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BEAU TRAVAIL
BEAU TRAVAIL(
director/writer: Claire Denis; screenwriters: from story by Herman Melville "Billy Budd"/Jean-Pol Fargeau; cinematographer: Agnès Godard; editor: Nelly Quettier; cast: Denis Lavant (Galoup), Michel Subor (Commanding Office Bruno Forestier), Gregoire Colin (Sentain), Richard Courcet (Legionnaire), Adiatou Massudi (Legionnaire), Bernardo Montet (Legionnaire), Nicolas Duvauchelle (Legionnaire); Runtime: 90; New Yorker; 1999-France)
"Beau Travail literally means beautiful work, and this film is all that and more."
Claire Denis (I Can't Sleep/Nenette and Boni/No Fear, No Die) has created a cinematic work of great poetry and reverie: a masterpiece. It is a meditation on the men of the French Foreign Legion who live as outsiders on the edge of civilization, who have been reborn with hope when becoming part of a romantic military organization thereby attaining a certain elegance in their lives. The film is loosely based on Herman Melville's "Billy Budd," though the scenery is now the isolation of the African desert instead of the sea. There are many films that influenced Denis but the works of Alain Resnais, especially his Muriel, probably influenced her the most. It's a film so visually stunning and so magnificently palpable in its cinematography and in its lively camera movements and fascinating narrative speculations and most of all in its lyrical sensuality, that it runs poetically adrift with its listless hypnotic pace. Its sparse dialogue forces the viewer to see what is not being said. It fully captivates by its strange brooding mood it sets. It tells in a matter of fact tone a story of hate, alienation, and envy through the eyes of the narrow-minded French Foreign legionnaire who found freedom in his remorse and the realization that he is a closet homosexual. Its background shots are just as important as its story line and its theme, as it helps explore the everyday boredom the men face and the underlying violence it evokes in them.
Every scene in Beau Travail is filled with a quietness. This quiet has the potential to turn explosive in the wasteland where the men train. The minimally told story is made all the more powerful by many vivid shots, such as the one of the emerald water contrasted with the barren desert, or of the distant mountains which seem to have its own language to speak to us, or of the unobtrusive native women at the marketplace in their colorful dresses or at the disco exhibiting the native's musical gestures and mocking tones. The local women are just as much a part of the story as anything else in the film is, even though they are not directly part of the plot. There are also the close-ups of the interracial legionnaires living as brothers who have to reinforce this by ritualistically hugging and separating from each other in what seems to be exaggerated homoerotic embraces, but this can also be viewed as a parody of such romantic notions.
All the legionnaires have secret past lives and can choose any name they want to be known by (one of the main characters is Michel Subor who chooses the same name he had in Godard's 1960 Le Petit Soldat, Bruno Forestier, but this time he is playing a different part). The legionnaires are willingly giving up everything to be accepted into this arcane masculine fraternity that lives by a code of military honor.
Beau Travail literally means beautiful work, and this film is all that and more. It seems like it has been ages since I have been so enthused about a film as I am by this one.
The story is narrated by the evil, ex-Chief Master Sergeant Galoup (Denis Lavant), in an offscreen voiceover and in a flashback that begins by him stating his time of action is over, it is time for him to recall his life. He says– "Marseilles, late February. I have a lot of time ahead of me." He's a loner, a sort of romantic figure despite his unappealing physical appearance, and thinks of himself as the ideal legionnaire. He's a career soldier in the French Foreign Legion, stationed in the Djibouti outpost, which is in East Africa.
Galoup's chosen life, one that he feels most suited for, changes for no apparent reason when he becomes extremely jealous of an innocent new recruit who comes under his command, Gilles Sentain (Gregoire Colin). Galoup reminisces, with the help of the diary he kept, about being booted out of the Legion for his abuse of the popular and compliant recruit with no guile, who only wanted to be a good soldier. Galoup is not afraid to openly state how he was driven by the twisted state of his mind to behave in such a maddening way against such a selfless and blank individual, someone so innocent he found it hard to believe that someone like that could really exist.
Galoup tells of almost idolizing his much older commander, Bruno Forestier, who has no ideals or ambition, and enjoys to sit around and get high smoking the local gat. Bruno has grown old and tired of life, and in one conversation he has with the sergeant says, "If it wasn't for fornication and blood we wouldn't be here."
Time seems irrelevant for the soldiers, memories seem to come and go, as they do their military drills looking at times like Teutonic mythical gods while half-naked (these scenes provoke, mock and remind one of the Leni Riefenstahl kitsch art and homoerotic heroes she gave us in both Triumph of the Will and Olympiad–though Denis's characterizations seemed all the more potent, purposeful and vital). The men also exercise by performing tai chi and they learn that the most important thing a legionnaire must know, is to obey his superior officer. To iron a perfect crease in their uniform is part of their reason for being in the Legion — it makes them look special. The boredom of the day is broken up by work details, while the nights are reserved for the local discos where they dance Western style with the ribald African women and pretend to have found satisfaction with this fantasy arrangement. Beau Travail is the memories of such pleasures and such a need to fit in somewhere even if it is into something that appears as useless as the Legion, which doesn't seem to have any purpose anymore without the days of French colonization and the Algerian war. The only thing the men can't let go of is their dreams. The Legion is their love fantasy, it is something that can't be understood by anyone but true lovers and dreamers. Trying to explain their reason for being, is like explaining why Rimbaud became a slave trader and gave up poetry.
Sentain heroically rescues a helicopter pilot who crashed at sea and Forestier respects him for being the kind of soldier needed in the Legion, one who blindly obeys orders and loves to be a soldier and has no ulterior purposes other than serving. That Bruno takes a liking to him makes Galoup become crazed with envy, as he can't believe that Sentain doesn't have an angle he is working. The sergeant then finalizes his plans to destroy Sentain by bringing the legionnaires to a desolate spot in the desert where he has them dig in the oppressive heat a road that is not needed, as the locals watch impassively with disbelief. As in Billy Budd, the person in charge creates a situation out of an injustice to another to provoke the legionnaire to respond and thereby maneuvers the innocent Sentain to act in a humanitarian way; and, when he does, the sergeant is there to snap at him and sucker him into punching him out. Galoup, thereby, fulfills his plan by sending Sentain out on the isolated desert alone with only a compass that doesn't work, as his punishment. The last we see of Sentain is that the locals have rescued the unconscious man in the desert and a local woman is nursing him back to health, as she is with him on a bus.
When told by the commander his days in the Legion are over, there is a brilliant final scene of the sergeant's visit to the disco where Galoup breaks free of the self that imprisons him and dances wildly alone to the contemporary Western song "Rhythm of the Night." Alone in Marseilles, Galoup wrestles with the motto he has tattooed on his chest "Serve the good cause and die," and contemplates suicide.
Claire Denis was brought up in a family where her father was a French civil servant and lived the early years of her life throughout Africa and spent some time in Djibouti. Her familiarity with the people and their landscape and their customs, is reflective in the story's realism. This is her breakthrough genius film, a film that stands heads and shoulders above the talented director's other films. There's magic in the mystery her filmmaking evokes and there's something universal she uncovers in her search for what is foreign (goodness!), which is the reason she took this project on in the first place at the urging of French TV. What adds zest, is the robust musical score of Benjamin Britten's Billy Budd oratorio and the choreography staged by one of the actors who played a legionnaire, Bernardo Montet. All the military exercises were like watching a ballet, as the entire film had the fresh look of something so beautiful and mysterious that it didn't seem possible to be captured on film.
REVIEWED ON 1/15/2001 GRADE: A+
ATTENBERG
VIGILANTE FORCE


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Mirvish and Factory Theatre score three Toronto Theatre Critics Awards each
By Star staff
Kinky Boots has been honoured by the annual Toronto Theatre Critics Awards.
The critics gave the Mirvish musical awards for Best Production of a Musical, and Best Actor and Supporting Actress in a Musical for Alan Mingo Jr. and AJ Bridel.
Factory Theatre also won three awards: Best Director for Ravi Jain for Salt-Water Moon; Best Actor for Kawa Ada for Bombay Black; and Best Supporting Actor for Danny Ghantous for A Line in the Sand.
Best Production of a Play went to Nicolas Billon's Butcher.
The Chasse-Galerie from Red One Theatre Collective and Storefront Theatre took Best New Musical and Best Director of a Musical for Tyrone Savage.
Canadian Stage's Sunday in Sodom & Botticelli in the Fire by Jordan Tannahill took Best New Canadian Play.
Other acting awards went to Laura Condlln, Best Actress in a Play for Enemy of the People from Taragon Theatre; Anna Chatterton, Best Supporting Actress in a Play for Gertrude and Alice (Independent Aunties/Buddies in Bad Times); Carly Heffernan, Best Actress in a Musical for One Night Only (Kliffer Entertainment and Golden Ages Productions); Justin Bott, Best Supporting Actor in a Musical for The Wizard of Oz (Young People's Theatre).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Those who complete the Texas Notary Public Workshop (Part I), can take the Advanced Course (Part II) for $180 (save $45). Courses must be purchased the same day to receive discount.
Students who have completed the Texas Notary Public Workshop.


