text:
21 Jan 2021 | 8 Shevat 5781
entries tagged with: Knesset
With school controversy, secular-haredi tensions reach boiling point
Leslie Susser • Cover Story
(tags): israel, israel defense forces, likud, prime minister benjamin netanyahu, supreme court, zionist, knesset, eli yishai, ashkelon, haaretz
Haredi children protest opposite the Ramle prison, where a group of haredi parents were jailed June 18 for defying a court order to send their daughters to a school in Emanuel. Yossi Zeliger/Flash 90/JTA
The showdown between Israel's Supreme Court and the parents of students at a haredi Orthodox school found guilty of discriminatory practices against Sephardic girls has brought already strained secular-religious relations in Israel to a fever pitch.
A remark by Supreme Court Justice Edmond Levy that the court's decisions are not subject to rabbinical approval went straight to the heart of the matter, with irate haredi demonstrators declaring that if they had to choose between the court and their rabbis, the rabbis always would come first.
The fundamental argument over whether the courts or the rabbis have the ultimate authority reflects a long-standing clash between Theodor Herzl's vision of a secular democratic state for the Jews and haredi notions of a Jewish state subject to rabbinical law.
For secular Israelis, impugning the authority of the courts means anarchy. For the haredim, overriding rabbinical rulings means perverting God's will. At issue is a test of the capacity of the Zionist, secular state to impose its will on a large group of haredim who often are derisive of its democratic, secular institutions.
The latest angry confrontation between the state and the haredim began with a ruling by the Israeli Supreme Court in April ordering a school run by Ashkenazi Slonim chasidim in the west bank settlement of Emanuel to stop excluding Sephardic girls from their regular classes.
In the state's view, the practice constituted a form of intolerable segregation and violated basic principles of equality and human dignity. The offending Beit Yaakov school agreed to more mixed classes.
But rather than comply, the Ashkenazi parents started their own school next door. They argued that the segregation wasn't ethnic but religious. The Sephardic girls, they said, came from homes less strictly observant than their Ashkenazi daughters — for example, homes with television sets and Internet connections — and they didn't want their daughters influenced by those who were less religious. They said Sephardic girls were welcome at the Ashkenazi-dominated school if they met the standards for stricter religious observance.
The court ordered the parents to send their children back to Beit Yaakov or face fines. The parents ignored the court order and didn't pay the fines. The court found them guilty of contempt and ordered that they be sent to jail for an initial two-week period to reconsider their position.
Amid defiant singing and dancing, 35 of the 38 fathers went to jail last week. The mothers failed to report for their prison terms on the grounds that they needed to be home to look after their younger children.
There are conflicting accounts over what caused the brouhaha and what it means.
The Slonim chasidim say that in a true democracy, they should have the right to educate their children in any way they please. They say the Israeli state, like the Romans and Greeks before them, is interfering in matters of religious principle. Just like their ancestors, they say, they'd rather face punishment than compromise their religious beliefs. In the chasidic account, the parents' going to jail was presented as a form of martyrdom, showing up the inhumanity, lack of values, and wanton persecution of the haredi Orthodox by the secular Israeli state.
Secular Israelis see things quite differently. Many regard the Emanuel school case as a reflection of a much wider phenomenon, that of the haredim milking the state for funds without accepting its authority or performing the ultimate duty of Israeli citizenship: army service.
Haredi schools are largely state-funded but do not teach the country's core curriculum. The secular press in Israel has been inundated with articles blasting the haredim for defying the state's authority while tapping into its budgets for health, education, and welfare. Nowhere else in the world would haredi Jews have the temerity to behave this way, the secularists say; nowhere else would they defy state law or mock the Supreme Court.
Before a father's incarceration for defying a court order to send his daughter to a school in Emanuel, he tries to console his crying child. Abir Sultan/Flash90 /JTA
Many see the standoff as a test of strength the liberal democratic state cannot afford to lose.
"Don't give in to Emanuel," the liberal daily Haaretz exhorted in an editorial.
"We must not surrender," echoed journalist Yair Lapid, who reportedly is on the brink of launching an anti-clerical successor party to Shinui, the party once led by his late father, Yosef "Tommy" Lapid.
The Orthodox-Sephardic Shas Party was more ambivalent. Shas was created in the mid-1980s to combat Ashkenazi discrimination against Sephardim, so it might have been expected to take up the cause of the Sephardic students and families. But to do so would have seemed like siding with the Supreme Court, which is anathema for Shas. Its spiritual leader, Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef, resolved the dilemma by coming out against discrimination, but more strongly against taking the case to the Supreme Court.
"Anyone who appeals to the secular courts will have no share in the world to come," Yosef declared.
Other recent rulings by the Supreme Court have compounded the strains between the haredim and the state, as well as a string of violent clashes between haredi demonstrators and police. In mid-June, the Supreme Court ruled against state stipends for married yeshiva students on the grounds that similar stipends for married university students were abolished in 2000. A seven-member panel ruled that this constituted a violation of the principle of equality in the distribution of public funds. Either all married students should get the stipend or none, the court ruled.
Shas leader Eli Yishai has vowed to introduce legislation to overrule the Supreme Court decision.
The ruling was seen as a major blow to the haredim, many of whom choose to study Torah rather than work for a living. This exempts them from mandatory army service.
The haredim also clashed recently with police during demonstrations against building on sites where ancient bones are believed to be buried. These often violent protests were led by a small radical group in the haredi camp known as the Atra Kadisha. In May there were clashes over the removal of bones — believed to be pagan — from the site of a new rocket-proof emergency room at Barzilai Hospital in Ashkelon; in June there were protests in Jaffa over bones at the construction site of a boutique hotel.
For its part, the Israel Defense Forces is considering launching a new plan that would allow more yeshiva students to enlist and more yet to join the labor force. At present, yeshiva students must remain in school until middle age in order to stay out of the army.
Meanwhile, with the basis of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government a strategic alliance between Likud and Shas, government ministers have had very little to say on the Emanuel school brouhaha for fear of upsetting their haredi coalition partners. But it also means that Shas is unlikely to do anything that could topple the government.
If tensions remain high, it could strengthen secular parties in the Knesset willing to take a stand against the haredim. That's what happened in 2003, when Shinui won 15 seats. But three years later it lost the seats when members defected to other parties.
Whether the current haredi-secular tensions will translate into a political shift, and whether that could be sustained, remains to be seen.
Opposition to Israeli conversion bill mounts
Sarah Freishtat • World
(tags): michael oren, benjamin netanyahu, david rotem, knesset, eli yishai, yisrael beiteinu, rabbi julie schonfeld, jewish agency for israel, shas, law of return
WASHINGTON – Opposition to a proposed Israeli conversion bill is mounting, from the U.S. Congress to the Israeli prime minister.
Meanwhile, the bill is likely to be put on hold while the Knesset adjourns this week for a two-month recess.
The controversy over the bill erupted last week when its main sponsor, David Rotem of the Yisrael Beiteinu Party, unexpectedly put it to a committee vote. The measure passed by a 5-4 margin, sending it to the full Knesset.
Meant to give would-be converts more leeway in choosing where and how to convert in Israel, the bill also would consolidate control over conversions under the office of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate. Non-Orthodox diaspora Jewish movements and the leadership of the Jewish Federations of North America and Jewish Agency for Israel all have warned that non-Orthodox converts would be put at risk of being disqualified as Jews by the Orthodox-dominated Chief Rabbinate.
Sen. Ron Wyden, left, is asking Jewish Senate colleagues to sign a letter opposing an Israeli conversion bill. Sen. Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey, right, has agreed to sign the letter. Office of Sen. Ron Wyden/Office of Sen. Frank Lautenburg
In recent days, a Jewish U.S. senator unhappy about the bill, Sen. Ron Wyden (D-Ore.), began circulating a letter asking fellow lawmakers to join him in condemning the controversial Israeli measure. Wyden's letter is circulating among the Senate's 13 Jewish lawmakers for more signatures before it is delivered to Israel's ambassador to the United States, Michael Oren.
Meanwhile, in Israel, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said he opposes the bill in its current form. The bill "could tear apart the Jewish people," Netanyahu told his cabinet on Sunday.
Following its passage last week by the Knesset's Law, Constitution, and Justice Committee, the bill must pass three readings in the Knesset for it to become law. The prime minister said he would try to remove the bill by consensus, but if that fails he will ask members of his Likud Party and other coalition members to oppose it in the Knesset. With the Knesset on the cusp of a long recess, the bill is unlikely to come up for another vote until the fall.
Rotem says the bill aims to simplify the conversion process, empowering local Israeli community rabbis to perform conversions and thereby make it easier for Israelis to convert — including those who don't intend to adhere to Orthodox observance. But in giving the Chief Rabbinate ultimate authority over conversions, the bill puts non-Orthodox converts at risk and may make it more difficult for non-Orthodox converts to make aliyah, critics in the diaspora warn.
Rotem says the bill should not concern diaspora Jews.
"It has nothing to do with Jews in the diaspora," Rotem told JTA last week. "It is only an Israeli matter."
Shas Party Chairman Eli Yishai, a member of Netanyahu's coalition government, said he supports the bill.
"The absence of a conversion law is the greatest spiritual danger for the people of Israel at this time," he told Ynet.
In the United States, the Rabbinical Council of America, an Orthodox organization, said that "While the legislation in question may not be perfect, we who live in North America must recognize that it does contain much to commend it."
The RCA called on diaspora Jews not to interfere with the internal Israeli legislation, noting, incorrectly, that "North American Jews have long embraced the principle that the duly elected leadership of the State of Israel should not be subject to outside interference or pressure by other governments, religious bodies, or communal entities."
The chorus of American voices against the bill is growing, particularly in the Conservative and Reform movements, whose members make up most of American Jewry but have only a small presence in Israel. Opponents are concerned by the bill's clause that converts will be recognized as Jews only if they "accepted the Torah and the commandments in accordance with halacha," which could exclude some converts from being eligible to obtain Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return because they would not be considered Jews by Israel.
Rabbi Julie Schonfeld, executive vice president of the Conservative movement's Rabbinical Assembly, wrote an open letter to Netanyahu explaining why the bill will divide the Jewish community.
"The way to really 'solve this problem' is to have options for multiple streams and for the indigenous Israeli expressions that will only flower in a non-coercive system," she wrote.
The Jewish Federations of North America said it supports the U.S. Senate letter opposing the Israeli bill.
"We welcome any expression of commitment from influential Jews to maintain the unity of the Jewish people and the dangers posed by this divisive legislation," said William Daroff, vice president for public policy and director of JFNA's Washington office.
In Washington, U.S. Sens. Frank Lautenberg (D-N.J.) and Carl Levin (D-Mich.) have signed the Wyden letter.
"I am troubled by a proposal which I believe would make it more difficult for many people who want to convert to Judaism to do so," Levin told JTA.
The letter's text has not been made public.
Jewish members of the U.S. House of Representatives also have expressed support for Wyden's letter. Rep. Nita Lowey (D-N.Y.), chairwoman of the State and Foreign Operations subcommittee that oversees the State Department and international programs, left a message for Netanyahu and spoke directly to Oren to voice her objection to the bill.
"Congresswoman Lowey believes Israel should continue to be a welcoming place for Jews, as it has been through its history," said Matthew Dennis, Lowey's spokesman. "She is concerned that this bill would alienate Jews around the world and risks weakening the sense of unity within the diaspora that is critical to Israel's security."
Bedouin demolitions raising tensions in Israeli land dispute
Marcy Oster • World
(tags): israel, jnf, marcy oster, negev, knesset, bedouin, ila, al-arkib, talab el-sana
A Bedouin boy helps to rebuild the family tent Aug. 4 in the unofficial village of Al-Arakib in the Negev after it was demolished by Israeli authorities. Tsafrir Abayov/Flash90/JTA
JERUSALEM – A standoff between the Israeli government and an unrecognized Bedouin village in the Negev Desert is raising tensions over land rights in southern Israel.
Village residents are rebuilding their homes for the third time in as many weeks after their demolition Tuesday by Israeli authorities.
In the first demolition order carried out July 27, some 1,300 police escorted Israel Lands Administration officials into the unofficial village of Al-Arakib before dawn, removing the area's 300 residents before razing 45 structures, including homes and chicken coops. Residents rebuilt their homes and the police returned — twice.
The government says the Bedouin are occupying the land illegally; the Bedouin refused the government's offer to let them stay as renters.
Among the Bedouin of the Negev, the demolitions are stirring anger.
"These demolitions will lead to an intifada in the Negev," Bedouin and Israeli Arab Knesset member Talab El-Sana told reporters as he barricaded himself in one of the structures that ultimately was demolished.
The demolitions are the result of a dispute between the Bedouin and the Israeli government over rights to specific lands in the Negev comprising about 8,500 acres and 30,000 Bedouin. The Bedouin say the area has been in their families for generations, even if it has never been formally registered with the government. The Israeli government says the Bedouin are new to the land.
Balancing Bedouin claims to the land and their nomadic lifestyle against the needs of the modern Israeli state has never been easy in the Negev, where the Bedouin compete for space with Israeli military training zones, towns, and agricultural zones. For decades, Israel has tried to get the Bedouin to settle in organized towns the state established for them.
