text:
PALKO v. STATE OF CONNECTICUT
PALKO v. STATE OF CONNECTICUT(1937)
Argued: November 12, 1937Decided: December 6, 1937
Appeal from the Supreme Court of Errors of the State of Connecticut. [302 U.S. 319, 320] Messrs. David Goldstein and George A. Saden, both of Bridgeport, Conn ., for appellant.
Mr. Wm. H. Comley, of Bridgeport, Conn., for the State of Connecticut.
Mr. Justice CARDOZO delivered the opinion of the Court.
A statute of Connecticut permitting appeals in criminal cases to be taken by the state is challenged by appellant as an infringement of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. Whether the challenge should be upheld is now to be determined.
Appellant was indicted in Fairfield County, Conn., for the crime of murder in the first degree. A jury [302 U.S. 319, 321] found him guilty of murder in the second degree, and he was sentenced to confinement in the state prison for life. Thereafter the State of Connecticut, with the permission of the judge presiding at the trial, gave notice of appeal to the Supreme Court of Errors. This it did pursuant to an act adopted in 1886 which is printed in the margin. 1 Public Acts 1886, p. 560, now section 6494 of the General Statutes. Upon such appeal, the Supreme Court of Errors reversed the judgment and ordered a new trial. State v. Palko, 121 Conn. 669, 186 A. 657. It found that there had been error of law to the prejudice of the state (1) in excluding testimony as to a confession by defendant; (2) in excluding testimony upon cross- examination of defendant to impeach his credibility; and (3) in the instructions to the jury as to the difference between first and second degree murder.
Pursuant to the mandate of the Supreme Court of Errors, defendant was brought to trial again. Before a jury was impaneled, and also at later stages of the case, he made the objection that the effect of the new trial was to place him twice in jeopardy for the same offense, and in so doing to violate the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. Upon the overruling of the objection the trial proceeded. The jury returned a verdict of murder in the first degree, and the court sentenced the defendant to the punishment of [302 U.S. 319, 322] death. The Supreme Court of Errors affirmed the judgment of conviction ( 122 Conn. 529, 191 A. 320), adhering to a decision announced in 1894 ( State v. Lee, 65 Conn. 265, 30 A. 1110, 27 L.R.A. 498, 48 Am.St.Rep. 202) which upheld the challenged statute. Cf. State v. Muolo, 118 Conn. 373, 172 A. 875. The case is here upon appeal. 28 U.S.C. 344 (28 U.S.C.A. 344).
1. The execution of the sentence will not deprive appellant of his life without the process of law assured to him by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution.
The argument for appellant is that whatever is forbidden by the Fifth Amendment is forbidden by the Fourteenth also. The Fifth Amendment, which is not directed to the States, but solely to the federal government, creates immunity from double jeopardy. No person shall be 'subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.' The Fourteenth Amendment ordains, 'nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.' To retry a defendant, though under one indictment and only one, subjects him, it is said, to double jeopardy in violation of the Fifth Amendment, if the prosecution is one on behalf of the United States. From this the consequence is said to follow that there is a denial of life or liberty without due process of law, if the prosecution is one on behalf of the people of a state. Thirty- five years ago a like argument was made to this court in Dreyer v. Illinois, 187 U.S. 71, 85 , 23 S.Ct. 28, and was passed without consideration of its merits as unnecessary to a decision. The question is now here.
We do not find it profitable to mark the precise limits of the prohibition of double jeopardy in federal prosecutions. The subject was much considered in Kepner v. United States, 195 U.S. 100 , 24 S.Ct. 797, 1 Ann.Cas. 655, decided in 1904 by a closely divided court. The view was there expressed for a majority of the court that the prohibition was not confined [302 U.S. 319, 323] to jeopardy in a new and independent case. It forbade jeopardy in the same case if the new trial was at the instance of the government and not upon defendant's motion. Cf. Trono v. United States, 199 U.S. 521 , 26 S.Ct. 121, 4 Ann.Cas. 773. All this may be assumed for the purpose of the case at hand, though the dissenting opinions (Kepner v. United States, 195 U.S. 100, 134 , 137 S., 24 S.Ct. 797, 1 Ann.Cas. 655) show how much was to be said in favor of a different ruling. Right-minded men, as we learn from those opinions, could reasonably, even if mistakenly, believe that a second trial was lawful in prosecutions subject to the Fifth Amendment, if it was all in the same case. Even more plainly, right- minded men could reasonably believe that in espousing that conclusion they were not favoring a practice repugnant to the conscience of mankind. Is double jeopardy in such circumstances, if double jeopardy it must be called, a denial of due process forbidden to the States? The tyranny of labels (Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 114 , 54 S.Ct. 330, 335, 90 A.L.R. 575) must not lead us to leap to a conclusion that a word which in one set of facts may stand for oppression or enormity is of like effect in every other.
We have said that in appellant's view the Fourteenth Amendment is to be taken as embodying the prohibitions of the Fifth. His thesis is even broader. Whatever would be a violation of the original bill of rights ( Amendments 1 to 8) if done by the federal government is now equally unlawful by force of the Fourteenth Amendment if done by a state. There is no such general rule.
The Fifth Amendment provides, among other things, that no person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury. This court has held that, in prosecutions by a state, presentment or indictment by a grand jury may give way to informations at the instance of a public officer. Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516 , 4 S.Ct. 111, 292; Gaines v. Washington, 277 U.S. 81, 86 , 48 S.Ct. 468, 470. The Fifth Amendment provides also that no person shall be [302 U.S. 319, 324] compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. This court has said that, in prosecutions by a state, the exemption will fail if the state elects to end it. Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78, 106 , 111 S., 112, 29 S.Ct. 14. Cf. Snyder v. Massachusetts, supra, 291 U.S. 97 , at page 105, 54 S.Ct. 330, 332, 90 A.L.R. 575; Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278, 285 , 56 S.Ct. 461, 464. The Sixth Amendment calls for a jury trial in criminal cases and the Seventh for a jury trial in civil cases at common law where the value in controversy shall exceed $20. This court has ruled that consistently with those amendments trial by jury may be modified by a state or abolished altogether. Walker v. Sauvinet, 92 U.S. 90 ; Maxwell v. Dow, 176 U.S. 581 , 20 S.Ct. 448, 494; New York Central R.R. Co. v. White, 243 U.S. 188, 208 , 37 S.Ct. 247, L.R.A.1917D, 1, Ann. Cas.1917D, 629; Wagner Electric Co. v. Lyndon, 262 U.S. 226, 232 , 43 S.Ct. 589, 591. As to the Fourth Amendment, one should refer to Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383, 398 , 34 S.Ct. 341, L.R. A. 1915B, 834, Ann.Cas. 1915C, 1177, and as to other provisions of the Sixth, to West v. Louisiana, 194 U.S. 258 , 24 S.Ct. 650.
On the other hand, the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment may make it unlawful for a state to abridge by its statutes the freedom of speech which the First Amendment safeguards against encroachment by the Congress (De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353, 364 , 57 S.Ct. 255, 260; Herndon v. Lowry, 301 U.S. 242, 259 , 57 S.Ct. 732, 740) or the like freedom of the press (Grosjean v. American Press Co., 297 U.S. 233 , 56 S.Ct. 444; Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697, 707 , 51 S.Ct. 625, 627), or the free exercise of religion ( Hamilton v. Regents of University, 293 U.S. 245, 262 , 55 S.Ct. 197, 204; cf. Grosjean v. American Press Co., supra; Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 , 45 S.Ct. 571, 39 A.L.R. 468), or the right of peaceable assembly, without which speech would be unduly trammeled (De Jonge v. Oregon, supra; Herndon v. Lowry, supra), or the right of one accused of crime to the benefit of counsel (Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 , 53 S.Ct. 55, 87 A.L.R. 527). In these and other situations immunities that are valid as against the federal government by force of the specific [302 U.S. 319, 325] pledges of particular amendments2 have been found to be implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, and thus, through the Fourteenth Amendment, become valid as against the states.
The line of division may seem to be wavering and broken if there is a hasty catalogue of the cases on the one side and the other. Reflection and analysis will induce a different view. There emerges the perception of a rationalizing principle which gives to discrete instances a proper order and coherence. The right to trial by jury and the immunity from prosecution except as the result of an indictment may have value and importance. Even so, they are not of the very essence of a scheme of ordered liberty. To abolish them is not to violate a 'principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental.' Snyder v. Massachusetts, supra, 291 U.S. 97 , at page 105, 54 S.Ct. 330, 332, 90 A.L.R. 575; Brown v. Mississippi, supra, 297 U.S. 278 , at page 285, 56 S.Ct. 461, 464; Hebert v. Louisiana, 272 U.S. 312, 316 , 47 S.Ct. 103, 104, 48 A.L.R. 1102. Few would be so narrow or provincial as to maintain that a fair and enlightened system of justice would be impossible without them. What is true of jury trials and indictments is true also, as the cases show, of the immunity from compulsory self-incrimination. Twining v. New Jersey, supra. This too might be lost, and justice still be done. Indeed, today as in the past there are students of our penal system who look upon the immunity as a mischief rather than a benefit, and who [302 U.S. 319, 326] would limit its scope, or destroy it altogether. 3 No doubt there would remain the need to give protection against torture, physical or mental. Brown v. Mississippi, supra. Justice, however, would not perish if the accused were subject to a duty to respond to orderly inquiry. The exclusion of these immunities and privileges from the privileges and immunities protected against the action of the States has not been arbitrary or casual. It has been dictated by a study and appreciation of the meaning, the essential implications, of liberty itself.
We reach a different plane of social and moral values when we pass to the privileges and immunities that have been taken over from the earlier articles of the Federal Bill of Rights and brought within the Fourteenth Amendment by a process of absorption. These in their origin were effective against the federal government alone. If the Fourteenth Amendment has absorbed them, the process of absorption has had its source in the belief that neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed. Twining v. New Jersey, supra, 211 U.S. 78 , at page 99, 29 S.Ct. 14, 19.4 This is true, for illustration, of freedom of thought and speech. [302 U.S. 319, 327] Of that freedom one may say that it is the matrix, the indispensable condition, of nearly every other form of freedom. With rare aberrations a pervasive recognition of that truth can be traced in our history, political and legal. So it has come about that the domain of liberty, withdrawn by the Fourteenth Amendment from encroachment by the states, has been enlarged by latter-day judgments to include liberty of the mind as well as liberty of action. 5 The extension became, indeed, a logical imperative when once it was recognized, as long ago it was, that liberty is something more than exemption from physical restraint, and that even in the field of substantive rights and duties the legislative judgment, if oppressive and arbitrary, may be overridden by the courts. Cf. Near v. Minnesota, supra; De Jonge v. Oregon, supra. Fundamental too in the concept of due process, and so in that of liberty, is the thought that condemnation shall be rendered only after trial. Scott v. McNeal, 154 U.S. 34 , 14 S.Ct. 1108; Blackmer v. United States, 284 U.S. 421 , 52 S.Ct. 252. The hearing, moreover, must be a real one, not a sham or a pretense. Moore v. Dempsey, 261 U.S. 86 , 43 S.Ct. 265; Mooney v. Holohan, 294 U.S. 103 , 55 S.Ct. 340, 98 A.L.R. 406. For that reason, ignorant defendants in a capital case were held to have been condemned unlawfully when in truth, though not in form, they were refused the aid of counsel. Powell v. Alabama, supra, 287 U.S. 45 , at pages 67, 68, 53 S.Ct. 55, 63, 84 A.L.R. 527. The decision did not turn upon the fact that the benefit of counsel would have been guaranteed to the defendants by the provisions of the Sixth Amendment if they had been prosecuted in a federal court. The decision turned upon the fact that in the particular situation laid before us in the evidence the benefit of counsel was essential to the substance of a hearing. [302 U.S. 319, 328] Our survey of the cases serves, we think, to justify the statement that the dividing line between them, if not unfaltering throughout its course, has been true for the most part to a unifying principle. On which side of the line the case made out by the appellant has appropriate location must be the next inquiry and the final one. Is that kind of double jeopardy to which the statute has subjected him a hardship so acute and shocking that our policy will not endure it? Does it violate those 'fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions'? Hebert v. Louisiana, supra. The answer surely must be 'no.' What the answer would have to be if the state were permitted after a trial free from error to try the accused over again or to bring another case against him, we have no occasion to consider. We deal with the statute before us and no other. The state is not attempting to wear the accused out by a multitude of cases with accumulated trials. It asks no more than this, that the case against him shall go on until there shall be a trial free from the corrosion of substantial legal error. State v. Felch, 92 Vt. 477, 105 A. 23; State v. Lee, supra. This is not cruelty at all, nor even vexation in any immoderate degree. If the trial had been infected with error adverse to the accused, there might have been review at his instance, and as often as necessary to purge the vicious taint. A reciprocal privilege, subject at all times to the discretion of the presiding judge (State v. Carabetta, 106 Conn. 114, 137 A. 394), has now been granted to the state. There is here no seismic innovation. The edifice of justice stands, its symmetry, to many, greater than before.
2. The conviction of appellant is not in derogation of any privileges or immunities that belong to him as a citizen of the United States. [302 U.S. 319, 329] There is argument in his behalf that the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as well as the due process clause has been flouted by the judgment.
Maxwell v. Dow, supra, 176 U.S. 581 , at page 584, 20 S.Ct. 448, 494, gives all the answer that is necessary.
Mr. Justice BUTLER dissents.
[ Footnote 1 ] 'Sec. 6494. Appeals by the state in criminal cases. Appeals from the rulings and decisions of the superior court or of any criminal court of common pleas, upon all questions of law arising on the trial of criminal cases, may be taken by the state, with the permission of the presiding judge, to the supreme court of errors, in the same manner and to the same effect as if made by the accused.'
A statute of Vermont (G.L. 2598) was given the same effect and upheld as constitutional in State v. Felch, 92 Vt. 477, 105 A. 23.
Other statutes, conferring a right of appeal more or less limited in scope, are collected in the American Law Institute Code of Criminal Procedure, June 15, 1930, p. 1203.
[ Footnote 2 ] First Amendment: 'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.'
Sixth Anemdment: 'In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.'
[ Footnote 3 ] See, e.g. Bentham, Rationale of Judicial Evidence, Book IX, Pt. 4, c. III; Glueck, Crime and Justice, p. 94. Cf. Wigmore, Evidence, vol. 4, 2251.
Compulsory self-incrimination is part of the established procedure in the law of Continental Europe. Wigmore, supra, p. 824; Garner, Criminal Procedure in France, 25 Yale L.J. 255, 260; Sherman, Roman Law in the Modern World, vol. 2, pp. 493, 494; Stumberg, Guide to the Law and Legal Literature of France, p. 184. Double jeopardy too is not everywhere forbidden. Radin, Anglo American Legal History, p. 228.
[ Footnote 4 ] 'It is possible that some of the personal rights safeguarded by the first eight Amendments against national action may also be safeguarded against state action, because a denial of them would be a denial of due process of law. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. Chicago, 166 U.S. 226 , 17 S.Ct. 581. If this is so, it is not because those rights are enumerated in the first eight Amendments, but because they are of such a nature that they are included in the conception of due process of law.'
[ Footnote 5 ] The cases are brought together in Warren, The New Liberty under the 14th Amendment, 39 Harv.L.Rev. 431.