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Huawei Has Shipped 1 Million Phones With Their Own OS
by Sahil KapoorJune 11, 2019
In the month of May 2019, US Commerce department barred all American companies from having any trade relations with the Chinese tech titan, Huawei. The ban has been implemented on the basis of accusations that claim the Chinese company spies on user data with the help of back doors installed on its devices. This move has pushed the company in an uneasy spot where it cannot use either Android or Windows on its smartphones or computers.
However, the company is working rigorously to neutralise the havoc that the trade ban has caused. Huawei was previously reported to be working on its own operating system for mobile devices which is expected to debut later this year. The said OS is allegedly called HongMeng and is reported to be cross compatible with Android OS. This implies that applications from the Android platform will work seamlessly with the upcoming OS from Huawei. According to a fresh report published by China Daily, Huawei has already shipped 1 million smartphones with the HongMeng OS onboard for testing. Besides supporting Android applications, the OS is claimed to have increased security functions to protect personal data.
The OS will support mobile phones, computers, tablets, televisions, cars and even smart wearable devices revealed a senior Huawei executive in a WeChat group involving some internet experts. Intriguingly, Huawei has not started working on the OS following the US ban. Instead, the company has been developing such an operating system for over half a decade. This move was taken as the company had previously anticipated the rising dominance of Western companies in the field of software.
Another report published by South China Morning Post states that in the year 2012, Huawei's founder arranged a closed door meeting in the company's heavily guarded premised that lasted for several days. The meeting was intended so that the top official could brainstorm the development of an OS that would safeguard the company's future if a deal with the US goes bad. Reports also suggest that the company has pumped billions of dollars in the project since its inception without any form of direct contribution to the company's revenue.
Also Read: HTC Launches U19e And Desire 19+ In Taiwan
It seems that Huawei which is a leader across several fields of technologies has also maintained a strong grip in ensuring that it's hard earned dominance stays regardless of tough times. All in all, Huawei has tackled the massive destruction causing trade ban with strong preparation. Though we will have to wait patiently till the hyped up HongMeng OS is officially rolled out later this year.
Apps and Software, Huawei, Latest, Mobile
Sahil Kapoor
Boot Camp Ref, Still Doesn't Like Pizza !
Apps and SoftwareHuaweiLatestMobile
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WhatsApp Is Rolling Out Four New Long Awaited Features
Flipkart Launches Its Video Streaming Service To Take On Amazon Prime Video


Atlanta is welcoming you among its newest residents. The Athens of the South is renowned for its lush tree canopy, lending the state capital the nickname, The City in a Forest.
The Atlanta Dogwood Festival, in celebration of the native dogwoods, is a further reminder of the city's dedication to environmentalism. The urban forest has much to offer, be it cultural or entertainment-related that you are looking for. To soak up some history, visit the Atlanta History Center or the World of Coca-Cola. The Piedmont Park and the adjacent Atlanta Botanical Garden are ideal places to wind down. One of the world's largest aquariums, the Georgia Aquarium, is definitely worth a visit for the whole family.
The top five employers in the metro area include two Fortune 500 companies, namely, Delta Air Lines and the Home Depot. Moreover, jobs in both the education and healthcare sectors are supported through Emory University & Emory Healthcare, Northside Hospital, and Piedmont Healthcare.
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What I bring to the table as a photographer/visual person is my experience in photo-journalism and an artistic eye developed from my many years spent in the Advertising field.
My style of wedding photography is described as Photojournalistic, Artistic, Romantic... Fun! "I think it's important to be able to shoot in all styles." Mom wants the classic style while the Bride & Groom may want a more Journalistic and Romantic style.
I am also a Pinterest fanatic!
Some clients have described me as easy to work with, personable & creative. Sometimes I will even allow my goofy sense of humor to eek out. "Why be so serious!"
I feel extremely honored to be asked to not just document your wedding day, but to capture each and every one of those special, unexpected moments.
My weddings have taken me to all 4 corners-from Jefferson City, Mo to O'Fallon, Il.-from Cape Girardeau, Mo. to Springfield, Il. Not to mention that I know main street St. Charles like the back of my hand.
To sum things up, if my bride can look at the back of my camera while I'm shooting and if her response is "awwww", then I'm doing my job!


A judge may drop charges against an off-duty FBI agent accused of dropping his pants and making lewd gestures at a truck driver on I-90 in New York, WIVB reports.
A judge said Wednesday that John Yervelli Jr.'s charge of indecency would be dropped if he stays out of trouble for at least six months, WIVB reported.
Yervelli was arrested after a truck driver spotted him driving without pants on the NYS Thruway, according to WIVB.
Yervelli continues to work at the FBI and is getting counseling, WIVB wrote.
Posted: 1/24/13 at 8:50 AM under FBI, News Story.


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Caritas Zimbabwe Advocates for "proper capacity building" to Aid Project implementation
Sustainability of the project lies in the hands of the community. Credit: Catholic Church News Zimbabwe
By Magdalene Kahiu
Masvingo, 17 April, 2022 / 9:00 pm (ACI Africa).
Officials of Caritas Zimbabwe's Catholic Dioceses are advocating for "proper capacity building" of those involved in implementing projects in the Southern African nation amid "general donor-fatigue amongst our donors".
In a Sunday, April 10 report, officials of the development and humanitarian arm of the Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference (ZCBC) say empowering members of local communities with skills in project implementation would facilitate the running of "small projects" in Dioceses.
"Once the donors withdraw, it would be difficult to continue new projects because of lack of resources and technical know-how," the Vicar General of Zimbabwe's Masvingo Diocese who doubles as Ex-officio of Caritas Masvingo has been quoted as saying.
In the report, Fr. Walter Nyatsanza says, "If people are well resourced and capacitated, they will make sure that the project continues but what is lacking during implementation is proper capacity building."
Fr. Nyatsanza further says that there is need to build up local resources that will complement donations due to the increasing levels of donor fatigue.
He explains, "The funders are no longer getting large sums of funds as they used to do and the demands for the same funds are also increasing overseas with refugees and displaced persons. There is now general donor-fatigue amongst our donors because they have supported our projects for a very long time,"
"If we run small projects, this would assist our offices to build up our local resources," Fr. Nyatsanza further says.
In the April 10 report, the Coordinator of Caritas Chinhoyi Diocese echoes Fr. Nyatsanza's sentiments and underscores the need to involve African traditional leaders in the implementation of projects at the grassroots.
Fr. Johanes Zevhito says, "Coupled with financial incapacitation is lack of project leadership in terms of instigators to drive the projects beyond donor support timeframe."
"Involvement of local key figures such as Chiefs, headmen, Agritex officials and lead farmers will help in sustaining community projects when the donor pulls out," Fr. Zevhito says in the April 10 Catholic Church News Zimbabwe report, which Br. Alfonce Kugwa authored.
The Caritas Chinhoyi official further calls upon donors to develop appropriate exit strategies, which include ongoing formation for committee members, training of committees, and ensuring official handover of projects to the relevant stakeholders before the end of the project.
In the report, the Coordinator of Caritas Gweru Diocese is quoted as faulting the approach by some non-governmental organizations (NGOs) of leaving out members of local communities when initiating projects hence "there is no complete project ownership by the community."
"In this case people usually consider the project to belong to the funding partner or donor which does not create a sense of ownership," Sr. Blandina Makuvise is quoted as saying.
She urges donors to use the asset-based approach where community members participate in the decision-making process and the formulation of program design especially in issues that affect them.
The asset-based approach, she says, "creates a sense of ownership and hence leads to sustainability."
In the report, the Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Head of Programs, says the institution is keen on including locals in the implementation of its projects.
"CRS works through local partners to strengthen existing capacity to ensure sustainable and responsive growth. Projects will engage and continue to build the capacity of local partners, local government, and private sector partners," says Sekai Mudonhi.
She adds that CRS "will make clear the end date for this project, as well as its intentions, and will work with participants to define strategies for sustaining its benefits."
To ensure sustainability of projects, Mudonhi says CRS will seek to engage with government at all levels, strengthen their collaboration with existing partners and communicate with local leaders and community members regarding the timeline, objectives, and completion of programs to avoid confusion and disappointment.
Catholic Church in Zimbabwe,
Project implementation,
ZCBC,
Caritas Zimbabwe,
Masvingo Diocese,
Magdalene Kahiu is a Kenyan journalist with passion in Church communication. She holds a Degree in Social Communications from the Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA). Currently, she works as a journalist for ACI Africa.
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Here in South Florida, there was no Erika. It fizzled out completely, as far as I'm concerned. We had more rain storms in the two weeks preceding than during this so-called 'tropical depression'. I was hoping for at least enough wind to clear out the jungle overgrowth in our backyard.
As per The National Hurricane Center, Erika has dissipated and a special advisory was issued also discontinuing the watches and warning for the islands.
Aug 29, 2015 · Tropical Storm Erika dissipated Saturday morning as it pushed over Hispaniola and Cuba.
Aug 29, 2015 · Tropical Storm Erika heads to Hispaniola with its heavy rains after leaving at least 20 people dead on the Caribbean island of Dominica.
See news following these articles about THREE hurricanes in the Pacific at the same time. Unprecedented!
Erika is already causing heavy rainfall and increasing gusty winds in western Cuba and South Florida.
Blogger note: I have not seen much wind here south of Miami.. just a lot of rain.
While Erika has weakened to a tropical rainstorm, Florida will still become the target of potentially flooding downpours this week.
Erika lost its battle with the mountainous islands of the northern Caribbean and strong wind shear on Saturday morning.
The concern for Erika to strengthen into a hurricane was greater when it appeared that the system would track north of the Caribbean Islands to the Bahamas and Florida. However, Erika maintained a more westward track and was shredded apart by the mountains of Hispaniola.
The once-tropical storm is now a tropical rainstorm and is only trackable via a surge of tropical moisture from the Caribbean to Florida and the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
AccuWeather meteorologists will be closely monitoring the remains of Erika for any potential for it to reorganize over the eastern Gulf of Mexico during the first part of this week, although it seems unlikely at this point due to Erika's disorganized state.
Flooding downpours will continue to spread from Cuba to Florida, grazing the Bahamas in the process. In addition to flash flooding, mudslides are a serious concern in the mountains of Cuba.
Due to Erika weakening, widespread damaging winds are not expected to accompany the downpours. Isolated wind gusts may still accompany showers and storms as they move across Florida and a quick spin-up of a tornado or waterspout is not out of the question either.
When the Next Hurricane Katrina Hits, Is the US Ready?
Widespread rain totals of 2 to 4 inches can be expected with localized amounts of up to 8 inches.
Note at left, the Solar X Rays M-Class Flare is now downgraded to "Active", but the Geomagnetic - Storm has been Red all during this time!
The mushy yet cantankerous system, which kept South Florida on edge for the past week, dissipated into an open wave on Saturday morning while in the Caribbean, near Cuba. Thank strong wind shear and the system's collision with the rugged mountains of Hispaniola.
"Well, we made it through the hurricane scare and can chalk it all up to a really good test run," said Tara Monks, spokeswoman for the Port of Palm Beach.
It's possible Erika will make a comeback. The National Hurricane Center gave Erika's remnants a medium chance of regenerating in the Gulf of Mexico next week. If so, it's expected to aim toward Florida's west coast or panhandle.
At this point, we here in South Florida believe it will be a tremendous soaking rain with danger of flooding.
We need to keep monitoring this, though, as we have seen many changes in this storm and others before this.
While Erika has weakened to a tropical rainstorm, Florida will still become the target of potentially flooding downpours during the final days of August and start of September.
AccuWeather meteorologists will be closely monitoring the remains of Erika for any potential for it to reorganize over the eastern Gulf of Mexico during the first part of next week.
The warm waters of the eastern Gulf of Mexico and less wind shear could support re-development, but this would not happen quickly due to Erika's current state. The potential for any reorganization will end at midweek when the remains of Erika push inland.
My daughter's, my sons, my grandsons and their families here, and in the Florida Keys, my sisters, brothers, nieces in Key West, Jacksonville and east coast, Florida, aunt and cousins in Tampa and - my own house and friends in Cutler Bay, Florida are in the flooding zone. Maybe son and family in Mississippi and grandson in Georgia just north of Jacksonville, Florida.
After Erika brings heavy rain and locally gusty winds from Hispaniola eastern Cuba into Friday night, the system will move toward the Bahamas, the Keys and South Florida this weekend.
Erika remains a tropical storm spinning about 95 miles southwest of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, as of 5 p.m. EDT Friday. Maximum sustained winds were 50 mph (80 kph).
Erika will track across Haiti Friday night.
According to AccuWeather Hurricane Expert Dan Kottlowski, Erika is a very disjointed tropical system at this time and is likely to weaken to a tropical depression as it crosses Hispaniola and part of Cuba Friday night into Saturday.
"If the center of Erika survives the mountainous terrain of Hispaniola and part of the land mass of Cuba, it should slowly reorganize back into a tropical storm this weekend as it drifts over open waters once again," Kottlowski said. "If Erica does not survive the interaction with Hispaniola and Cuba, it may never reorganize into a coherent tropical storm again and impact on Florida would be reduced."
With luck the winds will remove all the overgrown jungle vines in our yard and house. Yesterday, our giant producing papaya tree broke, so we don't have to worry about it!
Two major hurricanes (Kilo and Ignacio) in the Central Pacific (140-180W) for the first time on record.