Approximately 155,000 Bedouin live in the Negev, 60 percent in the seven permanent towns the government created between 1979 and 1982, according to the Israel Lands Administration. The remainder live in homes and shanties scattered about the Negev. It is these Bedouin who frequently run up against government enforcers.
Israel has plans to build 13 new villages in consultation with Bedouin representatives to house these Bedouin, according to the ILA.
Approximately 150 to 200 Bedouin structures of the 40,000 considered illegal by the Israeli government are torn down each year.
The flare-up at Al-Arakib is the latest in a series of similar incidents since 1998, when the ILA says the Bedouin began to enter the area under dispute. The village has been the subject of cases in the Supreme Court, which ruled that the Bedouins' residence at Al-Arakib was illegal.
The ILA offered the Bedouin a deal under which they would rent the land at the nominal fee of about $2 an acre, which they refused to pay. The ILA received a court order in 2003 to evacuate and demolish the homes in the village.
Many of the residents of Al-Arakib also have permanent homes in one of the Bedouin towns, Rahat, where their children are registered in schools, according to Ortal Sabar, an ILA spokeswoman.
Yeela Raanan, spokeswoman for the Regional Council for the Unrecognized Villages, told Human Rights Watch that only a few dozen Al-Arakib residents have other homes and that "there are at least 250 people now who don't have another option."
Some Al-Arakib residents reportedly also have individual land claims pending in Beersheba District Court.
Ariel Dloomy, projects director for the Negev Institute for Strategies of Peace Development, says he believes that in the wake of Al-Arakib there will be more demolitions of Bedouin settlements. He said the wholesale demolition of Al-Arakib was a trial balloon to see how the Israeli people would react.
"There is a deep lack of knowledge about the Bedouins and their historic presence on the land on the side of the Jewish population in Israel," Dloomy said. "Most of the Jewish Israelis view this conflict as a zero-sum game, while we think there is a place for everybody — Jews and Arabs — in the Negev."
In an editorial criticizing the government for demolishing the homes at Al-Arakib, Israel's daily Haaretz called the Bedouin "the children of the Negev."
"Destroying their homes and pushing them into the crowded and poor Bedouin cities creates a much more severe political and social problem than the danger of the Bedouin living on state lands," the editorial said.
During the demolitions at Al-Arakib, some critics suggested that the state wanted to clear the area for the Jewish National Fund to plant a forest at the site. JNF denied the claim, issuing a statement last week saying it "was not involved in this operation and has no link to the subject of evacuating Bedouin soldiers whatsoever."
The organization plants forests throughout the country under a master plan of the Israeli government, a JNF spokeswoman told JTA.
JNF's Blueprint Negev, a plan to bring about 250,000 Israelis to live in the Negev by 2013, also is raising funds to benefit the local Bedouin population. Among the sites planned is the Abu Basma Regional Council Complex/Medical Center, to be built on land donated by JNF, as well as parks and water supply and treatment projects.
After the demolitions of recent weeks, Bedouin leaders warned that the government is doing serious harm to its relations with the community.
"The attempt to uproot Bedouin citizens from their settlements constitutes a serious insult to all Bedouin," said the Committee of Al-Arakib. "All attempts to uproot the residents of the village will fail in the end."
Loathing the oath
_JStandard • Editorial
(tags): israel, josh lipowsky, rebecca kaplan boroson, zionism, knesset, loyalty oath, rotem bill
At the Knesset, a candle for the Russian Jews
Sue Fishkoff •
(tags): sue fishkoff, chanukah, knesset
The author after a day's work at the kibbutz gas station in August 1982. Courtesy Sue Fishkoff
It was December 1982, and my kibbutz ulpan had just been invited to light the Chanukah menorah for the Israeli Knesset.
The Israeli army was deep in the heart of Lebanon, the Cold War was raging, talks with the PLO were years away, and Israel was feeling both isolated and feisty. Freedom from oppression was the theme for that year's holiday, and my six-month work-study ulpan program had been chosen for this annual honor because we had so many students from countries where Jews were being oppressed.
There was 18-year-old Ahuva, from Aleppo, whose jaw had been broken by Syrian border guards when she was caught during her first escape attempt. She made it out the second time — on foot.
There was 19-year-old Daoud, now David, and his twin brother, Ofer, who grew up Muslim in Beirut and only learned they were Jewish that summer, when their Israeli-born mother revealed her heritage, divorced her Lebanese husband, and dragged the twins to Israel as its army poured across their border.
We had the three French boys in the class: Charlie from Morocco, Michel representing Tunisia, and Didier, whose parents were Algerian.
There was a student from Iran who fled after the fall of the shah three years earlier. Another student claimed Egyptian ancestry — good enough for the Knesset — and one young man from Glasgow also would light a candle, presumably in the name of Scottish independence.
I might argue that the student from Paris who refused in class to use the Hebrew word "olah," or "ascend," to describe her move to Israel, on the grounds that any departure from Paris could only be a descent, also was living under oppression. She just didn't know it.
The only thing we were missing was a student from the Soviet Union. The Iron Curtain had shut tight in 1980, few new immigrants were arriving, and we were some years away from the great exodus of the early 1990s. Not a single Boris or Natasha to add to the mix.
Then I let slip that I spoke Russian. And my grandparents were from Ukraine — sure, they arrived in 1906 and 1912, but our ulpan teacher was eager to seize upon any connection, however tangential, to clinch that Knesset deal.
She renamed me Sonia Pitchkopf and instructed me to prepare a short speech to deliver, in Russian-accented Hebrew, as I lit my candle.
After the laughter died down in class, I realized the enormity of what I had signed on for. This was no Purimspiel. This was the parliament of the Jewish state, and here I was, tasked with pulling a fast one over on men and women, some of whom certainly spoke Russian, or at least were capable of sniffing out a ruse of this magnitude.
As I began writing my speech, I thought back to my first trip to the USSR. My Russian class from Cornell landed in Leningrad on Dec. 31, 1975, and as so often happened with Jewish visitors from the West in those years, I found myself in a Jewish apartment within hours of my arrival, plucked out of the crowd by a young Jewish member of the Komsomol group sent to greet us.
The table was spread with a lavish repast — mushrooms in cream sauce, pickled vegetables, carrot salad, all kinds of smoked fish. I learned later how long the family had scrimped to put together that holiday meal.
People crowded around me, eager to ask questions about America. Was there really so much street crime? What did people think of the pullout from Vietnam? Had I ever been to Israel? I had stars in my eyes, so excited was I to be in the forbidden land of Cossacks and Bolsheviks, the center of such rapt attention.
Then two young men dragged out a book and thrust it into my lap. It was an English-language edition of the Encyclopedia Judaica they had opened to the page on Chanukah. One of them pointed to a drawing of the nine-branched Chanukiyah and asked me to explain its use.
Thinking he was joking, I smiled. These were university-educated people. This was the 20th century. He had to be pulling my leg.
He wasn't. And I'll always remember my shock and sadness as I realized it.
So here I was, on my Israeli kibbutz, purporting to masquerade as people whose pain and isolation were so very real? I couldn't do it. I wouldn't.
My ulpan lit the Chanukah candles that year on the floor of the Knesset building in Jerusalem. And when my turn came, I was Sue Fishkoff, not Sonia Pitchkopf. And I lit in the name of my own grandparents, free in America, and in the name of the five young men I had met that night in Leningrad.
Two of them already were living in New Jersey. The others were still in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg, as late as 1996, the last time I visited them.
And my ulpan friends called me Pitchkopf for the rest of the year.
JTA Wire Service
Proposed law to probe Israeli rights groups prompts fierce criticism in Israel
Leslie Susser • World
(tags): israel, leslie susser, avigdor lieberman, knesset, faina kirshenbaum
JERUSALEM – Knesset legislation calling for an investigation of Israeli human rights groups has sparked a fierce argument over who is doing more to hurt Israel's reputation: human rights organizations critical of the Israeli government and army, or the politicians who want to investigate them for allegedly going too far.
By a vote of 47-16, the Knesset last week gave preliminary passage to proposed legislation calling for the establishment of a parliamentary panel to investigate the funding and activities of a long list of left-leaning human rights groups.
One of the co-sponsors, Faina Kirshenbaum of Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman's Yisrael Beiteinu Party, charges that the groups are working under the guise of human rights advocacy to discredit the Israel Defense Forces' presence in the west bank, criminalize its soldiers, and encourage draft-dodging — with the overall aim of weakening the IDF and delegitimizing Israel.
"These groups provided material to the Goldstone commission and are behind indictments lodged against Israeli officers and officials around the world," Kirshenbaum declared during a Knesset debate, referring to the U.N.-endorsed Goldstone report on the Gaza war, which among its findings included allegations of war crimes violations by Israel.
The heavy vote in favor of the legislation reflected widespread concern in Israel at the activities of human rights groups, some of which receive foreign government funds and whose goals may be seen as potentially inimical to the national interest.
Much of the subsequent criticism was directed at the choice of mechanism to deal with the issue: a parliamentary committee in which politicians would be interrogating their political opponents.
After days of criticism for the "undemocratic" nature of the proposed investigatory committee, Lieberman invited cameras into the normally closed party caucus meeting Monday to show he had no intention of backing down.
In his remarks, he suggested that Israel's delegitimizers rely on the subversive work of Israel's Haaretz daily newspaper; Yesh Din, a group that monitors the rule of law in the west bank; and Yesh Gvul, an organization that defends Israeli soldiers who refuse to serve in the west bank. He called the organizations "collaborators in terror."
"There wasn't a single meeting abroad where I spoke about delegitimization of Israel and people didn't say look at what Haaretz wrote or what Yesh Din, Yesh Gvul, or Yesh Batich published," he said, the last name a derogatory play on words meaning "There is Zero."
Critics — from both the left and right wings — have accused Lieberman of McCarthyism. They argue that establishing a parliamentary mechanism to hound political opponents is patently undemocratic and brings to mind the witch-hunting days of anti-communist fervor in the United States in the early 1950s.
Israeli law already requires full transparency on funding, most of the named NGOs are fully transparent, and there is a registrar of NGOs where funding information already is in the public domain, critics of the new legislation maintain.
NGO Monitor, an organization often harshly critical of left-leaning Israeli human rights groups, went so far as to publish an Op-Ed criticizing the proposed law as unhelpful and polarizing. (See it at http://www.jstandard.com.)
As for activities such as pointing out transgressions by IDF soldiers, opponents of the proposed law contend that such criticism shows the strength of Israeli democracy rather than casting aspersions on the IDF as a whole or bringing the country into disrepute. On the contrary, setting up a McCarthyist parliamentary committee would do far more damage to Israel's good name, they argue.
The proposed law, wrote NGO Monitor President Gerald Steinberg, provides "more ammunition for Israel's most ardent critics to proclaim the 'death of Israeli democracy,' further contributing to Israel's isolation."
Several of the singled-out groups monitor IDF activities in the west bank. The groups say this is precisely what the role of civil society groups should be: ensuring that the occupation is as humane as possible. If their funding or activities contravene the law in any way, they should be dealt with by the police, not a politically weighted Knesset committee, they insist.
Several Likud leaders, including Dan Meridor, Benny Begin, Michael Eitan, and Reuven Rivlin, say they, too, are appalled by Lieberman's approach.
"It's a mistake to establish a parliamentary committee in which Knesset members will interrogate their opponents," Meridor, a deputy prime minister, told Israel's Channel 2. "It will turn our country into something it never was or ought to be."
Critical pundits warn of a vicious circle: Threatened by a highly focused international campaign of delegitimization, they see Israel turning on itself, with figures like Lieberman attacking Israeli human rights organizations, thereby laying it open to further delegitimizing attacks.
There is a significant domestic political context to the proposed law. Lieberman's move to take on the human rights organizations is part of a deliberate campaign aimed at displacing Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu as the natural leader of the Israeli right wing. The proposed Knesset legislation came a week after Lieberman publicly repudiated Netanyahu's policies on reconciliation with Turkey and peace with the Palestinians.
The opposition by senior Likud members to Lieberman's proposed investigatory committee gave Lieberman another opening to seize the right-wing mantle.
"These backsliders in the national camp, who are ready to sacrifice its interests, are responsible for the fact that the national camp has never ruled Israel even when we won elections," Lieberman said, referring to Likudniks like Meridor and Begin.
On the Turkish and Palestinian issues, Netanyahu failed to censure Lieberman, prompting commentators to criticize him for weak leadership. But he did not leave the foreign minister's broadside against the Likud unanswered, arguing that his party is just as determined to fight organizations that act illegally against the state or the IDF, but that there are different ways of going about this.
"The Likud is a democratic and pluralistic party, and not a dictatorship of a single view," Netanyahu said, sniping at Lieberman's high-handed leadership of Yisrael Beitenu and insinuating what kind of regime Lieberman might impose if he were to become prime minister.
The big loser in all this will be Israel, say some in the opposition.
Knesset member Yisrael Hasson, who left Yisrael Beiteinu in 2009 to join the centrist Kadima Party led by Tzipi Livni, accuses Lieberman of cynically undermining Israeli foreign policy in a bid to enhance his domestic political standing.
Lieberman is a "foreign policy pyromaniac" with license from an irresponsible prime minister to start fires all over the place, Hasson told JTA.
What makes this particularly dangerous, Hasson says, is that it comes in the context of the campaign to delegitimize Israel: The fires Lieberman starts can turn people who are neutral on Israel into opponents, fueling the campaign to delegitimize and isolate Israel.


