text:
package de.ad.tools.redmine.cli.command;

import com.taskadapter.redmineapi.IssueManager;
import com.taskadapter.redmineapi.RedmineManager;
import com.taskadapter.redmineapi.bean.Issue;
import com.taskadapter.redmineapi.bean.IssuePriority;
import com.taskadapter.redmineapi.bean.IssueStatus;
import com.taskadapter.redmineapi.bean.Membership;
import com.taskadapter.redmineapi.bean.Project;
import com.taskadapter.redmineapi.bean.Tracker;
import de.ad.tools.redmine.cli.Configuration;
import de.ad.tools.redmine.cli.util.RedmineUtil;
import de.ad.tools.redmine.cli.util.StringUtil;

import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;

import static de.ad.tools.redmine.cli.util.DateUtil.getTimeDifferenceAsText;

public class IssuesCommand extends RedmineCommand {

  static final String INVALID_PROJECT_MESSAGE =
      "'%s' is not a valid project.";
  static final String INVALID_PRIORITY_MESSAGE =
      "'%s' is not a valid priority.";
  static final String INVALID_ASSIGNEE_MESSAGE =
      "'%s' is not a valid assignee.";
  static final String INVALID_STATUS_MESSAGE =
      "'%s' is not a valid status.";
  static final String INVALID_TRACKER_MESSAGE =
      "'%s' is not a valid tracker.";

  private static final String NAME = "issues";
  private static final String DESCRIPTION = "Display issues.";
  private static final Argument[] ARGUMENTS = new Argument[0];
  private static final Option[] OPTIONS = new Option[] {
      new Option("project", "Only display issues for the specified project."),
      new Option("priority", "Only display issues with specified priority."),
      new Option("assignee", "Only display issues for the specified assignee."),
      new Option("status", "Only display issues with the specified status."),
      new Option("tracker", "Only display issues for the specified tracker.")
  };

  private static final Map<String, Handler> handlers = new HashMap<>();

  public IssuesCommand(Configuration configuration, PrintStream out,
      RedmineManager redmineManager) {
    super(NAME, DESCRIPTION, "", ARGUMENTS, OPTIONS, configuration, out,
        redmineManager);

    Handler project = new ProjectHandler();
    Handler priority = new PriorityHandler();
    Handler assignee = new AssigneeHandler();
    Handler status = new StatusHandler();
    Handler tracker = new TrackerHandler();

    handlers.put(project.getName(), project);
    handlers.put(priority.getName(), priority);
    handlers.put(assignee.getName(), assignee);
    handlers.put(status.getName(), status);
    handlers.put(tracker.getName(), tracker);
  }

  @Override
  public void process(String[] arguments) throws Exception {
    super.process(arguments);

    Map<String, String> parameters = buildParameterMapFromOptions();

    IssueManager issueManager = redmineManager.getIssueManager();
    List<Issue> issues = issueManager.getIssues(parameters);

    final String[][] issueTable = new String[issues.size()][6];
    String[] header =
        new String[] { "ID", "Tracker", "Status", "Priority",
            "Assignee", "Updated",
            "Subject" };

    int i = 0;
    for (Issue issue : issues) {
      issueTable[i++] = buildRow(issue);
    }

    printTable(header, issueTable);
  }

  private Map<String, String> buildParameterMapFromOptions() throws Exception {
    //Parameter spec: http://www.redmine.org/projects/redmine/wiki/Rest_Issues
    Map<String, String> parameters = new HashMap<>();

    for (Option option : getOptions()) {
      if (option.getValue() == null) {
        continue;
      }

      handlers.get(option.getName())
          .handle(redmineManager, parameters, option.getValue());
    }
    return parameters;
  }

  private String[] buildRow(Issue issue) {
    return new String[] { "#" + issue.getId(),
        issue.getTracker().getName(),
        issue.getStatusName(),
        issue.getPriorityText(),
        issue.getAssignee() != null ?
            issue.getAssignee().getFullName() :
            "(not assigned)",
        getTimeDifferenceAsText(issue.getUpdatedOn()) +
            " ago",
        StringUtil.ellipsize(issue.getSubject(), 24) };
  }

  private static abstract class Handler {
    public abstract String getName();

    public abstract void handle(RedmineManager redmineManager,
        Map<String, String> parameters, String value) throws Exception;
  }

  private static class ProjectHandler extends Handler {

    @Override public String getName() {
      return "project";
    }

    @Override public void handle(RedmineManager redmineManager,
        Map<String, String> parameters, String value) throws Exception {
      Optional<Project> project = RedmineUtil.resolveProjectByName(
          redmineManager, value);

      project.ifPresent(p -> parameters.put("project_id", String.valueOf(
          p.getId())));
      project.orElseThrow(
          () -> new Exception(String.format(INVALID_PROJECT_MESSAGE, value)));
    }
  }

