The first law of thermodynamics is best described as the conservation of mass and energy. As chemical reactions and energy movements occur within a closed system the total amount of matter within the system is constant as is the total energy within the system. The mass may change from liquid to vapor, solid to liquid, or change from fuel to carbon dioxide and water. Energy can move from potential energy stored in chemical bonds or water in a reservoir to electricity or heat. Yet the total of each remains constant.
The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy in a process environment is always positive. Though a process may have negative entropy, the environment in which the process operates will experience an increase in entropy greater than the reduction of entropy of the process itself. This means that there is a "tax" every time a process is employed. The process of moving, changing, or using energy is no exception. This can be thought of in terms of the efficiency of processes. In an internal combustion engine only about one third of the energy from the fuel is actually utilized in the power band (development of horsepower and torque). The rest of the energy from the fuel is dissipated as heat through the engine cooling jacket and the exhaust.
A barrel of oil therefore cannot be reconstituted with the energy released by burning the oil. In other words, it requires a greater amount of energy to put the oil back together than it released when being burned. An analogy to this is the burning of a piece of wood. A new tree can use the water and carbon dioxide produced by burning the piece of wood to make a new log of the same mass and potential energy but it will require more energy from the sun than the original piece of wood produced through combustion.


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Flights / Africa / Kenya
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More Information about Kenya
How long is the flight to Kenya?
Flights from the UK to Kenya generally disembark in Nairobi or Mombasa where the country's main international airports are based.
The long-haul flight to Kenya takes over 8 hours non-stop.
The total flight duration from London to Nairobi is 8 hours and 35 minutes and from London to Mombasa is 11 hours and 5 minutes including a stopover.
What airlines fly to Kenya?
What are the main airports in Kenya?
Kenya's main international airport is Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO) in Nairobi. Named after Kenya's first prime minister and president, Jomo Kenyatta International is the largest airport in East and Central Africa.
What are the main things to do and see in Kenya?
It was actually Germany who first laid claim to Kenya but control was swiftly handed across to Britain in 1890. In 1963 the country then gained independence. Interestingly, Queen Elizabeth was holidaying in Kenya when her father, King George VI died in 1952. Today Kenya has one of the strongest economies in Africa with agriculture a major economic driver.
The first port of call for most visitors keen to explore Kenya is the country's capital, Nairobi. Perhaps unlike many other African cities, Nairobi is surrounded by a stunning national park. The Nairobi National Park provides the perfect place to spot cheetahs, rhinos, lions and wildebeest in their natural habitat. While you're in the park, take a moment to appreciate the scenery also – the towering cliffs overlooking the plains are particularly impressive.
If you're lucky enough to plan your Kenyan trip at the right time of year, the annual migration of wildebeest from the Maasai Mara National Reserve on the border of Tanzania to the Serengeti National Park is an incredible sight. Consider taking a balloon ride to appreciate the herd of animals from the air. The country is also blessed with access to the coast so head to Mombasa to chill on the beach.
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The Cat's Eye
Senior Honored in Parker County Today Magazine
Jake Turner (right) after accepting award
Taylor Yates, Editor-In-Chief
Jake Turner was announced as one of Parker County's "Top 20 Under 20" at Weatherford's Doss Heritage and Culture Center on Feb. 27.
He earned this honor for his work in band, Aledo High School Young Republicans and debate. Jake expects that his political contributions in Young Republicans were the deciding factor.
"It is most likely that I won this award due to hosting the candidate forum at our school two Tuesdays ago," Jake said. "Although, after seeing the other winners, I'm still a little in shock."
Young Republicans offered him other opportunities as well, allowing Jake to gain experience and make connections.
"I've spoken at the Reagan Day dinner my freshman and sophomore years," Jake said. "Through Young Republicans, I have met Kay Granger, Zan Prince, Patrick Fallon, for whom I am currently interning, Chris Putnam, and Larry Fowler, to name a few."
Though he has met many people in the field he wishes to pursue, he does not have any specific mentor to follow.
"I live life with the philosophy that everyone has something to teach and something to learn," Jake said.
Jake's involvement and interest in government is rooted in his impressive abilities in social studies and the humanities.
"History and philosophy have always fascinated me, and history has always been my strongest subject in school," Jake said. "Politics is a natural conclusion."
His strength in these classes means they are usually his favorite, but this year, he prefers his AP English Literature class.
"Currently, my favorite class is Mr. Carpenter's, who is basically teaching a social studies course with English labs, but we read and discuss instead of answering questions," Jake said.
This political interest drives Jake's post-graduation plans. He intends to major in political science at Texas A&M.
"A&M has a very new and high-ranking law program, and their political science program is in the Bush senior presidential library," Jake said. "It's also a state school, which qualifies me for some assistance since my dad was a marine."
After college, he is less certain what the future holds, but Jake wants to remain involved in politics in Texas.
"Currently, my only real post-college plans are trying to get to work in the state government; that's always been a plan of mine," Jake said.
In addition to his political involvement, Jake is highly involved and successful in band and debate.
"For band, I went to state freshman, junior and this year for my solo. I also won the wind band percussion director's award my sophomore year," Jake said. "For debate, I went to state last year and qualified this year. Although, I really have to thank my partners, Caroline Erb last year and Bud Green this year, for that. I can maybe take half-credit at best."
Though all these (on top of AP courses) provide a busy schedule, Jake's intense involvement in band makes it his most rigorous.
"Band is by far the most demanding," Jake said. "I am in the Jazz 1 program here, for which I play the vibraphone and accessories."
Jake's work ensures that his "Top 20 Under 20" recognition is only one of many.
Junior defender Payton Adams, #3, makes a play for the ball against Wichita Falls Rider on Jan. 16.
Who Will Win the Superbowl?
Bearcat Sports Network Ep3
Name That Tune
Bearcat Sports Network – Week of Dec. 14
Bearcat Sports Network – Week of Dec. 7
Bearcats Three-Peat in State
James Ward, Sports Editor • January 20, 2021
On Jan. 15, the Bearcats beat Crosby High School 56-21 to win state for the third year in a row. The Bearcats came into the playoffs with a 7-1 record overall...
Soccer Teams Take Win in Home Tournament, Look Toward Next Games
Olivia Caggiano, Copy Editor • January 19, 2021
Bearcats Successful in State Semi-finals Showdown
Onto Round 2
Brinklee Stegall, Staff Reporter • December 15, 2020
Aledo High School
Jan 19 / Varsity boys basketball
Midlothian Heritage
Jan 19 / Varsity girls soccer
Wichita Falls Rider
Jan 15 / Varsity boys soccer
Jan 15 / Varsity football
Jan 12 / Varsity girls basketball
Second Band Student Makes All-State Jazz Band
Senior Opens Her Own Sticker Shop
Courses in Computer Maintenance and Networking Offer Project Based Experiences
Passion for Politics Takes Senior to Polls
Sophomore Quarterback Takes Lead
Bucking Away
What You Don't See
The Internet is Burning with "The Fire of God"
Future Doctors Succeed
A Closer Look at Animal Shelters
The Student News Site of Aledo High School


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Are Solar Panels Worth it in Oakland?
In the end, there are many options to use solar energy at your home. There is the federal tax credit of up to 30 percent for a system you own. There are also solar loans to help you own a system with no money down and solar leases and PPAs, which giv...
Are solar panels worth it in Los Angeles?
Los Angeles is a sun-drenched city of nearly 4 million. Because of its abundant sunshine, incentives, and other variables, the City of Angels has routinely been one of the best communities in the United States to install residential solar energy syst...