GUANGZHOU, Dec 7 (SMM) – After consolidating at lows in the first quarter of 2019, silicon prices are likely to climb in the second and third quarters and to fall in the fourth quarter, said Yang Xiaoting, SMM senior analyst.
Yang expects Huangpu port prices of 553# silicon, which did not undergo oxygen-refining, to move in a tight range of 10,500-12,500 yuan/mt in 2019.
In December 2018, silicon may seek a bottom in price with the spread between 553# silicon with and without being oxygen-refined narrowing, Yang told the delegates at 2018 SMM Aluminium-Silicon Summit in Guangzhou, Guangdong province on Thursday December 6.
In 2019, the shutdown of obsolete capacity would accelerate and the industry concentration would improve, Yang believes. She also expects a large amount of new capacity across downstream industries.
Silicon supply surplus across the markets would widen next year while high social inventories would hamper purchasing enthusiasm among buyers, Yang added.


text:
GVPT
Government and Politics Department Site
GVPT105S
Introduction to Political Ethics
CORE: SB
Restriction: Must be in the College Park Scholars program; and must be in International Studies program or Public Leadership program.
An examination of major theories of political life and politics as they pertain to international politics, conflict, and culture. Emphasis will be given to theories of ethics and morality that pertain to international studies, such as human rights.
Show Sections All Sections Face-to-Face Blended Learning Online
GVPT170
A comprehensive study of national government in the United States.
International Political Relations
GenEd: DSHS, DVUP
A study of the major factors underlying international relations, the causes of conflict and cooperation among international actors, the role of international institutions, the interactions of domestic and foreign policies, and major issues in security, economy and the environment.
Scope and Methods for Political Science Research
GenEd: DSSP
Credit only granted for: GVPT100 or GVPT201.
Formerly: GVPT100.
An introduction to empirical research in political science.
The Challenge of Authoritarianism
GenEd: DSHS, SCIS
An introduction to the persistent challenge of authoritarianism. The course explores the nature of authoritarianism and its evolution from ancient through modern times. Students will study how authoritarian regimes vary, why citizens sometimes comply with them, and when and how citizens rebel. The course concludes with a review of contemporary authoritarianism, focusing on its resilience in the Middle East and East Asia and its potential for a resurgence in the US and Europe.
Uncertain Partners: US and China in a Changing World
Credit only granted for: GVPT204 or GVPT289J.
Formerly: GVPT289J.
The rapid ascent of the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a major political and economic power has meant that its relationship with the United States has become central in contemporary international politics. To an increasing extent, some of the biggest global challenges--ranging from nuclear proliferation, to climate change, to economic growth--require U.S.-China cooperation if they are to be managed effectively. Yet the U.S.-China relationship is at times turbulent, and its future remains highly uncertain. Will the U.S. and China be able to forge a closer partnership that will enable them to cooperate in dealing with some of the vexing challenges facing the international community? Or are they more likely to drift toward a more adversarial relationship, as China's growing power--and the US reaction--generate a vicious cycle of mutual mistrust? In this class, students will grapple with these questions as they learn about the history of U.S.-China relations, and about many of the current issues facing the relationship.
Introduction to Formal Theories of Political Behavior and Politics
Prerequisite: GVPT170.
An introduction to the theories of rational choice including theories of negotiation and bargaining, elections and voting in democracies, community organizing and the contrast between the roles and performances of government and market.
The Study of Political Philosophy: Ancient and Modern
Examines some of the salient continuities and breaks between the ancient and modern traditions in Western political philosophy.
Introduction to Environmental Politics
An overview of modern environmental philosophy, politics, and policy, exploring environmental politics in the US by way of comparison with other developed and developing countries.
Politics and the Developing World
A study of the domestic governmental institutions; processes and problems such as conflict and economic development; and the socio-economic environments that are common to developing countries of Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America.
Restriction: Must be in one of the following programs (Government & Politics; Government & Politics: International Relations) ; or permission of BSOS-Government & Politics department.
Focus on three processes of international environmental policy development- identifying problems, negotiating solutions, and implementing agreements- through a range of case studies, including global climate change.
GVPT309C
Topics in International Relations; Advances in the Study of Conflict
Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics or Government & Politics: International Relations program.
This course will bring together faculty from several top schools around the country to share the latest research on international conflict and related topics. Lectures will be pre-recorded, so you can watch them at your convenience. On the week that each instructor's lecture is aired, he or she will also host an evening Zoom meeting from 7:00-7:50pm EST every Wednesday to discuss the lecture and the readings with you. Rather than ask for a paper or midterm/final, grading will be via short multiple-choice quizzes, taken at the time of your choosing at the end of each week. In addition to quizzes, students must attend the zoom session, and complete several other short assignments every week. Students who took GVPT309C in Fall 2020 are not eligible to take this course.
(Perm Req)
Mock Trial II: Advanced Trial Advocacy
Credit only granted for: GVPT317 or GVPT319B.
Formerly: GVPT319B.
Development of trial advocacy skills through participation in practice trials and intercollegiate mock trial competitions. Student may have an opportunity to represent the university in intercollegiate mock trial tournaments, including the National Mock Trial Championships.
Advanced Empirical Research
Allows students to build on the knowledge of statistical inference they gained from GVPT201. Topics include data collection, data cleaning, data analysis, and data visualization. By the time students complete this class, they will be able to do basic statistical modeling using OLS regression independently.
Courts, Law and Justice
An introductory course to the study of law with emphasis on how lawyers and judges think and argue. Topics include, contract law, property, family law, torts, and criminal procedure.
Cross-listed with MLAW358W. Credit only granted for GVPT331 or MLAW358W.
Capstone in International Conflict Management
Restriction: Enrollment is restricted to students in the Minor in International Development and Conflict Management; and sophomore standing or higher; and permission of BSOS-Government & Politics department.
Serves as one of the two capstone courses for the Minor in International Development and Conflict Management. Focuses on advanced theory and the practice and profession of international conflict management and is designed to provide students an introduction to, and a chance to engage with, a core set of practical skills relevant to the field.
Capstone in International Development
GenEd: DSSP, DVCC
Serves as one of the two capstone courses for the Minor in International Development and Conflict Management. Focuses on advanced theory and the practice and profession of international development and is designed to provide students an introduction to, and a chance to engage with, a core set of practical skills relevant to the field.
A Fearless Ideas Course from the Academy for Innovation & Entrepreneurship (AIE): http://ter.ps/iamFEARLESS Click here for more information on the Fearless Ideas Courses.
Special Topics in Government and Politics; Asian American Politics
Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics program or Government & Politics: International Relations program.
Credit only granted for: AAST443 or GVPT368C.
Students will gain a greater understanding of 1) the role of Asian Americans in US politics, 2) the political attitudes and behaviors of Asian Americans and 3) how to conduct research on Asian American politics. Though the class will concentrate on Asian Americans, issues related to Asian American politics will be examined within the larger context of America's multicultural political landscape.
GVPT368D
Special Topics in Government and Politics; Israel: Politics and Society
Cross-listed with: ISRL329C. Credit only granted for ISRL329C or GVPT368D.
This course will address the main issues in Israeli politics and society by focusing on the role of Zionism in the Jewish state, the institutional foundations of Israeli democracy, the main political parties and blocs and their different ideological principles and visions, as well as the main social groups, movements, and institutions that comprise Israeli civil society.
GVPT368E
Special Topics in Government and Politics; Israeli Foreign and Security Policy
Cross-listed with: ISRL329P. Credit only granted for: ISRL329P or GVPT368E.
This course will provide an overview of Israeli foreign and security policy from 1948 to the present. We will examine how Israel's foreign and security policies reflect its Jewish origins, Zionist ideology, its relations with its neighbors and world powers, and its regional quest for recognition and legitimacy.
GVPT368N
Special Topics in Government and Politics; American Jewry and Public Policy
Jointly offered with GVPT368N.
Credit only granted for JWST429M or GVPT368N.
An examination of the contours of American Jewry and its engagement in public policy. Focus will be on historical development, Jewish political thought, organizational and representation structures. Areas of specific concern include Israel and foreign policy, as well as domestic topics, including electoral politics. A number of in- depth case studies will be examined.
Experiential Learning: Government and Politics Internship Program
Credit only granted for: GVPT377 or GVPT388W.
Formerly: GVPT388W.
The application of major concepts of political science to the realities of the political process. The course connects internship experiences with larger themes of political science. Students must be admitted to the GVPT Internship Program.
Topical Investigations
Credits: 1 - 3
Permission of Director of Undergraduate Studies required.
Contact department for information to register for this course.
GVPT388B
Topical Investigations; Innovation in the Public Sector
Prerequisite: PSYC100, GVPT100 or ECON200. Cross-listed with GVPT388B. Credit will be granted for BSOS388f or GVPT 388B.
Restricted to GVPT majors.
Click here for more course information.
GVPT388M
Topical Investigations; Mock Trial Independent Study
Grad Meth: Reg, P-F
Prerequisite: Permission of department.
GVPT388R
Topical Investigations; Race Relations in the US and France
The goal of the course is to contrast the experiences of racial and ethnic minorities in the US with those in France. It is designed to explore how racial and ethnic groups shape and are shaped by the American and French political systems. Among the topics to be covered include the meaning and measurement of race and ethnicity, immigration politics, prejudice, and political representation.
This course is a GVPT Global Learning offering. Click here for more information about GVPT Global Learning courses.
Restriction: Must not have completed ECON414.
Credit only granted for: GVPT399A, GVPT390, CMSC474 or ECON414.
Formerly: GVPT399A.
Introduction to game theory with applications to political science, economics and sociology. Topics include preference theory, expected utility theory, Nash equilibria, subgame perfection, repeated games, folk theorems, and evolutionary stability.
Introduction to Honors Research
Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics Honors Program; and must have permission of the Government & Politics Honors Program.
A required course for all honors students designed to emphasize library research, methodology, and writing skills in political science and political philosophy. A written proposal, bibliography and research design for an honors paper required of all students as a final project.
Honors Research
Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics Honors Program.
Individual reading and research. Preparation of an original paper.
Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics program; and junior standing or higher. Or must be in Government & Politics: International Relations program; and junior standing or higher.
A basic introduction to the full range of international organizations that have come into being over the past century and one-half, including those that aspire to be universal or global, those with a geopolitical or regional focus, and those that address specific structural or functional areas of human endeavor or issue areas.
Seminar in International Relations and World Politics; Race and International Relations
Prerequisite: GVPT200
This course is designed to rethink the academic field of international relations and the theoretical thinking that has shaped it. It explores the field's major schools of thought, issues, concepts, and debates, but takes a particular focus on theories and research from the perspective of global race relations. It challenges assumptions of the global world order and examines some of the important implications for policy. Particularly, it looks at the causes of conflict and cooperation among international actors, the role of international institutions, the interaction of domestic and foreign policies, and major issues in security, economy and the environment from many different global perspectives.