Chevrolet on Thursday finally came out and confirmed something we've all already known for a long time-that the next-generation C8 Corvette moves to a mid-engine layout. This particular prototype was being driven by Corvette chief engineer Tadge Juechter with General Motors CEO Mary Bara taking up the co-pilot seat.
The new Corvette C8 makes its debut July 18, 2019, and will go on sale by the end of the year. Chevrolet calls this next-generation model "the most anticipated Corvette ever".
While spy photos showing the C8's low-slung silhouette and vastly different proportions have circulated on the internet for years now, what you're looking at is the first real photo of the vehicle that Chevrolet has supplied-and the first time the company has even acknowledged the existence of what might be the auto industry's worst-kept secret. As for exactly what engine will reside amidships, that's still unknown, but rumors have suggested a 520-horsepower V8 will be on offer.
The publication claims the powertrain will bump its power output to around 500hp (373kW), with the engine code to be renamed to "LT2" to signify its new location within the vehicle. A number of higher performing Z06 and ZR1 variants, as well as a range-topping hybrid, will follow, all expected to use a newly-developed 5.5-liter DOHC V8.
Additionally, Car and Driver reports the sole transmission option will be a seven-speed automatic supplied by Tremec - goodbye manual, it seems.


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American Social History Project · Center for Media and Learning
A Special Feature of Picturing US History
Presentations About Civil War Visual Media
Public Sculpture
Illustrated Press
Presentations About Selected Topics
Paintings by Winslow Homer
Visual Landscape of the Civil War
Picturing History Home » Emancipation » "Ward's Statuette of the 'Freedman,'" New York Times, November 19, 1864
"Ward's Statuette of the 'Freedman,'" New York Times, November 19, 1864
In 1863, several months following the Emancipation Proclamation, a two-foot high plaster statue by a young sculptor named John Quincy Adams Ward was exhibited in New York. The figure of an escaped male slave, entitled Freedman, was noteworthy for its classical style and commanding presence—a striking departure from the image of the beseeching, kneeling African American made familiar by the antislavery movement. Subsequently cast in bronze and sold to a small group of subscribers, Ward's Freedman seemed to mark a new way of sculpting the African American figure and there was a brief effort to promote the adaptation of the statue into a public monument. This 1864 New York Times article indicates the enthusiasm the work engendered. But Freedman's popularity was shortlived and it turned out to be unique in nineteenth-century U.S. sculpture.
Publisher: New York Times
Source: American Social History Project / Image: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WardSlave.jpg
We welcome with great interest the appearance of Ward's statuette of the "Freedman" in bronze now on exhibition in Goupil's gallery. For more than a year we have patiently awaited its reproduction in some permanent material: and if so much time was necessary to produce it in its present form, we do not regret it, for certainly it is a triumph mechanically as well as artistically – the casting and chasing being as fine as could have been done even in Europe.
To those who have had an opportunity of seeing the model, the perfect fitness of the material to the subject will be apparent—the very color seeming to add to its sentiment and reality.
It is very gratifying to come back again with fresh eyes to this admirable statuette and discover new thoughts and beauties, and to be able better to comprehend the power, knowledge and (we may say here without missing that oft misapplied word) genius that created such a work. This figure is true to the negro type, not only in feature, but in pose and anatomical structure—true also in character, the attitude of a man fatigued from effort or struggle—in hope, watchful and determined, the right hand grasping his broken manacle, is significant—that strong purpose, backed by his magnificent physique, would deter any slave-catcher from laying hands on him. The author of "Art Ideas" says of this work: "It is completely original in itself—a genuine inspiration of American history, noble in thought and lofty in sentiment. It symbolizes the African race in America, the birthday of a new people into the ranks of Christian civilization; we have seen nothing in sculpture more soul-lifting or more comprehensively eloquent. It tells the whole sad tale of slavery and the bright story of emancipation. The negro is true to his type—of naturalistic fidelity of limbs; in form and strength suggesting the colossal, and yet of an ideal beauty, made divine by the divinity of art." It is to be regretted that the cost of this work in bronze must necessarily limit the number of copies, as it should be seen and possessed by the great mass of the people. Why cannot we have copies in clay-colored material? It would fill a great want in our available sculpture—something to educate the people, to point out the legitimate province of that dignified art, of which Mr. Ward is one of the most illustrious and honored disciples.
Copyright 2012 American Social History Productions, Inc.


I don't know how it happened, but it happened. Francis Lawrence and screenwriters Peter Craig and Danny Strong have taken what many believe to easily be the weakest of The Hunger Games books and make one movie that's really solid for the most part and another that's, dare I say, pretty great. Then again, maybe I shouldn't be so surprised, given that the talent of filmmaking for this franchise has been consistently strong and that Mockingjay – Part 2 happens to be adapting the better half of Suzanne Collins' final book in the trilogy. This may be one of those rare cases where what isn't so spectacular on the page ends up working A LOT better on the screen, to the point where the comparison between each might as well be night and day. I honestly didn't think I'd be saying this, but Mockingjay – Part 2 is actually one of the best movies I've seen so far this year.
I have to attribute this film's level of success to the fact that the filmmakers involved here are stronger storytellers than Suzanne Collins herself. Mockingjay – Part 2 is very faithful to the source material, and I couldn't help but be concerned about that, despite how much I ended up liking Part 1. Now, usually, the phrase "lost in translation" has negative connotations, but in this case, it's actually beneficial. Everything from the second half of the book — as far as I can remember — is in the film, yet it's all enhanced by how confident and precise the filmmaking is. Just like the first three, Francis Lawrence creates an atmosphere for this film that I can only describe as gripping. In spite of the presence of a handful of clichéd young adult storytelling tropes — and there are some still hanging around, like fleas on a dog — there's a level of maturity in the treatment of the meat of the story that helps this rise above its genre. This is a young adult story that treats its audience like adults for the most part, something you don't often see. Also just like the first three, the more intimate approach to the drama still remains. Mockingjay – Part 2 is a film that feels exciting, epic and emotionally intimate all at the same time, and for my money, that approach has always helped the odds be ever in this franchise's favor.
I've already seen a number of critics criticize this movie for feeling too small in how it handles the culmination of all the conflict throughout this series, and while I can understand that point of view, I also think that it's a view that's missing the point. When factoring in the tone and themes of The Hunger Games series so far, Mockingjay – Part 2 was never going to be — nor was it meant to be — a typical slam-bang, knock-your-socks-off action climax of the series. The violence in the franchise has always been treated, from the point of view of our main protagonists, as something definitely NOT meant to be entertained by. So, it only feels appropriate that Mockingjay – Part 2 doesn't go balls-to-the-wall with Hollywood-ized action every five minutes and that when there is action (which is still a healthy amount), the tone of said scenes is rightfully quite serious and not meant as outright entertainment. A sewer-set sequence carries a great amount of suspense, but the dramatic tension is never abandoned for thrills during it. There are no scenes of armies of people charging and battling each other because that would probably betray the established tone, and I applaud the filmmakers for recognizing that. They manage to give this movie weight without resorting to the usual methods of stories like this. Not to mention this movie gets pretty dark towards the end.
Another criticism among other critics I don't agree with is how they say Jennifer Lawrence looks "bored" throughout this movie. My view on this is that she's playing the role appropriately, albeit broken, beaten down, hollow and fed up with everything she's had to contend with and everything that's been put on her shoulders. Her portrayal of Katniss in this film feels right, given the circumstances of the plot and as always, she's captivating to watch. Donald Sutherland's twisted, snake-like sinister quality as Snow is at its peak here, as it should be, and he absolutely nails every major scene of his, particularly his last one. Josh Hutcherson, Woody Harrelson, Julianne Moore and even Sam Claflin all deliver very strong performances, which brings us to Philip Seymour Hoffman. All told, his screentime in this movie probably amounts to ten minutes or less, but fortunately, he made the most out of them.
Emotionally, Mockingjay – Part 2 more than satisfies. As much as I loved this film, though, I will admit there's one particular moment of significance towards the end of Act 2 that feels just a little rushed and abrupt, however the aftereffects of it more than make up for that. In addition, the persistence of the love triangle between Katniss, Peeta and Gale feels as forced and shoehorned-in as ever, to the point where it is genuinely a distraction at one point in the film. I've always admired the handling of the Katniss-Peeta relationship, but the love triangle, yeah, I can't really leap to the defense there, especially not this time. Other than that, Mockingjay – Part 2 is extremely effective dramatically. It got to the point where, during the last ten minutes or so, I was screwing my face up as hard as I could trying not to cry while still paying attention to the movie. As a result, the musical cue "Rue's Farewell" has probably been permanently messed with so that every time I hear it now, I'm going to get emotional. It just goes to show how good James Newton Howard's score is.
Not many film franchises can have the distinction of not containing a bad movie in its whole run, but here we have The Hunger Games franchise. If you're a fan, then Mockingjay – Part 2 should serve as a satisfying finale, and that's really all there is to say. Personally, I already feel comfortable in calling it one of my favorite film franchises ever.


