text:
Aleshia Ocasio (born August 15, 1996) is a professional American softball. She played college softball at Florida. She most recently played in the Athletes Unlimited Softball where she won the 2021 championship as the top individual points leader. She has been a member of the Puerto Rico women's national softball team since 2015.

Playing career

College career
On April 16, 2014, Ocasio signed her national letter of intent to play college softball at Florida. During her freshman season in 2015 she posted an 18–3 record, with 155 strikeouts, two saves, ten complete games, four shutouts, and a 2.01 ERA in 136 innings. On March 2, 2015, Ocasio was named SEC Freshman of the Week after she posted a 2–0 record with a save during the week. On May 16, 2015, during the Gainesville Regional at the 2015 NCAA Division I softball tournament, she tied the single-game program record for strikeouts in a seven-inning game with 17. She helped the Gators win the 2015 Women's College World Series. Following an outstanding season, she was named to the All-SEC Freshman Team, a NFCA third-team All-American, and a top-25 finalist for the NFCA National Freshman of the Year.

During her sophomore year in 2016, she posted a 20–1 record, with 130 strikeouts, six saves, ten complete games six shutouts, and a 0.77 ERA in  innings. She ranked in the top ten in the conference in opposing batting average, strikeouts, wins and saves, and led the NCAA in ERA. Her 0.77 ERA ranked third best in Florida single-season history. On March 28, 2016, she was named SEC Pitcher of the Week. She earned two wins and one save in 10 shutout innings during the weekend. Following an outstanding season, she was named first-team All-SEC, NFCA first-team All-American and a top-three finalist for the USA Softball Collegiate Player of the Year.

During her junior year in 2017, she posted an 8–2 record, with 55 strikeouts, four complete games, one shutout and a 1.51 ERA in 69.1 innings. Following the season she was named to the All-SEC first-team, and the WCWS All-Tournament team. During her senior year in 2018, she posted a 23–7 record, with 192 strikeouts, two saves, 16 complete games, seven shutouts, and a 1.45 ERA in  innings. She ranked in the top ten in the conference in ERA, opposing batting average, innings pitched, appearances, strikeouts, and wins. She ranked second in the NCAA in strikeout-to-walk ratio at 9.14. On March 30, 2018, Ocasio pitched a combined perfect game with Natalie Lugo, the second combined perfect game in Florida history. On May 20, 2018 during the regional finals of the 2018 NCAA Division I softball tournament, Ocasio pitched the first seven-inning postseason no-hitter in Florida program history. Following the season, she was named to the All-SEC first-team.

She finished her career at Florida ranked first in combined shutouts (25), fourth in strikeouts per seven innings (7.45) and saves (10), fifth in opposing batting average (.192) and games finished (43), and seventh in ERA (1.41), wins (70), and strikeouts (549).

Professional career
On April 13, 2018, Ocasio was selected tenth overall in the 2018 NPF Draft by the Chicago Bandits of the National Pro Fastpitch league. On June 11, 2018, she signed a three-year contract with the Bandits. During her rookie season in 2018, she posted 17 strikeouts in 22 innings pitched, with a 1.27 ERA. During her second season with the Bandits in 2019 she posted 29 strikeouts, with a 0.89 ERA in  innings. Following the season she was named to the All-NPF team. On February 29, 2020, she announced her retirement from professional softball.

During the second season of the Athletes Unlimited Softball league, Ocasio won the 2021 championship as the top individual points leader with 2,096 points. She led the league with a 6–5 record, and 55 strikeouts in 66 innings pitched, and tied for the lead with 13 appearances. She also threw four complete games and compiled a 2.32 ERA. Her 66 innings pitched surpassed the previous record of 64 innings set by Cat Osterman in 2020.

International career
Ocasio has been a member of the Puerto Rico women's national softball team since 2015. During the 2015 Pan American Games, she posted a 3–1 record in five games, and batted .375 (6-for-16) with five RBI and four runs scored, to help lead Puerto Rico to a bronze medal. She again won a bronze medal at 2019 Pan American Games.

She represented Puerto Rico at the 2022 World Games. During the classification stage in a game against Canada, she hit a double to right field in the first inning for the only run of the game. She also pitched a two-hit shutout to lead Puerto Rico to a 1–0 win over Canada and clinch the fifth place at the World Games.

Personal life
Ocasio is openly lesbian and married to professional basketball player Natasha Cloud.

References

External links
Florida bio

1996 births
Living people
21st-century LGBT people
21st-century American women
Chicago Bandits players
Competitors at the 2022 World Games
Florida Gators softball players
LGBT people from Florida
LGBT softball players
American LGBT sportspeople
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in softball
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
People from St. Cloud, Florida
Puerto Rican softball players
Softball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Softball players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Softball players from Florida
USSSA Pride players

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If you've been in a brewpub or craft beer bar in the past few years, chances are you've seen a least a few barrel-aged beers on the menu.
Barrel aging is a growing niche in the beer world, spurred forth in part by Michigan's own Founders Brewing Company. Two years ago, Founders launched the "Barrel-Aged Series," an annual limited run of five beers, all aged in oak barrels. The series includes both KBS and CBS, two highly celebrated bourbon barrel-aged stouts that are frequently listed among the highest-rated beers in the world. It's also featured a rum-barrel-aged IPA, a cherry ale aged in bourbon-maple syrup barrels, and other experimental brews.
Traverse City brewers and distillers are getting in on the action, too. Traverse City Whiskey Co. frequently supplies barrels to brewers both near (Brewery Terra Firma) and not-so-near (Bell's Brewery, based in Kalamazoo). Grand Traverse Distillery, meanwhile, sells barrels to a long list of different northern Michigan breweries, including Right Brain, The Filling Station, The Workshop Brewing Company, Petoskey Brewing, Stormcloud Brewing Co., and Beards Brewery.
Since then, TC Whiskey Co. has maintained a handshake relationship with Bell's. Fredrickson says he contacts Bell's whenever TC Whiskey Co. empties a new batch of barrels. If Bell's wants the barrels, the brewery pays a pre-set per-barrel price and TC Whiskey ships them out. TC Whiskey Co. also has relationships with several other Michigan breweries, including Short's in Bellaire and Odd Side Ales in Grand Haven.
The appeal of barrel aging, Fredrickson says, is in the way it effectively cross-pollinates the arts of distilling and brewing. Most often, breweries will use barrels to bring characteristics of bourbon, whiskey, rye or other spirits to their beers. Sometimes distilleries will buy barrels back from breweries to get some of the flavoring of a barrel-aged beer into their spirits. In either case, the brewers or distillers are relying on the natural structure of the wood in the barrel to enhance or "finish" their concoctions.
The first time Right Brain Brewery Founder and CEO Russell Springsteen experimented with the barrel aging process, luck lent a hand. About a decade ago, Right Brain ended up in possession of a few barrels from Woodford Reserve, a famed distillery in Kentucky known for its bourbon whiskey. Springsteen says that Right Brain "got the barrels through the back door," and wasn't technically supposed to have them. Still, he decided to use the barrels to age a small quantity of Right Brain's CEO Stout. He was blown away by the results. When Right Brain reached out to Woodford Reserve about getting more barrels, though, the distillery wised up to a new market opportunity growing on the horizon.
Fortunately, Springsteen found other sources for barrels by working with local distillers. Most breweries haven't had the same fortune. In many parts of the country, breweries are competing fiercely for high-quality barrels. Last year, craftbeer.com published an article about the growing demand, tight supply, and rising costs of used barrels. Broadly, the craft beer industry has reached the point where getting barrels is virtually a competitive sport.
Making matters more challenging is the fact that not all barrels are created equal. For best results, brewers want "wet" barrels, or barrels that were emptied very recently. After the distiller empties a barrel that has been used to age a spirit, the clock starts ticking. The more time that passes, the more the flavor profile of the barrel diminishes. "Dry" barrels, therefore, are not as desirable for aging beer.
According to Fredrickson, TC Whiskey Co. has even strategized its bottling process to suit the wants and needs of breweries. The distillery aims to do large batches of each type of spirit and then empty all the barrels for that batch within the span of a few weeks. The result is that TC Whiskey Co. can offer bigger bulk shipments of barrels to breweries while also ensuring that those barrels are wet and ideal for aging beer.
Even then, though, Springsteen says that barrel aging beer can be like shooting in the dark.
Springsteen says one of the big challenges of barrel-aging beer is making sure the beer doesn't end up too "hot," or too heavy on the flavors of the whiskey or spirit. To avoid this problem, Right Brain will often use barrels twice, for two different batches of the same type of beer. The first use is more likely to result in a beer that is intensely liquor-flavored. The second typically yields a beer with much milder flavors, since the barrel has already been sapped of much of its flavor profile. Right Brain takes both batches and blends them together, finding a happy medium between the intense character of the first batch and the subtlety of the second.
Right Brain largely uses barrel aging as a way to get more creative and experimental with its brews. Springsteen says that, when barrel aging really started taking off seven years ago, the first impulse of most brewers was to age stouts. Eager not to do what everyone else was doing, Springsteen took Right Brain in different directions. The brewery's two signature barrel-aged beers today are Looping Owl, an amber ale aged in whiskey barrels; and Gin Joy Ale, a vanilla cream ale laid down in gin barrels. Springsteen has also experimented with products like 2 Brains, a Saison aged in Cabernet Franc wine barrels from 2 Lads; or Batch 3000, an imperial cream ale aged in whiskey barrels that previously held maple syrup.
This tradition of experimentation has always been at the heart of barrel aging, to the point where it's mostly been the territory of larger breweries like Bell's and Founders. Those companies have more bandwidth, more resources, and more insulation from risk than smaller operations, which means they can take more chances with their products.


