text:
A week after 4 University of Idaho students were killed, there are mounting questions in the investigation and few answers
Nov 20, 2022, 12:00 PM
Investigators have released a map depicting the movements of four University of Idaho students the night they were murdered. The map indicates the group spent most of the night separated - Ethan Chapin and Xana Kernodle attended a party at Chapin's Sigma Chi fraternity house from 8pm to 9pm local time Saturday night. Kaylee Goncalves and Madison Mogen were at a sports bar called Corner Club between 10pm and 1:30am local time. They picked up food at the Grub Wandering Kitchen food truck at 1:40am, and then headed home. The map indicates all four victims were back at the house by 1:45am Sunday morning. (Photo courtesy of Moscow Police Department)
(Photo courtesy of Moscow Police Department)
BY TRAVIS CALDWELL, CNN
(CNN) — With the investigation into the killings of four University of Idaho students in the town of Moscow now entering its second week, authorities say efforts to find the culprit in the attack are ongoing.
"We're trying to expedite everything that might possibly lead to a suspect," Latah County prosecutor Bill Thompson said Saturday.
The four students killed — Ethan Chapin, 20; Kaylee Goncalves, 21; Xana Kernodle, 20; and Madison Mogen, 21 — were discovered by police last Sunday in an off-campus home. The victims were stabbed to death, according to a county coroner, and the weapon used has yet to be found.
Thompson was one of several officials who spent about two hours at the crime scene Saturday as a part of the active investigation.
"I wish we had more answers, and they're still asking questions," Thompson said.
With a town and campus community increasingly concerned over the homicides and lack of answers in the case, many students have left Moscow ahead of the fall break. Police clarified last week they were unable to determine if the public was at greater risk.
"We cannot say there's no threat to the community and as we have stated, please stay vigilant, report any suspicious activity and be aware of your surroundings at all times," Moscow Police Chief James Fry said Wednesday.
Many professors canceled classes last week, including Zachary Turpin, who wrote on social media he "can't in good conscience hold class" until police release more information or identify a suspect in the murders.
The Moscow Police Department is leading the investigation with assistance from the FBI as well as state and local law enforcement agencies. In a Friday night statement, Moscow police said investigators had completed 38 interviews with people "who may have information about the murders."
Local businesses have been contacted by detectives "to determine if a fixed-blade knife had been recently purchased," Moscow police said. Three dumpsters located on a street near the home were also retrieved to search for potential evidence, according to the statement.
An email tip line was provided for those in the area to help with any information. Detectives were working on processing nearly 500 tips received as of Friday late afternoon, police added.
Police working to fill in timeline
Investigators this week have started to build a timeline of events regarding the students and their last known whereabouts before the fatal attack.
Chapin and Kernodle attended a party at the Sigma Chi fraternity house from 8 p.m. to 9 p.m. Saturday.
Goncalves and Mogen were at a local sports bar between 10 p.m. and 1:30 a.m. The pair was then seen ordering from a nearby food truck, according to a live Twitch stream from the truck.
As they waited for about 10 minutes for their food, they chatted with each other as well as other people standing by the truck. The man who manages the truck told CNN the pair did not seem to be in distress or in danger in any way.
Goncalves and Mogen used a "private party" for a ride, arriving home at 1:45 a.m., police said in their update. All four victims were back at the house by about 1:45 a.m. Sunday. Investigators do not believe the driver was involved in the deaths, police said Saturday.
From there, authorities are working to determine how and when the attack transpired.
According to Moscow police, it was not until just before noon Sunday when a 911 call was received about an "unconscious individual," and responding officers found the four students killed. Police have said there were no signs of forced entry when officers arrived.
One of the doors used to access the home has a keypad lock which requires a code to gain entry, according to Jeffrey Kernodle, Xana Kernodle's father.
Goncalves' sister, Alivea Goncalves, said the residence was known to be a "party house," thus some previous visitors may have had access.
"So I won't say they were very private with that code," Goncalves told ABC World News Tonight.
The house also has a sliding door, which could have been used to gain entry, Jeffrey Kernodle told CNN affiliate KPHO/KTVK.
The 911 call came from a phone belonging to one of the two surviving roommates, police said Saturday.
The two were at the home during the attack and were not injured. Moscow police "do not believe" the two were involved in the crime, the department said Friday.
The students were "likely asleep" before being attacked, Moscow police said Friday, citing the Latah County coroner. Some of the four had defensive wounds — though it is not specified how many victims did — and there were no signs of sexual assault, according to the police update.
Earlier this week, Jeffrey Kernodle told KPHO/KTVK his daughter fought off her attacker through the very end, saying the autopsy report showed, "Bruises, torn by the knife. She's a tough kid."
Alivea Goncalves told the New York Times there were seven unanswered calls made from her sister's phone to her former boyfriend between 2:26 a.m. and 2:52 a.m., based on information from phone logs Alivea Goncalves was able to download from her sister's phone provider.
She told the New York Times the frequency of the calls was not unusual, and her sister would often call people repeatedly until they answered the phone.
CNN has made numerous attempts to contact Alivea Goncalves. The boyfriend's mother told CNN on Saturday she had no comment out of respect for the wishes of the Goncalves family.
Vigil will be held next week
The university announced a candlelight vigil will be held in remembrance of the four students killed.
The vigil will take place on campus on November 30, according to the university Friday, and those who are not able to attend in person are invited to also take part in the ceremony.
"Please join us from where you are, individually or as a group, to help us light up Idaho. Light a candle, turn on stadium lights, or hold a moment of silence with us as we unite on campus," the university said. The vigil would be held after the Thanksgiving break to give more people the opportunity to attend.
University of Idaho President Scott Green sent a memo on Thursday encouraging students to follow their best course of action as the university community processes the homicides.
"We need to remain flexible this week and grant our students and colleagues room to process these unprecedented events in their own way," Green said. "Students, you are encouraged to do what is right for you. Whether this is going home early or staying in class, you have our support."
Amir Vera, Michelle Watson and Paul LeBlanc, CNN
1 dead, at least 19 injured after car drives through Massachusetts Apple store
Authorities in Massachusetts say one person was killed nearly 20 others were injured Monday after a vehicle drove through an Apple store.
Elizabeth Wolfe, Holly Yan and Amanda Watts, CNN
Police have identified the 5 people killed in Colorado Springs LGBTQ club shooting
(CNN) — [Breaking news update, published at 5:55 p.m. ET] Police have identified the deceased victims of the Colorado Springs shooting as Raymond Green Vance, Ashley Paugh, Kelly Loving, Daniel Aston and Derrick Rump. A news conference about the shooting is ongoing. Related: The Beehive State reacts to Colorado LGBTQ+ nightclub shooting [Previous story, published […]
Mass shooting at a Colorado Springs LGBTQ club leaves 5 dead and destroys a coveted sense of safety
The shooting an at LGBTQ+ club in Colorado Springs destroyed a building sense of safety in communities around the world.
Vanessa Yurkevich, CNN Business
Thanksgiving dinner will cost 20% more this year because of inflation
A feast for 10 with 12 menu items including a turkey, stuffing, cranberries, and pumpkin pie mix will cost $64.05 on average — up $10.74 from last year. That breaks down to about $6.50 per person, according to the annual survey.
Jen Christensen and Nadia Kounang, CNN
Parents welcome twins from embryos frozen 30 years ago
The embryos were created for an anonymous married couple using in-vitro fertilization. The husband was in his early 50s, and they used a 34-year-old egg donor.
By MICHAEL KUNZELMAN Associated Press
Man gets jail for joining Capitol riot after Tinder date
A Delaware man owner has been sentenced to 30 days of incarceration for storming the U.S. Capitol after seeing it on a Tinder date's television and taking an Uber ride to join the mob's attack, court records show.