scientists are trying to mimic a leaf cell using synthetic molecules -- an approach that can help solve the impending energy crisis.
Plants are able to convert light into chemical energy with the help of chlorophyll, which belongs to a class of compounds called porphyrins. A team of scientists from the University of Sydney in Australia and Japan's Osaka University, led by Max Crossley, has been able to synthesise porphyrin molecules and is now trying to assemble several of these to produce the equivalent of a leaf cell.
"More than 100 prophyrin molecules can be assembled around a tree-like core called a dendrimer to mimic the wheel-shaped arrangement in natural photosynthetic systems. We are now trying to combine them to produce the equivalent of a leaf cell," says team member Deanna D'Alessandro.The efficiency of certain derivatives of synthetic porphyrin to convert sunlight to usable form of energy shows encouraging results, says the latest study by the team published in the journal Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (Vol 8, No 17, May 7, 2006).
Leaves can harvest up to 40 per cent of the light falling on them, while the best solar cells available have an efficiency of 15-20 per cent and are expensive to make. "Since they (porphyrins) are so efficient at storing energy, we think they could also be used as batteries," says Deanna. The scientists plan to convert their technology to commercial scale over the next five years.


text:
Q: Dual screen setup in Xorg I have two Nvidia cards (an onboard and an added one), and a monitor connected to each one. Monitors are "on", at least the LEDs indicates that they are. But only the one connected to the onboard card display my desktop.
I cannot move windows to the other one, but the cursor is displayed (but changed, it becomes a black cross).
My xorg.conf is the following:
Section "ServerLayout"
    Identifier     "X.org Configured"
    Screen      0  "Screen0" 0 0
    Screen      1  "Screen1" RightOf "Screen0"
    InputDevice    "Mouse0" "CorePointer"
    InputDevice    "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard"
EndSection

Section "Files"
    ModulePath   "/usr/lib/xorg/modules"
    FontPath     "/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc"
    FontPath     "/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic"
    FontPath     "/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/:unscaled"
    FontPath     "/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/:unscaled"
    FontPath     "/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1"
    FontPath     "/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi"
    FontPath     "/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi"
    FontPath     "/var/lib/defoma/x-ttcidfont-conf.d/dirs/TrueType"
    FontPath     "built-ins"
EndSection

Section "Module"
    Load  "extmod"
    Load  "record"
    Load  "dbe"
    Load  "dri"
    Load  "dri2"
    Load  "glx"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
    Identifier  "Keyboard0"
    Driver      "kbd"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
    Identifier  "Mouse0"
    Driver      "mouse"
    Option        "Protocol" "auto"
    Option        "Device" "/dev/input/mice"
    Option        "ZAxisMapping" "4 5 6 7"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
    Identifier   "Monitor0"
    VendorName   "Monitor Vendor"
    ModelName    "Monitor Model"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
    Identifier   "Monitor1"
    VendorName   "Monitor Vendor"
    ModelName    "Monitor Model"
EndSection

Section "Device"
        ### Available Driver options are:-
        ### Values: <i>: integer, <f>: float, <bool>: "True"/"False",
        ### <string>: "String", <freq>: "<f> Hz/kHz/MHz",
        ### <percent>: "<f>%"
        ### [arg]: arg optional
        #Option     "SWcursor"               # [<bool>]
        #Option     "HWcursor"               # [<bool>]
        #Option     "NoAccel"                # [<bool>]
        #Option     "ShadowFB"               # [<bool>]
        #Option     "VideoKey"               # <i>
        #Option     "WrappedFB"              # [<bool>]
        #Option     "GLXVBlank"              # [<bool>]
        #Option     "ZaphodHeads"            # <str>
        #Option     "PageFlip"               # [<bool>]
    Identifier  "Card0"
    Driver      "nouveau"
    BusID       "PCI:0:16:0"
EndSection

Section "Device"
        ### Available Driver options are:-
        ### Values: <i>: integer, <f>: float, <bool>: "True"/"False",
        ### <string>: "String", <freq>: "<f> Hz/kHz/MHz",
        ### <percent>: "<f>%"
        ### [arg]: arg optional
        #Option     "SWcursor"               # [<bool>]
        #Option     "HWcursor"               # [<bool>]
        #Option     "NoAccel"                # [<bool>]
        #Option     "ShadowFB"               # [<bool>]
        #Option     "VideoKey"               # <i>
        #Option     "WrappedFB"              # [<bool>]
        #Option     "GLXVBlank"              # [<bool>]
        #Option     "ZaphodHeads"            # <str>
        #Option     "PageFlip"               # [<bool>]
    Identifier  "Card1"
    Driver      "nouveau"
    BusID       "PCI:2:0:0"
EndSection

Section "Screen"
    Identifier "Screen0"
    Device     "Card0"
    Monitor    "Monitor0"
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     1
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     4
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     8
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     15
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     16
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     24
    EndSubSection
EndSection

Section "Screen"
    Identifier "Screen1"
    Device     "Card1"
    Monitor    "Monitor1"
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     1
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     4
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     8
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     15
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     16
    EndSubSection
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     24
    EndSubSection
EndSection

