Christ is Risen Today by Trad.
At the Cross (Alas and did my Saviour bleed?) by R.E. Hudson
Traditional Music Items to buy
Greensleeves By English Folk Song. For easy guitar (TAB). Folk; Traditional. Easy Guitar with TAB. 2 pages. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music (HX.189547).
Folk Songs for Solo Singers - Vol. 1, Medium High (Book/CD) (11 Folk Songs Arranged for Solo Voice and Piano... For Recitals, Concerts and Contests). Edited by Jay Althouse. For medium high voice solo and piano accompaniment (High voice (Medium-High)). Vocal Collection. For Solo Singers. Folk and Play Along. Difficulty: medium. Songbook and accompaniment CD. Vocal melody, lyrics and piano accompaniment. 63 pages. Published by Alfred Music (AP.16632).
Folk Songs for Solo Singers - Vol. 1, Medium Low (Book) (11 Folk Songs Arranged for Solo Voice and Piano... For Recitals, Concerts and Contests). Edited by Jay Althouse. For medium low voice solo and piano accompaniment (Low voice (Medium-Low)). Vocal Collection. For Solo Singers. Folk. Difficulty: medium. Songbook. Vocal melody, lyrics and piano accompaniment. 63 pages. Published by Alfred Music (AP.4953).
12 Selected Folksong Arrangements (with a CD of performances and accompaniments Medium/Low Voice, Book/CD Pack). Composed by Benjamin Britten (1913-1976). Edited by Richard Walters. For Piano, Vocal, Medium/Low Voice. Boosey & Hawkes Voice. Play Along. Softcover with CD. 40 pages. Boosey & Hawkes #M051934065. Published by Boosey & Hawkes (HL.48019747).
Folk Songs for Solo Singers, Volume 1 (Medium Low Voice). Edited by Jay Althouse. For Voice (Low voice (Medium-Low)). Vocal Collection. For Solo Singers. Play along. Book & CD. 64 pages. Published by Alfred Music (AP.16634).
Complete Folksong Arrangements (61 Songs for High Voice). Composed by Benjamin Britten (1913-1976). Edited by Richard Walters. For Vocal. Boosey & Hawkes Voice. Collection. 264 pages. Boosey & Hawkes #M051933747. Published by Boosey & Hawkes (HL.48018781).


I am still very much trying to keep as active as possible during this pregnancy, I have taken a step back from most of the more challenging classes for now but I am still managing to get to the gym or go for a swim 4 times a week.
I am hoping that keeping myself fit will mean an easier labour but we will see!
Previous 22 weeks – watching my belly move!!


Thanks to data from the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton X-ray satellite, a team of international scientists found a comet-like ball of gas over a thousand million times the mass of the sun hurling through a distant galaxy cluster over 750 kilometres per second. This colossal "ball of fire" is by far the largest object of this kind ever identified.
The gas ball is about three million light years across, or about five thousand million times the size of our solar system. It appears from our perspective as a circular X-ray glow with a comet-like tail nearly half the size of the moon.
"The size and velocity of this gas ball is truly fantastic," said Dr Alexis Finoguenov, adjunct assistant professor of physics in the Department of Physics at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), and an associated scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Extra-Terrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany. "This is likely a massive building block being delivered to one of the largest assembly of galaxies we know."
The gas ball is in a galaxy cluster called Abell 3266, millions of light years from Earth, thus posing absolutely no danger to our solar system. Abell 3266 contains hundreds of galaxies and great amounts of hot gas that is nearly a hundred million degrees. Both the cluster gas and the giant gas ball are held together by the gravitational attraction of unseen dark matter.
"What interests astronomers is not just the size of the gas ball but the role it plays in the formation and evolution of structure in the universe," said Dr Francesco Miniati, who worked on this data at UMBC while visiting from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland.
Abell cluster 3266 is part of the Horologium-Reticulum super-cluster and is one of the most massive galaxy clusters in the southern sky. It is still actively growing in size, as indicated by the gas ball, and will become one of the largest mass concentrations in the nearby universe.
Using XMM-Newton data, the science team produced an entropy map (entropy is a thermodynamical property that provides a measure of disorder). The map allows for the separation of the cold and dense gas of the comet from the hotter and more rarefied gas of the cluster. This is based on X-ray spectra. The data show with remarkable detail the process of gas being stripped from the comet's core and forming a large tail containing lumps of colder and denser gas. The researchers estimate that a sun's worth of mass is lost every hour.
"In Abell 3266 we are seeing structure formation in action," said Prof. Mark Henriksen (UMBC), co-author of the results. "Dark matter is the gravitational glue holding the gas ball together. But as it races through the galaxy cluster, a tug-of-war ensues where the galaxy cluster eventually wins, stripping off and dispersing gas that perhaps one day will seed star and galaxy growth within the cluster."
The findings, resulting from a research effort led by the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, appear in the 1 June 2006 issue of the Astrophysical Journal (volume 643, page 790).
The European Space Agency's XMM-Newton X-ray mission was launched in December 1999. With its powerful mirrors, it is helping to solve many mysteries about the most energetic phenomena taking place in the Universe.


text:
Q: How to concatenate string with a variable in the variable in js I want to have the variable, which name will be contacted var and string
function(name){
  var name + "string" = ...
}

A: You should use bracket notation and insert variables inside an object.
Something like this:
var createName = function(name, container){
  container[name + "String"] = 'He is Beautiful, I love him. <3';
  return container;
}

If you call
createName('Rodmentou', names);
console.log(names[RodmentouString]);

You will receive, as output:

He is Beautiful, I love him. <3

A: Your question is not clear and does not make sense to programmer. Anyway, to concatenate a string with another string you can use concat function.
var str1 = "Hello ";
var str2 = "world!";
var res = str1.concat(str2); // 'Helloworld'
 or
var res = str1.concat('world'); // 'Helloworld'

or you can use '+' operator :
 var str1 = "Hello ";
    var str2 = "world!";
   var str = str1 + str2; // 'Helloworld'
   var str = 'Hello'+'world'; // 'Helloworld'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Imaging sensors bring the world into sharper focus. Specialists in areas as diverse as astrophysics, biomedical imaging and homeland security are peering into the early universe, detecting cancer and—in the case of a terrorist attack—preparing to trace airborne chemical agents and biohazards.
The Center for Detectors in RIT's College of Science will advance the science and technology of photon sensors and broaden their applications.
The center revolves around the design and development of advanced photon detectors and extends the technology that, in its simplest form, has made digital cameras ubiquitous. Detector technology involves multidisciplinary problem-solving that taps materials science, physics, imaging science and the numerous engineering disciplines. Collaborations at the center will draw upon expertise from multiple colleges within RIT and external research partnerships.
"We see across departments, colleges and universities, and we don't recognize barriers of organizational structure," Figer says. "Our intent is to connect with minds and great ideas.
A key component of the new center is the Rochester Imaging Detector Laboratory, which Figer formed at RIT in 2006 as part of a faculty development grant made possible by the New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation. Under his guidance, the laboratory won $7.5 million in external research funding and formed a partnership with Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory.
According to Figer, the Rochester Imaging Detector Laboratory has already positioned the university as a participant "in the highest-rated space-based and ground-based projects that will be funded in the next 10 years." Scientists identified several of these projects in the Astronomy Decadal Survey, a list of research priorities for major funding agencies.
Another aspect of the center will focus on building integrated systems that interface and fit with other optical systems. Biophotonic imaging is one example that marries detectors with electronics and devices. This emerging complement to X-ray radiation uses optical light to noninvasively look inside the human body. Figer foresees developing a biophotonics test bed with colleagues at regional research hospitals, possibly resulting in commercial outcomes through local medical imaging companies.
The center's educational component will focus on innovation, entrepreneurship and cross-disciplinary research, with a heavy emphasis on "team science." Undergraduates, graduates, high school interns and co-op students will focus on a group approach to solving complex research problems.
"Something very interesting has been happening in science," Figer says. "It's the increasing trend toward team science—tackling problems that could not be solved by any one discipline alone.


These Silicone cases are designed to show off the elegant design of your iPhone. With its sturdy, yet stylish design, your iPhone will be secure and fashionable.
Durable, two-layer construction for reinforced toughness and smooth touch. The combination of inner microfiber cloth and exterior silicone keeps your phone protected and stylish.
Helps protect your iPhone from scratching and dropping.


Microsoft announce a change from the maximum 18-months support for Windows 10 Semi-Annual Channel releases. The diagram below is taken from the announcement page (http://bit.ly/2N3kqty) and shows that there is no change to the support duration for Windows 10 Pro or Home, or indeed Office 365 ProPlus, but the September releases for Windows 10 Enterprise and Education will be supported for 30 months. In addition, all currently supported feature updates of Windows 10 Enterprise and Education editions (versions 1607, 1703, 1709, and 1803) will be supported for 30 months from their original release date.
Microsoft introduce a new edition of Windows 10 Pro – Windows 10 Pro for Workstations. It's a high-end edition for server grade PC hardware and is designed to meet the demanding needs of mission critical and compute intensive workloads. It will be available later in the year as part of the Windows 10 Fall Creators Update.
Find out more here: http://bit.ly/2uP53H5.
Microsoft confirm that from 1 August 2017 organisations licensed with Windows 10 Enterprise E3/E5 or VDA E3/E5 User SLs will be able to install Windows 10 Enterprise Current Branch in a virtual machine running on Microsoft Azure or a shared server with a Qualified Multi Tenant Hosting Partner.
See page 42 of the August 2017 Product Terms and read more here: http://bit.ly/2wwUsli.
Microsoft confirm that from September 2017 the Windows 10 servicing branches will be updated. The Long Term Servicing Branch is renamed the Long Term Servicing Channel and both the Current Branch and Current Branch for Business are replaced with the Semi Annual Channel.
This page has more details as well as an excellent video which is well worth a watch: http://bit.ly/2vdBIKT.