A wind rose gives you an idea of the prevailing wind directions and wind speeds for a specific location, information often required in the planning process or when applying for construction permits. We can provide an analytical report with wind roses describing the wind conditions at any of our many monitoring sites around Sweden.
The report contains a wind rose based on measurements from several years, a diagram showing the distribution of wind speed independently of wind direction and an explanatory text.
The wind rose in the figure above shows wind conditions at 10 m height. In this example data is divided into 16 wind directions and 9 wind speed classes, calm conditions not included.
Wind direction indicates from where the wind is blowing. The number of wind directions and wind speed classes can be altered according to your wishes. In this example the prevailing wind direction is westerly.
Apart from standard wind roses we can also provide wind roses for special conditions, for example a specific season, a specific time or during specific weather conditions such as precipitation or snowfall.


text:
Miguel Uriel van Assen (born 30 July 1997) is a Surinamese athlete specializing in the triple jump. He won the gold medal at the 2017 South American Championships. In addition, he won multiple medals in age-group competitions, including the gold at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympic Games.

His personal best in the event is 16.94 metres set in Asunción in 2017. This is the current national record.

International competitions

1Out of competition performance
2No mark in the final

Personal bests
High jump – 2.03 (Nassau 2013)
Long jump – 7.66 (+0.3 m/s, St. Georges 2016)
Triple jump – 16.94 (+2.0 m/s, Asunción 2017) national record

References

1997 births
Living people
Surinamese male triple jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Suriname
World Athletics Championships athletes for Suriname
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Suriname
Competitors at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games
South American Games gold medalists for Suriname
South American Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 2014 South American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 South American Games
Youth Olympic gold medalists for Suriname
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Youth Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
South American Games gold medalists in athletics
Islamic Solidarity Games medalists in athletics
21st-century Surinamese people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sai Pradoo is well known for wicha Saiyasart for a long time. Originate from pre-war master LP Glan (Wat Phayat, Ayuthya). LP Glan used to win over other master guru in meditation and concentration competition which made him well known and last time any monk that were keen to learn Wicha saiyasart would have to go to Sai Pradoo.
Many people know about Wat sakae due to its phra phrom. But not many know that Wat Sakae has the lineage from Sai pradoo. Wat Sakae is known in thailand for its Phrom. A top famous master for this is Ajarn Heng, a senior disciple of LP Glan, Wat phayat, Ayuthya.
In 2480s, Ajarn Heng designed the first 3-dimensioned , 4 faced buddha on a 2 dimensional platform. And it is an instant hit with many guru monk today still following this design.
LP Sie and Ajarn Heng had the same master, which was LP Glan. Both learned Wicha under this great guru. LP Sie was junior to Ajarn Heng and later on learned the making of 4-face buddha under Ajarn Heng. In fact, most of Ajarn Heng's phrom which cost > 500k THB now was jarned by LP Sie. And LP Sie was in most ceremony helping out with the making and consecration ceremony. After Ajarn Heng passed away in 2503, LP Sie took over and produced phrom in similar design and also other design currently famous. Refer to my other post on LP Sie's phrom.
LP Doo of Wat Sakae is another master monk of Phra Phrom. He used to be a wicha saiyasart practitioner before fully into Dhamma and meditation. Master is well-known for phrom making using olden days Ajarn heng method and also pert loke which many claims to be effective as he is one of the the rare one that can communicate with LP Thuat directly.


text:
package project_test

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"strings"

	"github.com/cloudfoundry/dotnet-core-buildpack/src/dotnetcore/project"
	"github.com/cloudfoundry/libbuildpack"
	"github.com/cloudfoundry/libbuildpack/ansicleaner"
	"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
)