text:
Airtel Lanka powers Western Province Schools Rugby Football Tournament
Tuesday, 7 August 2012 00:24 - - {{hitsCtrl.values.hits}}
Bharti Airtel a leading global telecommunications company with operations in 20 countries across Asia and Africa, today announced, today announced its association with the Western Province Schools Rugby Football Association along with the sponsorship of its annual tournament.
The tournament kicked off on 28 July with the Under-18, ten-a-side tournament, followed by the Under-14 10-a-side tournament which gets underway on 7 August and then the Under-16, 12-a-side tournament which happens on 18 and 19 August. All matches will be played at the Royal College Sports Complex from 8.00 a.m. onwards.
Speaking about the sponsorship Sri Lanka, Bharti Airtel CEO Suren Goonewardene said, "We have already established a dominant position as a leading supporter of school's rugby and are very pleased to have extended that even further by partnering with the Western Province School's Rugby Football Association to sponsor this prestigious tournament. We strongly believe in supporting school's rugby as it creates a large pool of talented players who we believe can put Sri Lanka firmly on the international rugby map."
"This tournament is a stepping stone for aspiring school rugby players who showcase their talents to move onto the next stage in their rugby career. We are very happy and proud to have Airtel Lanka as our sponsor for this year's tournament, which we hope to take to even greater heights this time," stated President of the Western Province Schools Rugby Football Association W. Sarathchandra De Silva.
Of the 30 school's that play rugby in Sri Lanka, 22 are from the Western Province, while six hail from the Kandy District and the other two from the Kurunegala District. This tournament which was initiated in 1998 sees the active participation of all 22 schools from the Western Province. In the 'A' category 16 leading schools participate while six schools participate in the 'B' category.
Airtel Lanka recently made its foray into the field of sports sponsorships through its associations with Rugby and Tennis. The company thus far has been involved in the development of schools rugby, as evidenced by its sponsorship of S. Thomas', St. Peter's and Kingswood College's Rugby teams as well as the Sri Lanka Navy Rugby team. While Airtel Lanka continues to be involved beyond just a mere investment with all its sports sponsorships stakeholders, it is committed to developing local talent to international standards, thus fostering school sports to new heights.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are delighted with the photos! Thank you very much indeed. Its going to be hard to choose. Excellent service and presentation. I enjoy the pictures every day on my screensaver!
Catherine and Tony chose the lovely Basildon Park for their marriage ceremony. Basildon Park near Pangbourne and Reading Berkshire is an 18th century Palladian country house set in extensive grounds and as might be expected has featured in period movies such as Pride and Prejudice. The National Trust has very extensive stonework renovations to the exterior in progress and that is why you won't see many photos of the outside of the building in these galleries. It'll be great when its finished as they say!
The Newbury registrars allowed professional photography during the ceremony. The onerous restrictions they once had are now a distant memory.
After the wedding we made the short journey to Pangbourne for a spectacular wedding breakfast in the marquee of a private house. The caterers did us proud!
The weather was kind to us and although we haven't had the "barbeque summer" we were promised by the weathermen this Summer seems to have shaped up well for weddings.


We love Laia Garcia's terrifically infectious fervor for Helena Wurzel's work. Who better to introduce our newest edition, Lena Dunham Upside Down? Take it away Laia!
I am not Helena Wurzel.
This is an obvious fact to me and also to you all now that I've let you know. But no other artist's work has ever felt like such an accurate representation of me, of the way I spend my days and my nights. Helena's paintings are an idealized version of my reality, simply because her art is a more beautiful version of real life. I purchased Searching first—a woman on the floor, magazines, DVD's and books strewn about. I have been this person many times, especially because for the longest time I lived in an apartment with no furniture. It is comfortable to sit on the floor and have little piles of things you are working on. It may seem like a mess but everything is in its right place.
And thus began my love affair with Helena Wurzel, who is not me. Time was the next purchase. Again I wondered, does she have a secret camera into my life? Laying on the bed, a computer and a cat occupying the space often reserved for a significant other. Do I Look Expensive? was my third purchase, featuring the back of a woman looking at a painting of a woman, but what Helena captures is that way we like to stand in front of art we love, art we admire, art we are clearly gaining so much more from. It is a pose for ourselves and a pose for those around us. "I get this and you can tell by my pose that I get this." I used to ask my ex-boyfriend "do I look expensive?" and he always said yes, of course.
And now Helena's newest edition, Lena Dunham Upside Down, features a woman in a bikini, the Vogue issue with Lena Dunham on the cover resting on her face as she naps. (I imagine that she naps because that's what I would do, and although I am not Helena Wurzel, something tells me our thoughts are connected in some kind of way.) During the summer, my number one goal was to go to the beach as often as possible, a feat that requires a bit of dedication when one lives in New York and does not own a car. I made it to the Rockaways, or Riis beach, and even Cape Cod, almost every other weekend. This summer, Lena Dunham became my boss. Does Helena make art only for me? Only to commemorate my milestones? Probably not. I know she doesn't. I know other women look at her work and feel the same way that I do. The way she captures our alone behaviors, the things we look at, our butts in bikinis, our reflections in glass, our poolside solitudes where we just sit down and tune out the world, sleeping with our cats, working in our rooms surrounded by all the things that make us, us.
I am not Helena Wurzel, and I don't need to be, because her art is already all of us.


Another Ken Hensley's 'contract' project in which he was involved as a songwriter and lyricist, as well as a vocalist, guitarist and keyboard player. Ken was not credited as songwriter (B. Albes was credited instead). The album was recorded in March 1971 at Windrose-Dumont Time Studio and released same year by Philips.
For fans interested in Ken Hensley's early works this album demonstrates another phase of Ken's development as a musician and songwriter. Prior to the reissue on the CD, "Weed" was one of the rarest albums included in the Hensley's discography, and the price of the vinyl version, as remembered by collectors, was at that time incredibly high.


text:
Peter Gets Boat Stuck En Route To Floating Village In Cambodia
Not far to the South of Siem Reap is Tonle Sap Lake. Being of comparable size to the great lakes in the U.S., this lake is the biggest lake in Southeast Asia. Sitting at one of the Northern most points of this lake is one of the floating villages. This is an actual small town that is floating a few hundred meters off shore. Its population is mostly fishermen, but it also has all of the normal small-town trappings like a supermarket, restaurants, even a pagoda, all floating out there in the lake. To get to this village we had to hire a boat. There is a place that rents boats to travelers (each with a Cambodian English speaker on board with you). It is a pretty solid ride outside of Siem Reap, so that will be an expensive cab ride. We took a car that was provided to us by our hotel for the day, so the price we paid won't be very helpful here. A ticket to get on this boat and go out to the village is 20 USD, a very high price for this part of the world.
The road out to this jumping-off point goes out through the boonies of Siem Reap and into Cambodian farmland. On one of side of the road are rice fields and on this other side is a field of lotus blossoms. Eating the lotus flower as food is popular here, and the fields were very picturesque. In the fields skinny white cows grazed and big white birds flew back and forth from perch to perch.
Once we were on our boat we set off down a shallow muddy river. At one point we had considered traveling to Phnom Penh by boat but we had been warned that the water in the river would be too low to make it all the way down river. We were unsure of how legitimate a concern this was, but going down this river, it was immediately apparent that we had made the right choice in buying a plane ticket instead.
The mud banks of the river that rose up on either side of us looked like a construction site after a heavy rain. The water was very low. Houses that were intended to float sat crooked on the riverbanks like beached whales. I sat on the bow of the boat snapping pictures as we went.
The water was so low that the river was much more narrow than normal. If our boat strayed too far from the center of the river we were in danger of getting stuck. The problem was that there was boat traffic going in both directions. So boats heading in opposite directions would need to play a game of 'chicken' to stay in the middle of the river and keep themselves from running aground. Our boat would motor straight towards another boat until at the last moment, through some sort of telepathic link between the boat captains, the boats would swerve around each other in opposite directions at the last moment. This is not to say that we never got stuck though. We did, multiple times. One of them was apparently my fault. My fat ass on the bow was pushing the front of the boat down into the mud so I had to walk to the back of the boat in order for us to escape our muddy entrapment. Our guide dislodged the boat with a long bamboo shoot pressed into the mucky river bottom.
We also got stuck a few times because of trash stuck in our engine. Each time, we had to stop for a few minutes so that it could be fished out. It was a pretty disgusting stretch of river, but all the same, local fisherman, who ranged from 14-year-old girls to old men, tromped through the muddy water carrying nets.
Eventually, we made our way out of this narrow, muddy stretch of river onto the lake. The lake was big. Looking out into the distance was like looking out to sea... if the sea was mud brown. The point is that there was nothing on the horizon. But here, nestled close to shore, was a whole village's worth of floating shacks. It was much bigger than I had expected and certainly bigger than the floating village I had seen in Ha Long Bay. Boats motored back and forth, some captained by young boys, to conduct the daily business of the village. Behind every boat was a black cloud of smoke in the air and a dark, oily trail of residue in the water. We often had to stop to pull pieces of trash and debris from our engine.
The water was too low for us to go down the "streets" of the village… and by 'streets' I mean the open stretches of water between the rows of floating shacks, but we did take a lap. The village had everything you'd expect – including a floating "general store" that my nerd brain automatically linked to Beedle's Shop – the boat store in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker.
One of the most interesting things we saw there though was a Vietnamese orphanage. Apparently there were a number of Vietnamese immigrants living in this village (although I don't exactly understand why) and among them were a large number of orphan children. The orphanage looked like a floating school with big Vietnamese text on the side. Children played on the outside of the school-boat just as the do in any school that I teach at.
We were asked if we wanted to give them a donation of food. This would require us to go to a store 'in town' and buy it, and then sail back to the orphanage to give it to them. The question was asked in a way that gave a pretty strong guilt trip but we had to say no because 1) we had a flight to catch and 2) nonprofits working with children in Cambodia strongly advise against turning things like orphanages into objects of tourism. The best thing to do to help children like this is support organizations who work for/with them. Some of the proceeds of the outrageously priced boat tickets we had just purchased were supposed to go to the local community anyway. Also I didn't appreciate the guilt trip.
We eventually had to turn back and head in. We made our way back to the mouth of the river, and played 'chicken' all the way back to the docks, getting stuck multiple times again. Upon our return to shore our crew asked us for tips. Tipping is not customary here. We were starting to feel confused about where exactly all that money we had paid for our ticket was going but we tipped them anyway. One of them was (supposedly) about to have a baby. Now I see why he told us that.
We hiked back up the steep river bank and made our way through the dusty roads back into Siem Reap. Our next stop will be the capital, Phnom Penh.
Artist | Playlist
Peter was born & raised in Columbus, Ohio, and started this blog when he moved from Boston to Hanoi (Vietnam) in 2014. When he's not traveling or drinking coffee in front of his computer, you can find him somewhere in Nashville, out to eat or at a show.
See All Articles From Cambodia
Stay up-to-date with Peter's Big Adventure! Get an email every time a new article is published.
(Obviously I won't do anything sketchy with your email address)
Bang! You did it.
You should get an email in the next couple of minutes where you'll need to confirm your subscription.
If you don't get anything, then shoot me an email at petersbigadventureblog@gmail.com and I'll take care of it.
tagged with Boat, Budget Travel, Cambodia, Cheap Travel, Developing, Floating Villages, Poverty, Siem Reap, Tonle, Tonle Sap, Travel, Village