GVPT409G
Seminar in International Relations and World Politics; Corporations and the Global Political Economy
Prerequisite: GVPT200. Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics or Government & Politics: International Relations program.
The course will examine corporations as political actors in global politics, analyzing power, norms and governance in different issue areas.
GVPT409H
Seminar in International Relations and World Politics; International Relations of the Middle East
Prerequisite: GVPT200. Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics Honors program.
This seminar will evaluate major issues of the international relations of the Middle East and the American role and responses to these issues. The seminar will focus on several post-Cold War cases in American foreign policy, including the 1991 and 2003 Gulf wars, policy toward Iran, American mediation in the Arab-Israeli conflict, responses to the Arab Uprisings, re-emerging competition with Russia, and broader issues such as regional reform and nuclear non-proliferation.
GVPT409O
Seminar in International Relations and World Politics; The Politics of Climate Change
This seminar surveys the political and normative challenges posed by climate change, drawing on scholarly research, policy texts, and popular media accounts. We will pay particular attention to the multi-level nature of climate policy-making, examining the interaction between political processes in sub-national, national, and international arenas.
International Relations of East Asia
Credit only granted for: GVPT409E or GVPT414.
Formerly: GVPT409E.
An examination of international relations in East Asia, focusing mostly on Northeast Asia. The course will provide some background on the evolution of international politics in the region over the past several decades, and will examine several contemporary issues--including the North Korean nuclear issue, the relationship across the Taiwan Strait, and maritime disputes in the East and South China Seas--in depth.
The Logic and Practice of Measuring Political Behavior
Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics program; or must be in Government & Politics: International Relations program.
Introduction to concepts and practices used for measuring political behavior. Political analysis is an increasingly quantitative field. It is crucial for students of political behavior to learn how to define concepts in concrete ways, examine different methods of measuring concepts, learn how to test the quality of chosen measures, learn how to construct richer measures out of multiple questions, and finally how to examine the relationship between multiple measures of similar concepts. Common pitfalls, errors, bias, and ethics will be examined along the way.
Elections and Electoral Behavior
Prerequisite: GVPT241 and GVPT170.
Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics program.
An examination of various topics relating to elections; the focus includes the legal structure under which elections are conducted, the selection and nomination process, the conduct of election campaigns, and patterns of political participation and voting choice in different types of elections.
Problems in Political Behavior; Public Opinion & Partisanship
This course is an advanced seminar on voters in the American political system. Broadly, we will cover topics ranging from what factors influence how individuals vote to discussions of social groups, partisanship, opinions, and other characteristics that shape Americans as political actors.
Civil Rights and the Constitution
Restriction: Must be in one of the following programs (Government & Politics; Government & Politics: International Relations).
A study of civil rights in the American constitutional context, emphasizing freedom of religion, freedom of expression, minority discrimination, and the rights of defendants.
Credit only graned for GVPT432 or MLAW358Y.
GVPT439A
Seminar in Public Law; Comparative Constitutional Law
Prerequisite: GVPT280 or GVPT282
Introduction to basic issues of constitutional law in a global and comparative perspective. Topics: constitution making and amending, enforcing,suspending, and reasoning with constitutions. Federalism and separation of powers. Fundamental rights. Constitutionalism outside the West. Constitutions beyond states. In this course the US Constitution will not be discussed.
GVPT439F
Seminar in Public Law; Constitutional Issues in Law Enforcement
Marxism and Postmarxism
Restriction: Must be in a major within BSOS-Government & Politics department.
The study of Marxist thought and an assessment of the critical transformations and reassessments of the theory and practice of Marxism.
Restriction: Must be in the Government & Politics Honors program.
Seminar in Political Philosophy; Social Philosophy and Political Economy
Also offered as PHPE401. Credit only granted for PHPE401 or GVPT449E.
This course examines capitalism and socialism as differing modes of economic production through several different theoretical lenses. We begin by examining capitalism and socialism as they developed historically, by looking primarily at the work of Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Then, we turn our attention to one of the most important debates 20th century economics: to what extent rational economic calculation is possible in a socialist commonwealth. After this we turn our attention to how capitalist and socialist modes of production functioned in practice. We end by turning our attention to the ethics of capitalism and socialism: which mode of economic production is most just?
Seminar in Political Philosophy; Global Justice
The course begins by laying the foundation for the debate over the scope and limits of global justice, and then examines some topics that arise when thinking globally about justice, such as poverty, the environment and waging war. The course ends by considering the possibility of creating a cosmopolitan framework within which to adjudicate between competing interests in the globalized world.
GVPT449P
Seminar in Political Philosophy; The Psychotic Edge of Political Life
Must be in Government & Politics program or Government & Politics: International Relations program.
This course in modern political theory will cover critical concepts in political thought: genocide, legitimacy, responsibility resistance, and political ethics.
The Politics of Terrorism
Credit only granted for: GVPT456 or GVPT459T.
Formerly: GVPT459T.
Examination of the definition, causes and organization of terrorist activity, along with key domestic and international counter- and anti-terrorism responses. Special emphasis on challanges and opportunities to the scientific study of terrorism.
GVPT459I
Seminar in Comparative Politics; Thinking Like a Citizen: Civic Ideals and Civic Practices
Prerequisite: GVPT200 or GVPT280. Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics program or Government & Politics: International Relations program. This course is an introduction to the emerging field of civic studies. It takes as a starting point the idea of citizens as co-creators of their many worlds, their various communities, their countries, and of course the literal world. We will look into what knowledge and what ways of thinking are most helpful to such co-creators. Topics will include: civic work in the small (human interaction, politics, power resources), finding and building shared ground, impediments to civic action (problem of collective action, limited human brain, the power of the status quo), and venues of civic action (including communities, social movements, countries, and the world).
Seminar in Comparative Politics; Social Movements
Discussion-intensive advanced seminar exploring the ways that social movements mobilize, the role of governments and bystanders in shaping that process, and the outcomes that they produce through connecting history, theory, and scholarship to contemporary politics. Special topics include youth movements and campus activism, transnationalism, and violent vs. non-violent strategies.
GVPT459X
Seminar in Comparative Politics; Political Radicalism
This course will examine the main similarities and distinctions between communist and fascist radical ideologies, movements, and political systems. The course will highlight the centrality of ideology in totalitarian experiments and the relationship between ideology and terror as underpinnings of the ideocratic despotisms. We will explore contemporary implications of totalitarianism.
Local Politics and Government
Credit only granted for: GVPT461 or GVPT479L.
Formerly: GVPT479L.
An introduction to local government and politics in the U.S. context. The course explores the evolution of local jurisdictions, particularly cities, and the politics of local level decision making.
The U.S. Congress
Restriction: Junior standing or higher. And must be in Government & Politics program; or must be in Government & Politics: International Relations program.
A detailed survey of lawmaking and the legislative process, emphasizing the U.S. Congress, and its members.
A descriptive and analytical examination of American political parties, nominations, elections, and political leadership.
The Presidency and the Executive Branch
Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics program; and junior standing or higher.
An examination of the U.S. presidency in historical and contemporary perspective: nomination and electoral politics and the president's place in policy-making, administration, and public opinion.
Seminar in American Politics; Minority Politics
A comprehensive examination of how minority groups operate within the U.S. political system. The substantive focus of the course will be on the historical position of minorities in the U.S. political system, on different concepts of representation, on minority group identity, and on political participation and policy issues that are of particular importance to minorities.
Seminar in American Politics; Political Science Survey Methods and Experience
Corequisites: GVPT170 and GVPT201. Restriction: Must be in Government & Politics program or Government & Politics: International Relations program.
Surveys help us understand social problems, assess support for public policies, and explain political outcomes. Students will experience from beginning to the end the process of conducting survey research. This includes question wording, question placement, mechanisms for testing response time and survey length, and issues related to survey execution in the field. Students will then evaluate and analyze the survey data.
Government and Politics of China
Restriction: Must be in one of the following programs (Government & Politics; Government & Politics: International Relations) ; and junior standing or higher.
Credit only granted for: GVPT359A or GVPT487.
Discussion of major issues in the study of the domestic politics of the People's Republic of China.
Introduction to Conflict and Cooperation in the World Economy
Grad Meth: Reg, Aud
Restriction: Must be in the International Relations Master's program; or permission of Government and Politics department.
This seminar examines major theoretical approaches and empirical studies of international political economy, contemporary dynamics of globalization, the role of domestic politics in the formation of foreign economic policies of states, the dynamics of international trade and investment disputes, and role of international institutions in multi-lateral governance of the world economy. The focus is on developing an understanding of central debates in the literature and primary empirical findings from quantitative and cross-national analyses that are of policy relevance.
Introduction to International Institutions and International Law
This seminar examines major theoretical approaches and empirical studies of international law and institutions relating to international political economy and international security. Topics to be covered include the sources of international law and the development of core legal principles in the post-WWII ear, the role of international economic institutions such as WTO, IMF, and World Bank in the global economy, and the influence of international institutions such as the UN Security Council, World Court, and International Criminal Court in addressing international security issues. Larger questions about the effectiveness of the WTO, Laws of War, and International Human Rights Law will be considered. The focus is on developing an understanding of central debates in the literature and primary empirical findings from quantitative and cross-national analyses that are of policy relevance.
Advanced Quantitative Methods For Political Science
Prerequisite: GVPT622; or permission of instructor.
Introduction to multivariate analysis. Elementary matrix algebra, multiple linear and curvilinear correlation and regression, analysis of variance, canonical correlation and regression, discriminant analysis, and several types of factor analysis.
Recommended: GVPT708.
Major issues in international political economy including such matters as the monetary system, trade, debt, and development.
Master's Thesis Research
Grad Meth: S-F
Selected Topics in Functional Problems in International Relations; Conflict and World Politics
Selected Topics in Functional Problems in International Relations; Prospectus Seminar
Formal Theories of Politics I
Survey of major formal theories of politics, with emphasis on those theories based on the assumptions of rationality. The theory of public goods, game theory, coalition theory, and the theoretical properties of voting systems.
Readings in Government and Politics
Selected Topics in Comparative Governmental Institutions; Political Institutions
Grad Meth: Reg, Aud, S-F
Must be in Government and Politics PhD program.
Pre-Candidacy Research
Grad Meth: Reg
Doctoral Dissertation Research

