Aivalli (AIhole): Ancient Capital , Temples , Sculptures , Caves . BADAMI : Ancient Capital , Temples , Sculptures , Fort , Caves . Bandipur : National Park & Tiger Reserve , Wildlife Sanctuary . Bengaluru (Bangalore) : Buildings , Gardens , Museums , Handicrafts , Palaces , Temples , Aquarium , Fort . Near Bengaluru – Bannerghatta National Park : Wildlife sanctuary. Chamrajnagar : Picnic spot . Ramohalli : Picnic spot , Giant Banyan tree . BELAGAAVI : Fort , Near Belagaavi – Ghataprabha : Wildlife Sanctuary , Dam– site picnic spot. Gokak : Waterfalls . BELUR : Ancient Hoysala Sculpture & Architecture ,Temples . BIDAR : Gurudwara , Ancient Muslim capital , Forts , Mosques . VIJAPUR : Ancient Muslim capital , Muslim culture & Architecture , Gol Gumbaz , Mausoleum , & Towers . CHANNAPATNA : Handicrafts . CHIKAMAGALURU : Coffe plantations , Forests , Hill station . Near Chikamagaluru – Baba Budan : Sculpture & Architecture , Temples . Kemmannugundi : Hill station . CHITRADURGA : Fort , Temples . DANDELI: Wildlife sanctuary . DHARMASTALA : Hindu pilgrim centre . GOKARAN: Hindu pilgrim centre , Beach . KALBURGI : Fort , Mosques , Temples . HALEBIDU : Ancient Hoysala Soulpture and Architecture , Temples . HAMPI(Munirabad) : Capital of Vijayanagar empire , 14sq kms. Of Ruins of Temples , Palaces , Forts , JOG Falls : Waterfalls . KARWAR : Beaches , Port . KOLAR : Kolar Gold Mines . Coorg / MADIKERI : Hill station , Fort , Palaces , Plantations , Falls , Elephant Habitat Centre . WAYANAD : Ambukuthi Hills to the south , Edakkal Caves contain ancient petroglyphs , some dating back to the Neolithic age , Chethalayam falls, Pakshipathalam and Banasurasagar dam . MANGALURU: Temples , Port . Near Mangaluru – Panambul : Beaches . Suratakal : Beaches . Ullal : Beaches . MUDABIDRI : Jain Temples , Sculptures . MUNDGOD: Waterfalls nearby . MYSURU: City of Palaces , Gardens , Zoo , Museums , Church , Silk Factory , Sandal oil factory , Art Gallery. Near Mysuru – Chamundi : Temples , Nandi sculpture . Krishnarajasagara : Brindavan Gardens at Dam-site , Picnic spot , Special lighting . Ranganathittu Sanctuary : Bird sanctuary . Shrirangapattana : Tipu Sultan's island capital , Palaces , Forts , Frescoes , Mosques . NAGARAHOLE : National Wildlife Park. NANDI HILLS : Health resort and pilgrim centre . NANJANGUD : Temples . PATADKAL : Temples , Sculptures . RAJCHUR : Fort . SHRAVANABELAGOLA : Jain pilgrim centre , 57 foot tall monolith of the Jain sage . Gomateswara (Lord Bahubali ) : Frescoes . SIVASAMUDRAM : Waterfalls , Temples , Scenery . SOMANATHPUR : Temple . SRINGERI : Hindu pilgrim centre . TALAKAVERI : Hindu pilgrim centre , Source of river Kaveri . TUMAKURU : Nearby pilgrim centre . Near Tumakuru – Kaidala : Chenna Keshava temple and the Gangadareshwara temple . Kyatsandra : Junction . and Devarayandurga : Hill station , The rocky hills are surrounded by forest and the hilltops are dotted with several temples including the Yoganarasimha TUNGABHADRA : Dam-site holiday place . UDUPI : Hindu pilgrim Temples , Cuisine . Near Udupi – Maipe : Beach . Manipal : Health resort . Maravanthe : Beach. Pilikula Nisargadhama : Pilikula Nisargadhama is a multi-purpose tourist attraction, at Vamanjoor near Mangalore in Karnataka . Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary : Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary is located in Ballari district in Karnataka , Preservation of the sloth bear .
Bandipur Safari Lodge, Bandipur : Known for its small population of tigers and its habitat , Other natural inhabitants of this lovely forest are gaur (a type of bull), sambhar, chital, mouse deer, four-horned antelope , wild dogs, wild boar, jackal, sloth bear, panther, malabar squirrel and porcupines. Lodges & Resort contemporary architectural style with all the creature comforts , Activities of Lodges : Wildlife Safari , Bird Watching , Nature Walk .
Bannerghatta Nature Camp : Bannerghatta Biological Park , Zoo, Safari, Butterfly Park and Rescue Center (Conservation of captive animals) . Bannerghatta Nature Camp (Resort ) is a wonderful place to get acquainted with the great outdoors , Activities of Camp : Grand Safari , Nature Walk , Zoo Visit , Visit to Butterfly Park , Campfire .
Blackbuck Resort : 18 km from Bidar, the former Bahmani capital, next to the Vilaspur Lake, close to the Honnikeri Reserve Forest. Resort is on the bank of Lake , Activities of Resort : Blackbuck trails , Bird watching , Nature walk , Visit to Heritage monuments .
Devbagh Beach Resort, KarwarPackage includes : A young Rabindranath Tagore once made a moonlit tryst with destiny on the magical Karwar shoreline , Devbagh is a stop for the quintessential beach lover. Sun, sand, surf, sea and endless open space . Resort stands amidst a casuarina grove on the Devbagh beach and faces a private and safe beach , Activities of Resort : Snorkelling , Water scooter , Dolphin Watch , Nature Walk , Fisher man Village Visit , Banana Boat Ride .
River Tern Lodge : Located on a hillock on the edge of the Bhadra reservoir, near Lakkavali: a stone's throw away from the northern boundary of the Bhadra Tiger Reserve, in the Chikmaglur district . the Tyverekoppa Lion and Tiger Safari and to the Sakkrebyle Elephant Camp, are also options from the River Tern Lodge . The River Tern lodge has Loghuts & Cottages having its balcony overlooking the placid waters of the Bhadra Reservoir . Activities of Resort : Jeep Safari , Boat Safari , Nature Walk , Visit to Tyaverekoppa Lion & Tiger , safari & Sakkrebyle Elephant Camp.
Dubare Elephant Camp, Coorg : Elephants were trained for the famous Mysore Dasara, found a brand new calling . The surrounding forests are home to exciting wildlife like the gaur, leopard, the wild dog, sloth bear, peacock, partridges , etc . Located in an idyllic part of the Cauvery River, it makes a restful and wondrous experience . Activities of Resort : Wildlife Safari , Bird Watching , Nature Walk .
Kabini River Lodge : River Kabini Lodge beckons with the promise of elephants, gaur, deer and a rumour of tiger. Located on the southern fringes of the Nagarahole National Park (Rajiv Gandhi National Park) . Located by the banks of the River Kabini. Colonial styled accommodation facilities recreates a time bygone . Activities : Wildlife Safari , Bird-watching , Trekking , Coracle/Motorboat river cruise , Ayurveda treatment .
K Gudi Wilderness Camp, B.R.Hills : most scenic places one can stay in, sited as it is in the midst of the BRT Tiger Reserve . The camp comprises tented cottages, log huts and well-furnished rooms at the Maharaja's Hunting Lodge . Activities : Wildlife Safari , Bird Watching , Nature Walk .
Old Magazine House, Ganesh Gudi : A perfect place to perch for the night while exploring the magical forests of Dandeli, The camp is located in an area of the forest which is not open to the general public . Activities : White-water rafting , Bird-watching , Coracle ride , Trekking.
Ayurveda massage / Spa , Visit to Tadadi port , Visit to Sanikatta (oldest salt making site) , An ideal place to learn yoga by an expert yoga teacher.
Bheemeshwari Adventure and Nature Camp : Bank on the River . Its course includes gorges, waterfalls, rapids, dense forests and much more. The Bheemeshwari Adventure and Nature Camp is a paean to this majestic river. Activities : Trekking , Coracle Ride , Bird-watching , Mountain Biking , Zip Line , Parallel walk/Rope walk , Rafting , Kayaking .
Sadashingad Fort Resort – Karwar : The fort was named Sadashivgad by Basavlingraj after his father Sadashivlingraj in 1715 . The resort is on top of the hillock having good view of the beach . Activities : Snorkeling , Water Scooter , Dolphin Watch , Nature Walk , Fisherman Village Visit , Banana Boat Ride .
Anejhari Butterfly Camp : Amidst the undisturbed natural and lush green setting of the Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, the Anejhari Butterfly Camp promises an experience of a lifetime with the Souparnika river meandering gently by the camp and the sweet fragrance of the trees flowing in the air. Anejhari Butterfly Camp is located near Kollur, about 80 km from Udupi. Activities : Birding/ Butterfly watching , Camp-fire , Trekking .
Bhagawathi Nature Camp : Bhagawathi Nature Camp is located inside the Kudremukh National Park. The camp offers a great starting point for many treks with great incamp birding and herping. It is 11 kms away from Kudremukh. Activities : Trekking ( kurinjal Peak/kudremukha Peak) , Bird watching , Jeep Safari ( Ganapathi katte to Singsaar road ) , Mountain bike .
Sakrebyle Elephant Camp : The Sakrebyle Elephant Camp is a forest camp for captive elephants in Karnataka. Situated at a distance of 14 km from Shimoga on the Shimoga-Thirthahalli Road, it is considered to be the best camp for training elephants in the state. The camp is maintained by the Karnataka Forest Department . Activities : Trekking , Herbal garden tour , Bird-watching , Camp-fire , Elephant Interaction .
Seetanadi Herpeto Camp : Located 40 km from Udupi, the Seethanadi Nature Camp in Hebri is certainly an escape from the maddening rush of daily life. Amidst refreshing greenery, this lovely camp takes you away from the furore of cities . Activities : Bird Watching , Trekking , Rafting ( July to September) , Fish feeding point , Visit to Agumbe sunset point , Visit to Koodlu falls , Jogigundi falls and Jomlu falls , Nearby beach Malpe 35 km.
Doddamakali Fishing & Nature Camp : Doddamakali nature camp is situated just 6 kms upstream from bheemeshwari which itself is a rustic yet charming camp. It is a bird watcher's paradise. Water based birds include pied king fisher, spot billed duck, black bellied tern, osprey and grey headed fish eagle.