text:
In 1932, Australia Started an 'Emu War'—And Lost
The Great Emu War in Western Australia was a bizarre and futile effort.
by Urvija Banerji March 21, 2016 Updated: August 2, 2022
In 1932, Australia Started an 'Emu War'—And Lost
Once protected as a native species, the emu became the enemy of Western Australia's farmers by destroying the region's wheat fields. Arjan Haverkamp / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0
Here is a sentence that is at once absurd and unsurprising: in 1932, Australia declared war on emus.
It sounds like a joke, but the Great Emu War of Western Australia was real. Soldiers with machine guns were deployed to fight off the flightless birds.
Lewis machine guns were widely used during the first World War—and during the Great Emu War. Historic Collection / Alamy Stock Photo
What did the emus do to deserve armed combat? Western Australian farmers had been facing hard times with their crops following the Great Depression, and their difficulties increased tenfold with the arrival of some 20,000 emus migrating inland during their breeding season. The birds had been protected as a native species until 1922, but now that they were classified as "vermin," all bets were off.
The farmers relayed their concerns to the government, which called upon a deputation of ex-soldiers—many now farmers—from the first World War, who requested the use of machine guns to fight off the emus.
Soldier Ray Owens poses with a dead emu during the war. History and Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo
The battle began in early November 1932, when the soldiers encountered a lock of about 50 emus and succeeded in killing several before the birds scattered. A few days later, however, a second encounter with about 1,000 birds turned into clear victory for the emus when a machine gun jammed.
The Australian media quickly came to see the enormous birds as foes too crafty for mere human soldiers. Even a newsreel from the era prematurely announcing a human victory describes the tall, long-necked birds as "an advancing army with keen eyesight…the enemy watching event through their periscopes raised up over heads of corn."
Human soldiers rest and regroup during their battle with the emus. Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
The Emu War was summarized thusly by Australian ornithologist D.L. Serventy: "The machine-gunners' dreams of point blank fire into serried masses of Emus were soon dissipated. The Emu command had evidently ordered guerrilla tactics, and its unwieldy army soon split up into innumerable small units that made use of the military equipment uneconomic. A crestfallen field force therefore withdrew from the combat area after about a month."
The human soldiers fired their Lewis guns with vigor, but it was the emus that came out victorious in the Great Emu War of 1932. The birds remain plentiful in the areas outside of Perth to this day, and their triumph may be destined for the big screen. As of 2021, an action-comedy film inspired by this unexpected chapter in Australian history was in the works.
This story was updated to include more information on the Great Emu War and the film inspired by it.
This story originally ran in 2016; it has been updated for 2022.
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Videoranch is excited to announce that we have collaborated with Rhino to create an audio companion to Nez' new book!
Infinite Tuesday: Autobriographical Riffs - The Music on CD is now available! The best part is, if you get them here at Videoranch.com Nez will sign and date each one.
Michael Nesmith tells the story of his eclectic life in his upcoming book, Infinite Tuesday: An Autobiographical Riff (Crown Archetype). Rhino is releasing an audio companion that showcases 14 of Nez's best songs from his days with The Monkees, The First National Band, and solo.
The collection focuses mainly on the numerous solo albums that Nez recorded during the Seventies. He started in 1970 with Magnetic South and Loose Salute, country-rock albums that featured Nez and The First National Band. INFINITE TUESDAY features a song from each album: "Silver Moon" from Loose Salute and "Joanne" from Magnetic South, Nez first Top 40 hit as a solo artist.
Nez embraced a multimedia approach to making music in 1975 to create The Prison, an album that was to be played as the "soundtrack" to a novella that came with the music. Represented on this set by "Opening Theme - Life, The Unsuspecting Captive," that album was also the first released on Nez' record label, Pacific Arts.
Then in 1979 Nez created "PopClips," the first-ever music-video program, which aired years before the dawn of MTV. That same year, Nez recorded Infinite Rider On The Big Dogma, which featured "Cruisin'" and "Light," which also appear on this set. Nez made videos for those songs and others and released them in 1981 as Elephant Parts (available at Videoranch on DVD). A mix of comedy sketches and music videos, this "video album" won the very first Grammy Award for Music Video.


text:
United's inconsistency has seen title elude us again
It would be churlish to not credit Manchester City for a campaign which has seen them be crowned fully deserved champions as Pep Guardiola's side laid down a blistering benchmark that - until last week - showed no signs of slowing down. From our perspective, it's been a campaign that started superbly with a run of form akin to our heyday as 4-0 win followed 4-0 win. It's not over yet of course, with five league games left and the prospect of an FA Cup final at Wembley awaits, should we clear the not insignificant hurdle of Tottenham Hotspur in Saturday's semi - final. Second place and a 13th FA Cup win would represent a marked improvement but the biggest prize of all - the one we want above all others - namely the league title, has eluded us once more for a fifth successive season. City have been so far ahead of not only us but everyone else that the challenge for the chasing pack next season is to close the gap between them and the rest. It's difficult to imagine Guardiola's side being this dominant again but they will remain the team to beat. Our defeat at the weekend officially confirmed them as champions, but in truth its been a formality since Christmas.
Consistency is key to any title-winning team, and for all their swashbucking brilliance that's a precious commodity that Guardiola's team have had in abundance. We may have picked up the scalps of all the league's heavyweights and beaten each of the other 19 teams for the first time since 2011, but we've dropped points in ties we shouldn't have done and that's what has proved costly. You can lose games in this league but inconsistency won't win you the title and neither will defeats to Huddersfield, Newcastle and WBA or draws to Burnley and Southampton. It's the failure to win these fixtures that have plagued our season and cast a frustrating shadow over a campaign in which there has been tangible progress. The fact we beat City and then lost to WBA one week later was a microcosm of our erratic campaign.
The dye was cast as early as October in a run of results that would encapsulate our season. It was a topsy turvy month which started with the creditable - if infamous - draw at Anfield and ended with Anthony Martial's late winner that sunk high-flying Spurs at OT. In between those two high profile fixtures however came the unpalatable setback of a 2-1 defeat to David Wagner's side at the John Smith's Stadium. Fast forward five months and it's deja vu - the brilliant wins over Chelsea, Liverpool and Palace offset by the reverse at SJP and a two-legged horror show against Sevilla. It's all the more frustrating because we've seen what this side is capable of - on our day we have the firepower, talent and technical ability to give Europe's elite a run for their money. It's frustrating because 'our day' doesn't seem to come around often enough. I'm not sure you can coach consistency in a team or an individual player, so it begs the question whether this is an issue of mentality or attitude... I just can't put my finger on it.
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Savannah Cottage of Lakeland is a memory care residence nestled in a beautiful and peaceful setting. The community is the ideal size offering an intimate atmosphere, a warm and soothing feel throughout, and is full of appropriate stimulating activity.
Savannah Cottage of Lakeland, located in beautiful Lakeland, FL, is the perfect residence for those who need additional support due to Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia. The residents and family members will be the first to say that the community is appropriately designed and comfortable throughout. We offer private or companion suites with both long-term and short-term (respite) residential opportunities as well as a day service program.