and my xorg log...
[     4.740]
X.Org X Server 1.10.4
Release Date: 2011-08-19
[     4.741] X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0
[     4.741] Build Operating System: Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 i686 Debian
[     4.741] Current Operating System: Linux desktop 3.2.0-0.bpo.2-486 #1 Wed May 30 00:30:23 UTC 2012 i686
[     4.741] Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-0.bpo.2-486 root=UUID=b053304a-ba19-4012-9e8d-af61ba9cd2b9 ro quiet splash
[     4.741] Build Date: 29 August 2011  12:12:25AM
[     4.741] xorg-server 2:1.10.4-1~bpo60+1 (Cyril Brulebois <kibi@debian.org>)
[     4.741] Current version of pixman: 0.24.0
[     4.741]     Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org
    to make sure that you have the latest version.
[     4.741] Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,
    (++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,
    (WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.
[     4.741] (==) Log file: "/var/log/Xorg.0.log", Time: Wed May 30 20:18:58 2012
[     4.744] (==) Using config file: "/etc/X11/xorg.conf"
[     4.744] (==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d"
[     4.745] (==) ServerLayout "X.org Configured"
[     4.745] (**) |-->Screen "Screen0" (0)
[     4.745] (**) |   |-->Monitor "Monitor0"
[     4.747] (**) |   |-->Device "Card0"
[     4.747] (**) |-->Screen "Screen1" (1)
[     4.747] (**) |   |-->Monitor "Monitor1"
[     4.747] (**) |   |-->Device "Card1"
[     4.747] (**) |-->Input Device "Mouse0"
[     4.747] (**) |-->Input Device "Keyboard0"
[     4.748] (==) Automatically adding devices
[     4.748] (==) Automatically enabling devices
[     4.753] (WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic" does not exist.
[     4.753]     Entry deleted from font path.
[     4.756] (WW) The directory "/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic" does not exist.
[     4.756]     Entry deleted from font path.
[     4.756] (**) FontPath set to:
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/misc,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/:unscaled,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/:unscaled,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi,
    /var/lib/defoma/x-ttcidfont-conf.d/dirs/TrueType,
    built-ins,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/misc,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/:unscaled,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/:unscaled,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi,
    /usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi,
    /var/lib/defoma/x-ttcidfont-conf.d/dirs/TrueType,
    built-ins
[     4.756] (**) ModulePath set to "/usr/lib/xorg/modules"
[     4.756] (WW) Hotplugging is on, devices using drivers 'kbd', 'mouse' or 'vmmouse' will be disabled.
[     4.756] (WW) Disabling Mouse0
[     4.756] (WW) Disabling Keyboard0
[     4.756] (II) Loader magic: 0x81fa6c0
[     4.756] (II) Module ABI versions:
[     4.756]     X.Org ANSI C Emulation: 0.4
[     4.756]     X.Org Video Driver: 10.0
[     4.756]     X.Org XInput driver : 12.2
[     4.756]     X.Org Server Extension : 5.0
[     4.757] (--) PCI:*(0:0:16:0) 10de:07e1:1458:d000 rev 162, Mem @ 0xe2000000/16777216, 0xd0000000/268435456, 0xe6000000/16777216, BIOS @ 0x????????/131072
[     4.757] (--) PCI: (0:2:0:0) 10de:0390:1043:81f5 rev 161, Mem @ 0xe3000000/16777216, 0xc0000000/268435456, 0xe4000000/16777216, I/O @ 0x0000b000/128, BIOS @ 0x????????/131072
[     4.757] (WW) Open ACPI failed (/var/run/acpid.socket) (No such file or directory)
[     4.757] (II) "extmod" will be loaded. This was enabled by default and also specified in the config file.
[     4.757] (II) "dbe" will be loaded. This was enabled by default and also specified in the config file.
[     4.757] (II) "glx" will be loaded. This was enabled by default and also specified in the config file.
[     4.757] (II) "record" will be loaded. This was enabled by default and also specified in the config file.
[     4.757] (II) "dri" will be loaded. This was enabled by default and also specified in the config file.
[     4.757] (II) "dri2" will be loaded. This was enabled by default and also specified in the config file.
[     4.757] (II) LoadModule: "extmod"
[     4.770] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/libextmod.so
[     4.773] (II) Module extmod: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     4.773]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 1.0.0
[     4.773]     Module class: X.Org Server Extension
[     4.773]     ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 5.0
[     4.773] (II) Loading extension SELinux
[     4.773] (II) Loading extension MIT-SCREEN-SAVER
[     4.773] (II) Loading extension XFree86-VidModeExtension
[     4.773] (II) Loading extension XFree86-DGA
[     4.773] (II) Loading extension DPMS
[     4.773] (II) Loading extension XVideo
[     4.773] (II) Loading extension XVideo-MotionCompensation
[     4.773] (II) Loading extension X-Resource
[     4.773] (II) LoadModule: "record"
[     4.774] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/librecord.so
[     4.776] (II) Module record: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     4.776]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 1.13.0
[     4.776]     Module class: X.Org Server Extension
[     4.776]     ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 5.0
[     4.776] (II) Loading extension RECORD
[     4.776] (II) LoadModule: "dbe"
[     4.776] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/libdbe.so
[     4.777] (II) Module dbe: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     4.777]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 1.0.0
[     4.777]     Module class: X.Org Server Extension
[     4.777]     ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 5.0
[     4.777] (II) Loading extension DOUBLE-BUFFER
[     4.777] (II) LoadModule: "dri"
[     4.777] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/libdri.so
[     4.783] (II) Module dri: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     4.783]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 1.0.0
[     4.783]     ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 5.0
[     4.783] (II) Loading extension XFree86-DRI
[     4.783] (II) LoadModule: "dri2"
[     4.783] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/libdri2.so
[     4.785] (II) Module dri2: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     4.785]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 1.2.0
[     4.785]     ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 5.0
[     4.785] (II) Loading extension DRI2
[     4.785] (II) LoadModule: "glx"
[     4.785] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/linux/libglx.so
[     5.091] (II) Module glx: vendor="NVIDIA Corporation"
[     5.091]     compiled for 4.0.2, module version = 1.0.0
[     5.091]     Module class: X.Org Server Extension
[     5.091] (II) NVIDIA GLX Module  275.36  Sun Oct 16 23:50:38 PDT 2011
[     5.091] (II) Loading extension GLX
[     5.091] (II) LoadModule: "nouveau"
[     5.093] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/nouveau_drv.so
[     5.096] (II) Module nouveau: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     5.096]     compiled for 1.10.3, module version = 0.0.16
[     5.096]     Module class: X.Org Video Driver
[     5.096]     ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 10.0
[     5.098] (II) NOUVEAU driver Date:   Thu Mar 24 02:13:12 2011 +1000
[     5.098] (II) NOUVEAU driver for NVIDIA chipset families :
[     5.098]     RIVA TNT        (NV04)
[     5.098]     RIVA TNT2       (NV05)
[     5.098]     GeForce 256     (NV10)
[     5.098]     GeForce 2       (NV11, NV15)
[     5.098]     GeForce 4MX     (NV17, NV18)
[     5.098]     GeForce 3       (NV20)
[     5.098]     GeForce 4Ti     (NV25, NV28)
[     5.098]     GeForce FX      (NV3x)
[     5.098]     GeForce 6       (NV4x)
[     5.098]     GeForce 7       (G7x)
[     5.098]     GeForce 8       (G8x)
[     5.098]     GeForce GTX 200 (NVA0)
[     5.098]     GeForce GTX 400 (NVC0)
[     5.098] (++) using VT number 7

[     5.109] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     5.968] drmOpenByBusid: Searching for BusID pci:0000:00:10.0
[     5.968] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     5.968] drmOpenDevice: open result is 7, (OK)
[     5.968] drmOpenByBusid: drmOpenMinor returns 7
[     5.969] drmOpenByBusid: drmGetBusid reports pci:0000:00:10.0
[     5.969] (II) [drm] nouveau interface version: 0.0.16
[     5.969] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/nouveau_drv.so
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: open result is 7, (OK)
[     5.969] drmOpenByBusid: Searching for BusID pci:0000:02:00.0
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: open result is 7, (OK)
[     5.969] drmOpenByBusid: drmOpenMinor returns 7
[     5.969] drmOpenByBusid: drmGetBusid reports pci:0000:00:10.0
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card1
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: open result is 7, (OK)
[     5.969] drmOpenByBusid: drmOpenMinor returns 7
[     5.969] drmOpenByBusid: drmGetBusid reports pci:0000:02:00.0
[     5.969] (II) [drm] nouveau interface version: 0.0.16
[     5.969] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/nouveau_drv.so
[     5.969] (II) Loading sub module "dri"
[     5.969] (II) LoadModule: "dri"
[     5.969] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/libdri.so
[     5.969] (II) Module dri: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     5.969]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 1.0.0
[     5.969]     ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 5.0
[     5.969] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Loaded DRI module
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: open result is 8, (OK)
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: open result is 8, (OK)
[     5.969] drmOpenByBusid: Searching for BusID pci:0000:00:10.0
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     5.969] drmOpenDevice: open result is 8, (OK)
[     5.969] drmOpenByBusid: drmOpenMinor returns 8
[     5.969] drmOpenByBusid: drmGetBusid reports pci:0000:00:10.0
[     5.969] (II) [drm] DRM interface version 1.4
[     5.969] (II) [drm] DRM open master succeeded.
[     5.969] (--) NOUVEAU(0): Chipset: "NVIDIA NV63"
[     5.969] (==) NOUVEAU(0): Depth 24, (--) framebuffer bpp 32
[     5.969] (==) NOUVEAU(0): RGB weight 888
[     5.969] (==) NOUVEAU(0): Default visual is TrueColor
[     5.969] (==) NOUVEAU(0): Using HW cursor
[     5.969] (==) NOUVEAU(0): GLX sync to VBlank disabled.
[     5.969] (==) NOUVEAU(0): Page flipping enabled