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ritchie's specially designed Highland Cattle Crate is just the addition the Highland Cattle Farmer could need.
Designed to provide safety for the operator and minimise stress to the animal, the Ritchie Highland Cattle Crate has a heavy-duty head-lock bar incorporating a positive spring loaded catch mechanism to tame the beast.
The Highland Cattle Race with access cubicle grants easy access to the rear of the cattle handling crate and creates a secure are to work in, the sheeted hurdles have an all-welded construction and are clad in 1.6 mm steel plate with safe edges formed all the way around.


Previous message: [Python-Dev] Wierd buffer "add" behaviour.
time getting accepted in its current form.
object", which has both a C API and a Python API.
JPython, neither makes much sense).
files, NumPy arrays, and PIL objects.
objects that could interact with them (compared to real file objects).
object I/O would be using the inefficient fallback interface.
an unnecessary generalization (and source of complexity).
segment count must typically be 1.
between character and binary buffers (on the read-only end only).
it ended up not being used.
The buffer object has a much less clear reason for its existence.
perf gains (time and memory).
a good number of other uses for the buffer type.
altogether I think that the buffer object causes a lot of confusion.
would allocate new memory except for buffer object headers).
buffer object to help it support slices.
Unicode objects as we originally planned.
such an API -- just *theoretical*).
maybe other subclasses that explicitly know about their encoding).
And maybe we'd have a real file base class.  And so on.
buffer object (ripping out the unused operations) and deprecating it.