Every year, community rehabilitation programs like Tasks Unlimited face legislation that jeopardizes our ability to help people with serious and persistent mental illness. Be a voice for those who struggle with these diseases and the many stigmas associated. Email, write, call or visit your state representatives and tell them that funding mental health services needs to be a priority even in tight budget situations.
"The Tasks Unlimited goal of helping people with severe and persistent mental illness to live, work and achieve is simply not reachable without the generous backing of our supporters."


This is an age of putting up appearances and make-believe. These are the times where one has to jockey for fame and awards.
But here is a man who has done so much for the Mangalorean society. He kicked a lucrative career abroad with bright prospects of becoming a scientist of international calibre and came back to his roots.
When many of our people hankered after opportunities to settle abroad and thereafter disowned their own roots, with a few of them even refusing to be called Mangaloreans, he came back to his home town to take up a thankless job – entailing a heavy fortune – of studying the family roots of the community. All without any grants or sponsorship. By bleeding his own hard-earned funds in the process. More than all, without expecting any rewards or awards.
Yet, alas, there is hardly any recognition worth the mention. Nor any acknowledgement from official quarters or from ecclesiastical higher-ups. Those who curry favour with the powers-that-be and lobby at the right places often get recognition, thus leaving the deserving ones frustrated.
But this gentleman is unruffled and unaffected by the apathy and cold shoulder shown by the society. All the same, he just goes on with his research and writing work.
Dr Michael Lobo, over the past one-and-a-half decade, has undertaken a very comprehensive study of the history of the Mangalorean Catholic community and the genealogy of its families. Three of his books in this area have already been published – all offshoots of his major work entitled A Genealogical Encyclopaedia of Mangalorean Catholic Families, which is already in excess of 6000 pages.
Michael Lobo was born in Mangalore on September 12, 1953 at the ancestral home of the Bijai branch of the Lobo Prabhu family. He is the great-great grandson of Lawrence Lobo Prabhu (1805-83), a distinguished jurist of his time, and the donor of the site of St Aloysius College.
His father, Camillo Lobo (1907-71), was an engineering graduate of Imperial College, London, who later joined the British-Indian army, and served with distinction in Egypt and Italy during World War II.
Michael's mother, Maisie nee Fernandes (1919-94), belonged to the Tonse Fernandes Prabhu family, who migrated from Divarde, Goa, to Kallianpur, in 1740. Her father, Stephen Fernandes (1885-1957), retired as City Magistrate, Poona, and her brother, Praxy Fernandes (1926-2001), attained distinction, as Finance Secretary, Government of India.
Michael Lobo matriculated from Montfort Boys High School, Yercaud, Tamil Nadu, graduated from St Aloysius College, Mangalore, and went on for post-graduate studies in mathematics. As a student, he was a keen chess player and, in 1975, qualified for the National A (India's top 20). He also dabbled in mountaineering, and underwent a course at the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling, passing with distinction.
However, Michael gave up both mountaineering and chess, in favour of an academic career. He joined the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, for research studies in Transonic Aerodynamics, the mathematical design of bodies, notably aircraft wings, moving at velocities close to the speed of sound.
He published five papers on this subject, two of which appeared in the proceedings of the Royal Society, London. The Royal Society is the world's oldest and most prestigious scientific body.
Michael was formally awarded the Ph.D. degree in 1982, his doctoral thesis earning him the "Young Scientist Award" of the Indian National Science Academy in 1983.
In 1984, Michael obtained a Commonwealth Scholarship to the Cranfield Institute of Technology, England, and was subsequently absorbed in the Faculty of this institute, being employed there until 1993. During this period, he was engaged in contract research for a consortium of British Industry, including Rolls Royce and British Aerospace.
Michael also supervised a number of Ph.D. students from various countries such as Bangladesh, Brazil, Greece, Taiwan, Venezuela, and of course Britain itself. Finally, he authored a few technical works in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), notably Time Marching – A Step-by-step Guide to a Flow Solver, published by Ashgate Press, who specialize in the publication of scientific books in the United Kingdom.
What made you come back to Mangalore, while most of our compatriots grab the earliest available opportunity to migrate once they are on foreign soil?
In 1993, various personal crises forced me to make a permanent return to my home town. And thus began the second phase of my professional career – as a writer.
Is there anything you cherish as an achievement in England?
In my opinion, my greatest achievement, during the years I spent in England, was to trace an English family, with whom my late father had stayed, as an engineering student in the late 1920s and early 1930s: Mr and Mrs Drake had passed away, but Barbara and Pat, despite being very young at the time, still remembered him very well. They were thrilled to re-establish contact with the Lobo family after a gap of 60 years – and made a trip to India in 1990 to meet my mother Maisie.
How did you discover yourself as a writer, while essentially you have been a scientist and a researcher?
I have always possessed an inclination for writing books. While on the staff of Cranfield, I compiled, during my spare time, a 1000-page dictionary of English words deriving from Classical Greek. Samples of this work drew appreciative comments from various publishers, notably Oxford University Press, but the general impression was that the demand for the book would not suffice to meet the cost of publication. Some of my Greek students and colleagues at Cranfield assured me of help in the shape of sponsorship from a Greek shipping magnate, but, as yet, this work remains unpublished.
During my final years at Cranfield (1992-93), I also worked on a book of origins of popular songs dating from the rock'n'roll era, back to the 19th century and even earlier. Like the aforementioned dictionary, this work is also of near encyclopaedic size. It is being released on December 26, 2011.
Since 1994, with the exception of a single year (1996) in which I returned to Cranfield and also spent some months at an institute in Mexico, I have been based at Mangalore, my ancestral home, and have involved, on a full-time basis, on a research project on the history and genealogy of the Catholic community of this area. The project has taken shape as : A Genealogical Encyclopaedia of Mangalorean Catholic Families.
Can you elaborate on its nature and contents?
This Genealogical Encyclopaedia – currently in excess of 6000 pages and still growing – is probably the only work of its kind in existence! It covers over a thousand families, each of which is researched as far back as its ancestry can be traced. In general, families of Mangalore proper can be traced back 200 years, beyond which authentication from church records is unavailable. The encyclopaedia is replete with cross-references, enabling any person featuring in the work to trace ancestry and relationships in all directions.
What is so special about this encyclopaedia?
There are a large number of genealogical works published in Britain and the USA, but virtually all relate to specific families, enabling descendants to pursue ancestry in one direction only. The Mangalorean Catholic community probably has the distinction of being the only community in the world to possess its own genealogical encyclopaedia.
What about the three books already published by you?
Although the major work is still unfinished, three offshoots have thus far been launched.
Previous ArticlesWhat's Cooking In The Kitchen: Peace or Conflict?