[     6.146] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Output VGA-1 using monitor section Monitor0
[     6.168] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Output DVI-D-1 has no monitor section
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): EDID for output VGA-1
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Manufacturer: ZDS  Model: 7700  Serial#: 1031
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Year: 1999  Week: 8
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): EDID Version: 1.0
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Analog Display Input,  Input Voltage Level: 0.700/0.300 V
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Sync:  Separate  Composite
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Max Image Size [cm]: horiz.: 32  vert.: 24
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Gamma: 2.00
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): DPMS capabilities: StandBy Suspend Off; RGB/Color Display
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): redX: 0.625 redY: 0.340   greenX: 0.302 greenY: 0.600
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): blueX: 0.141 blueY: 0.065   whiteX: 0.281 whiteY: 0.311
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Supported established timings:
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): 720x400@70Hz
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): 640x480@60Hz
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): 800x600@60Hz
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): 800x600@75Hz
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): 1024x768@75Hz
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Manufacturer's mask: 0
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Supported standard timings:
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): #0: hsize: 640  vsize 480  refresh: 85  vid: 22833
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): #1: hsize: 800  vsize 600  refresh: 85  vid: 22853
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): #2: hsize: 1024  vsize 768  refresh: 85  vid: 22881
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[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Supported detailed timing:
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): clock: 55.0 MHz   Image Size:  320 x 240 mm
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): h_active: 640  h_sync: 672  h_sync_end 768 h_blank_end 864 h_border: 0
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[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): clock: 67.5 MHz   Image Size:  320 x 240 mm
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[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Supported detailed timing:
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): clock: 108.0 MHz   Image Size:  320 x 240 mm
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): h_active: 1280  h_sync: 1328  h_sync_end 1440 h_blank_end 1688 h_border: 0
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): v_active: 1024  v_sync: 1025  v_sync_end 1028 v_blanking: 1066 v_border: 0
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): EDID (in hex):
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0):     00ffffffffffff006893007707040000
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0):     080901000c201864e80632a0574d9924
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0):     10484fa1420031594559615981800101
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0):     0101010101017c1580e020e032102060
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0):     860040f0100000185e1a200031582720
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0):     2850340040f01000001e302a00985100
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0):     2a403070130040f01000001e00000000
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0):     00000000000000000000000000000078
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): EDID vendor "ZDS", prod id 30464
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): DDCModeFromDetailedTiming: Ignoring tiny 0x0 mode
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Printing DDC gathered Modelines:
[     6.300] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Modeline "640x480"x0.0   55.00  640 672 768 864  480 488 494 530 -hsync -vsync (63.7 kHz)
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[     6.301] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Printing probed modes for output VGA-1
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[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): EDID for output DVI-D-1
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Output VGA-1 connected
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Output DVI-D-1 disconnected
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Using exact sizes for initial modes
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Output VGA-1 using initial mode 1024x768
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Using default gamma of (1.0, 1.0, 1.0) unless otherwise stated.
[     6.321] (--) NOUVEAU(0): Virtual size is 1024x768 (pitch 0)
[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0):  Driver mode "1024x768": 94.5 MHz (scaled from 0.0 MHz), 68.7 kHz, 85.0 Hz
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[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0):  Driver mode "800x600": 67.5 MHz (scaled from 0.0 MHz), 63.9 kHz, 100.0 Hz
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[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Modeline "800x600"x85.1   56.25  800 832 896 1048  600 601 604 631 +hsync +vsync (53.7 kHz)
[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0):  Driver mode "800x600": 49.5 MHz (scaled from 0.0 MHz), 46.9 kHz, 75.0 Hz
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Modeline "800x600"x75.0   49.50  800 816 896 1056  600 601 604 625 +hsync +vsync (46.9 kHz)
[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0):  Driver mode "800x600": 40.0 MHz (scaled from 0.0 MHz), 37.9 kHz, 60.3 Hz
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[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0):  Driver mode "640x480": 55.0 MHz (scaled from 0.0 MHz), 63.7 kHz, 120.1 Hz
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Modeline "640x480"x120.1   55.00  640 672 768 864  480 488 494 530 -hsync -vsync (63.7 kHz)
[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0):  Driver mode "640x480": 36.0 MHz (scaled from 0.0 MHz), 43.3 kHz, 85.0 Hz
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Modeline "640x480"x85.0   36.00  640 696 752 832  480 481 484 509 -hsync -vsync (43.3 kHz)
[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0):  Driver mode "640x480": 25.2 MHz (scaled from 0.0 MHz), 31.5 kHz, 60.0 Hz
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Modeline "640x480"x60.0   25.20  640 656 752 800  480 490 492 525 -hsync -vsync (31.5 kHz)
[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0):  Driver mode "720x400": 28.3 MHz (scaled from 0.0 MHz), 31.5 kHz, 70.1 Hz
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[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0):  Driver mode "1280x1024": 108.0 MHz (scaled from 0.0 MHz), 64.0 kHz, 60.0 Hz
[     6.321] (II) NOUVEAU(0): Modeline "1280x1024"x60.0  108.00  1280 1328 1440 1688  1024 1025 1028 1066 +hsync +vsync (64.0 kHz)
[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0): Display dimensions: (320, 240) mm
[     6.321] (**) NOUVEAU(0): DPI set to (81, 81)
[     6.321] (II) Loading sub module "fb"
[     6.321] (II) LoadModule: "fb"
[     6.323] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libfb.so
[     6.324] (II) Module fb: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     6.324]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 1.0.0
[     6.324]     ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.4
[     6.324] (II) Loading sub module "exa"
[     6.324] (II) LoadModule: "exa"
[     6.324] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libexa.so
[     6.325] (II) Module exa: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     6.325]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 2.5.0
[     6.325]     ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 10.0
[     6.325] (II) Loading sub module "shadowfb"
[     6.325] (II) LoadModule: "shadowfb"
[     6.326] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libshadowfb.so
[     6.327] (II) Module shadowfb: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     6.327]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 1.0.0
[     6.327]     ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.4
[     6.327] (II) Loading sub module "dri"
[     6.327] (II) LoadModule: "dri"
[     6.327] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/extensions/libdri.so
[     6.327] (II) Module dri: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[     6.327]     compiled for 1.10.4, module version = 1.0.0
[     6.327]     ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 5.0
[     6.327] (II) NOUVEAU(1): Loaded DRI module
[     6.327] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     6.327] drmOpenDevice: open result is 9, (OK)
[     6.327] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     6.327] drmOpenDevice: open result is 9, (OK)
[     6.327] drmOpenByBusid: Searching for BusID pci:0000:02:00.0
[     6.327] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card0
[     6.327] drmOpenDevice: open result is 9, (OK)
[     6.327] drmOpenByBusid: drmOpenMinor returns 9
[     6.327] drmOpenByBusid: Interface 1.4 failed, trying 1.1
[     6.327] drmOpenByBusid: drmGetBusid reports pci:0000:00:10.0
[     6.327] drmOpenDevice: node name is /dev/dri/card1
[     6.327] drmOpenDevice: open result is 9, (OK)
[     6.327] drmOpenByBusid: drmOpenMinor returns 9
[     6.327] drmOpenByBusid: drmGetBusid reports pci:0000:02:00.0
[     6.327] (II) [drm] DRM interface version 1.4
[     6.327] (II) [drm] DRM open master succeeded.
[     6.327] (--) NOUVEAU(1): Chipset: "NVIDIA NV4b"
[     6.327] (==) NOUVEAU(1): Depth 24, (--) framebuffer bpp 32
[     6.327] (==) NOUVEAU(1): RGB weight 888
[     6.327] (==) NOUVEAU(1): Default visual is TrueColor
[     6.327] (==) NOUVEAU(1): Using HW cursor
[     6.327] (==) NOUVEAU(1): GLX sync to VBlank disabled.
[     6.327] (==) NOUVEAU(1): Page flipping enabled
[     6.412] (II) NOUVEAU(1): Output DVI-I-1 using monitor section Monitor1
[     6.642] (II) NOUVEAU(1): Output VGA-2 has no monitor section
[     6.696] (II) NOUVEAU(1): Output TV-1 has no monitor section
[     6.764] (II) NOUVEAU(1): EDID for output DVI-I-1
[     6.869] (II) NOUVEAU(1): EDID for output VGA-2
[     6.869] (II) NOUVEAU(1): Manufacturer: NEC  Model: 3bb0  Serial#: 16843009

I don't understand why I can't move windows to the other screen while I can with my cursor (and why is it modified?!)
Thanks in advance for help!

A: When using multiple cards you need to use Xinerama mode.  There are lots of details here:
http://nouveau.freedesktop.org/wiki/MultiMonitorDesktop

A: I tried several variations of xorg.conf, but all failed.
This worked for me.
I created a file ~/.xsessionrc with this line in it...
xrandr --output DVI-D-2 --right-of DVI-D-1

The names DVI-D-2 and DVI-D-1 may be different on your system.
You can list them with
xrandr -q

A: Have you tried the NVIDIA drivers instead of nouveau?
if you do use the NVIDIA drivers, you can install nvidia-settings package which will give you a GUI config panel. You are looking for the setting called "TwinView"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Structural signatures of the unjamming transition at zero temperature
Leonardo E. Silbert James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Andrea J. Liu Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104 Sidney R. Nagel The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
We study the pair correlation function g(r) for zero-temperature, disordered, soft-sphere packings just above the onset of jamming. We find distinct signatures of the transition in both the first and split second peaks of this function. As the transition is approached from the jammed side (at higher packing fraction) the first peak diverges and narrows on the small-r side to a delta-function. On the high-r side of this peak, g(r) decays as a power-law. In the split second peak, the two subpeaks are both singular at the transition, with power-law behavior on their low-r sides and step-function drop-offs on their high-r sides. These singularities at the transition are reminiscent of empirical criteria that have previously been used to distinguish glassy structures from liquid ones.
61.43.Fs, 81.05.Rm, 64.70.Pf,
It is only natural to suspect that the dramatic dynamical arrest that occurs as a liquid is cooled into a glass must be accompanied by a signature in the underlying atomic arrangements. However, the atomic configurations in the liquid and glass are strikingly similar to one another. Over the years, the challenge to identify a subtle structural difference between the two states has led to the proposal of several empirical criteria Cargill (1970a); Wendt and Abraham (1978); Hiwatari (1980) . In this paper, we revisit an old idea, due to Bernal Bernal (1964) , of using static sphere packings to gain insight into the structure of amorphous systems Scott (1962); Cargill (1970b); Bennett (1972); Finney (1970a, 1977); Torquato and Stillinger (2002) . We find that, with decreasing density, the structure of such packings changes distinctly as they unjam.
It is particularly revealing to study static packings of spheres interacting via a finite-ranged, purely-repulsive potential. There is a fundamental change in the mechanical properties in such systems, reminiscent of the glass transition Liu and Nagel (1998) , as the packing fraction ϕ is varied across a well-defined unjamming/jamming transition at ϕc, which was found to coincide with the value of random close packing ≈0.64 O'Hern et al. (2002, 2003) . Above ϕc the system has nonzero static shear and bulk moduli, while below ϕc it costs no energy to shear or compress the system by an infinitesimal amount. Moreover, the unjamming transition in many ways resembles a critical point Bolton and Weaire (1990); Durian (1997); O'Hern et al. (2002, 2003); Makse et al. (2000); Silbert et al. (2005); Wyart et al. (2005a); Schwarz et al. ; Henkes and Chakraborty (2005) , with many quantities, including a diverging length scale, behaving as power-laws as the transition is approached from higher density. Here we show that the unjamming transition exhibits clearly identifiable structural signatures associated with diverging quantities, even though both the jammed and the unjammed states are disordered. These structural characteristics are echoed in some of the empirical criteria Cargill (1970a); Wendt and Abraham (1978); Hiwatari (1980) that have previously been proposed for the glass transition.
The simulations reported here are for monodisperse, soft spheres of diameter σ that interact through the potential V(r)=(V0/α)(1−r)α, for r<1, and V(r)=0 when r≥1. Here, r is the center-to-center separation between two particles, measured in units of σ. We have studied both the harmonic, α=2, and the Hertzian, α=2.5, cases. Particles are defined to be in contact if they overlap. Our three-dimensional systems consist of 1024≤N≤10000 spheres in periodic, cubic, simulation cells. To enable a systematic study of the approach to the unjamming transition, we employ conjugate-gradient energy minimization Press et al. (1992) to obtain T=0 configurations at various packing fractions ϕ. We average over ensembles of configurations at the same distance from the transition point, i.e., at the same values of Δϕ≡ϕ−ϕc, which is equivalent to averaging over systems with the same pressure O'Hern et al. (2002, 2003) .
Structural signatures of jamming are more evident O'Hern et al. (2003) in the pair correlation function, g(r), than in the structure factor, S(k), even though the two functions are simply related by a Fourier transform. We therefore focus on the structural characteristics that signal the approach of the zero-temperature transition from the jammed side, through a detailed analysis of g(r) computed with extraordinary resolution. In particular, we study two features of g(r) that undergo dramatic changes at the unjamming transition: the first peak and the split second peak (i. e., the two subpeaks that merge with increasing temperature to become the second peak in a typical dense liquid). A plot of g(r) is shown in Fig. 1 above the jamming transition.
Figure 1: The pair correlation function g(r) vs. r at two extreme values of Δϕ≡ϕ−ϕc=10−6 (dotted line) and 10−1 (solid line). The maximum value of the first peak height is higher and its width narrower for the lower value of Δϕ. For Δϕ=10−6, the first peak maximum is approximately 106, far beyond the scale of the graph.
I First peak of g(r)
The dominant feature in g(r) is the first tall, sharp peak at rpeak (Fig. 1). Precisely at the jamming threshold, Δϕ≡ϕ−ϕc=0, this peak is a δ-function at rpeak=1; g(r) is precisely zero for r<1 and has a power-law tail extending to r>1. The weight under the δ-function is the coordination number at contact, Zcontact. (As we discuss below, Zcontact is a few percent less than the isostatic coordination number, Zc=2d=6 for our d=3-dimensional systems Alexander (1998); O'Hern et al. (2002, 2003) .) For Δϕ>0, there is some overlap between particles so that the delta-function peak broadens and shifts to rpeak<1. The broadening produces a tail extending to r<rpeak that disappears in the limit where Δϕ vanishes.
By analyzing the height of the first peak and its left-hand width, we showed O'Hern et al. (2003) that the peak approaches a delta-function as Δϕ decreases towards zero. We have since obtained more systems over a wider range of Δϕ. Figure 2 shows the dependence on Δϕ of the first-peak height g(rpeak) and its left-hand width wL for both harmonic and Hertzian potentials. Independent of the interaction potential, we find:
g(rpeak) ∼ Δϕ−1.0 (1)
wL ∼ Δϕ1.0 (2)
These scalings are consistent with the area of the peak approaching a constant in the limit Δϕ→0.
Figure 2: The height, g(rpeak), (top panel) and the left-hand width, wL, (bottom panel) of the nearest-neighbor peak of g(r), over several orders of magnitude of Δϕ, for monodisperse spheres with purely repulsive (a) harmonic spring and (b) Hertzian interactions.
We turn now to the shape of the first peak in g(r) at r<1 for a system at Δϕ=1×10−6, just above the jamming transition. As shown in Fig. 3(a), for the region r<1, g(r) is almost strictly exponential with only a small curvature near its peak. It can be fit with the functional form:
g(r<σ)=g∘exp⎛⎝−[α1δ+α22δ2]−1⎞⎠ (3)
where δ≡1−r/rpeak, with α1=1.4×10−7 and α2=1.2×10−7.
Figure 3: Pair distribution function g(r) up to contact, 0<r<1, on a linear-log scale, for Δϕ= (a) 10−6, (b) 10−4, (c) 10−2, and (d) 10−1.
As we compress the system above ϕc we see that the exponential behavior of the tail at r<1 gradually becomes more Gaussian as the system is compressed above the transition. This is shown in Fig. 3a-d. We can still use Eq. 3 to fit the shape, however, with different coefficients α1 and α2. In Fig. 4 we show the evolution of α1 and α2 with Δϕ. This evolution occurs more rapidly for Hertzian (not shown) than for harmonic spheres.
Figure 4: Evolution of the parameters α1 and α2 (top) and g∘ (bottom) in Eq. 3, with Δϕ, for harmonic repulsions. The parameters α1,2 are clearly related to the pressure, while g∘ is associated with g(rpeak).
The results for g(r<1) have implications for the distribution of inter-particle normal forces, P(F). This is shown in Fig. 5. At high compressions, P(F) is well-described by a Gaussian, but the tail straightens out towards an exponential as Δϕ is lowered towards zero. These results are consistent with previous results of Makse, et al. Makse et al. (2000); Zhang and Makse (2005) , who studied sphere packings at fixed pressure. (As we noted above, constant pressure corresponds to constant Δϕ.) The Gaussian shape at high Δϕ is consistent with expectations for equilibrium systems interacting with a harmonic potential O'Hern et al. (2001) . However, these systems are at zero temperature, and it is unclear whether they can be described by a nonzero effective temperature. The exponential behavior at small Δϕ agrees with experimental and simulation data on static granular packings of hard particles, which necessarily exist at packing fractions near ϕc Mueth et al. (1998); Makse et al. (2000); Silbert et al. (2002a) .
Figure 5: The distribution of normal contact forces, P(F), for the purely repulsive, harmonic potential, at different compressions Δϕ.
There is interesting behavior above the asymmetric first peak in g(r) as well as below it. Fig. 6(a) shows that g(r>1) versus r−1 varies as a power-law for a system just above the transition at Δϕ=10−8:
g(r>1)∝[r−1]−η (4)
with η=0.48±0.03. This result was first reported for gravity-sedimented, granular packings Silbert et al. (2002b) , but over a much smaller range in g(r) than presented here. We note that there is a very slight knee that occurs near r−1=3×10−2. The asymptotic power law behavior near r=1 should be determined only from the region below this knee. As we will show below, this knee becomes more pronounced as Δϕ increases.
The number of neighbors, Z(ℓ), that are separated by a distance of at most ℓ Gotoh and Finney (1974) is given by the integral
Z(ℓ)=24ϕ∫ℓ0g(r′)r′2dr′. (5)
This is shown in Fig. 6(b). Therefore, Fig. 6(a) and Eq. 4 imply, that for a system at the transition, Z should increase with ℓ as
Z−Zcontact∼ℓ1−η=0.52±0.03 (6)
where η is defined in Eq. 4 and Zcontact=5.88 is the average number of neighbors per particle at contact at the transition. This scaling is consistent with the one reported by O'Hern et al. O'Hern et al. (2002) , who looked at how the excess coordination number increased as a system was incrementally compressed above ϕc. We note that we have found a similar exponent of 0.50±0.03 using the Hertzian interaction potential, α=2.5, as we found for the harmonic potential, α=2.
Figure 6: Behavior just above the first-neighbor peak for a system at Δϕ=10−8. (a) g(r>1) versus r−1. A power law with exponent of −0.5 is indicated. (b) Z(ℓ) vs. ℓ≡r−1, computed by numerically integrating g(r)>1. A power law with exponent of 0.5 is indicated.
Donev et al. Donev et al. (2005) also calculated the number of neighbors Z(ℓ) near the transition, but for a system of hard spheres. When they plotted log(Z(ℓ)−Zc) versus logℓ they found that the slope was closer to 0.6 than 0.5. They argued that this implies that g(r>1)∝(1−r)−0.4 for hard spheres, which is different from our result for soft repulsive spheres (Eq. 6). Based on this difference, they concluded that the power-law behavior seen for r>rpeak is not universal and depends on the interparticle potential as well as perhaps the procedure leading to the T=0 configuration.
However, that conclusion does not follow from their analysis. The confusion occurs because their results were for a system in which all the rattlers (that is, particles without any neighbors) had been removed. It is not surprising that this changes the nature of the pair correlation function from a system, such as ours, where all particles are considered. That is, we analyze the system directly as produced by energy minimization without performing the additional step of removing particles that do not happen to be part of the backbone of the structure. Whether one chooses to remove rattlers or not depends on the physics one wants to study. Here we remark that it is more natural to include rattlers in g(r) if one is going to compare to any experiment. We also note that rattlers can join the backbone when the system is perturbed, and can therefore influence the system's response and stability, as argued in Ref. Wyart et al. (2005b) . Finally, we claim that the conclusion of Donev, et al. that the power-law exponent depends on the potential of interaction or the algorithm for creating the states (aside from removing one class of particles by hand) is unfounded. Rather, the difference arises from whether one studies systems with rattlers included or removed. When Donev, et al. include rattlers in their analysis, they also find an exponent closer to 0.5 Torquato , consistent with what we have found here and in previous work Silbert et al. (2002b); O'Hern et al. (2002, 2003) .
There is a difference between Zc and Zcontact. Zc is the number of contacts only for a system that has all rattlers removed from the system. If the rattlers are not removed from the system then Zcontact≤Zc. Because g(r), for example measured in an experiment, does not distinguish between rattlers and particles belonging to the connected backbone of the structure, one must use Zcontact≈5.88 in Eqs. 6. Indeed, calculating Z(ℓ) either directly as in Ref. Donev et al. (2005) , or integrating g(r) via Eq. 5, are identical only when using Zcontact=5.88, and not Zc=6 in Eq. 6. If N denotes the total number of particles, Noverlaps the number of overlapping pairs, and Nf the total number of rattlers, then Zcontact=2Noverlaps/N while Zc=2Noverlaps/(N−Nf). Although only 2% of the particles are rattlers at the transition, their exclusion can produce a change of the power law exponent.
We find that the observed power-law for g(r) depends on Δϕ (see Fig. 7(a)). As Δϕ increases, the knee in g(r) near r−1≈3×10−2 becomes more prominent. In the region below this knee (i. e., at smaller r), the slope of log[g(r)] versus log[r−1] decreases. We show this slope, η, as a function of Δϕ in Fig. 7(b). As Δϕ approaches zero, the value of η increases and approaches η=0.5. A similar trend was noted in the X-ray tomography experiments of Aste et al. Aste et al. (2004) , who measured g(r) inside large, 3D granular packings. Note that Donev, et al. Donev et al. (2005) study configurations below the unjamming transition, and it is not clear if the apparent value of η also changes as the density is decreased below ϕc.
Figure 7: Pair distribution function g(r), just above the first peak for Δϕ=10−8 (×), 10−6 (circle), 10−4 (squares), 10−3 (diamonds), 10−2 (+). (a) g(r) vs. r−1, showing the power-law behavior in (r−1). (b) The exponent η characterizing the power-law behavior of (a), as a function of Δϕ. (c) g(r) from the nearest-neighbor, first peak at rpeak out to the first minimum at r≈1.4 as a function of r−rpeak.
Fig. 7(c) shows, for different values of Δϕ, how g(r) behaves in the region from r=rpeak out to the first minimum at r≈1.4. There are several notable features in g(r) in the vicinity of contact that are apparent when g(r) versus (r−rpeak) is plotted on log−log axes. There is a drop in g(r) that occurs at r=1 for each value of Δϕ (note that this corresponds to different values of r−rpeak for different Δϕ). The separation r=1 distinguishes particles that are overlapping from those which are just out of contact. The magnitude of the jump decreases, and the extent of the power-law region described by Eq. 4 also decreases, as the system is progressively compressed above the unjamming transition. The region beyond contact is relatively unaffected by compression. (Although the power law exponent changes slowly with Δϕ as highlighted in Fig. 7(b), by far the largest change occurs in crossing from r<1 to r>1.) This indicates that as the system is compressed, particles are depleted from the region beyond contact, r>1, and are absorbed into the contact region, r<1.
We have determined that this drop in g(r) is not an artifact of the zero-temperature system. We have used several different protocols for creating particle configurations, as shown in Fig. 8 and described in its caption. Evidently, the drop in g(r) persists to finite temperature.
Figure 8: Pair distribution function g(r), from the nearest-neighbor, first peak at rpeak out to the first minimum at r≈1.4, at Δϕ=10−4. Different symbols represent different configuration protocols with and without temperature: conjugate gradient minimization to T=0 (open circles), quenched molecular dynamics at T=0 (open squares), molecular dynamics at a very low temperature (solid diamonds), molecular dynamics at a higher temperature (+). The jump in g(r) persists to small but nonzero temperature, and is smoothed out at high enough temperatures.
Why should there be an abrupt drop in g(r) at r=1? One possibility is that, to a first approximation, compression only changes the nearest-neighbor spacing of particles that are already in contact, that is, within a distance r<1 of each other. Particles separated by a distance r>1 may not be moved appreciably closer to one another by compression. Instead, we suggest that upon compression, the movement of particles that are not yet overlapping is predominantly in a direction perpendicular to the line connecting them. This is consistent with our data.
As the system is compressed and particles are incorporated into the contact region, the number of overlapping pairs increases. As mentioned above, the average number of overlapping neighbors per particle, Z, increases with compression as Z−Zcontact∝Δϕ0.5. As this occurs, the distribution of Z values, P(Z), also shifts. This is shown in Fig. 9. Close to the transition, most particles have 6 overlapping neighbors. As the system is compressed to Δϕ=0.1, the maximum shifts to Z=9 but there is still no observable weight at Z=12.
Figure 9: The distribution of the number of overlapping neighbors per particle, Z, at several different compressions. Key same as Fig. 5.
Ii Split second peak of g(r)
The approach of the unjamming point is also apparent in features associated with the second peak in g(r). Figure 10 shows this region of g(r) for several values of Δϕ. For the system closest to jamming, at Δϕ=1×10−6, (Fig. 10(a)) there is a pronounced splitting of the second peak in g(r) into two sub-peaks, located at r=√3 and r=2. Such a splitting of the second peak has long been known Cargill (1970a) . Indeed, the emergence of a split second peak was one of the early criteria used to signal the onset of the glass phase in supercooled liquids Wendt and Abraham (1978) .
Figure 10: g(r) region around the split second peak for Δϕ= (a) 10−6, (b) 10−3, and (c) 10−1.
On the small-r side of both of these sub-peaks we find that g(r) increases rapidly. In Fig. 11, we have attempted to characterize these features for the system closest to the transition. In that figure we plot g(r) versus log(√3−r) and log(2−r). We have not been able to tell whether g(r) itself diverges or whether the divergence appears only in its slope, dg(r)/dr. We would need to average over many more systems to tell these two possibilities apart unambiguously. Our best fits to the two possible cases are:
g(r) = a1(√3−r)−a2 (7)
g(r) = g(√3)−b1(√3−r)b2 (8)
g(r) = −c1log(√3−r) (9)
g(r) = d1(2−r)−d2 (10)
g(r) = g(2)−e1(2−r)e2 (11)
g(r) = −f1log(2−r) (12)
where the fit parameters are provided in Table 1.
[h] First sub-peak
Second sub-peak
a1 = 0.9 d1 = 1.1
a2 = 0.12 d2 = 0.08
b1 = 2.75 e1 = 2.8
b2 = 0.16 e2 = 0.12
c1 = 0.25 f1 = 0.15
Table 1: Fit parameters for the two sub-peaks, situated at r=√3 and r=2, respectively, that make up the split second peak in g(r). For Δϕ=10−6.
Figure 11: Functional form of the sub-peaks of the split-second peak in g(r) for Δϕ=10−6. Left-hand sub-peak at r=√3. Right-hand sub-peak at r=2. The solid line corresponds to a power-law fit, the dashed line to a logarithmic fit, and the grey line to a shifted power-law fit.
On the high-r side of each sub-peak, it is clear from Fig. 10(a) that there is both a step-function drop-off Finney (1970b); Donev et al. (2005) and an additional smooth decrease of g(r) with increasing r. Although, from these data, we cannot unambiguously determine a functional form for this last smooth decrease, the data suggest that it might be fit with
g(r)=a−(r−rs)b, (13)
where 0<b<1 and rs=√3 and 2 for the first and second sub-peaks, respectively. As the system is compressed above the transition, the structure around both sub-peaks becomes rounded. In particular, it is only in the limit of Δϕ→0 that the drop-off becomes a sharp step-function.
Here, we suggest a simple interpretation of the origin of the step-function drop-off in g(r) on the high-r side of both sub-peaks. At the jamming transition, each particle must be held in place by particles that are just in contact with no overlap. At that point there is an average of precisely Zc=6 neighbors per particle in the force network. It seems plausible that the second-nearest-neighbor peaks originate from pairs of particles that have at least one neighbor in common, while pairs that do not have a common neighbor contribute only to a slowly-varying background.
The separation r=2 corresponds to two particles on diametrically opposite sides of a common neighbor (Fig. 12, right figure). This is the largest distance that can separate two particles that have one common neighbor. The separation r=√3 corresponds to the largest possible separation between two particles, i and j, that have two common neighbors (Fig. 12, left figure). In this case the four particles lie in the same plane; the two common neighbors touch and the particles i and j are on opposite sides of the crease between them. When r is only slightly greater than 2, there can no longer be any contribution from two particles that share a common neighbor. Similarly, when r is only slightly greater than √3, there can be no contribution from pairs of particles that share two common neighbors. This leads to step-function drop-offs at r=√3 and r=2.
Figure 12: Left: The particles at the left and at the right share two common neighbors and are separated by a distance r=√3. Right: The particles at the left and the right share one common neighbor and are separated by r=2.
Support for the hypothesis that the drop-offs are due to pairs of particles that share common neighbors can be obtained from the angular correlations between two neighbors of a common particle. We show this angular correlation, P(θ), in Fig. 13, where θ is defined in the sketch in the inset. At θ=π (which corresponds to particles separated by r=2) Fig. 13(d) shows that the distribution goes to zero as,
P(θ)∼(π−θ)x=0.75 (14)
If the sub-peak at r=2 arises from pairs that share one common neighbor, then the form of g(r) just below r=2 should be related to the form of P(θ) just below θ=π by
g(r)=P(θ)dθ/dr (15)
where the Jacobian factor diverges as
dθi,j/dr=1cosθi,j2=2√4−r2 (16)
Thus, Eq. 15 implies
g(r)∼(2−r)x−12=−0.12 (17)
This is in reasonable agreement with the fit in Eq. 11, where we found g(r)∼(2−r)−d2=−0.08, implying that the second sub-peak does indeed arise from two particles that share a common neighbor and that this leads to the observed step-function drop-off just above r=2. However, we should note that this argument does not necessarily imply that g(r) diverges at r=2, as indicated by Eq. 17, since we cannot determine the behavior of P(θ) asymptotically close to π with sufficient accuracy.
By a similar argument, if the first sub-peak arises from pairs of particles that share two common neighbors, then the peak at r=√3 corresponds to θ=2π/3. For θ<2π/3, we find
P(θ)∼(2π/3−θ)−0.17 (18)
This behavior implies g(r)∼(√3−r)−0.17; this result is not too different from the fit in Eq. 7, which suggests g(r)∼(√3−r)−0.12. This consistency check suggests that the first sub-peak does indeed arise from pairs of particles that share two common neighbors.
Figure 13: (a) The three-particle angular correlation, P(θi,j), versus θi,j for Δϕ=10−6. Bottom four panels are fits to the regions around; (b) θ=60∘, (c) θ=120∘-left, (d) θ=120∘-right, (e) θ=180∘. The power law exponents are ≈ 0.5, 0.17, 0.17, and 0.75, respectively
Although pairs with two common neighbors cannot contribute to g(r) for r>√3, pairs with only one common neighbor can still contribute. Such pairs may account for the smooth decrease in g(r) (see Eq. 13) just above r=√3.
Iii Discussion
We have shown that the unjamming transition is accompanied by several features in the pair correlation function:
A delta-function at r=1 with area Zcontact<6.
A power-law at r>1 of the form g(r)∼(r−1)−0.5.
A sub-peak at r=√3 that either diverges or has diverging slope as r→√3− and that has a step-function drop-off just above r=√3.
A sub-peak at r=2 that either diverges or has diverging slope as r→2− and that has a step-function drop-off just above r=2.
These features appear for both harmonic and Hertzian repulsions, and therefore seem to be purely geometrical features of the jamming/unjamming transition at zero temperature.
Here, we suggest that some of these structural features are reflected in a less extreme form in the two primary empirical criteria that have been used extensively in the literature to identify the glass transition. The first is the ratio, R, of the first minimum to the first maximum in g(r). As the temperature T of a glass-forming liquid decreases, R decreases. Wendt and Abraham Wendt and Abraham (1978) proposed that R=0.14 corresponds to a reasonable estimate of the glass transition temperature, Tg. We note that at the unjamming transition we have studied here, R=0. It is possible that the decrease in R observed as T is lowered towards Tg is a remnant of the vanishing of R that occurs at the unjamming transition. The latter property may be the underlying reason for the success of this empirical criterion.
A second popular empirical criterion concerns the second peak of g(r). As T is lowered towards Tg, the second peak splits into two sub-peaks. The flattening of the second peak that signals its splitting has been used to identify Tg Wendt and Abraham (1978) . We suggest that the splitting may reflect the singular sub-peaks that occur at jamming/unjamming transition. The singular nature of the splitting at this transition may provide the fundamental underpinnings of this criterion.
We thank Bulbul Chakraborty and Corey O'Hern for instructive discussions and Salvatore Torquato for comments on our manuscript. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of NSF-DMR-0087349 (AJL), NSF-DMR-0352777 (SRN), DE-FG02-03ER46087 AJL,LES), and DE-FG02-03ER46088 (SRN,LES).
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