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Q: User Input to determine the length of an array in Java I am currently taking an intro to java class at my school due to my growing interest in programming.
I am to create a program that takes user input for a min and max integer. I am also to take user input for the size of the array as well as whether or not the user would like both the sorted and unsorted lists printed out.
After I collect this information, I need to generate random values within the given min/max range and sort those values(I had no problem completing these steps).
My code:
//Third Project by John Mitchell
package thirdProject;

//Imported library
import java.util.*;

//First class
public class thirdProject {

    //Created scanner and random class as well as variables

    public static Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
    public static Random rand = new Random();
    public static int min, max, rand_num, sum, total, temp,  i, j;
    public static boolean sorted;
    public static int[] values = new int[];

    //Allowing for the average output to be of type double
    public static double average;

        //Main method
        public static void main(String[] args) {

            //Prompt user to enter minimum value to be sorted
            System.out.println("Please enter a minimum value: ");
            min = scan.nextInt();

            //Prompt user to enter maximum value to be sorted
            System.out.println("\nPlease enter a maximum value: ");
            max = scan.nextInt();

            //Prompt user to enter total number of values to be sorted
            System.out.println("\nPlease enter the number of values that you would like sorted: ");
            total = scan.nextInt();

            //Prompt the user whether or not they would like both lists
            System.out.println("\nWould you like to see both the sorted and unsorted lists? Please enter 'True' for yes or 'False' for no.");
            sorted = scan.nextBoolean();

            //Prints lists that were generated
                if (sorted == true) {

                gen_random_val();
                System.out.println("\nThe unsorted list is: " + Arrays.toString(values) + ".");
                sort_values();
                System.out.println("\nThe sorted list is: " + Arrays.toString(values) + ".");

                } else {

                gen_random_val();
                sort_values();
                System.out.println("\nThe sorted list is: " + Arrays.toString(values) + ".");

                }

        }

        //Second method
        public static void gen_random_val() {

            //For loop that generates values within the range of values given
            for(int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {

            values[i] = rand_num = Math.abs(rand.nextInt(max) % (max - min + 1) + min);
            sum = sum + values[i];
            average = (sum*1.0) / values.length;

            }
        }

        //Third method
        public static void sort_values() {

            //For loop that sorts values
            for(i=0; i<(total-1); i++) {

               for(j=0; j<(total-i-1); j++) {

                  if(values[j] > values[j+1]) {

                       temp = values[j];
                       values[j] = values[j+1];
                       values[j+1] = temp;

                  }
               }
            }
        }
    }

Currently, the hard codes length of 10 values in the array works fine as I have recycled part of my code from a previous project. I am looking for guidance on how to simply make the size determined by user input.
Thank you.

A: For example you can do this:
        //Prompt user to enter total number of values to be sorted
        System.out.println("\nPlease enter the number of values that you would like sorted: ");
        total = scan.nextInt();
        values = new int[total];

You don't have to give values to variables when you declare them.

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text:
Plane Kills Man, Injures Girl On Beach
AviationAddict
I haven't seen anything posted about this.
http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/27/us/flo...ands-on-beach/index.html?hpt=hp_t2
RIP to the man and hopefully his daughter makes a speedy recovery.
How often does this sort of thing happen?
FlyDeltaJets
RE: Plane Kills Man, Injures Girl On Beach
I can think of a couple of instances where planes landed on beaches in an emergency, but I have never heard of a person on said beach being killed.
The only valid opinions are those based in facts
mrcomet
It looks like the plane came down the beach. Why didn't he get out of the way? Maybe it was coming behind him and the engine had failed making it a glider. Still, not a lot of situational awareness there.
Quoting mrcomet (Reply 2):
The story quotes a witness who said the engine was out and that the victims appeared to have not heard it coming.
scbriml
Still, not a lot of situational awareness there.
So you'd expect someone to know that a plane with a failed engine is silently approaching from behind?
Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana!
There are 10 types of people in the World - those that understand binary and those that don't.
DeltaMD90
Why didn't he get out of the way?
IIRC, when the Gimli Glider came in to land, a lot of people didn't realize there was a plane coming at them until really close. Planes, even small ones, travel quickly and they also come from an angle we're probably not looking at when at the beach, especially if your back is turned or something. As others have said, the plane was most likely completely silent
Unflug
Quoting scbriml (Reply 4):
Probably mrcomet didn't actually read the article.
I really don't understand how a pilot could try to land on a beach with people, he must have seen them. Even with no engine he could have avoided the pedestrians. To me the pilot killed the man, not the plane as suggested in the thread title...
fca767
maybe it's time to have a loud speaker on the front, it would also be good on airliners for when the ground crew aren't plugged in and the pilot really needs someones attention
Quoting Unflug (Reply 6):
I have never landed on a beach so not speaking from experience, but I bet this guy picked a spot that was clear and misjudged how much distance he would actually close. Not saying that should necessarily absolve him from guilt but I don't think it was as easy as you're making it sound like...
Quoting flydeltajets (Reply 1):
Also happened back in March 2010 near Hilton Head, SC. Very similar incident.
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/...010-03-16-plane-kills-jogger_N.htm
7BOEING7
Quoting DeltaMD90 (Reply 8):
Doesn't look like much of a beach, may have gone for the hard pack sand near the waters edge to save the plane and himself -- right where people like to walk unfortunately. I can't imagine he didn't see them.
CrimsonNL
Quoting fca767 (Reply 7):
This already exists on airliners, it's called the Ground Call. On most aircraft nowadays it's the same very distinct sound, but the Avrojet for example has sort of a car horn sound. Obviously this is not viable for small aircraft like this for the extreme rare chance where they have to land in a crowded area without a running engine.
Martijn
Always comparing your flown types list with mine
twal1011727
It doesn't matter what kind of vehicle it is...i.e. car/truck/van/boat/L1011/glider/balloon/gun/knife.
Some people do strangest things.
I wouldn't critize this pilot yet until all the facts come out.
Your brain fart moment could be next on the news at 5.
I really don't understand how a pilot could try to land on a beach with people, he must have seen them. Even with no engine he could have avoided the pedestrians.
Well, he didn't avoid them, and I'm pretty sure he didn't deliberately try and hit them.
As much as you might hear anecdotal stories of pilots steering a crashing plane away from a school, shopping mall etc., this is rarely the case and is probably much more luck than judgement when it does happen. The instinct of any pilot (or most at least) in a situation where your life is at risk, is to do everything possible to save it. Of course you are not deliberately going to try and plough into a crowd of people on the ground, but trust me, most people in this situation will have one thing on their mind above anything else ... to save themselves and their passengers.
Also, it's not uncommon when you are in flight training to practice engine-out procedures and approached on a beach. I certainly did.
As tragic as this is, 2 people survived an engine-out landing.
I'd rather be on the ground wishing I was in the air, than in the air wishing I was on the ground!
lweber557
Pretty ignorant thing to say. When a plane looses its engine its impossible to hear and chances are the two people who were hit weren't scanning the sky for a plane making a crash landing. How much situational awareness do you expect people to have while they are relaxing at the beach?
Maybe not a loudspeaker since that would require power which may not be available in an emergency. Perhaps a ram-air driven horn the pilot could activate when about to make an engine out landing in a crowed area though. It would be cheap to install and not add much weight.
FAA Licensed Aircraft Dispatcher
Quoting lweber557 (Reply 15):
It would be cheap to install and not add much weight.
Nothing related to aircraft is cheap to install...
KC-135 - Passing gas and taking names!
SuseJ772
I feel for all involved in this story. While I haven't ever had an engine out flying a 172, I have practiced it many a times. I think what really happened was that he was handling the engine out and was too low to do much to avoid the people by the time he saw them. Every time I fly I am always amazed how hard it is to see things on the ground that you think would be easy to see.
Currently at PIE, requesting FWA >> >>
denverdanny
Immediately reminded me of the SC incident. Upsets me that again we have a decision to put down where people are with a loss of life.
I'm no pilot, so pardon the ignorance. Given the chance that people may be on the beach, and it looks like the beach was pretty narrow (and the wet sand even narrower), wouldn't a near-shore water ditching have been preferable to a sand ditching? Are life jackets required on small single engine airplanes?
-Rampart
ThirtyEcho
Sorry to say, the trolls on the CNN discussion board are saying that the pilot saw the people on the beach but deliberately hit them to avoid ditching in the water. They are urging that the pilot be charged with murder and that "small planes" be banned form the skies.
And, yes, they are saying that planes should be required to have horns.
YoungMans
With the sound of the waves in the background, someone with hearing aids wouldn't hear a plane with no engine noise approaching from the back.
fraspotter
Quoting ThirtyEcho (Reply 20):
If I want to see how low human intelligence can go I just have to go to the CNN message boards.
People have been saying that "he should have seen the guy on the beach". Of course many people think that the view from the cockpit would be similar to driving a car. Granted the story to my knowledge doesn't mention whether the plane came right in on top of them or whether it hit the sand and plowed into them. If it were the first scenario then it is very easy that the pilot didn't see what was right below him (PSA Flight 182 anybody?). If it were the second scenario then once he hit the deck it's highly unlikely that he had either the time or the ability to control his airplane from the information presented. Plus, to spot individuals in a moving aircraft from above on a light surface (sand) in light colored clothing (not mentioned but a possibility since after all who really would go to the beach wearing nothing but black) is not as easy as it sounds. This could very well just end up a tragic accident.
"The strength of the turbulence is directly proportional to the temperature of your coffee."
— Gunter's Second Law of Air Travel
Quoting moose135 (Reply 16):
Cheaper than a loudspeaker though.
Quoting rampart (Reply 19):
Are life jackets required on small single engine airplanes?
Only if the plane is going to flying out of gliding distance from the shore.
skywaymanaz
Sorry to say, the trolls on the CNN discussion board are saying that the pilot saw the people on the beach but deliberately hit them to avoid ditching in the water.
Yeah that went downhill fast and I'm not really surprised. Too much anger and ignorance making many believe this was a deliberate act. We saw some of that on here, although way toned down, with the thread about the plane landing in the grass strip of a Dallas freeway recently. When that engine goes out there aren't a lot of good options. Without more information I'm not going to crucify this pilot. He didn't have a lot of good choices and landing in the water could have been a quick way to drown him and his passenger. That said I've seen accidents just like this because the plane ran out of fuel. I'm not going to have a lot of sympathy with the pilot if that's the case. I've picked up rentals before that were supposed to have the tanks topped off and they weren't. I always check this in pre flight and it is easy to measure with a hollow clear plastic tube marketed as Fuelhawk. (The Gimli Glider pilots did something similar with a drip stick but their math came up wrong even when double and triple checked.) If a failure along these lines comes up the knives will be out for this pilot for sure but for now I think he made the best of a bad situation.
Type-Rated
I think if the pilot had seen the people he could have eeeked another few knots out of the airspeed to gain a few feet of altitude to go over the people. But if he was doing a soft field landing he would have had the nose up pretty high so he might not have been able to accurately know his position vs that of the victims.
Fly North Central Airlines..The route of the Northliners!
keagkid101
Not a pilot either, but wouldn't ditching close to shore have been more beneficial to the pilot and pedestrians on the beach??
DiamondFlyer
Not true. If a plane isn't being flown for hire, it never requires lifejackets. So John Q Public and his family aboard their plane have no legal requirement for them, even trying to cross the Pacific in a 172.
-DiamondFlyer
From my cold, dead hands
TripleDelta
Quoting keagkid101 (Reply 26):
A number of small aircraft have less-than-favorable ditching characteristics if not ditched exactly according to the POH (especially fixed-gear machines where the wheels can catch the water and - depending on the type of approach - flip the plane over). Combined with cramped interiors and relatively small doors (of which the Cherokee only has one), ditching can be a very dangerous prospect, even in shallow water.
When all of this combines, you have a scenario for a far worse accident than when landing on a flat, clear strip of ground. Unless the ditch is flown exactly as specified by the aircraft manufacturer - which is not all that easy to do when you consider that the aircraft is likely powerless, the pilot has not been trained for water landings and that he may not be experienced - the aircraft may catch the water with, say, the nose wheel, flip over and start sinking. The sudden deceleration of the flip may injure or maim the copilot, who on the Cherokee is the only one with a door. Now, you have to exit a sinking plane, with limited air, helping out potential passengers, over an unresponsive copilot, through a door that doesn't fully open - and then ending up below the wing and having to navigate around it. Not an appealing prospect by any measure!
Hawkeye: "It doesn't make any sense."
Radar: "Well, none of it makes any sense. You just have to send in the right number of forms." - MASH 4077
PhilBy
Not if there were any swimmers in the water.
AndyEastMids
I don't think its helpful to blame the pilot at this stage. A reported loss of power, unable to make it back to the airport, limited options as to where to put down an aeroplane without a running engine. Quite a stressful scenario for anyone, even though the pilot will have trained for a forced landing. Just above the high water mark on the beach might well have been as good, if not a better option, than any other if it was clear of obstructions at the time the decision was made. Once the area in which the forced landing will take place is selected there's very little opportunity to change, as the pilot will be concentrating on flying the aeroplane dead-stick at the right speeds, making the approach and any turns in the correct place to ensure the selected landing area is reached, configuring the aeroplane for a soft field landing, securing the cabin, downing a last minute briefing to the passenger, and shutting down non-essential systems. All it would have taken was for someone to walk onto the firm sand near the water once they were committed to a forced landing in a fairly limited area, and a potential safe outcome turned towards tragic consequences. Once the aeroplane was on fairly short "final" to the beach, if the father and his daughter did walk into what had previously been a clear area the pilot selected for the forced landing, the alternatives would likely have been the soft sand or the water, both of which could also have had people on/in them. We don't know whether the area the pilot selected was initially clear of people, or whether he elected to take the beach even though there were people on it hoping that people would see the aeroplane and clear out of the way. But I doubt anyone would deliberately plow into people on a beach. My suspicion is that all other options had run out, or had even worse consequences, by the time the pilot realised that the aeroplane would hit someone.
Quoting AndyEastMids (Reply 30):
But I doubt anyone would deliberately plow into people on a beach.
I'm actually sure the Pilot did not do this deliverately.
Once the area in which the forced landing will take place is selected there's very little opportunity to change
That is why I think a narrow beach is a very bad selection. Odds to avoid casualties on the ground are way better with a ditching.
Based on the picture and the description of the article I believe the plane came down just south of VNC and looking at Google Earth it would appear the beach was really the only option...there are no fields or long, empty streets anywhere nearby. There is a golf course just a bit east of the beach but, honestly, if the pilot could make the course then he probably would have been able to make the airport too as they are literally right next door.
TVNWZ
Unfortunately, the little girl passed away last night. Talk is he ran out of fuel.
Quoting AviationAddict (Reply 32):
Based on the picture and the description of the article it would appear the plane came down just south of VNC and looking at Google Earth it would appear the beach was really the only option...there are no fields or long, empty streets anywhere nearby.
There is a lot of water nearby.
Quoting Unflug (Reply 34):
Yes...and I think most of us can agree that ditching in the water would have been the more responsible decision but, there are so many things we don't know yet and how many of us would have made the same choice this pilot did if we were in his position?
If the beach was empty at the time we'd probably pat the pilot on the back, tell him "good job sir" and forget all about the story within in a day.
BravoOne
If he ran out of fuel he should be charged with manslaughter.
It was a beach. There was just as much chance of people being in the water as there would have been people on the beach.
transswede
Quoting Fraspotter (Reply 37):
If you truly believe that, you don't go to beaches much. I think a legitimate argument could be made that he cared more for his own safety than those on the ground.
ORDfan
I think the issue is here: 2 people in the plane survived / 2 people on the ground are dead. Whose safety should have been less threatened? In over-simplified actuarial terms, the issue is really one of risk, and who should bear the consequences (such as death) of assuming greater risks. Flying a small single-engine GAA carries a lot more risk than walking down the beach. The consequences of piloting a GAA is that you are statistically more likely to inflict harm to yourself, your passengers, and people/property on the ground based on your actions - especially in case of emergencies.
Sure there is some instinctual survival mode that kicked in for the pilot - but I'd like to think that people (esp pilots) in positions to accidentally cause harm to bystanders, would put the bystanders safety first - since they are not assuming the same risks I/"we" are by flying. When Capt. Sullenberger went engines out, he could've tried for Teterboro (maybe even LGA), but is noted as saying that the risk to people on the ground was too great - too great to assume the risk of killing countless people on the ground vs the 155 souls on board.
Sure water ditching in a small plane is never ideal, but if the beach was populated (as it clearly was), the pilot owed it to those to avoid it and at least attempt a water landing (most swimmers wouldn't be further out than 20-30m anyway). I hope I would be equally courageous in an emergency situation to place greater risk upon myself and my unfortunate passenger(s), and I'm sure the families of the deceased feel the same way.
Quoting transswede (Reply 38):
If you truly believe that, you don't go to beaches much.
You're honestly saying people don't go into the water when they go to the beach? It's Florida not Lake Erie. There was most definitely a CHANCE that there were people in the water. It was a bad situation and unfortunately 2 people died however to say that the pilot should have just sacrificed himself and his passenger to avoid the chance of there being people on the beach is a perfect example of hindsight being 20/20. What about all the times where pilots with engine trouble have landed on beaches and roads in the past with no casualties? Should those pilots have just "sacrificed" themselves in those situations as well?
licnyc
I am surprised to see many virulent comments about this story on various news outlets (not just CNN). People calling the pilot a coward, murderer, time to ban private planes, etc.
An accident is just that: an accident. They are always unfortunate. They happen every day. Fortunately, accidents involving planes are nowhere as frequent as, say, automobile accidents. Yes, two innocent people lost their lives, one being a young child. It's a horrible tragedy. People do have to be held accountable for, but this rush to literally castrate the pilot boggles my mind. I can only speak with generalities, but I believe any pilot put in such a situation would not only think about the safety of himself and his passengers, but also people on the ground. To suggest otherwise is simply ignorant in my book. Sometimes things cannot be helped for the way they play out. And I think this is, sadly, one of those unfortunate events.
My condolences to the family and friends of the victims.
Quoting licnyc (Reply 41):
An accident is just that: an accident. They are always unfortunate. They happen every day.
If he did in fact run out of fuel then it wasn't really an accident and the pilot should be held responsible. Very few aircraft crashes are truly "accidents"...many can be attributed to mistakes made by humans, whether that be the flight crew, ATC or mechanics. In my mind an "aircraft accident" would indicate a so called act of God - bird strike, weather related...something the humans can't control.
I'm trying hard to not pass judgement on this one because I can't imagine what the pilot is going through; and as other posters have stated, two people died, yes, but two other people also survived. However, if the authorities do determine that the pilot caused the deaths either intentionally or unintentionally than he should be held responsible.
Short of intentionally running out of fuel, it would still be considered an accident. Pilot error but an accident nonetheless. Plus there are other reasons why he could have run out of fuel short of just not putting enough in the tank. Drag, route, altitude, leak, etc.
Quoting ORDfan (Reply 39):
And if the occupants of the plane were killed during the ditching attempt the lawyers would all be saying that they should have landed on the beach. Some of the replies in this thread are so far off base and reflect such a fundamental lack of knowledge and understanding of aeronautics and specifically piloting that I cannot help but laugh. I have had the misfortune of losing an engine and it isn't a fun experience. As someone stated above, setting for a landing on a beach the pilot is going to be using soft field technique. He is going to have the nose way up in the air and watching his speed like a hawk to both minimize hte touchdown speed and force and also to avoid a stall. This was a low wing aircraft and if memory serves the leading edge is slightly forward of the pilot. This would completely block the pilots view down and forward out to about 10 degrees on both sides in the landing flare. Seeing two people walking along the beach in that scenario is a seriously tall order. After touchdown on soft wet sand and a likely sloping beach any bets are off as far as controllability goes. Noting the wingtip damage it could have been caused when striking the pedestrians or it could have been caused by hitting another object which in turn sent them toward the pedestrians. Anything is possible.
The only way you can hang this on the pilot is fuel mismanagement or improper maintenance if these were even factors.
airtechy
I don't know exactly where he hit the beach, but if it was in line with extended runway 4 he was within 500 feet of an open area between the runway and the edge of the beach. He was still probably trying to make this area. Without knowing exactly where he was when he made the radio call, it is not possible to say what his other dry land options were.
The risks to the two people onboard of landing a light fixed gear plane in the water were much higher than a beach landing. Many past accidents have shown that the gear grabs, the plane flips, and the passengers are trapped and drown. Unless it was the Fourth of July and the beach was lined 5 deep with people the risk of hitting someone would be much less.
There's a famous beach in the Caribbean where jets fly feet over the people due to how close the runway is. If one of these planes had a failure similar to the BA 777 failure at LHR, do you think the pilots would dump the plane in the water rather than risk hitting someone on the beach? I doubt it.
Quoting Flaps (Reply 44):
And if the occupants of the plane were killed during the ditching attempt the lawyers would all be saying that they should have landed on the beach. Some of the replies in this thread are so far off base and reflect such a fundamental lack of knowledge and understanding of aeronautics and specifically piloting that I cannot help but laugh. I have had the misfortune of losing an engine and it isn't a fun experience.
What's really funny is how poorly you try to correlate litigation to the pilot's decision-making. So if the plane's pilot and passenger were killed in a water landing, "the lawyers" (whose??) would be suing who exactly? And furthermore, are you saying that the pilot should have (and correctly did so) take that into account? Now that's laughable!
I see that your mastery of aeronautics is so insightful, yet conveniently ignores angular declination during descent for the pilot's field of vision from altitude (ie. he should've been able to see people while he was still higher up - duh). Sorry bud, but aeronautics don't account for the risks this pilot (and passenger) assumed when they went flying that day, and science certainly don't explain his rationale for landing on a populated beach.
Quoting airtechy (Reply 45):
There's a famous flight - US 1549 - that had to make a water landing couple years back. I believe the pilots dumped the plane rather than risk "landing" in a crowded neighborhood or otherwise populated area. I hope this never happens at JFK... Brighton Beach is pretty dirty.
Quoting TripleDelta (Reply 28):
Thanks for that explanation.
Quoting TVNWZ (Reply 33):
Terribly sad.
There was just as much chance of people being in the water as there would have been people on the beach.
There are many miles of unvisited beach, and therefore water, even in Florida. I've read that this particular beach is quiet and natural; the narrowness doesn't attract a lot of bathers (and it looks rocky in many places).
Lawyers was a figure of speech, perhaps should have said commenters, or the famliy of the passenger or you yourself. As for the pilot he made the correct decision to go for the beach. (Assuming it wasn't packed with people of course, I haven't actually seen any figures have you) The aircraft was moving as were probably the people. He may have seen them and thought they were clear but they moved or he may have never seen them. No general aviation pilot is going to ditch if there is another option. The success rate is abysmal.
(ie. he should've been able to see people while he was still higher up - duh).
How many soft field landings have you executed in a Cherokee? With an engine out? Have you ever attempted to spot small possibly moving objects on a natural background, from a moving low wing aircraft with 8 degrees of nose up pitch held through an extended flair. How much "angular declination" is there during the last 10-15 feet of altitude loss in a soft field landing? The answer would be none. As the aircraft decelerated and shed the last 10 feet or so of altitude it would have covered about 100-150 feet of horizontal distance with the nose high in the air. The nose and leading edge of the wing would have blocked almost all forward visibility from the centerline of the aircraft out to about 10 degrees on either side of the nose for all of that distance. In addition the first part of the rollout if still controlled would have the nose pointed up until the elevators lost effectiveness. Most likely he visually cleared the landing zone and these people wandered into the path of the aircraft as or after it flared. Unless they were laying on a beach towel and he plopped the gear right on top of them that is.
In your rush to make yourself look intellectually superior you only made yourself look like the opposite. I will give you a pass however as it is not a situation that any armchair pilot would understand.
Irrelevant. The river was the ONLY place to go period. It was not a noble decision to save New York. It was the only option to save themselves...period. The city of New York was just as lucky in that incident as these two beachgoers were unlucky in this one.
Now if the pilot ran out of fuel causing the engine failure then that s another story altogether.
Haha thanks for the pass "flaps" - maybe I should call you, Skipper. In your overzealousness to prove that you have some modicum of familiarity with flying, you've done nothing to prove my lack of experience with it. You don't know how many hours I have or what I have flown or landed. You clearly don't seem familiar with the concept of sight picture - this pilot seems like he wasn't either (cleared the "landing zone", right?), so I'll give you pass.
Additionally, you are making a critical error in judgement in attempting to correlate your experience with landing some aircraft (I don't know what you fly that doesn't have adjustable seat heights, prevents you from sitting up, or makes you legally blind while flaring - Mooney maybe) on a level runway to a beach that, quite clearly in photos, has some slope (or inclination). We don't know the plane's AOA on approach...based on the fact his nose gear broke, it's not unreasonable to assume he forced the nose down. Even if he didn't, and attempted to bring the aircraft to near stall to the point it would severely limit his forward visibility, that doesn't absolve him from performing that maneuver in a populated area - and it was populated based on the fact that there multiple witnesses and the family/friends of the deceased were in the immediate vicinity and dialed 911 accordingly.
http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/29/us/flo...lane-accident/index.html?hpt=hp_t2
Updated story on CNN regarding the death of the girl.
The pilot says he aimed for the waters edge and that he never saw the people on the beach.
I keep going back and forth on this one and the only thing I can come up with for sure is that pilot, passenger and the families of the victims will never be the same, it's tragic all the way around.
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Must be able to travel to the California State University, East Bay's Hayward Campus for all required training, meetings, and events
Must be willing and able to complete frequent travel via car throughout California
Ability to quickly develop comprehensive knowledge about CSUEB and CSU/CSUEB enrollment requirements, policies, and procedures, as well as general knowledge about financial aid processes and procedures
Ability to promote constructive dialog, and demonstrated effectiveness as a sympathetic listener
Ability to carry-out complex assignments without detailed instructions
Ability to interact professionally and effectively, individually or in group settings, with prospective students and their family members, school/college counselors, and colleagues
Ability and willingness to work with diverse populations
Ability to identify and analyze organizational and operating problems and implement appropriate responses.
Strong organizational skills and ability to plan, coordinate, and initiate actions necessary to implement administrative or group decisions or recommendations
Ability to learn and use administrative database system(s), instant messaging, degree audit software, document imaging software, and MS Office applications
Ability and willingness to understand, embrace, and communicate CSUEB marketing messages
Ability and willingness to accommodate flexible work schedule that includes evenings and weekends
Preferred Skills and Knowledge
Experience with Customer Relationship Management software
Working experience with social media platforms
Condition(s) of Employment
Satisfactory completion of a background check (including LiveScan, as appropriate), that may include, but is not limited to: criminal records check, verification of academic credentials, licenses, certificates, credit history, professional references and/or verification of work history is required for employment. Cal State East Bay will issue a conditional offer of employment to the selected candidate, which may be rescinded if the background check reveals disqualifying information, and/or it is discovered that the candidate knowingly withheld or falsified information. Unsatisfactory results may also affect the continued employment of current Cal State East Bay employees who were conditionally offered the position.
All background checks are conducted through the university's third party vendor, Accurate. LiveScan is conducted through the University Police Department.
As an Equal Opportunity Employer, Cal State East Bay does not discriminate on the basis of any protected categories: age, ancestry, citizenship, color, disability, gender, immigration status, marital status, national origin, race, religion, sexual orientation, or veteran's status. The University is committed to the principles of diversity in employment and to creating a stimulating learning environment for its diverse student body.
All California State University campuses, including Cal State East Bay, are smoke and tobacco-free. For more information, please visit our website at http://www.csueastbay.edu/smokeandtobaccofree/
In compliance with state and federal crime awareness and campus security legislation, including The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Crime Statistics Act, the Cal State East Bay Annual Campus Security Report is available at: http://www.csueastbay.edu/upd/safety-and-security-reports.html
Cal State East Bay is not a sponsoring agency for Staff or Management positions and we are not an E-Verify employer.
Mandated Reporter
The incumbent in this position may be considered a mandated reporter under the California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act and will be required to comply with requirements set forth in the CSU Executive Order 1083 as a condition of employment.
CSU Vaccination Policy
CSU requires faculty, staff, and students who are accessing campus facilities to be immunized against COVID-19 or declare a medical or religious exemption from doing so. Any candidates advanced in a currently open search process should be prepared to comply with this requirement. The systemwide policy can be found at https://calstate.policystat.com/policy/9779821/latest/ and questions may be sent to hr@csueastbay.edu.
Advertised: November 23, 2022 (9:00 AM) Pacific Standard Time
SoCal Outreach Counselor -- Student Services Professional II (Temporary through December 31, 2023, with the possibility of reappointment for a maximum of 3 years) East Bay November 23, 2022
SoCal Outreach Counselor -- Student Services Professional II (Temporary through December 31, 2023, with the possibility of reappointment for a maximum of 3 years) East Bay
East Bay 1
Unit 4 - APC - Academic Professionals of California 1
Student Services 1
25800 Carlos Bee Boulevard | Hayward, CA 94542 | 510-885-3000
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As part of the examination of the Local Plan, the Inspector has indicated to West Oxfordshire District Council that, after taking into account planning permissions already granted he believes that no further development in the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is required. As a result he recommends removing the four sites in the Burford / Charlbury sub area from the draft Local Plan and any reliance on 'windfall sites' within the AONB, to satisfy the District's housing need. If these changes are accepted by WODC and they have indicated an intention to do so, then the Inspector will pass the Local Plan.
SUSTO has received some clarification of the impact this will have on Stonesfield. The District Council has confirmed to us that it will be recommending refusal of the planning application for the Woodstock Road site. We have asked for the position regarding windfall sites to be clarified as that would include the North Farm site.
SUSTO does not believe this is the end of the matter, we have not seen the revised Local Plan that will show how WODC actually interprets these changes and of course the way each planning application is assessed will be the 'acid test'.
In broad terms this is an encouraging development, it helps restore the protection the AONB should have and it looks as if the level of development in our village will be drastically reduced but……..we remain vigilant!!
The challenge now is to ensure that our local community will have a greater say in the way Stonesfield develops in the future. A year ago we were told that the absence of a Neighbourhood Plan (as well as a Local Plan) allowed 'open season' for housing development. And so we are turning our attention to understanding how a Neighbourhood Plan might be created, how we can work with both the Parish and District Councils to put one in place and identify the support that is available.
We will report back on all of these issues, illustrate ways in which you could become involved in the Neighbourhood Plan and seek your input and support to deliver it.
We are very grateful to everybody who turned out on the 15th January. The attendance, contributions to the discussions and questions at that meeting provides a very good measure of how important the issues SUSTO is trying to address are to all of us who live here . Thank you very much for your support and we look forward to tapping into that energy in the future.


Yesterday, the Supreme Court of Canada released its decision in R. v. Gomboc, 2010 SCC 55 (CanLII), where the Court considered the use of a digital recording ammeter to determine the electricity consumption of a private home to form the basis (in part) for a search warrant related to a suspected marijuana grow-op.
The facts are somewhat unique, given that Alberta's Electrical Utilities Act and related Code of Conduct Regulation would have given the homeowner the ability to keep electricity consumption information confidential and that the cooperating party -- the utility -- was also a victim of the illegal consumption of electricity.
Check out Brian Bowman's blog post about the case, too.
Police ― Powers ― Search powers ― Warrantless request by police to electric utility company for installation of digital recording ammeter to measure flow of electricity into a residence suspected of housing a marijuana grow operation ― Information from digital recording ammeter indicating pattern consistent with grow operation ― Observations of police and information from digital recording ammeter basis for warrant to search residence ― Whether police search powers exercised in manner that infringed right of accused to be secure against unreasonable search ― Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 8.
An officer with the Calgary Police Service Drug Unit informed the Southern Alberta Marijuana Investigation Team about a residence in Calgary that he believed might be involved in producing marijuana. That same afternoon, officers conducted a reconnaissance of the residence and made inquiries of neighbours. Based on the observations of the officers and the neighbours questioned, the police contacted the utility company to request the installation of a digital recording ammeter ("DRA") which would measure electrical power flowing into the residence which was owned by G. The resulting DRA graph showed a pattern of cycling of approximately 18 hours, a pattern consistent with a marijuana grow operation. An officer re-attended at G's residence to conduct a second external viewing. On the basis of her observations and the information provided to her, including the DRA graph, the officer obtained a search warrant. As a result of the search, the police seized 165.33 kilograms of bulk marijuana, 206.8 grams of processed and bagged marijuana located in a freezer, and numerous items relating to a marijuana grow operation. G was charged with possession of marijuana for the purposes of trafficking and production of marijuana and theft of electricity. A voir dire was conducted to consider G's application to exclude the evidence disclosed by the search on the basis that no warrant had been obtained prior to the installation of the DRA. The trial judge relied on the Code of Conduct Regulation made pursuant to Alberta's Electric Utilities Act as statutory support for police access to the DRA data. The DRA evidence was therefore admitted and G was found guilty of the drug-related offences. A majority of the Alberta Court of Appeal allowed G's appeal and ordered a new trial, concluding that G had a subjective expectation of privacy in the DRA information which was also objectively reasonable. The majority further concluded that the Regulation could not be interpreted to imply the homeowner's consent to allow a utility company to gather information at the request of the state.
Held (McLachlin C.J. and Fish J. dissenting): The appeal is allowed and the conviction entered at trial is restored.
Per Deschamps, Charron, Rothstein and Cromwell JJ.: A critical factual consideration, on which much of the disagreement in this case turns, is the degree to which the use of DRA technology reveals private information. The evidence was that marijuana grow operations are not investigated using only DRA data and that DRA technology is employed late in an investigation and after conventional investigative methods support the inference that marijuana is being grown in the home. DRA data are used as one more investigative tool to dispel the belief that a grow operation is on the premises and even operate in favour of the defence in approximately half of the times. The importance of what the DRA discloses and what inferences the DRA data support is central to this case. The findings of the lower court concluding that a reasonable expectation of privacy in the DRA data does exist because some information about what is taking place in a house could be inferred are not supported by any evidence on the record. The DRA is a technique that reveals nothing about the intimate or core personal activities of the occupants. It reveals nothing but one particular piece of information: the consumption of electricity.
Before reaching the question of whether a search is reasonable within the meaning of the Charter, the accused must first establish that a reasonable expectation of privacy existed to trigger the protection of s. 8. The facts of this case straddle two privacy interests recognized in the jurisprudence: informational and territorial. There is every reason, however, for proceeding with caution when deciding what independent constitutional effect disclosure clauses similar to those in the Regulation may have on determining a reasonable expectation of privacy.
Determining the expectation of privacy requires examination of whether disclosure involved biographical core data, revealing intimate and private information for which individuals rightly expect constitutional privacy protection. The appropriate question is whether the information is the sort that society accepts should remain out of the state's hands because of what it reveals about the person involved, the reasons why it was collected, and the circumstances in which it was intended to be used. The combined effect of the Regulation and s. 487.014 of the Criminal Code establishes that not only was there no statutory barrier to the utility company's voluntary cooperation with the police request, but express notice that such cooperation might occur existed. This is one factor amongst many which must be weighed in assessing the totality of the circumstances. The central issue in this case is thus whether the DRA discloses intimate details of the lifestyle and personal choices of the individual that form part of the biographical core data protected by the Charter's guarantee of informational privacy. The evidence available on the record offers no foundation for concluding that the information disclosed by the utility company yielded any useful information at all about household activities of an intimate or private nature that form part of the inhabitants' biographical core data. The DRA's capabilities depend of course on the state of the technology at the time of its use. As DRA technology now stands, it is not capable of giving access to the occupants' personal information. Instead, the DRA data merely yield an additional piece of information to evaluate suspicions — based on an independent evidentiary foundation — police already have about a particular activity taking place in the home.
A final factor affecting the informational privacy analysis is the fact that G's interest in the electricity use data was not exclusive. G's electricity consumption history was not confidential or private information which he had entrusted to the utility company. As the supplier of electricity, the utility company had a legitimate interest of its own in the quantity of electricity its customers consumed. Consequently, it is beyond dispute that the utility company was within its rights to install a DRA on a customer's line on its own initiative to measure the electricity being consumed. The utility company was not an interloper exploiting its access to private information to circumvent the Charter at the behest of the state; rather, its role is limited to the wholly voluntary cooperation of a potential crime victim.
While a territorial privacy interest involving the home is a relevant aspect of the totality of the circumstances informing the reasonable expectation of privacy determination, the Charter's protection of territorial privacy in the home is not absolute. Where, as in the case at bar, there was no direct search of the home itself, the informational privacy interest should be the focal point of the analysis. The fact that the home was the focus of an otherwise non-invasive and unintrusive search should be subsidiary to what the investigative technique was capable of revealing about the home and what information was actually disclosed. The fact that the search includes a territorial privacy aspect involving the home should not be allowed to inflate the actual impact of the search to a point where it bears disproportionately on the expectation of privacy analysis.
Per Binnie, LeBel and Abella JJ. ― Throughout the development of its s. 8 jurisprudence, the Court has consistently recognized the overriding constitutional importance of the privacy interests connected with activities taking place inside the home. Given the overriding significance of protecting these privacy interests, the concerns regarding the warrantless use of DRAs are well founded. And this case may well have been differently decided but for a crucial factor: the relationship between G and his utilities provider is governed by a recently enacted public statute, which entitles G to request confidentiality of his customer information. He made no such request. Nor did he challenge the constitutionality of the relevant provision. This combines to determinately erode the objective reasonableness of any expectation of privacy in the DRA data.
DRA data indicating a certain cyclical pattern permits a strong inference of the presence of a marijuana grow operation in a residence. The existence of such activity is presumptively information about which individuals are entitled to expect privacy because it is information about an activity inside the home and is, therefore, personal information. The fact that the activity is criminal does not, under our jurisprudence, remove it from the expectation of and entitlement to privacy protection and, therefore, the requirement of a warrant. The DRA is a surveillance technique that yields usually reliable inferences as to the presence within the home of one particular activity: a marijuana grow operation.
The fact, however, that the customer in this case can request that his or her information be protected means essentially that under the Code of Conduct Regulation, the customer is presented with the unrestricted ability to control the expectation of privacy in his or her relationship with the utility company. G made no such request, yet urges the Court to treat his expectation of privacy as if he had. There is no room for interpretive creativity in this case because there is no ambiguity in the language of the provisions. DRA information, whenever it is collected, is, necessarily, "customer information" pursuant to the Regulation and, as such, information under s. 10(3)(f) of the Regulation that can be collected by the utility company and disclosed "without the customer's consent" to the police investigating an offence. An examination of the totality of the circumstances involves consideration of all, not just some, of the relevant circumstances. There can be no examination of the totality of the relevant circumstances without including the fact that the Regulation exists. It cannot, therefore, be seen as neutral or irrelevant. The contractual terms the Regulation creates are not only clear and unambiguous; they are also clearly relevant to an objective assessment of the reasonableness of any expectations of privacy G may have had in the DRA information, regardless of whether he decided to inform himself of the legal parameters of his relationship with his utility provider. When considered among all the circumstances of this case, the legislative authority provided by the Regulation is in fact determinative and leads to the conclusion that any expectation of privacy that G may have had was objectively unreasonable. In the absence of a reasonable expectation of privacy, the collection of the DRA information in this case did not constitute a "search" within the meaning of s. 8.
Per McLachlin C.J. and Fish J. (dissenting): This appeal raises core issues regarding the protection of privacy safeguarded by s. 8 of the Charter. When we subscribe for public services, we do not authorize the police to conscript the utilities concerned to enter our homes, physically or electronically, for the purpose of pursuing their criminal investigations without prior judicial authorization. Considering the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person would not accept that the type of information at issue, collected for the reasons and in the manner that it was, should be freely available to the state without prior authorization. G is presumed to have a subjective expectation of privacy within his home. The existence of an obscure regulation that the reasonable person is unlikely to understand does nothing to render G's subjective expectation objectively unreasonable. G had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the DRA data, the intrusion and transmittal of the information gleaned constituted a search and this search was not authorized by law.
A search occurs when state conduct interferes with an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy. Whether an expectation of privacy is reasonable depends on whether the individual concerned has (1) a subjective expectation of privacy in the subject matter of the alleged search, and (2) whether that subjective expectation is objectively reasonable. The test for subjective expectation of privacy is a low hurdle and individuals are presumed to have a subjective expectation of privacy regarding information about activities within the home. Thus, resolution of this issue turns on whether G's expectation of privacy was objectively reasonable. The factors relevant to determining an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy include the subject matter of the search, the place of the search, whether the privacy interest was abandoned or waived, the degree of intrusiveness, and, in some cases, the presence of a regulatory framework that would diminish any expectation of privacy. In our view, the resolution of this issue turns on the last two factors above: the degree of intrusiveness and the presence of a regulatory framework.
We begin with the issue of intrusiveness. While the DRA does not indicate the source of electrical consumption within the residence, it produces detailed information as to the amount of electricity being used in a home and when it is being used. In addition, DRAs are extremely accurate in disclosing the existence of plant growing operations within a house. The fruits of a search need not produce conclusive determinations about activities within a home in order to be considered informative and thus intrusive. The significance of the DRA data derives from its utility in making informed predictions concerning the probable activities taking place within a home. Predictions of this sort, while not conclusive, nonetheless convey useful private information to the police. Such evidence of criminal activity, or of a connection to criminality, has previously been considered by this Court to be very personal biographical information.
The constitutionality of a search does not hinge on whether there are even more intrusive search methods the police could have improperly used. It is unhelpful to compare a DRA search conducted without a warrant to a physical search conducted with a warrant. It is hardly apparent that the use of DRAs will reduce the total intrusion into a suspect's territorial privacy as the use of a DRA only serves as a substitute for a physical search of a suspect's home if the police could have obtained a warrant to search the home.
The remaining issue in determining whether a search occurred is whether the Regulation negates or reduces the objectively reasonable privacy interest the other factors suggest. A reasonable person would not have concluded that his or her expectation of privacy in activities inside the home was negated because of the Regulation. The average consumer signing up for electricity cannot be expected to be aware of the details of a complex regulatory scheme which permits the utility company to pass information on electricity usage to the police, especially when a presumption of awareness operates to, in effect, narrow the consumer's constitutional rights. In addition, if they were made aware of the Regulation — something that did not happen in this case — reasonable consumers would likely not read it as permitting the intrusion at issue. Finally, although the Regulation is not a criminal law, the provisions relied upon by the Crown are explicitly criminal rather than regulatory in purpose. We conclude that G had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the DRA data and that the intrusion and transmittal of the information gleaned thus constituted a search.
If a search is established, the court must then determine whether the search was reasonable. The search in this case was not reasonable. The warrantless use of the DRA was not shown to be reasonably necessary to the police activity, as the police unit in this case has demonstrated by virtue of its general policy of applying for warrants before attaching DRAs to transformers located on private property. Moreover, while the Regulation permits the disclosure of "customer information", it does not authorize the utility company to operate as an agent for the police for the purpose of spying on consumers. The DRA data that concerns us here was not pre-existing information in a utility company subscriber's file. Although the utility company might have chosen to collect this data on its customers on its own initiative and for its own purposes, it neither did so nor manifested any intention to do so in this case. Accordingly, it has not been demonstrated that the search was authorized by law and as such, G's rights under s. 8 of the Charter were infringed. We would affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal and dismiss the appeal against that judgment to this Court.


Breedendam yachts from Holland is known for its traditional looking sloops. Now the Dutch builder has decided to upgrade its MTB runabout range which so far features a 30 and 33 models, with the Four Zero project designed by famous architect Guido de Groot, and Flamme. The MTB Four Zero will be an open sport cruiser with classic looks, having characteristics also coming from the much appreciated World War Two torpedo boats; see pointed bow and wide beam. The interior of the MTB Four Zero will sleep four thanks to forward owners room, L-shaped convertible sofa, and a galley. Power will be from twin Volvo 435hp with IPS pod drives, and a top speed estimate of 37 knots.


From class discussion and a vocabulary game, students will match eight vocabulary terms: celebrity, charity, service, volunteer, hero, leader, role model, and philanthropy, to a correct definition.
Students will differentiate between "hero" and "celebrity" using a Venn diagram.
List of vocabulary terms and definitions (see Instructional Procedures).
Anticipatory Set:Ask students to name someone they consider a hero. Brainstorm a list and write on the board or overhead. Include all names given. Examples: fireman, policeman, mom, dad, as well as specific names such as Michael Jordan, Princess Diana, Mother Theresa, etc. (Students will generally name sports and entertainment figures).
Have students look carefully at the complete list, then together try to identify characteristics of a hero. Examples: courageous, unselfish, generous, caring, selfless, a volunteer, someone who goes above and beyond, stands for achievement, gives to society or the community.
A hero does things to help others.
A hero contributes to society in a positive way.
A hero doesn't always know anyone else knows what he or she does.
A hero doesn't usually receive money and may not receive status for the deed.
The work a hero performs often goes unnoticed.
A hero may or may not be recognized by the media.
A hero uses talents or abilities to impact others or society in a positive way.
A celebrity is highly visible-well known.
A celebrity is usually recognized for some form of talent, beauty, or material quality.
A celebrity is usually recognized for a performance.
A celebrity's image or recognition in the media may change.
Look at the list of named heroes/heroines, then using the list of traits you identified for "Hero" and "Celebrity." Place the names in the proper categories.
You may want to place names on individual index cards, pass them out to students, and have a student place his card in the proper category. Discuss why the name belongs in that category. Perhaps some names could be placed in both.
Introduce the following vocabulary words:celebrity - (noun)1. A highly visible person, usually recognized for some form of talent, beauty, or quality.charity - (noun)2. Tolerance or understanding in judging others. 3. The giving of money or other help to needy people. 4. A group or fund organized to help needy people.service - (noun)1. The act or work of helping others; aid.2. Work or employment for someone else.3. Benefit or use - work that helps other people.volunteer - (noun)1. Someone who does a job or gives services freely and usually without pay.2. (verb) to give or offer usually without being asked.hero - (noun)1. Any person admired for great courage, nobility, qualities, or achievements and regarded as an ideal or model.leader - (noun)1. A person that shows the way or directs others.2. To guide or direct by influence to do something.3. To be at the first or head of.role-model - (noun)1. A person who is usually successful or inspiring in some social role, job, position, and so serves as a model for others.philanthropy - (noun)1. Private action for the public or common good.
Practice using vocabulary terms in sentences. This activity may be written, or place each vocabulary term on an index card.
Assign small groups (3-4); pass out index cards, asking each group to work cooperatively to come up with a sentence for each word on their index cards.
Groups share sentences. The class identifies the correct vocabulary term from the sentence.
Students fill out a Venn Diagram, comparing the word "celebrity" with the word "hero," identifying at least three traits for each word. "Heroes and Celebrities Vocabulary Quiz" (see Attachment One).