//go:generate mockgen -source=project.go --destination=mocks_project_test.go --package=project_test

var _ = Describe("Project", func() {
	var (
		err           error
		buildDir      string
		depsDir       string
		depsIdx       string
		depsPath      string
		subject       *project.Project
		mockCtrl      *gomock.Controller
		mockManifest  *MockManifest
		mockInstaller *MockInstaller
		logger        *libbuildpack.Logger
		buffer        *bytes.Buffer
	)

	createRuntimeConfig := func(dep, version string) {
		content := `{ "runtimeOptions": { "framework": { "name": "%s", "version": "%s" }, "applyPatches": false } }`
		Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "test.runtimeconfig.json"), []byte(fmt.Sprintf(content, dep, version)), 0644)).To(Succeed())
	}

	createRuntimeConfigMulti := func(frameworks ...project.Framework) {
		var fws []string
		for _, fw := range frameworks {
			fws = append(fws, fmt.Sprintf(`{ "name": "%s", "version": "%s" }`, fw.Name, fw.Version))
		}
		content := `{ "runtimeOptions": { "applyPatches": false, "frameworks": [%s] } }`
		Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "test.runtimeconfig.json"), []byte(fmt.Sprintf(content, strings.Join(fws, ","))), 0644)).To(Succeed())
	}

	createDepsJSONWithName := func(dep, version string, emptyContent bool, name string) {
		depsJSONFile := filepath.Join(buildDir, fmt.Sprintf("%s.deps.json", name))
		var content string

		if emptyContent {
			content = `{ "libraries": {} }`
		} else {
			content = fmt.Sprintf(`{ "libraries": { "%s/%s": { "name": "Microsoft.NETCore.App", "version": "4.5.6" } } }`, dep, version)
		}

		Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(depsJSONFile, []byte(content), 0644)).To(Succeed())
	}

	createDepsJSON := func(dep, version string, emptyContent bool) {
		createDepsJSONWithName(dep, version, emptyContent, "test")
	}

	installRuntimeConfig := func(dep, aspNetCoreVersion, runtimeVersion string) {
		content := `{ "runtimeOptions": { "framework": { "name": "Microsoft.NETCore.App", "version": "%s" }, "applyPatches": false } }`
		path := fmt.Sprintf(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, "dotnet-sdk", "shared", "%s", "%s", "%s.runtimeconfig.json"), dep, aspNetCoreVersion, dep)
		Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(path), 0777)).To(Succeed())
		Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(path, []byte(fmt.Sprintf(content, runtimeVersion)), 0666)).To(Succeed())
	}

	BeforeEach(func() {
		buildDir, err = ioutil.TempDir("", "dotnet-core-buildpack.build.")
		Expect(err).To(BeNil())

		depsDir, err = ioutil.TempDir("", "dotnetcore-buildpack.deps.")
		Expect(err).To(BeNil())

		depsIdx = "9"
		Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx), 0755)).To(Succeed())

		depsPath = filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, "dotnet-sdk")

		buffer = new(bytes.Buffer)
		logger = libbuildpack.NewLogger(ansicleaner.New(buffer))

		mockCtrl = gomock.NewController(GinkgoT())
		mockManifest = NewMockManifest(mockCtrl)
		mockInstaller = NewMockInstaller(mockCtrl)

		subject = project.New(buildDir, filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx), depsIdx, mockManifest, mockInstaller, logger)
	})

	AfterEach(func() {
		err = os.RemoveAll(buildDir)
		Expect(err).To(BeNil())

		err = os.RemoveAll(depsDir)
		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
	})

	Describe("StartCommand", func() {
		Context("The project is published", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "fred.runtimeconfig.json"), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})

			Context("An executable for the project exists", func() {
				//before: make a 'fred' executable.
				BeforeEach(func() {
					Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "fred"), []byte(""), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				})

				It("returns ${HOME}/project", func() {
					startCmd, err := subject.StartCommand()
					Expect(err).To(BeNil())
					Expect(startCmd).To(Equal(filepath.Join("${HOME}", "fred")))
				})
			})

			Context("An executable for the project does NOT exist, but a dll does", func() {
				BeforeEach(func() {
					Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "fred.dll"), []byte(""), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				})

				It("returns ${HOME}/project.dll", func() {
					startCmd, err := subject.StartCommand()
					Expect(err).To(BeNil())
					Expect(startCmd).To(Equal(filepath.Join("${HOME}", "fred.dll")))
				})
			})
			Context("An executable for the project does NOT exist, and neither does a dll", func() {
				It("returns an empty string", func() {
					startCmd, err := subject.StartCommand()
					Expect(err).To(BeNil())
					Expect(startCmd).To(Equal(""))
				})
			})
		})

		Context("The project is NOT published", func() {
			Context("The csproj file does not have an AssemblyName tag", func() {
				BeforeEach(func() {
					Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(buildDir, "subdir"), 0755)).To(Succeed())
					Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "subdir", "fred.csproj"), []byte("<Project></Project>"), 0644)).To(Succeed())
					Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, "dotnet_publish"), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				})

				Context("An executable for the project exists", func() {
					BeforeEach(func() {
						Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, "dotnet_publish", "fred"), []byte(""), 0755)).To(Succeed())
					})

					It("returns a path to the project executable", func() {
						startCmd, err := subject.StartCommand()
						Expect(err).To(BeNil())
						Expect(startCmd).To(Equal(filepath.Join("${DEPS_DIR}", depsIdx, "dotnet_publish", "fred")))
					})
				})

				Context("An executable for the project does NOT exist, but a dll does", func() {
					BeforeEach(func() {
						Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, "dotnet_publish", "fred.dll"), []byte(""), 0755)).To(Succeed())
					})

					It("returns the path to the project.dll", func() {
						startCmd, err := subject.StartCommand()
						Expect(err).To(BeNil())
						Expect(startCmd).To(Equal(filepath.Join("${DEPS_DIR}", depsIdx, "dotnet_publish", "fred.dll")))
					})

				})

				Context("An executable for the project does NOT exist, and neither does a dll", func() {
					It("returns an empty string", func() {
						startCmd, err := subject.StartCommand()
						Expect(err).To(BeNil())
						Expect(startCmd).To(Equal(""))
					})
				})
			})

			Context("The csproj file has an AssemblyName tag", func() {
				BeforeEach(func() {
					Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(buildDir, "subdir"), 0755)).To(Succeed())
					csprojContents := `
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
	<PropertyGroup>
		<AssemblyName>f.red.csproj</AssemblyName>
	</PropertyGroup>
</Project>`
					Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "subdir", "fred.csproj"), []byte(csprojContents), 0644)).To(Succeed())
					Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, "dotnet_publish"), 0755)).To(Succeed())
					Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, "dotnet_publish", "f.red"), []byte(""), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				})

				It("returns a start command with the AssemblyName instead of filename", func() {
					startCmd, err := subject.StartCommand()
					Expect(err).To(BeNil())
					Expect(startCmd).To(Equal(filepath.Join("${DEPS_DIR}", depsIdx, "dotnet_publish", "f.red")))
				})
			})
		})

		Context("mainPath could not be determined", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, "dotnet_publish"), 0755)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("returns an empty string", func() {
				startCmd, err := subject.StartCommand()
				Expect(err).To(BeNil())
				Expect(startCmd).To(Equal(""))
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("GetVersionFromDepsJSON", func() {
		Context("when a .deps.json does contain aspnetcore.app", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				createDepsJSON("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App", "2.1.1", false)
			})

			It("Returns the associated version", func() {
				version, err := subject.GetVersionFromDepsJSON("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App")
				Expect(err).To(BeNil())
				Expect(version).To(Equal("2.1.1"))
			})
		})

		Context("when a .deps.json does not contain aspnetcore.app", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				createDepsJSON("Totally.Fake.Library", "2.1.1", false)
			})

			It("returns an error", func() {
				_, err := subject.GetVersionFromDepsJSON("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App")
				Expect(err).Should(MatchError("could not find library Microsoft.AspNetCore.App"))
			})
		})

		Context("when a .deps.json is not present", func() {
			It("returns an error", func() {
				_, err := subject.GetVersionFromDepsJSON("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App")
				Expect(err).Should(MatchError("no *.deps.json files present"))
			})
		})

		Context("when multiple .deps.json files are present", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				createDepsJSON("Some.Dependency", "0.0.1", false)
				createDepsJSONWithName("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App", "2.1.1", false, "test2")
			})

			It("looks through each one for the associated version", func() {
				version, err := subject.GetVersionFromDepsJSON("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App")
				Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
				Expect(version).To(Equal("2.1.1"))
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("FindMatchingFrameworkVersion", func() {
		Context("when applyPatches is false", func() {
			applyPatches := false

			Context("and the manifest has the exact version", func() {
				BeforeEach(func() {
					mockManifest.EXPECT().AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-runtime").Return([]string{"4.5.6", "4.5.7"})
				})

				It("Returns the exact version", func() {
					version, err := subject.FindMatchingFrameworkVersion("dotnet-runtime", "4.5.6", &applyPatches)
					Expect(err).To(BeNil())
					Expect(version).To(Equal("4.5.6"))
				})
			})
		})

		Context("when applyPatches is true", func() {
			applyPatches := true

			BeforeEach(func() {
				mockManifest.EXPECT().AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-runtime").Return([]string{"4.5.6", "4.5.7"})
			})

			It("Returns the same major.minor version with the highest available patch", func() {
				version, err := subject.FindMatchingFrameworkVersion("dotnet-runtime", "4.5.6", &applyPatches)
				Expect(err).To(BeNil())
				Expect(version).To(Equal("4.5.7"))
			})
		})

		Context("when there is no matching minor, but there is a matching major", func() {
			applyPatches := true

			BeforeEach(func() {
				mockManifest.EXPECT().AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-runtime").Return([]string{"4.6.1", "4.5.6", "4.5.7"})
			})

			It("Returns the same major version with the next available patch", func() {
				version, err := subject.FindMatchingFrameworkVersion("dotnet-runtime", "4.4.1", &applyPatches)
				Expect(err).To(BeNil())
				Expect(version).To(Equal("4.6.1"))
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("ProjectFilePaths", func() {
		BeforeEach(func() {
			for _, name := range []string{
				"first.csproj",
				"other.txt",
				"dir/second.csproj",
				".cloudfoundry/other.csproj",
				"dir/other.txt",
				"a/b/first.vbproj",
				"b/c/first.fsproj",
				"c/d/other.txt",
			} {
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filepath.Join(buildDir, name)), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, name), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			}
		})