text:
SEEING OUT THE OLD YEAR: In Victory and in Defeat
by Suzanne Pepper | Jan 12, 2019 | Letters from Hong Kong | 0 comments
Everyone here has been celebrating … everyone, that is, whose sympathies are with Beijing, the Hong Kong Government, and all loyalist parties, unions, councils, committees, and the network of friendly associations that now extend throughout the territory. For them, 2018 was a great year filled with victories, accomplishments, and the promise of more to come.
At year's end one account proclaimed the reasons to celebrate in a full-page 10-point layout. The reasons are worth noting as a guide to Beijing's strategy and tactics for achieving the end that is now clear, namely, Hong Kong's absorption into the national mainstream. Titled "Ten Great Political Events; Protecting the Rule of Law," the record doubles as a list of the losses successfully inflicted on pro-democracy partisans (Wen Wei Po, Dec. 31, 2018). For them it was a year of devastating blows that they have hardly begun to absorb much less decide how best to counter.
2018: THE TEN GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS
Point One: A Message from the Chairman on the Way Forward. The casual use of "chairman" … with reference to Xi Jinping as head of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) rather than as President of the national government … is in keeping with a new trend among loyalists here. They have begun suggesting that the time has come to "out" the CCP and its leadership role. This has always been discreetly assumed but not openly declared or discussed in so many words. The local CCP organization remains unacknowledged or "underground," following the old revolutionary tradition of all communist parties and their past conspiratorial struggles while working to turn governments from "white" to "red." * "Chairman" was also Mao Zedong's title. The leader of the CCP is now known as its General Secretary … more Maoist imagery for Xi Jinping.
Reaffirming the standard "one-country, two-systems" governing principle and the old familiar slogans about "Hong Kong people running Hong Kong" with a "high degree of autonomy," Xi Jinping's aspirations for Hong Kong and Macau were reprised at the National People's Congress meeting last March, and again during ceremonies last month. These were held to celebrate the 40th anniversary of China's late 1970s reformist direction and opening to the outside world.
Pictured at these ceremonies with a beaming Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam by his side, Xi Jinping enjoined Hong Kong to assist ever more actively in the nation's opening up, integrate【 融入】 ever more actively in the country's overall development, participate ever more actively in national governance, and more actively promote international people-to-people exchanges.
Point Two: The New Cross-Border High-Speed Rail Link. This includes the innovative "co-location" arrangement, meaning "two customs inspections under one roof." The mainland-controlled port authority within the Hong Kong terminus took most of the year to finalize in the face of legal challenges from pro-democracy partisans. But by year's end, with a helpful tongue-in-cheek ruling by a Hong Kong High Court judge on the constitutionality of the arrangement, all controversies were laid to rest (Dec. 28, 2018 post). This was hailed as another step marking Hong Kong's integration into the great enterprise of national development.
Point Three: Amending the Legislative Council's Rules of Procedure. This achievement dated back to 2017 but its consequences were registered throughout 2018. The maneuver was skillfully accomplished by taking advantage of legislators who were not there (Dec. 28, 2017 post).
By a coincidence of timing perhaps, the Hong Kong government, its Justice Department, and the courts had disqualified six legislators in the oath-taking saga of 2016-17. Judicial reviews were still underway and special elections to fill the seats had not yet been held. But there was an overriding aim: to curtail the practice of filibustering, which had become pro-democracy legislators' only means of protesting government measures and blocking or delaying government proposals … which include Article 23 national political security legislation now waiting in the wings,
The successful maneuver came as a big relief for the government and Chief Executive Carrie Lam. Her appropriations bills could be passed with relative ease and she applauded the return to a "normal" amenable legislative environment.
Point Four: A Warning for Hong Kong Independence by Banning the National Party. The Hong Kong government succeeded in using the old Societies Ordinance to prevent an independence advocate from organizing the Hong Kong National Party. In July, Hong Kong's Secretary for Security announced the plan citing reasons of national security and public safety. The miniscule party was allowed 21 days to explain why it should not be banned in accordance with prescribed legal procedures (July 24, 2018 post).
The period was also extended, but during that time the Foreign Correspondents Club gave party convener Andy Chan a platform to explain himself in public by giving a talk at the club. The Hong Kong government and China's Foreign Ministry representative office here protested. The public also expressed its indignation with the FCC for allowing public property to be used as a platform to advocate independence and called upon the government to evict the FCC from its government-owned building (Aug. 15, 2018 post).
Point Five: Investigating Those Who Provoke Violence; Court Judgements for Those Who Provoke Disorder. There were several points of reference: the large scale Occupy demonstration that began at government headquarters in 2014; storming the Legislative Council building by activists in 2014; storming closed gates at government headquarters also in 2014; and the 2016 Lunar New Year riot in Mong Kok. All received due process and are being or have been brought to justice in Hong Kong's law courts.
Point Six: Surreptitiously Promoting Independence; Disqualified in Defense of the Law. Kudos were in order for Hong Kong's much-maligned returning officers … the British-English term for civil servants periodically seconded to oversee elections. These officers 【選 舉 主任 】 were responsible for disqualifying several election candidates who were allegedly promoting independence【暗獨】by calling for self-determination 【自決】.
The list included Agnes Chow of Joshua Wong's Demosisto party who had hoped to contest the Hong Kong Island Legislative Council seat vacated by her party-mate Nathan Law. He was among the 2016 class of newly-elected councilors disqualified in the oath-taking saga (Jan. 30, 2018 post).
Later, Teacher Lau Siu-lai was disqualified from trying to regain her seat in Kowloon West. She had originally been disqualified for improvising her oath-of-office during the 2016 swearing-in ceremony, but she was initially thought to be among those allowed a second chance. It was not to be (Oct. 19, 2018 post).
And most recently, Eddie Chu was disqualified from taking part in the rural committee elections currently underway. These are mostly uncontested formalities for village representatives from communities in Hong Kong's northern suburbs (Dec. 13, 2018 post).
Point Seven: Public Opinion Is with the Establishment; Two Special Election Victories. The post-2016 collapse of pro-democracy campaigns in Kowloon West (KNW) has been especially demoralizing for candidates there and for partisans generally because it signifies the larger defeat of Hong Kong's democracy movement with its decades-old aspirations for post-colonial election reform.
Kowloon West is one of Hong Kong's five Legislative Council constituencies and is represented by six legislators. Four of the six elected in 2016 were democrats reflecting the district's prevailing political inclinations … or so it was thought. But two of the four elected in 2016 were disqualified after the swearing-in ceremony. One was the outspoken independence advocate Yau Wai-ching. The other was street-market campaigner and teacher Lau Siu-lai.
Ultimately, and despite the best of candidate-coordination efforts, a series of mishaps and miscalculations led to the loss of both seats. Pro-government candidates now occupy four of the six LegCo seats in KNW. The two new councilors:
Vincent Cheng Wing-shun, a member of the pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) (March 27, 2018 post). With some 36,000 members, the DAB is Hong Kong's only mass-based political party and should be regarded as the electoral wing of the "underground" CCP. Others number only a few hundred members at most. The Democratic Party is the largest with about 700 members.
Rebecca Chan Hoi-yan, an independent who campaigned with the united support of all pro-government and loyalist groups and parties (Nov. 27, 2018 post).
Point Eight: Democrats' Candidate-Coordination Effort Destroyed by Factionalism. Frederick Fung won honorable mention in this loyalist copy-book … even if the Legislative Council seat he lost in 2016 eludes him still. Point Eight is a tribute to the democratic camp's endemic unconquerable habit of fighting among themselves … with each other rather than with their main adversary. Patriotic election strategists can be forgiven for gloating over their opponents' misadventures. Judicial mockery is another matter.
Fung is the 2018 poster-boy in this respect. The debilitating habit delivered both Kowloon West seats into pro-Beijing hands and the recipients couldn't resist acknowledging the gift … even as the chief culprits including both young and old seemed to have no regrets.
Frederick Fung had come in second on the initial straw poll democrats held among themselves to select their Kowloon West candidates for the first special election last March (Jan. 22, 2018 post). But Fung is a moderate democrat with a mixed record and the younger generation of activists began a quarrel over the Plan B candidates that continued throughout the year.
Fung grew so angry over this quarrel and the indignity of being shunted aside by his fellow democrats that he quit his own political party. He also insisted on contesting the second Kowloon West special election in November … thereby helping to ensure that the agreed-upon pro-democracy stand-in for Teacher Lau lost to Rebecca Chan. The stand-in was veteran democrat Lee Cheuk-yan (Nov. 27, 2018 post).
Point Nine: More Bad Marks for the Pigeon Party. The Democratic Party's white dove symbol has been a favorite loyalist target for years when discussing the "pigeon party" and its members' many missteps. Party member and Legislative Councilor Ted Hui featured in one such incident when he snatched the mobile phone of a government monitor while she was evidently trying to track legislators' whereabouts in the council building ahead of a roll call. Pro-democracy legislators complain that not only are they being routinely followed and photographed outside of their work place but now inside as well.
Ted Hui was arrested, bailed, and charged for the incident with offenses that could bring far more jail time than the one month legislators are allowed without being disqualified (May 11, 2018 post). Legal proceedings are ongoing and pro-establishment sympathizers are eager to win another scalp for their democratic disqualification project. They want a thorough purge-like house-cleaning.
Point Ten: Democrats In Disarray; The Pigeon Party's Resignation Wave. This entry signals much mischief ahead. The Democratic Party had to announce 59 resignations last month with more reportedly ongoing. It is Hong Kong's largest pro-democracy party with about 700 members.
The resignations included especially local activists and District Councilors who are looking to contest the District Councils election later this year. They will add to the democracy movement's fragmentation if their plan for a new local election alliance materializes (Ta Kung Pao, Apple, Dec. 13, 2018; Apple, Jan. 8, 2019).
2019: THE PROMISE OF MORE TO COME
Surprisingly, the 10-point celebration did not mention Occupy founder Benny Tai's Project Storm. He has been working for months to introduce a large number of like-minded candidates into the 2019 District Councils election campaign mix. But once there, they will encounter the government's strict new bans against the "separatist" democratic ideals he is trying to instill (May 23, 2018 post).
The pro-Beijing press and its teams of paparazzi reporters have been carefully tracking, photographing, and publicizing Project Storm's preparatory meetings so returning officers should have no trouble matching names and faces with election platforms for those who make it to the preparatory validation stage.
Of more historic significance, given Hong Kong's ongoing absorption into the national mainstream, has been the preparation of public opinion for the ultimate "outing" of the local Communist Party organization from its underground hiding place.
South China Morning Post regulars are among those taking the point in this regard. "If Beijing increasingly wants to make its views known to the Hong Kong public, it's perfectly legitimate to let the party operate like any other local political party, with the ability to accept members, receive donations and campaign in elections" (Alex Lo, SCMP, Dec. 1). So what if our publisher is a party member, asks chief news editor Yonden Lhatoo (SCMP, Dec.2).
Even more to the point, pro-Beijing Legislative Councilors have called on the Hong Kong government to abandon its practice of careful circumspection. Instead, it should call a spade a spade, explicitly recognize the CCP as the nation's ruler and openly acknowledge its members as such (SCMP, Nov. 28).
* Christine Loh, Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 2010; 2nd edition, 2018.
Posted by Suzanne Pepper on January 12, 2019
hkfocus2017@gmail.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Los Angeles, April 4 (IANS) Veteran actor Morgan Freeman says all his dreams have turned out to be a reality.
"If I could see my 20-year-old self -- it was when I was in the military -- I think I would tell myself, 'Your dreams are going to come true'. I never had one that didn't," Freeman said in a statement.
His new film "Going In Style" -- backed by Warner Bros -- is releasing in India on Friday.
Also starring Michael Caine, Alan Arkin, Ann-Margret, Christopher Lloyd, and Joey King, the film narrates story of three men over 70 and why they decide to rob a bank. It is a remake of 1979 film of the same title.
The actor, who has featured in cinematic gems like "Street Smart", "Glory", "The Shawshank Redemption", "Seven" and "Bruce Almighty", says he doesn't know if he has done anything to change the course of anybody's life.
"But if you get to a spot where people do come to you for help, and if you give the help, hopefully you change the course of their life," he added.
On a lighter note, the Oscar-winning star said: "I never call myself a legend. I always call myself an iconic Academy Award-winner... Wait, I did say legendary? Never mind."


In a bid to raise the bar for Indonesia's workforce, the British Council-Indonesia partnered with HSBC and recently launched a character-building programme for teachers, principals, high school students and vocational schools.
The initiative called "Global Education: Building an Intelligent Young Generation with Character" launched early this week and is set to run until the last quarter of the year. Supported by the Ministry of Education and Culture, the programme involves the cooperation of six schools from Bandung, West Java, and six others from Jakarta.
Director of the British Council-Indonesia Paul Smith told reporters Indonesia will benefit from global education initiative and that it will enable young people with professional goals to learn new skills and hone the knowledge required to jump-start their careers.
The British Council director is also hopeful that the programme will enable the country's young workforce to become more competitive in the ASEAN Economic Community. Smith believes that the programme will equip them with 21st-century skills to be well-prepared when competing with their rivals on a global level.
The character-building programme aims to provide training for both students and educators alike – skills such as social responsibility, critical thinking, digital literacy and leadership – with an aim of 1,800 fully trained teachers by the end of the year.
It's also no surprise that the education and culture ministry are in favour of the programme, as it is in sync with the country's educational development strategy, which involves the improvement of access to and quality of skills. In theory, this is designed to empowering major education actors and encouraging public participation in improving the country's education framework.
The ministry's senior advisor for competitiveness and innovation, Ananto Kusuma Seta claimed that one of the significant points of the programme is that it will not be a temporary project. The results of the programme will be compiled in a training module that will later be pushed for implementation in other local schools.
Seta added that learning new languages can help enhance young people's awareness about other cultures and encourage them to become more open-minded and respectful towards differences. Local students, according to the senior advisor, should also be aware of the changing career trends that are essential for their future.