Massachusetts' SMART Solar Incentive Program Stands Out, Lives Up to its Acronym
Befitting its acronym, the Solar Massachusetts Renewable Target (SMART) program has been hailed as one of the smartest solar incentive programs in the nation. Why, and how so? We zoom in and take a brief, yet close, look at Massachusetts SMART in thi...
What is a megawatt MW, megawatt hour MWh, kilowatt kW and kilowatt hour kWh?
It is a measure of how much electrical energy there is in a circuit and how much electrical work can be done by that circuit.
How Valuable is a Residential Solar Energy System in Boston, Massachusetts?
Several key factors are fueling the growth of residential solar energy in Boston and Massachusetts. Comparatively high energy bills and a strong suite of state solar incentives figure in at the top of the list. In addition, a Boston residential solar...
Assessing the Value of Residential Solar in Orange County, California
Californians have taken to installing residential solar energy systems in the greatest numbers of any state in the U.S. All told, solar energy powered 5.207 million homes across the state as of year-end 2016, according to the U.S. Solar Energy Indust...
When all is said and done Powerwall 2 is hands down the best solar battery and energy storage solution available in the US market in 2018. But does this make it a good investment?
Will congress extend the 30% solar tax credit beyond 2020?
The solar tax credit certainly gives a powerful incentive to install solar power for your home. But it still represents a significant up-front investment. If you are a cost-conscious consumer, this may well give you pause.
Will Someone Introduce a Tesla Killer Electric Vehicle in 2018?
Tesla has remained the darling of the electric vehicles industry for years, but now major automakers are racing to compete with the EV manufacturer as it moves from luxury vehicles to mass produce the Model 3, a car for the masses.
How are Solar Panels Changing America?
Solar panels are changing the US in numerous ways, from offering homeowners cheap, reliable energy to creating hundreds of thousands of jobs and transforming energy in America.
Are solar panels worth it in San Francisco in 2018?
Yes, they are. This is unequivocal. You might as well frame the question differently and ask, "Do you enjoy saving money while saving the planet?" It's practically a rhetorical question.
Do Electric Vehicles Cost Less to Drive Than Gas-Powered Vehicles?
People have more choices when it comes to personal transportation than they've ever had before and one of the most exciting, innovative areas in personal transportation is electric vehicles (EVs).
All the solar incentives and solar rebates for buying solar panels in Florida in 2019
Understand your power bill...and save money on it
Should I buy Costco solar panels? The pros and cons to the Costco–Sunrun partnership
What are solar PACE loans and am I eligible for PACE funding?
Solar pergolas, solar gazebos and solar patio covers: interesting alternatives to roof-mounted solar panels


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Home comedy Former Michiganders Are Getting Politically Active in Their Home State All the...
Helping Michigan allllll the way from L.A.
Ali Majdfar/Getty Images
Former Michiganders Are Getting Politically Active in Their Home State All the Way From L.A.
Comedy, Coney dogs, and an end to feeling useless in a Midterm election year
For young progressives, moving from a right-leaning hometown nestled somewhere between the coasts to a big bastion of liberal politics like L.A. can be a double-edged sword. Being surrounded by like-minded people kind of rules, but then there's the niggling feeling you've become a political vestigial tail in deep-blue California, especially as a massively important Midterm election approaches.
L.A.-based writer and comedian Brooke Van Poppelen hails from a Detroit suburb with a Congressional seat up for grabs that could very well flip to blue in November. She's inviting fellow former Michiganders (and other former Midwesterners and friends of former Midwesterners) to say to hell with feeling futile from afar—and she's plying them with comedy and hot dogs.
"Meat 'n' Greet: Comedy, Hot Dogs & a Blue Wave" on Tuesday, June 12, is a special edition of Persistent Comedy with comedians Vince Averill and Brent Sullivan, and a yet-to-be-announced "very special guest from Michigan." Van Poppelen and comedian Kyle June Williams founded Persistent Comedy in early 2017, "absolutely [in] response to Trump's inauguration," Van Poppelen says. Every month, the show raises money and awareness for organizations that have been jeopardized by the current administration's policies, from the Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights L.A. to Planned Parenthood and Meals on Wheels. "It's crazy to think it's coming up on midterms already, so Persistent Comedy has pivoted to raise money and awareness for exciting primaries happening around the country that need attention," Van Poppelen says.
She answered some questions via email about being useful from 2,000 miles away and how to make a legit Coney-style hot dog.
A post shared by Brooke Van Poppelen (@brookevp) on Jun 5, 2018 at 12:55pm PDT
How can people who live in California still make a difference in their more conservative home states?
Overall, if you are progressive leaning, you can start by paying attention to smaller elections happening around the country where a Republican-held seat in Congress is going to be challenged. As Californians we are all registered to vote in an overwhelmingly blue state so we need to reach out and let friends, family, and others we know from those districts that important elections are coming up where they can really make their vote count. We can also volunteer back in our hometowns, put together fundraisers, or just donate what we can to candidates in these areas.
I voted in the California primaries last week and it was my first time doing that. I'm guilty of being a general election voter only—not anymore! I truly hope that like me, more people wake up to the fact that there is so much power in voting in primaries. I heard a statistic that last Tuesday in California, only 18 percent of registered voters turned out for these major elections. That was bonkers to me to know I had previously been part of that 80 percent of indifferent slugs. Shame!
In your estimation, what's at stake in the November midterms?
In Michigan, there are some really great candidates running for Congress that have solid chances of flipping some seats blue. The races in Michigan's 8th and 11th districts are particularly of interest and there are strong female candidates gaining a lot of momentum and excitement leading up to the primaries – as a matter of fact, the race in the 8th district was just proclaimed to be a bellwether for control of the U.S. house. Did I just learn what a bellwether means a few moments ago? Sure did. And you should look it up too because it's exciting.
A post shared by Brooke Van Poppelen (@brookevp) on Nov 10, 2017 at 1:20pm PST
It's seems to me that comedy feels extra important at this moment in time. How can comedians in particular help in this political climate?
I feel like stand-up is, in many ways, basically a stump speech. Right off the bat we are trying to get people to like us and then tell them about our agenda. The major difference is it seems like comedians get held more accountable than politicians these days.
But truly, we need unfiltered comic voices right now to stand up to all the hypocrisy and outright hatred being spewed on a daily basis. It's such an organic form of entertainment and connection that only requires a microphone. When I connect with political candidates it's because they give me the feeling of someone with a defined purpose and great presence—they can work the room. You just know when you're dealing with a funny person or a potential leader. There's so much truth telling (well, hopefully) that makes politics and comedy great bed partners. The event will hopefully be representative of that.
OH. And what's a Detroit-style Coney dog? You must explain.
First thing's first: It is NOT a chili dog. It's a grilled, natural-casing beef hot dog served on a steamed bun and topped with a chili sauce, raw chopped white onion, and a stripe of yellow mustard. So, yes, I did just say chili sauce but let's be clear there are NO BEANS. The legend of Detroit-style Coney sauce dates back to the early 1900s and only recently have I found a recipe online that cracked the code of the mysterious ingredients and process that makes for a magical elixir. I just tested a homemade batch yesterday and I am giddy with excitement over how legitimate it is. I had several revelations about coney sauce. 1.) It always tasted sort of exotic and that's because there's cumin, turmeric, clove, paprika, and chili powder in it. 2.) The combo of pureeing the sauce and the cumin and chili seasoning flavor is why people think there are beans in it. 3.) The texture of coney sauce always gave you a slight nostalgia for saltines disintegrating into a bowl of chili and guess what—you make a roux out of lard and crackers to thicken the beef. I'm only making about 100 Coneys tomorrow so be sure to arrive by 7 p.m.!