		It("returns csproj, fsproj and vbproj files (excluding .cloudfoundry)", func() {
			Expect(subject.ProjectFilePaths()).To(ConsistOf([]string{
				filepath.Join(buildDir, "first.csproj"),
				filepath.Join(buildDir, "dir", "second.csproj"),
				filepath.Join(buildDir, "a", "b", "first.vbproj"),
				filepath.Join(buildDir, "b", "c", "first.fsproj"),
			}))
		})
	})

	Describe("IsPublished", func() {
		BeforeEach(func() {
			for _, name := range []string{
				"first.csproj",
				"c/d/other.txt",
			} {
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filepath.Join(buildDir, name)), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, name), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			}
		})

		Context("*.runtimeconfig.json exists", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "fred.runtimeconfig.json"), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("returns true", func() {
				Expect(subject.IsPublished()).To(BeTrue())
			})
		})

		Context("*.runtimeconfig.json does NOT exist", func() {
			It("returns false", func() {
				Expect(subject.IsPublished()).To(BeFalse())
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("IsFDD", func() {
		BeforeEach(func() {
			for _, name := range []string{
				"first.csproj",
				"c/d/other.txt",
			} {
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filepath.Join(buildDir, name)), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, name), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			}
		})

		Context("*.runtimeconfig.json exists", func() {
			It("returns true when frameworkName is set", func() {
				createRuntimeConfig("anything", "1.1.1")
				Expect(subject.IsFDD()).To(BeTrue())
			})

			It("returns true when frameworkName is not set", func() {
				createRuntimeConfig("", "")
				Expect(subject.IsFDD()).To(BeFalse())
			})
		})

		Context("*.runtimeconfig.json does NOT exist", func() {
			It("returns false", func() {
				Expect(subject.IsFDD()).To(BeFalse())
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("IsSourceBased", func() {
		BeforeEach(func() {
			for _, name := range []string{
				"first.csproj",
				"c/d/other.txt",
			} {
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filepath.Join(buildDir, name)), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, name), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			}
		})

		Context("*.runtimeconfig.json exists", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				createRuntimeConfig("", "")
			})

			It("returns false", func() {
				Expect(subject.IsSourceBased()).To(BeFalse())
			})
		})

		Context("*.runtimeconfig.json does NOT exist", func() {
			It("returns true", func() {
				Expect(subject.IsSourceBased()).To(BeTrue())
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("IsFsharp", func() {
		BeforeEach(func() {
			for _, name := range []string{
				"first.csproj",
				"c/d/other.txt",
			} {
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filepath.Join(buildDir, name)), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, name), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			}
		})

		Context(".fsproj file exists", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				name := "a/c/something.fsproj"
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filepath.Join(buildDir, name)), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, name), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("returns true", func() {
				Expect(subject.IsFsharp()).To(BeTrue())
			})
		})

		Context(".fsproj file does NOT exist", func() {
			It("returns false", func() {
				Expect(subject.IsFsharp()).To(BeFalse())
			})
		})

		Context(".fsproj file exists inside deps directory (.cloudfoundry)", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				name := ".cloudfoundry/0/a/b/something.fsproj"
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filepath.Join(buildDir, name)), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, name), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("returns false", func() {
				Expect(subject.IsFsharp()).To(BeFalse())
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("MainPath", func() {
		Context("There is a runtimeconfig file present", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {

				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "fred.runtimeconfig.json"), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("returns the runtimeconfig file", func() {
				configFile, err := subject.MainPath()
				Expect(err).To(BeNil())
				Expect(configFile).To(Equal(filepath.Join(buildDir, "fred.runtimeconfig.json")))
			})
		})

		Context("No project path in paths", func() {
			It("returns an empty string", func() {
				path, err := subject.MainPath()
				Expect(err).To(BeNil())
				Expect(path).To(Equal(""))
			})
		})

		Context("Exactly one project path in paths", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(buildDir, "subdir"), 0755)).To(Succeed())
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "subdir", "first.csproj"), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})
			It("returns that one path", func() {
				path, err := subject.MainPath()
				Expect(err).To(BeNil())
				Expect(path).To(Equal(filepath.Join(buildDir, "subdir", "first.csproj")))
			})
		})

		Context("More than one project path in paths", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				for _, name := range []string{
					"first.csproj",
					"other.txt",
					"dir/second.csproj",
					".cloudfoundry/other.csproj",
					"dir/other.txt",
					"a/b/first.vbproj",
					"b/c/first.fsproj",
					"c/d/other.txt",
				} {
					Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(filepath.Join(buildDir, name)), 0755)).To(Succeed())
					Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, name), []byte(""), 0644)).To(Succeed())
				}
			})

			Context("There is a .deployment file present", func() {
				BeforeEach(func() {
					Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, ".deployment"), []byte("[config]\nproject = ./a/b/first.vbproj"), 0644)).To(Succeed())
				})
				It("returns the path specified in the .deployment file.", func() {
					path, err := subject.MainPath()
					Expect(err).To(BeNil())
					Expect(path).To(Equal(filepath.Join(buildDir, "a", "b", "first.vbproj")))
				})
			})

			Context("There is NOT a .deployment file present", func() {

				It("Returns an error", func() {
					_, err := subject.MainPath()
					Expect(err).ToNot(BeNil())
				})
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("FDDInstallFrameworks", func() {
		Context("when the app specifies Microsoft.NETCore.App in .runtimeconfig.json", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				createRuntimeConfig("Microsoft.NETCore.App", "7.8.9")
			})

			Context("when it does not find Microsoft.AspNetCore.App in deps.json", func() {
				BeforeEach(func() {
					createDepsJSON("", "", true)
				})

				It("installs the dotnet-runtime", func() {
					mockInstaller.
						EXPECT().
						InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-runtime", Version: "7.8.9"}, depsPath)

					Expect(subject.FDDInstallFrameworks()).To(Succeed())
				})
			})

			Context("when it finds the Microsoft.AspNetCore.App in deps.json", func() {
				BeforeEach(func() {
					createDepsJSON("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App", "2.3.4", true)
				})

				It("installs the dotnet-runtime and dotnet-aspnetcore", func() {
					mockInstaller.
						EXPECT().
						InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-runtime", Version: "7.8.9"}, depsPath)
					mockInstaller.
						EXPECT().
						InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-aspnetcore", Version: "2.3.4"}, depsPath)

					Expect(subject.FDDInstallFrameworks()).To(Succeed())
				})
			})

			Context("when the version of Microsoft.AspNetCore.App found in deps.json is less than 2.1.0", func() {
				BeforeEach(func() {
					createDepsJSON("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App", "2.0.0", true)
				})

				It("installs dotnet-runtime and does not install dotnet-aspnetcore", func() {
					mockInstaller.
						EXPECT().
						InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-runtime", Version: "7.8.9"}, depsPath).
						Times(1)
					mockInstaller.
						EXPECT().
						InstallDependency(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).
						Times(0)

					Expect(subject.FDDInstallFrameworks()).To(Succeed())
				})
			})
		})

		Context("when the app specifies Microsoft.AspNetCore.App in .runtimeconfig.json", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				createRuntimeConfig("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App", "6.7.8")
			})

			It("installs the dotnet-aspnetcore from the app's runtimeconfig.json and dotnet-runtime from Microsoft.AspNetCore.App.runtimeconfig.json", func() {
				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-aspnetcore", Version: "6.7.8"}, depsPath).
					Do(func(d libbuildpack.Dependency, s string) {
						installRuntimeConfig("Microsoft.AspNetCore.App", "6.7.8", "1.2.3")
					})
				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-runtime", Version: "1.2.3"}, depsPath)

				Expect(subject.FDDInstallFrameworks()).To(Succeed())
			})
		})

		Context("when .runtimeconfig.json contains multiple frameworks", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				createRuntimeConfigMulti(
					project.Framework{Name: "Microsoft.NETCore.App", Version: "7.8.9"},
					project.Framework{Name: "Microsoft.AspNetCore.App", Version: "2.3.4"},
				)
				createDepsJSON("", "", true)
			})

			It("installs all frameworks", func() {
				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-runtime", Version: "7.8.9"}, depsPath)
				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-aspnetcore", Version: "2.3.4"}, depsPath)
				Expect(subject.FDDInstallFrameworks()).To(Succeed())
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("SourceInstallDotnetRuntime", func() {
		Context("when the runtime version is specified under <TargetFramework> as 'netX.Y'", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"),
					[]byte(`
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>net5.0</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>`), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("installs the latest runtime for that minor", func() {
				mockManifest.
					EXPECT().
					AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-runtime").Return([]string{"4.5.6", "6.7.8", "6.7.9", "6.8.9", "5.0.1", "5.0.2"})
				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-runtime", Version: "5.0.2"}, depsPath)

				Expect(subject.SourceInstallDotnetRuntime()).To(Succeed())
			})
		})

		Context("when the runtime version is only specified under <TargetFramework> in the csproj", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"),
					[]byte(`
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
	<PropertyGroup>
		<TargetFramework>netcoreapp6.7</TargetFramework>
	</PropertyGroup>
</Project>`), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("installs the latest runtime for that minor", func() {
				mockManifest.
					EXPECT().
					AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-runtime").Return([]string{"4.5.6", "6.7.8", "6.7.9", "6.8.9"})
				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-runtime", Version: "6.7.9"}, depsPath)

				Expect(subject.SourceInstallDotnetRuntime()).To(Succeed())
			})
		})

		Context("when the exact version is specified under RuntimeFrameworkVersion in the csproj", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"),
					[]byte(`
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
	<PropertyGroup>
		<TargetFramework>netcoreapp6.6</TargetFramework>
		<RuntimeFrameworkVersion>6.7.8</RuntimeFrameworkVersion>
	</PropertyGroup>
</Project>`), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("installs the runtime", func() {
				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-runtime", Version: "6.7.8"}, depsPath)

				Expect(subject.SourceInstallDotnetRuntime()).To(Succeed())
			})
		})