text:
Alma's Not Normal
The Queen Mother's Blitz
The Steph Show
Alma's Not Normal follows Boltonian wild-child, Alma Nuthall and her family of eccentric, unruly women.
After a recent break-up, Alma tries to get her life back on track. But with no job, no qualifications and a rebellious streak a mile wide, it's not going to be easy. Meanwhile her mum, who is battling a heroin addiction, has been sectioned for arson and her vampish Grandma Joan wants nothing to do with it.
Alma's Not Normal offers a bitingly funny and unflinching take on class, sexuality, mental health and substance abuse. It celebrates women dealing with the hands they've been dealt while doggedly pursing their dreams.
Tuesday 7th April, 10pm
cecile@plankpr.com
Joe Lycett, the man responsible for making complaining funny, returns for a supersized new series of Joe Lycett's Got Your Back. As Britain's customer service hero, Joe vows to continue to fight the good fight on behalf of the British public and tackles viewers' consumer problems, no matter how big or small. Joe scores victories for consumers everywhere as he takes on rubbish council bin collections, settles scores against scammers, deals a blow to dodgy delivery companies and takes up the fight against corporate giants. In the first episode of the new series, and with the help of celebrity guest Katherine Ryan, fearless assistant Mark Silcox and some daring investigations, we see the full story behind Joe's infamous name change to Hugo Boss in support of consumer justice. Plus, fast fashion's filthiest secrets are unwrapped.
Friday 10th April, 8pm
As Britain was battered and bombarded during the blitz, the then Queen Elizabeth was a beacon of hope for millions. This programme looks at her inspirational efforts to improve the morale of the British people during the Second World War. With air raids a constant threat, her insistence that the Royal family remain in London was a reassuring move for the public and this documentary examines how her personality and determination made a remarkable difference to the war effort.
On September 13, 1940 the then Queen heard the unmistakeable sound of a German plane and the screech of a bomb landing on Buckingham Palace... hours later she and the King were out in London's East End in an act which earned her huge affection.
Featuring rare archive footage and exclusive interviews, this revealing documentary paints a portrait of a unique woman.
Saturday 4th April, 9pm
Steph McGovern presents the brand-new daily programme, The Steph Show, broadcast live from Steph's living room in Yorkshire, as she celebrates the everyday heroes who are keeping the nation moving in these uncertain times. The Steph Show includes the daily lunchtime Channel 4 News bulletin and features the latest information, advice and ideas to help us navigate our way through these unique times we are living in. Plus, there's a mix of entertainment, lifestyle and a variety of guests beamed live into Steph's living room.
Monday 6th April, 12pm
Wednesday 8th April, 12pm
Thursday 9th April, 12pm
Friday 10th April,12pm
The Mash Report
We're very pleased that it's going to be possible to put The Mash Report back on BBC Two at a time when people need laughter and topical insight more than ever.
Reflecting what everyone else is going through at the moment, the show will be self-isolating, with the whole cast filming themselves at home.
Nish Kumar will be virtually joined by our quarantined correspondents including Rachel Parris, Geoff Norcott, Ellie Taylor, Steve N Allen, Catherine Bohart, Desiree Burch, and Ahir Shah.
So if you don't like jokes and analysis, you will at least get to see inside the houses of some very minor celebrities.
Friday 10th April, 10pm
Over three hundred patients are expected over the next twenty-four hours at Barnsley Casualty and beds are already in short supply. Sister Benita Wainwright is managing the team, 'demand is growing and growing, but I would say nurses routinely go above and beyond their roles to make sure our patients are looked after.'
Paramedics bring in 59-year-old Wendy with a critical heart condition and there's a complication, she has kidney failure and needs dialysis three times a week. Junior Doctor Patrick King gets ready for her arrival in resus. 'The resus area is the glitz and glamour of A & E. It's the high stakes, high risk, most challenging patients you can deal with.'
A workman is rushed into Casualty following a building site accident when the roof he was working on collapsed. He's rapidly assessed for fractures and internal injuries but the scan reveals something very unexpected.
Also in resus is Junior Doctor Dean Maart treating 65 year old Alan, who has a serious head wound following an epileptic fit. Alan's sisters rush to be by his bedside to await the results of a CT scan needed to check for internal bleeding.
The next red phone call for the Casualty team is 12 year-old Clark who's brought in by ambulance after being attacked by a dog. Registrar Doctor Dan Bewick treats him, 'I've got a toddler at home, so I think I possibly sympathise a bit more with parents than I did before.'
And Volunteer Jane is back on her rounds offering tea and sympathy, 'the most important trolley in this department is the tea trolley…I like to think we give patients more than just a hot drink. Sometimes just a bit of plain simple banter can make all the difference.'
Wednesday 8th April, 9pm
Around The World By Train With Tony Robinson
Tony is on a mission to understand the shared history and culture of Mexico and the USA. Going beyond the tourist trail he meets locals as he travels who bring the whole story to life for him. From deep in the Mexican desert to the star-studded city of LA, Tony is using the railways to explore this fascinating part of the Americas.
He begins by riding the El Chepe train from the west coast of Mexico through to the spectacular Copper Canyon – a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. There he meets people who have lived in the canyon for generations.
Tony jumps back on Mexico's only passenger line to head towards the USA and along the way stops in the city of Chihuahua, where he learns about how it has become prosperous and discovers a traditional local drink, Sotol - Northern Mexico's Tequila. He has fun in a small distillery tasting the more exotic variants, including a version made with marijuana.
Next, Tony finds himself in a city that was once infamous as the murder capital of the world thanks to drug Cartels, Juarez. He gets a much more peaceful reception though as he joins a huge group of Mexican yoga enthusiasts for a sunrise yoga session in the shadow of the Mexico/US border wall.
After he crosses the border into neighbouring US city of El Paso, Tony meets a fellow train enthusiast who's trying to revive historic street cars in the hope that they will one day run back and forth between Mexico and the US. Donning a hood, cape and mask to join the local Lucha Libre wrestling club, he quickly learns the secrets of throwing men half his age around the ring.
The final leg of his journey races Tony through California to Los Angeles' spectacular Union Station. After some local hipster street food, he heads across town to South LA where he discovers the baffling world of Hip Hop Clowning.
A wealthy couple and a teenage girl make a pact that will change all of their lives forever, in a new five-part drama from Bafta and RTS Award-winning writer Nicole Taylor and Studio Lambert.
Dan (Compston) and Emily (Rundle) are crazy about each other. They live in a huge house in a beautiful location just outside Glasgow and want for nothing. All that's missing is a baby - and they've been trying for years.
Through a chance encounter they meet Kaya (Mack), an 18 year-old from the other side of the city, whose life is as precarious at theirs is comfortable. When Kaya agrees to carry their baby, it feels like they were meant to meet - but was it really by chance?
Who is Kaya and what has brought her to this couple? Can the dreams of Kaya, Emily and Dan be fulfilled, or have all three embarked on a relationship of mutually assured destruction?
Martin Compston (Line Of Duty, Mary Queen Of Scots) and Sophie Rundle (Peaky Blinders, Gentleman Jack) lead the cast in Studio Lambert's emotional thriller for BBC One The Nest, along with Mirren Mack in her television debut.
Also starring is Shirley Henderson (Stan And Ollie, Happy Valley), Katie Leung (Strangers, Chimerica), David Hayman (Hatton Garden, Fisherman's Friends), Fiona Bell (Shetland, Acceptable Risk), James Harkness (The Victim, Wild Rose), Bailey Patrick (London Kills, Good Omens), Kate Dickie (Game Of Thrones, The Witch), Paul Brannigan (The Angels' Share, Under The Skin) and Samuel Small (So Awkward, Game Of Thrones), Liz Ewing (Gentleman's Relish, Taggart) and Christine Bottomley (End Of The F**king World, Back To Life).
The Nest is an emotional thriller about love and money, and the price of being able to buy whatever you want.
Sunday 5th April, 9pm
Race Across The World
The four teams have reached the half-way mark in the 25,000 km race to Ushuaia and with only 8 ½ hours between them - the race is on. To reach the next checkpoint - Cafayate in Argentina - teams must choose to travel through either Bolivia or Chile. But an unstable political climate in both countries puts everyone's journeys at risk. And with half the race still to complete, emotions are pushed to breaking point.
First to leave the checkpoint, mother and son Jo and Sam. Jo is feeling the pressure of maintaining their budget and staying ahead in the race, but Sam wants to relax and enjoy themselves more. An unforeseen delay in La Paz gives Sam the opportunity to take control for the day. The duo decide to break up their long journeys with regular stop offs– including the spectacular Bolivian salt flats and staying with an Argentinian farming family, where Sam is prompted to reflect on his close relationship with his late grandfather.
Jen and Rob begin the leg in high spirits – they've started enjoying themselves and are communicating better. But the pressure of getting through Bolivia before a general election shuts the country down, boils over into an explosive clash for the couple as they argue over their decision making. Things improve once they reach Salta in Argentina as the couple finally let their hair down at a 'peñas', a local music and dance venue.
A renewed sense of closeness between Emon and Jamiul prompts Jamiul to ask his uncle more about why it was he left the family. After Emon opens up, their relationship goes from strength to strength and they need to draw on that as they face the arduous job of harvesting salt at an Argentinian salt mine in a bid to boost their budget before racing to the checkpoint.
Last to leave the checkpoint, brother and sister Dom and Lizzie's race is put on hold when Dom has a health scare and their ability to continue is brought into question.
Nothing about this leg is straightforward, with emotions running high, budgets running low and relationships severely tested.
MasterChef continues with its 16th series, and 60 amateur cooks have been whittled down to the most promising nine. All of them have just one goal: to lift the coveted MasterChef trophy.
Tonight, the MasterChef Semi Finals begin with a spectacular challenge, as the contestants head to the Royal Navy base in Portsmouth. Aboard HMS Diamond, one of the most advanced warships in the world, the Semi Finalists will have to cook a meal for the ship's annual Trafalgar Night celebration dinner
Split in to three teams of three, they face the enormous challenge of mass catering - but at fine dining level - from the ship's galley. Each team will have to recreate a dish from a menu designed by the chef on-board for a three-course menu to feed 120 of the ship's company.
With just four hours to deliver, organisation and teamwork are essential for success. It's vital the three teams perform at their absolute best and produce a dinner worthy of the occasion.
Then the nine contestants return to the MasterChef kitchen, where they are once again working as individuals. From a selection of either John or Gregg's favourite ingredients the contestants must each create a stunning dish to hold on to their hard-fought place in the competition.
With two more contestants going home, the battle is on to stay and take another step towards being crowned MasterChef Champion 2020.
The MasterChef Semi Finals continue. Sixty amateur cooks have been whittled down and now only the most promising seven remain in the competition, all fighting for a place in The Finals.
Tonight, the contestants are surprised by a very special guest. Joining them in the MasterChef kitchen is one of the country's best chefs - Tom Kitchin.
Their job is to recreate one of his complex and delicious signature recipes. Some have to battle with unusual ingredients that they have never cooked with before, whilst others must turn their hand to new techniques.
Then it gets personal as the Semi Finalists' places in the competition rests on a dish inspired by someone they love or admire. They need to show that they have the heart and determination to get through. For the two cooks who don't make the grade, their MasterChef journey will be over.
Time for the last challenge of the Semi Finals and it's do or die for the best five amateurs as they cook-off to win a coveted place in the prestigious MasterChef Finals.
They must each cook an outstanding dish to win-over four of the country's most feared restaurant critics – Grace Dent, William Sitwell, Jay Rayner and Jimi Famurewa. Serving food to these masters of the dining room is a daunting task for the most adept chef, and these talented home cooks now have to put their skills and palates on the line. Any mistake could cost them the competition, so with the pressure firmly on, it is a tense and thrilling battle.
At the end, judges John Torode and Gregg Wallace face a difficult decision – who to take through to The Finals of MasterChef next week?
Monday 6th April, 9pm
Thursday 9th April, 7:30pm
Secrets of Your Supermarket Food
This week on Secrets of Your Supermarket Food, Sian Williams and Stefan Gates investigate whether going green is always as good for us as we think. From giving up meat to buying veg in season we're constantly being told to change our eating habits for the good of our health and the planet. But how much of this advice is true?
Two million British adults are planning to go vegan but is a meat free diet always best for our bodies and health? To find out, Stefan puts his body on the line by going on a crash vegan diet for a month. He discovers how hard it is to eat enough protein and a varied diet. After just one month of being a vegan, he's shocked to discover that his lack of energy has been due significant muscle loss and dehydration. He loses 2lb of fat but also 6lb of muscle and 6 litres of fluid as his body literally eats itself in a quest to gain protein for essential body functions. His cholesterol dropped by nearly 10% but he assumed it would have gone down by more as he wasn't eating any dairy, red meat or eggs. Most worryingly of all, his vitamin B12, an essential vitamin only found in animal products, also dropped by 50% leaving him at risk of permanent nerve damage. He is now eating meat again!
We challenge the idea that veggie ready meals are better for you and discover the surprising amount of saturated fat in some ready meals such as pies, stir fries and lasagnes. compared to their meat counterparts. One vegan meal contained 55% of our recommended daily amount of saturated fat and others contained much higher levels of salt and sugars than their meaty cousins.
Sian visits food developers Tasteheads to try out some of the latest innovations in meat replacements such a jackfruit burgers and vegan pork scratchings. But are the public as convinced as Sian is about how close to the real thing these new meat-replacements are?
We're all encouraged to eat locally but our vegan family discover that the picture isn't as straight forward as we think- sometimes it's better to eat fruit and veg from abroad if it's out of season. A New Zealand apple shipped round the world in our spring and summer produces less CO2 than British apples kept in storage here.
Thursday 9th April, 8pm
Gagandip Singh suffered a major tragedy when his father was murdered on a business trip to india. When Gagandip's body was discovered in a burned-out car in Greenwich a year later, detectives from New Scotland Yard wondered if the two deaths were connected.
When they traced the last movements of the 21-year-old man, the trail did not lead to India but to Brighton and to a conspiracy that cost Gagandip his life.
NEW - The Dragons are ready to invest in the best as the new series continues. Sara Davies, Peter Jones, Deborah Meaden, Touker Suleyman and Tej Lalvani ask the tough questions as a new batch of nervous entrepreneurs make the pitch of their lives.
A German-Portuguese business combo have their business which makes camera lenses for mobile phones brought into sharp focus, but will they be in the frame for investment? An entrepreneur who started her company from her Mum's kitchen table wants to roll out her raw baked vegan treats to the masses, and a duo hope their intravenous vitamin drip service gets a cash injection.
bev@plankpr.com
Trucking Hell
In the middle of storm Chiara, the biggest storm of the 21st century, a team from Crouch Recovery is called out to deal with a truck and trailer which has been blown over in the 100 mile and hour winds. Led by rookie recovery op Carl Freeman, they struggle to get in a good position to upright the trailer, and a combination of the angles and the heavy winds leads to the wrecker nearly being tipped over. Eventually though they manage to get the trailer the right way up, but need to rush to get it towed to a less windy part of the road, as the wind is threatening to overturn it again
Recovery op Stig has a bad day turn good and then worse than ever as he's diverted from picking up his least favourite heavy vehicle – a bin lorry – to help out what he thinks is a tipper truck, only to find out it is in fact a bin lorry. As if the odour wasn't bad enough, Stig has to struggle with a stubborn prop shaft before he can tow it away.
In Wolvey, Rory and Tez do some flat packing – cutting up a damaged trailer with a temperamental cutting torch before strapping it down and taking it to its owner – and Lantern op Sean heads to East Sussex to hunt down a fully loaded tipper truck which pulled into the side of the road to let a car pass and ended up in a ditch