A leak from earlier this month hinted at Google's Pixel 3a and Pixel 3a XL going official in May. Now, the search giant itself has teased May 7 announcement for these mid-rangers.
Google has set up a page on its online store promoting the upcoming Avengers: Endgame movie. The page has a big "G" logo in purple shade with "Help is on the way." written underneath. It also has text that reads "On May 7, something big is coming to the Pixel universe" which hints at the announcement of the Pixel 3a and 3a XL on the said date.
Google hasn't divulged much about these upcoming Pixels, but thanks to previous leaks, we know that both the 3a and 3a XL will sport FHD+ displays and pack 4GB RAM. The Pixel 3a will come with a 5.6-inch screen whereas the 3a XL will boast a 6-inch panel.


Clinical quality improvement beyond benchmarks.
The Office of Inspector General fraud alert on medical directorships provides a reminder of the importance of compliance.
On June 9, 2015, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG) published a fraud alert related to physician compensation arrangements. Of relevance to physical therapy, the alert discusses medical directorships and compliance with the antikickback statute. The alert reminds the provider community and others that even if one purpose of a medical director arrangement is to compensate a physician for his or her past or future referrals of federal health care program business, the antikickback statute may be violated. Although the OIG and other governmental agencies have provided extensive guidance on physician compensation arrangements in the past, this alert serves as a reminder of the importance of compliance and provides a good opportunity to review certain federal regulatory issues associated with physician compensation arrangements. This article will provide a high-level overview of federal laws that must be considered in physician compensation arrangements and review some practical steps that can be taken to assist in achieving compliance in this area.
The primary federal statutes applicable to medical director agreements in this context are the antikickback statute and the Stark or Physician Self-Referral Law. In general, the antikickback statute prohibits offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving anything of value to induce or reward referrals or generate federal health care program business. The antikickback statute is intent based, which means that if even one purpose or intent of the arrangement is to compensate a physician for referrals, that may be sufficient for an antikickback violation. Violation of the antikickback statute can lead to substantial criminal, civil, and administrative penalties. The antikickback statute does include voluntary safe harbors, which describe a payment and business practice that is not deemed an offense under the statute. The antikickback safe harbor covering personal services and management contracts is implicated in the medical director context and is discussed in further detail here.
The Stark or Physician Self-Referral Law prohibits a physician from referring Medicare patients for designated health services, which are defined to include physical therapy, to an entity with which the physician has a financial relationship unless an exception applies. Additionally, the Stark Law prohibits the provider of a designated health service from submitting a claim to Medicare for those services resulting from a prohibited referral. Unlike the antikickback statute, which has an intent component, there is no intent standard when analyzing whether a Stark violation has occurred. A violation of the Stark Law subjects the relevant party or parties to civil penalties including a refund of the overpayment, false claims act liabilities, and civil money penalties. The Stark Law, similar to the antikickback statute, provides for exceptions that allow a legitimate business arrangement to move forward without violating Stark so long as the safe harbor requirements of the exception are satisfied. However, in contrast to the antikickback statute and its voluntary safe harbors, an arrangement that would otherwise violate Stark must fit an exception to the law.
Prior to expressing its concerns in the fraud alert, the OIG has taken action against numerous providers in recent years for violating the antikickback and Stark Laws relative to medical director arrangements. These actions are based on a variety of underlying violations including financial arrangements that take into account the value and volume of referrals made between the parties, paying other than fair market value for the services provided, paying for services not performed, paying for services performed pursuant to agreements that either had expired or were not in writing, payments made at rates different than those set forth in the contract, and payments for services that were not as described in the contract.
The aggregate services contracted for do not exceed those that are reasonably necessary to accomplish the business purpose of the services.
Before retaining a medical director, the practice should assess the actual need for a medical director. In some instances, the practice may be required to have a medical director for regulatory or compliance purposes. While specific needs should be identified, by way of example a medical director may be retained to provide services such as consulting with the practice regarding treatment procedures and protocols, assisting with quality assurance issues, providing appropriate in-services for staff, and meeting regulatory requirements.
As discussed earlier, the payments under a medical director agreement must be fair market value. The parties should perform appropriate due diligence to determine fair market value and should maintain this supporting information. Supporting documentation may come through objective data such as published salary surveys and may consider the nature of the services provided, the geographic location, and other factors. The fees paid to a medical director cannot be based on the volume or value of referrals received from the medical director. In connection with the determination of compensation, the parties should also determine, and include in the written agreement, the amount of time the medical director will be performing services.
The specific duties and responsibilities of the medical director should be included in the written agreement.
Prior to compensating the medical director, the parties should establish a mechanism to support the specific services provided during the relevant time period. This is often done through submission of a timesheet describing the services performed. This document is generally then subject to approval by the provider and is retained by the parties for their records to support the payments made.
In addition to the antikickback and Stark Law requirements, any other applicable federal or state laws that may affect the medical director relationship should be considered.
In summary, many physical therapy practices choose to retain the services of a medical director for a variety of legitimate business purposes. In doing so, one issue to consider is assuring that the arrangement is compliant with the federal Stark and antikickback statutes. The OIG has made clear, by choosing to publish a fraud alert on the topic, that physician compensation arrangements and medical director contracts remain an area of concern.
Paul Welk, PT, JD, is a Private Practice Section member and an attorney with Tucker Arensberg, P.C. He can be reached at pwelk@tuckerlaw.com.
This statement above could certainly be the mantra of anyone working in the health care industry. As we approach our annual conference, the Marketing and Public Relations (PR) Committee is looking forward to learning more about the changes that will affect private practice physical therapy and we will also be making a change in our committee chair. As chair for the past 4 years, I have had the privilege of working with an outstanding group of individuals who have volunteered many hours to provide members with marketing and PR tools, build a media corp, and further the message to the general public that private practice physical therapy, is the best first choice. The committee is excited to further provide both educational opportunities and deliverables needed by our members in order to achieve success in their marketing and PR programs. As Michelle Collie, PT, DPT, MS, OCS, takes the reins of the committee, she has both of these goals in mind.
It is believed that each generation has common traits that give it a specific character. The term "Millennials" refers to the generation born roughly between 1982 and 2004. This generation often demonstrates "pragmatic idealism," a deep desire to make the world a better place combined with an understanding that doing so requires building new institutions while working inside and outside existing institutions.
In her 2015 article for Harvard Business Review, Karie Willyerd states that the young people in our offices crave—and respond to—a good, positive coach, who can make all the difference in their success. In a global survey conducted by Success Factors in 2014, 1,400 Millennials stated that they wanted more feedback from their managers. Most wanted monthly feedback, whereas non-Millennials are comfortable with feedback less often. Overall, Millennials want feedback 50 percent more often than other employees, and while they stated that their number one source of development is their manager, only 46 percent agreed that their managers delivered on their expectations for feedback.


And all those who voted for us. Thank you for allowing us to do what we love, and we love building the best and most advanced OS out there!
InfoWorld's Reader's Choice and Browser's Choice Awards indicate that we are doing something right here. We are pleased to be given InfoWorld's reader-determined Browser's Choice Award with 37 percent of the vote.
For the survey, results, and methodology, please see: http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?/features/980323rbchoice.htm .


The MOST- WANTED model on the water! Stacer's Outlaw range is available as a tiller steer, side or centre console and stand out on the water with smooth plate-look sides. Each model comes packed with nothing but the best fishing essentials – tough 3mm bottom sheets and side sheets, EVO Advance Hull, font and rear casting platforms and a rear live bait tank!
13 listing(s) matched your search.
With over 40 years combined experience, Michael and Denise Vidler offer the recreational boater a great range of boats, outboards and equipment. Whether you're an expert fisherman, or just looking for a boat for your regular family outings, Lismore Outboard Sales & Service can help you find the perfect boat for your needs.


reverse mortgage what is it Reverse mortgage: What it is and why it's a bad idea. – A reverse mortgage is kind of the opposite of that. You already own the house, the bank gives you the money up front, interest accrues every month, and the loan isn't paid back until you pass away.
FHA Loans – Fixed-Rate & ARMS – Loans & Programs | Caliber. – FHA Loans – Fixed-rate and ARMs, high-balance FHA Loans – Fixed-rate and ARMs, high-balance An FHA Loan Is Partially Insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA).
Top 3 Best FHA Loan Lenders – Their fixed-rate loans come in terms of 15, 20 and 30 years. Adjustable-rate loans are available in 3/1, 5/1, 7/1 and 10/1 terms. If you are looking to buy a fixer-upper, it's worth looking into one.
Fixed Rate Mortgage Articles and FHA Updates- FHA News and Views – Articles in Category: Fixed Rate Mortgage. March 1, 2019. FHA Home Loan Facts For First-Time Borrowers. By Bruce Reichstein. First-time home buyers should know about several things going into the home loan process, including their options when it's time to refinance or consider a new home loan.
Is an FHA Loan Right For You? | Experian – The annual percentage rate (APR) on a typical FHA loan is typically 1.5 to 2 points higher than those for conventional fixed-rate mortgages.
refinancing mortgage for renovations Refinance Home Loan | Mortgage Refinance – Loans.com.au – Refinancing your home loan can save you more money with less hassle than any other cost-cutting decision. Loans.com.au can help take the stress out of refinancing with our low rates, low fees and easy online applications.


This limited edition Disk, designed by Robotic Ewe, comes with a numbered and signed certificate of authenticity. Printed on a .045" thick aluminum sheet, this print is crisp, high gloss, lightweight, and water resistant. It comes with a proprietary 1/2" aluminum shadow mount allowing for easy installation.
A typographic portrait of Aladdin Sane, created from the album lyrics in Berlin Sans font.