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Propaganda versus fact in the disappearance of America's First Lady of Flight
About Mike Campbell, Contact
Buy "Truth at Last"
Earhart Disappearance Position Statement
By earharttruth on December 2, 2019
Today present the conclusion of Paul Briand Jr.'s "Requiem for Amelia," perhaps the best early synopsis of the accounts presented by the original Saipan and Marshall Islands witnesses, based on the interviews done by Fred Goerner and the "Operation Earhart" duo of Air Force officers Joe Gervais and Robert Dinger on Guam and Saipan in 1960. (Boldface emphasis is both Briand's and mine; capitalization emphasis is Briand's.)
According to other witnesses, the American fliers were blind-folded, taken into custody, and driven away from the crash scene into the nearby village of Garapan. Jose Basa, who had been stacking gasoline drums for the refueling of Japanese construction equipment, saw the crash, clearly remembers that one of the apprehended pilots was a woman, then saw them blindfolded and driven away by Japanese officials. Jose Camacho and his wife, also witnesses to the crash in the Sadog Tasi area near the Chico base, stood nearby and watched the Americans being taken away in a vehicle toward the direction of Garapan.
Mr. Antonio A. Diaz, now a distinguished member of the Saipan legislature, was in 1937 the chauffeur for the Commanding Officer of the Japanese Navy Chico Base on Saipan. One day in the commander's sedan he overheard a conversation between the commanding officer and another Japanese officer. The officers were discussing the airplane that had crashed at Sadog Tasi. Two American pilots were apprehended. One of them was a woman.
Antonio M. Cepada, a 52-year-old Buick employee at Agana, Guam, was interviewed by Air Force Officers Joe Gervais and Robert Dinger on Guam in June 1960. (From Amelia Earhart Lives.)
Contrary to expectations, the Americans were not taken directly to prison, but to the Hotel Kobayashi-Royokan in Garapan. Many Saipan natives remember seeing the Americans at the hotel, particularly the woman, because of the name they all called her by and best remember her by. The name was "Tokyo Rosa" the American spy girl with the camera up front.
Antonio M. Cepada, then 52, recalls that he saw the American woman on two separate occasions over a period of three months during the summer of 1937. Asked to explain the term Tokyo Rosa which he was using in his story (because of the connection with Tokyo Rose used later during the war), Cepada said they named the American woman themselves among his people. In 1937 in Saipan, Tokyo Rosa meant American spy girl, and that IS all it meant, nothing else.
"I saw her while going to work outside the hotel which is located in East Garapan village," Cepada said. "She wore unusual clothes, belted in the center. The color was faded khaki, which looked like it had been washed many times. Clothes like pilots wear." He described the woman as "average height, American girl not short, not extra tall — had thin build. Chest somewhat flat, not out like other American girls. Her hair appeared to be reddish brown color and cut short like man's hair, trimmed close in back like man. She did not wear powder or lipstick."
"The girl looked soft," Cepada remembers, "very calm, not expressive, not smile —seem to be thinking far away and not notice her surroundings and people much." He guessed her age to be about 35, but remarked it was hard to tell age of the American woman. When shown a photograph of Amelia Earhart, Cepada said, "Looks just like same girl then."
Commenting on her capture, Cepada did not know how she had been caught. But the belief then was: "she take secret picture with flying suit in front hidden camera."
Carlos Palacious told Joe Gervais and Robert Dinger that she a woman who looked remarkably like Amelia Earhart at the Hotel Kobayashi Royokan twice in a three-month period. (From Amelia Earhart Lives.)
Another man who saw the American girl under similar circumstances and also referred to her as Tokyo Rosa, was Carlos Palacios, then 48, who in 1937 worked as a salesman in a merchandise store near the Kobayashi-Royokan hotel. Palacios, too, had only seen the woman twice, while going to and from his place of work. The first time was at an open window on the second floor of the hotel. She had on what seemed to him a man's white shirt, with short sleeves, and open at the neck. She had dark reddish-brown hair, cut like a man's hair in back too. He could not see any make-up or lipstick.
The second time Palacios saw the woman she was standing at the entrance to the hotel. She wore the same white shirt, and a dark skirt and American-type shoes. "It was the same girl," he affirmed, "hair cut short, no make-up, slim girl, not fat, not big in front of chest."
He said he did not know where the woman was caught and does not remember a crash incident – "only American spy girl and secret pictures she take." She was Tokyo Rosa, his people's 1937 expression for the American spy girl. Like Cepada when shown a photograph of Amelia Earhart, Palacios said, "Looks and haircut look like same girl."
A resident of the hotel, Antonio G. Cabrera, then 62, now a farmer, who lived downstairs and owned the land on which the hotel was located, remembers that in 1937 an American man and woman lived at the Kobayashi-Royokan and were under the custody of the Japanese. The Americans lived at the hotel for only a short while and then were taken away by the Japanese.
When asked to examine some photographs, Cabrera positively identified the man as Fred Noonan and Amelia Earhart as a woman who looked just like the woman who stayed at the hotel.
Mrs. Joaquina M. Cabrera [relationship to Antonio G. unknown], then 49, employed as a servant at the hotel in 1937, recalled seeing the two Americans and that as part of her duties she took a list of the guests to the governor's office every day. On one particular day while carrying out this duty, Mrs. Cabrera saw the two Americans in the rear of a three-wheeled vehicle. They were blindfolded and their hands were bound behind them. One of them was the American woman. When she looked at a newspaper picture of Amelia and Fred, Mrs. Cabrera said they looked like the same people, and they were dressed in the same manner as the people she saw in the truck. She never learned what then happened to the two Americans.
Undated photo of Earhart eyewitness Joaquina Cabrera. She passed away in 2004 at age 92.
Living next door to the hotel was Mrs. Matilda Ariola Saint Nicholas, then 47, perhaps the last woman to see the woman flier alive. The American woman visited Matilda and her younger sister on two different occasions in a one-week period while she was still living at the hotel. On the first visit the American girl wore a trench coat, and appeared very pale, as if she were sick.
The Nicholases offered her some food; the woman accepted, but ate very little, only some fruit. When the American woman visited the second time, she was noticeably changed in appearance, for although still pale and sick-looking, she now had bruises or burns on the right side of her neck and had her left forearm wrapped in bandages. It was on this visit, Mrs. Saint Nicholas remembers, that the American girl, despite her pain and sickness, helped the sister with her geography lesson, guiding her as she drew correctly the location of the Mariana Islands in relation to the other islands in the Pacific.
Matilda Saint Nicholas did not see the American girl again, nor did she hear about her again until a busboy from the hotel told her he had learned that the American girl had died. Lately he had noticed how often she had to use the outside toilet and how, most recently, he saw that the bed she slept on was soaked with blood. It was later, Mrs. Saint Nicholas said, that the same busboy asked her to make two wreaths for a burial.
From the hotel the American fliers were taken to the prison in Garapan. An Insular policeman and prison guard for the Japanese at the time was Ramon Cabrera, then 41, who saw the pi1ots, bound and blindfolded, brought to the prison. They both wore khaki-colored flying clothes. One had a beard with thick whiskers. The other, he noticed, was strange looking, with no whiskers and a smooth face, smaller in height than the other, and slender in build. But both had short haircuts. The fliers were kept in separate cells, but were permitted to exercise out in the main prison yard for short periods during the day. There were approximately 200 prisoners in the prison at the time, composed of Saipanese, Carolinians and Guamanians. But the two pilots were the only Americans there.
For the first few days, Cabrera recalls, the Americans could not eat their prison food — breadfruit and other bits thrown in. But by the fourth day they began to eat, although they still did not like the food, because they only received one meal a day, served in thirds three times a day. Like other Saipan natives in 1937, Cabrera used the expression Tokyo Rosa, and in addition he used the term "driver" as it was meant by the Japanese then to refer to an American woman as a driver of a car, boat, or airplane.
Ramon Cabrera claims he does not know what happened to the American prisoners after they were taken from the Garapan jail. He guessed they were either deported to Japan or executed.
On Guam in 1960, Joaquin Seman, left, and Ben Salas, told Joe Gervais and Police Sergeant Eddie M. Camacho that the "American spy woman" was executed at the "main Chico Base" on Saipan, and that she was buried in the Liyang cemetery south of Garapan. (From Amelia Earhart Lives.)
If the Japanese were convinced that the Americans were spies, that the cameras found in the crashed aircraft, or the camera carried by the girl, or both, were used to photograph the fortifications being built in the Pacific contrary to the terms of the League of Nations man- date, then they had but one recourse to silence this discovery by two Americans . . . death. If the Americans were executed as spies, however, there is no witness who is willing to come forth and confirm what can only be inferred.
That there was an execution can be inferred from the testimony of two natives, who claim they know the exact location of the unmarked graves of the American man and woman pilots, but who are unwilling to point them out for reasons fearful and mysterious even twenty years after the fact. If they continue unwilling, the jungle will finally reclaim the graves and the signs of the crosses, now broken and mute to the outrage committed.
The two men are Joaquin Seman, then 48, a sugar mill worker on Saipan in 1937, and Ben Salas, then 43, a carpenter at the Japanese Chico Navy Base at the same time. They are good friends. When they were interviewed [by Gervais and Guam Police Sergeant Eddie M. Camacho] they both stated that they remembered the two Americans on Saipan in 1937, and that one of them was the American spy woman, Tokyo Rosa. The executions, they said, were performed not at the Garapan prison, but at the main Chico base.
Salas and Seman were in complete agreement that there were only Americans killed before the war by the Japanese — an American man, and an American woman. They were buried in unconsecrated ground in the Catholic cemetery at Liyang on Saipan, near the quarry and lumberyard, one mile south of the main prison.
Perhaps the one native witness who could reveal the certain identity of the American man and woman on Saipan in 1937 is the one man whose story does not agree with the testimony of all the other witnesses. The man is Jesus De Leon Guerrero, then 51, alias "Kumoi," who in 1937 on Saipan was chief investigator on the police force for the Japanese. (He gave a negative response to the civilian administration in Saipan in the official report.) Although today he has no official connections with either the American or Japanese governments — he is a dealer in scrap metal — he is still greatly feared and respected on Saipan as the man who could extract confessions out of anybody. For this reason he was very useful to the Japanese authorities on Saipan in dealing with the natives and getting necessary information out of prisoners.
Guerrero denies any knowledge whatever about two American fliers taken prisoner. He has said, however, there was an American-born Japanese woman who was hanged as a spy in 1938. "She was beautiful," he was quoted as saying, "and about 25 years of age. She appeared to have been part American and would have been mistaken for one. She was born in Los Angeles, California."
The woman had come to Saipan from Japan apparently to look for work, Guerrero recalled. But she didn't look like a worker because she was well-groomed and spoke very good English.
Back and forth through almost thirty years, the story of Amelia Earhart has unfolded, not clarifying the mystery of her disappearance, but deepening and complicating it by hearsay evidence and the conflicting testimony of natives who should know, and be able to tell, the truth.
Paul Briand Jr., circa 1959, whose 1960 book, Daughter of the Sky, presented the eyewitness account of Josephine Blanco Akiyama and initiated the modern-day search for Amelia Earhart.
Amelia Earhart was not on a spy mission for her government, she did not crash-land on Saipan; she was not taken as a prisoner; she was not executed as a spy or allowed to die. These are the conclusions of the Navy in the official report I was allowed to read. Considering their evidence, they could reach no other conclusions.
Most interestingly, there is no villain in the piece. The U. S. Navy was not trying to suppress or hide information. On the contrary, the Navy was trying as hard as I was (or anybody else) to uncover the truth. [Editor's note: In this statement, Briand could not be more mistaken. Clearly, he fell victim to a convincing Navy propaganda effort.]
What, then, are my conclusions about the disappearance of Amelia Earhart, after having conducted research about her almost continuously for the nine years since 1957 when I decided to write her biography?
I believe, now that I have examined all my latest evidence, that Amelia Earhart accidentally crash-landed on Saipan, that she and Fred Noonan were taken prisoners by the Japanese, were imprisoned on Saipan, and later — perhaps even many years later — were executed or allowed to die either on Saipan or in Japan. I do not believe she was on a deliberate spy mission, but I think the Japanese did believe Amelia was a spy because of the evidence of cameras on her person and in the airplane.
The Japanese, of course, could not reveal that they had found her, for she had discovered what they had been trying to hide — preparations for war against the United States. Unwittingly and without a plan on their part, Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan had been mistaken as spies. If they could have brought home evidence of a Japanese military build-up in the Pacific, they would have been rewarded as heroes. Fate, however, dealt them a contrary hand.
How can anyone explain why stories from widely scattered sources support each other in broad outline and even, at times in small detail? Natives are naturally hostile to or afraid of established authority and will say almost anything not to get officially involved. Witnesses like Jesus Guerrero, for example, would have much to fear from official sources.
The weight of my evidence adds up to Saipan, a crash-landing, imprisonment and death. Josephine Blanco, J. Y. Matsumoto, and Thomas Blas confirm a crash-landing on Saipan; Jose Blaza, and Jose Camacho and his wife saw a man and a woman pilot being driven away by Japanese officials; Antonio M. Cepada, Carlos Palacios, Antonio G. Cabrera, and Mrs. Joaquina M. Cabrera confirm that the pilots were held in custody; Ramon Cabrera saw the fliers, bound and blindfolded, brought to prison; Jesus Guerrero undoubtedly knows of any execution; and Joaquin Seman and Ben Salas most probably know the location of the graves.
"Courage," Amelia Earhart once wrote, "is the price that life exacts for granting peace." She paid the price, and all of America is ennobled because she was willing to pay it — all of her life, and up to what must have been its bitter end. May she at last rest in peace. (End of "Requiem for Amelia.")
We now know beyond any doubt, based on a massive assemblage of credible evidence, not to mention common sense, that Amelia did not fly to Saipan from Lae, New Guinea, which would have been a nearly 90 degree mistake, virtually unthinkable for even the most incompetent aviators of her day.
Remember that Briand was writing in 1966, when we knew about 10 percent of what has been learned since, and had no knowledge of the fliers' Mili Atoll landing off Barre Island. But with the seminal work of Paul Briand Jr., Fred Goerner and yes, even the creator of the Irene Bolam-as-Amelia Earhart lie, Joe Gervais, we would have had precious little to guide us, and the disappearance of Amelia Earhart might still be correctly called a mystery.
Posted in: Uncategorized	| Tagged: Amelia Earhart, Guam, Joe Gervais, Josephine Blanco Akiyama, Paul Briand Jr., Saipan
Peter Klika December 2, 2019 at 1:26 am | Reply
Why would her plane crash in Saipan when her destination was Howland? Why would it crash at all? She would still have plenty of fuel after leaving Lae? It seems every islander from Mili Atoll to Saipan saw her crash but these locations are over a thousand miles apart? Does this make sense to anybo?
Les Kinney December 2, 2019 at 5:18 pm | Reply
Although there is no physical evidence linking Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan to a crash landing in Tanapag Harbor there are numerous eye witness accounts describing a crash landing of a two engine plane occurring at this site in late 1937 or more likely in 1938. Mike's telling recount in this current blog are irrefutable.
But was Earhart and Noonan pulled from the plane and taken into custody by the Japanese? Quite likely, although there is little current evidence supporting this theory. On one of my research trips to Tokyo, I attempted to locate records of all plane crashes at Saipan during this period. Unfortunately, even if such files exist, the filing system at the Japanese Defense Archives make it all but impossible to locate the records.
Here's what I think happened. Earhart and Noonan were being transported to Saipan in a twin engine Japanese seaplane sometime in late 1937 or 1938, more than likely they were being flown from Kwajelain via Pohnpei. As has been mentioned, Aslito Field on Saipan was just wrapping up construction at this time and no fixed wing land based planes operating out of Kwajelain or Pohnpei were capable of transport to Saipan except for seaplanes. My guess is Earhart and Noonan had been told they were going to be released into American custody at Guam 110 miles to the south of Saipan. As they approached the Northern Marianas, Noonan realized they were not approaching Guam (which he had navigated to on several occasions while with Pan Am) but were about to land at the Japanese Seaplane Base at Tanapag. At that point, Noonan and Earhart attempted to take control of the plane which resulted in the plane skipping into the jungle 300 yards north of the seaplane base.
Antonio Diaz, who became good friends of Don Kothera during the Kothera Group's research expedition to Saipan in 1967 and 1968 recalled being part of a team tasked by the Japanese to build a coral road and remove the plane from the jungle after it thrashed through underbrush beyond the beach. Diaz drew the Kothera Group a map of the location where the plane skidded to a stop. He added the plane suffered little damage.
Aware that Diaz had given a conflicting account to Fred Goerner several years earlier, Kothera asked Diaz about his discussion with Goerner. Diaz said he never actually talked to Goerner and that Goerner came to his home with a translator. Diaz said his English was very poor then, and it was his "foreman" that actually talked to Goerner.
Unfortunately, Kothera, like Tom Devine, and a few others believed the plane that crash landed north of the Chico Navy Base was Earhart's Lockheed Electra.
Les Kinney
William H. Trail December 3, 2019 at 5:58 pm
Let me say right up front that, I like the idea of Fred Noonan as the fearless, square-jawed, two fisted, All-American hero in the tradition of Terry and the Pirates or Smilin' Jack who slugs the Jap guard and then, with Amelia at his side, attempts to wrest control of the aircraft from their captors and make good an escape. It's great good rollicking stuff. However, I seriously doubt if things actually played out that way.
First, the Japanese in general, and the Kempai Tai (Tokkeitai was a smaller, IJN version) in particular, were brutal, ruthless, and efficient. They'd have taken absolutely no chances transporting two very important and possibly dangerous prisoners such as Amelia Earhart and Frederick Noonan. Also, rather than feeding them the transparent, cheerful lie that they'd be released to U.S. custody on Guam to keep them pacified, which I believe the worldly wise Fred Noonan would have seen through immediately, the two would have been bound, blindfolded, and possibly, even gagged for the flight.
Second, had Fred and Amelia actually seized an opportunity to make an attempt to take control of the aircraft, and wrecked it on Saipan in the process, I seriously doubt that the Japanese would have then taken them to the Kobayashi Royakan Hotel afterward. More than likely, the Japanese would have been so incensed at AE and FN's defiance — and blind with uncontrollable rage at the inexcusable loss of one of the Emperor's seaplanes and possible injury to Japanese personnel, to say nothing of the incredible loss of face with everyone from the local natives to their superiors in Tokyo and to the Emperor himself — that AE and FN would most likely have been executed by beheading on the spot.
I think a better explanation is that if there even was a "crash" at all, and I'm not 100% convinced that there was one, the Japanese pilots botched the landing all by themselves. Also, I've consulted a number of sources, including Mark R. Peattie's excellent, "Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941" and am hard pressed to find any pre-WWII, twin-engine Japanese seaplane/flying boat. In fact the only twin-engine seaplane I've found in Japanese Naval service is the Aichi H9A (Navy Type 2 Training Flying Boat). Designed in early months of 1940 as a seaplane trainer, the first production aircraft rolled out in September 1940. Very similar in appearance to the Grumman Duck amphibian, it was so obscure that it was not encountered by Allied forces until spring 1945, and consequently was never assigned an Allied reporting name.
Les, if you know of an IJN twin-engine seaplane/flying boat/amphibian that fits the bill please let me know. Although I am a certified "aviation geek," I am by no means omniscient or infallible.
Tom Williams December 3, 2019 at 7:31 pm
You're right, it's mighty slim pickens when it comes to IJN twin engine seaplanes in 1937. There is one, Yokosuka H5Y which was first built in 1936…looks like a PBY. Who knows what they had their hands on at that time…maybe it wasn't Japanese at all.
Paul Briand December 2, 2019 at 8:49 am | Reply
Mike – Thanks for putting Dad's 'Requiem for Amelia' out there. I am Paul L. Briand III, son of author Paul L. Briand Jr. I am also custodian of some of Dad's research material on Earhart, though certainly not all. The bulk of it was donated after his death in 1986 to his alma mater, the University of New Hampshire in Durham, NH. He was a 1948 graduate, I am a 1975 graduate of UNH, and I make my home in Durham with my wife. I am retired after 30-some-odd years in the newspaper business, primary as a reporter, editor, and director of operations. My post-retirement work includes freelance writing for the local newspapers. As another footnote in the long-running Earhart saga, I wrote a story (https://www.fosters.com/news/20170716/elusive-truth-behind-amelia-earharts-disappearance) after the History Channel piece that was so controversial … and outright wrong. I went to the UNH archives to dig around a little. Your readers might find it interesting. Best, Paul Briand
earharttruth December 2, 2019 at 10:37 am | Reply
Thanks so much for checking in with us. The story you wrote in response to the History Channel debacle of July 9, 2017 is well done, and I urge those who follow this blog to read it.
We're honored to have you as a guest, and hope you will be a regular here. You're welcome anytime!
Gary Coats December 3, 2019 at 10:55 am | Reply
Mike, I need no more convincing of AE final days, you've got it, but the bigger picture has to be why was AE there in the first place, not that she crashed. Gary
William H. Trail December 3, 2019 at 7:07 pm | Reply
Greetings to All:
The Hiro H4H (Navy Type 91) Maritime Reconnaissance/Bomber Flying Boat was not only a twin engine aircraft, but had twin vertical stabilizers / rudders similar to the Electra. It's in TTAL (Second Edition) on page 94.
See, I told everyone I'm not omniscient or infallible!!!
Tom Williams December 4, 2019 at 6:02 pm | Reply
A bit off topic but I came across some footage titled "Aslito Airfield as it appeared when ground men of the 318th Fighter Squadron arrived on 18th June, 1944, Saipan Island" (prior to Tom Devine's arrival). Destruction with a capital D.
https://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675047536_Demolished-buildings_dud-shells_aviation-engineers
Great video. Thanks for sharing it. Much appreciated. There was a brief glimpse of a damaged, yet still standing hangar and all I could think was, is the Electra in it?
Some of the related clips are interesting as well; the link below has aerial footage of Aslito taken from a flight of P-47's returning from a raid on Tinian; if you look at still shot #67 (if you click on a photo there is a photo # in the bottom right corner and a "next" button), in the top center of the photo is a hangar which looks undamaged…to the left of it there is even an airplane which looks like it has a twin tail, but also appears to be a high wing design. The only date listed is July 1944 (no specific day).
https://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675047552_P-47-Thunderbolt-planes_P-47s-returning_landing_dispersal-area
William H. Trail December 7, 2019 at 11:32 pm | Reply
I finally got a good look at the photo you referenced. There's a good possibility that the twin-tailed aircraft is a B-24. We'll have to check on B-24 units on Saipan (if any) in July 1944.
Tom Williams December 8, 2019 at 9:17 am
You're probably right about the B-24 (high wing); regarding your earlier post referencing the P-47's; the first time I heard the phrase "Jug" was from a co-worker of mine (about 35 years ago) who flew them in the war…he raved about it!
The Germans called the P-47 a "Jabo" which is short for Jager-Bomber, or Fighter-Bomber — literally, "hunter-bomber." I'll bet your co-worker had some interesting stories to tell! Unfortunately, we're losing our WWII vets at a rapidly accelerating rate. The youngest are now in their early nineties.
Many, many years ago when I was a Civil Air Patrol Cadet I had the opportunity to speak with a P-51 Mustang pilot who flew through a thunderstorm over Germany. One minute he was flying the aircraft, and the next, it broke apart around him and he found himself falling through space. He spent the rest of the war as a reluctant guest of Der Deutches Reich at Stalag Luft III.
William, let me say, I not only appreciate your thoughtful analysis, but enjoyed your piece of writing. Well done!
Your points are well taken and you may be correct, i.e. Earhart and Noonan were not involved in hijacking a Japanese seaplane on approach to Saipan. Yet, I keep harking back to Chester Nimitz's message to Fred Goerner. "You're onto something that will stagger your imagination." Those are powerful words. A high ranking naval officer said of his close friend, "Chester Nimitz wasn't prone to exaggeration."
In 1937, the U.S. Navy was routinely monitoring Japanese naval messages and must have known Earhart and Noonan had been captured by the Japanese. During the Pacific War, a U.S. Marine officer read an intelligence report noting Earhart and Noonan had been moved from island to island. If Earhart and Noonan had hi-jacked a Japanese sea plane, couldn't that scenario be described as staggering your imagination?
Several Saipanese witnesses reported that the white man and woman were surrounded by naval soldiers at the Chico Navy Base at Tanapag Harbor and then whisked away in the Japanese Admiral's vehicle to Garapan. But they also said something equally important. The white woman with the short hair had suffered some sort of burn injury to her arm and there was a burn on her cheek. Later, other Chamorro witnesses described the slender white woman with short hair being held at the Kobayashi Royakan Hotel as having some type of burn marks on her arm and cheek. Both injuries could be indicative of injuries suffered in a plane crash.
I must disagree with your assessment or possible role of the Kempeitai or Kenpeitai in the scenario you described. For the most part, the Kempeitai was the arm of the Japanese Army. A few units were later assigned to Navy installations under navy command. The Japanese Navy was never enamored with the presence of the Kempeitai in naval jurisdictions. In 1937, the Japanese Navy was not nearly as militant as the Army. In fact, the Japanese Navy governed more to western standards. The Army on the other hand was ruthless and the Kempeitai's role in China well documented. In 1937, Saipan was governed by a civilian official reporting to the Naval Minister. At that time, the Navy presence on Saipan was small. I have a photo of the Navy unit from 1937 and they seem to be no more than a company in size. I am not even sure if there was a Kempeitai presence on Saipan during that time. The Saipan prison was administered by civilian and navy personnel. In all of the oral histories that I have read, there is no mention of the Kempeitai. As Japan edged closer to the Pacific War, that all changed. You cited, Mark R. Peattie, who also wrote "Nanyo, the Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia." Peattie doesn't mention the Kempeitai once in his book although he mentions Willard Price, an American author saying that he was followed by the Japanese police during a visit to Micronesia in 1935.
Would Japanese Navy officials on Saipan been angry if Earhart and Noonan had wrestled control of one of their sea planes in a bid to escape to Guam? Sure they would. But at the same time, they would have respected the American's "Bushido." Once on Saipan, Earhart and Noonan weren't going anywhere and no one knows what orders were being sent from Tokyo. Remember, the Japanese knew they were dealing with one of the most famous women in the world. Interest in Earhart's flight was immense in Japan. Amelia was on the front pages of Japanese newspapers for weeks.
By 1937, the Japanese had established sea plane bases throughout Micronesia. One was at Mili Atoll; others were at Jaluit, Ponape, Palau, and on Saipan and there were two large sea plane ramps at the Chico Navy Base. Those ramps are still there by the way. Twin engine and later four engine Japanese sea planes began carrying passengers to Saipan and Palau as early as 1935. I have a travel advertisement for these flights with a picture of a Japanese sea plane on the cover. One of the larger Japanese Seaplanes in production at that time was the Kawanishi H6K Type 97 Flying boat, another was the Yokosuka H5Y1. As you mentioned in a later comment, the Hiro H4H Navy Flying Boat was introduced into service in 1933.
I don't believe its fanciful thinking to believe Earhart and Noonan tried to wrestle the yoke away from a Japanese pilot as the plane sped across Saipan. There was so much discussion of this "crash landing" incident by so many Saipan natives that I believe it has to be given serious consideration.
William H. Trail December 7, 2019 at 12:00 am | Reply
Thank you for your reply, and very kind words. It is much appreciated. I especially appreciate your valuable insights regarding the extent of any pre-war Kempeitai operations in the Mandates and other Japanese possessions, including Saipan, as well as any role they may or may not have had vis-a-vis Amelia and Fred's captivity and death.
No, I'm not convinced that AE and FN attempted to wrest control of a Japanese seaplane from the crew while on approach for landing in Tanapag Harbor to make good an escape. At least, not yet. I do however, keep an open mind. None of us can say with absolute, 100% certainty what happened. Landings are the most critical part of flight, and the standard by which aviators are judged. It is entirely possible that the Japanese pilot-in-command may have simply lost control of "needle, ball, and airspeed" and made a hash of the landing all by himself.
Admiral Nimitz's message to Fred Goerner, "You're on to something that will stagger your imagination" is absolutely key and something that no researcher or student of the Earhart disappearance should ever forget. I keep it at the forefront of my mind. I also don't doubt the admiral's high-ranking naval officer friend's comment about him not being prone to exaggeration. It fits with everything I've read about the man. And for that reason I firmly believe that Admiral Nimitz was speaking in terms of something much greater than just Fred Noonan making a bold strike for freedom by attempting to gain control of the aircraft and escape when he spoke of the "something that will stagger your imagination." I believe Admiral Nimitz was referring to no less than the real reason that Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan did not land at Howland Island, but radically departed from the published flight plan and ended their flight on Mili Atoll in the Marshall Islands.
As I've stated previously on Mike's blog, I believe the plan was for AE and FN to bypass Howland and take up a heading toward the Marshall Islands where they were supposed to ditch in an area close enough to get the Japanese excited, but still in an area where our Navy could rescue them. The purpose was not to give the Navy an excuse to search the Marshall Islands, a la the 1943 Warner brothers film, "Flight for Freedom," but simply to get the Japanese chattering in code on the radio about a known subject, thus providing Laurance Safford's people a lot of good material to use to break, or at least better understand, the Japanese codes.
Thanks for the additional video footage of Aslito/Isley Field. Great shots of Republic P-47s landing. They said that, the Mustang was the airplane you had your picture taken with, but the Jug was the airplane that brought you home from a mission. I believe it.
Unfortunately, I had difficulty identifying the still photo with the twin-tail aircraft you mentioned.
douglasmills2015 December 9, 2019 at 9:54 pm | Reply
William –
This rough and tumble landing in the Tanapag Harbor always seemed fishy to me and the harsh treatment of Amelia & Fred received soon after. WHY? Les injects some *interesting thoughts to ponder. You would have thought, the Japanese would have been far more careful, with treating a world famous aviator/Amelia Earhart like this. Why so brutal of a treatment, after a minute or so, from stepping out of an airplane. Something isn't right about that?
The logic to this, needs to be questioned, at least in my mind.
William H. Trail December 11, 2019 at 12:32 am | Reply
In his reply to me Les wrote, "There was so much discussion of this 'crash landing' incident by so many Saipan natives that I believe it has to be given serious consideration." I can't disagree with that. It should be given serious consideration. Absolutely. It needs to be fully resolved because it's a piece of the puzzle that serves to complete the full saga of what happened to AE and FN.
Fortunately, the whole issue of whether they "crashed" or not on landing at Tanapag Harbor does not impact the final outcome, the truth that AE and FN were delivered in Japanese custody to the island of Saipan, where they were held for an undetermined period of time, and ultimately met their fate.
As far as I'm personally concerned, the jury is still out on the "crash" issue. I'm keeping an open mind, and will always welcome additional facts. They may have, in fact, crashed. They may have simply had a rough landing. Some of the witnesses who claim that the aircraft "crashed" may simply have interpreted a rough water landing as a crash. We don't know. For the reasons I stated to Les, I believe that FN was physically restrained, and therefore not in a position to make an attempt to gain control of the aircraft for an escape. My sense is that that Japanese would have recognized the potential danger an unrestrained FN would have posed and erred on the side of caution. That said, any crash that may or may not have occurred is strictly on the Japanese pilot-in-command of the aircraft.
Indeed, as Les wrote, "…the Japanese knew they were dealing with one of the most famous women in the world. Interest in Earhart's flight was immense in Japan. Amelia was on the front pages of Japanese newspapers for weeks. " Les is absolutely correct. So why the cruelty and brutality inflicted of AE and FN? I believe the answer is that there was a dichotomy between the Japanese people who loved and admired AE, and followed her round-the-world flight as avidly as anyone, and the anti-West/anti-U.S. agenda of Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro. Fumimaro harbored a long-standing animus toward the United States and this could very well have played a significant roll in the decision to hold AE and FN on Saipan, not disclose their whereabouts to the U.S., and ultimately murder them. Everyone in the chain-of-command would have taken their cue from the Prime Minister. Still, we can't say for sure. As Les points out, "…no one knows what orders were being sent from Tokyo." Maybe Laurance Safford's people and FDR as well as certain close confidants of his such as Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. did, but we, 82-years later, don't.
Hal Wick December 11, 2019 at 5:05 am | Reply
Discovered this blog last July and found it to be one of the most comprehensive and best websites on Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan. Have always been fascinated with the Earhart/Noonan disappearance ever since I took up an interest in aviation history as a teenager some 50 years ago.
Briand's "Daughter of the Sky" was one of the first books I read on Amelia Earhart. Thought the final chapter speculating her demise on Saipan was a intriguing cliffhanger and raised many unanswered questions. Have always believed she and Noonan flew to the Marshall Islands when unable to find Howland, was captured and held by the Japanese on Saipan and executed.
But what did Josephine Blanco see? To the untrained eye, especially to an 11 year-old, most airplanes look the same, although she was observant enough to note it was a twin-engine airplane. Beyond that, the average observer most likely could not tell the difference between a seaplane and a land-based airplane. A seaplane landing on the water would appear (to the casual observer) as a belly-landing or ditching on the water.
Miss Blanco probably didn't actually see the plane land on water and Earhart/Noonan exiting from the airplane as it sat on the water. She only recalled seeing the two on land accompanied by Japanese officials.
Miss Blanco could only remember the event occurred in the summer of 1937. But around the same time a twin-engine airplane piloted by a white woman and man were also seen landing (or crashing) at Mili Atoll. Unable to find Howland Island, Earhart flew north (on line 157-337) homing in on the Jaluit radio station figuring chances of rescue there would be better than flying south toward the Phoenix Islands. But her plane ran out of fuel and she crash landed at Mili Atoll instead. (Perhaps that's what prompted Henry Morganthau in his telephone conversation to state "she disobeyed all orders", i.e., Earhart was warned beforehand not to fly near the Marshall Islands or approach any Japanese-held islands.)
After crashing on Mili Atoll, Earhart and Noonan were captured by the Japanese and flown to Saipan aboard a Japanese Navy seaplane. Most likely that's what Josephine Blanco saw landing at Tanapag Harbor. (When asked whether she saw a seaplane, her reply was "perhaps".)
As to the U.S. Navy search following Earhart's last radio message: Despite searching some 50,000 square miles, Earhart/Noonan and the Electra were never found; the Navy was searching where she wasn't. They did not search the Marshall Islands region.
After publication of his book, Paul Briand was finally able to review the official Navy records on Earhart and was astonished to find the records absent of any evidence that Earhart was captured by the Japanese, taken to Saipan and executed or that Earhart was on a planned espionage mission for the government.
No doubt all files were carefully "sanitized". Also Japanese records and files on Earhart and events on Saipan circa 1937 no longer exists either. All this suggests a carefully planned and thorough cover up for various reasons still classified as "top secret". I believe this cover up is what Admiral Nimitz was alluding to when he stated to Fred Goerner that "he was on to something that will stagger the imagination."
earharttruth December 11, 2019 at 10:40 am | Reply
Hal,
This is your first comment on the blog, and it's well written and shows you've done your reading. Only two things I can find that I should mention. First, the search was far more extensive than 50,000 square miles. "The grand total in the Earhart search, 262,281 square miles, was the equivalent of a 500-mile square." (p. 52 TAL.)
Secondly, your statement that "Unable to find Howland Island, Earhart flew north (on line 157-337) homing in on the Jaluit radio station figuring chances of rescue there would be better than flying south toward the Phoenix Islands. But her plane ran out of fuel and she crash landed at Mili Atoll instead," is not a known fact, but is among the top possibilities of scenarios that brought her to Mili Atoll. I constantly emphasize that the true mystery in the Earhart case is just this — how and why she landed at Mili.
The evidence we have is simply not sufficient to trace her final hours with certainty.
Artist's rendition of the proposed Amelia Earhart Memorial Monument, with a new location planned for the old Garapan Prison, where Amelia and Fred Noonan were held briefly by the Japanese in the summer of 1937.
To contribute to the Amelia Earhart Memorial on Saipan (see March 16, 2018 story), please make your tax-deductible check payable to: Amelia Earhart Memorial Monument, Inc., and send to AEMMI, c/o Marie S. Castro, P.O. Box 500213, Saipan MP 96950. The monument's success is 100 percent dependent on private donations, and everyone who gives will receive a letter of appreciation from the Earhart Memorial Committee. Thank you.
The Second Edition of "Amelia Earhart: The Truth at Last," is a large 7″ by 10″ paperback offering 370 pages at the same low retail price of $19.95, and significantly less at Amazon.com. The book adds two chapters, a new foreword, several new subsections, the most recent discoveries, rare photos and a near-total rewrite to the mountain of overwhelming witness testimony and documentation presented in the first edition of "Truth at Last. "
Even as a child, Amelia had the look of someone destined for greatness. In this photo, she seems to be gazing at events far away in time and space. Who can fathom it?
This is a priceless portrait of our heroine at the tender age of 7. She seems to be peering into timelessness, as if she can actually see the amazing adventures that are in store for her — and us. Who can fathom it?
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Amelia at Spadina Military Hospital, Toronto, Canada, circa 1917-'18
While visiting Muriel at St. Margaret's College in Toronto in 1917, Amelia encountered three Canadian soldiers who had lost a leg, and decided, on the spot, to join the war effort. She enrolled in the Voluntary Aid Detachment and was assigned to the Spadina Military Hospital. "Sister Amelia soon became a favorite among the wounded and discouraged men," Muriel wrote.
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Arrival at Londonderry, Ireland, May 21, 1932
Earhart had spent the last 15 hours tossed by dangerous storms over the North Atlantic, contending with failing machinery and sipping a can of tomato juice to calm her queasy stomach. That day—May 21, 1932—she planned to end her journey at Paris' Le Bourget airfield, where exactly five years earlier Charles Lindbergh had completed the first solo transatlantic flight. When her Vega's reserve fuel tank sprang a leak and flames began engulfing the exhaust manifold, however, Earhart wound up navigating to a Northern Ireland pasture. From that moment , Amelia Earhart's star shined brightest, and her like has never been seen since.
Acclaim at Londonderry
Another great photo of Amelia, as she prepares to take off from Derry, Northren Ireland, and fly on to London, where worldwide fame awaited. After a flight lasting 14 hours, 56 minutes during which she contended with strong northerly winds, icy conditions and mechanical problems, Earhart landed in a pasture at Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland. The landing was witnessed by Cecil King and T. Sawyer. When a farm hand asked, "Have you flown far?" Earhart replied, "From America." The site now is the home of a small museum, the Amelia Earhart Centre.
Summer 1960: The Saipan Truth comes out
The headline story of the May 27, 1960 edition of the San Mateo Times was the first of several stories written by ace reporter Linwood Day that set the stage for Fred Goerner's first visit to Saipan in mid-June 1960 and led Goerner's 1966 bestseller, "The Search for Amelia Earhart." Day worked closely by phone with Goerner, and on July 1, 1960, the Earhart frenzy reached its peak, with the Times announcing "Amelia Earhart Mystery Is Solved" in a 100-point banner headline accross its front page.
San Mateo Times, July 3, 1960: Josephine Blanco Akiyama's eyewitness account
This story appeared in the San Mateo Times "Family Weekly" news magazine on July 3, 1960. The sensational account revealed details of her life as an 11-year-old on 1937 Saipan, but the true picture of what she actually saw that day remains in question. Was it a seaplane or a landplane in trouble that landed at Tanapag Harbor?
Fred Goerner with witness Manual Aldan, Saipan, 1960
Fred Goerner with witness Dr. Manuel Aldan on Saipan, June 1960. (Courtesy San Francisco Library Special Collections.)
The only bestseller ever penned on the Earhart disappearance, "Search" sold over 400,000 copies and stayed on the New York Times bestseller list for six months. In September 1966, Time magazine's scathing review, titled "Sinister Conspiracy," set the original tone for what has become several generations of media aversion to the truth about Amelia's death on Saipan.
This story, which announced Thomas E. Devine's Saipan gravesite claim, appeared in the San Mateo Times on July 16, 1960. Devine returned to Saipan in 1963 and located the gravesite shown to him by the Okinawan woman in August 1945, but did not share his find with Fred Goerner. Instead Devine planned to return to Saipan by himself, but he never again got the opportunity.
Thomas E. Devine, Saipan veteran and author of "Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident" (1987)
Thomas E. Devine, whose involvement with events surrounding the discovery and destruction of Amelia Earhart's Electra 10E as a 28-year-old Army postal sergeant on Saipan in July 1944 shaped the rest of his life. Devine's 1987 classic, "Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident," is among the most important books about the Earhart disappearance ever penned.
Thomas E. Devine's "Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident" (1987) is Devine's first-person account of his eyewitness experiences on Saipan, where he saw Amelia Earhart's Electra 10, NR 16020 on three occasions, the final time the plane was in flames. Devine's book is among the most important ever penned in revealing the truth about the disappearance of Amelia Earhart.
On November 13, 1970, the Japan Times reported, for the first time, the shocking claims of Mrs. Michiko Sugita, who was told of Amelia Earhart's execution on Saipan in 1937. Sugita, the eleven-year-old daughter of the civilian chief of police on Saipan in 1937, told the Japan Times in 1970 that Japanese military police shot Amelia Earhart as a spy there. Sugita, the first Japanese national to report Earhart's presence on Saipan, corresponded for a time with Thomas E. Devine, but later went missing and his letters were returned, marked, "No such person, unknown."
Mrs. Michiko Sugita, Japanese national, Earhart witness
Mrs. Michiko Sugita, whose account as told to the Japan Times in 1970 remains the only testimony from a Japanese national that attests to Amelia Earhart's presence and death on Saipan following her July 2, 1937 disappearance. Sugitia corresponded with Thomas E. Devine for a few years in the mid-1970s before Devine's letters were returned with the notation, "No such person. Return to sender."
This story appeared at the top of page 1 in the July 13, 1937 edition of the Bethlehem (Pennsylvania)-Globe Times. "Vague and unconfirmed rumors that Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan have been rescued by a Japanese fishing boat without a radio," the report began, "and therefore unable to make any report, found no verification here today, but plunged Tokio [sic] into a fever of excitement." The story was quickly squelched in Japan, and no follow-up was done. (Courtesy Woody Peard.)
Adm. Chester W. Nimitz: Fred Goerner's most respected informant
Adm. Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, circa 1942, the last of the Navy's 5-star admirals. In late March 1965, a week before his meeting with General Wallace M. Greene Jr. at Marine Corps Headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, Nimitz called Goerner in San Francisco. "Now that you're going to Washington, Fred, I want to tell you Earhart and her navigator did go down in the Marshalls and were picked up by the Japanese," Goerner claimed Nimitz told him. The admiral's revelation appeared to be a monumental breakthrough for the determined newsman, and is known even to many casual observers of the Earhart matter. "After five years of effort, the former commander of U.S. Naval Forces in the Pacific was telling me it had not been wasted," Goerner wrote.
Marshall Islands 50th Anniversary Commemorative Stamps, 1987
The independent Republic of the Marshalls Islands issued these four postage stamps to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Amelia Earhart's landing at Mili Atoll and pickup by the Japanese survey ship Koshu in July 1937. To the Marshallese people, the Earhart disappearance is not a mystery, but an accepted fact.
A rare sepia photo of Amelia in 1937, highlighting her freckles.
General Graves Erskine, deputy commander of V AMphibious Corps during the invasion of Saipan.
"The further a society drifts from the truth, the more it will hate those that speak it." — George Orwell