		Context("when a floating version is specified under RuntimeFrameworkVersion in the csproj", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"),
					[]byte(`
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
	<PropertyGroup>
		<TargetFramework>netcoreapp6.6</TargetFramework>
		<RuntimeFrameworkVersion>6.7.*</RuntimeFrameworkVersion>
	</PropertyGroup>
</Project>`), 0644)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("installs the runtime floating on patch", func() {
				mockManifest.
					EXPECT().
					AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-runtime").Return([]string{"4.5.6", "6.7.8", "6.7.9", "6.8.9"})
				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-runtime", Version: "6.7.9"}, depsPath)

				Expect(subject.SourceInstallDotnetRuntime()).To(Succeed())
			})
		})
	})

	Describe("SourceInstallDotnetAspNetCore", func() {
		Context("when the Microsoft.AspNetCore.App version is discovered via .csproj", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"),
					[]byte(`
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.App" Version="1.2.3"/>
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>`), 0666)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("installs the dotnet-aspnetcore specified by PackageReference floating on patch", func() {
				mockManifest.
					EXPECT().
					AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-aspnetcore").Return([]string{"1.2.3", "1.2.4", "6.7.9", "6.8.9"}).
					Times(2)

				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-aspnetcore", Version: "1.2.4"}, gomock.Any()).
					Times(1)

				Expect(subject.SourceInstallDotnetAspNetCore()).To(Succeed())
			})
		})

		Context("when the dotnet-aspnetcore version is not found in the csproj", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"), []byte("<valid/>"), 0644)
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, ".nuget", "packages", "microsoft.aspnetcore.app", "4.5.6"), 0755)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("installs the dotnet-aspnetcore found in the nuget cache", func() {
				mockManifest.
					EXPECT().
					AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-aspnetcore").Return([]string{"4.5.6"})

				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(libbuildpack.Dependency{Name: "dotnet-aspnetcore", Version: "4.5.6"}, depsPath).
					Times(1)

				Expect(subject.SourceInstallDotnetAspNetCore()).To(Succeed())
			})
		})

		Context("when the dotnet-aspnetcore version found in the nuget cache is less than 2.1", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"), []byte("<valid/>"), 0644)
				Expect(os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(depsDir, depsIdx, ".nuget", "packages", "microsoft.aspnetcore.app", "4.5.6"), 0755)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("does not install the dotnet-aspnetcore", func() {
				mockManifest.
					EXPECT().
					AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-aspnetcore").Return([]string{"2.0.0"})

				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).
					Times(0)

				Expect(subject.SourceInstallDotnetAspNetCore()).To(Succeed())
			})
		})

		Context("when the dotnet-aspnetcore version is less than 2.1", func() {
			BeforeEach(func() {
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"),
					[]byte(`
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.App" Version="2.0.0"/>
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>`), 0666)).To(Succeed())
			})

			It("it will not install old 2.0 version of dotnet-aspnetcore", func() {
				mockManifest.
					EXPECT().
					AllDependencyVersions("dotnet-aspnetcore").Return([]string{"2.0.0"})

				mockInstaller.
					EXPECT().
					InstallDependency(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).
					Times(0)

				Expect(subject.SourceInstallDotnetAspNetCore()).To(Succeed())

			})
		})
	})

	Describe("UsesLibrary", func() {
		Context("when the app uses System.Drawing.Common", func() {
			It("should return true for a source based app", func() {
				contents := []byte(`<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web"> <ItemGroup> <PackageReference Include="System.Drawing.Common" Version="4.5.1" /> </ItemGroup> </Project>`)
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"), contents, 0644)).To(Succeed())

				exists, err := subject.UsesLibrary("System.Drawing.Common")
				Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
				Expect(exists).To(BeTrue())
			})

			It("should return true for a published app", func() {
				createRuntimeConfig("", "")
				createDepsJSON("System.Drawing.Common", "4.5.1", false)

				exists, err := subject.UsesLibrary("System.Drawing.Common")
				Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
				Expect(exists).To(BeTrue())
			})
		})

		Context("when the app does not use System.Drawing.Common", func() {
			It("should return false for a source based app", func() {
				contents := []byte(`<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web"> <ItemGroup> <PackageReference Include="Other.Dependency" Version="1.2.3" /> </ItemGroup> </Project>`)
				Expect(ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(buildDir, "foo.csproj"), contents, 0644)).To(Succeed())

				exists, err := subject.UsesLibrary("System.Drawing.Common")
				Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
				Expect(exists).To(BeFalse())
			})

			It("should return false for a published app", func() {
				createRuntimeConfig("", "")
				createDepsJSON("", "", true)

				exists, err := subject.UsesLibrary("System.Drawing.Common")
				Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
				Expect(exists).To(BeFalse())
			})
		})
	})
})

var _ = Describe("FindMatchingVersionWithPreview", func() {
	var versions []string
	BeforeEach(func() {
		versions = []string{"1.2.3", "1.2.4", "1.2.2", "1.3.3", "1.3.4-preview1", "1.4.4-preview1", "1.3.2", "2.0.0-preview1", "2.0.0", "3.0.0-preview6-27720-01"}
	})

	It("returns the prerelease version if a non-prerelease version does not exist", func() {
		ver, err := project.FindMatchingVersionWithPreview("1.3.4", versions)
		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
		Expect(ver).To(Equal("1.3.4-preview1"))

		ver, err = project.FindMatchingVersionWithPreview("1.4.x", versions)
		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
		Expect(ver).To(Equal("1.4.4-preview1"))
	})

	It("returns the latest release over prereleases", func() {
		ver, err := project.FindMatchingVersionWithPreview("x", versions)
		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
		Expect(ver).To(Equal("2.0.0"))
	})

	It("returns prerelease if explicitly specified", func() {
		ver, err := project.FindMatchingVersionWithPreview("2.0.0-preview1", versions)
		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
		Expect(ver).To(Equal("2.0.0-preview1"))
	})

	It("returns prerelease if explicitly specified", func() {
		ver, err := project.FindMatchingVersionWithPreview("3.0.x", versions)
		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
		Expect(ver).To(Equal("3.0.0-preview6-27720-01"))
	})
})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Colostrum Complete is the ONLY substance than can assist in maintaining a healthy digestive tract. It is widely known that most problems begin in the "gut". Although, not a probiotic, Colostrum works in the same way to maintain healthy GI also!
Ingredients: USDA Grade A Colostrum Powder, Decaffeinated Dried Coffee Bean Powder Organic Cocoa Powder.


If you would like to verify a course certificate please complete the certificate verification request form and email to LMS@resus.org.uk along with a brief request on company letterhead.
We are unable to verify candidate certificates. Please contact the course centre stated on the certificate or from our ILS or PILS course centre listings.
We cannot verify certificates from other organisations such as ALSG or the Royal College of Surgeons. Please make enquiries directly to them.


text:
'Alien: Covenant' edges out 'Guardians 2' at weekend box office with $36M
Sandy Cohen
LOS ANGELES — Alien: Covenant edged out Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 in a weekend space battle at the box office.
Ridley Scott's latest Alien exploit opened with $36 million in ticket sales, according to studio estimates Sunday. Guardians was close behind, collecting $35.1 million in its third week of release.
"You couldn't get two outer-space operas that are more different in terms of point of view and execution," says Paul Dergarabedian, senior media analyst for ComScore.
Alien: Covenant is a dark, R-rated scare-fest about slimy, parasitic space monsters; Guardians is a sweet, family-centered romp across the cosmos.
"Alien is sort of the dark side," Dergarabedian says. "It's the R-rated yin to Guardians' PG-13-rated fun yang."
The definitive ranking of 'Alien' movies (including 'Covenant')
How interracial romances are changing in films like 'Everything, Everything'
Two other new releases landed in the top five. The teen romance Everything, Everything, based on Nicola Yoon's best-selling young adult novel, debuted in third place with $12 million. The latest Diary of a Wimpy Kid movie, The Long Haul, claimed fifth place with $7.2 million.
Amy Schumer and Goldie Hawn's R-rated comedy Snatched finished fourth in its second week of release with $7.6 million.
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 provided a solid launch to the summer movie season with more than $300 million in North American ticket sales so far, Dergarabedian says, though grosses are running about 10% behind last summer's totals.
May is following a typical pattern, he says. A big Marvel movie kicks off the month, which ends with Memorial Day tentpoles like next weekend's R-rated Baywatch reboot starring Dwayne "The Rock" Johson and Zac Efron, and Johnny Depp's fifth Pirates of the Caribbean movie, Dead Men Tell No Tales.
Final figures are expected Monday.
Contributing: Kim Willis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


New Friends4U is an Online Dating Agency designed to help you meet singles in Malta.
The best dating services to offer you amazing and meaningful connection.
You need to find a perfect place for meaningful connection.I'm kind, honest, faithful, loving, family orientated and always place my partner and family first.I'm adventures, calm, easygoing and want a future with some one who is faithful honest and kind. But a loving and happy person would be a blessing in disguise., sometimes mirikals hide just have to look outside of once comfort zone.Free online dating in Malta for all ages and ethnicities, including seniors, White, Black women and Black men, Asian, Latino, Latina, and everyone else.Forget classified personals, speed dating, or other Malta dating sites or chat rooms, you've found the best!Still, when you manage to meet your Malta sweetheart, don't lose your connection.If you're wondering where and how to meet single women and men in Malta, we know the answer.Make sure you create a profile and tell something about yourself.To connect with Maltese singles you just need to send messages to them. Matchmaking technology can help you narrow the number of eligible partners for you.Download our free apps to stay in touch Members already registered: When you begin looking for a dating partner in Malta, there are several things you need to know.Building relationships in one of the smallest countries can be tough, as it's difficult to find the one.