With the difficulty that comes with trying to build organic search engine traffic, it's easy to grasp why people so often resort to buying it. However it's well known that organic traffic produces far more conversions. In the end, isn't that the goal of most websites?
That's why we've put together these tips to aid you in getting the most traffic possible.
Nothing works better than SEO. Some great ways of improving your rankings on search engines include speeding up your website.
It's amazing what a difference this does in fact make as these days, fast loading times (particularly for mobiles and tablets) is one of Google's key ranking requirements.
Simplifying your page design to reduce HTTP requests, enabling compression and allowing caching are all great ways to speed it up.
After speed, relevancy is king. Being relevant to trending subjects which relate to your niche will also improve optimisation.
Do your research. If you find something relevant that you're interested in, why not write about it? Not only are you producing more content, but also improving your standing.
Another crucial factor is in your content itself. As well as being relevant, you need to be original. If all your content is just some kind of rehash of something better which came before, why would anyone come to you? You don't need to reinvent the wheel, but a new outlook or an exciting twist goes a long way!
A little bit of variety is also a good thing, but you need to make sure you're being consistent; don't sacrifice your niche just to create some variety.
More than all of these things though, you need to make sure your site's up to date. If you've often got new things coming out, and with some kind of consistency, then you're going to stand far more chance of being noticed. Do these things and you won't just get people visiting your website, but revisiting.
Branding's also vital. There are tons of ways to improve your brand online (Check out our 6 branding tips for 2017), but one of the most important is definitely guest blogging.
This is where another blog or website allows you to create some content for them, and in return you're allowed to provide a link to your website. This not only helps with link building, but it allows you to branch out and reach more people; as fans of that website who enjoy your content, will probably search for more.
Sharing everything you do on social media is also a must. Social media websites are indispensable tools in gaining more traffic.
Follow all of this advice, and in no time you'll be noticing a huge increase in your search engine traffic.


text:
Canadian Ski Cross Team
Ski Cross made its debut at the 1998 Winter X-Games, sponsored by sports channel ESPN. Dubbed "Motocross on Snow", with its jumps, banked turns and waves over a 1000 metre course, it very quickly became a popular winter event. It proved a major attraction when it was included in the Winter Olympics program at Vancouver in 2010. In the event, four competitors jostle their way down a series of obstacles on a narrow course that inevitably leads to lots of body contact and thrills and spills, with the first two finishers advancing to the next round. Top speed in these difficult conditions can reach 70 kph, which means that in addition to speed, protecting the competitors from injury is a serious consideration. The Canadian team took to the new event very quickly and made rapid progress, built around strategic selection of members with a diverse range of competition experience, including downhill skiing, on top of a love of speed, and a never-say-die passion for a challenge. Descente shares the passion for high performance with these top level athletes and their coaches, and is working hard to develop products that will meet their exacting expectations.
Winter X-Games, Chris Del Bosco, Bronze Medal
World Championships, Ashleigh McIvor won Gold, after not having won any World Cup races that year
Vancouver Winter Olympics, Ashleigh McIvor won the Gold Medal and became the first Queen of Ski Cross Winter X-Games, Chris Del Bosco won the Gold Medal
Winter X-Games, Chris Del Bosco won the Silver Medal
Winter X-Games, Chris Del Bosco won the Gold Medal, and Dave Duncan won Bronze Marielle Thompson won the World Cup Women's Season Title
Marielle Thompson won Gold at the Junior World Championships and won the World Cup Women's Season Title
Sochi Winter Olympics, Marielle Thompson won the Gold Medal, and Kelsey Serwa took the Silver
Winter X-Games, Brady Leman won the Gold Medal and Chris Del Bosco took Bronze Kelsey Serwa and Marielle Thompson won the Gold/Silver double
Pyeongchang Winter Olympics, Brady Leman and Kelsey Serwa won the Gold Medal, and Brittany Phelan took the silver

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home / Explore / NJ Tours / Bus Tours from NJ / 4-Day Canada, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Niagara Falls Tour from NJ
4-Day Canada, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Niagara Falls Tour from NJ
4-Day bus tour that visits four Canadian cities.
This bus tour travels outside of the USA, which means a passport and visa (if applicable) are required to enter Canada.
Pick up in NJ takes place at 118 Greenwood Ave. in Edison, NJ between the dates of May 25th and September 3rd and 792 U.S. 46 in Parsippany, NJ year-round.
This tour also departs from Flushing, NY, Brooklyn, NY, or Manhattan, NY year round.
One price includes: 3 nights of hotel accommodation, transportation via air-conditioned bus
View this tour
Category: Bus Tours from NJ
4-Day Canada, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Niagara Falls Tour from NJ – Canada Bus Tour from NJ
This Canada bus tour from NJ is one of the best ways to see the main cities of Eastern Canada in a short amount of time. In just 4 days of travelling by coach bus, experience some of the best sights that Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, and Niagara Falls have to offer.
Day 1 – Corning Glass and Niagara Falls nighttime Illumination of the Falls
After picking up passengers from both NJ and NY, the bus heads north to Corning, NY where it will stop at the Corning Museum of Glass. This interesting museum showcases the history and science of glass-making. The tour ends the day at Niagara Falls, NY in perfect timing for the nighttime illumination of the American and Horseshoe falls.
Day 2 – Niagara Falls (Canadian Side) and Toronto, ON
The next morning, passengers will take the Hornblower Niagara Cruise, see an IMAX Niagara Falls movie, and explore the Skylon Tower. The bus then heads to Toronto, ON for the afternoon where guests have the opportunity to visit the CN Tower, Ontario Legislative Building, City Hall, Ripley's Aquarium, and a cruise on Lake Ontario.
Day 3 – Thousand Islands, Ottawa, and Montreal
Guests will take a boat tour of Thousand Islands, ON and continue to Ottawa, ON later in the morning. There they will have the opportunity to visit Parliament Hill, the Centennial Flame, the Peace Tower Monument, Embassy District, and Rideau Canal. That afternoon, the bus will move along to Montreal, QC to see Biodome, the Olympic Stadium, and Mount Royal.
Day 4 – Ausable Chasm
On the way back south, the bus will stop at Ausable Chasm in New York, which is considered to be the Grand Canyon of the East. The tour then ends back at New York City.
You are not going to want to miss this amazing opportunity! Book this tour now.
See more bus tours from NJ.
Find fun things to do in NJ here.
Be the first to review "4-Day Canada, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Niagara Falls Tour from NJ" Cancel reply
2-Day Tour to Lake George, Ausable Chasm, and Lake Placid
2-Day Hershey Park, Hershey Chocolate World, and Dorney Park Tour
4-Day East Coast Highlight Bus Tour
Stone Harbor White Apron $24.99 (as of June 29, 2017, 4:56 pm)
Stone Harbor White Apron
New Era New York Knicks Snapback Men's Hat NBA Black/White 70338928 (Size os) $29.95 (as of June 29, 2017, 5:02 pm)
MLB New York Yankees Burnout Wash Wide Crew Neck Jersey, Navy, X-Large $31.00 (as of June 29, 2017, 5:20 pm)	& FREE Shipping. Details
MLB New York Yankees Infant Girls Bib & Booty Set, 18 Months, Poster Pink $28.00 (as of June 29, 2017, 5:22 pm)	& FREE Shipping. Details $27.86
Starfish/Seashell Cookie Cutter Set $7.99 (as of June 29, 2017, 5:24 pm)	& FREE Shipping. Details


text:
Jackson Artists Storm NAMM Show
Several Jackson signature artists stormed the 2017 NAMM Show in Anaheim, Calif., on Saturday for a full afternoon of autograph sessions.
Periphery's Misha Mansoor, Revocation's Dave Davidson and Act of Defiance's Chris Broderick kicked off the day, and seemingly had a blast interacting with the fans and ribbing each other.
"They are both good buddies so it's a great time," said Mansoor. "NAMM is interesting because we get to see all the people we tour with all in one place, and so it's kind of like a big reunion for a lot of bands. I really like gear so it tickles that fancy but then I also get to hang out with a bunch of friends I don't get to see very often so it's really just a great time throughout the day."
Mansoor was also thoroughly impressed by all of the new Jackson signature models that debuted at the show.
"I think the guitars that Jackson signature artists come up with are fantastic," he said. "You can tell that there is a lot of thought put into these guitars. They'll actually influence me, I'll be like, 'That's really cool, maybe I should try that on mine.' It's definitely a great community."
That community now includes Marty Friedman, who held court in the autograph booth for a solid hour, switching back and forth between English and Japanese as he greeted fans, signed a variety of photos and other paraphernalia and answered questions about his brand-new Jackson signature models.
Despite a late-night at Friday's Metal Allegiance show, Megadeth's David Ellefson, Machine Head's Phil Demmel and Gus G. were also in great spirits for their midday group session, even going over their time slot to pose for additional selfies!
Last up, and with a line that snaked around a few hallway laps was Slipknot's Mick Thomson. With his mask on, his piercing gaze felt as if he was marking your soul straight to hell, but his friendly banter immediately put approaching fans at ease.


text:
Sir Terence James O'Connor (* 13. September 1891; † 7. Mai 1940) war ein konservativer Politiker im Vereinigten Königreich.

Er wurde bei der Wahl von 1924 für den Wahlbezirk Luton in das House of Commons gewählt, verlor aber seinen Sitz bei den Wahlen im Oktober 1929 gegen den liberalen Kandidaten Leslie Burgin.

O'Connor kehrte jedoch schon sieben Monate später durch Nachwahl im Wahlbezirk Nottingham Central in das Parlament zurück und hielt diesen Sitz bis zu seinem frühen Tode.

Er war von 1936 bis zu seinem Tod im Jahr 1940 Generalstaatsanwalt für England und Wales.
1936 wurde er als Knight Bachelor geadelt.

Weblinks

Abgeordneter des House of Commons (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Conservative-Party-Mitglied
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Knight Bachelor
Brite
Geboren 1891
Gestorben 1940
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Thanks to a timely visit from my brother, his wife and their wee ones, we had plenty of excuses to drop tools and do the tourist thing over the Easter Holidays.
But back to Australia. There are a few things that make Australia Zoo stand out from the average zoo, the big one being money. Thanks to the vast branding and the Crocodile Hunter TV shows, doubtless still being shown all over the world, as well as the new TV shows and a soon-to-be-released movie starring Bindi, cash flows freely. This means that the animals have gorgeous enclosures, the best care available and, according to the literature, fresher food than we humans get from the supermarket. Beaut.
As you can imagine, the difference between Australia Zoo and Guatemala City Zoo, the last zoo I'd visited, is noticeable. In Guatemala City Zoo, the animals lie listlessly in a concrete pen, their eyes glazed over and their coats dull. In Australia Zoo the healthy inhabitants roam beautifully landscaped gardens, and enjoy frequent cuddles with a bevy of beautiful volunteers. Guys, if you want to meet some gorgeous young Australian girls I recommend you reinvent yourself as a wombat or a giant tortoise in Australia Zoo.
Still, Guatemala City Zoo was cheaper. When I had recovered from forking out $177 for two adults and three kids to go in to Australia Zoo, we rushed straight into a frenzy of human-animal interaction. Now, let's get this straight, I'm not a geek but I have got an MA in Design for Interactive Media, and, as a by product of that, a sad penchant for debating HCI or Human-Computer Interaction. Down at the zoo you can forget your computer mouse and have a much more rewarding time enjoying some quality Human-Animal Interaction. Think HCI (Human-Crocodile Interaction), HTI (Human-Tortoise Interaction), HKI (Human-Koala Interaction), HRI (Human-Roo Interaction), HSI (Human-Snake Interaction), HLI (Human-Lizard Interaction) and, my personal favourite, HEI (Human-Elephant Interaction).
In addition to all this there's also a live animal show in the Crocoseum with an impressive display of birds and reptiles doing their stuff. We were lucky enough to see Terri herself take part in the show as they inaugurated their newest croc, Mungo. A large team was on hand in case it all went horribly wrong and sadly, despite my shooting lots of video in case of a disaster, everyone survived and Mungo was well-fed on some succulent chicken, not a zoo keeper's thigh.
Fair dinkum to them all at Australia Zoo and to their grand mission of conservation through education. It's all good, clean fun and worth the exorbitant entrance fee. Crikey mate, I'm already saving up for some HTI (Human Tiger Interaction) next time we go.
Next post: Don't Give Up the Day Job?