Since life span has so many junctions full of ups and downs so Vastu shastra has seperate provisions for different age-groups. Vaastu tips are separate for the children who belong to three age groups, i.e. childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
As per Vastu tips for children bedroom, the first age group includes the very small kids, i.e. infants or crawling babies, who sleep with their parents. As per vaastu guidelines, the colour of the bed-sheet should be bright or vibrant in shade or tint for such tiny-tots.
Paintings- The paintings to be hung in the room of school-going kids, inspirational paintings should be there and they must be related to children's psychology as vaastu adapts itself as per ambience or environment. A photo of goddess "Saraswati" with knowledgeable hymns should be put on the wall. So that, the frequent glance of those hymns would imbue religious effect on their mind.
Bed-sheet colour for females should be pink, purple, violet or any soft color that enable proper growth to be triggered.
According to the vastu norms, children ought to study while facing the east direction with determination.
Vaastu suggests that the study material and stationery should be purchased and not be borrowed since kids carry no authority to donate instead they are liable to earn the acknowledgement.
They don't donate books in charity instead they ought to sell them at nominal rate as per vaastu shastra.
Vastu for children bedroom suggests the third age group consists of the youngsters who are doing higher studies such as MBA, IAS etc.
The ideal direction for placing their bed or study room is either north or northeast according to vaastu shastra.


text:
A THEASY BEST BET: BEST OFF BROADWAY
Latin theatre performed in English
Written by prolific and prominent playwright Octavio Solis
Produced by INTAR, one of the country's longest-running Latino theatres
To purchase tickets, visit www.intartheatre.org
Se Llama Cristina
By Octavio Solis; Directed by Lou Moreno
INTAR Theatre, 500 West 52nd Street
by Cindy Pierre on 4.14.15
Gerardo Rodriguez and Carmen Zilles in Se Llama Cristina. Photo by Carol Rosegg.
BOTTOM LINE: A man and a woman frantically try to put the details of their identities and lives back together when they wake up in a room without a firm grasp of either.
Remember that movie Memento starring Guy Pearce? How about David Lynch movies like Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire? Seen the Matrix trilogy? Take the wacky and abstract goodness of these films, cross them with some intense poetry, and you have Octavio Solis' Se Llama Cristina, a well-acted, fantastic, and entertaining play about a romp into the unknown, the undefinable, but ultimately not regrettable.
When first surveying the stage at the INTAR Theatre, you'll scarcely know what to think, but you'll know you aren't in for a garden-variety type of show. Raul Abrego's scenic design brings us slanted doors and windows, charcoal human lines on dirty walls, sunken furniture, and a messy floor with crumpled paper. A perfect setting for an acid trip or something similar, and the perfect framework for this story.
Rousing out of sleep are Vespa (Carmen Zilles) and Mike (Gerardo Rodriguez). Or is it Vera and Miguel? Huh? With a drug needle sunken into his arm, Mike/Miguel wakes up to find Vespa/Vera, having no recollection of who he is, who she is, and why they're in a room with a fried chicken drumstick nestled in a crib. Believing that they must have had some kind of crazy, substance-laced night, evident by the bottle of booze, drug needle and loss of memory, they try to back-trace their steps to figure out how they arrived where they are.
Using a phone hooked mysteriously on a wall that cleverly flashes them back to the past (the way the phone transported Neo from the matrix to being unplugged), Vera and Miguel try furtively to come up with some facts. What do they discover? They're both Mexican, and they met when Vera accidentally dialed Miguel's number while trying to call a rape hotline. There may or may not be a baby, and somehow and for some reason, there's a singing telephone man named Abel (the outrageous and hilarious David Anzuelo) who keeps coming to the door.
With dialogue that is spiced with foul language and spoken word, Solis takes us on an exciting, heartbreaking, and alternately funny journey that is a possible realization of what the psyche of a damaged person looks like...on drugs and alcohol. Solis weaves a tale that almost comes across (in the best possible non-linear way) as a fable scrawled on a bar napkin at poetry night.
As the central characters, Rodriguez and Zilles do much to sell the story under Lou Moreno's crisp direction, but the whole cast is splendid and ever-watchable. Other elements such as Christina Watanabe's lighting design and Francesco Sitges-Sarda's sound bytes work together to create creepy characters of their own. Without them, the delicious eeriness of Se Llama Cristina would be diminished.
If you like theatre that errs on the side of tradition and that features two ruined people trying to make good on life, than Se Llama Cristina is the right play for you. Needs and the aches associated with delayed fulfillment are the highlights here, and they are dramatized well with a tight script and solid performances. Se Llama Cristina is not only cerebral, but also raw and emotional. There are well-placed histrionics, pop-culture influences, and a boatload of creativity. All work seamlessly together for your pleasure, intrigue, and disconcerting good.
(Se Llama Cristina plays at INTAR Theatre, 500 West 52nd Street, through May 3, 2015. Performances are Wednesdays at 6PM, Thursdays through Saturdays at 8PM, and Sundays at 5PM. Tickets are $30. For tickets and more information, visit www.intartheatre.org or call 866.811.4111.)


Engineers at LORD Corp., a manufacturer of expensive and complex aerospace parts, were struggling to achieve tight tolerances for precision bores on a new engine mount prototype. The stakes on this project were high – a single scrapped part due to an oversized bore was a loss equal to the company's entire monthly budget. LORD reached out to BIG KAISER and Blaser Swisslube to find a way to improve the boring process reliability.
The engine's forging – made from Inconel 718 – was heat treated to Rc40. The properties of this material classify it as a nickel-based superalloy. That means high-strength, high-temperature tolerance and corrosion resistance. These characteristics also make for very low machinability. A high nickel content makes the material very abrasive, increasing tool wear. Final machining and boring after heat treat only add to the all-around difficulty.
"I thought I had solved just about all the toughest problems, but this material and the costs associated due to scrap were the most challenging tests I have ever made," says Jack Burley, Vice President of Sales and Engineering for BIG KAISER U.S.
The test procedure was based on real-world requirements from LORD: Only after a hole was successfully bored in tolerance, could engineers move on to the next one. Each hole was considered a nearly completed workpiece, worth thousands of dollars, and could not be left undersized, have excessive taper or have bad surface finish. Most importantly, it could not be bored oversize.
The solution was to manufacture every hole with two passes – with almost no adjustment in the diameter of the cutting edge in between. Due to radial forces, the first pass didn't finish the hole, so a second spring pass reached the tolerance. The spring pass removed 0.0015″ more diameter material than the first pass.
As inserts wear, bores get smaller with each successive cut, so when the post-spring-pass bore is in the lowest quadrant of the specifications, the head adjusts to compensate. BIG KAISER's EWD digital head line enables these frequent adjustments.
"The heads give a zero setting that can always be a new starting point for a new insert, and each adjustment is stored in the head to give a total life for each insert, so every operator knows where the tool is," Burley says.


text:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Threading;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using GhprSpecFlow.Common;
using NUnit.Framework;
using TechTalk.SpecFlow;

namespace Ghpr.SpecFlow.ParallelExamples.Steps
{
    [Binding]
    public class BasicsSteps
    {
        private int _sum;

        public static byte[] TakeScreen()
        {
            var b = Screen.PrimaryScreen.Bounds;
            var ic = new ImageConverter();
            using (var btm = new Bitmap(b.Width, b.Height))
            using (var g = Graphics.FromImage(btm))
            {
                g.CopyFromScreen(b.X, b.Y, 0, 0, btm.Size, CopyPixelOperation.SourceCopy);
                return (byte[])ic.ConvertTo(btm, typeof(byte[]));
            }
        }

        [Given(@"I have number '(.*)'")]
        public void GivenIHaveNumber(int p0)
        {
            Thread.Sleep(100);
            Trace.WriteLine("TRACE: I have some number...");
            Console.WriteLine("CONSOLE: I have some number...");
            Debug.WriteLine("DEBUG: I have some number...");
            _sum = p0;
        }

        [When(@"I add '(.*)'")]
        public void WhenIAdd(int p0)
        {
            Thread.Sleep(100);
            _sum += p0;
        }

        [Then(@"the result sum should be '(.*)'")]
        public void ThenTheResultShouldBe(int p0)
        {
            Thread.Sleep(100);
            Assert.AreEqual(p0, _sum);
        }

        [When(@"I take screenshot")]
        public void WhenITakeScreenshot()
        {
            var bytes = TakeScreen();
            GhprPluginHelper.TestExecutionEngineHelper.ScreenHelper.SaveScreenshot(bytes);
            //ScreenHelper.SaveScreenshot(bytes);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Fit and Fed Founders' Club is a bond scheme issued to raise funds for Fit and Fed, and to offer investors a quarterly opportunity to win prize money.
All Fit and Fed Founders can purchase up to ten £10 bonds each month, 50% of the money raised will be paid out as prizes and 50% will support Fit and Fed.
For a full list of Fit and Fed Founders' Club Terms and Conditions, click here.
Join The Fit and Fed Founder's Club today and start changing lives!


text:
<?php

namespace Lazzzy\Tests\Iterator;

use Lazzzy\Iterator\TakeIterator;
use Lazzzy\Tests\TestCase;

class TakeIteratorTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @dataProvider provider_all_iterators
     */
    public function test_create_with_valid_iterator(\Iterator $iterator)
    {
        $taken = new TakeIterator($iterator, 1);

        $this->assertNotNull($taken);
    }

    /**
     * @expectedException \OutOfBoundsException
     */
    public function test_throw_on_zero_items_taken()
    {
        $iterable = $this->mockIterator();
        new TakeIterator($iterable, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dataProvider provider_iteration
     */
    public function test_iteration(\Iterator $iterable, $count, array $expected)
    {
        $iterator = new TakeIterator($iterable, $count);
        $actual = iterator_to_array($iterator, false);

        $this->assertSame($expected, $actual);
    }

    public function provider_iteration()
    {
        $emptyIterator = new \EmptyIterator();
        $arrayIterator = new \ArrayIterator([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ]);
        $infiniteIterator = new \InfiniteIterator($arrayIterator);

        return [
            'elements from empty' => [ $emptyIterator, 2, [] ],
            'less elements' => [ $arrayIterator, 2, [1, 2, ] ],
            'more elements' => [ $arrayIterator, 8, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ] ],
            'finite number from infinite' => [ $infiniteIterator, 8, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, ] ]
        ];
    }

    public function test_is_lazy()
    {
        new TakeIterator($this->mockLazyIterator(), 1);
    }

    public function test_keeps_keys()
    {
        $array = ['first' => 15, 'second' => 10, 'last' => 20];
        $expected = ['first' => 15, 'second' => 10];
        $iterable = new \ArrayIterator($array);

        $iterator = new TakeIterator($iterable, 2);
        $actual = iterator_to_array($iterator);

        $this->assertEquals($expected, $actual);
    }
}


text:
Andy Friedlander
andy@niada.com or 800.682.3837
NIADA Urges Dealers to Help Pass CARES Act
Association Members Should Contac t Their Senators to Ask Them to Support the Small Business Relief Provisions in the Bill s
Arlington, Texas (March 22, 2020) – The U.S. Senate is currently negotiating the next federal coronavirus relief legislation – S. 3548, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act. Voting could begin in the next 24 hours.
NIADA has been engaged in supporting several provisions of the bill that will help the association's member dealers and other small businesses with necessary cash flow and other aid during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Those provisions include:
• $300 billion in small business interruption loans for paid sick or medical leave, employee salaries, mortgage or rent payments, utilities and any other debt obligations.
• An opportunity for small business borrowers to obtain loan forgiveness equal to their payroll cost and costs related to debt obligations from March 1 through June 30, 2020.
• Delaying payment of employer payroll taxes, relaxing limitations on a firm's use of losses from prior years, and other tax relief to help dealers keep employees on the payroll.
NIADA urges dealers to call the Capitol Hill switchboard today at 202-224-3121 to express their strong support of the small business provisions in the CARES Act and tell their U.S. Senators to vote for the passage of S. 3548.
Senators can also be reached at www.senate.gov/senators/contact to send feedback or a direct email.
About NIADA
The National Independent Automobile Dealers Association (NIADA) is among the nation's largest trade associations, representing the used motor vehicle industry comprised of more than 38,000 licensed used car dealers. Since 1946, NIADA has represented the voice and interests of used car dealers at the federal level in Washington D.C. Coupled with its state association network across the country, NIADA's grass-roots framework provides a dual layer of advocacy unmatched in the used motor vehicle industry.
For more than 70 years, NIADA has engineered programs and leveraged technology to fulfill its mission to advance, educate and promote the independent used car dealer . NIADA members subscribe to a strict Code of Ethics of duty, honor and integrity, and believe in the advancement of small business in support of the free-market system. More information about NIADA programs and educational opportunities is available at www.niada.com and www.niada.tv .


We have a selection of dirty water and clear water submersible & immersion drainage solutions from domestic to heavy duty pumps.
They are handy for replenishing water in garden ponds as well as pumping out flood water.
We supply some of the biggest brands in this sector including Clarke, Draper, SDMO & K�rcher.


This customer had lost contact with their old website designer, he wasn't responding to their emails or phone calls and didn't keep his promises to make required updates. So MGM Inflatables contacted The Web Design Company, and requested that we redesign their website incorporating the changes they had requested their old web designer make, and build a content management system in to allow them to add photos and update the website themselves whenever they needed to, without needing to go through a web designer or have any delays.
We redesigned the website for them, and showed how to update their website themselves. Since launching their new website they have updated it with several times.


CWI Technology has updated the Release Candidate for the TX16Wx Software Sampler 2.0 to RC2.
Fixed parsing "pitch_keytrack" attribute of SFZ files.
Fixed MIDI note names not displayed in Studio One.
Editing wave root key when sample does not have pitch now begins at middle C.
Improved automatic keyboard mapping to create slightly better results for badly distributed root keys.
TX16Wx 2.0 RC1 is available for free as a VST plug-in for 32/64-bit Windows at CWi Technology.


This group of 700 islands, starting sixty miles east of the Florida coast, is dazzling in its diversity. Occasional acts of terrorism and political violence in urban places make Nepal off-limits for these who want to get travel insurance. The suggested arrival time at the airport is three hours prior to departure when traveling to an international location. Whether traveling for exciting or organization you could need to locate pet-friendly hotels if you wish to take your furry companion along with you. Readers adore to study about Travelers and the different locations they travel to and the several experiences they have encountered…Altogether it is just exciting! Some travel aggregators go a step additional by paying you to book your vacation by way of them.
As an alternative, picture an excellent travel organizing expertise where you start off by grabbing your morning coffee, and checking your e-mail before beginning to browse by means of the present offers. You also want to know if the agency will handle all the bookings linked with the trip. The above guidelines are excellent ways on how to save on travel but when it comes to the art of low cost backpacking working although travelling is the ideal the way to extend your trip further. I produced the decision that IF there had been a Travel Membership on the marketplace that was respected and economical, I would consider joining.
A travel agency is a private retailer or public service that offers travel and tourism associated solutions to the public on behalf of suppliers such as activities , airlines , automobile rentals , cruise lines , hotels , railways , travel insurance , and package tours In addition to dealing with ordinary vacationers most travel agencies have a separate division devoted to producing travel arrangements for organization travelers and some travel agencies specialize in industrial and enterprise travel only.
Small larger than a tent on wheels to travel trailers for a large loved ones with rooms for every single particular person accompanied with furnishings and components to closely resemble a property. It will not only assist you shape your expertise and capabilities even much more but it will also assist you grow into a much more successful registered traveling nurse. There are 5 tips that can help you lessen your expenses when attempting to find low-cost backpacking, by using these techniques you will discover how to save on travel so that you can make the most of your whole journey.
In a lot of situations, on the web travel agencies that make these assertions get exposed when their so-known as cost-effective airfares shoot up abruptly when you arrive at the booking web page and discover the full quantity. For example if you are traveling to New York City it might be much better to go to Newark exactly where in you can save a couple of hundred dollars instead of landing directly into the city. When you travel, it may possibly be best to use travel strollers rather than your bulkier every day strollers.