Today we announce that Media iQ, has once again been verified to the JICWEBS Digital Trading Standards Group (DTSG) Good Practice Principles by independent industry auditor ABC. The aim of the Good Practice Principles is to inject greater transparency into the UK digital display market, ultimately giving brands greater reassurance that their advertising is more likely to reach the right audience and is not associated with content that could jeopardise brand reputation.
By renewing their DTSG seal, Media iQ have demonstrated their continuing commitment to transparency and helping the industry work towards greater online brand safety.
Media iQ has also for the second time received the EDAA Trust Seal from independent industry Certification Provider ABC, demonstrating their continued compliance with the EU Self-Regulatory Programme for Online Behavioural Advertising (OBA).
Earning the Trust Seal is the all important step in the process for businesses committed to the Programme administered by the EDAA. The EDAA Trust Seal demonstrates that an independent check has been successfully completed each year confirming that they comply with agreed best practice for dealing with behavioural data when delivering advertising online. Providing this assurance is vitally important to the confidence and trust of consumers and business partners alike.
This certification validates Media iQ's use of segmentation, opt-outs and privacy policies for OBA and also confirms that these policies are communicated and operated accurately. This reinforces Media iQ's commitment to keeping its business certified by independent auditors like ABC to ensure that their clients and partners are constantly protected against any violations of compliance.
On being issued the Trust Seal, Paul Silver, Chief Strategy Officer at Media iQ, said: "We are delighted to receive the EDAA Trust Seal, following our recent certification by ABC for online behavioural advertising. Being an analytics focused, data driven business, we strongly believe in ensuring that our privacy policies enable and empower consumers to be well informed, with full control over their ability to opt out of targeted communications. This certification is a reinforcement of the commitment we have towards this belief."


text:
Hands on| Volume 6, ISSUE 1, P138-143, January 2009
How to perform magnetic resonance imaging on patients with implantable cardiac arrhythmia devices
Saman Nazarian, MD
Saman Nazarian
Address reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Saman Nazarian, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Carnegie 568, 600 North Wolfe Street Baltimore, Maryland 21287
Division of Cardiology/Cardiac Arrhythmia, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Henry R. Halperin, MD, MA, FHRS
Henry R. Halperin
Published:October 24, 2008DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.10.021
Previous ArticleSupraventricular tachycardia versus ventricular tachycardia detection: Is the device right?
Next ArticleRecurrent positional syncope as the primary presentation of superior vena cava syndrome after pacemaker implantation
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers unrivaled soft tissue resolution and multiplanar imaging capabilities. Cardiac MRI is capable of accurate characterization of cardiac function and is uniquely capable of identifying scar fibrosis and fat deposition, thus making it an ideal imaging modality for the evaluation of patients presenting with arrhythmia. In addition, the absence of x-ray radiation makes MRI suitable for follow-up of chronic disease and for imaging in young patients and women of childbearing age. Due to the ever expanding indications for implantation of permanent pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), advancing severity of disease and age of the population, and advances in device technology, the number of patients with implantable cardiac devices will continue to increase. It has been estimated that each patient with a pacemaker or ICD has a 50% to 75% likelihood of having a clinical indication for MRI over the lifetime of their device. When performed with appropriate supervision and following a protocol for safety, many studies over the past 10 years have reported the safety of MRI with selected devices. However, catastrophic complications with older devices have been reported. Familiarity with each device class and its potential for electromagnetic interaction is essential for electrophysiologists whose patients may require MRI.
Permanent pacemaker
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator


text:
\section{Introduction}
Let us consider the problem of finding an approximate solution of the nonlinear least squares problem
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__1_}
{\mathop{\min }\limits_{x\in {\bf {\rm R}}^{n} }} \frac{1}{2} F(x)^{{\bf \top }} F(x),
\end{equation}
where the residual function $F:D\subseteq {\bf {\rm R}}^{n} \to {\bf {\rm R}}^{m} $, $m\ge n$ is nonlinear in  $x$, $F$ is continously differentiable, and $D$ is an open convex set in ${\bf {\rm R}}^{n} $.

A large number of problems in applied mathematics and also in engineering are solved by finding the solutions of problem (\ref{EQ__1_}). For example,  solving  overdetermined systems  of  nonlinear equations, estimating  parameters of physical processes  by measurement results, constructing nonlinear regressions models for solving  engineering,  problems dynamic systems, etc. The used solution methods are iterative -- when starting from one or several initial approximations a sequence is constructed that converges to a solution of the problems (\ref{EQ__1_}).

Known methods of the Gauss-Newton type (Dennis et al. 1996; Ortega et al. 1970; Argyros 2008; Shakhno 2001) are used to solve the problem (\ref{EQ__1_}), which have derivatives of function in their iterative formulas. However, in practice, problems with calculations of derivative  arise. In this case, we can use iterative-difference methods (Argyros 2008; Ren et al. 2010, 2011; Shakhno et al. 1999, 2005) that do not require the calculation of the matrix of derivatives and often are not inferior  over the Gauss-Newton method at the order of convergence and the number of iterations. But sometimes the nonlinear function consists of differentiable and non-differentiable parts. Then a nonlinear least squares problem arises
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__2_}
{\mathop{\min }\limits_{x\in {\bf {\rm R}}^{n} }} \frac{1}{2} (F(x)+G(x))^{{\bf \top }} (F(x)+G(x)),
\end{equation}
where the residual function $F+G:D\subseteq {\bf {\rm R}}^{n} \to {\bf {\rm R}}^{m} $, $m\ge n$,  is nonlinear in $x$, $F$ is continously differentiable, $G$ is continous function, differentiability of which, in general, is not assumed,  and $D$ is an open convex set in ${\bf {\rm R}}^{n} $.  Although it is possible to apply  iterative-difference methods for solving a nonlinear problem (\ref{EQ__2_}), but it  is also possible to construct iterative methods that take into account the decomposition of the residual function. In this case, when solving nonlinear equations, methods (Shakhno et al. 2014, 2011; Shakhno 2016; C\u{a}tina\c{s} 1994; Iakymchuk et al. 2016) were constructed as combinations of the Newton method (Dennis et al. 1996; Ortega et al. 1970; Argyros 2008; Deuflhard 2004) and iterative-difference methods of chord (secant) and Kurchatov (Dennis et al. 1996; Ortega et al. 1970; Shakhno 2006, 2007; Argyros 2008; Ren et al. 2010, 2011; Shakhno et al. 2005).

In the paper (Shakhno 2017), we proposed a method for solving a nonlinear problem of least squares with a non-differentiable operator (\ref{EQ__2_}) constructed on the basis of the Gauss-Newton method method (Dennis et al. 1996; Ortega et al. 1970) and the Kurchatov type method (Shakhno et al. 2011, 2005; Ren 2011). We studied its local convergence under Lipschitz conditions and showed its effectiveness in comparison with other methods using test problems.

\section{Preliminaries}

To find the solution of the problem (\ref{EQ__2_}) we consider the Gauss-Newton-Kurchatov method (Shakhno 2017):
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__3_}
\begin{array}{l} {x_{n+1} =x_{n} -(A_{n}^{{\bf \top }} A_{n} )^{-1} A_{n}^{{\bf \top }} (F(x_{n} )+G(x_{n} )),} \\ {} \\ {A_{n} =F'(x_{n} )+G(2x_{n} -x_{n-1} ,x_{n-1} ),{\rm \; \; \; \; \; \; }n=0,1,\ldots ,} \end{array}
\end{equation}
where $F'(x_{n} )$ is matrix of Jacobi of $F(x)$; $G(2x_{n} -x_{n-1} ,x_{n-1} )$ is the divided difference of the first order of functions (Ulm 1967), and  the points $2x_{n} -x_{n-1} ,x_{n-1} $; $x_{0} $, $x_{-1} $ are initial approximations. Method (\ref{EQ__3_}) is a combination of the  Gauss-Newton method  (Dennis et al. 1996; Ortega et al. 1970) and the Kurchatov type method  (Shakhno et al. 2011, 2005; Ren 2011).

If $m=n$, method (\ref{EQ__3_}) reduces to the Newton-Kurchatov method for solving the nonlinear equation $F(x)+G(x)=0$ (Shakhno et al. 2016, 2015; Hern\'{a}ndez-Ver\'{o}n 2017; Iakymchuk et al. 2016):
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__4_}
\begin{array}{l} {x_{n+1} =x_{n} -A_{n}^{-1} (F(x_{n} )+G(x_{n} )),} \\ {} \\ {A_{n} =F'(x_{n} )+G(2x_{n} -x_{n-1} ,x_{n-1} ),{\rm \; \; \; }n=0,1,\ldots } \end{array}.
\end{equation}
Setting in (\ref{EQ__3_}) $A_{n} =F'(x_{n} )+G(x_{n} ,x_{n-1} )$, we obtain a combination of the Gauss-Newton method (Dennis et al. 1996; Ortega et al. 1970) and the Secant type method (Ren et al. 2010; Shakhno et al. 2005) of the form (Shakhno et al. 2017)
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__5_}
\begin{array}{l} {x_{n+1} =x_{n} -A_{n}^{-1} (F(x_{n} )+G(x_{n} )),} \\ {} \\ {A_{n} =F'(x_{n} )+G(x_{n} ,x_{n-1} ),{\rm \; \; \; \; }n=0,1,\ldots } \end{array}.
\end{equation}
We need the following Lipschitz conditions.

\begin{definition}\label{d21} We say that the Fr\'echet derivative $F'$ satisfies the center Lipschitz conditions on $D$, if there exist  such that for each $x\in D$
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__6_}
\left\|  F'(x)-F'(x^{*} )\right\| \le L_{0} \left\|  x-x^{*}  \right\| ,
\end{equation}
where $x^{*} \in D$ solves problem (\ref{EQ__2_}).
\end{definition}
 \begin{definition}\label{d22} We say that divided differences \textit{$G(\, \cdot \, ,\; \cdot )$}and\textit{ $G(\, \cdot \, ,\; \cdot \; ,\; \cdot \, )$ }satisfy the special Lipschitz conditions on $D\times D$ and $D\times D\times D$, if there exist $M_{0} >0$ and $N_{0} >0$ such that for each $x,y\in D$
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__7_}
\left\|  G(x,y)-G(u,v) \right\| \le M_{0} {\rm (}\left\|  x-u \right\| +\left\|  y-v \right\| \, {\rm )},
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__8_}
\left\|  G(u,x,y)-G(v,x,y) \right\| \le N_{0} \left\|  u-v \right\| .
\end{equation}
\end{definition}
Let $B>0$ and $\alpha >0$. Define function  $h$ on $[0,\, +\infty )$ by
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__9_}
h(t)\, =\, B\, {\bf [}(2\alpha +(L_{0} \, +2M_{0} )t+N_{0} t^{2} ]\, [(L_{0} /2+M_{0} )t+N_{0} t^{2} ].
\end{equation}
Suppose that equation $h(t)=1$ has at least one positive solution. Denote by  $\gamma $ the smallest such solution. Set $D_{0} =D\bigcap \Omega (x^*,\gamma )$.