Lojban Reference Grammar: Chapter 13 PLEASE NOTE: THIS IS AN OLD VERSION. The current version is linked from The Complete Lojban Language.
can be made, through tone of voice, to express the speaker's feeling of happiness, pity, hope, surprise, or disbelief. These fine points of tone cannot be expressed in writing. Attitudes are also expressed with various sounds which show up in print as oddly spelled words, such as the ``Oooh!'', ``Arrgh!'', ``Ugh!'', and ``Yecch!'' in the title. These are part of the English language; people born to other languages use a different set; yet you won't find any of these words in a dictionary.
In Lojban, everything that can be spoken can also be written. Therefore, these tones of voice must be represented by explicit words known as ``attitudinal indicators'', or just ``attitudinals''. This rule seems awkward and clunky to English-speakers at first, but is an essential part of the Lojbanic way of doing things.
The primary Lojban attitudinals are all the cmavo of the form VV or V'V: one of the few cases where cmavo have been classified solely by their form. There are 39 of these cmavo: all 25 possible vowel pairs of the form V'V, the four standard diphthongs (``.ai'', ``.au'', ``.ei'', and ``.oi''), and the ten more diphthongs that are permitted only in these attitudinal indicators and in names and borrowings (``.ia'', ``.ie'', ``.ii'', ``.io'', ``.iu'', ``.ua'', ``.ue'', ``.ui'', ``.uo'', and ``.uu''). Note that each of these cmavo has a period before it, marking the pause that is mandatory before every word beginning with a vowel. Attitudinals, like most of the other kinds of indicators described in this chapter, belong to selma'o UI.
Attitudinals can also be compound cmavo, of the types explained in Sections 4-8; Example 1.6 illustrates one such possibility, the compound attitudinal ``.ianai''. In attitudinals, ``-nai'' indicates polar negation: the opposite of the simple attitudinal without the ``-nai''. Thus, as you might suppose, ``.ia'' expresses belief, since ``.ianai'' expresses disbelief.
In addition to the attitudinals, there are other classes of indicators: intensity markers, emotion categories, attitudinal modifiers, observationals, and discursives. All of them are grammatically equivalent, which is why they are treated together in this chapter.
Every indicator behaves in more or less the same way with respect to the grammar of the rest of the language. In general, one or more indicators can be inserted at the beginning of an utterance or after any word. Indicators at the beginning apply to the whole utterance; otherwise, they apply to the word that they follow. More details can be found in Section 9.
Throughout this chapter, tables of indicators will be written in four columns. The first column is the cmavo itself. The second column is a corresponding English word, not necessarily a literal translation. The fourth column represents the opposite of the second column, and shows the approximate meaning of the attitudinal when suffixed with ``-nai''. The third column, which is sometimes omitted, indicates a neutral point between the second and fourth columns, and shows the approximate meaning of the attitudinal when it is suffixed with ``-cu'i''. The cmavo ``cu'i'' belongs to selma'o CAI, and is explained more fully in Section 4.
One flaw that the English glosses are particularly subject to is that in English it is often difficult to distinguish between expressing your feelings and talking about them, particularly with the limited resource of the written word. So the gloss for ``.ui'' should not really be ``happiness'' but some sound or tone that expresses happiness. However, there aren't nearly enough of those that have unambiguous or obvious meanings in English to go around for all the many, many different emotions Lojban speakers can readily express.
Many indicators of CV'V form are loosely derived from specific gismu. The gismu should be thought of as a memory hook, not an equivalent of the cmavo. Such gismu are shown in this chapter between square brackets, thus: [gismu].
Attitudinals make no claim: they are expressions of attitude, not of facts or alleged facts. As a result, attitudinals themselves have no truth value, nor do they directly affect the truth value of a bridi that they modify. However, since emotional attitudes are carried in your mind, they reflect reactions to that version of the world that the mind is thinking about; this is seldom identical with the real world. At times, we are thinking about our idealized version of the real world; at other times we are thinking about a potential world that might or might not ever exist.
Therefore, there are two groups of attitudinals in Lojban. The ``pure emotion indicators'' express the way the speaker is feeling, without direct reference to what else is said. These indicators comprise the attitudinals which begin with ``u'' or ``o'' and many of those beginning with ``i''.
The cmavo beginning with ``u'' are simple emotions, which represent the speaker's reaction to the world as it is, or as it is perceived to be.
[Eureka!] I found my hat!
[Gain!] I found my hat!
[Yay!] I found my hat!
[At last!] I found my hat!
In Example 2.4, note that the attitudinal ``.uo'' is translated by an English non-attitudinal phrase: ``At last!'' It is common for the English equivalents of Lojban attitudinals to be short phrases of this sort, with more or less normal grammar, but actually expressions of emotion.
It is important to realize that ``.uu'', and indeed all attitudinals, are meant to be used sincerely, not ironically. In English, the exclamation ``Pity!'' is just as likely to be ironically intended, but this usage does not extend to Lojban. Lying with attitudinals is (normally) as inappropriate to Lojban discourse as any other kind of lying: perhaps worse, because misunderstood emotions can cause even greater problems than misunderstood statements.
In Example 2.9, John's coming has been anticipated by the speaker. In Example 2.7 and Example 2.8, no such anticipation has been made, but in Example 2.7 the lack-of-anticipation goes no further --- in Example 2.8, it amounts to actual surprise.
It is not possible to firmly distinguish the pure emotion words beginning with ``o'' or ``i'' from those beginning with ``u'', but in general they represent more complex, more ambivalent, or more difficult emotions.
Here the speaker is distressed or discomfited over John's coming. The word ``.oi'' is derived from the Yiddish word ``oy'' of similar meaning. It is the only cmavo with a Yiddish origin.
Here the speaker feels anger over John's coming.
Here there is a sense of danger in John's arrival.
In Example 2.13 and Example 2.14, John's arrival is no problem: in the former example, the speaker feels emotional distance from the situation; in the latter example, John's coming is actually a relief of some kind.
The pure emotion indicators beginning with ``i'' are those which could not be fitted into the ``u'' or ``o'' groups because there was a lack of room, so they are a mixed lot. ``.ia'', ``.i'a'', ``.ie'', and ``.i'e'' do not appear here, as they belong in Section 3 instead.
Example 2.15 shows an attitude-colored observative; the attitudinal modifies the situation described by the observative, namely the mouse that is causing the emotion. Lojban-speaking toddlers, if there ever are any, will probably use sentences like Example 2.15 a lot.
where it is specifically the coming of John that inspires the feeling.
As mentioned at the beginning of Section 2, attitudinals may be divided into two groups, the pure emotion indicators explained in that section, and a contrasting group which may be called the ``propositional attitude indicators''. These indicators establish an internal, hypothetical world which the speaker is reacting to, distinct from the world as it really is. Thus we may be expressing our attitude towards ``what the world would be like if ...'', or more directly stating our attitude towards making the potential world a reality.
In general, the bridi paraphrases of pure emotions look (in English) something like ``I'm going to the market, and I'm happy about it''. The emotion is present with the subject of the primary claim, but is logically independent of it. Propositional attitudes, though, look more like ``I intend to go to the market'', where the main claim is logically subordinate to the intention: I am not claiming that I am actually going to the market, but merely that I intend to.
There is no sharp distinction between attitudinals beginning with ``a'' and those beginning with ``e''; however, the original intent (not entirely realized due to the need to cram too many attitudes into too little space) was to make the members of the ``a''-series the purer, more attitudinal realizers of a potential world, while the members of the ``e''-series were more ambivalent or complex about the speaker's intention with regard to the predication. The relationship between the ``a''-series and the ``e''-series is similar to that between the ``u''-series and the ``o''-series, respectively. A few propositional attitude indicators overflowed into the ``i''-series as well.
In fact, the entire distinction between pure emotions and propositional attitudes is itself a bit shaky: ``.u'u'' can be seen as a propositional attitude indicator meaning ``I regret that ...'', and ``a'e'' (discussed below) can be seen as a pure emotion meaning ``I'm awake/aware''. The division of the attitudinals into pure-emotion and propositional-attitude classes in this chapter is mostly by way of explanation; it is not intended to permit firm rulings on specific points. Attitudinals are the part of Lojban most distant from the ``logical language'' aspect.
[attentive] you observe the television-receiver.
I'm noticing that you are watching the TV.
I'm worn out by your continuous talking.
[intent] I transfer you to-the bed.
the event-of you awake-ly become.
It'll be a real pain for me to wake you up.
I have no interest in your complaints.
Splitting off the attitude into an indicator allows the regular bridi grammar to do what it does best: express the relationships between concepts that are intended, desired, hoped for, or whatever. Rephrasing these examples to express the attitude as the main selbri would make for unacceptably heavyweight grammar.
[permission] You drive the car.
Sure, you can drive the car.
I feel up to dealing with you.
I should fill the car's gas tank.
[suggestion] You go to-the park.
I suggest going to the park.
[disbelief] You [past] think the event-of deceiving me.
I can't believe you thought you could fool me.
I blame you for not coming home.
It's true I didn't tell you when to come back.
I don't approve of what you did, but I approve of you.
Example 3.16 illustrates the use of a propositional attitude indicator, ``i'e'', in both the usual sense (at the beginning of the bridi) and as a pure emotion (attached to ``do''). The event expressed by the main bridi is disapproved of by the speaker, but the referent of the sumti in the x1 place (namely the listener) is approved of.
You drive the car.  [Permission].
In Lojban, all emotions and attitudes are scales. These scales run from some extreme value (which we'll call ``positive'') to an opposite extreme (which we'll call ``negative''). In the tables above, we have seen three points on the scale: ``positive'', neutral, and ``negative''. The terms ``positive'' and ``negative'' are put into scare quotes because they are loaded words when applied to emotions, and the attitudinal system reflects this loading, which is a known cultural bias. Only two of the ``positive'' words, namely ``.ii'' (fear) and ``.oi'' (pain/complaint), represent emotions commonly thought of as less ``virtuous'' in most cases than their negative counterparts. But these two were felt to be instinctive, distinct, and very powerful emotions that needed to be expressible in a monosyllable when necessary, while their counterparts are less commonly expressed.
In fact, though, each emotional scale has seven positions defined, three ``positive'' ones (shown below on the left), three ``negative'' ones (shown below on the right), and a neutral one indicating that no particular attitude on this scale is felt. The following chart indicates the seven positions of the scale and the associated cmavo. All of these cmavo, except ``nai'', are in selma'o CAI.
A scalar attitude is expressed by using the attitudinal word, and then following it by the desired scalar intensity. The bias creeps in because the ``negative'' emotions take the extra syllable ``nai'' to indicate their negative position on the axis, and thus require a bit more effort to express.
Much of this system is optional. You can express an attitude without a scale indicator, if you don't want to stop and think about how strongly you feel. Indeed, for most attitudinals, we've found that either no scalar value is used, or ``cai'' is used to indicate especially high intensity. Less often, ``ru'e'' is used for a recognizably weak intensity, and ``cu'i'' is used in response to the attitudinal question ``pei'' (see Section 10) to indicate that the emotion is not felt.
You can also utter a scale indicator without a specific emotion. This is often used in the language: in order to emphasize a point about which you feel strongly, you mark what you are saying with the scale indicator ``cai''. You could also indicate that you don't care using ``cu'i'' by itself.
Each of the attitude scales constitutes an axis in a multi-dimensional space. In effect, given our total so far of 39 scales, we have a 39-dimensional space. At any given time, our emotions and attitudes are represented by a point in this 39-dimensional space, with the intensity indicators serving as coordinates along each dimension. A complete attitudinal inventory, should one decide to express it, would consist of reading off each of the scale values for each of the emotions, with the vector sum serving as a distinct single point, which is our attitude.
Now no one is going to ever utter a string of 100-odd attitudinals to express their emotions. If asked, we normally do not recognize more than one or two emotions at a time --- usually the ones that are strongest or which most recently changed in some significant way. But the scale system provides some useful insights into a possible theory of emotion (which might be testable using Lojban), and incidentally explains how Lojbanists express compound emotions when they do recognize them.
The existence of 39 scales highlights the complexity of emotion. We also aren't bound to the 39. There are modifiers described in Section 6 that multiply the set of scales by an order of magnitude. You can also have mixed feelings on a scale, which might be expressed by ``cu'i'', but could also be expressed by using both the ``positive'' and ``negative'' scale emotions at once. One expression of ``fortitude'' might be ``.ii.iinai'' --- fear coupled with security.
Uttering one or more attitudinals to express an emotion reflects several things. We will tend to utter emotions in their immediate order of importance to us. We feel several emotions at once, and our expression reflects these emotions simultaneously, although their order of importance to us is also revealing --- of our attitude towards our attitude, so to speak. There is little analysis necessary; for those emotions you feel, you express them; the ``vector sum'' naturally expresses the result. This is vital to their nature as attitudinals --- if you had to stop and think about them, or to worry about grammar, they wouldn't be emotions but rationalizations.
People have proposed that attitudinals be expressed as bridi just like everything else; but emotions aren't logical or analytical --- saying ``I'm awed'' is not the same as saying ``Wow!!!''. The Lojban system is intended to give the effects of an analytical system without the thought involved. Thus, you can simply feel in Lojban.
A nice feature of this design is that you can be simple or complex, and the system works the same way. The most immediate benefit is in learning. You only need to learn a couple of the scale words and a couple of attitude words, and you're ready to express your emotions Lojbanically. As you learn more, you can express your emotions more thoroughly and more precisely, but even a limited vocabulary offers a broad range of expression.
The Lojban attitudinal system was designed by starting with a long list of English emotion words, far too many to fit into the 39 available VV-form cmavo. To keep the number of cmavo limited, the emotion words in the list were grouped together by common features: each group was then assigned a separate cmavo. This was like making tanru in reverse, and the result is a collection of indicators that can be combined, like tanru, to express very complex emotions. Some examples in a moment.
Using these, we were able to assign ``o'u'' to mark a scale of what we might call ``generalized comfort''. When you are comfortable, relaxed, satisfied, you express comfort with ``o'u'', possibly followed by a scale indicator to indicate how comfortable you are. The six cmavo given above allow you to turn this scale into six separate ones, should you wish.
For example, embarrassment is a social discomfort, expressible as ``.o'unairo'a''. Some emotions that we label ``stress'' in English are expressed in Lojban with ``.o'unairo'i''. Physical distress can be expressed with ``.o'unairo'o'', which makes a nice groan if you say it with feeling. Mental discomfort might be what you feel when you don't know the answer to the test question, but feel that you should. Most adults can recall some instance where we felt sexual discomfort, ``o'unairo'u''. Spiritual discomfort, ``o'unaire'e'', might be felt by a church-goer who has wandered into the wrong kind of religious building.
Most of the time when expressing an emotion, you won't categorize it with these words. Emotional expressions should be quickly expressible without having to think about them. However, we sometimes have mixed emotions within this set, as for example emotional discomfort coupled with physical comfort or vice versa.
Coupling these six words with our 39 attitude scales, each of which has a positive and negative side, already gives you far more emotional expression words than we have emotional labels in English. Thus, you'll never see a Lojban-English emotional dictionary that covers all the Lojban possibilities. Some may be useless, but others convey emotions that probably never had a word for them before, though many have felt them (``.eiro'u'', for example --- look it up).
You can use scale markers and ``nai'' on these six category words, and you can also use category words without specifying the emotion. Thus, ``I'm trying to concentrate'' could be expressed simply as ``ro'e'', and if you are feeling anti-social in some non-specific way, ``ro'anai'' will express it.
There is a mnemonic device for the six emotion categories, based on moving your arms about. In the following table, your hands begin above your head and move down your body in sequence.
The implicit metaphors ``heart'' for emotional and ``belly'' for physical are not really Lojbanic, but they work fine for English-speakers.
The cmavo ``ga'i'' expresses the scale used to indicate condescension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is ``.io''. Whatever it is attached to is marked as being below (for ``ga'i'') or above (for ``ga'inai'') the speaker's rank or social position. Note that it is always the referent, not the speaker or listener, who is so marked: in order to mark the listener, the listener must appear in the sentence, as with ``doi ga'inai'', which can be appended to a statement addressed to a social inferior.
I would be honored if you would enter my residence.
Come on in to my place.
Since ``ga'i'' expresses the relative rank of the speaker and the referent, it does not make much sense to attach it to ``mi'', unless the speaker is using ``mi'' to refer to a group (as in English ``we''), or a past or future version of himself with a different rank.
The pig ate (which is an event beneath my notice).
When used without being attached to any bridi, ``ga'i'' expresses the speaker's superiority to things in general, which may represent an absolute social rank: ``ga'icai'' is an appropriate opening word for an emperor's address from the throne.
The cmavo ``le'o'' represents the scale of aggressiveness. We seldom overtly recognize that we are feeling aggressive or defensive, but perhaps in counseling sessions, a psychologist might encourage someone to express these feelings on this scale. And football teams could be urged on by their coach using ``ro'ole'o''. ``le'o'' is also useful in threats as an alternative to ``o'onai'', which expresses anger.
The cmavo ``vu'e'' represents ethical virtue or its absence. An excess of almost any emotion is usually somewhat ``sinful'' in the eyes of most ethical systems. On the other hand, we often feel virtuous about our feelings --- what we call righteous indignation might be ``o'onaivu'e''. Note that this is distinct from lack of guilt: ``.u'unai''.
In both cases, the English ``it'' is vague, reflecting the absence of a bridi. Example 7.5 and Example 7.6 are pure expressions of attitude. Analogously, ``.uuse'i'' is self-pity, whereas ``.uuse'inai'' is pity for someone else.
On the other hand, ``ri'e'' can be used by itself to signal an emotional outburst.
The cmavo ``fu'i'' may express a reason for feeling the way we do, as opposed to a feeling in itself; but it is a reason that is more emotionally determined than most. For example, it could show the difference between the mental discomfort mentioned in Section 6 when it is felt on an easy test, as opposed to on a hard test. When someone gives you a back massage, you could use ``.o'ufu'i'' to show appreciation for the assistance in your comfort.
might be something you say after a large meal which you enjoyed.
Where's the book? --- I need it!
Lastly, the modifier ``se'a'' shows whether the feeling is associated with self-sufficiency or with dependence on others.
I can do it if you help me.
I can't do it by myself!
I can't do it if you insist on ``helping'' me!
Some of the emotional expressions may seem too complicated to use. They might be for most circumstances. It is likely that most combinations will never get used. But if one person uses one of these expressions, another person can understand (as unambiguously as the expresser intends) what emotion is being expressed. Most probably as the system becomes well-known and internalized by Lojban-speakers, particular attitudinal combinations will come to be standard expressions (if not cliches) of emotion.
The grammar of indicators is quite simple; almost all facets are optional. You can combine indicators in any order, and they are still grammatical. The presumed denotation is additive; thus the whole is the sum of the parts regardless of the order expressed, although the first expressed is presumed most important to the speaker. Every possible string of UI cmavo has some meaning.
A scale variable similarly modifies the previous emotion word. You put the scale word for a root emotion word before a modifier, since the latter can have its own scale word. This merely maximizes the amount of information expressible. For example, ``.oinaicu'i ro'ucai'' expresses a feeling midway between pain (``.oi'') and pleasure (``.oinai'') which is intensely sexual (``ro'u'') in nature.
means ``I but (fortunately) not you''. Attitudinal ``nai'' expresses a ``scalar negation'', a concept explained in Chapter 15; since every attitudinal word implies exactly one scale, the effect of ``nai'' on each should be obvious.
Thus, the complete internal grammar of UI is as follows, with each listed part optionally present or absent without affecting grammaticality, though it obviously would affect meaning.
``ge'e'', the non-specific emotion word, functions as an attitudinal. If multiple attitudes are being expressed at once, then in the 2nd or greater position, either ``ge'e'' or a VV word must be used to prevent any modifiers from modifying the previous attitudinal.
The behavior of indicators in the ``outside grammar'' is nearly as simple as their internal structure. Indicator groupings are identified immediately after the metalinguistic erasers ``si'', ``sa'', and ``su'' and some, though not all, kinds of quotations. The details of such interactions are discussed in Chapter 19.
A group of indicators may appear anywhere that a single indicator may, except in those few situations (as in ``zo'' quotation, explained in Chapter 19) where compound cmavo may not be used.
At the beginning of a text, indicators modify everything following them indefinitely: such a usage is taken as a raw emotional expression, and we normally don't turn off our emotions when we start and stop sentences. In every other place in an utterance, the indicator (or group) attaches to the word immediately to its left, and indicates that the attitude is being expressed concerning the object or concept to which the word refers.
If the word that an indicator (or group) attaches to is itself a cmavo which governs a grammatical structure, then the indicator construct pertains to the referent of the entire structure. There is also a mechanism, discussed in Chapter 19, for explicitly marking the range of words to which an indicator applies.
More details about the uses of indicators, and the way they interact with other specialized cmavo, are given in Chapter 19. It is worth mentioning that real-world interpretation is not necessarily consistent with the formal scope rules. People generally express emotions when they feel them, with only a minimum of grammatical constraint on that expression; complexities of emotional expression are seldom logically analyzable. Lojban attempts to provide a systematic reference that could possibly be ingrained to an instinctive level. However, it should always be assumed that the referent of an indicator has some uncertainty.
Similarly, an indicator after the final brivla of a tanru may be taken to express an attitude about the particular brivla placed there --- as the rules have it --- or about the entire bridi which hinges on that brivla. Remembering that indicators are supposedly direct expressions of emotion, this ambiguity is acceptable.
Even if the scope rules given for indicators turn out to be impractical or unintuitive for use in conversation, they are still useful in written expression. There, where you can go back and put in markers or move words around, the scope rules can be used in lieu of elaborate nuances of body language and intonation to convey the writer's intent.
You can ask someone how they are feeling with a normal bridi sentence, but you will get a normal bridi answer in response, one which may be true or false. Since the response to a question about emotions is no more logical than the emotion itself, this isn't appropriate.
The word ``pei'' is therefore reserved for attitude questions. Asked by itself, it captures all of the denotation of English ``How are you?'' coupled with ``How do you feel?'' (which has a slightly different range of usage).
corresponds to ``Aye! Aye!'' (hence the choice of cmavo).
Fearfully the ship, poor thing, sank.
suggesting that the ship felt fear at its impending destruction, and simultaneously reporting the speaker's pity for it.
Both ``pei'' and ``dai'' represent exceptions to the normal rule that attitudinals reflect the speaker's attitude.
Finally, we often want to report how our attitudes are changing. If our attitude has not changed, we can just repeat the attitudinal. (Therefore, ``.ui .ui .ui'' is not the same as ``.uicai'', but simply means that we are continuing to be happy.) If we want to report that we are beginning to feel, continuing to feel, or ceasing to feel an emotion, we can use the attitudinal contour cmavo ``bu'o''.
which is a straightforward bridi claim. Example 10.13 states that you have (or have had) certain emotions; Example 10.12 expresses those emotions directly.
Now we proceed from the attitudinal indicators and their relatives to the other, semantically unrelated, categories of indicators. The indicators known as ``evidentials'' show how the speaker came to say the utterance; i.e. the source of the information or the idea. Lojban's list of evidentials was derived from lists describing several American Indian languages. Evidentials are also essential to the constructed language Láadan, designed by the linguist and novelist Suzette Haden Elgin. Láadan's set of indicators was drawn on extensively in developing the Lojban indicator system.
It is important to realize, however, that evidentials are not some odd system used by some strange people who live at the other end of nowhere: although their English equivalents aren't single words, English-speakers have vivid notions of what constitutes evidence, and of the different kinds of evidence.
Like the attitudinal indicators, the evidentials belong to selma'o UI, and may be treated identically for grammatical purposes. Most of them are not usually considered scalar in nature, but a few have associated scales.
A bridi with an evidential in it becomes ``indisputable'', in the sense that the speaker is saying ``how it is with him or her'', which is beyond argument. Claims about one's own mental states may be true or false, but are hardly subject to other people's examination. If you say that you think, or perceive, or postulate such-and-such a predication, who can contradict you? Discourse that uses evidentials has therefore a different rhetorical flavor than discourse that does not; arguments tend to become what can be called dialogues or alternating monologues, depending on your prejudices.
Evidentials are most often placed at the beginning of sentences, and are often attached to the ``.i'' that separates sentences in connected discourse. It is in the nature of an evidential to affect the entire bridi in which it is placed: like the propositional attitude indicators, they strongly affect the claim made by the main bridi.
A bridi marked by ``ja'o'' is a conclusion by the speaker based on other (stated or unstated) information or ideas. Rough English equivalents of ``ja'o'' are ``thus'' and ``therefore''.
[I define!] The two of-you are-mutual spouses.
The three scale positions of ``ba'a'', when attached to a bridi, indicate that it is based on the speaker's view of the real world. Thus ``ba'a'' means that the statement represents a future event as anticipated by the speaker; ``ba'acu'i'', a present event as experienced by the speaker; ``ba'anai'', a past event as remembered by the speaker. It is accidental that this scale runs from future to past instead of past to future.
[I experience!] The leg of me is-the-locus-of-pain.
A bridi marked by ``su'a'' is a generalization by the speaker based on other (stated or unstated) information or ideas. The difference between ``su'a'' and ``ja'o'' is that ``ja'o'' suggests some sort of reasoning or deduction (not necessarily rigorous), whereas ``su'a'' suggests some sort of induction or pattern recognition from existing examples (not necessarily rigorous).
The opposite point of the scale, ``su'anai'', indicates abduction, or drawing specific conclusions from general premises or patterns.
This cmavo can also function as a discursive (see Section 12), in which case ``su'a'' means ``abstractly'' or ``in general'', and ``su'anai'' means ``concretely'' or ``in particular''.
A bridi marked by ``ti'e'' is relayed information from some source other than the speaker. There is no necessary implication that the information was relayed via the speaker's ears; what we read in a newspaper is an equally good example of ``ti'e'', unless we have personal knowledge of the content.
I hear that Wenga is a crook.
A bridi marked by ``ka'u'' is one held to be true in the speaker's cultural context, as a matter of myth or custom, for example. Such statements should be agreed on by a community of people --- you cannot just make up your own cultural context --- although ``objectivity'' in the sense of actual correspondence with the facts is certainly not required.
On the other hand, ``se'o'' marks a bridi whose truth is asserted by the speaker as a result of an internal experience not directly available to others, such as a dream, vision, or personal revelation. In some cultures, the line between ``ka'u'' and ``se'o'' is fuzzy or even nonexistent.
A bridi marked by ``za'a'' is based on perception or direct observation by the speaker. This use of ``observe'' is not connected with the Lojban ``observative'', or bridi with the first sumti omitted. The latter has no explicit aspect, and could be a direct observation, a conclusion, an opinion, or other aspectual point of view.
I see you are tired.
[I opine!] Carthage [obligation] is-destroyed.
In my opinion, Carthage should be destroyed.
A bridi marked by ``ru'a'' is an assumption made by the speaker. This is similar to one possible use of ``.e'u''.
Finally, the evidential ``ju'a'' is used to avoid stating a specific basis for a statement. It can also be used when the basis for the speaker's statement is not covered by any other evidential. For the most part, using ``ju'a'' is equivalent to using no evidential at all, but in question form it can be useful: ``ju'apei'' means ``What is the basis for your statement?'' and serves as an evidential, as distinct from emotional, question.
The term ``discursive'' is used for those members of selma'o UI that provide structure to the discourse, and which show how a given word or utterance relates to the whole discourse. To express these concepts in regular bridi would involve extra layers of nesting: rather than asserting that ``I also came'', we would have to say ``I came; furthermore, the event of my coming is an additional instance of the relationship expressed by the previous sentence'', which is intolerably clumsy. Typical English equivalents of discursives are words or phrases like ``however'', ``summarizing'', ``in conclusion'', and ``for example''.
Discursives are not attitudinals: they express no particular emotion. Rather, they are abbreviations for metalinguistic claims that reference the sentence or text they are found in.
Discursives are most often used at the beginning of sentences, often attached to the ``.i'' that separates sentences in running discourse, but can (like all other indicators) be attached to single words when it seems necessary or useful.
These five discursives are mutually exclusive, and therefore they are not usually considered as scales. The first four are used in consecutive discourse. The first, ``ku'i'', makes an exception to the previous argument. The second, ``ji'a'', adds weight to the previous argument. The third, ``si'a'', adds quantity to the previous argument, enumerating an additional example. The fourth, ``mi'u'', adds a parallel case to the previous argument, and can also be used in tables or the like to show that something is being repeated from the previous column. It is distinct from ``go'i'' (of selma'o GOhA, discussed in Chapter 7), which is a non-discursive version of ``ditto'' that explicitly repeats the claim of the previous bridi.
I [only] hit my cousin at-locus the nose.
Only I (nobody else) hit my cousin on his nose.
I hit [only] my cousin at-locus the nose.
(I did nothing else to him).
I hit my cousin [only] at-locus the nose.
I hit only my cousin on his nose (no one else).
I hit my cousin at-locus the nose [only].
I hit my cousin only on his nose (nowhere else).
Note that ``only'' can go before or after what it modifies in English, but ``po'o'', as an indicator, always comes afterward.
The discursives ``va'i'' and ``ta'u'' operate at the level of words, rather than discourse proper, or if you like, they deal with how things are said. An alternative English expression for ``va'i'' is ``rephrasing''; for ``va'inai'', ``repeating''. Also compare ``va'i'' with ``ke'u'', discussed below.
The cmavo ``ta'u'' is a discursive unique to Lojban; it expresses the particularly Lojbanic device of tanru. Since tanru are semantically ambiguous, they are subject to misunderstanding. This ambiguity can be removed by expanding the tanru into some semantically unambiguous structure, often involving relative clauses or the introduction of additional brivla. The discursive ``ta'u'' marks the transition from the use of a brief but possibly confusing tanru to its fuller, clearer expansion; the discursive ``ta'unai'' marks a transition in the reverse direction.
A few additional English equivalents: for ``sa'enai'', ``roughly speaking'' or ``approximately speaking''; for ``sa'unai'', ``furthermore''; for ``to'u'', ``in short'' or ``skipping details''; for ``do'a'', ``broadly construed''; for ``do'anai'' (as you might expect), ``narrowly construed''.
The cmavo ``pa'e'' is used to claim (truly or falsely) that one is being fair or just to all parties mentioned, whereas ``pa'enai'' admits (or proclaims) a bias in favor of one party.
The scale of ``je'u'' and ``je'unai'' is a little different from the others in the group. By default, we assume that people speak the truth --- or at least, that if they are lying, they will do their best to conceal it from us. So under what circumstances would ``je'unai'' be used, or ``je'u'' be useful? For one thing, ``je'u'' can be used to mark a tautology: a sentence that is a truth of logic, like ``All cats are cats.'' Its counterpart ``je'unai'' then serves to mark a logical contradiction. In addition, ``je'unai'' can be used to express one kind of sarcasm or irony, where the speaker pretends to believe what he/she says, but actually wishes the listener to infer a contrary opinion. Other forms of irony can be marked with ``zo'o'' (humor) or ``.ianai'' (disbelief).
When used as a discursive, ``su'a'' (see Section 11) belongs to this group.
These two discursives describe the speaker's state of knowledge about the claim of the associated bridi. They are similar to the propositional attitudes of Section 3, as they create a hypothetical world. We may be quite certain that something is true, and label our bridi with ``ju'o''; but it may be false all the same.
This final group is used to perform what may be called ``managing the discourse'': providing reference points to help the listener understand the flow from one sentence to the next.
Other English equivalents of ``ta'onai'' are ``anyway'', ``anyhow'', ``in any case'', ``in any event'', ``as I was saying'', and ``continuing''.
The scale of ``ra'u'' has to do with the importance of the point being, or about to be, expressed: ``ra'u'' is the most important point, ``ra'ucu'i'' is a point of equal importance, and ``ra'unai'' is a lesser point. Other English equivalents of ``ra'u'' are ``above all'' and ``primarily''.
The cmavo ``ke'u'' is very similar to ``va'i'', although ``ke'unai'' and ``va'inai'' are quite different. Both ``ke'u'' and ``va'i'' indicate that the same idea is going to be expressed using different words, but the two cmavo differ in emphasis. Using ``ke'u'' emphasizes that the content is the same; using ``va'i'' emphasizes that the words are different. Therefore, ``ke'unai'' shows that the content is new (and therefore the words are also); ``va'inai'' shows that the words are the same (and therefore so is the content). One English equivalent of ``ke'unai'' is ``furthermore''.
then [certain] you know that she is-pregnant.
you would certainly know she is pregnant.
then [certainty] you know that she is-pregnant.
Here, the second speaker does not understand the referent of the sumti ``le ctuca'', and so echoes back the sumti with the confusion marker.
The metalinguistic negation cmavo ``na'i'' and its opposite ``jo'a'' are explained in full in Chapter 15. In general, ``na'i'' indicates that there is something wrong with a piece of discourse: either an error, or a false underlying assumption, or something else of the sort. The discourse is invalid or inappropriate due to the marked word or construct.
Similarly, ``jo'a'' marks something which looks wrong but is in fact correct. These two cmavo constitute a scale, but are kept apart for two reasons: ``na'inai'' means the same as ``jo'a'', but would be too confusing as an affirmation; ``jo'anai'' means the same as ``na'i'', but is too long to serve as a convenient metalinguistic negator.
The next two cmavo are used to assist in quoting texts written or spoken by others. It is often the case that we wish to quote only part of a text, or to supply additional material either by way of commentary or to make a fragmentary text grammatical. The cmavo ``li'o'' serves the former function. It indicates that words were omitted from the quotation. What remains of the quotation must be grammatical, however, as ``li'o'' does not serve any grammatical function. It cannot, for example, take the place of a missing selbri in a bridi, or supply the missing tail of a description sumti: ``le li'o'' in isolation is not grammatical.
The cmavo ``sa'a'' indicates in a quotation that the marked word or construct was not actually expressed, but is inserted for editorial, narrative, or grammatical purposes. Strictly, even a ``li'o'' should appear in the form ``li'osa'a'', since the ``li'o'' was not part of the original quotation. In practice, this and other forms which are already associated with metalinguistic expressions, such as ``sei'' (of selma'o SEI) or ``to'i'' (of selma'o TO) need not be marked except where confusion might result.
In the rare case that the quoted material already contains one or more instances of ``sa'a'', they can be changed to ``sa'asa'a''.
The cmavo ``xu'' marks truth questions, which are discussed in detail in Chapter 15. In general, ``xu'' may be translated ``Is it true that ... ?'' and questions whether the attached bridi is true. When ``xu'' is attached to a specific word or construct, it directs the focus of the question to that word or construct.
Lojban question words, unlike those of English, frequently do not stand at the beginning of the question. Placing the cmavo ``pau'' at the beginning of a bridi helps the listener realize that the bridi is a question, like the symbol at the beginning of written Spanish questions that looks like an upside-down question mark. The listener is then warned to watch for the actual question word.
Although ``pau'' is grammatical in any location (like all indicators), it is not really useful except at or near the beginning of a bridi. Its scalar opposite, ``paunai'', signals that a bridi is not really a question despite its form. This is what we call in English a rhetorical question: an example appears in the English text near the beginning of Section 11.
I see the blue [figurative] house.
I see the ``blue'' house.
Here the house is not blue in the sense of color, but in some other sense, whose meaning is entirely culturally dependent. The use of ``pe'a'' unambiguously marks a cultural reference: ``blanu'' in Example 13.2 could mean ``sad'' (as in English) or something completely different.
The negated form, ``pe'anai'', indicates that what has been said is to be interpreted literally, in the usual way for Lojban; natural-language intuition is to be ignored.
which obviously has nothing to do with the places of either ``risna'' or ``jelca''.
The uses of ``bi'u'' and ``bi'unai'' correspond to one of the uses of the English articles ``the'' and ``a/an''. An English-speaker telling a story may begin with ``I saw a man who ...''. Later in the story, the same man will be referred to with the phrase ``the man''. Lojban does not use its articles in the same way: both ``a man'' and ``the man'' would be translated ``le nanmu'', since the speaker has in mind a specific man. However, the first use might be marked ``le bi'u nanmu'', to indicate that this is a new man, not mentioned before. Later uses could correspondingly be tagged ``le bi'unai nanmu''.
Most of the time, the distinction between ``bi'u'' and ``bi'unai'' need not be made, as the listener can infer the right referent. However, if a different man were referred to still later in the story, ``le bi'u nanmu'' would clearly show that this man was different from the previous one.
Finally, the indicator ``ge'e'' has been discussed in Sections 8 and 10. It is used to express an attitude which is not covered by the existing set, or to avoid expressing any attitude.
somebody [ind. ?] goes to-the store.
I know who goes to the store.
``Vocatives'' are words used to address someone directly; they precede and mark a name used in direct address, just as ``la'' (and the other members of selma'o LA) mark a name used to refer to someone. The vocatives actually are indicators --- in fact, discursives --- but the need to tie them to names and other descriptions of listeners requires them to be separated from selma'o UI. But like the cmavo of UI, the members of selma'o COI can be ``negated'' with ``nai'' to get the opposite part of the scale.
Because of the need for redundancy in noisy environments, the Lojban design does not compress the vocatives into a minimum number of scales. Doing so would make a non-redundant ``nai'' too often vital to interpretation of a protocol signal, as explained later in this section.
The grammar of vocatives is explained in Chapter 6; but in brief, a vocative may be followed by a name (without ``la''), a description (without ``le'' or its relatives), a complete sumti, or nothing at all (if the addressee is obvious from the context). There is an elidable terminator, ``do'u'' (of selma'o DOhU) which is almost never required unless no name (or other indication of the addressee) follows the vocative.
Using any vocative except ``mi'e'' (explained below) implicitly defines the meaning of the pro-sumti ``do'', as the whole point of vocatives is to specify the listener, or at any rate the desired listener --- even if the desired listener isn't listening! We will use the terms ``speaker'' and ``listener'' for clarity, although in written Lojban the appropriate terms would be ``writer'' and ``reader''.
In the following list of vocatives, the translations include the symbol X. This represents the name (or identifying description, or whatever) of the listener.
The cmavo ``doi'' is the general-purpose vocative. Unlike the cmavo of selma'o COI, explained below, ``doi'' can precede a name directly without an intervening pause. It is not considered a scale, and ``doinai'' is not grammatical. In general, ``doi'' needs no translation in English (we just use names by themselves without any preceding word, although in poetic styles we sometimes say ``Oh X'', which is equivalent to ``doi''). One may attach an attitudinal to ``doi'' to express various English vocatives. For example, ``doi .io'' means ``Sir/Madam!'', whereas ``doi .ionai'' means ``You there!''.
All members of selma'o COI require a pause when used immediately before a name, in order to prevent the name from absorbing the COI word. This is unlike selma'o DOI and LA, which do not require pauses because the syllables of these cmavo are not permitted to be embedded in a Lojban name. When calling out to someone, this is fairly natural, anyway. ``Hey! John!'' is thus a better translation of ``ju'i .djan.'' than ``Hey John!''. No pause is needed if the vocative reference is something other than a name, as in the title of the Lojban journal, ``ju'i lobypli''.
``Hello, X''; ``Greetings, X''; indicates a greeting to the listener.
``Good-bye, X''; indicates parting from immediate company by either the speaker or the listener. ``coico'o'' means ``greeting in passing''.
``Attention/Lo/Hark/Behold/Hey!/Listen, X''; indicates an important communication that the listener should listen to.
``I promise, X''; indicates a promise to the listener. In some contexts, ``nu'e'' may be prefixed to an oath or other formal declaration.
``I interrupt, X'', ``I desire the floor, X''; a vocative expression to (possibly) interrupt and claim the floor to make a statement or expression. This can be used for both rude and polite interruptions, although rude interruptions will probably tend not to use a vocative at all. An appropriate response to an interruption might be ``re'i'' (or ``re'inai'' to ignore the interruption).
``Please, X''; indicates a request to the listener. It is a formal, non-attitudinal, equivalent of ``.e'o'' with a specific recipient being addressed. On the other hand, ``.e'o'' may be used when there is no specific listener, but merely a ``sense of petition floating in the air'', as it were.
``Thank you, X''; indicates appreciation or gratitude toward the listener. The usual response is ``je'e'', but ``fi'i'' is appropriate on rare occasions: see the explanation of ``fi'i''.
``At your service, X''; ``Make yourself at home, X''; offers hospitality (possibly in response to thanks, but not necessarily) to the listener. Note that ``fi'i'' is NOT the equivalent of American English ``You're welcome'' as a mechanical response to ``Thank you''; that is ``je'e'', as noted below.
``Request to send to X''; indicates that the speaker wishes to express something, and wishes to ensure that the listener is listening. In a telephone conversation, can be used to request the desired conversant(s). A more colloquial equivalent is ``Hello? Can I speak to X?''.
``Ready to receive, X''; indicates that the speaker is attentive and awaiting communication from the listener. It can be used instead of ``mi'e'' to respond when called to the telephone. The negative form can be used to prevent the listener from continuing to talk when the speaker is unable to pay attention: it can be translated ``Hold on!'' or ``Just a minute''.
``Roger, X!'', ``I understand''; acknowledges the successful receipt of a communication from the listener. The negative form indicates failure to receive correctly, and is usually followed by ``ke'o''. The colloquial English equivalents of ``je'e'' and ``je'enai'' are the grunt typically written ``uh-huh'' and ``What?/Excuse me?'': ``je'e'' is also used to mean ``You're welcome'' when that is a response to ``Thank you''.
``Wilco, X'', ``I understand and will comply''. Similar to ``je'e'' but signals an intention (similar to ``.ai'') to comply with the other speaker's request. This cmavo is the main way of saying ``OK'' in Lojban, in the usual sense of ``Agreed!'', although ``.ie'' carries some of the same meaning. The negative form indicates that the message was received but that you will not comply: a very colloquial version is ``No way!''.
``Over and out, X''; indicates completion of statement(s) and communication directed at the identified person(s). Used to terminate a letter if a signature is not required because the sender has already been identified (as in memos). The negative form means ``Wait, hold it, we're not done!'' and differs from ``mu'onai'' in that it means more exchanges are to follow, rather than that the current exchange is incomplete.
Do not confuse ``fe'o'' with ``fa'o'' (selma'o FAhO) which is a mechanical, extra-grammatical signal that a text is complete. One may say ``fe'o'' to one participant of a multi-way conversation and then go on speaking to the others.
``And I am X''; a generalized self-vocative. Although grammatically just like the other members of selma'o COI, ``mi'e'' is quite different semantically. In particular, rather than specifying the listener, the person whose name (or description) follows ``mi'e'' is taken to be the speaker. Therefore, using ``mi'e'' specifies the meaning of the pro-sumti ``mi''. It can be used to introduce oneself, to close letters, or to identify oneself on the telephone.
This cmavo is often combined with other members of COI: ``fe'omi'e'' would be an appropriate closing at the end of a letter; ``re'imi'e'' would be a self-vocative used in delayed responses, as when called to the phone, or possibly in a roll-call. As long as the ``mi'e'' comes last, the following name is that of the speaker; if another COI cmavo is last, the following name is that of the listener. It is not possible to name both speaker and listener in a single vocative expression, but this fact is of no importance, because wherever one vocative expression is grammatical, any number of consecutive ones may appear.
The negative form denies an identity which someone else has attributed to you; ``mi'enai .djan.'' means that you are saying you are not John.
The following dialogue in Lojban illustrates the uses of attitudinals and protocol vocatives in conversation. The phrases enclosed in ``sei ... se'u'' indicate the speaker of each sentence.
Rick and Alice in-go to-the coffee-bar.
Rick and Alice go into the coffee bar.
I [future] [medium] am-spouse-to this-one [love].
Rick said, ``Sorry to break in, everybody.
[Hope] [You-imperative] are-happy, O [who?].
[I am] Rick, O questioners.
mi ji'a prami la .alis.
[Over and out to] Rick.
[Request to speak to] server.
.y. mi .y. mutce spopa .y.
le nu le speni si .y.
upcoming marriage, ....  Oh, forget it.
``How's that again, John?'' said George.
[Petition] O George [humor] repeat-cause.
The exact ramifications of the indicator system in actual usage are unknown. There has never been anything like it in natural language before. The system provides great potential for emotional expression and transcription, from which significant Sapir-Whorf effects can be anticipated. When communicating across cultural boundaries, where different indicators are often used for the same emotion, accidental offense can be avoided. If we ever ran into an alien race, a culturally neutral language of emotion could be vital. (A classic example, taken from the science fiction of Larry Niven, is to imagine speaking Lojban to the carnivorous warriors called Kzinti, noting that a human smile bares the teeth, and could be seen as an intent to attack.) And for communicating emotions to computers, when we cannot identify all of the signals involved in subliminal human communication (things like body language are also cultural), a system like this is needed.
We have tried to err on the side of overkill. There are distinctions possible in this system that no one may care to make in any culture. But it was deemed more neutral to overspecify and let usage decide, than to choose a limited set and constrain emotional expression. For circumstances in which even the current indicator set is not enough, it is possible using the cmavo ``sei'', explained in Chapter 19, to create metalinguistic comments that act like indicators.
We envision an evolutionary development. At this point, the system is little more than a mental toy. Many of you who read this will try playing around with various combinations of indicators, trying to figure out what emotions they express and when the expressions might be useful. You may even find an expression for which there currently is no good English word and start using it. Why not, if it helps you express your feelings?
There will be a couple dozen of these used pretty much universally -- mostly just simple attitudinals with, at most, intensity markers. These are the ones that will quickly be expressed at the subconscious level. But every Lojbanist who plays with the list will bring in a couple of new words. Poets will paint emotional pictures, and people who identify with those pictures will use the words so created for their own experiences.
Just as a library of tanru is built up, so will a library of attitudes be built. Unlike the tanru, though, the emotional expressions are built on some fairly nebulous root emotions --- words that cannot be defined with the precision of the gismu. The emotion words of Lojban will very quickly take on a life of their own, and the outline given here will evolve into a true system of emotions.
There are several theories as to the nature of emotion, and they change from year to year as we learn more about ourselves. Whether or not Lojban's additive/scalar emotional model is an accurate model for human emotions, it does support the linguistic needs for expressing those emotions. Researchers may learn more about the nature of human emotions by exploring the use of the system by Lojban speakers. They also may be able to use the Lojban system as a means for more clearly recording emotions.
The full list of scales and attitudes will probably not be used until someone speaks the language from birth. Until then, people will use the attitudes that are important to them. In this way, we counter cultural bias --- if a culture is prone to recognizing and/or expressing certain emotions more than others, its members will use only those out of the enormous set available. If a culture hides certain emotions, its members simply won't express them.
Perhaps native Lojban speakers will be more expressively clear about their emotions than others. Perhaps they will feel some emotions more strongly than others in ways that can be correlated with the word choices; any difference from the norms of other cultures could be significant. Psychologists have devised elaborate tests for measuring attitudes and personality; this may be the easiest area in which to detect any systematic cultural effect of the type sought to confirm Sapir-Whorf, simply because we already have tools in existence to test it. Because Lojban is unique among languages in having such extensive and expressive indicators, it is likely that a Sapir-Whorf effect will occur and will be recognized.
It is unlikely that we will know the true potential of a system like this one until and unless we have children raised entirely in a multi-cultural Lojban-speaking environment. We learn too many cultural habits in the realm of emotional communication ``at our mother's knee''. Such children will have a Lojban system that has stronger reinforcement than any typical culture system. The second generation of such children, then, could be said to be the start of a true Lojbanic culture.
We shouldn't need to wait that long to detect significant effects. Emotion is so basic to our lives that even a small change or improvement in emotional communication would have immediately noticeable effects. Perhaps it will be the case that the most important contribution of our ``logical language'' will be in the non-logical realm of emotion!


Our customers know they can depend on LRS Consulting Services to deliver quality candidates.
That's the reason we won the 2016 Inavero Best of Staffing Award for Clients. We deliver top quality to our clients because of the way we treat our consultants.
Our clients know that a consultant who's treated well is more productive and less apt to complain, cause problems, or quit in the middle of an engagement. They know we excel at consultant care.
We have a refined and proven process for finding and hiring highly qualified candidates. We also have a skilled and experienced group of recruiters who are all CPSR certified, and well versed in the most up to date and effective methods for identifying and screening candidates.
We stand above the field in the staffing industry. LRS Consulting Services has been delivering consulting services for a variety of industries for more than 30 years. We're ready with the solutions for your staff augmentation needs. Fill out the form below and someone will get back to you shortly to discuss your needs.