APPEARANCE: Loose t-shirts, and very big pants. Often with caps on backwards, smelly sneakers. Always bad haircuts.
ACCESSORIES: Skateboard, soft-drink bottle, multicoloured misshapen lump which might have once been a bag.
VOCABULARY: Mostly complaining about school, or talk of the skateboard spare part trade.
OTHER ATTRIBUTES: Typically in groups of three. Almost exclusively male. Ability to walk doubtful.


text:
Micrathyria kleerekoperi är en trollsländeart som beskrevs av Philip Powell Calvert 1946. Micrathyria kleerekoperi ingår i släktet Micrathyria och familjen segeltrollsländor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som akut hotad. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Segeltrollsländor
kleerekoperi


Koha online catalog › Details for: Respecting free, prior and informed consent: Practical guidance for governments, companies, NGOs, indigenous peoples and local communities in relation to land acquisition.
Respecting free, prior and informed consent: Practical guidance for governments, companies, NGOs, indigenous peoples and local communities in relation to land acquisition.
by FAO, San José (Costa Rica) .


Shoes are important for protecting your dog's paws from sharp objects during walks, hiking, and even swimming. Many dogs do not like getting their paws wet and the waterproof design helps keep dry and warm. When you get home take off the shoes and keep your floors clean. During the winter shoes can protect their paws from harsh salt on the roads and sidewalks. During the summer the shoes can protect their paws from hot sidewalks, streets, and asphalt. Get your four legged friend a pair of dog boots that are similar to your shoes! How to put on Unfasten the two velcro straps and pull open the boot as wide as possible. Then guide your dog's paw into the shoe and reward them for doing so with a treat. Refasten the velcro straps and pull as tight as comfortable. Your dog may begin to walk funny or even prance at first so get your camera ready, but do not worry this is a completely normal reaction as your four legged friend gets use to their new boots.


We provide a personalized service like only the Traditional Commerce can offer, with all the attention and sympathy that every client deserves.
In our store you can find jewellery and all kind of used objects in gold and silver, from the articles of modern design to the real antiques.
See where you can find us.
Leave your remarks, your opinion is very important to us.


The Sandgate Sunset Run on Saturday, 13 October 2018 is a unique event on Brisbane's running calendar where teams of runners will do laps of the iconic Sandgate roundabout for 2 hours, while a community festival will add to the atmosphere.
A new race has been added for 2018: the Hot Lap. This event sees competitors run one single lap of the roundabout in the reverse direction. Male and female heats will be held, with the winners going through to the final, where you sprint it out for a cash prize.


text:
Callom Taylor found by police after manhunt over Sheffield stabbing
Homeless man slept behind Sheffield railway station for months while holding down a job
Dad of Mexborough shooting murderer Taylor Meanley, 17, boasts 'that's my boy'
The father of a teenage killer from South Yorkshire boasted 'that's my boy' after his son shared a prison photo.
By Robert Cumber
Tuesday, 2nd November 2021, 1:52 pm
Taylor Meanley, aged 17, was sentenced last Friday after being found guilty of murdering Lewis Williams in a gangland-style drive-by shooting in Mexborough.
He was finally named as he and three other people involved in the killing were sentenced at Sheffield Crown Court, after The Star teamed up with the Rotherham Advertiser to lift a reporting restriction protecting his identity.
Mexborough murder: Hopes that hefty prison sentences will prevent more gang kill...
Taylor Meanley and his father Mike Meanley posing together before the former, aged 17, was convicted of murder. The offensive hand gestures the pair were making have been pixellated
It can now be revealed that Meanley, who fired the shotgun, had shared a jokey Facebook post about life behind bars while awaiting trial.
Sharing a photo of himself and another detainee, he wrote 'just a little prison photo of me', adding a laughing face emoji.
His father Mike Meanley was among those who responded, commenting: "That's my boy and I am so proud of you. Stay strong. **** them all."
Responding to another post, Taylor Meanley's dad wrote: "Love you son with all my heart. We've even got same coat lol."
A police mugshot of 17-year-old Taylor Meanley, released after he was sentenced for the murder of Lewis Williams, 20, in Mexborough
In June last year, the teenager shared a photo on Facebook of himself wearing a bullet proof vest and posing as if firing a gun at the photographer.
He has also previously shared a video of what appears to be him pulling a wheelie on a motorbike while driving down a residential street, and posted one photo which was captioned simply 'gang'.
Sheffield Crown Court heard how Taylor Meanley was in a stolen Jaguar car on Wath Road, Mexborough, on January 11 when he pointed a 'slam-gun' and fired at very close quarters at 20-year-old Lewis Williams, of Rotherham, who was a member of a rival gang.
Meanley, of Beech Crescent, Mexborough, was sentenced to life and told he must serve a minimum of 27 years behind bars before he can be considered for release.
Jack Parkes, 21, of Arnold Crescent, Mexborough, who was driving the car and had shouted 'shoot him', was also convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Passengers Joe Anderton, 18, of Jubilee Road, Wheatley, Doncaster; and Arlind Nika, 16, of Spelman Street, London, were convicted of manslaughter and jailed for 12 years each.


text:
including Terrace Park, Fairfax, & Columbia Township
MariElders
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The Mariemont Tennis Association
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Cincinnati Waldorf School
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Official Mariemont Government Website
Mariemont.com Chronicle
Archive for Mariemont Vision Statement
A Vision Statement for Mariemont: All Parts
by Rich	· Comments (0)
A Vision Statement for Mariemont
Vision 2021 Redux
"Dr. Emmett Brown: You've got to come back with me!
Marty McFly: Where?
Dr. Emmett Brown: Back to the future!"
By Mike Lemon and Richard Wendel
In November 2008, the Mariemont Preservation Foundation (MPF) undertook crafting a bold plan called Vision 2021 to act as a guide for steering Mariemont into the next decade. MPF methodically collected input from hundreds of interested parties representing the entire spectrum of opinion. This included businesses, social organizations, boards and commissions, school officials, elected officials, Village employees and students
The MPF Vision 2021 Committee was composed of respected leaders including Richard Adams, Don Keyes, Frank Raeon, Millard Rogers, Jr. and David Zack. Working as a team, they compiled a 50 page document containing their findings. In January 2011, the Vision Plan 2021 was referred by the Mayor to the Economic Development and Planning Committee for a report and recommendation. After no report was made by the committee for months, in September 2011 MPF's leadership attended a council meeting and recommended that the Village's elected officials appoint a broad based Vision Commission. Specifically, the Mayor was encouraged to spearhead the effort to assemble a Vision Committee comprised of 15 respected volunteers.
Council debated elements of the plan. However, neither the Mayor nor Council moved forward on the Vision 2021 Plan proposal, nor did they modify it or develop an alternative plan. After many additional months with no report or action taken by the Economic Development and Planning Committee or the Mayor, the topic was unceremoniously dropped from the Council Agenda after April 2012.
The potential financial benefits to the Village had the Mariemont Vision 2021 Plan been adopted in 2012 and used as a blueprint for future developments in Mariemont:
Let's assume that the Mariemont council adopted the MPF Vision 2021 Plan to use as a guideline for the future and that an ad hoc Vision 2021 Commission with 15 members was selected and entrusted with the task of implementation.
As a first step, several full-day retreats with councilmembers, the mayor and commission members were held to condense, prioritize and financially analyze the recommendations in Vision 2021. A mission statement and strategic plan emerged on the final day of the meetings. Basically, the mission statement stated a goal "to sustain and improve upon the quality of life enjoyed by Mariemont residents and engage the community in every phase of the planning and implementation process."
One recommendation to jump start and sustain the process was the hiring of a full time Village Administrator. Council contracted with a major consulting firm to thoroughly vet qualified candidates for this position and aid in the process of refining and implementing a strategic plan for economic development, improved services and cultural enhancements
With the continued loss of revenues from the State of Ohio and inheritance taxes, the long term threat to a balanced budget was quickly recognized and, unfortunately, this downward pressure on revenues was compounded by the shrinkage of the employment base in the Westover industrial park with the closing of a major business.
It was obvious to the Council and Vision 2012 Committee that alternate pathways to fulfill budgetary needs were imperative.
The opportunity to partner in JEDZs (Joint Economic Development Zones) with surrounding communities was seized upon as one available means to fill some of the funding gaps. These partnerships with local townships generated hundreds of thousands of dollars yearly in unfettered revenue. This permitted the Village to move forward on infrastructure improvements and cover the increasing cost of services without increasing taxes to residents and businesses.
After being schooled in available public financing options, the Economic Development and Planning Committee of Council identified types of businesses needed for the community and pursued recruitment strategies. To stimulate economic development, incentives and tools such as the Community Reinvestment Area (CRA), Tax Increment Financing (TIFs) , and Community Investment Corporation (CIC) were considered as pathways to clean up contaminated sites, revitalize the Westover industrial park and attract new businesses. These incentive programs enabled public-private partnerships to attract new businesses and retain and grow existing ones. They had the effect of revitalizing the business community that enabled commercial property owners to improve their rents and maintenance while increasing the number of employees and customers.
Council also realized that additional savings could be achieved by shared services with surrounding communities. This eliminated duplication of expensive equipment and services without compromising safety while reducing costs. A cultural shift in governance from structured independence to an atmosphere of cooperation, sharing and coordination resulted in improved relationships that leveraged mutual interests and directions.
The new financial position from these three initiatives was consistent with no new taxes even as the Village could proceed with needed improvements in infrastructure.
As part of this series, the authors invite you to consider the following questions:
Should Council adopt the Vision 2021 Plan or develop and communicate its own Vision Plan?
Should Council investigate and make a recommendation on whether to hire a qualified professional Village Administrator and rely on outside Consultants?
Should the Economic Development and Planning Committee proactively develop a strategic plan for business development, business retention and recruitment?
Would collaboration and shared services with other communities benefit the Village and lower operating costs?
Should Village officials reach out to other communities and begin a conversation on topics of mutual interest?
Positive Change and Outcomes
With the Vision 2021 Plan adopted by Council, Village officials initiated a collaborative program with the schools, community groups, businesses and Village service departments. Gaining consensus was a key step in real change that kept Mariemont the best community in which to live in Ohio.
The financial initiatives undertaken by Council increased the pool of operating funds available to maintain quality services. For example, it enabled the Village to keep trash and recyclable collection in the rear or side of residences. This provided convenience to residents and kept the streets and driveways free of bulky containers that detracted from the curb appeal of homes and businesses. Indeed, this single distinguishing feature helped to maintain the Village's reputation as the most walkable community in Cincinnati and provided a significant talking point for real-estate agents.
The Master Plan for the South 80 developed by the Parks Advisory Board and consultants brought into focus an expanded range of possibilities for this acreage. Safety issues and crowded spaces around the Dogwood Park playfields during baseball and soccer seasons helped to focus the Parks Advisory Board and landscape architects on the potential of the South 80. An exciting schematic of the layout for additional ball fields and walking paths included:
A dog park
Picnic shelter and grounds
A fitness trail/par course
Expanded gardening plots along with a storage shed supplied with a water source and electrical outlets
Expanded and repaved access road and a large convenient graveled parking area.
Two regulation baseball fields
Two soccer fields
A circumferential paved bike path
Although flooding occurred about every three to four years in this flood plain, the structures were built to make clean-up relatively simple. These ambitious plans were made possible through economic development incentives given to new businesses and grants obtained. It became a regional attraction for local sports and recreational activities.
ODOT, meanwhile, had tabled the Eastern Corridor project because of funding issues, public resistance and engineering problems and the Oasis Rail Line project was abandoned because it was not economically viable. Thus, the concern about the Ohio 32 extension coursing through the South 80 became a nonissue. Bike path connectors were completed to the Wasson Way project, Newtown and Lunken Airport.
New flower beds and landscaping highlighted a broader range of Village venues. The Village's natural environment was compartmentalized into two landscape maintenance categories: Land Management and Landscape Maintenance. By differentiating these areas, financial reserves set aside earlier were released for the high visibility areas in the Village while giving attention to other important tracts of land. The endowment fund established for parks and the Town Center provided additional funds for capital improvements to the parks. The on-going tree planting and replacement program, based on John Nolen's original plan, drew wide acclaim for protecting the existing urban forest in the Village. The efforts of the Tree Advisory Committee and the accredited urban forester helped minimize the damage created by insect infestations, helped protect property values, and maintained the beautiful visual ambience of the community.
Concerts in the Park and an amphitheater at the Concourse were planned to satisfy music lovers. Funds to market the Carillon concerts to the surrounding area were set aside to increase the audience for these World Class performances, a unique attraction in Mariemont. The 4th of July fireworks became a Village business sponsored annual event.
Gas and electric aggregation to save on utility bills became available to all residents along with Duke Energy's Smart Grid for energy efficiency. Aggregation eliminated the need to search for the 'best provider and rates' by individual household or business, even as that remained an option.
Fire prevention education and voluntary home and business inspections were performed as part of shared services which helped reduce the risk of fire. Free fire alarms and carbon monoxide monitors made homes safer and lowered home insurance. The CPR training, infant car seat installation and other programs available made the Village a better, safer community.
Although a national historic landmark, the Village adapted to the digital and technological age by becoming a wired community, with free Wi-Fi access throughout the Village business districts.
The Village web site provided electronic filing of taxes, payments for building permits, swim and tennis passes and trash collection fees. The site also provided residents a master community calendar, business directory by category and electronic posting of the TownCryer and Minutes from Council and Council Committees.
After having fallen out of the top 25 in the 50 Greater Cincinnati suburban rankings in Cincy Magazine, Mariemont was once again ranked as a top ten community in Greater Cincinnati and was poised to close in on Number 1.
Do trash and recycling containers at the curb detract from the attractiveness of the Village?
Do you favor development of the South 80 beyond a walking path/ vegetable garden? If so, should the Village hire a professional consultant to explore and move forward on the possibilities for the South 80?
Should the Village retain an urban forester to advise the Village about protecting and maintaining an ongoing tree preservation program?
Would you support a Concert in the Park program and other cultural events in our parks?
Would you like to see a gas and electric aggregation program sponsored by the Village?
Would you favor having Village-wide free Wi-Fi access?
Should the Village develop a more integrated, interactive web site with the Village Code of Ordinances, zoning requirements, archives and other pertinent Village information?
Village Gateway
A new landscaped roundabout at the 6-way intersection announced the entrance into the Village while safely guiding motorists through what had been a confusing and difficult intersection. The roundabout created a dynamic threshold between Mariemont and Columbia Township which aided revitalization on the Village's northern boundary and helped facilitate the connection of the bike path between Fairfax and Newtown Road. The new development projects on the Village's northern boundary replaced aging and declining properties and spawned new customers and clients for Mariemont businesses which in turn brought new jobs and new revenue to the community.
A Community Improvement Corporation (CIC) similar to 3CDC that is revitalizing the Over-the-Rhine community breathed new life into the aging Village historic district apartments and townhouses. New revenues channeled funds into the CIC for purchasing, renovating and rehabbing the aging structures. The CIC was able to preserve the historical integrity of the buildings before selling them to private investors. The improvements and new amenities brought a a strong demand for both owner-occupied and rental living units.
Establishing the Historic District as a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) District fostered road, sidewalk and park improvements through tax incentives that dove-tailed into the building improvements undertaken by the CIC.
The result was a revitalized, renovated historic district that was lauded by preservationists and urban planners in the region. The improvements made national news and created excess demand for the living units in the district.
The historic district renovation and economic development plans for the Village led to the recruitment of retail and antique stores in and around the Old Town Square. The Mariemont Preservation Foundation sponsored guided tours and carriage rides to increase tourism in the Village.
Infrastructure improvements including new sidewalks, curbing paving, signage and expanded on-street parking were carried out with the stream of new revenues, long term public financing and reserves from the permanent improvement fund. A new underground parking garage was erected behind the theatre and restaurants doubling the number of parking spaces. This relieved the Village's intractable parking problems. A business consortium, municipal bonds and tax incentives for businesses financed the project. The project was the keystone to making the Village a true destination. It attracted new businesses, new construction and new customers. Commercial occupancy rates approached 100%.
Village traffic and safety measures were implemented based on scientific and historical data illustrating the need for change rather than perceived threats or danger. Professional analysis and engineering ended the signage proliferation that detracted from the attractiveness of the Village.
The vibrancy and excitement of Mariemont was soaring!
Should Council improve safety at the six-way stop and improve the aesthetics of entry into the Village from Plainville Road?
Would you like to see new development on the northern boundary of the Village?
How should Village government participate in redeveloping the historic district?
Should Council undertake responsibility for a long-term parking plan for the community and hire a traffic engineering consultant?
Would you like to see a parking garage built for commercial business parking in the Village?
Does the Village have too many signs?
With greater transparency and collaboration within Village Government, the Town Meetings became focused on community engagement and development. The issues facing the Village were candidly communicated and this increased the participation and attendance of residents. Reports from ad hoc committees dealing with specific issues were openly discussed to seek the best solutions and outcomes.
As a part of this new frame, greater attention was give to recruiting and nominating candidates for elected Village positions with a diverse range of skills, knowledge and experience. This added an improved leadership and management quality to Village affairs that took greater advantage of opportunities and provided solutions to any threats facing the Village. Tighter term limits were imposed for the elected positions within Village Government.
Civic Association
Greater emphasis was placed on the activities of the Civic Association. The Civic Association developed bylaws, a legal structure, a membership list and mission statement. Outside experts on various subjects gave presentations that attracted a large membership. A civic association Foundation was formed to permit private tax exempt donation and act as an operating foundation within the community with a goal of preserving the heritage of the Village.
Advisory and Community Organizations
Recognizing that public officials can't be experts in every facet of governance, council began utilizing advisory groups extensively for fact-finding, research, and council committee recommendations. Aware of the value of advisory groups for decision-making, council found a treasure trove of expertise and community interest from the new pool of engaged citizens.
By working hand-in-hand with organizations like Marielders, Kiwanis, Mariemont Preservation Foundation and Pre-School Parents Group, community needs were better identified and addressed collaboratively.
Symbiosis with the School District
The awareness of the strong symbiotic relationship between a community and a school district led the village government and the school board to establish a joint effort to work together to improve communications and cooperative planning efforts that strengthened the bonds of the two entities for the enrichment and improvement of their common constituents.
Should the annual Town Meeting expand its mission?
What sort of process could establish criteria to endorse nominees with a wide range of business, professional and talents for elected office?
How can the Civic Association become a robust organization and address a wider range of Village issues and needs?
Are advisory boards used effectively in the community?
Can village government and community organizations work together more effectively?
Is there room for better coordination between the Village and the school district?
The first spade of earth for the construction of Mariemont was turned by Mary Emery in 1923. In 2023 the Village celebrated the centennial of the founding of Mariemont. The dream of Mary Emery for a "National Exemplar" had moved a little closer to reality.
This vision of the Village's future is very realistic and achievable but it will take vision and leadership to accomplish it. Adopting a vision plan, such as MPF's Vision 2021 is a giant first step in the right direction. It is time to give this planned community a plan for its future.
"Leadership is the capacity to translate vision into reality. "—Warren Bennis
Categories : Community Issues, Mariemont at Large
Tags : Mariemont Vision, Mariemont Vision Statement, MPF, MPF Vision 2021
Will 'Big Brother' supplant Democratic Principles?
Managing Healthcare Costs
A new Maslow Model
The Village Blog
Mariemont at Large
Prominent Residents
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4. Getting Ready to Vote (ASL) - This video covers eligibility, how to register and identification options.
6. Students - Get Ready to Vote (ASL) - This video explains how students can register to vote, as well as ID requirements and voting options available to them.


Dealers and commercial suppliers of amateur radio-related gear and equipment are welcome to participate in Hamfest Chattanooga 2016. The Dealer Invitation Package is available below. Those wishing to participate should reserve tables as quickly as possible and send correct payment. Table reservation requests are NOT final until payment in full has been made. Dealers and suppliers are responsible for any and all Federal, State, and local taxes that may be applicable.


text:
FOX4 TV Schedule
Kansas City skyline shrouded in smoke as fire crews battle blaze at Evangelistic Center Church
Posted 1:16 pm, November 13, 2016, by FOX 4 Newsroom, Updated at 01:45PM, November 13, 2016
KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- Fire crews were on the scene of a structure fire Sunday morning. The blaze sent a massive plume of smoke into the air that could be seen for miles.
Firefighters were called to the Evangelistic Center Church near Truman and Troost around 5:30 a.m. when a driver passing by noticed the smoke coming from the building.
Partial collapse at structure fire 1000 block of Truman pic.twitter.com/jnvjNfPm0X
— KCFD (@KCMOFireDept) November 13, 2016
Witnesses at the scene reported hearing an explosion which is believed to have been caused by a ruptured a gas line. The explosion blew out a wall causing a partial collapse.
Crews are working to stabilize the wall to make sure it does not collapse further.
Kansas City Fire Chief Paul Berardi said they are mainly concerned about the back of the building where the kitchen is located.
Chuck Jones said he has been attending this church for decades.
"I'm 60 right now and I started here when I was in my mid-teens. Going to this church when I was probably 13 or 14," Jones recalled.
When he first heard reports, Jones couldn't believe that the church he had always known was destroyed. He had to come down to the scene to see it with his own eyes.
"I'm heartbroken because like I said I pretty much grew up in the church. It is kind of like where I learned my faith and remember a lot of friends and people that I knew from then," Jones said.
There are no reports of injuries at this time. Firefighters have not yet determined a cause of the fire. KCPD and ATF are assisting in the investigation.
The church announced on their website that services were cancelled and they would be holding a prayer vigil at the Worship Center in Shawnee at 5 p.m.
The Evangelistic Center Church caught fire Sunday.
Independence firefighter suffers minor injuries battling blaze at building on 24 Highway
More than a dozen people injured in explosion at Beechcraft plant in Wichita
Man dead, explosions reported in Kansas City house fire
5 dead, 3 hurt in 'devastating' Minneapolis high-rise fire
Firefighters identify 3 killed in Clinton apartment blaze, including 4-year-old girl
Authorities: 3 deaths tied to Southern California wildfires
Fire at KCK home kills 3 people early Monday morning
Fire severely damages house where KC family of 12 had been living without water
Neighbors helping each other after fire damages Midtown KC high-rise apartments
6 killed, 13 injured in Las Vegas apartment building fire
Officials say grumpy-looking tortoise at fault for Christmas house fire in England
KCK apartment building explosion breaks windows throughout complex


text:
Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights Graphic Novel Collection #1 (Paperback)
By Scott Cawthon, Elley Cooper, Carly Anne West, Christopher Hastings (Adapted by), Didi Esmeralda (Illustrator), Anthony Morris (Illustrator), Andi Santagata (Illustrator)
The New York Times bestselling series is now a graphic novel -- Five Nights at Freddy's fans won't want to miss this pulse-pounding collection of three novella-length comic stories that will keep even the bravest player up at night . . .
What do you wish for most? It's a question that Oswald, Sarah, and Oscar think they know the answer to. Oswald wishes his summer wasn't so boring, Sarah wishes to be beautiful, and Oscar wishes to get his hands on the mechanical toy that's out of stock all over town. But in the twisted world of Five Nights at Freddy's, their hearts' deepest desires have an unexpected cost.
In this volume, three stories from the New York Times bestselling series Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights come to life in delightfully horrifying comics. Readers beware: This collection of terrifying tales is enough to unsettle even the most hardened Five Nights at Freddy's fans.
Scott Cawthon is the author of the bestselling video game series Five Nights at Freddy's, and while he is a game designer by trade, he is first and foremost a storyteller at heart. He is a graduate of The Art Institute of Houston and lives in Texas with his family.
Carly Anne West is the author of the YA novels The Murmurings and The Bargaining. She holds an MFA in English and Writing from Mills College and lives with her husband and two kids in Seoul, South Korea. Visit her at carlyannewest.com.
Christopher Hastings is a comics writer best known for creating the award-winning Adventures of Dr. McNinja and co-creating The Unbelievable Gwenpool. His other writing credits include Adventure Time, Deadpool, and Quantum & Woody. Christopher also voices Frederick de Bonesby for the narrative play podcast Rude Tales of Magic.
Elley Cooper writes fiction for young adults and adults. She has always loved horror and is grateful whenever she can spend time in a dark and twisted universe. Elley lives in Tennessee with her family and many spoiled pets and can often be found writing books with Kevin Anderson & Associates.
Publisher: Graphix
Publication Date: September 6th, 2022
Series: Five Nights At Freddy's
Young Adult Fiction / Comics & Graphic Novels / Horror
Young Adult Fiction / Comics & Graphic Novels / Action & Adventure
Young Adult Fiction / Comics & Graphic Novels / Media Tie-In
Hardcover (September 6th, 2022): $24.99


text:
Q: Cast Generic instance to Base class I am trying to attempt something such as
void Main()
{
    Temp<Bar> Test = new Foo<InheritedBar>();
}

abstract class Temp<T> where T : Bar
{

}

class Foo<T> : Temp<T> where T : Bar
{

}

abstract class Bar
{

}

class InheritedBar : Bar
{

}

The cast does not work, with the error Cannot implicity convert type Foo<InheritedBar> to Temp<Bar>.
However,
 Temp<InheritedBar> Test = new Foo<InheritedBar>();
and
 Temp<Bar> Test = new Foo<Bar>();
Both work. Why even though InheritedBar inherits from Bar, it can't be cast to it through generics?
I am using the generic type in a wpf Page, which can not be created as a generic so I can't pass T as its type. I only want the functionality at the time of this of Temp, not any of the derived versions functionality. Is there a better way to do this?

A: The concept you are attempting to utilize is covariance (full explanation on MSDN)
The short answer is that you need to use mark your generic parameter with out; but you can only do that on an interface (changing from an abstract class in your case). Also, depending on your method parameters and return values, you may not be able to mark your interface as covariant.
interface Temp<out T> where T : Bar
{

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Teacher Essay: Impress Your Teachers by Writing an Essay on a Teacher » Find Essay - Free narrative papers, essays, and research papers.
A Teacher Essay can be a gift to all teachers and a reward for their hard work.
Practically, a Teacher is someone who teaches something. In this broad sense any living or non living thing, which teaches us something becomes our teacher. A writer who wants to write a Teacher Essay can portrait this word in a broad sense as just explained. He/she can otherwise consider teacher as a person who provides schooling in an educational system.
Education has gained respect and a broad-minded approach from last several decades. Before this time schooling or education was acquired only for self-satisfaction and intellect. Competition was less in those days and people depended merely on man-power. All major activities required for the fulfillment of a person's basic needs in life were done through manual and physical work. The intense need for education which is found now was not observed in those days (See Education Essay for more details).
Nowadays when education has deepened its roots in the minds of common people, the importance of teachers has increased. Education standards have risen and along with this the pressure on children and teenagers has increased too. With the striking growth in science and technology, the competition with which the students have to deal has become difficult. Nowadays, students cram up all subjects to get good scores but forget to understand what the author actually specifies. A teacher's job is to actually incorporate true values and the true meaning of any subject. A writer can explain this in detail in a Teacher Essay. He/she can also explain different types of teachers such as, informal teachers like parents, relatives or tutors and religious or spiritual teachers like gurus, mullahs, rabbis, etc. as well as their ways of teaching.
In ancient India, Gurus used to teach a student everything; Sanskrit scripts, general knowledge, sports as well as military arts. Children from royal families were sent to stay at the Gurus house. These Gurus used to meditate everyday and teach the students the same. Students were taught various exercises by which their power increased day by day. At the end of the complete training, which lasted for several years, the students went back to their homes giving the Guru whatever he asked for. (Also see Essay on India) Even now in India, teachers are considered Gurus, receiving respect and honor from common people. An author can write a complete Teacher Essay considering the olden teaching methods in India.
A teacher is a person who gives us knowledge which has become one of the basic necessities to live life today. Hence, a teacher deserves high esteem and admiration. There were some teachers in the past who fought against the cruelty towards women and children. Without any selfishness and hope for a reward, those teachers struggled through their lives to enlighten the world. Such teachers should be loved (Also see Essay on Love), praised and worshipped. Nowadays, when parents do not get much time for their children, a teacher plays an important role in a child's intellectual and moral growth. So, write a Teacher Essay to point out all the goodness of your teacher. Such essays would be a real reward for them.


Trondheim municipality will upgrade Trondheim town Square and adjacent streets. In this connection, a new stormwater management facility will be established which will relieve today's pipeline network in Midtbyen. The facility will consist of an infiltration system and a detention magazine and be designed so that the detention magazine is only used when the infiltration system has reached its maximum capacity.
The objective of the pilot project is to demonstrate and document the new facility to manage stormwater.
Stormwater management is set high on the agenda in Norway, especially through the work of NOU2015: 16 Stormwater in cities and towns - As a problem and resource. Densification of cities, together with climate change, will give rise to increased amounts of stormwater that must be handled, while current stormwater systems often have limited capacity. To take care of increasing water quantities, it has been proposed a number of alternative solutions that handle the stormwater open and local. The 3-part strategy to manage stormwater proposes to infiltrate as much possible of the water locally before excess water will be detained, and if necessary, diverted safely to the nearest recipient.
The innovation potential of the pilot project is to test a new solution combining infiltration and detention under actual operating and maintenance conditions.


Faber Stilo isola island mount chimney range hood with 600 CFM Internal Pro Blower. Pre-installed Silent Kit™ sound-proofing also has a convertible to a ductless range hood and easy cube motor access.
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