\begin{definition}\label{d23} We say that the Fr\'echet  derivative $F'$ satisfies the restricted special Lipschitz conditions on $D_{0} $, if there exist  $L>0$ such that for euch $x,y\in D_{0} $
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__10_}
\left\|  F'(x)-F'(y)\right\| \le L\left\|  x-y \right\|
\end{equation}
\end{definition}
\begin{definition}\label{d24} We say that divided differences \textit{$G(\, \cdot \, ,\; \cdot )$}and\textit{ $G(\, \cdot \, ,\; \cdot \; ,\; \cdot \, )$ }satisfy the special Lipschitz conditions on $D_{0} \times D_{0} $ and $D_{0} \times D_{0} \times D_{0} $, respectively, if there exist  $M>0$ and $N>0$ such that for each $x,y,u,v\in D_{0} $
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__11_}
\left\|  G(x,y)-G(u,v) \right\| \le M{\rm (}\left\|  x-u \right\| +\left\|  y-v \right\| \, {\rm )}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__12_}
\left\|  G(u,x,y)-G(v,x,y) \right\| \le N\left\|  u-v \right\| .
\end{equation}
\end{definition}
The following condition together with (\ref{EQ__7_}) and (\ref{EQ__8_}) have been used instead of the preceding ones in the study of such iterative methods (Shakhno 2017).

 \begin{definition}\label{d25} We say that the Fr\'echet derivative $F'$ satisfies the Lipschitz conditions on $D_{} $, if there exist  $L_{1} >0$ such that for euch $x,y\in D$
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__13_}
\left\|  F'(x)-F'(y)\right\| \le L_{1} \left\|  x-y \right\|
\end{equation}
\end{definition}

Let $\Omega (x^{*} ,3r_{*} )={\rm \{ }x:\left\|  x-x^{*}  \right\| <3r_{*} {\rm \} }.$

\section{Convergence analysis  of the iterative process (\ref{EQ__3_})}
\setcounter{theorem}{0}

Next, we improve Theorem 1  (Shakhno et al. 2017).

 \begin{theorem} Let  function \textit{$F+G:{\bf {\rm R}}^{n} \to {\bf {\rm R}}^{m} $} be continuous on the open subset \textit{$D\subseteq {\bf {\rm R}}^{n} $},  \textit{$F$ }continuously differentiable in this domain, and let\textit{$G$ }be a continuous function. Assume that the problem (\ref{EQ__1_}) has a solution \textit{$x^{*} $ }in the domain and there exist the inverse operator $(A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*} )^{-1} ={\bf [}{\rm (}F'(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} ,x^{*} ){\rm )}^{{\rm \top }} {\rm (}F'(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} ,x^{*} ){\rm )}{\rm ]}^{-1} $
 and
\[\left\|  (A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*} )^{-1}  \right\| \le B.\]
Estimates (\ref{EQ__6_}), (\ref{EQ__7_}), (\ref{EQ__8_}), (\ref{EQ__10_}), (\ref{EQ__11_}), (\ref{EQ__12_}) hold and $\gamma $ given by (\ref{EQ__9_}) exists,
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__14_}
\left\|  F(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} ) \right\| \le \eta ,{\rm \; \; \; \; \; \; }\left\|  F'(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} ,x^{*} ) \right\| \le \alpha ,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__15_}
B(L+2M)\eta <1,
\end{equation}
\[\Omega (x^{*} ,3r_{*} )\subseteq D,       \]
where $r_{*} $ is unique positive zero of the function $q$, given by
 \begin{equation} \label{EQ__16_} \begin{array}{c} q(r) = B {\bf [}(\alpha +(L\, +2M)r+4Nr^{2} )((L/2+M)r+4Nr^{2} )+(L+2M+4Nr)\eta {\bf ]}\\
+B {\bf [}2\alpha +(L_{0} +2M_{0} )r+4N_{0} r^{2} {\bf ][}(L_{0} +2M_{0} )r+4N_{0} r^{2} {\bf ]}-1.
\end{array}\end{equation}

Then for $x_{0} ,\; x_{-1} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$ the iterative process (\ref{EQ__3_}) is well defined, the sequence ${\rm \{ }x_{n} {\rm \} }$, $n=0,1,\ldots $, generated by it,  remains in the open subset $\Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$, and converges to the solution $x^{*} $. Moreover,  the following error estimates hold for  $n=0,1,\ldots $
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__17_} \begin{array}{c}\left\|  x_{n+1} -x^{*}  \right\| \le C_{1} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| +C_{2} \left\|  x_{n} -x_{n-1}  \right\| ^{2} +C_{3} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} \\
+C_{4} \left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| ,
\end{array}\end{equation}
where
\[g(r)=B{\bf [}1-B{\rm (}2\alpha +(L_{0} +2M_{0} )r+4N_{0} r^{2} {\rm )(}(L_{0} +2M_{0} )r+4N_{0} r^{2} {\rm )}{\rm ]}^{-1} ,\]
\[C_{1} =g(r_{*} )(L+2M)\eta ,{\rm \; \; \; \; \; }C_{2} =g(r_{*} )N\eta ,\]
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__18_}
C_{3} =g(r_{*} )(L{\bf /}2+M){\rm (}\alpha +(L+2M)r_{*} +4Nr_{*}^{2} {\rm )},
\end{equation}
\[C_{4} =g(r_{*} )N{\rm (}\alpha +(L+2M)r_{*} +4Nr_{*}^{2} {\rm )}. \]
\end{theorem}

\textbf{Proof.} According to the intermediate value theorem on ${\bf [}0,\; r{\bf ]}$ the function $q$ for  a sufficiently large $r$ and by (\ref{EQ__15_}) has a positive zero denoted by $r_{*} $. But $q'(r)\ge 0$for $r\ge 0.$  So, this root is the only one on ${\bf [}0,\; r{\bf ]}$.

By assumption $x_{0} ,\; x_{-1} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$. Then we have
\[\left\|  2x_{0} -\, x_{-1} -x^{*}  \right\| \le \left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +\left\|  x_{0} -\, x_{-1}  \right\|  \]
\[\le \left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +\left\|   x_{0} -x^{*} \right\| +\left\|  x_{-1} -x^{*}  \right\| <3r_{*} .\]
So, $2x_{0} -x_{-1} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,3r_{*} )$.

Let's denote $A_{n} =F'(x_{n} )+G(2x_{n} -x_{n-1} ,x_{n-1} )$. Let $n=0$ and we will get this estimate:
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__19_} \begin{array}{c}\left\|  I-(A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*} )^{-1} A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} A_{0}  \right\| =\left\|  (A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} )^{-1} (A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} -A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} A_{0} ) \right\| \\\\
=\left\|  (A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} )^{-1} {\rm (}A_{*}^{{\rm \top }} (A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} -A_{0} )+(A_{*}^{{\rm \top }} -A_{0}^{{\rm \top }} )(A_{0} -A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} )\right. \\\\
\left. +(A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} )A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} {\rm )} \right\| \le \left\|  (A_{*}^{{\rm \top }} A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} )^{-1}  \right\| {\rm (}\, \left\|  A_{*}^{{\rm \top }}  \right\| \left\|  A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} -A_{0}  \right\| \\ \\
+\left\|  A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{0}^{{\bf \top }}  \right\| \left\|  A_{0} -A_{*}^{{\rm \; }}  \right\| +\left\|  A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{0}^{{\bf \top }}  \right\| \left\|  A_{*}^{{\rm \; }}  \right\| \, {\rm )}\\\\
\le B{\rm (}\alpha \left\|  A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} \, -\, A_{0}  \right\| +\left\|  A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} \, -\, A_{0}^{{\bf \top }}  \right\| \left\|  A_{0} \, -\, A_{*}^{{\rm \; }}  \right\| +\alpha \left\|  A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} \, -\, A_{0}^{{\bf \top }}  \right\| \, {\bf )}.
\end{array}\end{equation}
Using (\ref{EQ__8_}), we get
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__20_} \begin{array}{c}\left\|  G(2x_{0} -x_{-1} ,x_{-1} )-G(x_{0} ,x_{0} ) \right\| \\\\
=\left\|  G(2x_{0} -x_{-1} ,x_{-1} )-G(x_{0} ,x_{-1} )+G(x_{0} ,x_{-1} )-G(x_{0} ,x_{0} ) \right\|
\\\\=\left\|  G(2x_{0} \, -x_{-1} ,x_{-1} ,x_{0} )(x_{0} \, -x_{-1} )-G(x_{0} ,x_{-1} ,x_{0} )(x_{0} \, -x_{-1} ) \right\| \\\\
\le N_{0} \left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2}
\end{array}\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__21_} \begin{array}{c}\left\|  G(2x_{0} -x_{-1} ,x_{-1} )-G(x_{0} ,x^{*} ) \right\| \\\\
=\left\|  G(2x_{0} -x_{-1} ,x_{-1} )-G(x_{0} ,x_{0} )+G(x_{0} ,x_{0} )-G(x_{0} ,x^{*} ) \right\| \\\\
\le N_{0} \left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} +M_{0} \left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| .
\end{array}\end{equation}
We use inequalities (\ref{EQ__7_}), (\ref{EQ__20_}), (\ref{EQ__21_}):
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__22_} \begin{array}{c}\left\|  A_{0} -A_{*}  \right\| =\left\|  (F'(x_{0} )+G(2x_{0} -x_{-1} ,x_{-1} ))-(F'(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} ,x^{*} )) \right\| \\\\
=\left\|  F'(x_{0} )-F'(x^{*} )+G(2x_{0} -x_{-1} ,x_{-1} )\right. \\\\
-\left. G(x_{0} ,x^{*} )+G(x_{0} ,x^{*} )-G(x^{*} ,x^{*} ) \right\| \\\\
\le L\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} +2M\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| \\\\
=(L_{0} +2M_{0} )\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N_{0} \left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} .
\end{array}\end{equation}
Then
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__23_}
\left\|  A_{0}  \right\| \le \left\|  A_{0}  \right\| ||+\left\|  A_{0} -A_{*}  \right\| \le \alpha +(L_{0} +2M_{0} )\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N_{0} \left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} .
\end{equation}
Then we obtain from the inequality (\ref{EQ__19_}) and the definition $r_{*} $ (\ref{EQ__16_})
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__24_} \begin{array}{c}\left\|  I-(A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} )^{-1} A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} A_{0}  \right\| \le B\, {\bf [}2\alpha +(L_{0} +2M_{0} )\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N_{0} \left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]} \\\\
\times {\bf [}(L_{0} +2M_{0} )\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N_{0} \left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]}\\\\
\le B {\bf [}2\alpha +(L_{0} +2M_{0} )r_{*} +4N_{0} r_{*}^{2} {\bf ][}(L_{0} +2M_{0} )r_{*} +4N_{0} r_{*}^{2} {\bf ]}\\\\=h(r_{*} )<1.
\end{array}\end{equation}
By Banach's theorem on the inverse operator (Ortega et al. 270) there exists $(A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} A_{0} )^{-1} $  and we have from (\ref{EQ__24_})
\[\left\|  (A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} A_{0} )^{-1}  \right\| \le g_{0} =B{\rm \{ }1-B\, {\bf [}2\alpha +(L_{0} +2M_{0} )\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N_{0} \left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]}\]
\[\times {\bf [}(L_{0} +2M_{0} )\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N_{0} \left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]}\, {\rm \} }^{-1} \]\[\le g(r_{*} )
=B{\rm \{ }1-B{\bf [}2\alpha +(L_{0} +2M_{0} )r_{*} +4N_{0} r_{*}^{2} {\bf ][}(L_{0} +2M_{0} )r_{*} +4N_{0} r_{*}^{2} {\bf ]}\, {\bf \} }^{-1} .\]

Consequently,  iterate $x_{1} $ is well defined.

Then let's show that $x_{1} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$. Using equality
\[A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} (F(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} ))=0 ,\]

we will get an estimate
\[\left\|  x_{1} -x^{*}  \right\| =\]
\[=\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*} -(A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} A_{0} )^{-1} (A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} (F(x_{0} )+G(x_{0} ))-A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} (F(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} )) \right\|  \]
\[\le \left\|-(A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} A_{0} )^{-1}\right\| \left\| \, \left[\right. -A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} \left(\right.  A_{0} -\int _{0}^{1}F'(x^{*} +t (x_{0} -x^{*} )) dt\right. \]
\[-\left. G(x_{0} ,x^{*} ))(x_{0} -x^{*} )+(A_{0}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} )(F(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} ))\left. \right] \, \right\| .\]
Hence, taking into account (\ref{EQ__21_}), (\ref{EQ__23_}) and inequalities
\[\left\| \, A_{0} -\int _{0}^{1}F'(x^{*} +t (x_{0} -x^{*} ))dt-G(x_{0} ,x^{*} ) \right\| \]
\[=\left\| \, F'(x_{0} )-\int _{0}^{1}F'(x^{*} +t (x_{0} -x^{*} ))\, dt+G(2x_{0} -x_{-1} ,x_{-1} )-G(x_{0} ,x^{*} ) \right\| \]
\[=\left\| \,  \int _{0}^{1}(F'(x_{0} )-F'(x^{*} +t (x_{0} -x^{*} \, )))\, dt
+G(2x_{0} -x_{-1} ,x_{-1} )-G(x_{0} ,x^{*} ) \right\|  \]
\[\le \frac{1}{2} L\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +M\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|   x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2}  \]
\[\le \frac{1}{2} L\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +M\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N{\rm (}\, \left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +\left\|  x_{-1} -x^{*}  \right\| \, {\rm )}^{2} \]
we will get
\[\left\|  x_{1} -x^{*}  \right\| \le B\left\{\right. {\rm (}\alpha +(L+2M)\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\rm )} \]
\[\times \left(\right. \frac{1}{2} L\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +M\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} \left.\right)\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| \]
\[+\eta \, {\rm (}(L+2M)\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} \, {\rm )}\left. \right\} \]
\[\times \left\{\right. 1-B\, {\bf [}2\alpha +(L+2M)\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]}\]
\[\times {\rm (}(L+2M)\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\rm )}\left.  \right\}^{-1} \]
\[=g_{0} \left\{\right.  {\rm (}\alpha +(L+2M)\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\rm )} \]
\[\times \left(\right. \frac{1}{2} L\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +M\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2}  \left. \right)\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| \]
\[+\eta \, {\rm (}(L+2M)\left\|  x_{0} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{0} -x_{-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\rm )} \left. \right\}\]
\[<g(r_{*} ){\bf [}{\rm (}\alpha +(L+2M)r_{*} +4Nr_{*}^{2} {\rm )(}(L/2+M)r_{*} +4Nr_{*}^{2} {\rm )}\]
\[+(L+2M+4Nr_{*} )\eta {\bf ]}\, r_{*} =p(r_{*} )r_{*} =r_{*} ,\]
where
\[p(r)=g(r)\, {\bf [}{\rm (}\alpha +(L+2M)r+4Nr^{2} {\rm )(}(L/2+M)r+4Nr^{2} {\rm )}\]
\[+(L+2M+4Nr)\eta \, {\bf ]}.\]
Hence, $x_{1} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$ and inequality (\ref{EQ__16_}) is true for $n=0$.

 Assume that $x_{n} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$ for $n=0,1,\ldots ,k$, and the estimate (\ref{EQ__17_}) for $n=0,1,\ldots ,k-1$, where $k\, \ge $1 is an integer, holds. Next we prove that $x_{n+1} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$, and the estimate (\ref{EQ__17_}) holds for $n=k$.

 Define
\[\left\|  I-{\rm (}A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} {\bf )}^{-1} A_{{}^{k} }^{{\bf \top }} A_{k}  \right\| =\left\|  {\bf (}A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} {\bf )}^{-1} {\bf (}A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} -A_{{}^{k} }^{{\bf \top }} A_{k} {\bf )} \right\| \]
\[=\left\| \, {\rm (}A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} {\bf )}^{-1} {\bf (}A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} (A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} -A_{k} )+(A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{{}^{k} }^{{\bf \top }} )(A_{k} -A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} )\right. \]
\[+\left. {\rm (}A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{{}^{k} }^{{\bf \top }} {\bf )}A_{*} {\bf )}\, \right\| \le \left\|  {\bf (}A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} {\bf )}^{-1}  \right\| \, {\bf (}\, \left\|  A_{*}^{{\bf \top }}  \right\| \left\|  A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} -A_{k}  \right\| \]
\[+\left\|  A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{{}^{k} }^{{\bf \top }}  \right\| \left\|  A_{k} -A_{*}^{{\rm \; }}  \right\| +\left\|  A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{{}^{k} }^{{\bf \top }}  \right\| \left\|  A_{*}^{{\rm \; }}  \right\| \, {\rm )} \]
\[\le B\, {\rm (}\alpha \left\|  A_{*}^{{\rm \; }} -A_{k}  \right\| +\left\|  A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{{}^{k} }^{{\bf \top }}  \right\| \left\|  A_{k} -A_{*}^{{\rm \; }}  \right\| +\alpha \left\|  A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{{}^{k} }^{{\bf \top }}  \right\| \, {\bf )} \]
\[\le B\, {\bf [}2\alpha +(L+2M)\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{k} -x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]} \]
\[\times {\bf [}(L/2+M)\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{k} -x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]} \]
\[\le B\, {\bf [}2\alpha +(L+2M)r_{*} +4Nr_{*}^{2} {\bf ]}\, {\bf [}(L+2M)r_{*} +4Nr_{*}^{2} {\bf ]}=h(r_{*} )<1.\]
So, ${\rm (}A_{{}^{k} }^{{\bf \top }} A_{k} {\bf )}^{-1} $ exists and
\[\left\|  (A_{k+1}^{{\bf \top }} A_{k+1} )^{-1}  \right\| \le g_{k} \, =B{\rm \{ }1-B\, {\bf [}2\alpha +(L_{0} \, +\, 2M_{0} )\left\|  x_{k} \, -\, x^{*}  \right\| +N_{0} \left\|  x_{k} \, -\, x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]} \]
\[\times {\bf [}(L_{0} /2+M_{0} )\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| +N_{0} \left\|  x_{k} -x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]}{\rm \} }^{-1} \le g(r_{*} ).\]

Therefore, the iteration $x_{k+1} $ is well defined, and we can get in turn $$\left\|  x_{k+1} -x^{*}  \right\| =\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*} -{\rm (}A_{k}^{{\bf \top }} A_{k} {\bf )}^{-1} {\bf (}A_{k}^{{\bf \top }} (F(x_{k} )+G(x_{k} ){\bf )}\right. $$
\[-\left. A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} (F(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} )) \right\| \le \left\|  -{\rm (}A_{k}^{{\rm \top }} A_{k} {\rm )}^{-1}  \right\|  \]
\[\times \left\| \, \left[\right.  -A_{k}^{{\bf \top }} \left(\right. A_{k} -\int _{0}^{1}F'(x^{*} +t (x_{k} -x^{*} ))\, dt\right. \]
\[-\left. G(x_{k} ,x^{*} ) \left. \right)(x_{k} -x^{*} )+{\rm (}A_{k}^{{\bf \top }} -A_{*}^{{\bf \top }} {\bf )}(F(x^{*} )+G(x^{*} ))\left. \right]^{} \right\|  \]
\[\le g_{k} {\rm \{ }\, {\bf [}\alpha +(L+2M)\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{k} -x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]} \]
\[\times {\bf [}(L/2+M)\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{k} -x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]}\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| \]
\[+\eta \, {\rm (}(L+2M)\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{k} -x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\rm )}{\rm \} } \]
\[\le g(r_{*} ){\rm \{ }\, {\bf [}\alpha +(L+2M)\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{k} -x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]} \]
\[\times {\bf [}(L/2+M)\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{k} -x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\bf ]}\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| \]
\[+\eta \, {\rm (}(L+2M)\left\|  x_{k} -x^{*}  \right\| +N\left\|  x_{k} -x_{k-1}  \right\| ^{2} {\rm )\} }<p(r_{*} )r_{*} =r_{*} ,\]
i.e. $x_{k+1} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$, and estimate (\ref{EQ__17_}) holds for $n=k$

Consequently, the iterative process (\ref{EQ__3_}) is well defined, $x_{n} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$ for all $n\ge 0$, and estimate (\ref{EQ__17_}) holds for all $n\ge 0$.

Next, we prove that $x_{n} \to x^{*} $ for $n\to \infty $. Define  functions $a$ and $b$ on ${\bf [}0,r_{*} {\bf ]}$ by:
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__25_}\begin{array}{c} a(r)=g(r)((L+2M+3Nr)\eta +\varphi (r)((L/2+M)r+4Nr^{2} )),\\\\

b(r)=g(r)Nr \eta ,
\end{array}\end{equation}
where $\varphi (r)=\alpha +(L+2M)r+4Nr^{2} $.

According to the choice $r_{*} $, we have
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__26_}
a(r_{*} )\ge 0,{\rm \; \; \; \; }b(r_{*} )\ge 0,{\rm \; \; \; \; }a(r_{*} )+b(r_{*} )=1.
\end{equation}
Using the estimate (\ref{EQ__17_}), the definition of constants $C_{i} ,\, \, i=1,2,3,4$, as well as the functions $a$ and $b$, for $n\ge 0$, we obtain
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__27_}\begin{array}{c} \left\|  x_{n+1} -x^{*}  \right\| \le (C_{1} +C_{3} r+4C_{4} r_{*}^{2} )\left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| +C_{2} {\rm (}\, \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} \\\\
+2\left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| +\left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} {\rm )}\\\\<(C_{1} +3C_{2} r_{*}
+C_{3} r_{*} +4C_{4} r_{*}^{2} )\left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| +C_{2} r_{*} \left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| \\\\
=a(r_{*} )\left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| +b(r_{*} )\left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| .
\end{array}\end{equation}

Similarly to (Ren at al. 2011), we prove that under the conditions (\ref{EQ__25_}), (\ref{EQ__26_}) the sequence ${\rm \{ }x_{n} {\rm \} }$for $n\to \infty $converges to $x^{*} $.

First of all, for a real number $r_{*} >0$ and initial points $x_{0} ,x_{-1} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r_{*} )$ there exists a real number $r'$ such that $0<r'<r_{*} $, $x_{0} ,x_{-1} \in \Omega (x^{*} ,r')$. Then all the above estimates for the sequence ${\rm \{ }x_{n} {\rm \} }$ are valid, if replaced $r_{*} $ by $r'$. In particular, from (\ref{EQ__27_})  for $n\ge 0$, we get
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__28_}
\left\|  x_{n+1} -x^{*}  \right\| \le a\left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| +b\left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| ,
\end{equation}
where $a=a(r')$, $b=b(r')$.

Clearly, we  also have
\[a\ge 0,{\rm \; \; \; \; }b\ge 0,{\rm \; \; \; \; }a+b<a(r_{*} )\left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| +b(r_{*} )\left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| <1.\]

Define sequences ${\rm \{ }\theta _{n} {\rm \} }$, ${\rm \{ }\rho _{n} {\rm \} }$:
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__29_}\begin{array}{c} \theta _{n} =\displaystyle\frac{\left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| }{r'} ,{\rm \; \; \; \; \; \; }n=-1,0,1,\ldots ,\\\\

\rho _{-1} =\theta _{-1} ,{\rm \; \; \; }\rho _{0} =\theta _{0} ,{\rm \; \; \; }\rho _{n+1} =a\rho _{n} +b\rho _{n} {}_{-1} ,{\rm \; \; \; }n=0,1,2,\ldots .
\end{array}\end{equation}
We divide the two parts of inequality (\ref{EQ__28_}) into $r'$  and obtain $\theta _{n+1} =a\theta _{n} +b\theta _{n} {}_{-1} ,{\rm \; \; \; \; }n=0,1,2,\ldots $.

 By definition of the sequence ${\rm \{ }\rho _{n} {\rm \} }$, we have
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__30_}
0\le \theta _{n} \le \rho _{n} ,{\rm \; \; \; \; }n=-1,0,1,\ldots .
\end{equation}
For the sequence ${\rm \{ }\rho _{n} {\rm \} }$ known explicit formulas
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__31_}
\rho _{n} =\omega _{1} \lambda _{1}^{n} +\omega _{2} \lambda _{2}^{n} ,{\rm \; \; \; \; }n=-1,0,1,\ldots ,
\end{equation}
where
\[\lambda _{1} =\frac{a-\sqrt{a^{2} +4b} }{2} ,{\rm \; \; \; \; \; }\lambda _{2} =\frac{a+\sqrt{a^{2} +4b} }{2} \]
and
\[\omega _{1} =\frac{\lambda _{2}^{-1} \rho _{0} -\rho _{-1} }{\lambda _{2}^{-1} -\lambda _{1}^{-1} } ,{\rm \; \; \; \; \; }\omega _{2} =\frac{\rho _{-1} -\lambda _{1}^{-1} \rho _{0} }{\lambda _{2}^{-1} -\lambda _{1}^{-1} } .\]
Note that
\[0\le \left| \lambda _{1}  \right|\le \left| \lambda _{2}  \right|<\frac{a+\sqrt{a^{2} +4(1-a)} }{2} =\frac{a+2-a}{2} =1.\]
Taking into account (\ref{EQ__30_}) and (\ref{EQ__31_}), we conclude that ${\rm \{ }\theta _{n} {\rm \} }\to 0$ as $n\to \infty $. Therefore,  we conclude that $x_{n} \to x^{*} $ as $n\to \infty $.
\hfill ${\rlap{$\sqcup$}\displaystyle\sqcap} $
 \begin{remark} If $L_{0} =L=L_{1} $, $M_{0} =M$ and $N_{0} =N$, our results specialize  to the corresponding ones  (Shakhno 2017). Otherwise they constitute an improvement. As an example let $q_{1} ,\, g_{1} ,\, C_{1}^{1} ,\, C_{2}^{1} ,\, C_{3}^{1} ,\, C_{4}^{1} ,\, r_{*}^{1} $ used in (Shakhno 2017) denote the functions and parameters, where $L_{0} ,\, L,\, M,\, N$ are replaced by $L_{1} ,\, L_{1} ,\, M_{0} ,\, N_{0} $, respectively. Then, since $L_{0} \le \, L_{1} $, $L\le \, L_{1} \, $, $M\le \, M_{0} \, $, $N\le \, N_{0} \, $and since $D_{0} \, \subseteq D$, we have $q(r)\le q_{1} (r)$,  $g(r)\le g_{1} (r)$,  $C_{1} \le C_{1}^{1} $,  $C_{2} \le C_{2}^{1} $,  $C_{3} \le C_{3}^{1} $, $C_{4} \le C_{4}^{1} $, so $r_{*}^{1} \le r_{*} $,  and the new error bounds are tighter than the corresponding ones (\ref{EQ__23_}) (Shakhno 2017) .

 Moreover, we have
\[B(L_{0} +2M_{0} )\eta <1\, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \Rightarrow \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, B(L+2M)\eta <1\, \]
but not vice versa, unless if $L_{0} =L$ and $M_{0} =M$.

 Hence, the new sufficient convergence criteria for method (\ref{EQ__3_}) are weaker. These advantages are obtained under the same computational cost as (Shakhno 2017), since in practice the new constants are special cases of the previous ones.
\end{remark}

\begin{corollary} In the case of zero residual, the convergence order of the iterative process (\ref{EQ__3_}) is quadratic.
\end{corollary}
 If $\eta =0$, we have a nonlinear least squares problem with zero residual in the solution. Then the constants $C_{1} =0$ and $C_{2} \, =0$ and (\ref{EQ__17_}) reduces to
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__32_}
\left\|  x_{n+1} -x^{*}  \right\| \le C_{3} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} +C_{4} \left\|  x_{n} -x_{n-1}  \right\| ^{2} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| .
\end{equation}
It follows from the inequality (\ref{EQ__32_}) that the order of convergence (\ref{EQ__3_}) is not higher than quadratic. Consequently, there exist a constant $C_{5} \ge 0$ and a positive integer $N$ such that for all $n\ge N$
\[\left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| \ge C_{5} \left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} .\]
By
\[\left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| \le \left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| ,\]
we have
\[\left\|  x_{n} -x_{n-1}  \right\| ^{2} \le {\rm (} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| +\left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| \, {\rm )}^{2} \le 4\left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} ,\]
and from (\ref{EQ__32_}) we have
\[\left\|  x_{n+1} -x^{*}  \right\| \le C_{3} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} +4C_{4} \left\|  x_{n-1} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\|  \]
\[\le C_{3} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} +4\frac{C_{4} }{C_{5} } \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} =C_{6} \left\|  x_{n} -x^{*}  \right\| ^{2} .\]

Consequently, the convergence order  of the iterative process (\ref{EQ__3_}) is quadratic.

As we see from the estimates (\ref{EQ__17_}) and (\ref{EQ__18_}), the convergence of the iterative process (\ref{EQ__3_}) essentially depends on the terms containing the values $\eta $, $\alpha $, $L$, $M$ and $N$.

 For problems with zero residual in the solution ($\eta =0$), the quadratic convergence of the iterative process (\ref{EQ__3_}) is established.

For problems with a small residual in the solution ($\eta $ -- "small") and with weak nonlinearity ($\alpha $, $L_{0} $, $L$, $M$ and  $N$-- "small"), the convergence of the iterative process is linear. In the case of large residual ($\eta $ -- "large") or for strongly nonlinear problems ($\alpha $,  $L_{0}$, $L$, $M$ and $N$ -- "large"), the iterative process (\ref{EQ__3_}) may not converge at all.

\section{Results of numerical experiment}

On several test cases, we compare the convergence rates of the Gauss-Newton-Kurchatov method (\ref{EQ__3_}), the Gauss-Newton-Secant method (\ref{EQ__5_} ) and the Secant-type difference method\textbf{ }(Ren et al. 2010; Shakhno et al 2005) \textbf{}
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__33_}\begin{array}{c}  x_{n+1} =x_{n} -{\rm (}A_{n}^{{\bf \top }} A_{n} {\bf )}^{-1} A_{n}^{{\bf \top }} (F(x_{n} )+G(x_{n} )),\\\\
A_{n} =F(x_{n} ,x_{n-1} )+G(x_{n} ,x_{n-1} ),{\rm \; \; \; \; \; }n=0,1,\ldots ,
\end{array}\end{equation}
and the Kurchatov-type difference method\textbf{ }(Ren et al. 2011;\textbf{ }Shakhno et al. 2005)
\begin{equation} \label{EQ__34_}\begin{array}{c}  x_{n+1} =x_{n} -{\rm (}A_{n}^{{\bf \top }} A_{n} {\bf )}^{-1} A_{n}^{{\bf \top }} (F(x_{n} )+G(x_{n} )),\\\\
A_{n} =F(2x_{n} -x_{n-1} ,x_{n-1} )+G(2x_{n} -x_{n-1} ,x_{n-1} ),{\rm \; \; \; \; }n=0,1,\ldots .
\end{array}\end{equation}
We tested methods on nonlinear systems with a non-differentiable operator with zero and non-zero residuen. The classical Gauss-Newton method and the Newton method cannot apply to  solving these problems.

 Solution results are with accurate $\varepsilon =10^{-8} $. The additional approximation was chosen as follows: $x_{-1} =x_{0} -10^{-4} $. The calculations were carried out until the conditions were fulfilled

 $$\left\|  x_{n+1} -x_{n}  \right\| \le \varepsilon  \quad \rm{and} \quad  \left\|  A_{n}^{{\bf \top }} (F(x_{n} )+G(x_{n} )) \right\| \le \varepsilon ,$$
 with $f(x)={\mathop{\min }\limits_{x\in {\bf {\rm R}}^{n} }} \frac{1}{2} (F(x)+G(x))^{{\bf \top }} (F(x)+G(x))$.

\vspace{2mm}
\textbf{Example} \textbf{\textit{1}}\textit{  }(Shakhno et al. 2014; Argyros 2008; C\u{a}tina\c{s} 1994):
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l} {3x^{2} y+y^{2} -1+\left| x-1 \right|=0,} \\ {x^{4} +xy^{3} -1+\left| y \right|=0,} \end{array}\right. \]
\[(x^{*} ,y^{*} )\approx (0.89465537,{\rm \; }0.32782652), f(x^{*} )=0.\]

\textbf{Example\textit{ 2.} }$n=2,{\rm \; \; }m=3$:
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l} {3x^{2} y+y^{2} -1+\left| x-1 \right|=0,} \\ {x^{4} +xy^{3} -1+\left| y \right|=0,} \\ {\left| x^{2} -y \right|={\rm 0,}} \end{array}\right. \]
\[(x^{*} ,y^{*} )\approx (0.74862800,{\rm \; }0.43039151), f(x^{*} )\approx 4.0469349\cdot 10^{-2} .\]

Table 1 shows the results of a numerical experiment. In particular, the investigated methods are compared by the number of iterations performed to find a solution with a given accuracy.

\vspace{2mm}
{\it Table 1}. Number of iterations for solving of the test problems

\begin{tabular}{|p{0.5in}|p{0.6in}|p{0.6in}|p{0.8in}|p{0.5in}|p{0.7in}|} \hline
Example  &  $(x_{0} ,y_{0} )$ & Kurchatov type's method (\ref{EQ__34_}) & Gauss-Newton-Kurchatov method (\ref{EQ__3_}) & Secant type's method (\ref{EQ__33_}) & Gauss-Newton-Secant method (\ref{EQ__5_}) \\ \hline
\textbf{\textit{1}} & (1, 0.1) & 6 & 5 & 6 & 5 \\
\cline {2-6}
 & (3, 1) & 12 & 9 & 11 & 10 \\ \cline {2-6}
 & (0.5, 0.5) & 12 & 10 & 18 & 10 \\ \hline
\textbf{\textit{2}} & (1, 0.1) & 16 & 14 & 21 & 11 \\\cline {2-6}
 & (3, 1) & 21 & 18 & 25 & 15 \\ \cline {2-6}
 & (0.5, 0.5) & 16 & 14 & 19 & 13 \\\hline
\end{tabular}

\section{Conclusions}

It follows from the theoretical results, practical calculations and comparison of the results obtained, that the combined differential-difference methods (\ref{EQ__3_}) and (\ref{EQ__5_}) converge faster than the Kurchatov type method (\ref{EQ__34_}) and the Secant type method  (\ref{EQ__33_}). As proved, in the case of zero residual, method (\ref{EQ__3_}) has a quadratic order of convergence and does not require the calculation of derivatives from a non-differentiable part of the operator. Then the method (\ref{EQ__3_}), as well as the method (\ref{EQ__5_}), are effective methods for solving   nonlinear  least squares problems with  non-differentiable operator.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Paravachonium insolitum es una especie de arácnido del orden Pseudoscorpionida de la familia Bochicidae.

Distribución geográfica
Se encuentra en México.

Referencias

Insolitum
Arácnidos de México
Arácnidos descritos en 1982
Fauna de México

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Братислав Бата Гашић (Крушевац, 30. јун 1967) је српски привредник, политичар и актуелни министар унутрашњих послова Републике Србије. Некадашњи је градоначелник Крушевца (2012-2014), министар одбране (2014—2016) и директор Безбедносно информативне агенције (2017-2022).

Биографија

Образовање и приватна каријера
Родио се 30. јуна 1967. године у Крушевцу. Ту је завршио Основну школу "Јован Јовановић Змај", а потом је звање дипломираног грађевинског техничара стекао у средњошколској установи која се тад звала Образовни центар "Боса Цветић". Дипломирао је на Економском факултету Универзитета у Нишу.

Војни рок у Југословенској народној армији служио је током 1985. и 1986. године као возач у роду инжењерије у Белој Цркви и Бачкој Тополи.

Од 1989. године бави се приватним предузетништвом, власник је и директор предузећа "Saco". Више година живео је и радио у Грчкој, а био је и сувласник "Гранд кафе" У марту 2013. године именован је за председника Управног одбора Јавног предузећа "Србијагас" Нови Сад.

Истакнути је спортски радник. Водио је женски одбојкашки клуб "Крушевац Сантос" до Прве Б лиге, а четири године је био директор фудбалске школе "Напредак".

Политичка каријера
Један је од оснивача Српске напредне странке, а од септембра 2012. до 2016. године је био на функцији потпредседника странке. Поред тога је био и председник Окружног одбора СНС-а у Расинском округу.

Од јуна 2012. године до 30. априла 2014. године био је градоначелник Крушевца. Био је министар одбране у Влади Републике Србије од 27. априла 2014. године до 5. фебруара 2016. године Смењен је под притиском јавности, зато што је 6. децембра 2015. упутио сексистичку увреду новинарки телевизије Б92 Златији Лабовић.

Од 29. маја 2017. године до 26. октобра 2022. године био је директора Безбедносно информативне-агенције.

За министра унутрашњих послова изабран је 26. октобра 2022. године.

Приватни живот
Са супругом Иреном има синове Владана, Милана и Николу и унука Давида, Матију и Видака.

Говори грчки и енглески језик. Надимак му је Бата Сантос.

Награде и признања

Одликовања

  Орден Светог краља Милутина (Српска православна црква)
  Орден Светог Саве другог реда (Српска православна црква)
  Орден Светог Симеона Мироточивог (Српска православна црква)
 Орден Његоша I реда (Република Српска)
  Орден Преподобног Прохора Пчињског (Епархија врањска)

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 фебруара 2014. године проглашен је за личност године Расинског управног округа, од Регионалне привредне коморе Крушевац и "Media invent"
 децембра 2012. године Управни одбор НАЛЕД-а доделио му је специјално признање за остварене реформе у градској администрацији и допринос унапређењу привредног амбијента
 1998. године од стране града Крушевца проглашен је за менаџера године у Крушевцу

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Спољашње везе
 Братислав Гашић, Истиномер
 Братислав Гашић, Отворени парламент

Рођени 1967.
Крушевљани
Српски политичари
Српски министри
Носиоци Ордена Светог Саве
Чланови СНС
Носиоци Ордена Његоша
Носиоци одликовања Српске православне цркве


How will ISO 22000 Certification Oman helps organization to increase customer trust towards produced food products? Sultanate of Oman is a country located in gulf with Muscat city as capital for the country. As per the analysis in the recent years country development has increased drastically due industrialization and incoming tourist from all over globe. This has created such a situation that there is huge demand for food industry. Lot many investment coming within the country and international due to which competition is at peak level. When situation has come to this point it is very important for all the organization to make sure that it builds trust within the customer to stay profited in this competitive market edge. This can only be done by implementing ISO 22000 Certification Oman in your organization.
It is an international standard written by international organization for standards which specifies the requirements on food safety management system. It focuses more on eliminating the food safety issues completely throughout the food life cycle. Food safety incidents are very costly it have resulted in heavy losses, penalty and food recall. The standard specifies to identity all the food safety hazards through the life cycle and for each identified hazards organization has to have the control or mitigation for the risk which might pop out in future. The standard asks to train all the employees who are involved in food production like pre requisite program and operational pre requisite program. It is advised for all the employees to use safety equipment during food production.
What are the advantages of ISO 22000 Certification Oman?
One of the main advantages is that it helps organization to build trust within the customer to stay profited in this competitive market edge.
It helps organization brand value recognition domestic and globally.
To win any of the government tenders in food section it is very important for companies to be certified.
It reduces the expenditure on marketing and increases the process efficiency resulting in reduced wastage of resources, employee retention and more profit.
Any small error at any point of time in food chain activities will lead into a larger deviation. ISO 22000 Certification in Oman will help in this regard. Because food safety hazards can be introduced at any point of time. Food safety is very critical. ISO 22000 is a management system standard derived from ISO 9001 by keeping the quality management system as a baseline for developing the standard. The cost in ISO 22000 Certification Oman is affordable. The standard is developed and published by international organisation for standardization. ISO 22000 Certification services in Muscat are helpful. It provides a framework for an organisation to set up an effective Food safety management system.
Gap Analysis: Gap Analysis will be conducted to know if your organization has any shortcomings from ISO 22000 requirements. ISO 22000 in Oman requires Gap analysis to be conducted. A gap analysis report will be generated to know what should be done exactly. ISO 22000 Cost in Oman is affordable. It should be conducted effectively only with the help of an expert to start the successful implementation of the standard.
Documentation: Customized manuals as required by the ISO 22000 standards. ISO 22000 Audit in Oman can be cleared easily with proper documentation in place. Includes manual, standard procedures, department wise required documents as per ISO 22000 standard, Record keeping, Document reviews as required, Inculcate industry best practices, as applicable to organization's business processes. ISO 22000 Registration in Oman is easy with the help of Certvalue. It is very important to interpret each every process that happens in each and every stage in the form of documented information.
Training sessions: Training on awareness and Internal Audit shall be conducted to all the process heads/Employees on ISO 22000 standard. How to get ISO 22000 Certification in Oman is not a question if proper training is provided. Because employees are the one where a Hazard can be easily introduced in the food process. ISO 22000 Services in Oman is the right choice. Because they are the one who directly involve their hands in practice starting from raw material, loading/unloading, manufacturing, processing, and packaging till distribution. ISO 22000 Certification process in Oman is dependent on training. ISO 22000 Certification in Oman is dependent on training. It is very important to provide the adequate required training regarding the food safety management system. ISO 22000 Certification bodies in Oman will help in achieving the certification. Our Consulting expert will deliver all the training required and also the case study shall be shared to the employees which will be very helpful in implementing the food safety management system. ISO 22000 Consultants in Oman is the right choice. Training required implementing the standard practically and achieving continual improvement.
Internal Audit: Our Consultant shall be helping hand to process heads on conducting effective internal Audit. It is the tool for process improvement. ISO 22000 Consultant cost in Oman is highly recommended. Internal audit is a cross departmental audit which is conducted in order to improve the process internally. ISO 22000 Consultant Services in Oman will be helping hand. The internal audit schedule and internal audit calendar and all other necessary required documents shall be shared by our consulting expert and an effective train shall be provided to conduct the internal audit.
MRM: A management review meeting shall be conducted at the end of the project to measure the effectiveness of the management system. How to get ISO 22000 Consultants in Oman is not a question if you can approach Certvalue. The necessary preventive and corrective actions are discussed and controls are applied for the non conformity found. ISO 22000 Consulting Services in Oman is the right choice. All the necessary documents required for management review meeting shall be shared and facilitated with a proper train to conduct management review meeting.
These are the overview of the consulting process with which an effective Food safety management system can be implemented to an organization.
Interactive communication: The food safety should be communicated throughout the industry through the entire hierarchical structure in the organization. ISO 22000 Certification Consultants in Oman are highly appreciated. Starting from employees to the top management the food safety importance and significance should be effectively communicated.
System management: The top management commitment towards food safety management should be endured. ISO 22000 Consultancy in Oman is the best possible solution. The whole system pertaining to the organization should implement the food safety management system as a responsibility of not only management but all the personnel concerned to the organization. ISO 22000 Certification in Oman is important.
Prerequisite programs: It is nothing but a basic requirement of hygiene and clean and also some requirements before starting the implementation of food safety standards. ISO 22000 Certification Oman need prerequisite requirement.
HACCP – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical and physical hazards in production process that can cause the finished product to be unsafe. ISO 22000 Certification Oman is easily accomplished if there an HACCP system implemented to the organization.
Here just an overview of the whole standard is presented in a simple way. It is highly impossible to describe the whole standard and its structure in a single blog. ISO 22000 Certification Oman is important. Please contact Certvalue to get a detailed description and idea on implementing the standard to your organization.
How to get ISO 22000 Certification Oman?
We are one of the leading organization for consultation and Certification for all the management system Certification with expertise in all the organization across various industry verticals. We are one of the recognized ISO 22000 Certification Consultants in Oman with 100% track record of success. We focus more on improvement rather than just Certification. Our business comes from our happy customers which makes us unique compared to our competitors. We do not have any sales team within the organization to generate business. Our ISO 22000 cost in Oman is always affordable across the entire industry sector.
If you are looking to get your organization ISO 22000 certification Oman you can write to us at contact@certvalue.com or visit our website and send us inquiry by filling all the information needed in contact form so that one of our Certification expert shall contact you at the earliest to understand your requirements better and provide best available in market.


BBC will launch a Farsi television service.
But not until 2008. It will initially transmit at 17.00 to 01.00 Iran time. BBC World Service press release, 10 October 2006. "The £15m-a-year ... (f)unding, from the Foreign Office, will be on top of the grant-in-aid sum paid each year to the BBC World Service." BBC News, 10 October 2006. The press release states that this launch will "make the BBC the only tri-media international news provider offering Farsi language news and current affairs on television, radio and online." Actually, VOA Persian has been tri-media (radio, television, internet) for years. It's interesting that BBC will refer to the service as "Farsi," as the BBC World Service radio counterpart has always been "Persian," serving both Farsi and Dari speakers. VOA's equivalent service was traditionally referred to as "Farsi," but became Persian in recent years. The BBC press release (not suprisingly) and the BBC news report (somewhat disappointingly) leave out any reference to the difficulties of transmitting television into Iran, where satellite dishes are confiscated and satellite signals are jammed. "Iran has officially complained to BBC over a World Service report that falsely claimed Tehran was happy about North Korea's recent nuclear test." IRNA, 11 October 2006. VOA "adds a fourth hour of daily Persian-language television broadcasts to Iran." VOA press release, 6 October 2006.


As a "Digital Nomad", keeping my files, photos and miscellaneous digital ramblings safe is kind of a big deal. I make my living via my laptop and the prospect of losing my data is a very real concern.
When my Macbook Pro finally decided to give up the ghost, I was lucky in that I was able to recover the majority of my photos, emails and design files. Unfortunately, they were scattered all over the place after being salvaged by software that just dumped everything into random folders named "00085″ and such. There are over 5,000 such folders — not terribly convenient.
Enter the ioSafe Rugged Portable Hard Drive. When ioSafe contacted me to ask if I'd be interested in testing one of their drives, I was still dealing with the aftermath of the HD meltdown and the idea of a bomb-proof uber-drive sounded pretty appealing.
What do I mean by bombproof? How about a drive that can be submerged in 30 feet of water for 3 days and still work? Or be driven over by a two-ton truck? Drop it from twenty feet? No problem. Hell, you can soak it in diesel for an hour and still not lose data. This thing is a tank.
If you're hiking the Inca trail, this drive is rated at use over 15,000 feet — which is probably more than your laptop drive can handle, so don't get carried away. And if you do manage to break it, ioSafe promises up to $5,000 credit towards recovery service support.
And as far as I can tell, this little monster lives up to the claims. It's a veritable brick of solid aluminum, a true 'black box' for your computer. The test model I received is a 500GB drive — a bit small, capacity-wise, compared to modern portable drives.
I partitioned mine, creating a 100GB space that houses a full copy of my system, then setting the other 400GB to be devoted to backups. This will be my "if all else fails" backup drive. Other than weekly visits to my laptop for backup, this baby is going to ride in the bottom of my main pack.
Did I submerge it underwater for 3 days? No. But I did drop it from 8 feet or more and stomped on it, only to find that it worked as normal — no loss of files or problems mounting the drive.
I there is one weakness of using this drive while traveling, it's weight. This bad boy weighs over a pound and it is noticeably heavier than my other drives. The tradeoff is durability, obviously, but carrying a 500GB drive that weighs as much as 2 drives sporting over 4 terabytes in capacity does chafe a bit. I'm sure capacity will continue to scale up.
Armored cars tend to weigh more as well, so the added heft is no surprise. If you move around and you have files that you absolutely don't want to lose –or can't afford to lose– then I recommend giving the ioSafe a look.
At $250 for a 500GB drive, it isn't the cheapest and it's certainly not the lightest drive available. But the weight it will lift from your shoulders just might be priceless.
Interesting. A bit pricey and the weight would bother me but the durability is pretty sweet.
I got a Western Digital 2TB portable in September that only lasted three months on the road, so maybe this one might be a good investment.
It's the weight that would be the decider for me though.
BTW I think you got your GBs and MBs mixed up halfway through the article.
Thanks for catching that, Will. Brain fart. As for the drive, yeah, the weight is rough and I'm still debating whether or not to lug it around. If it was 1TB or more, I'd be more enthusiastic.
Unless the drive in your Macbook Pro succumbed to one of the aforementioned features of the IOSafe (water damage, fire damage, shock damage, altitude damage) then there's no reason it would be more reliable than your dead drive. Hard drives fail internally even without physical damage. True data security can only be achieved with redundant drives (Google "RAID 5″). So unless you're regularly taking your drive for a swim I can't see any reason why this overpriced drive makes sense.
I'm a bit surprised you had such a bad recovery scenario. I thought you've mentioned on several occasions that you have a 2 backup drives. Did your backup drive fail as well?
I'm a PC guy and opted to buy a third party software over the Windows stuff. But I thought the Mac backup and timecapsule was supposed to be excellent.
Time capsule is a great feature. I worked myself into a corner where I hadn't backed up in a month and had a LOT of work. So when my system crashed, I didn't want to recover from an old backup. So I limped along and things, of course, got worse.
And to clarify — 1 drive is a dedicated time capsule backup. The other is purely for photos.
They start at $250. They've just released a 1TB version and told me they're working on a 2TB as well. It's definitely a premium price (I bought a cheapie 2TB for $140) but it's as solid as I can imagine.
Apart from having an extra drive, I would suggest backing up data on the cloud using services such as Dropbox.
Great idea for back up, are the plugs 3 prong ? or two. My converter can only handle two pronged plugs. Thanks for sharing.
Sounds like I great product. Would have loved to help you "test" it!
Based on my research so far anyways, these bullet proof type hard drives all seem to weigh quite a bit more than the average hard drive. Not terribly convenient when you're on a 2 week hike, but I have to agree. For the added peace of mind knowing that your stuff is all safe and secure, I think it's worth it.
They are quite heavy — easily twice the weight of a similar portable HD. But they are solid and if you really need something to depend on, they're worth a look.
I've been looking to get a rugged hard drive, I might pick up one of these or the bigger capacity one, once it's released.
Sounds like the drive to have. A friend of mine dropped his portable terabyte and everything was history, will tell him about this one. Does not sound too convenient but I guess in the long it will prove its worth.
Wow, that thing is a tank. Both of us here use Silicon Power Rugged Armor external drives. The 1TB version is under $100, and they are shock-proof and water-resistant. One user has a test video on Amazon, complete with submersion and shock-testing.
They're barely bigger and not much heavier than the WD portable drives we previously had.
It's barely bigger or heavier than the WD portables we had before (still have one with music on it), and I can't imagine it'd be too big or bulky to move with. Specs say the Silicon Power ones we have are 9.6 oz, and the WD My Passport is 6.4 oz. The ioSafe joint is 1 pound.
I suppose every ounce counts, especially since you're backpacking. I really wanted something tiny, like those micro drives that come in 1TB versions, but I didn't want to sacrifice safety in order to save a few oz. After 8 months, I'd buy the SP drives again.
P.S. Glad to see you're blogging more again. Randomly hit your bookmark on my tab the other day and saw new posts. I hadn't been back in a while during your 'hiatus' for lack of a better term.
P.P.S. Sorry, I misread your reply and thought you were saying you left an SP drive at home. Ignore my retort at the beginning. Haha!
That was the last time i would trust myself with a hard drive, so these days I back everything up online via Dropbox. It's expensive, but it's so worth it!!!
I def need one of these….or two!!! Also, Im coming back to Nicaragua for 6 months in September if you're still around!
Can recommend LaCie Rugged Mini. They are compact & lightweight.


The Script extension does compute with R, and test script of R, Perl, PHP and etc..
Script provide tags (r and rform) to compute with R.
The script of Programming languages or linux shell can be tested via a Special:Specialpages--- Special:ScriptTest.
User rights of implement this extension can be changed.
The SyntaxHighlight GeSHi extension needs to be installed on your wiki.
This extension can be obtained offsite from here (click starts the download).
User rights of implement this extension can be changed for security.
These are the Programming languages known by Script that can be used in ScriptTest.
This page was last edited on 1 March 2019, at 15:00.


According to three separate sources, Reuters reports that the US Administration continues to suspect the two tech giants of spying on behalf of the Chinese government, which could lead to the executive order being finalized next month. The order might not explicitly name ZTE and Huawei, but would be aimed at banning further sales of their equipment to US telecoms companies.
It's also possible that additional action could lead to the removal of Chinese-manufactured technology already in use by wireless carriers, with tremendous logistic and financial implications.
The White House spent much of 2018 trying to stop ZTE and Huawei trading in the US, and other countries such as Japan are potentially ready to follow suit. Huawei had planned to launch its consumer products in the US earlier this year (including many of the phones we have reviewed), but US intelligence warnings forced the company to change its mind. With no obvious resolution in sight, we can look forward to further US/China tech trade tension in 2019.


There are times when we all feel a little self-conscious. Self-consciousness is that uncomfortable feeling that what we're doing or saying doesn't fit well with the situation at hand. As a result, we may feel embarrassed or anxious.
To be socially competent, we have to know what presses other people's buttons. We learn to put ourselves in their shoes. We understand that certain comments or actions may make people embarrassed or uncomfortable, so we largely choose to avoid those in order to prevent discomfort or anger. This is using self-consciousness in a way that benefits others and ourselves.
Self-consciousness is largely about focus of attention. Do you recall those moments when a teacher specifically wanted you to answer a question and everyone turned around to stare at you? Or maybe you were once asked to kick off the dancing at a party? You get the picture. Self-consciousness can lead to toe-curling embarrassments.
If you are shy or if you live with social anxiety, you'll know self-consciousness can be particularly acute. In social situations, your own attention is invariably on yourself. You probably aren't really listening to the person talking to you because you're too concerned about the fact that you feel sick, nervous, and shaky.
Your symptoms feel worse than they look. You think everyone can see that you're nervous and shaking, but you're probably wrong. Even if your nervousness is spotted, it's likely that little attention will be paid to it. It simply won't have the same significance to others as it does to you.
People usually look calm even if they don't feel it.
Most people are preoccupied with their own issues, not yours.
Nobody is entirely happy with the way they are or the way they get on with others.
We all know there are certain codes of acceptable behavior. Within these codes there's quite a lot of flexibility. In the end, people do what feels comfortable and what works for them.
In her book, Overcoming Social Anxiety and Shyness, Professor Gillian Butler, a Consultant Clinical Psychologist, suggests a two-way experiment as a way to do things differently. The experiment involves trying things in two contrasting ways, then comparing what you notice and what you feel on the two occasions.
It means adopting an attitude of curiosity and finding out what happens if you exclusively pay attention to yourself, and then the opposite. Butler suggests starting the experiment in a setting where you aren't emotionally invested, perhaps, for example, standing in line for a train, a bus, or at the supermarket.
Use your curiosity as a prompt. Were you surprised by how many things were going on inside you?
Then reverse the experiment. For the same length of time, focus your attention exclusively on what's going on around you. Notice something about the people nearby. Are they lively? Are they lethargic? Do they look fit and healthy? If it seems natural and appropriate, talk to them. Allow your curiosity to lead the way.
How did this feel and what did you notice?
Sum up the experiment by thinking about what you learned. Could you use the same technique in slightly more demanding circumstances?
Gillian Butler argues that because there are no ideals for how we should behave, moment by moment, there is no reason to suppose that doing something in an unusual way, or in a way that feels wrong, attracts the attention of others. Curiosity is a great way to double-check your own findings and to observe the great diversity of acceptable behaviors other people engage in.


text:
What's the point of post-war elections?: power, institutions, and politics in the wake of civil war
Renn, Duu
RENN-DISSERTATION-2017.pdf (3MB) (no description provided) PDF
Title: What's the point of post-war elections?: power, institutions, and politics in the wake of civil war
Author(s): Renn, Duu
Doctoral Committee Chair(s): Diehl, Paul F.; Dai, Xinyuan
Doctoral Committee Member(s): Kulklinski, James; Hummel, Sarah
Department / Program: Political Science
Discipline: Political Science
Subject(s): Civil War, Elections, Democratization, Post-War Elections
Abstract: This project explores the post-civil war elections with specific attention paid to the participants in these elections. Nearly every civil war in the past forty years has included an election in the years following the termination of the conflict but little only recently have scholars attempted to systematically examine the process and consequence of these elections. I examine the effects of war outcomes, political institutions, and international involvement on participation in these election, the results in both executive and legislative races, and post-election human rights practices. The first substantive chapter, Chapter 3, asks who participates in post-war elections? While models of democratization and conflict typically involve at least two sides, current research in post-war elections pays little attention to who participates. I collect data on rebels and governments during civil wars, trace their leadership and party organizations through the campaigning process to see if they present candidates for national-level elections. According to my data, only ten-percent of elections that followed armed conflicts (1973-2011) included multiple sides from the previous conflict. Election outcomes in these cases also heavily favor war-winners, especially governments, suggesting that political competition offers little to losers and rebel organizations even if they do manage to participate. These patterns in participation and exclusion are primarily associated with material power, with war-winners and militarily strong groups more likely to participate and win by large margins in elections. International involvement and previous domestic institutions contribute to broader participation and help curb the government's advantage in electoral competition, but are relatively rare and their effect smaller than the government's advantages. In Chapter 4, I seek to answer the question who wins post-war election. Moving beyond the question of whether a country holds a post-war election and who participates, perhaps the most important question is what is the outcome of the post-war election? The results suggest that like participation, election outcomes are primarily decided by military power with stronger parties winning by large margins in both executive and legislative competitions. This outcome is reinforced by the additional advantage that most governments, who are typically stronger than rebel groups, have in organization and political campaigning. While rebels almost always lose, governments face a more serious challenge from political parties that are not tied to former belligerent groups perhaps signifying that elections are an alternative to war and populations – if they are able to – will vote against both former rebels and governments that fought bloody civil wars. Democratic political institutions as well as election monitoring decrease a government's advantage, though not enough to result in rebel victories. Peacekeeping, perhaps because it is not always focused on electoral outcomes, has no effect on the results of either executive or legislative elections. The final empirical portion, Chapter 5, examines the consequences of post-war elections. I ask whether some post-war elections raise the risk of human rights abuses and compare elections where rebels participate to those where they do not. I use the Militant Group Electoral Participation (MGEP) dataset for information on rebel group participation and compare human rights practices in post-civil war states that include rebel organizations to that do not. I implement a number of matching strategies to adjust for imbalances across these two groups, notably confounders such as their history of rights practices and the outcome of previous wars that have a strong impact on both rebel participation and human rights practices. With no adjustment, rebel participation has a positive and significant effect on human rights practices. After matching, however, this difference disappears. The findings suggest that while rebel participation does not worsen human rights practices, it does not markedly improve them either. Future studies will examine whether this pattern holds when accounting for post-war election results, the activities of rebels during the elections, and perceptions of threat by the government.
Rights Information: Copyright 2017 Duu Renn
Date Deposited: 2017-12
Dissertations and Theses - Political Science