You're able to count on Frameless Shower Doors Local Experts to deliver the most suitable expert services regarding Frameless Shower Doors in New Boston, IL. You're looking for the most sophisticated technology in the market, and our workforce of well trained contractors can provide this. Our products are always of the finest quality and we are able to save you money. We can assist you to put together decisions for your undertaking, address your concerns, and set up an appointment with our specialists once you contact us at 888-669-5520.
Frameless Shower Doors Local Experts is focused on customer satisfaction making sure that you're pleased with our labor. We recognize your objectives and job requirements, and we will strive to make sure you approve of our services. We're there to assist you with your questions and concerns. We predict your own questions and concerns, and we are going to address them when you call us. You'll want to come up with the right choices for the project, and we understand how to help you to do that.
You have got a budget to comply with, and you intend to spend less. In the process, you need the very best and finest quality of work regarding Frameless Shower Doors in New Boston, IL. We are going to be sure that our money conserving efforts never mean a lesser level of excellence. If you work with us, you'll receive the benefit of our own valuable experience and excellent quality products to make sure the project will last while saving your time and money. We are able to do that by giving you the best prices available and preventing expensive complications. Save your time and resources through getting in touch with Frameless Shower Doors Local Experts now. We're waiting to accept your phone call at 888-669-5520.
Frameless Shower Doors are available in New Boston, IL.
You should be well informed on the subject of Frameless Shower Doors in New Boston, IL. You don't want to go in blindly, and you need to know what to anticipate. You won't deal with any unexpected surprises if you work with Frameless Shower Doors Local Experts. Begin by going over your job with our customer support associates once you dial 888-669-5520. We are going to go over your concerns and questions as soon as you call and get you organized with a meeting. Our staff will show up at the appointed time with the needed resources, and can work together with you throughout the job.
When you find yourself setting up a process for Frameless Shower Doors in New Boston, IL, you will find reasons to consider Frameless Shower Doors Local Experts. We're the best choice when you need the most beneficial cash saving methods, the top products, and the greatest rate of customer care. We're here to help you with the most working experience and expertise available. Contact 888-669-5520 when you want Frameless Shower Doors in New Boston, and we're going to work with you to expertly carry out your job.


When it comes to buying an item like a mattress that we are as well made use of to going to the store as well as purchase, we often tend to be hesitant often. Here are some of the things that you need to recognize before you buy mattress online.
Are you looking for mattress sales to offer your bed a brand-new life? It is excellent to understand that mattress sales are obtaining more and also a lot more constant. Whereas in consumer's perspective – mattress sales come with unparalleled cost savings and buyers seeking budget products even, occasionally discover it feasible to make a much better and also high quality purchase.
Hundreds of research' s have actually already concluded that rest is extremely crucial to our physical and mental wellness and also well-being. Therefore, you have to be extremely careful while getting anything from mattress sales. Relied on names normally don't place their name and business at danger for producing even more by selling poor or outdated items.
Well, never purchase an inappropriate cushion just because it is being offered at a price much minimal compared to its normal rate. Continue as well as leave this set for others. As a private every person discovers from his or her experience. In case if you are not still sure about just what is going to function better for you compared to you can always opt for FREE joplimo mattress reviewsexamination opportunities being provided occasionally. Those that currently are suffering from rest disorders or are facing chronic pains must always talk to their orthopedic or a professional as a straightforward change in your sleep equipment or sleep practices in some cases can bring terrific alleviation. As an example think about soft bed mattress. These type of bed mattress suits those that such as to rest on their sides. Hundreds of suppliers are manufacturing and offering strong mattress on the market. These bed mattress are known to be much better for sleepers that prefer to rest on their back or belly.
Once more, you have to deal extremely thoroughly right here as it refers your rest or insomnia. We are not here to inhibit minor ones in the company. Nevertheless, remaining straightened with significant brands can always be thought about as a risk-free way to go. Heavyweights gained all their fame and also glory by investing huge initiatives and resources. Attempting something new for a pair of days and specifically when products are provided with complimentary tests, is not a poor suggestion.
The memory foam mattress comes on the top as they are the most prominent ones. These bed mattress offer a long life expectancy, they are readily available at an affordable cost, as well as their sturdiness ratings are way better than their counterparts. You can call it either innerspring cushion or springtime mattress directly.
Since you understand getting a bed mattress online will certainly not make you regret at the end, allow's see the things you could do it make your choice as far better as feasible. To begin with, it is incredibly crucial that you are plainly mindful of the kind of item you are searching for. Everybody has their own design of resting. There are bed mattress which are much better for back sleepers compared to side sleepers. After that there are some which would treat somebody with a stiff back better. Know specifically what you are going with, and also then start searching for the cushion that would certainly match all your requirements. Or else, you are most likely to obtain distracted by all the options you will certainly see and wind up buying something that clearly does not suit you, your needs or your way of life.
As mentioned over also, one of the most significant benefits of on the internet shopping is the accessibility to thousands of customer reviews. If the users are verified, the possibilities are that they would certainly go over more the weaknesses of a product that its great points– this is natural for us humans and also it excellent for you as a new buyer to extract the products that do not fit you. Check out at the very least 20 evaluations by previous users before you make the final choice. The even more testimonials you could review the far better. There are rare possibilities that an item is a whole lot better than just what it has actually been explained by the customers, however a lot of the time if the reviews are reliable, it would give you an excellent insight into the experience of utilizing the mattress that you could not obtain from anywhere else.


TURIN - Hyundai will keep Kia going as a stand-alone subsidiary if it succeeds in its bid to buy the failed Korean automaker, said a senior Hyundai executive.
At the world introduction of the new Hyundai Sonata, Hyundai President B.J. Park said Korea has too many carmakers now.
Kia was placed in receivership earlier this month.
Hyundai has 48 percent of the market, Kia has 24 percent and Daewoo has 23 percent. Samsung and SsangYong are the largest of the others.


text:
package mktany2k.plugins.postgresql;

public class Connection {
    private String host;
    private int port;

    public String getHost() {
        return host;
    }

    public void setHost(String host) {
        this.host = host;
    }

    public int getPort() {
        return port;
    }

    public void setPort(int port) {
        this.port = port;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}
The energy spectra of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) are an important
element for a complete understanding of the GRB phenomenon.
Most GRB spectra peak at some energy $E_{peak}$
in a $\frac{dN}{dE} E^2$ representation.
For GRBs with a measured redshift, the distance
can be estimated, and, combined with
the observed fluence,
the total isotropic energy $E_{iso}$ can be determined.
In several publications, Amati et al.\ (\cite{ref:amati02} and
e.g.~\cite{ref:amati_c} and references therein)
show that $E_{iso}$ and $E_{peak}$ are strongly
correlated.
Correcting $E_{iso}$ for beaming, to derive the intrinsic
energy $E_\gamma$, Ghirlanda et al.\
(\cite{ref:ghirlanda2004}, \cite{ref:ghirlanda2005})
find a strong $E_{peak}$-$E_\gamma$ correlation.
It has been argued that both relations might be an artefact
of selection effects (\cite{ref:NP2005},\cite{ref:BP2005}).
However, it has been shown by
Ghirlanda et al.\ (\cite{ref:GGF2005}) that BATSE GRBs with
known redhift are consistent with the $E_{peak}$-$E_{iso}$
correlation.

A larger sample of GRBs may hold the key to understanding
spectral-energy correlations in general.
Since Swift's launch, the number of GRBs with measured
redshift has increased rapidly. However, the Swift BAT
energy sensitivity -- steeply declining above about $150\,$keV --
does not allow the determination of the
peak energy for many GRBs.
In order to fully determine peak energy and fluence,
information from other spacecraft with better
sensitivity at higher energies is needed.

\section{Instrument}
The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager
(RHESSI, \cite{ref:Lin2002})
is a NASA small explorer mission and was designed to study
solar flares in hard X-rays and $\gamma$-rays.
It was launched in 2002 into a low Earth orbit
(580 kilometer altitude, 38 degree inclination).
   RHESSI consists of two main parts:
   the imaging telescope and
   the spectrometer behind it.
The RHESSI spectrometer
(\cite{ref:ds2002}) consists of 9
germanium detectors,
each $7.1\,$cm in diameter and $8.5\,$cm high. They are segmented
into a thin front ($\approx 1.5\,$cm) and a thick rear segment
($\approx 7\,$cm).
Each detected photon is time- and energy-tagged from
$3\,$keV to $2.8\,$MeV (front) or $20\,$keV to $17\,$MeV (rear).
The energy resolution is $\approx 3\,$keV at $1\,$MeV, and the
time resolution is 1$\,\mu$s.
RHESSI always points towards the Sun and rotates
about its axis at $15\,$rpm.

Since the shielding of the rear segments is minimal,
photons with more than about $25\,$keV can enter
from the side.
Above about 50 -- 80 keV, photons from any
direction can be detected.
Thus, for GRBs, RHESSI views 65\% of the sky, the rest
being occulted by the Earth.
The effective area for GRB detection
depends on the incident photon energy
and the angle between the GRB direction
and the RHESSI axis ('polar angle').
Over a wide range of energies and polar angles, the
effective area is around 150$\,$cm$^2$.
The sensitivity drops rapidly at energies below
$\approx 50\,$keV.

RHESSI observes 1--2 GRBs per week.

\section{Method}
The response of RHESSI to $\gamma$-rays is
simulated using GEANT3, the simulation software for
high energy physics experiments by CERN.
Knowing the burst direction, we simulate
$\gamma$-rays with the corresponding polar angle
and a simple power law spectrum, i.e. $(\frac{dN}{dE})_{sim}
\propto E^{-\alpha}$ with typically $\alpha = 2\,$.
Rotation angles are generated with uniform distribution,
i.e.~ the response function is spin averaged.
The output of the simulation is
an event list
  containing the deposited energy as well as
  the initial photon energy.

The observed GRB spectrum -- in the form of a histogram --
is compared with a spectrum accumulated from the simulated
event list.
In order to generate an arbitrary spectral shape,
we apply a weighting factor to each
simulated event in the list.
These factors would all be 1,
if the GRB spectrum had the same form
as the simulated one.
In general, the weighting factors are a
function of the initial energy and the parameters
of the spectral shape.

The most often used spectral shape is
the Band function (\cite{ref:band93}),
which is a smooth combination of a
cut off power law at lower energies
($ dN \propto E^{\alpha} \, \exp(-E/E_0) \,dE $)
and a decaying simple power law at higher energies
($ dN \propto E^{\beta} \,dE$).
If $\beta < -2$ and $\alpha > -2$ then $E_{peak} = E_0(2+\alpha)\,$.

\section{Examples of fitted GRB spectra and ongoing work}

The spectral fits of
GRB 050525A \cite{GCN050525A} and GRB 050717 \cite{GCN050717}
are shown in fig.~\ref{fig:spectra},
and the RHESSI fit parameters are summarized and compared with
the Swift and Konus fit parameters
in table  \ref{tab:specfit}.
   For energies above the Swift/BAT energy range,
the RHESSI results for the spectral parameters
(typically $\beta$ and $E_{peak}$) are well
determined and better constrained than the Konus values.
In the lower energy range, the RHESSI spectral parameters
still agree within errors with the Konus and Swift/BAT results.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering

  \epsfig{file=wiggerc_fig1.eps,width=6.1cm}
  \hfill

  \epsfig{file=wiggerc_fig2.eps,width=6.1cm}
  \caption{Spectra of GRB 050525A (left) and GRB 050717 (right).
    The RHESSI data are shown as crosses - with 1 sigma error bars -,
    the fit as line histogram,
    and the fit range is indicated by the
    dashed vertical lines.
  \label{fig:spectra}}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \caption{Spectral parameters of GRB 050525A and GRB 050717}
  \label{tab:specfit}
  \begin{tabular}{llcccc} \hline
   Instrument & Ref. & $\alpha$
             & $E_{peak}$ (keV)
             & $\beta$
             & $f$  (erg/cm$^2$) \\
            \hline
   \multicolumn{6}{c}{\em GRB 050525A } \\
    \hline
  RHESSI  & \rule{0mm}{3mm}
              & 0.8 $^{+1.8}_{-3.0}$
              & 75 $^{+14}_{-10}$
              & $-$2.62 $^{+0.15}_{-0.24}$
              & (1.43 $^{+0.17}_{-0.12}$)$\cdot 10^{-5}$ $\;^{(1)}$\\
   Swift/BAT  &  \cite{ref:bl06}  \rule{0mm}{4mm}
              & $-$0.99 $^{+0.11}_{-0.12}$
              &  78.8 $^{+3.9}_{-3.1}$
              & $-\infty$
	      &\parbox{10em}{($2.01 \pm 0.05 $)$\cdot 10^{-5}$ $\;^{(1)}$} \\
   Konus      &  \cite{gcn_konus_050525}   \rule{0mm}{3mm}
              & $-$1.10 $\pm 0.05 $
              &  84.1 $\pm 1.7$
              & $-\infty$ & --   \\
   \hline
   \multicolumn{6}{c}{\em GRB 050717 }  \\
   \hline
  RHESSI &
              & $-$1.14 $^{+0.17}_{-0.15}$
              & 1550 $^{+510}_{-370}$
              & $-\infty$
              & \parbox{10em}{($1.25 \pm 0.07$)$\cdot 10^{-5}$  $\;^{(1)}$
                  \hspace*{0.34em} ($5.4 \pm 0.5$)$\cdot 10^{-5}$  $\;^{(2)}$ } \\
   Swift/BAT  & \cite{ref:krimm}  \rule{0mm}{3.2mm}
              & $-1.0$ to $-1.5$ $^{(3)}$
              & $\infty$
              & $-\infty$ & ($1.40 \pm 0.03$)$\cdot 10^{-5}$  $\;^{(1)}$\\
   Konus &  \cite{ref:krimm}   \rule{0mm}{3.3mm}
              & $-$1.19 $\pm 0.12 $
              & 2101 $^{+1934}_{-830}$
              & $-\infty$
	      & (6.5 $^{+0.9}_{-2.2}$)$\cdot 10^{-5}$ $\;^{(2)}$ \\
\hline
  \end{tabular}
  \footnotesize{The RHESSI errors and and the errors of Refs.
  \cite{ref:bl06} and \cite{ref:krimm} are given with 90\% C.L.} \\
  \footnotesize{$^{(1)}$ 15-350 keV} \hspace{3.5em}
  \footnotesize{$^{(2)}$ 20-6000 keV} \hspace{3.5em}
  \footnotesize{$^{(3)}$ time dependent values (softening)}
\end{table}

\vspace{1ex}

The spectral fit
of another GRB, namely GRB 021206,
is presented in fig.~\ref{fig:grb021206}.
This GRB is famous for its debated polarization
(\cite{ref:CB03},\cite{ref:PSI04},\cite{ref:RF04},\cite{ref:roma04}).
\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering

  \epsfig{file=wiggerc_fig3.eps,width=6.1cm}
  \hfill

  \epsfig{file=wiggerc_fig4.eps,width=6.1cm}
  \caption{Spectrum of GRB 021206.
    The front spectrum (left) and
    the rear spectrum (right) were fitted independently
    with agreeing results.
    The fit ranges are indicated by the vertical dashed lines.
    The weighted means of the spectral parameters are ($1 \sigma$ errors):
    $\alpha =  -0.65 \pm 0.04$,
    $E_{peak} = 705 \pm 14 \,$keV, and
    $\beta = -3.19 \pm 0.06$.
    The excess events observed in the rear segments (right plot)
    are due to GRB photons backscattered from the atmosphere.
  \label{fig:grb021206}}
\end{figure}

The huge number of excess events observed in the rear
detectors below $300\,$keV is due to GRB photons that
were backscattered from the atmosphere.
The geometrical constellation of the GRB, RHESSI, and Earth
was such that the GRB photons came from the front
direction, where the effective area is relatively small,
whereas the Earth was behind RHESSI so that the
backscattered photons could easily reach the rear
segments.
In order to simulate this effect,
we have constructed an atmospheric scattering model.
The first preliminary results show
qualitative agreement with the observed spectrum.

\section{Summary, Conlusion and Outlook}

Even though RHESSI was designed to observe solar flares,
it is also a capable GRB detector with an
energy range from about 40 -- 80$\;$keV
(depending on the direction of the GRB) up to 17$\;$MeV.
With its wide field of view and its
excellent energy resolution, RHESSI is a useful
high-energy complement to Swift/BAT
for measuring GRB spectra.
About one fourth of the Swift GRBs are also detected by RHESSI.
We have developed tools for spectral analysis.
Our spectral parameters agree within uncertainties with those obtained
from other instruments. The RHESSI errors on the high energy parameters
tend to be smaller compared with other intstruments.
First GCN messages with spectral parameters by RHESSI
were published (\cite{gcn:hessi},\cite{gcn:hessiII},\cite{gcn:hessiIII}).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
South Koreans eat more than 1 million dogs each year — but that's slowly changing. Here's why.
Young Koreans lead efforts to end a centuries-old practice
George Petras, USA TODAY
While slaughtering dogs and eating their meat may horrify Americans, it's a longstanding custom in South Korea and other Asian nations. Most South Koreans don't eat dog meat, though a minority do. Young South Koreans are abandoning the tradition, even as animal rights groups campaign to end it.
Generations of Americans have loved dogs and been moved to tears over them — think of Old Yeller, Lassie, Marley, the movie A Dog's Purpose, and Seymour from the Futurama episode Jurassic Bark.
South Koreans, however, historically regarded dogs as edible farm animals, not loving indoor companions. Dogs were more plentiful than cattle, which were scarce and valued for farm labor such as pulling carts or plowing fields.
That lingering view affects how South Koreans consider dogs today, as the country grapples with its practice of raising dogs for meat and dog meat consumption itself.
About 2.5 million dogs are raised in South Korean dog farms each year. About 1 million are killed and eaten. The rest are used for breeding with many dogs dying because of the farms' high mortality rate, according to Humane Society International, a Washington, D.C.-based organization that advocates for animal protection worldwide.
The South Korean mindset toward dogs began changing in the 1980s and '90s as the nation grew wealthier and Western influence increased. Younger Koreans began advocating for abolishment of dog farms. Some are acquiring dogs as pets.
These developments counter a long history, which suggests Koreans have been eating dogs for more than a thousand years. They were a familiar food source during the near-starvation years of Japan's brutal occupation of Korea, World War II, and the Korean War.
These days, South Koreans who eat dog meat eat much of it during boknal, the hottest days of the year, in July and August. Some believe consuming it revives energy or virility sapped by the heat. They consider dog meat in bosintang stew or the drink gaesoju as "a soup form of Gatorade," according to American food writer Joe McPherson in a 2015 UPI interview.
About 70 percent of South Korea's 51.5 million population disapprove of eating dogs, according to a July 2017 survey cited by Humane Society International. While the number of dog farms has been reduced, nearly 17,000 remain in South Korea, a country slightly larger than Indiana.
However, the number of South Koreans surveyed who say they would not eat dog meat is growing. Yet some, bowing to history, say the practice should not be completely outlawed.
Confusing laws let dog farms operate
The term gray area appears frequently when researching South Korean laws on dogs and dog meat. Dogs are not classified as livestock under South Korea's 1962 Livestock Processing Act, which means their slaughter is not regulated.
However, dogs are recognized as food by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, which says any edible product (except drugs) can be called food.
A Food Sanitation Law in 1984 prohibited restaurants from selling food considered "disgusting, repugnant, unhealthy or unsanitary." Dogs were cited among specific examples, but the law was not enforced.
In 1991, the Korean National Assembly passed an Animal Protection Law forbidding the killing of non-livestock animals "in a way which is cruel or provokes disgust without proper, rational reason."" It also prohibited inflicting unnecessary pain or injury. The intent was to end cruel slaughter of dogs and cats. The law, however, was criticized as too vague and was rarely enforced.
Wonju, South Korea — Caged dogs paw at their cages at a dog farm in rural South Korea in February 2018.
Sandy Hooper
The South Korean legal discord over dog meat is akin to confusing U.S. views on marijuana. As a Lewis & Clark Law School study notes, though "recreational use of marijuana is effectively legal in some states," federal law continues to classify it as a controlled substance.
South Korean lawmakers have tried to close regulatory gaps without success. Even subsequent amendments to laws prohibiting cruel killing are seldom enforced.
The result is South Korean dog farms continue to operate. The most common dog breed raised for food is called nureongi — Korean for "yellow dog." They have short, yellow fur, are considered mid-sized, and are seldom adopted as pets. However, many other breeds have been found in dog farms, says Humane Society International.
Sports events put focus on dogs
Dogs-as-food has never been a secret, but the world started paying serious attention to South Korea in 1988, when the Winter Olympics were held in Seoul. The South Korean government asked restaurants to downplay serving dog meat. Westerners protested the treatment of dogs then, and again leading up to the 2002 FIFA World Cup, held in South Korea and Japan.
French actress Brigitte Bardot, an animal rights activist, was vilified in South Korea after criticizing the practice in a 2001 interview:
"Cows are grown to be eaten; dogs are not. I accept that many people eat beef, but a cultured country does not allow its people to eat dogs."
American freestyle skier Gus Kenworthy plays with a dog at a dog meat farm in Siheung, South Korea, in February 2018. Photo: Ahn Young-joon/AP
Ahn Young-joon, AP
Attention was renewed in 2018 with the Winter Olympics in South Korea's Gangwon Province. American skier Gus Kenworthy became a high-profile advocate when he adopted a puppy from a dog farm. On Instagram Kenworthy wrote:
"I do agree that it's not my place to impose western ideals on the people here. The way these animals are being treated, however, is completely inhumane and culture should never be a scapegoat for cruelty."
Brutal living conditions, horrifying deaths
Visitors to South Korean dog farms routinely describe them as cruel and inhumane. Dogs are crammed in wire cages, never cleaned, and fed the worst kind of food, including meat from dead dogs and feces.
Wonju, South Korea — A caged dog looks out of an opening of a dog farm in rural South Korea in February 2018.
USA TODAY journalists covering the 2018 Olympics wrote:
"The grim surroundings of the farm pains the senses. The first thing to be noticed is the sound, the pitiful whines and yelps of about 300 animals being kept in filthy cages until their execution."
More: Inside the grim scene of a Korean dog meat farm, just miles from the Winter Olympics
Dogs in South Korea are usually killed by electrocution. Humane Society International says electrocuted dogs are soaked with water and shocked with an electric rod. The process can take 2 to 3 minutes or more. Other countries use more brutal methods.
U.S. didn't officially outlaw killing dogs for food until 2018
Until 2018 in the U.S., it was extremely rare, but legal, in 44 states to kill dogs and cats for food. President Trump signed the Dog and Cat Meat Prohibition Act on Dec. 20, which makes it a federal offense to slaughter, trade, import or export dogs and cats for human consumption. Native American tribes are exempted for religious rituals.
Supporters of the U.S. act say it bolsters efforts for international bans on killing dogs and cats for food around the world, including South Korea.
In the meantime, South Korea's movement against dog meat and farms is gaining traction:
June 20, 2018: A member of Parliament proposes strengthening South Korea's Animal Protection Act to prohibit killing animals 'in principle,' except when slaughtered or disposed of to prevent disease.
June 21, 2018: A South Korean court rules it's illegal to kill dogs for meat. (Debate on that decision continues.)
Nov. 22, 2018: Seoul closes Taepyeong, considered the largest dog-killing operation in the country. (It had six slaughterhouses.) That closure leads to the shutdown of the Moran Market, once the largest seller of dog meat in South Korea.
Feb. 12, 2019: The mayor of Seoul says he intends to close dog slaughterhouses in the city.
Feb. 22, 2019: Humane Society International reports closing its 14th dog farm in four years.
Show caption Hide caption Activists from animal rights groups 'Animal Liberation Wave' and 'Last Chance for Animals' hold dead puppies retrieved from a dog meat farm, as they protest... Activists from animal rights groups 'Animal Liberation Wave' and 'Last Chance for Animals' hold dead puppies retrieved from a dog meat farm, as they protest against the dog meat trade in Gwanghwamun Plaza in central Seoul, South Korea, on July 17, 2018.
ED JONES, AFP/Getty Images
SOURCES Humane Society International; Associated Press; koreananimals.org; Sydney Morning Herald; Rakhyun Kim, University of Auckland, New Zealand, and Utrecht University, Netherlands; Anthony Podberscek, University of Cambridge, U.K.; Claire Czajkowski, Lewis & Clark Law School, Oregon; The Korea Herald; BBC; United Press International; USA TODAY research; TOP PHOTO Sandy Hooper/USA TODAY, February 2018; GRAPHICS George Petras/USA TODAY


Do You Love Your Stylist? Then Share with Detroit and Help Him or Her be more Successful!
Latest Hair Magazine will send you $5 just for referring your stylist! We will do it via Paypal. Please have an account ready.
All you need to do is Text Refer to 313-986-1990 and will will send you your unique code and simple instructions. Once your stylist or barber signs up, we notify you and put the money into your account right away. It's that simple. Refer Today!


How to Make an Amazing DIY Pallet Fence Wood pallets, Pallets You can make a wood pallet fence for your garden, for a property boundary, or really for anything you need! This is a simple and cost effective project to make.
How To Build A Fence From Pallets – 8 Simple Steps - The Saw Guy In just 8 simple steps, you can transform your stockpile of pallets, to a charming picket fence. The best The greatest part of this project is that you don't have to spend hours doing the hardest part of pallet projects, dismantling pallets! . If you are making them yourself, be sure to cut each side of your stake the same length.
9 Ingenius Pallet Fence Ideas Anyone Can Make Sep 30, 2015 We've found several charming and creative fence ideas that you can use in your yard, all built with this versatile material. Picket Fence – Although it involves the extra work of pulling apart the pallets first and cutting them into shape, this cute picket fence makes a charming addition to any yard.
How to build a fence using pallet wood - Cheap, simple & easy Nov 26, 2012 This informative video shows you how to build your own picket fence using old pallet wood. It's cheap, simple and . Well Done Graeme !! Brill video and excellent tips, am now off to show husband this video so he can get to work on my chicken coop picket fencing, you don't make coops as well do you??.