text:
Basant Panchami 2023 & Saraswati Puja History
Basant Panchami 2023 or Saraswati Puja is one of the important festivals of the Hindu religion. It falls on the Magha month of the Hindu calendar and is celebrate by the entire nation with immense enthusiasm. Devotees on this day worship Goddess Saraswati, the Hindu deity of education. The festival is also significant in that it marks the end of the winter season and the arrival of the spring season. The agricultural sector also celebrates the day when the fields bloom with new crops and flowers.
This year, Basant Panchami will be celebrate on Thursday, January 26, 2023.
Basant Panchami 2023
Saraswati Puja is dedicate to Goddess Saraswati, who is consider the harbinger of knowledge, music and art. On this day, devotees perform puja, supplicate to the goddess and seek wisdom and knowledge in blessings. Some communities have a ritual of offering a newly purchase pen and notebook to the goddess so that they will be bless and anyone who uses them will achieve success in education. While in West Bengal it is customary to teach young children to write their first word on Saraswati Puja day. Some people also believe that no one should touch a book or a pen on this day as it might upset the goddess.
The Saraswati Puja celebration is also know in some schools and colleges. Cultural programs and feasts are organized to celebrate education and commemorate the goddess of education.
Basant Panchami Date 2023
Vasant Panchami or Saraswati Puja 2023 is held on January 26. Nevertheless, the puja can also be performed on 25th January.
Saraswati Puja 2023 tithi
Saraswati Puja 2023 tithi Starts at – 12:34 PM on 25 January 2023 and tithi ends on – 26 January 2023 at 10:28 AM
Basant Panchami Puja Time 2023 – 07:12 to 18:05
The story of Basant Panchami or Saraswati Puja
It is believed that Goddess Saraswati was born on Basant Panchami and since then the day has become a celebration of her birth and importance. According to another legend, it was on Basant Panchami that the goddess Saraswati bestowed wisdom on the classical poet Kalidasa. Moreover, the significance of Basant Panchami is drawn from the Ramayana also because on this day Rama ate half-flavour Shabari grapes.
Importance of Basant Panchami 2023
Basant Panchami 2023 is celebrate as a spring harvest festival. The yellow colour has great significance indicating the colour of mustard which is harvest during Basant Panchami. It is celebrate by worshipping the yellow flowers of ripe mustard crops. People dress up in yellow sarees or shirts or accessories and share yellow-coloured snacks and sweets. Some add saffron to their rice and then eat yellow-boiled rice as part of an elaborate feast.
To get enlightenment with knowledge, devotees especially from the education sector like students, and teachers worship Goddess Saraswati on the big day. Many educational institutions hold special prayers or pujas in the morning to seek the blessings of the goddess. In some communities, poetic and musical gatherings are held to commemorate Saraswati.
Watching from a feminist lens
The Saraswati Puja or Basant Panchami 2023 festival tells us that women are the epitome of education, art and enlightenment. But does it translate into reality? Why is it that even today, many sections of society refrain from raising or giving birth to girls? Why is there a gender gap in many colleges (especially engineering) and in the number of students who go on to higher education? We celebrate Saraswati Puja every year without any problems, but still, the country has not been able to find a solution to deal with the low female literacy rate.
We live in a society where girls are expect to focus on their excellence in cooking, cleaning and serving rather than education and hobbies. Even if some families allow their daughters to study, the freedom they can exercise is limit. He is expect to leave college by the time of his marriage. They are expect to pursue a course and career that suits their future in-laws. Despite all the knowledge and wisdom, a girl gains through her education. She is rarely considering more skill and capable than her male spouse. Moreover, Indian parents who are blind by the conventional idea of career options do not understand the value of art. So they criticize their offspring who want to make a career out of their artistic excellence.
Dear society, if you worship Goddess Saraswati as a symbol of education, then why do you find it difficult to normalize women's education and empowerment? This Saraswati Puja pledges to get rid of these double standards and promote at least higher education for every woman in India. A woman deserves an education, be it Goddess Saraswati or the one in your house.
This year, Saraswati Puja will be celebrate on Tuesday, February 16, 2021.
How do other countries celebrate the festival?
In Rajasthan, people wear jasmine garlands on Basant Panchami. In Maharashtra, newly married couples visit the temple and pray on the first Basant Panchami after the wedding. The Punjab region, Sikhs and Hindus wear a yellow turban or head covering. In Uttarakhand, people worship Shiva, and Parvati as mother earth and crops or agriculture. In the Punjab region, Basant is celebrate as a seasonal festival by all faiths and is know as the Basant Festival of Kites. Children buy dor (thread) and guddi Padwa or patang (kites) for this sport.
Frequently Asked Questions- FAQs
When is Basant Panchami celebrated?
Vasant Panchami is the 5th day of the Hindu calendar month of Megha. It is spring in India. So Basant Panchami & Saraswati Puja in India falls in the month of February. However, sometimes the festival can also fall in January.
Why do we wear yellow clothes on Vasant Panchami?
The colour yellow is a symbol of spring. So it means the end of winter. In addition, yellow mustard flowers bloom in this season. So we wear yellow clothes on Vasant Panchami.
On which day is Saraswati Puja celebrate during Navratri?
Saraswati Puja is celebrate on the 9th day of Navratri.
What should we eat in Saraswati Puja?
You can eat sweets of yellow colour. You can also eat khichdi (rice and dal cooked together), labra (vegetable curry), started bhaja (brinjal fry) and payesh (sweet rice dish),
Why does Saraswati hold the veena?
Veena in Saraswati's hand represents knowledge. This means that the goddess spreads knowledge by playing the veena.
Previous post: Buy Kundli Online Will Tell You About Your Future Predictions
Next post: Kundli Match Making Is Very Important for a Marriage
Somvati Amavasya 2023: Know when is Somvati Amavasya


Assistant Director, Academic Enrichment & Clinical Instructor of Psychiatry at Creighton University. Spent seven years as full time faculty in a nursing education master's program with another eight years in an adjunct role teaching statistics.
Received 2015 John P. Schlegel, S.J. Diversity Awards for Excellence and Innovation.
Associate faculty member of the Center for the Promotion of Health and Health Equity (CPHHE).
A. Samal, G. Nugent, L.-K. Soh, J. Lang, and S. Person (2005). Reinventing Computer Science Curriculum at University of Nebraska, in PytlikZillig, M. Bodvarsson, and R. Bruning (Eds.) Technology-Based Education: Bringing Researchers and Practitioners Together, Chapter 10, pp. 203-224, Information Age Publishing.
Lang, J., Nugent, G., Samal, A., & Soh, L.-K. (2006). Implementing CS1 with Embedded Instructional Research Design in Laboratories. IEEE Transactions on Education, 1, 1-10.
G. Nugent, L.-K. Soh, A. Samal, and J. Lang (2005). A Placement Test for Computer Science: Design, Implementation, and Analysis, to appear in Computer Science Education.
L.-K. Soh, A. Samal, S. Person, G. Nugent, J. Lang (2005). Designing, Implementing, and Analyzing a Placement Test for Introductory CS Courses, accepted Proceedings of the 36th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education ( SIGCSE'2005 ), St. Louis, MO, February 23-27, pp. 505-509.
L.-K. Soh, A. Samal, S. Person, G. Nugent, J. Lang (2005). Closed Laboratories with Embedded Instructional Research Design for CS1, Proceedings of the 36th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education ( SIGCSE'2005 ), St. Louis, MO, February 23-27, pp. 297-301.
L.-K. Soh, A. Samal, S. Person, G. Nugent, J. Lang (2004). Analyzing Relationships between Closed Labs and Course Activities in CS1, Proceedings of the 10 th Annual SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education ( ITiCSE'2005 ), June 27-29, Monte de Caparica, Portugal, pp. 183-187.
G. Nugent, L.-K. Soh, A. Samal, S. Person, J. Lang (2005). Design, development, and validation of a learning object for CS1, Proceedings of the 10 th Annual SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education ( ITiCSE'2005 ), June 27-29, Monte de Caparica, Portugal, p. 370.
Kiewra, K.A., Lang, J., Phifer, M., & Schraw, G. (1995). How graphic organizers affect learning from chapter-length text. American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
Kiewra, K.A., Schraw, G., Lang, J., & Phifer, M. (1994). How graphic organizers affect text learning: factual, relational, and transfer effects. Midwestern Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.


text:
Der Kleinhartmannsdorfer Bach ist ein rechter Nebenfluss der Großen Lößnitz im sächsischen Erzgebirge.

Verlauf
Der Bach entspringt nördlich des Eppendorfer Ortsteils Kleinhartmannsdorf. Wie auch der parallel laufende Gahlenzer Bach fließt er Richtung Südwest ab. Auf etwa 2,5  durchfließt er hierbei das Waldhufendorf Kleinhartmannsdorf, das entlang des Baches angelegt wurde. Hierauf folgt dann unmittelbar Eppendorf, das zumindest in diesem Teil eine ähnliche Ortsstruktur aufweist. Im Ortskern mündet der Kleinhartmannsdorfer Bach nach etwa 5,2 km in die Große Lößnitz.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Gewässer in Sachsen
 Liste von Flüssen im Erzgebirge

Einzelnachweise

Fluss im Erzgebirge
Gewässer im Landkreis Mittelsachsen
Eppendorf

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia