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BUILDING BARW'DU SCHOOL
Getting the School Built
Join us in Liberia
PICTURE THIS.....
A Self Sustaining Vision
Barw'du School is to be a technical school for trade oriented occupations with an emphasis on agriculture and self sustaining activities, including permaculture.
The master plan includes housing components for teachers and students, and the rest of the 50 acre site is to be allocated to agricultural fields.
Materials are all locally sourced and many will be generated by simple on-site production methods. The local community are familiar with working with clay and so skilled labour is easily accessible.
A water tower will capitalize on the ample water supply on site and serve the needs of the community as it develops.
Classroom openings are screened but not glazed which will maximize cross ventilation.
A double roof system keeps the classrooms cool and airy and the large overhangs of the metal roof will protect the spaces and building facades from the sun and heavy rains.
Electrical power is scarce in Liberia and mostly supplied by fuel generators. Provisions will be made for solar panels to be installed on the corrugated zinc roof as a potential source of energy.
Barw'du School benefits from an award winning design by Miami based KZ Architecture and was conceived following Principle Architect Jaya Kader's visit to Duwehn Town in July 2017. Following consultation with the community and local engineering experts a bill of quantities has been produced and we are actively fundraising for Phase 1 Construction.
Barw'du School
You can contribute...
There are different ways that you can contribute to getting Barw'du School built……
Become a Legacy Investor…
In total we are raising $1.3m and we don't intend to do it all by sponsored walks! Be part of creating a lasting legacy. Invest in a self sustainable economy for communities who are prepared to meet your contribution with commitment to strong growth.
If you are interested in becoming a legacy investor; through your organisation, foundation or by personal investment, please contact Simon Crowe on mail@simoncrowe.com
Donate via our GoFundMe Page…
Click to Donate Now!
Join us in Liberia!
Seeing is believing and so, once a year, we take a group of committed and inspired leaders out to Liberia for a 7 day leadership intensive. Find out more about that HERE
Offer Your Resourcefulness…
We are currently seeking a Social Media and Marketing Partner to share the stories of our progress.
We also seek expertise in the field of agriculture, education, financial management or construction, so if our project speaks to you, get in touch!
From left to right.
Emmanuel Wragboe holds the vision for Barw'du School, it was he who originally called on Simon to join him in the provision of a school. A Bassa man, who has worked in education and for youth organisations, Emmanuel is passionate about education and its ability to lift his country out of poverty. It is he who holds us all accountable to delivering for the children of Duwehn Town.
Simon Crowe believes in Heart Leadership and personal growth through powerful service. For over 10 years he has lived with great intention, attracting and deeply serving influential and impactful human beings; coaching and consulting with artists, professionals, executives, entrepreneurs, leaders & humanitarians; developing & delivering inspiring projects that positively impact the world.
Natasha McCreesh chooses only to do work that brings her joy and has a keen focus on only choosing 10's in her life. She collaborates with purpose led leaders to support them in the crafting and execution of their vision, sometimes coaching and often project managing. A day dreamer with a do'er streak, Natasha is a motivator driven by future potential. She also loves laughing.
Jaya Kader, AIA, LEED AP, is the founding principal of KZ architecture, Inc. an award- winning Miami based architecture firm committed to design excellence and sustainable building practices. With a design philosophy that is rooted in context and purpose, Jaya believes in the power of design and architecture to enhance the human experience.
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Home News Transport & Logistics
UN launches initiative to improve road safety worldwide
With some 1.3 million drivers, passengers and pedestrians dying each year on the world's roads, the United Nations took a major step to address this tragedy by launching a trust fund to spur road safety initiatives.
Several cars crash in a busy road in Kolkata, India on June 13, 2012. Image: Biswarup Ganguly , CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Speaking at the UN General Assembly where the launch was announced, Deputy Secretary-General Amina Mohammed highlighted the opportunities offered by the UN Road Safety Trust Fund.
"We have a chance to save the lives of millions of people around the world, and to prevent injuries, suffering and the loss of opportunity associated with road accidents," she said, urging all stakeholders to contribute to the Trust Fund and to step up their efforts to achieve global road safety targets.
According to the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the Organisation's development arm in the continent, which is also the secretariat for the Trust Fund, every $1,500 contributed to the Fund could save one life; prevent 10 serious injuries; and leverage $51,000 towards investments in road safety.
"The Road Safety Trust Fund will serve as a catalyst for much-needed progress towards the road safety targets of the Sustainable Development Goals," said Olga Algayerova, the head of UNECE.
Dealing specifically with road safety, SDG targets 3.6 and 11.2 aim to halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents; and to provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems as well as improve road safety for all, respectively.
"[We] are committed to working with all stakeholders to multiply the impact of global action to improve road safety," added Ms. Algayerova.
Echoing these words, Jean Todt, the President of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile and the UN Special Envoy for Road Safety, also underlined the importance scaling up of resources to achieve global road safety targets.
"[The Trust Fund] has the potential to galvanise our global efforts to address the road safety situation, building on the progress made and experience gained over the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020," he expressed.
The Trust Fund will support efforts along the five pillars of the Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety, which include strengthened road safety management capacities; improved safety of road infrastructure and broader transport networks; enhanced safety of vehicles; improved behaviour of road users; and improved post-crash care.
General Assembly urges effective measures to improve road safety
Also today, the UN General Assembly—the UN body with universal membership of all 193 Member States—adopted a resolution on road safety in which it called for a host of measures to prevent road accidents and to minimising the resulting damage.
One of the measures, it urged, the adoption policies and measures to implement vehicle safety regulations to ensure that all new motor vehicles meet "applicable minimum regulations for the protection of occupants and other road users, with seat belts, airbags and active safety systems fitted as standard equipment."
This story was published with permission from the UN News Centre.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home » gem stone » 10 Rarest and most expensive gemstones
10 Rarest and most expensive gemstones
By Unknown 1:02:00 AM 3 comments
Rarest and most expensive gemstones on the Earth ranges from few hundreds to millions worth. All through history, people have embellished themselves with gems. First produced using bits of shell, bone and sparkly shakes, and later, with pearls set in copper, silver and gold.
It takes a large number of years for gems to shape in nature, and just a small amount of those will ever be discovered, mined, cut and sold as gemstones. The estimation of gemstones relies on upon numerous components, including irregularity, quality, setting, and even legislative issues. Dive into the universe of unbelievably lavish gems with our summary of ten of the world's rarest and most important gemstones.
Discovered just in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro, in Northern Tanzania, this blue-purple stone is another very prized shading moving jewel. Because of the restricted accessibility, Tanzanite may be mined out inside of 20-30 years. It will surely turn out to be significantly more desirable...and profitable.
Arrangement: Calcium, Aluminum, Silicon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. The Market Value: $600-$1,000 per carat.
Taaffeite (maintained "tar-fite") is named for Australian gemologist Richard Taaffe, who found a cut and cleaned example of the stone in 1945. Just a modest bunch of these valuable stones have ever been discovered, making them a genuine authority's diamond. Found in scope of tints going from almost dreary to lavender, mauve and violet, Taaffeite happens in Sri Lanka and Tanzania. Different sources may be found, yet until then, Taaffeite stays one of the rarest and most profitable jewels on the planet.
Organization: Magnesium, Beryllium, Aluminum, Oxygen. The Market Value: $1500-$2500 per carat.
The rarest sort of Opal, the national gemstone of Australia, Black Opal is additionally the most important pearl of its kind. All accessible Black Opal originates from the Lightning Ridge mine in New South Wales. The splendid play of shading, or "flame," in these dim diamonds, alongside their relative shortage, causes them to be worth over $2300 per carat.
Organization: Silicon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. The Market Value: $2,355 per carat.
Found close to the San Benito River in California, Benitoite is a blue to purple gemstone initially found in 1907. Under UV lights, it sparkles a splendid pasty blue. A couple of examples have been found in Arkansas and Japan, yet the main business mine is in San Benito County, California. Not with standing being the official state pearl of California, Benitoite is a desired authorities' diamond, and is additionally sold in gems, however once in a while accessible in sizes of one carat or more.
Piece: Barium, Titanium, Silicon, Oxygen. The Market Value: $3000-$4000 per carat.
Red Beryl
Likewise called Scarlet Emerald or bixbite, Red Beryl has just been found in Utah and New Mexico and the main business mine is found in the Wah Mountains of Utah. Red Beryl has been depicted as 1,000 times more important than gold: cut stones frequently offer for more than $2,000 per carat - and as much as $10,000 per carat.
Piece: Beryllium, Aluminum, Silicon, Oxygen. The Market Value: $10,000 per carat.
Named for Tsar Alexander II of Russia, this exceedingly uncommon gemstone was thought to be mined out after the first stores, found in 1830 in Russia's Ural Mountains, were almost depleted. Alexandrite is a shading evolving gemstone: its tint shifts from red to green contingent upon the light it's presented to. Late finds in Brazil, East Africa and Sri Lanka have brought this stone back available, however it is still one of the world's most pined for stones.
Organization: Beryllium, Aluminum, Oxygen. The Market Value: $12,000 per carat.
Jadeite may sound like the different semi-valuable stones referred to casually as "jade," however this unimaginably uncommon diamond is ordinarily more significant. Prized most when it is hued a profound, translucent green, Jadeite is for the most part found in restricted amounts in Myanmar.
In 1997, Christie's closeout house sold a Jadeite jewelry for about $10 million. The most elevated quality "Majestic" Jadeite can offer for a great many dollars for every carat when cut and cleaned. Tragically, numerous brokers have gone rotten regarded stones as genuine Jadeite.
Creation: Sodium, Aluminum, Iron, Silicon, Oxygen. The Market Value: $20,000 per carat.
Musgravite
Another valuable stone in the same family as Taaffeite, this present stone's shading extents from a splendid greenish dim to purple. Musgravite was found in 1967 in the Musgrave Range of Southern Australia, and for a long time there were just eight known examples. As of late, little amounts of Musgravite have been situated in Greenland, Antarctica, Sri Lanka, Madagascar and Tanzania. Try not to let this new "overflow" trick you, however: this extraordinarily hard stone is still exceedingly uncommon, bringing $35,000 - or more - per carat.
Organization: Magnesium, Beryllium, Aluminum, Zinc, Iron, Oxygen. The Market Value: $35,000 per carat.
In the 1950s, minerologist Arthur C.D. Paine experienced an uncommon caramel stone in Myanmar (Burma) that ended up being one of the planet's rarest pearls. For a considerable length of time, just two slice examples were known not, bringing on the gem to be pretty much "extremely valuable."
As of late, a couple of more precious stones have been found. In case you're sufficiently fortunate to discover one available, hope to pay $50,000 to $60,000 per carat for this orange-to red-chestnut jewel.
Arrangement: Calcium, Zirconium, Boron, Aluminum, Oxygen. The Market Value: $50,000-$60,000 per carat.
Pink Star Diamond
Suppose you have an additional $80 million or something like that smoldering an opening in your pocket. What might you spend it on? Would a solitary - in fact excellent - jewel ever get your attention?. The Pink Star Diamond is an "Extravagant Vivid Pink" precious stone that was mined in 1999 in South Africa. Tipping the scales at 59.6 carats, this jewel was sold by Sotheby's for a record $83 million: more than whatever other precious stone or any pearl - ever sold.
Piece: Carbon. The Market Value: $83,187,381, or about $1,395,761 per carat
nancy john January 3, 2018 at 10:25 PM
I really love the intricate design of your rose gold engagement ring. Not every girl gets her dream engagement ring, so I am glad you got yours!
gemstone trend
Nitya Loha July 28, 2018 at 10:08 AM
This post is really very helpful to the reader to solve their problems. I love gems but the most I love is Musgravite Gem as it has the different color and fabulous shading that make it apart from all others. Yet it is costly. But it is also very beneficial for us. Its complex design is so lovely. You are going to love this. Visit: https://www.rudraksha-ratna.com
Samidha Harinna September 25, 2018 at 11:21 AM
The images of each of the gemstones look amazing. The gemstones are known to have great significance in many different cultures. Thank you for sharing this interesting information regarding different stones and where they can be mined. I also liked the origin of their names described in such detail. Visit: https://www.rudraksha-ratna.com
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\section{I. Introduction}
Axion is one of the most known particles in the extended theories beyond the standard model of particle physics. It was originally introduced by Peccei and Quinn to solve the strong CP problem in QCD~\cite{Peccei:1977hh}.
Moreover, string theory and supergravity generically predict a plenitude of axion-like particles (ALPs) which can have a broad range of the mass~\cite{Svrcek:2006yi}.
Especially, the axion with a small mass $m \ll 1\text{eV}$ is well motivated by cosmology, since
it behaves as a non-relativistic matter fluid in
our universe and is a good candidate for dark matter.
Axion dark matter may weakly interact with known standard model particles, so that we can explore axion dark matter through the direct search experiments.

It has been known that if axion is coupled to photon, the axion-photon
conversion under static magnetic fields takes place~\cite{Sikivie:1983ip}.
Making use of this conversion process, many different types of experiments have been considered such as axion haloscopes  \cite{Hagmann:1998cb}, axion helioscopes \cite{Zioutas:2004hi,Vogel:2013bta}, ``light shining through a wall" experiments \cite{Ehret:2009sq, Betz:2013dza}, laser interferometry \cite{Tam:2011kw, DeRocco:2018jwe} and magnetometers \cite{Sikivie:2013laa, Kahn:2016aff} (for more details, see recent reviews \cite{Graham:2015ouw} and references therein). They put the constraints on the photon-axion coupling constant $g_{a\gamma}$ for a vast range of the ALPs mass.
Astronomical observations can be also used to probe the axion-photon conversion.
For the low mass range, the absence of gamma-ray emission from SN1987A \cite{Brockway:1996yr, Payez:2014xsa}
and the spectral of cosmic rays from galaxy clusters~\cite{Wouters:2012qd, Marsh:2017yvc, Conlon:2017ofb} are used to put significant bounds on $g_{a\gamma}$.
 Furthermore, some observational results
which can be attributed to the photon-axion conversion might imply its presence~\cite{Aharonian:2007wc, Conlon:2013txa,Moroi:2018vci}.

Here, we propose another way to find the coupling of photon to axion dark matter without using the axion-photon conversion.
The dark matter axion whose field value oscillates around the minimum of its potential
provides a small difference in the phase velocity between the left-handed and the right-handed photon.
Optical cavity is useful to detect such a small deviation of the phase velocity.
 The birefringence generally caused by ALPs~\cite{Carroll:1989vb} (and specifically by their oscillating background~\cite{Espriu:2011vj}) has been studied,
and recently the authors in \cite{DeRocco:2018jwe} suggested an experiment with a Michelson interferometer.
On the other hand, ring cavity experiments have emerged to test the parity-odd Lorentz violation in the photon sector~\cite{Baynes:2012zz}.
They have measured the variation of the resonant frequency depending on the direction of the light path.
Similar technique can be applied for our purpose,
because the resonant frequency of the cavity shifts depends on the polarization of photon, provided that the dark matter axion is coupled to photon.
The dark matter axion predicts the phase velocities of the left and right-handed polarized photon shift with the opposite signs and the same magnitude.
Therefore such shifts of the resonant frequencies of the polarized laser
in the optical cavity are the measurement target in our experiment.
We estimate the reach of our cavity experiment and obtain
the potential sensitivity.

 This paper is organized as follows.
 In Section 2, we derive the difference in the phase velocity of polarized photons in the presence of axion dark matter and estimate its magnitude.
 In Section 3, we describe the experimental method to probe the axion-photon coupling with our designed cavity.
 In Section 4, we show the potential sensitivity of our experiment and give a short discussion.
 Finally, we conclude the result of this work in Section 5.
 In this paper, we set the unit $\hbar = c = 1$.

\section{II. Phase velocities of photons}

In this section, we present the equations of motions (EoMs)
for two circular-polarized photons coupled with the axion dark matter and estimate their phase velocities.
We consider the
axion-photon coupling term
\begin{equation}
\dfrac{g_{a\gamma}}{4}aF_{\mu\nu}\tilde{F}^{\mu\nu} = g_{a\gamma}\dot{a}A_i\epsilon_{ijk}\partial_j A_k + (\text{total derivative}),
\end{equation}
where dot denotes the time derivative, $a(t)$ is the axion field value, $A_\mu$ is the vector potential, $F_{\mu\nu} \equiv \partial_\mu A_\nu - \partial_\nu A_\mu$, and $\tilde{F}_{\mu\nu} \equiv \epsilon_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}\partial_\rho A_\sigma/(2\sqrt{-g})$.
Here, we choose the temporal gauge $A_0 = 0$ and the Coulomb gauge $\nabla\cdot \bm{A} = 0$.
 Then the EoM for gauge field reads
\begin{equation}
\ddot{A}_i - \nabla^2A_i + g_{a\gamma}\dot{a}\epsilon_{ijk}\partial_j A_k = 0 \,.
\end{equation}
The present background axion field is written as
\begin{equation}
a(t) = a_0\cos(m t + \delta_\tau(t))\,,
\label{eq: axion}
\end{equation}
with its constant amplitude $a_0$, its mass $m$ and a phase factor $\delta_\tau(t)$.
In this experiment, we search for the axion dark matter with the mass $m\lesssim 10^{-10}$eV
and the corresponding frequency $f$ is given by
\begin{equation}
f = \dfrac{m}{2\pi} \simeq 2.4\, {\text Hz} \left(\frac{m}{10^{-14}\text{eV}}\right)\,.
\end{equation}
The phase factor $\delta_{\tau}$ can be assumed to be a constant value within the coherence timescale of dark matter $\tau$.

We decompose $A_i$ into two helicity modes with wave number $\bm{k}$ :
\begin{equation}
A_i(t, \bm{x}) = \sum_{\lambda=\pm}\int\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^3 k}{(2\pi)^3}A^\lambda_{\bm{k}}(t)e^\lambda_i(\hat{\bm{k}})e^{i\bm{k}\cdot\bm{x}} \,,
\end{equation}
where $e^\lambda_i(\hat{\bm{k}}) = e^{\lambda*}_i(-\hat{\bm{k}})$ is the circular polarization vector which obeys $e^{\lambda}_i(\hat{\bm{k}})e^{*\lambda'}_i(\hat{\bm{k}}) = \delta^{\lambda'\lambda},$ and $\epsilon_{ijm}k_je^\pm_m(\hat{\bm{k}}) = \pm k e^\pm_i(\hat{\bm{k}})$.
 Then one finds EoMs for the two polarization modes as
\begin{equation}
\ddot{A}^\pm_k + \omega_\pm^2A^\pm_k = 0\,,
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\omega_\pm^2 \equiv k^2\left( 1 \pm \dfrac{g_{a\gamma}a_0 m}{k}\sin(m t + \delta_\tau) \right) \label{eq: omega} \,.
\end{equation}
 From \eqref{eq: omega}, we obtain their phase velocities as
\begin{equation}
c_\pm \equiv \dfrac{\omega_\pm}{k} = \left( 1 \pm \dfrac{g_{a\gamma}a_0 m}{k}\sin(m t + \delta_\tau) \right)^{1/2}\,,
\end{equation}
and define their difference as
$\delta c \equiv |c_+ - c_-|$.
The tiny coupling $g_{a\gamma}$ allows us to approximate $\delta c$ by
\begin{equation}
\delta c \simeq \dfrac{g_{a\gamma}a_0 m}{k}\sin(m t + \delta_\tau) \equiv \delta c_0\sin(m t + \delta_\tau)\,.
\end{equation}
 Assuming the laser light with the wavelength $\lambda = 2\pi/k = 1550~\text{nm}$, we can estimate
\begin{equation}
\delta c_0
\simeq
3\times 10^{-24}\left(\dfrac{g_{a\gamma}}{10^{-12}~\text{GeV}^{-1}}\right)\,,
\end{equation}
where we used the present energy density of the axion dark matter,
$\rho_a = m^2a_0^2/2 \simeq 0.3~\text{GeV}/\text{cm}^{3}$.

\section{III. Search for axion dark matter using optical ring cavity}

In this section, we describe our experiment to detect $\delta c$ caused by the axion dark matter.
The set up of our experiment is schematically illustrated in Figure \ref{fig: ringcavity}.
\begin{figure}[tbp]
  \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=85mm]{ringcavity7.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption
 {The layout of our double-pass bow-tie cavity.
 The left-handed beam (solid line) is injected to the resonant cavity,
 while the transmit beam reflected by the mirror on the far right goes to the cavity as the right-handed beam (dashed line).

 The photodetector A is used to lock the laser frequency at the resonant  frequency for the injected beam from the left, and the photodetector B monitors
 the modulation of the resonant frequency difference of two optical paths from the beam coming from the right.
 }
 \label{fig: ringcavity}
\end{figure}
First, a laser beam which is circularly polarized by a 1/4 waveplate enters
our bow-tie cavity. For the illustrative purpose, let us assume the incident
beam has the left-handed polarization.
The incident beam to the cavity is partially reflected
by the input mirror and goes to the photodetector A, while the other
part enters the cavity.
Since the reflection off of a mirror flips the circular-polarization of photon,
the beam changes its polarization each time it is reflected by a mirror.
It should be noted that the beam that enters the cavity from the left has
the right-handed polarization most of the time, because the bow-tie optical
path is stretched in the longitudinal direction.
It eventually goes to either the photodetector A or the mirror on the far right.
The beam which is reflected from the mirror on the far right
is partially reflected into the photodetector B
or re-enters the cavity.
Then it has the left-handed polarization most of the time
while traveling inside the cavity in the opposite direction.
Finally some part of the beam goes into the photodetector B.

From
each photodetector, we can obtain the signal which is
proportional to the frequency difference between the laser frequency and  the cavity resonant frequency using, for example, Pound-Drever-Hall
method~\cite{[PDH]}. Using this error signal taken by the photodetector A, the incident laser frequency is stabilized to the resonance of
the (almost) right-handed polarized beam.
We can also obtain the second error signal from the photodetector B, which is proportional to the resonant frequency difference between (almost) left-handed and right-handed beams.
Without the phase velocity modulation $\delta c$ given by the axion dark matter,
the resonant frequency would not depend on the circular-polarizations.
Therefore our setup works as a null-experiment sensitive to the axion-photon
coupling.

The bow-tie configuration of our optical cavity cancels the Sagnac effect from, for example, the spin of Earth~\cite{Sagnac}.
Most of the environmental noises are also cancelled due to the
double-pass configuration~\cite{Cusack:2002dw}, because the second
error signal observes only the difference in the resonant frequency between the two counter-propagating optical paths in the cavity and their common fluctuations become irrelevant.
The difference of the resonant frequencies between the two optical paths is given by
\begin{equation}
\dfrac{\delta \nu}{\nu} = \dfrac{\delta c}{c} =
3\times 10^{-24}\left(\dfrac{g_{a\gamma}}{10^{-12}~\text{GeV}^{-1}}\right)
\sin(m t + \delta_\tau) \,, \label{eq: reso}
\end{equation}
and hence the second error signal is expected to be oscillating.
This oscillatory behavior is advantageous for
the signal extraction.

\section{IV. Sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling}

 In this section, we calculate the sensitivity of our experiment to the axion-photon coupling constant.
By virtue of the double-pass configuration, most of the noises from the environmental disturbance are in principle cancelled out by the common mode rejection.
 Then the primary source of noise is the quantum shot noise.
One-sided spectrum of the shot noise of an optical ring cavity is written as \cite{Kimble:2000gu}
\begin{equation}
  \sqrt{S_{\rm{shot}}} = \sqrt{\frac{\lambda}{4 \pi P} \left( \frac{1}{t_r^2} + \omega^2 \right)} \label{eq: shotN} \ ,
\end{equation}
where $\lambda$ is the laser wavelength, $P$ is the input power, and $\omega$ is the angular frequency which is the axion mass $m$ in our case.
 Note that the quantum radiation pressure noise is cancelled out by our double-pass configuration.
 Averaged round-trip time $t_r$ is
\begin{equation}
 t_r = \frac{L \mathcal{F}}{\pi},
\end{equation}
where $L$ is the cavity round-trip length and $\mathcal{F}$ is the finesse.

 If our measurement is limited by the shot noise, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improves with the measurement time $T$ as
\begin{equation}
 (\text{SNR}) = \frac{\sqrt{T}}{2\sqrt{S_{\rm{shot}}}}\frac{\delta c_0}{c}
\end{equation}
as long as the axion oscillation is coherent for $T \lesssim \tau$.
The axion dark matter can be regarded to show a coherent oscillation and $\delta_\tau$ in \eqref{eq: reso} is constant within the coherent time scale $\tau = 2\pi/(mv^2)$.
 Since the local velocity of dark matter $v$ is around $10^{-3}$, $\tau$ is roughly estimated as
\begin{equation}
\tau \sim 1\,\text{year}\left(\dfrac{10^{-16}\text{eV}}{m}\right) \ .
\end{equation}
 When the measurement time becomes longer than this coherence time $T > \tau$, the phase $\delta_\tau$ is not constant any more and $\delta_\tau$ behaves as a random variable staying constant for each period of $\tau$.
As a consequence, the growth of the SNR with the measurement time changes as
\cite{Budker:2013hfa}
\begin{equation}
(\text{SNR})
= \frac{(T\tau)^{1/4}}{2\sqrt{S_{\rm{shot}}}}\frac{\delta c_0}{c} \,.
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[tbp]
  \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=85mm]{AxionPhotonConstraint9.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{The sensitivity curves for the axion-photon coupling constant $g_{a\gamma}$ with respect to the axion mass $m$.
 The solid blue (red) line shows the sensitivity of our experiment $(L, F, P) = (1(10)~\text{m}, 10^4(10^6), 10^2(10^2)~\text{W})$.
 The gray band represents the current limit from CAST~\cite{Zioutas:2004hi}.
 The dashed black lines are the prospected limits of IAXO \cite{Vogel:2013bta} and ALPS-II \cite{Ehret:2009sq} missions.
 The dashed turquoise blue and purple lines show the proposed reaches of axion optical interferometer suggested in \cite{DeRocco:2018jwe} and ABRACADABRA magnetometer \cite{Kahn:2016aff}.
 The orange and pink bands denote the astrophysical constraints from the cosmic ray observations of SN1987A \cite{Payez:2014xsa} and radio galaxy M87 \cite{Marsh:2017yvc}.
}
 \label{fig: bound}
\end{figure}
Therefore the sensitivity to $\delta c_0 /c$ is limited by
\begin{align}
\frac{\delta c_0}{c}
\lesssim
\begin{cases}
\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{T}} \sqrt{S_{\rm{shot}}} & (T \lesssim \tau) \\
\dfrac{2}{(T\tau)^{1/4}} \sqrt{S_{\rm{shot}}} & (T \gtrsim \tau) \\
\end{cases} \,.
\end{align}
It can be translated into the sensitivity to $g_{a \gamma}$ as
\begin{align}
 g_{a \gamma } &\lesssim
 \begin{cases}
10^{12} \sqrt{\dfrac{S_{\rm{shot}}}{T}}~[1/\rm{GeV}] & (T \lesssim \tau) \\
10^{12}\sqrt{\dfrac{S_{\rm{shot}}}{(T\tau)^{1/2}}}~[1/\rm{GeV}] & (T\gtrsim \tau) \\
\end{cases}\,.
\end{align}
Figure~\ref{fig: bound} shows the sensitivity of our experiment to the axion-photon coupling constant for different configurations.
Here we set $\lambda=1550$~nm and assumed $T= 1~{\rm year} = 3 \times 10^{7}~{\rm sec}$.
With feasible parameters we can achieve a sensitivity level $g_{a\gamma} \simeq 3 \times 10^{-13} ~\text{GeV}^{-1}$ for $m \lesssim 10^{-16} ~\text{eV}$, which is below the current constraints from axion helioscope experiments, SN1987A and {\sl Chandra} X-ray observations.
Moreover, with more optimistic parameters, our cavity can reach $g_{a\gamma} \simeq 3 \times 10^{-16} ~\text{GeV}^{-1}$ for $m \lesssim 10^{-16} ~\text{eV}$ which will be the best sensitivity among the proposed axion search experiments in this mass range.

 Our optical cavity is made critically-coupled so that most of the beam
is transmitted and reflected beam power impinging on the photodiode is
minimized.
 This allows the shot noise limited detection at 100 W input power with current technology.

 We note here that various technical noises at low frequency should be further investigated to determine the sensitivity for lower mass range of the axion.
 Technical noises could be higher than the shot noise especially at low frequencies since technical noises are usually smaller at higher frequencies, and shot noise degrades proportional to frequency above cavity pole (see Eq.\eqref{eq: shotN}). One of the largest technical noises comes from mirror vibration.
 The vibration noise can be estimated with
\begin{equation}
\sqrt{S_{\rm vib}} = \omega^2 A \gamma_{\rm CMRR} \sqrt{S_{\rm seis}} \ ,
\end{equation}
where $A$ is the vibration sensitivity, $\gamma_{\rm CMRR}$ is the common-mode rejection ratio, and $\sqrt{S_{\rm seis}}$ is the ground vibration spectrum.
 Assuming values from cutting-edge technologies, $A=10^{-12}$ /(m/s$^2$), $\gamma_{\rm CMRR}=10^{-4}$ and $\sqrt{S_{\rm seis}}=10^{-9}/f^2 \,{\rm m/\sqrt{Hz}}$, we get $\sqrt{S_{\rm vib}}=4 \times 10^{-24}$.
 This is comparable to the shot noise level below the cavity pole in optimistic cavity parameter case, and reasonable vibration attenuation system would be necessary.

Furthermore, it would be interesting to consider a optical cavity which is sensitive to the axion-photon coupling at higher frequencies, because our cavity does not have much sensitivity at larger mass region $m \gtrsim 10^{-10}$ eV.
 We leave these issues for future work.

\section{V. Conclusion}
\label{Conclusion}
 In this letter, we proposed a novel experiment to probe the coupling of the axion dark matter to photon with a resonant cavity.
We consider the double-pass cavity which aims to detect the difference in the resonant frequencies of the laser beam with the two circular-polarizations.
Due to the oscillation of the axion dark matter,
the resonant frequencies are expected to periodically change in time
and we can extract the signal from the irreducible noises.
The sensitivity curve is in principle determined only by quantum shot noise by virtue of the double-pass configuration and hence we can achieve the great sensitivity level for the detection of the axion-photon coupling constant.
In the concrete estimation of the sensitivity, we adopted two sets of parameters, feasible one and optimistic one.
We have demonstrated that both of them can reach sensitivities beyond the current constraints by several orders of magnitude.

\section{Acknowledgement}
\label{Acknowledgement}

 We would like to thank Masaki Ando, Takahiro Tanaka, Hideyuki Tagoshi and Arata Aoki for fruitful discussion and comments.
 In this work, YM and TF are supported by the JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) No.~18H01224 and Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellow No.~17J09103, respectively.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Environment Variables in DevOps and Azure App Service I am currently struggling to persist environment variables through my DevOps deployment pipeline to Azure App Service.
I am deploying a Django app on Azure App Service with Docker containers and Azure's Container Registry. The containers are built on Azure DevOps and pushed to the registry via a release pipeline. I need to keep a few environment variables secret since the app will connect to our Azure Cosmos DB, and I'm doing so by using a tokenized .env file. The variables are kept secret and added to my '.env-prod' file with pipeline variables and the Replace Tokens DevOps task during the build.
Here is what my '.env-prod' file looks like:
PRODUCTION_KEY=#{{PRODUCTION_KEY}}#
AZURE_DB=#{{AZURE_DB}}#
AZURE_CONNECT=#{{AZURE_CONNECT}}#
...

The tokens are getting properly replaced during the build on DevOps, and the build executes without errors to push containers to our Azure container registry.
Now the problem arises when I launch the app on App Service via the docker compose script also used to build the containers. Here is the backend-service in my compose file which builds and runs the Django app:
backend-service:
  env_file: backend_folder/.env-prod
  build: backend_folder
  # Container registry name in Azure
  image: **.azurecr.io/**:0.1.1
  volumes:
    - static:/app/static
  command: gunicorn django_proj.wsgi:application --chdir django_proj --bind 0.0.0.0:8001
  expose:
    - 8001

The static files are created via the CMD python manage.py collectstatic --no-input command in my Docker file. There is also an nginx and a frontend service to serve our website, but they do not reference the .env file.
When I launch my App Service, the variables seem not to be loaded to the backend service when starting the app. I've also added the same variables to my Application Settings in the App Service, but I'm still encountering errors that indicate to me the variables were not set.
Here is a snapshot from my container log stream which describes the error:

2021-06-02 INFO  - Container logs from backend-service = 2021-06-02 [2021-06-02] [INFO] Starting gunicorn 20.1.0
2021-06-02 [2021-06-02] [INFO] Listening at: http://0.0.0.0:8001 (1)
2021-06-02T2 [2021-06-02] [6] [ERROR] Exception in worker process
2021-06-02 Traceback (most recent call last):
...
2021-06-02   File "/app/django_proj/settings.py", line 116, in <module>
2021-06-02     connect(os.environ['AZURE_DB'], host=os.environ['AZURE_CONNECT'])
...
2021-06-02 pymongo.errors.InvalidURI: Invalid URI scheme: URI must begin with 'mongodb://' or 'mongodb+srv://'

It seems like my AZURE_CONNECT variable is not being set in our running App Service backend container.

*

*How can I securely persist the secret environment variables in my compose script so they are present during both my build step in Azure DevOps and the run step in the Azure App Service?

*Is there another way to serve the static files via gunicorn so the environment variables are only referenced during the build step and not when launching the App Service?

Here is the closest related question I found to my issue, but we differ in that we are using multiple environment variables on Azure App Service and not Heroku. Also, I have no issues running the site on my local machine if I use my private .env file without tokens.

A: Thanks to Josh Gordon for the help, I learned that I should not have formatted the Azure App Service application settings with quotes--the raw text is loaded in the environment as a string and does not need anticipatory quotes.
In my question, I was also looking for a way to persist environment variables through the pipeline. I suppose this could be done by setting same variables in both the pipeline and the application settings of the app service, but I was also able to avoid the use of environment variables in my deployment pipeline by replacing the line in my Dockerfile from
RUN python manage.py collectstatic --no-input
to
CMD python manage.py collectstatic --no-input
Now the build and push step does not require the loaded environment variables, and I'm properly loading the environment variables in the App Service. Thanks again, Josh.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Tiffani N. Garlic/For The Star-LedgerFrom left, Robert Stober, Quick Chek manager Linda Yannazzno, employee Michael Murray, Patrolman Steven Cronce, and Patrolman Robert Farrigan are honored Monday.
BRANCHBURG -- Something wasn't right.
Three Branchburg police officers responding to a report of a "suspicious person" at a Quick Chek, realized the man was not a shoplifter.
But he acted nervous and ran. The cops followed.
After searching for 15 minutes, the officers spotted the suspect lying near Dumpsters in a nearby trailer park.
The officers drew their guns and ordered the suspect to surrender, instead he turned on them. A scuffle ensued and the officers Maced the man, forcing him to surrender.
"It's during that scuffle that they realized that he had a high-powered rifle underneath his jacket with a couple of banana clips loaded for rounds that would go through their vests, and their police car door and maybe through the other side of their police car," Branchburg Police Chief Brian Fitzgerald said.
The suspect was Lloyd Woodson, 44, of Virginia, who allegedly stashed an arsenal of high-powered weapons, including a grenade-launcher, in a township motel room in January. Woodson was indicted last month on multiple weapons charges, including possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose, possession of hollow-point bullets and attempted robbery.
Fitzgerald awarded the Exceptional Duty Award to patrolmen Steven Cronce, Robert Farrigan and Robert Stober during Monday's township committee meeting.
"In a police officer's career you look back and think of a handful of incidents that maybe you did a little differently than another officer might have, and it's those incidents that you're most proud of," Fitzgerald said as he praised the officers for making the most significant arrest in the department's history.
Investigators found a second assault rifle, a second vest, the grenade-launcher, ammunition, a night scope, maps and a police scanner in Woodson's room at the Red Mill Inn on Route 22.
"I don't think it was until later that we realized who we had just taken into custody and what we had just accomplished," Stober, 37, of Hunterdon County, said.
"It was good to see something we had done had made the national news media for all the right reasons," Stober said.
Despite the danger, Cronce, 33, of Holland Township, said he wouldn't change a thing. "I would do the same thing I did that night, the same exact way," he said.
Farrigan, 46, of Whitehouse Station, was happy with the way the arrest panned out. "I think everybody just kicked in and did what they were supposed to do, I'm happy that nobody got hurt, including the defendant," he said.
Fitzgerald also honored Quick Chek manager Linda Yannazzno and employee Michael Murray for calling police.
Tony Kurdzuk/The Star-LedgerQuick Chek on Route 28 in Branchburg.
"I knew he had something on him and I wasn't sure what it was," she said, noting that neither employee had a cell phone on them.
Yannazzno said she and Murray had to make their way to the office to call police.
"I think if it ever happened again we'll be better prepared, more aware of things," said Murray, 45 of Bound Brook.
• Virginia man facing N.J., federal weapons charges had map of Fort Drum in N.Y.


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I am trying to build HVM image for SUSE 11 SP3 using kiwi tool.
1. Do we have kiwi example somewhere for building SUSE 11 SP3 HVM EC2 image for AWS?
My SUSE 11 SP3 machine has kiwi version v5.05.26 installed.
I checked few places but the example is given for opensuse not SUSE 11 SP3. Is it fine to try them out with repo change?
When I try to give firmware as ec2hvm, it fails with unsupported firmware. May be I can upgrade the kiwi?
2. Is it mandatory to use kiwi in the same version SUSE build machine? Or can we use any latest opensuse machine as my build machine(where we can use latest kiwi version to support ec2hvm firmware).
3. For building the HVM AMI, are there any specific requirement? I am giving kernel-default-base and kernel-default packages for kernel.
I am not sure if this is correct forum for kiwi related queries. Please let me know if I shall post it somewhere else.
There are issue with building really old images such as SLES 11 SP3 on a new host, but I think it can still be made to work. It's been a while since I have done this and thus I do not remember the details, sorry. That said you definitely need a version of kiwi that supports "ec2hvm" as firmware setting. We build our SLES 11 SP4 images with kiwi version 7.02.78.
There's a mailing list for kiwi specific questions: kiwi-images at googlegroups dot com, subscription required.


Twitter's expanded tweets party is minus one VIP guest, but several other social services seem eager to make an appearance. The Yahoo-owned Flickr, alongside the release of a new app for iPhone, threw in support for Twitter Cards this morning, bringing its newly filtered captures to tweets near you.
Flickr vice president Brett Wayn hinted about the integration in a blog post this morning. Head of product Markus Spiering confirmed to VentureBeat that the Twitter Cards update went live early this morning.
Now, when you share a photo from Flickr to Twitter (from the new iPhone app or anywhere else), that photo shows up right inside your tweet, meaning your followers can enjoy the capture without leaving Twitter. Flickr previously employed a custom integration that enabled Twitter desktop users to see photos in-line with tweets, Spiering said, but the Yahoo photo property reworked the functionality to make its photos viewable inside Twitter's mobile apps as well.
In-tweet Flickr photos are powered by Twitter Cards, also known as expanded tweets. Third-party partners can work with the information network to put their content inside your tweets for instant gratification. A smattering of companies, most recently Pinterest, have worked with Twitter to get their content in front of more people. But not Instagram. The hot photo-sharing app collected its square, stylized shots and went home.
With both Twitter and Flickr now offering their members photo filters, some could now see the companies as competitors. Flickr, however, desperately needs support from the hipper, more popular Twitter if the veteran photo-sharing service is to make a comeback. It also appreciates its relationship with Twitter, Spiering told me.
"For the mobile launch, it was important to us that we fully embrace Twitter's platform and capabilities to provide the best photo-sharing experience for Flickr users," he said.
Flickr also made adjustments to how its photos are viewed on Facebook. Now, photos shared from Flickr to Facebook are shown in full and look as if they were directly uploaded to Facebook, Spiering explained.


text:
Victorian Poetry
Hardy's Browning: Refashioning the Lyric
Linda M. Shires
Volume 50, Number 4, Winter 2012
10.1353/vp.2012.0033
Buy Article for $20.00 (USD)
Linda M. Shires (bio)
Ostensibly, Robert Browning (1812–1889) and Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) have little in common beyond their shared fascination with Percy Shelley's poetry, an idiosyncratic poetic idiom, and mutual attendance at London gatherings of literati in the 1880s.1 Even though the elder poet's reactions to Hardy and his writing remain unknown, Robert Browning had a measurable impact on his successor. Hardy may have expressed his extreme frustration in a letter to Edmund Gosse over Browning's optimism and faith; yet he owned five editions of Browning's poetry, including one given to him by Florence Henniker in 1894, which he annotated; he also possessed copies of privately-printed criticism by Browning, as well as Pen Browning's catalogue of the sale of his father's property; he even saved reviews of Browning's various volumes. Indeed, he read and re-read Browning's work for sixty years.2 Hardy transcribed lines from the poetry into his notebooks and commented on them; he copied excerpts from the Brownings' letters to each other and, in an essay for The Academy, selected their published letters as one of two favorite books of the year 1899. In a marginal comment in the Browning section of his copy of The English Poets, now in the Dorset County Museum, he described Browning's processes of thought as "often scientific in their precision" and remarked that Browning's conclusions to his poems were "sudden."3 Hardy also read G. K. Chesterton's 1911 biography Robert Browning. Finally, forty years after its publication, Hardy inserted verses from Browning's "By the Fire-Side" (1853) among the ghostly literary voices that Jude Fawley hears in Oxford.
Browning thus indubitably attracted Hardy, both personally and professionally. It is hardly surprising that Hardy's favorite Browning poem should have been "The Statue and the Bust," with its emphasis on the lost chances and postponed fulfillment that become ironically translated into inert, mutually regarding statues of lovers (Felkin, p. 206). That Shelleyan conjunction of desire and art spoke to Hardy so deeply that he repeatedly quoted it in his short stories and novels: "The Waiting Supper," "An Indiscretion in the Life of an Heiress," "A Changed Man," Desperate Remedies, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, and Jude the Obscure. As readers of The Well-Beloved know, "The Statue and the Bust" directly informed Hardy's final farewell to fictional romance and [End Page 583] English Romanticism. Hardy's investment in Browning also led him to sites associated with both the Shelleys and the Brownings. On an Italian holiday with his first wife Emma in 1887, he not only visited the Piazza dell' Annunziata where "The Statue and the Bust" was said to have been set, but also paid his respects at Elizabeth Barrett Browning's grave (Millgate, p. 200).
Hardy sent a presentation copy of Wessex Tales to Browning for his birthday in 1888; decades later, when ill and confined to bed, the eighty-seven-year-old Hardy was still coming to terms with his predecessor. On the evening before he died, he asked his second wife, Florence, to read aloud Browning's "Rabbi Ben Ezra." The following evening near dusk, "he asked his wife to repeat to him a verse [the four-line stanza] from the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, beginning "Oh, Thou, who Man of baser Earth—," a stanza that linked the two poems' contrary responses to the Biblical potter image from Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Romans. Hardy died that day (Millgate, p. 480; see also Paulin, p. 70).
Hardy's wish to hear these two excerpts could have been arbitrary, but the details suggest otherwise. His illness had become severe enough to make household members suspect he was dying. The verses in question went to the center of his life's work. Hardy's critics have pointed out that whereas Browning's Rabbi constructs man as a pot perfected by God, Fitzgerald's speaker constructs man as a pot molded and abandoned by an uncaring universe. Was Hardy giving each view a hearing? Was he rejecting or tenderly bidding farewell to Browning at last, or still...
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text:
import * as React from 'react'
import type * as Container from '../../util/container'

export type OwnProps = Container.RouteProps<'teamInviteByContact'>
export default class InviteByContact extends React.Component<OwnProps> {}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
A Tablet Got Stuck In My Windpipe Causing Me To Choke Horribly – Ben Stokes Suffers "Frightening Experience" Ahead Of First Ashes Test
Star England all-rounder Ben Stokes is set to return to cricket after a four-month break in the upcoming Ashes series in Australia. He had been away from the game due to mental health reasons and also to recover from a finger injury.
However, 10 days out from the first Test in Brisbane, Ben Stokes suffered a "frightening experience" which he thought "might be the end" of this tour. The all-rounder revealed that he had choked on a tablet that got stuck in his windpipe.
"It has been a bit of a journey to get here, but it is great to be in Australia preparing for the first Ashes Test next week… although I seriously wondered whether I would make it. Not because of the injury to my finger, which is coming along really well, and nor was it because of my mental well-being, which is also in a good space," Ben Stokes wrote in his column for Daily Mirror.
"It was actually down to a simple tablet that went down the wrong way, and got stuck in my windpipe causing me to choke horribly before the glands in my face went into overdrive to flush it out."
Ben Stokes (Image Credit: Twitter)
To make matters worse, there was no one around him to help him out.
"Until it actually came out, I thought this might be the end. We've all had those moments when something gets stuck in the throat, and usually someone can help you out.
"But I was on my own in my room and I couldn't breathe as it became lodged and started to dissolve. It felt like my mouth was on fire. Without going into too much detail I have never seen as much saliva as I did on Sunday morning, it was a genuinely frightening experience," he added.
Then came another scary moment as I got hit on the forearm by a ball: Ben Stokes
That wasn't the end of his frightful day as he was hit on his forearm by a ball from Jonathan Trott, England's batting coach, in the training.
Initially, Ben Stokes felt it he's broken a bone, but the pain then subsided later.
Ben Stokes was England's hero in the 2019 Ashes. (Image Credit: Twitter)
"After all the drama of the morning, I was happy to get a bit of training in later on, but then came another scary moment as I got hit on the forearm by a ball from our batting coach Jonathan Trott. I was in agony, and I couldn't lift it thereafter. I thought it was broken.
"Thankfully the pain and reaction settled down once I was back in the dressing room and the physios could be sure it wasn't actually a break.
It was only after I got back to my hotel room that I took stock of what a day I'd had. The adrenaline had worn off and I was exhausted. Happy that I'm here to tell the tale, but hoping that my pre-Test dramas are now over," the 30-year-old wrote further.
The first Ashes Test is slated for Brisbane from December 8. Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, and Perth are slotted to host the next four Tests.
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The thesis constructs a spatial method to assess a built heritage area, for conservation and tourism, that weaves environmental and cultural considerations together. The spatial method was constructed in three steps. First, the cultural values that underlay the reasons for conservation and the ideas of quality were identified and named as purpose values and quality values respectively. Reasons associated with traditions were the most common purpose of conservation and the main quality values were story value, authenticity and aesthetics. Second, concepts were formed to categorize data, to assess an area and to assess individual places. Third, a spatial model of environmental assessment was constructed which has two cultural factors of need and knowledge which are brought to the environment by the assessor and two endogenous environmental factors of location and unity. The factor of need implements a purpose value and the factor of knowledge implements those concepts of data and assessment that are relevant to the need. Two sub-models of time and aesthetics were appended to the model to elaborate the factors of location and unity in an assessment for an historical or aesthetic purpose.
The method was used to assess the central commercial area in the historic gold mining city of Charters Towers in north Queensland for two purposes of conservation: a tradition of excellence in achievement and the aesthetic appeal of the outside of the buildings. Next, the model of environmental assessment was used with the contingent valuation survey method in a survey of residents' opinion of the same area and their evaluation of alternative environmental objectives for its conservation. The model's factors provided statistically significant explanations for residents' opinion of the area, their attitude towards a hypothetical heritage authority and their willingness to pay for research and protection of the area. The survey found that residents would pay more for the protection of the area than for the protection of individual buildings they considered important in the area, but the difference was not statistically significant.
The thesis developed four matters of policy to consider after an assessment of an area and before starting an environmental plan for its conservation: the administrative power that is needed to regulate demolition and redevelopment; the administrative principles to use in the preparation of conservation policy; the economic effects of conservation; and design principles for new buildings. The administrative power to conserve a built heritage area was not held by any level of government in Queensland in early 1995. Parts of the research were published in O'Sullivan (1996a, 1996b).


Bhimtal well away of 22 km from Nainital. It's a really small mountain section and has been called following one of many pandav brother's, Bhim. City has a really small area to the north western part, which can be a nice-looking treasure in the hub of the lake. It is put within the number of brow alarms, which were creating a lovely noise for almost about 300 years.
Resorts in Bhimtal are lovely from wherever it's possible to seize the wonder of the character in moments! One can splendidly appreciate the realm with sensible scenery and can begin discovering bhimtal with a big aquarium situated in the hub of the place. Because this place is in the hub of the river, it looks like lovely Little Area in which a individual may invest some time alone out of all disturbances.


text:
Unnecessary reading
Read This! with Paul Michael Anderson Author of Bones Are Made to be Broken
Eddie Generous
Some people have a ton, some people have a few, but just about everybody has a book, or books, that they love. I asked author and editor Paul Michael Anderson and...
The top shelf of my highest bookcase is reserved for my go-tos--those books that regardless of when or where or why, I can reread. I'm not a book hoarder--I only keep books I know I'll reread and never put books I haven't read on shelves until they have been read. So, the top shelf is less a "favorites" shelf and more a "this is the goddamned cream of the crop", I was asked to give a few book recs of those novels that never fail to turn my dials up to ten every time. I went immediately to this shelf and pulled six from the ten or so books currently residing there, trying to avoid the obvious choices.
High Fidelity, Nick Hornby (1995)
Might as well start this one off with the least-likely novel you might find on a horror writer's shelf. I debated going all-horror when I asked to pass along some book suggestions, but I'd be lying, really; while horror fills 75% of my house's bookcases, it's by-far not the only thing I read.
But High Fidelity was a touchstone for me; I was introduced to Rob via John Cusack in the 2000 film High Fidelity--ironically enough, seeing the redemptive romantic-comedy with a girl I was skidding into the relationship-outs with and would break up with less than a month later--and immediately identified with the dour, fuck-off-ed-ness of the main character. Tracking down the novel later, I saw that the source material wasn't just romantic and hysterical, but shrewd in its characters, as well. While I identified with the dismal cynicism of Rob (which teenager wouldn't?), if you happen to be part of any kind of fandom, you know a Barry and Dick from the record shop. You might even be friends with them. They, in actuality, might be you (please let that not be true for your sake).
Paper Tigers, Damien Angelica Walters (2016)
This is my currently favorite book of the year, no hyperbole. I read the book as an ARC and, afterwards, shelled out the cash for a proper paperback copy; I'm a parent, so the times when you spend money on yourself had better be worth it. Paper Tigers is worth it.
Walters's is incredibly well-known for her short-fiction--she was nominated for a Bram Stoker on the strength of the story "Floating Girls (A Documentary)" (Full disclosure--I was editor of the magazine that published it)--but she transitions perfectly to the long form. After a fire takes her fiancé, unborn child, and her life as she knew it, Alison discovers an antique photo album that's less haunted and more the rotten heart of the uneasy dead. This is a novel that uses a reader's knowledge of hauntings and ghosts and doesn't necessarily twist them, but brings them down to a human level. This story would be a failure if not for the humanity of Alison and the horror is less what she finds in the album--and, later, a house that shouldn't be--but in the aftermath of the fire that took away who she thought she was.
Take the Cannoli: Stories from the New World, Sarah Vowell (2000)
Slight cheat here--Take the Cannoli is not a novel, but a collection of essays from the "This American Life" contributor.
Slight admission here--Sarah Vowell was my first "celebrity" crush. Forget the fact that she's nearly fifteen years older, and living in New York City, I thought with the wistfulness of a teenage girl mooning over the photo spreads of teen heartthrobs in Tiger Beat, "No, I can totally make this work." Unfortunately, I was twenty, not a teenager, so, you know, don't tell anyone, 'kay?
Anyway, Vowell's work I discovered in college and I loved how she could take something like an intersection in Chicago, or her father's obsession with guns, and make it not just insightful but funny. Horror and humor are notoriously the hardest genres to write (and how am I doing, so far?), so I'm attracted to any writing that can show mastery of it. Vowell does, and in short, concise bursts.
The Magicians Trilogy, Lev Grossman (2009, 2011, 2014)
The writer Joe Hill told me--in a chat before a reading while on his Horns tour--that The Magicians was Harry Potter for grownups. "Imagine if Potter and friends had been obsessed with pot and sex and drinking as well as magic." I never got the Harry Potter phenomenon. Not throwing shade at Potter fans--hell, I was part of a very Potter-themed wedding a few years back--but stories about small children being all into magic school failed to kickstart my heart. Of course, I was in the middle of novels like James Herbert's The Fog or Shane Stevens's By Reason of Insanity when I heard of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, so the concept wasn't not even on my radar when it hit the street.
Fast forward to 2010 and the concept is more interesting to me, but not so much a children's book. Grossman's novel fit the bill and admirably. Here is the best example of breaking the whole making characters likeable rule; Quentin Coldwater & Co. are snobby, drunken, self-absorbed...and you still root for them. This is the reality that Grossman gave his people. Even if you're shaking your head and can't believe they could be so stupid or cruel...you still hope they make it. I stumbled upon the sequel, The Magician King, and didn't know when I read it that it was going to be a trilogy, so the ending was probably the ballsiest, most downbeat ending ever, and I loved it. Discovering the third book didn't diminish it, but, even if the story wasn't that good (and it is), I'd love this trilogy for the ending of the second book, alone.
20th Century Ghosts, Joe Hill (2005)
Another collection, but it inspired my own book, Bones Are Made to be Broken, more than a little. It was Hill's first book, putting together the stories of his early career--but not all of them--and served as his stake in the ground. When I interviewed Hill in 2016, he said that, at that point, he wanted the book out because, even if he never became a novelist--which hadn't happened after ten years of trying at that point--he at least had this product he could be proud of. Mixing everything from fantasy to horror to mainstream, Hill's collection flows together, stitching together characters and situations that are disparate but familiar based on the strength of Hill's writing. His Finney homage, "The Black Phone", indirectly inspired my Finney homage "All That You Leave Behind". His bravery in putting together hardcore horror--"Brand New Horror"--with literary pieces--"Better Than Home"--inspired my willingness to write, sell, and then reprint stories of mine like "The Agonizing Guilt of Relief (Last Days of a Ready-Made Victim)" or the novella "Bones Are Made to be Broken". I love this collection, recommend it to anyone and everyone looking for a solid pack of stories or wanting to try out Hill's writing, but don't know if they want to get Horns or The Fireman.
Another Day in Paradise, Eddie Little (1997)
Little died in 2003 of a heart attack, before he could finish the saga of Bobby Prine begun in Another Day in Paradise and Steel Toes, tragically rendering his on-the-edge crime writing into a curiosity. However, say "Eddie Little" to any hardcore crime fan and a gleam comes into their eye. Little had the goods. Reading his two novels, you got less of an impression that Little had a great imagination and, rather, he was fictionally retelling things that had happened to him. Little was a thief and a heroin addict, much like his protagonist Prine, falling in with a master thief and addict in the down-and-out 1970s. It's unverified that he wrote Paradise in prison (I've heard references, but can't confirm enough to my liking), but it would make sense; the prose is clunky and amateurish, but there's a pounding, oozing, raging heart there that can only come when you've literally looked at what you're telling. The sequel, Steel Toes, is much more polished and is leaps and bounds above Paradise, but I put Paradise in this list because it doesn't get rawer than this slim book. Little would struggle to stay clean, but would ultimately become a full-time writer--you can Google some of his old "Outlaw LA" columns for LA Weekly--and he never lost his sniper-vision of the crime and drug world. This isn't the polished thievery of Elmore Leonard or even the controlled violence of Richard Stark; if Little had a literary relative, it would be the harsh work of Jim Thompson (The Killer Inside Me, Pop. 1280), but spoken in the language of a native, not the descriptions of a tourist. Paradise would be made into a minor-film starring James Woods, but ignore it and hunt down this book.
Bones Are Made to be Broken puts 14 (15 in the deluxe hardcover) of Paul Michael Anderson's best works, from "To Touch the Dead" to "The Universe Is Dying" and from "Baby Grows a Conscience" to "Love Song for the Rejected", together in a collection that Jack Ketchum called "a dark carnival of rigorous intelligence and compassion, the title novella alone of which is well worth the price of admission," and Jonathan Maberry said delivers "chills, heartbreak, nail-biting suspense, and horror." Featuring an introduction by Damien Angelica Walters and interior art from writer/illustrator Pat R. Steiner, Anderson's Bones Are Made to be Broken will be available from Written Backwards/Dark Regions Press in trade paperback and eBook in November 2016 and, in deluxe, expanded hardcover, the first part of 2017. Visit darkregions.com or paulmichaelanderson.wordpress.com for more information, or look Paul Michael Anderson up at the inspired Twitter handle @p_m_anderson.
Paul Michael Anderson
Dark Regions
EP069 - Talking Into Bones Like Oil With Kaaron Warren
EP068 - Talking Slash With Hunter Shea
EP067 - Talking Gwendy's Magic Feather With Richard Chizmar
Unnerving
Powell River, British Columbia, Canada


Birkenstock's are back for spring & my feet could not be happier to slip into these comfortable sandals. The key to this trend (in my book at least) is to make these "ugly" sandals look edgy & casual, not earthy. That's why I paired my black leather Birkenstock with a casual all black look. What do you think? Are you trying out the 'ugly sandal' trend this spring?
Wow, you actually pulled them off! I've never tried Birks.
Thanks! They are SO comfortable - totally worth the price if you like the look!
I love them! So comfortable; totally worth the investment!


text:
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var React = require('react');
var merge = require('./utils/merge');
var ValidComponentChildren = require('./utils/ValidComponentChildren');

var REGEXP = /\%\((.+?)\)s/;

var Interpolate = React.createClass({
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  propTypes: {
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  getDefaultProps: function() {
    return { component: React.DOM.span };
  },

  render: function() {
    var format = ValidComponentChildren.hasValidComponent(this.props.children) ? this.props.children : this.props.format;
    var parent = this.props.component;
    var unsafe = this.props.unsafe === true;
    var props = merge(this.props);

    delete props.children;
    delete props.format;
    delete props.component;
    delete props.unsafe;

    if (unsafe) {
      var content = format.split(REGEXP).reduce(function(memo, match, index) {
        var html;

        if (index % 2 === 0) {
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          html = props[match];
          delete props[match];
        }

        if (React.isValidComponent(html)) {
          throw new Error('cannot interpolate a React component into unsafe text');
        }

        memo += html;

        return memo;
      }, '');

      props.dangerouslySetInnerHTML = { __html: content };

      return parent(props);
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module.exports = Interpolate;


The main category for Golden Pin Design Award & Golden Pin Concept Design Award 2019 is "Awards, Prize and Competitions Design" and sub categories are: "Product Design, Communication Design, Spatial Design, Integration Design" . The focus of Golden Pin Design Award & Golden Pin Concept Design Award 2019 is "The annual Golden Pin Design Award is the longest-running international design award that celebrates products or projects expressly created for" and some keywords are: " There are not any tags or keywords. ". Golden Pin Design Award & Golden Pin Concept Design Award 2019 is a Generic Design Competition (Idea and/or Concept and/or Product etc) competition. Design Oriented . Golden Pin Design Award & Golden Pin Concept Design Award 2019 targets Professional designers and emerging designers. There are no particular restrictions while designing.
Also see Golden Pin Design Award & Golden Pin Concept Design Award 2019 at DesignCompetition.com with more details and info.
The native language of this competition is unknown or unstated. The competition has an English website. The origin-country of this competition is not indicated. The competition was first organized in 1981. This competition was organized 35 times. This competition is annual, it repeats every year. ( Repeats Annually ).
Golden Pin Design Award & Golden Pin Concept Design Award 2019 is organized by Taiwan Design Center ( Non-Profit Associations, Organizations or Clubs ). There are 1 sponsors total. Sponsor #1: The Industry Development Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan.
Age limits and restrictions (minimum / maximum age) is not given. Most probably, there are no age restrictions for this design competition. The maximum number of submissions allowed per each participation is not given. It is possible that there are no limits in number of entriesThere are not any restrictions for the number of submissions allowed per each participatnt; you can submit as many designs (infinite / unlimited) as you wish (Multiple submissions requires multiple registrations). Both individual and team submissions are allowed. The maximum team size is not clearly stated, the best-practice is 5 (five) people, but you should re-confirm it. This is an international competition, participants from all over the world can join. There are not any exlusive regional or territorial areas for this competition or this information is not stated. This competition is open to All. This competition does not restrict submissions based on membership, or this information is not stated.
Competition results will be published and all the submissions and winners will be included in a book. Competition results will be published online, all the submissions and winners will be visible online. There will be a Gala Night and Award Ceremony of the competition. The gala-night venue for this competition is at GALANIGHTVENUE. There will be a temporary physical exhibition of winners. ( The exhibition of this competition will take place in: EXHIBITIONVENUE. ). We are not sure if the personal photo shots of designers get published in the results book. Private information of participants are not published. The result books / annuals are not distributed for free, they are sold to all. Yes, there is a free pr-campaign for winners.
There are 2 types of awards in this competition. There is a fixed number of awards, number of participants do not change the number of awards. The total award prizes sum to: 34000 Euros (€). The organizer will not realize winning designs under any condition. Prizes/Money given only to awarded designs. Award details are as follows: Golden Pin Design Award, Golden Pin Concept Design Award, N/A, N/A, N/A, N/A, N/A. The webpage address link (URL) of the complete list of remaining awards is not given.
Golden Pin Design Award & Golden Pin Concept Design Award 2019, focuses on Awards, Prize and Competitions Design, and Product Design, Communication Design, Spatial Design, Integration Design last date of submissions is: 27 / 06 / 2019. Click on a scoring criteria to learn more.
This is a Straight, Single Step competition, , further timeline details for Golden Pin Design Award & Golden Pin Concept Design Award 2019 is given below. For a detailed time line check: here.


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Miles Branman's Girlfriend: Who is Miles Branman Dating?
Miles Branman
Born in United States, Miles Branman is best known for being a youtuber. Miles is turning 33 years old in ; he was born on July 11, 1990. He worked as a writer for Fast Lane Daily.
There are usually many dating news and scandals surrounding new celebrities. The most frequently asked questions are, is Miles Branman single or dating, and who is Miles Branman's girlfriend? We are here to clear up and debunk dating rumors surrounding Miles's love life and girlfriends.
Everything you need to know about Miles Branman and an insight at Miles Branman's relationships, dating timeline, affairs, exes, biography, and more. ⤵
Miles Branman biography
Miles Branman was born on Wednesday, July 11, 1990, in United States. His given name is Miles Branman, and friends just call his Miles. Currently, he is 32 years old, and his 33rd birthday is in . You can learn more interesting insights about this date, as well as your own birthday, at BirthdayDetails.
Miles was born in the Millennials Generation, his zodiac animal is a Horse, and his spirit animal is a Woodpecker. People born in the Year of the Horse are never willing to give up. They are constantly upbeat and enthusiastic, pushing themselves ahead. Their greatest ambition is to be free to do anything they want and to express themselves. They do, however, have a number of unfavorable characteristics. Horses are terrible at maintaining secrets and quickly lose interest.
People born on July 11 have a zodiac sign of Cancer. Cancer, as represented by the crab, smoothly glides between sea and beach, symbolizing cancer's capacity to dwell in both emotional and material realms. Cancers are extremely perceptive, and their psychic powers materialize in physical settings. However, like the hard-shelled crabs, this water sign is eager to go to any length to defend itself emotionally. You'll need to build trust in order to get to know this sign!
Automotive journalist and content creator who found fame after launching his MilesPerHr YouTube channel. He shares POV drives, car news and reviews of the latest vehicles on the market with more than 20,000 subscribers. He married his wife Christina in 2018.
There are a lot of celebrity romances that blossom every year. Let us take a look at Miles's dating past below.
Who is Miles Branman dating?
According to our records, the American 32-year-old youtuber is most likely single now. Miles Branman remains relatively quiet when it comes to sharing his personal life and makes it a point to stay out of the public eye. He may not be dating anyone publicly, but Miles may be seeing someone in private, and details were not made public yet. So it's probably not safe to jump to conclusions.
The details about Miles Branmans's girlfriends and past relationships vary, so we can never be 100% sure. We use multiple online sources such as DatingRumor.com, and other publicly available data to ensure that our dating info and facts are accurate.
Our goal is to make our dating information precise and updated. This page was updated in January 2023 with new dating information and news. If you have new details about who Miles Branman is dating today, please email us.
Miles Branman girlfriend & dating history
Not everything is known about Miles Branman's past relationships and partners. While it's usually simple to find out who Miles is dating, it is harder to track all his breakups, hookups, and flings. Even in 2023, celebrities manage to surprise us with the way they keep their lives private.
Miles Branman had at least few relationships. He has no children. Miles Branman has not been previously engaged. Surveys show that around 40% of men say "I love you" to their partner for the first time within the first month of a relationship, but men wait 90 days on average, and women take an average of 134 days. The information about previous dates and hookups is constantly updated.
Insights about Miles Branman
Is Miles Branman single or dating?
Miles Branman is single.
How many relationships did Miles Branman have?
Miles Branman had at least few relationship in the past.
How many children does Miles Branman have?
Did Miles Branman have any affairs?
How old is Miles Branman?
Miles Branman is 32 years old. His next birthday is in .
What is Miles Branman's zodiac sign?
His zodiac sign is a Cancer with a ruling planet of Moon. According to the Chinese horoscope, Miles's zodiac animal is a Horse.
What is Miles's full name?
His real name is Miles Branman.
What is Miles Branman's Net Worth?
What is Miles Branman's life path number?
Miles Branman's life path number is 1.
Pick up line #19: Are you a camera? Because every time I look at you, I smile.


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I am a software developer, born in Adana in 1976, living in Istanbul, Turkey. I have a B.Sc in Business and M.Sc. in Information Systems.
The first time I ever rode a motorcycle was when I was fourteen. Back then, of course, with the bliss of ignorance, I did not wear any protection of any kind. I guess I am one of the lucky ones that survived… With a tragic loss of my best friend on my birthday, at the age of 17, I have suppressed my interest for motorcycling until I was 32.
Having a rough time in life, both personally and professionally, I have found peace and content in my life when one day I decided to buy myself a motorbike. I went to BMW Motorrad in Istanbul and picked the bike I wanted, an R1200RT. My first big bike! It just seemed like a really nice bike :).
Although I had previous experience in riding, I knew I had to get some professional training. BMW offered to have me trained through their solution partner BMW Rider Academy.
All that was back in 2010. Since then, I have been training my skills and abilities and practicing motorcycling through different academy and institutions such as Bike My World and California Superbike School. I have changed a number of motorcycles such as R1200GSA, K1300R, Husaberg 390FE, K1600GT. I currently own a 2013 R1200GS(LC) and a 2014 KTM 1290 SuperDuke R. Whether on or off the road, I enjoy riding.
I have travelled in groups and on my own both in Turkey and abroad. Most of the my travels are personal epic, soul searching and mind easing in kind. My first solo ride was in 2011 that have covered the Balkans, coast-to-coast Europe including the Alps and the Pyrenees as well as England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, which lasted 53 days and 18000 km. I love riding my motorcycles, it is the one true thing that calms me and takes my mind off the stress of life… It has become a passion, and according to some people, an obsession for me, but hey, I am happy.
For the past couple of years, on and off, I wanted to write about my travel adventures and share my experience with other people like yourself. I will be writing about trainings, travelling, sharing videos and pictures on various topics that involves me or relates to me. This is about me after all. I hope you will find something that interests you among these posts. If you do, please do not hesitate to comment on it or contact me.


These specialized programs are designed by departments at IAM Headquarters and conducted at the Winpisinger Center. Information about enrollment and forms is included with the program calls sent to local lodges by each department annually.
Questions and specifics about these programs (including forms) should be directed to the sponsoring department. All departments can be reached by calling IAM Headquarters at 301-967-4500.
The Communicators program is aimed at Communicators who are not publishing newsletters or websites and need help in basic skills such as news writing, internet research, desktop publishing, creating a web page using the IAM Microsite Service, expanding their network of email contacts and learning what is needed to start an effective newsletter or website for their lodge.
Basic Newsletter Development teaches new editors how to publish a newsletter. The course covers writing and editing; selecting subjects for stories; writing headlines; how to interview; design and layout; choosing and using art, pictures, etc. Participants obtain hands-on desktop publishing experience by creating their own newsletter.
The Website Development program is designed to teach participants the basics of building a union website. Participants create, refine and publish a complete website using "hands-on" instruction techniques and are encouraged to build upon basics learned in class and create unique websites. Advanced Web Development focuses on additional refinements to IAM websites such as online forms, Macromedia Flash-enabled elements, and more detailed graphics. Layout and design and writing are also highlighted during the program. Participants should have already attended the Basic Website Development course and be currently maintaining an IAM website.
Federal employees work in a complex environment. The Federal Employees program uses seminars and workshops to educate federal sector employees about the legal and political aspects of their jobs. Participants learn about lobbying Congress, Workers Compensation (OWCP), the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), Prohibited Personnel Practices, the Hatch Act, Grievance and Arbitration Processing, Strategic Planning, Communications and Collective Bargaining.
This program provides labor representatives a more in-depth look at FLRA procedures utilized in Federal Sector Collective Bargaining such as Negotiability Appeals. It provides participants an opportunity to hone their Collective Bargaining skills through simulations including a mediation exercise with the Federal Mediation Conciliation Service (FMCS). Participants also attend workshops directed at Arbitration and/or MSPB which includes developing the theory of the case, the preparation of witnesses and writing techniques.
The Federal Employees Collective Bargaining program focuses on preparing for and the process of collective bargaining under the Federal Labor Relations Act.
EAP is a non-profit service offering a broad-brush approach designed to assist workers and their families through prevention, intervention, assessment, directed care, and follow-up services. An ideal EAP should provide a labor-initiated, union/employer cooperative workplace program through participatory policy and procedural training. Assistance is inclusive, attempting to cover all situations, conditions or instances which include Alcohol/Drug Abuse, Stress, Violence (Workplace & Domestic), Depression, Discrimination, Legal Problems, Gambling, etc. The benefits of an Employee Assistance Program in the workplace are that it: supports the employee, supports the employer, provides preventive care, provides immediate/crisis care, and supports the community.
EAP I covers EAP History; Core Technology; Disease Concept; Link to Community; Site Visit (Area Treatment Programs); Broad Brush Issues; Enable vs. Help; Listening; Job Description, and 12-Step Programs.
EAP II primary course topics include Core Technology; Disease Concept; Ethics; Confidentiality; Legal Issues; Strategic Planning; Health Insurance; Taking Care of Caregiver; Follow-up; Drug Testing, and Suicide Prevention.
EAP III course topics include Stress Workshops; Depression; Addiction; Taking Care of Caregiver; Presenteeism/Absenteeism; Nutrition; Mental Health; Meditation; EAP and Leaders; and EAP and Workers.
EAP IV course work will include advanced suicide prevention training, advanced skill development of field professionals, and preparation for CEAP certification.
The Retirees Strategic Education program is designed to teach active IAMAW retirees about issues confronting retired IAMAW members. Participants learn content, adult education methods, and strategic delivery systems to educate the retired IAMAW community.
The Safety and Health program reflects the Department's commitment to membership training as the key to a safer workplace. Course topics include Authorize OSHA Outreach courses, Hazardous Materials and Chemical Emergency Response, Accident/Incident Investigation, Workplace Inspection, Hazardous Chemical Recognition, Injury/Illness Prevention, Workplace Ergonomics, How to Set-up an Effective Safety and Health Committee, and more.
This seminar enhances the skills of Railroad Local Chairmen to work under the Railway Labor Act. Participants learn how to handle complaints and process grievances all the way through the hearing stage. Participants also learn how the Railway Labor Act and the National Railroad Adjustment Board (NRAB) work.
The Community Services program teaches members how to operate effective Community Service Committees in their locals and districts. Participants learn how to carry out important activities such as strike assistance, communications, youth outreach programs, food drives, working with people with disabilities and helping members with financial or emotional problems. The program also deals with legislative impacts on Social Security and other important benefits.
The Human Rights seminar provides participants guidance on ways to become a constructive and pro-active force in their local and district lodges; explores strategies HR Committee members can use to become involved in the legislative process and encourage others to do the same; identify opportunities for HR Committee members to participate in organizing campaigns and encourage organizing among under-represented workers; encourages inclusion and participation of diverse groups of members to be involved in their locals and districts; provides HR Committee members with practical strategies for being an effective and vigorous advocate for diversity, mutual respect, fairness, and equality in the workplace and in the union; provides HR Committee members with an understanding of the resources available to them within the union and from like-minded groups and agencies; and helps HR Committee members develop effective intervention strategies and skills when confronted with a workplace harassment or diversity problem or complaint.
The Women's Basic Program is designed to motivate union sisters to become active members within their locals and districts. The Women's Advanced Training builds on the lessons learned in the Basic Training and further develops those skills in the areas of organizing, political and legislative involvement, strategy planning and network building.


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Want Commercial Repair By Conroe Texas?
Whenever you require a one-room renovation or a complete building painted by Conroe Texas, WMS Construction is considered the appropriate option to get Commercial Repair. What differentiates us from the opponents? It might be the way we tackle the specifics and render a satisfying remodeling outcome.
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Rely on WMS Construction For Excellent Craftsmanship In Conroe Texas!


text:
Abercius (Avercius, Avircius, Avirkios) is a men's given name that may refer to:

 The Inscription of Abercius, a hagiography from Abercius of Hieropolis
Abercius of Hieropolis, the writer of that document and a Christian saint
Abercius of Abercius and Helena, a pair of sibling martyrs
Saint Abercius, a Christian martyr
Abercius (martyr), a Christian martyr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


High reflectivity mirrors, with reflectivity ranging from 99.8% up to 99.999%, are essential components in most laser systems for beam steering while maximizing throughput. It is common industry practice to determine mirror reflectivity by measuring transmission using spectrophotometry and assuming that the rest of the light was reflected. However, this false assumption does not consider scatter or absorption, leading to overly optimistic reflectivity values. For mirrors with reflectivities above 99.5%, a more accurate way to determine reflectivity is to measure total loss through cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS). Understanding your supplier's metrology is critical for predicting real world performance.
It is standard industry practice for optical component suppliers to verify the reflectivity of mirrors by using a spectrophotometer to directly measure transmission. This assumes that scatter and absorption are insignificant but these smaller effects have a significant impact when very high reflectivity is required. Spectrophotometers can directly measure reflectivities below 99.5% but values higher than that reach the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limit of the spectrophotometer.
The most accurate metrology option for high reflectivity mirrors is cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) which measures the total loss of the mirror, including transmission, absorption, and scatter. A laser pulse is introduced to a resonant cavity bounded by two highly reflective mirrors (Figure 1). The reflected laser light oscillates in the resonant cavity and a small amount of light is lost with each reflection. A detector placed after the second mirror measures the decreasing intensity of the reflected light. The total loss of the mirrors is determined by the decay time, or "ring down", of the reflected light.
The transmission of two high reflectivity mirrors was measured using transmission spectrophotometry (Figure 2). Mirror 2 had significantly lower measured transmission than Mirror 1, so it appears that Mirror 2 has a higher reflectivity. If no other metrology was done, it would be assumed that Mirror 1 has a nominal reflectivity of 99.9% and Mirror 2 has a nominal reflectivity of 99.99%.
However, measuring both mirrors through CRDS reveals that this is not the case. The loss value of Mirror 1 was consistent with the nominal reflectivity determined using spectrophotometry, but the reflectance of Mirror 2 was so low that it could not even create resonance in the CRDS system. Measuring its reflectance directly by using reflectance spectrophotometry showed that Mirror 2 has much worse performance and a trailing reflectance that drops to 0.5% less than that of Mirror 1 due to absorption and scattering (Figure 3). The extra low reflectance at lower wavelengths is characteristic of absorption and scatter.
This example shows how critical it is to use the proper metrology technique for high reflectivity laser mirrors. Mirror 2 could lead to system failure if it was believed to have a reflectivity of 99.99%. In reality, it had a reflectance of 99.5%. This discrepancy between the test value and the true value can lead to performance degradation, safety issues, and even catastrophic system damage.
You can learn more about CRDS and high reflectivity mirrors for laser applications in this recorded webinar presented by Chris Cook, Tony Karam, Ian Stevenson, and Stefaan Vandendriessche.
Edmund Optics® (EO) utilizes CRDS to make highly sensitive loss measurements of both high reflectivity and high transmission optics. EO's CRDS system is tuned for common Nd:YAG wavelengths and harmonics including 1064nm, 532nm, 355nm, and 266nm. The system can be tuned to other wavelengths upon request.
TECHSPEC® Laser Line Mirrors offer >99.98% reflectivity at 1064nm and high damage thresholds of up to 6 J/cm2 @ 355nm. They are designed for demanding Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, and Yb:YAG laser applications and are available in various harmonic designs and 0° and 45° AOI options.
TECHSPEC® 2µm Laser Mirrors feature >99.6% reflectivity and guaranteed laser damage thresholds of >10 J/cm2 at their design wavelengths for use with Holmium (2100nm) and Thulium (1940nm) doped laser systems. Their high laser damage threshold makes them ideal for use in medical, industrial, and metrology application spaces. The 2µm wavelength regime is useful for surgical procedures as it can target discrete depth levels of tissue beneath the skin's surface.
TECHSPEC® Laser Line λ/20 High Tolerance Right Angle Mirrors feature >99.5% reflectivity at Nd:YAG wavelengths. A ±15 arcsecond angular tolerance, ±1 arcminute pyramid tolerance, and convenient right angle geometry make the mirrors easily mountable in order to integrate into systems that redirect light by 90°. The mirrors also feature highly thermally stable UV fused silica substrates and high laser induced damage threshold specifications.
Ultrafast Laser Line Mirrors feature >99% reflectivity and low group delay dispersion (GDD), resulting in optimal performance for applications utilizing Er:Glass, Ti:Sapphire, or Ytterbium-doped femtosecond lasers. The mirrors balance the group velocity dispersion of the coating materials to yield a minimal GDD and provide maximum reflection over broad wavelength ranges. Ultrafast Laser Line Mirrors are available in both 0° and 45° angle of incidence versions.
2μm Highly-Dispersive Broadband Ultrafast Mirrors offer reflectivity >99% between 2000-2200nm and a high negative group delay dispersion (GDD) of -1000fs2 at a 5° angle of incidence (AOI). Their low loss, excellent spectral performance, and proven GDD make them ideal for use inside 2μm thin-disk laser oscillators. These broadband ultrafast chirped mirrors are available in 12.7mm and 25.4mm diameters.
TECHSPEC® Broadband Dielectric λ/10 Mirrors exhibit >99% reflectivity over broad wavelength ranges from the UV to NIR spectra, significantly better than that of metal coated mirrors, and are designed for all polarization states at angles of incidence from 0-45°. This, along with their highly thermally stable fused silica substrates, makes them ideal for beam steering or reflection applications utilizing multiple laser sources.
If CRDS is more accurate, why isn't CRDS always used to measure the reflectivity of mirrors?
CRDS can only be used to measure mirrors with a reflectivity above 99.5% because lower reflectivities result in ring down times that are too fast for the system to detect. The best technique to determine reflectivity depends on the reflectivity level and application requirements.
How do you measure the reflectivity of mirrors with a reflectivity less than 99.5%?
Mirrors with reflectivities below 99.5% can be directly measured using reflection spectrophotometry. However, this technique will not work for mirrors with higher reflectivities because these systems reach the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limit.
Is it possible to directly measure absorption or scatter?
Yes, absorption can be directly measured using photothermal deflection spectroscopy, in which measured changes in refractive index determine the amount of light absorption. scatter can be measured directly using a scatterometer or atomic force microscope (AFM). An AFM creates a highly accurate topological map of the sample and measures its roughness, which can then be used to calculate scatter.
How can CRDS be used to determine the reflectivity of an unknown test mirror when the total loss measured includes losses from both the unknown mirror and the other mirror making up the resonant cavity?
Multiple tests must be completed with both the unknown test mirror and the reference mirrors in order to determine the loss of the test mirror.


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