  private static class PriorityHandler extends Handler {

    @Override public String getName() {
      return "priority";
    }

    @Override public void handle(RedmineManager redmineManager,
        Map<String, String> parameters, String value) throws Exception {
      Optional<IssuePriority> priority =
          RedmineUtil.resolvePriorityByName(redmineManager, value);

      priority.ifPresent(p -> parameters.put("priority_id", String.valueOf(
          p.getId())));
      priority.orElseThrow(
          () -> new Exception(String.format(INVALID_PRIORITY_MESSAGE, value)));
    }
  }

  private static class AssigneeHandler extends Handler {

    @Override public String getName() {
      return "assignee";
    }

    @Override
    public void handle(RedmineManager redmineManager,
        Map<String, String> parameters, String value)
        throws Exception {
      if ("me".equalsIgnoreCase(value) || value.matches("[0-9]+")) {
        parameters.put("assigned_to_id", value);
      } else {
        throw new Exception(String.format(INVALID_ASSIGNEE_MESSAGE, value));
      }
    }
  }

  private static class StatusHandler extends Handler {

    @Override public String getName() {
      return "status";
    }

    @Override
    public void handle(RedmineManager redmineManager,
        Map<String, String> parameters, String value)
        throws Exception {
      Optional<IssueStatus> status =
          RedmineUtil.resolveStatusByName(redmineManager, value);

      status.ifPresent(s -> parameters.put("status_id", String.valueOf(
          s.getId())));
      status.orElseThrow(
          () -> new Exception(String.format(INVALID_STATUS_MESSAGE, value)));
    }
  }

  private static class TrackerHandler extends Handler {

    @Override public String getName() {
      return "tracker";
    }

    @Override
    public void handle(RedmineManager redmineManager,
        Map<String, String> parameters, String value)
        throws Exception {
      Optional<Tracker> tracker =
          RedmineUtil.resolveTrackerByName(redmineManager, value);

      tracker.ifPresent(t -> parameters.put("tracker_id", String.valueOf(
          t.getId())));
      tracker.orElseThrow(() ->
          new Exception(String.format(INVALID_TRACKER_MESSAGE, value)));
    }
  }
}


text:
'use strict';

Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
  value: true
});
exports.default = startOfUTCWeek;

var _index = require('../../toDate/index.js');

var _index2 = _interopRequireDefault(_index);

function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { default: obj }; }

// This function will be a part of public API when UTC function will be implemented.
// See issue: https://github.com/date-fns/date-fns/issues/376
function startOfUTCWeek(dirtyDate, dirtyOptions) {
  var options = dirtyOptions || {};
  var locale = options.locale;
  var localeWeekStartsOn = locale && locale.options && locale.options.weekStartsOn;
  var defaultWeekStartsOn = localeWeekStartsOn === undefined ? 0 : Number(localeWeekStartsOn);
  var weekStartsOn = options.weekStartsOn === undefined ? defaultWeekStartsOn : Number(options.weekStartsOn);

  // Test if weekStartsOn is between 0 and 6 _and_ is not NaN
  if (!(weekStartsOn >= 0 && weekStartsOn <= 6)) {
    throw new RangeError('weekStartsOn must be between 0 and 6 inclusively');
  }

  var date = (0, _index2.default)(dirtyDate, options);
  var day = date.getUTCDay();
  var diff = (day < weekStartsOn ? 7 : 0) + day - weekStartsOn;

  date.setUTCDate(date.getUTCDate() - diff);
  date.setUTCHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
  return date;
}
module.exports = exports['default'];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Smith, Benenoch Quickly Land Deals
DB Ryan Smith signed his first NFL contract and OL Caleb Benenoch also agreed to terms on a deal, becoming the first two of the Bucs' seven 2016 draft picks to get their contract work done.
DB Ryan Smith signs his contract with the Buccaneers.
Ryan Smith and Caleb Benenoch were the fourth and fifth players the Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected in last weekend's NFL draft, but they are the first two members of their class to get their first contracts in place.
On Thursday, the Buccaneers announced that they had signed Smith, a defensive back out of North Carolina Central and Tampa Bay's fourth-round selection last Saturday. Benenoch, an offensive linemen from UCLA selected in the fifth round, followed suit not long after by agreeing to terms on his initial NFL deal, and the run of quick signings for the Bucs' 2016 draftees is likely to continue.
Since the new CBA took effect in 2011, creating rookie salary guidelines, there have been very few protracted negotiations with incoming players around the NFL. In addition, unsigned draft picks now count against the 90-man offseason roster limit; previously, teams had 80-man offseason rosters and draft picks didn't count against that limit until they signed. That gave teams an incentive to delay those signings until after the final practices of the offseason. Smith and Benenoch came to town on Thursday in advance of this weekend's rookie mini-camp and almost immediately got their contracts done.
Photos: Draft Pick Caleb Benenoch
A look at the newest member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
Smith (6-0, 190) played four seasons at UNCC and finished as the school's all-time leader in solo tackles (168) and kickoff return average (28.1). Though he finished his collegiate days as a cornerback, the Buccaneers plan to try him first at safety. He could also make an early impact on special teams, including as a candidate for the kick return jobs.
The 6-5, 305-pound Benenoch started 35 games over three years at UCLA and has the versatility to potentially help the Buccaneers at both tackle and on the interior line. He won second-team all-freshman honors in 2013, and honorable mention all-conference honors in 2014, starting 31 games at right tackle and four at guard from 2013-15.
Still needing deals are first-round cornerback Vernon Hargreaves, second-round defensive end Noah Spence, second-round kicker Roberto Aguayo and the Bucs' two sixth-round picks, linebacker Devante Bond and fullback Danny Vitale.
Welcome to Tampa, rookies! pic.twitter.com/sOoMtiseVP
— Tampa Bay Buccaneers (@Buccaneers) May 5, 2016
Bucs Conquer Saints with Takeaways, Head to NFC Title Game
Tampa Bay's defense force four turnovers, leading to 21 points, and Tom Brady threw two touchdown passes as the Buccaneers beat the Saints, 30-20, in the Divisional Round to earn a spot in the NFC Championship Game in Green Bay

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At the end of Stephen Lewis' Massey Lecture at UBC, a university student stepped to a microphone. He confessed that he was overwhelmed by the enormity of the obstacles that many Africans face. "What can we do that will actually make a difference?" he asked.


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text:
Home Perspectives Why were the Messengers sent?
Why were the Messengers sent?
Ayub Hamid
The real celebration of the birthday of Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam) the final messenger of Allaah (Subhaanahu wa Ta'aalaa) is to dedicate ourselves to the same mission for which he was sent. It is only logical that if we are happy about his advent, we must also be happy to work hard at achieving the goals of his mission. In fact, working for that mission is not only logical for us; it is also an obligation placed on us by Allaah SWT who has clearly stated in the Qur'aan that we, the Muslim Ummah, must witness to humanity as the Prophet witnessed to us.
It is also logical that if we are to fulfill this sacred mission, we must understand clearly what it is about and how to accomplish it. During this Rabee'ul-awwal (the month of his birth), let us refresh our understanding of the Prophet's mission.
The mission of the final Messenger of Allaah was exactly the same as that of the earlier ones. The only distinction is that with Allaah's special blessings, Muhammad (Saaws) accomplished it — most perfectly, superbly, peacefully, comprehensively, and in the least amount of time.
Allaah sent Messengers as a mercy, to liberate people from tyrannical ruling powers, to redeem them from the clutches of degenerate human civilizations, and free them from exploitation at the hands of the rich and powerful. In short, the role of these Messengers was to rescue humanity from Taghoot — individuals, groups, or classes of people (like Pharaoh) who become so powerful and arrogant that they dictate to others what they like and what serves their interests, in defiance of Allaah's decree of fairness, grace and compassion. The Messengers (like Moses) came to liberate oppressed people by mobilizing them to reject Taghoot and submit to Allaah alone. They replaced Taghoot's rule-of-the-jungle with rule of law, justice, morality, ethics, fairness, and human equality and thus established peace in the land. They did so by establishing Islam as a complete way of life.
Thus, a Messenger is responsible for establishing the kingdom of God (an Islamic state). He is not sent merely to advise and admonish; but to wrest control of world affairs from those who rebel against Allaah and to establish a society where Islam is the dominant way of life and where equity, compassion and peace prevail. This is indicated by the following Qur-aan verses:
"Indeed We have sent Our messengers with clear proofs (Bayyinaat), and sent down with them the Book and the Balance (equity) that people may maintain (their affairs) with justice. And We sent down iron wherein is great military power, as well as many benefits for mankind, so that Allaah may identify who, without seeing Him, helps Him and His messengers (in establishing the Islamic system of justice). Verily, Allaah is All-Strong, All-Mighty." (Al-Hadeed 57:25)
"Lo! Allaah enjoins Justice, graciousness, and giving to those close to you; and forbids immodesty, bad behaviour and violating rights." (An-Nahl 16:90)
"Allaah has promised those among you who believe and do good deeds that He will surely grant them succession to authority upon the earth just as He granted it to those before them and that He will certainly establish for them their Deen (way of life) which he has approved for them and that He will surely substitute peace and security for them, after their fear; so that they submissively (like slaves) serve only me, not equating anything with me." (An-Noor 24:55)
A Messenger initiates an Islamic movement with a public call for total surrender to Allaah and sees it through until a complete Islamic system, covering all aspects of life in that society, is successfully established. Naturally, those people with vested interests in the status quo soon become the Messenger's bitter enemies. The existing leadership, establishment, their followers and supporters — all those who have some ulterior motives in maintaining the power structure — bitterly oppose and even persecute the Messenger and his followers, hoping that the movement is finally scuttled. But despite all opponents' attacks, the Messenger continues to give the message and invite people to join his mission.
When pressuring the Messenger into giving up or compromising on his mission does not work, the opponents of the mission try persuading him to abandon the idea of universal Islam and adopt a "live and let live" attitude, which usually means accepting the "freedom" to practice Islam in private life without extending its teachings to existing socio-econo-political systems and power structures — as practiced by the Ummah today. But a Messenger of Allaah is not allowed to cease the effort until all enemies are conquered and the supremacy of Islam is established. During this struggle, Allaah SWT supports His Messengers in infinite ways, including miracles.
After the Messenger and his followers exhaust all the humanly possible efforts in their given circumstances — short of forcing people by Allaah's power to believe — and the disbelievers do not give up their opposition, they are destroyed as the people of Noah were. Or, if after they have been shown a clear sign through a miracle, those disbelievers still do not believe, then they are destroyed as the people of Saalih were destroyed. Similarly, if the Messenger's life is endangered, or his followers are in danger of being wiped out, despite all humanly possible efforts to protect themselves, Allaah saves them with miracles and destroys their enemies to protect the messenger and Islamic movement, as Abraham was saved or Pharaoh and his army were destroyed. The end result is that disbelievers in a society where a Messenger has been sent either believe and submit, or are punished.
On the other hand, those who believe in the Messenger become his helpers in the mission. The Messenger creates a strong, unified team of people who come from diverse backgrounds, levels of understanding and thinking patterns. Then, he mobilizes this team against the opponents of Islam; they take charge of the affairs of society and establish justice and peace as decreed by Allaah. To achieve such a monumental task, believers must obey, freely, willingly, and unconditionally, the Messenger who is Allaah's representative.
Like Allaah's other Messengers, Prophet Muhammad was charged with the responsibility of liberating people from the tyranny of the powerful and bringing peace and justice to the world. This was accomplished through establishing Islam as the dominant way of life in both individual affairs of the believers and collective affairs of the Ummah. In addition, as the mercy of Allaah to all of humanity, he was also assigned to set the Islamic state on a course of development and growth to become a global power so that the whole world might enjoy the peace, justice, human rights and basic dignity upheld by an Islamic world order. This mandate is indicated in the following verse of the Holy Qur-aan:
"It is He Who sent His messenger with Guidance and the True Deen so that it prevails /dominates over all other ways of life, despite Mushriks detesting it." (As-Saff 61:9; Al-Fat'h 48:28; At-Towbah 9:33)
This, in essence, is the mission statement of Muhammad, the Messenger of Allaah. He accomplished it so superbly that changes brought about by him are unique in human history as being the most comprehensive and most intensive changes to take effect in the shortest time period. Moreover, these changes were implemented with the least human cost, while also winning the hearts of the most of Islam's bitterest enemies to become its most ardent supporters. Those changes were so profound, deep-rooted, and self-sustaining that humanity — both Muslim and non- Muslim — enjoyed the fruits of Muhammad's mission in the form of peace and justice for a millennium in all Muslim lands.
Unfortunately, those blessings were later lost and many Muslims themselves became the worst offenders against the teachings of Islam, and consequently are now bearing the brunt of the onslaught of new Taghoots and new Pharaohs. Fortunately, Islam — the Deen (way of life) of justice, peace and compassion — and the methodology of establishing it are well preserved in the Qur'aan, Sunnah and Seerah. We can do ourselves and all of humanity a great favour by re- establishing Islamic peace and justice in the world.
Thus, if we are truly happy to celebrate the advent of our Prophet and truly appreciate Allaah's sending him to us, we must re-dedicate our lives to his divine mission of establishing Islam as a complete and dominant way of life. If we do not make his mission a mission of our life, any celebration of his birth is meaningless and hypocritical.
Ayub A. Hamid is a national director and treasurer of of the Canadian Islamic Congress.
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Convert currency 2390 CZK to PLN. How much is 2390 Czech Republic Koruna to Polish Zloty? — 398.24 Polish Zloty.
2390 Czech Republic Koruna to Polish Zloty, convert 2390 CZK in PLN.


THE illegal building scandal in the Almanzora valley took a dramatic new twist this week following the revelation that a construction company behind a large housing development in Zurgena has gone bust.
Scores of expats could now lose their life's savings in the wake of news that the company, New Medina Villas (NMV) S.L., has filed for insolvency, Costa Almería News can reveal.
Expats who paid hundreds of thousands of euros as deposits are now being advised by lawyers to present their claims for a full refund once the company's insolvency claims are made official through the government's official bulletin – the Boletin Oficial del Estado (BOE).
Buyers – legally classed as 'creditors' since they lack title deeds- will then have only one month in which to claim for damages, according to lawyers.
Many expats bought their villas in the UK through Parador Properties, a company with offices in Britain, Cyprus, Ireland and Spain.
The company, which put on glitzy video presentations to entice prospective home owners, assured prospective buyers that the developers were totally trustworthy and that the local council had granted the necessary building permits.
NMV, which was set up in April 2004 with an initial capital of just 3,000 euros, targeted the area of Zurgena almost exclusively and launched three development projects called 'Llanos del Peral', 'Orange Manor' in the neighbourhood of La Alfoquía and 'Lemon Tree Island' in Los Cabreras.
Grupo Location acted as the main sales agent in Spain and in less than a year sold 57 homes out of a projected total of 205 to families of expats.
But the properties were never completed.
The building permits granted by Zurgena council amounted to nothing after a court froze the development on the grounds that the properties had been built on rural or non-urban land and were therefore illegal.
Following news that the regional government had questioned the legality of the building licences, the bank which had agreed to finance the project, Bancaja, decided to pull out.
Although a bank loan and the money of clients were used to finance NWM to the tune of more than 12.3 million euros for two of the developments – in 'Llanos' and 'Lemon Tree' – NWM is claiming that it spent 5.6 million euros on the ill-fated schemes with 1.7 million euros going towards what the company vaguely describes as "commercialisation costs".
Millicent and Stephen Williams paid a 30 per cent deposit towards their three-bedroom, 208,000-euro villa in 2005 and were told that their dream home would be completed by December this year.
Instead, while on a visit to Zurgena in February to see how their home was progressing, they were horrified to discover a deserted building site.
A downcast Mr Williams said their plot "had not even been started".
To make matters worse, they were given no assurances by staff at the Grupo Location real estate agency and were rebuffed with claims that no-one spoke any English.
Despite eventually agreeing to return their deposit within three weeks, the couple said this week they were still waiting for Location to refund the money.
Mr Williams said they now faced the prospect of losing everything "through no fault of our own".
Another expat couple, Stephanie and Alan Armstrong, said they had initially been impressed by Parador Properties' "professional presentation" and after a visit to Zurgena eventually paid more than 100,000 euros towards a property.
But the couple became suspicious when they discovered that construction work had been stopped and that they did not have the necessary bank guarantees.
Despite their concerns, Parador insisted that they had "every confidence in the integrity of NMV" and were advised to continue with the purchase.
A legal source consulted by this paper insisted that those affected had a right to damages "even if their entitlement to the house was rescinded by the courts".
But he warned expats that they "could miss the boat" if they did not act fast by seeking legal representation.
Purchasers also face the added problem that they do not own the land or title deeds for their properties – and no homes to show for their troubles.
Neither Grupo Location nor Parador Properties were available for comment.
I think it's a big concern that Parador Properties, a British company, are so heavily involved not only in promoting the sale of these houses, but also providing so much reassurance to clients that the homes are legal and the developers trustworthy.
I have heard Parador Properties mentioned in relation to many other developments with 'issues' and I understand that UK Trading Standards are having a look at them.


text:
Detta är en tidslinje över Libyska inbördeskriget.

Kronologi
 15 februari – Utanför polishögkvarteret i Benghazi protesterar några hundra personer mot fängslandet av människorättsaktivisten Fathi Terbil. Protester mot regimen förekommer också i al-Bayda och az-Zintan.
 17 februari – Protesterna utökas och slås ner, vilket leder till de första dödsfallen.
 18 februari – Rapporter om att polisen slås tillbaka och att Gaddafiregimen anlitar legosoldater.
 19 februari – Rapporter om att regimen använder helikoptrar mot folket, vilket leder till minst 41 döda, enligt AFP, medan al-Jazira uppger 200 döda.
 20 februari – Läkare i Benghazi uppskattar att 200–300 personer har dött. Muammar al-Gaddafis son Saif al-Islam skyller i tv upproret på utländska agenter och utlovar till kamp till sista man. Säkerhetstjänsten skyller på LIFG och al-Qaida. Protesterna sprider sig till ännu flera städer.
 21 februari – Benghazidemonstranter  förser sig med vapen ur säkerhetsstyrkornas högkvarter och hissar monarkins flagga över rådhuset. Flygvapnet sätts in mot demonstranter. Al-Jazira: Massakrer i Tripolis förorter. Två piloter gör myteri och landar sina Dassault Mirage F1 på Malta. Justitieministern Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil avgår i protest.
 22 februari – Muammar al-Gaddafi framträder två gånger i televisionen, först kort för att förneka ryktena att han skulle ha flytt landet, senare med ett en timme långt tal där han avfärdar tanken på avgång eftersom han inte har någon position att avgå ifrån. Han skyllde nu upproret på islamister. Storbritanniens utrikesminister David Owen föreslår en flygförbudszon, för att hindra regimen att från luften bekämpa civilbefolkningen. Inrikesministern och generalen Abdul Fatah Younis avgår och uppmanar till uppror mot Gaddafi. Arabförbundet suspenderar Libyens deltagande.
 23 februari – Italiens utrikesminister Franco Frattini uppskattar 1 000 döda och bekräftar att östra Libyen, Cyrenaika, har fallit ur Gaddafis grepp. Även Misratah uppges vara i oppositionens händer. Situationen beskrivs som ett inbördeskrig.
 24 februari – Kritiken mot Bildts försiktiga hållning växer. Italiens utrikesminister Franco Frattini vill inte att EU ingriper.
 25 februari – Upproret växer och Gaddafis dotter Aisha förnekar flykt.
 26 februari – Nationella libyska rådet bildas i Benghazi. Libyens USA-ambassadör Ali Aujali blir först att erkänna detta som den nya regeringen.
 27 februari – Gadaffis sjuksköterka har åkt hem till Ukraina. Misrata och al-Zawiya fri från Gaddafis soldater. Erövrade Nalut har bildat revolutionskommitté. FN inför sanktioner: vapenembargo, reseförbud och frysning av tillgångar samt Gaddafiregimens ledare ska kunna ställas inför Internationella brottmålsdomstolen (ICC).
 28 februari – SIPRI: Gaddafis plan flög till Vitryssland med diamanter för vapenköp i mitten av februari. Gaddafi delar ut pengar till libyer.
 1 mars – Gadaffi får vapen från Vitryssland. Omringade Gadaffimotståndare i al-Zawiya vädjar om hjälp. 47 svenskar kvar i Libyen.
 2 mars – Libyen utesluts ur FN:s råd för mänskliga rättigheter. Herkulesplan skall rädda svenskar.
 3 mars – Svensk hjälpsändning når fram till Benghazi. Flera svenskar evakuerade.
 4 mars – Nytt troget Gadaffi-FN-sändebud. London School of Economics rektor avgår efter Gaddafiregimens 15 miljonersdonation. Forskare: Libyen riskerar delas.
 5 mars – Oljestaden Ras Lanuf uppges ha intagits av rebellerna efter hårda strider. Osäkert läge i Brega.
 6 mars – Oklart vem som har övertag i Libyen.
 7 mars – Invånare i strategiskt viktiga Ras Lanuf flyr undan från Gaddafis militärer.
 8 mars – Attackflyg ger Gadaffi övertaget.
 9 mars – Libysk centralbankschef har dykt upp i Turkiet. Vägrar avge lojalitetsdeklaration mot någon.
 10 mars – Frankrike erkänner som första land i världen övergångrådet i Benghazi som Libyens legitima företrädare.
 11 mars – Gadaffis trupper tar tillbaka al-Zawiah. Tillfångatagna holländska soldater som skulle evakuera EU-medborgare släppta men helikoptern behåller Gaddafis son al-Islam.
 12 mars – Arabförbundet uppmanar FN att upprätta ett flygförbud över Libyen.
 13 mars – Libyska rebeller tvingas retirera från Brega.
 14 mars – Zuwarah åter under Kadaffis kontroll.
 15 mars – Rebellernas huvudstad Benghazi hotad. (S) kräver flygförbud över Libyen.
 16 mars – Rebellfästet Ajbadiya har fallit. Vice utrikesministern Khaled Kaim: Vi har snart återtagit kontrollen över alla städer.
 17 mars – FN:s säkerhetsråd röstar för att införa en flygförbudszon över Libyen. Gadaffi: "Vi kommer i natt (till Benghazi) och det kommer inte att visas någon barmhärtighet".
 18 mars – Norges försvarsminister meddelar deltagande i FN:s aktionen i Libyen.
 19 mars – Danmark sänder stridsflygplan till Natos Libyen-operation.
 20 mars – Human Rights Watch: Risk för civilbefolkningen i tidigare rebellkontrollerade områden.
 21 mars – Brett stöd för svensk Libyeninsats.Vänsterpartiets ledare Lars Ohly säger sig vara försiktigt positiv till att skicka Gripenplan.
 22 mars – EU-sanktioner drabbar inte libysktdelägt svenskt smältverk. Oljebolagen har svårt att välja sida.
 23 mars – Demokratirörelsen i Benghazi bildar ett övergångsråd.
 24 mars – Nato tar över ledningen av den FN-sanktionerade insatsen i Libyen. Turkiets parlament ger klartecken för Turkiets deltagande.
 25 mars – Grundaren av Libya al-Hurra TV (al-Hurra=den fria), den första, icke-statskontrollerade tv-kanalen i Gadaffis Libyen, nätaktivisten Muhammed al-Nabbus dödad av krypskytt.
 26 mars – Rebelledaren Abd al-Salam al-Madani: Gaddafis styrkor retirerar västerut.
 27 mars – Rebellerna fortsätter avancera, återtar Ajdabiya, Brega, Ras Lanuf och Bin Jawad, på väg mot Gaddafis födelsestad Sirte.
 28 mars – Rebelledaren med ansvar för ekonomi och oljeexport, Ali Tarhouni skriver oljeavtal med Qatar. Rebellstopp utanför Sirte.
 29 mars – Kontaktgruppen för Libyen bildades i London.
 30 mars – Nawfaliya, Bin Jawad och Ras Lanuf återtogs av Gaddafis militär i ett blixtanfall. Obama utesluter inte rebellbeväpning.
 31 mars – Gaddafi: Nicaraguas tidigare utrikesminister Miguel D'Escoto representerar mig i FN. New York Times: CIA och MI6 hjälper rebellerna.
 1 april - Riksdagen röstar ja för JAS 39 Gripenflygplan till Libyen. Gaddafioppositionens ledare Mustafa Abdul Jalil föreslår eld upphör.
 2 april - Positivt med svensk Libyeninsats anser kungen.
 3 april - Turkiskt fartyg evakuerar sårade från den av Gaddafis militär belägrade rebellstaden Misrata.
 4 april - Italien erkänner oppositionen som Libyens legitima företrädare.
 5 april - Gaddafi utser Abdelati Obeidi till ny utrikesminister.
 6 april - De svenska JAS 39 Gripenplanen skulle för första gången delta i FN-aktionen i Libyen, men kunde ej på grund av bränslebrist.
 7 april - Natoplan dödar av misstag 13 rebeller nära Ajdabiya. Gripenplan flyger på det första FN-sanktionerade uppdrag över Libyen.
 9 april - Natoflyg tvingar ned ett rebellflygplan i Libyen.
 11 april - Afrikanska Unionen (AU) är i Libyen för att förhandla fram fredsplan. Rebellerna säger nej och Gaddafi säger ja.
 15 april - EU planerar för en militär insats i Libyen för att kunna få in humanitär hjälp.
 16 april - Klustervapen Gaddafis nya hot mot Misrata.
 17 april - USA söker fristad åt Gaddafi, enligt New York Times.
 18 april - Rebellfästet Ajdabiya under attack.
 19 april - Uppgifter från Italien: 10 000 dödade i Libyen. Rebeller vädjar om marktrupper.
 20 april - Storbritannien, Italien och Frankrike meddelar att de skall skicka militära rådgivare till rebellfästet Benghazi i östra Libyen.,,
 21 april - Rebeller intar gränsposteringen Dehiba-Wazin mellan Libyen och Tunisien.
 22 april - Rebeller välkomnar att amerikanska drönarattacker har genomförts för första gången.
 23 april - Gaddafis armé medger problem i Misrata och säger att klaner skall strida istället. Ryssland, Grekland vapenvilasamtal med Gaddafi.
 24 april - Misrata bombas på nytt av Gaddafis styrkor. Kuwaitpengar till Libyenrebeller.
 25 april - Massiv beskjutning mot rebellfästet Misrata fortsätter med för första gången många svårt brännskadade.
 26 april -Ryssland och AU kritiserar Västländer. Gaddafistyrkorna uppges dölja Gradraketer. Städer i västra Libyen tömda.
 27 april - Prins vill bli kung i Libyen. Nato ökar attackerna. Rebellerna vinner mark i Misrata. Danmark vill störta Kaddafi.
 28 april - USA hävdar att Gaddafis trupper uppmuntras till våldtäkt. Gaddafistyrkor bombarderar Zintan och Yafran, intog Dehiba-Wazin.
 28 april - Berber i desperat kamp mot Gaddafis styrkor. (s) vill ta hem Libyenplan i sommar.
 29 april - Gaddafistyrkor sköt mot tunisiska staden Dahiba. Juholt: Libyeninsats skall avslutas den 30 juni. Berber i desperat kamp mot Gaddafi.
 30 april - Rebellernas Nationella övergångsråd och Nato negativa till Gaddafis nya vapenvilaförslag.
 1 maj – Gaddafis son Saif al-Arab dödad av Natottack. Gaddafitrogna förstör ambassader i Tripoli. Gaddafiambassadör utvisas från Storbritannien.
 2 maj – Gaddafiregimen ber om ursäkt för ambassadförstörelse. Hårda strider om Misratahs flygplats.
 3 maj – Turkiet kräver Gaddafis avgång. Nationella libyska rådet hoppas på miljardlån.
 4 maj – Kraftiga explosioner i Tripoli. Svenskar delade om Sveriges deltagande i FN-uppdraget med JAS i Libyen.
 5 maj – Nationella libyska rådet stöds ekonomiskt av Nato. Gaddafis sjuksköterska söker asyl i Norge. Gaddafidiplomater utvisas.
 6 maj – Rebellerna påstår Gaddafisoldater anfaller med Röda Korset-helikoptrar.
 7 maj – Svenska tält till Libyenflyktingar i Tunisien. Gaddafis flyg påstås bomba Misrata. Oljedepåerna brinner.
 8 maj – Panik på båt med 500 Libyenflyktingar när den gick på grund utanför den ön Lampedusa som redan har 25.000 flyktingar.
 9 maj – "Urskillningslösa" attacker mot Nafusa av Gaddafis milis. Norge ändrar sin Libyeninsats efter 24 juni.
 10 maj – Nato intensivbombar Tripoli. Norskt asylnej till Gadaffis sjuksköterska.
 11 maj – Rebellerna har återtagit flygplatsen i Misrata. EU öppnar Benghazikontor.
 12 maj – "Båtflyktingar del av Gaddafis krigföring".
 13 maj – FN befarar 1 200 döda Libyenflyktingar till havs.
 14 maj – USA avstår från att erkänna rebellerna.
 15 maj – Brittisk general vill bomba mer.
 16 maj – ICC-arresteringsorder rekordsnabbt utfärdad mot Gaddafi. Italiens utrikesminsiter Frattini: Gaddafi söker exil.
 17 maj – ICC-utredning om huruvida Gaddafisidan är skyldig till systematiska våldtäkter. Gaddafistyrkor påstår direktträff på Natofartyg. Gaddafis oljeminister uppges hoppa av.
 18 maj – Socialdemokraterna ändrar sin Libyenpolitik igen-Vill vara kvar.
 19 maj – Gaddafis fru och dotter påstås fly landet. Sverige utvisar libyska diplomater. Gaddafistyrkor anfaller Zintan.
 20 maj – Växande humanitär katastrof. Gaddafis krigsflotta bombades. Gaddafiregimen påstås ljuga om utländsk fotografs öde. Få kvinnor i  oppositionsledningen.
 21 maj – Benghaziregimen vill skapa krigskyrkogårdar.
 22 maj – EU upprättar kontor i Benghazi.
 23 maj – Franska medier uppger att franska helikoptrar har skickats till Libyen.
 24 maj – Kraftigaste bombningen av Tripoli hittills. Bildt (m) räknar med fortsatt svenskt GRIPEN-deltagande. Juholt (s) emot.

 25 maj – Sydafrikas president Zuma planerar genomföra samtal med Gadaffi.
 26 maj – Gaddafis EU-ambassadör Hadeiba al-Hadi hoppar av.
 27 maj – Ryska diplomater till Libyen. Hårda strider i Misrata. Gaddafi ägde svenska och danska  statobligationer för 570 miljoner.
 28 maj – Stor explosion på dagtid i Tripoli. Rika libyer flyr till tunisisk turistö. Bunkerbomber sätts in av Nato.
 29 maj – Internationella Kvinnoförbundet för Fred och Frihet (IKFF), Sveriges Fredsråd, Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund och Feministiskt Initiativ(FI): Lämna Libyenuppdraget! Nato:s insats som också innefattat förstörelse av civil infrastruktur och medfört civila offer, anser dem strida mot FN-stadgan och folkrätten.
 30 maj – Nato-attack mot staden Zlitan.
 31 maj – Sydafrikas medling misslyckades. 120 Gaddafiofficerare uppges ha massdeserterat. Video på internet påstår att anti-Gaddafiprotester sker i Souq Jumaa, Tripoli.
 1 juni - Natoråd rekommenderar 90 dagars förlängd insats i Libyen och vill ha mer svensk hjälp.
 2 juni - Utlovas ytterligare svenskt humanitärt Sida-stöd, 55 miljoner svenska kronor. Gaddafis oljeminister uppger att han har hoppat av.
 3 juni - Kina har haft sammanträden med Nationella övergångsrådets ledare, Mustafa Mohamed Abud Al Jeleil.
 4 juni - För första gången flyger franska och brittiska Apachehelikoptrar över Libyen. Förstörde en radaranläggning och en beväpnad vägspärr.
 5 juni - (S) öppnar upp för att Gripenplan stannar. Thage G Peterson (s), f.d. försvarsminister: Sverige köpte på sig för många Gripen.
 6 juni - Schweiz planerar åtal mot Gaddafiregimen för gisslantagande och utpressning.
 10 juni - Norges Libyeninsats upphör 1 augusti.
 11 juni - Amnesty: Massvåldtäktsbevisen mot Gaddafiregimen osäkra.
 15 juni - Brittiskt dilemma: Gaddafis äldste son Muhammad al-Gaddafi har fått flera hundra biljetter till OS i London.
 17 juni - Riksdagen röstade "Ja" till fortsatt Libyeninsats.
 18 juni - Kritiken mot Libyenkriget ökar i USA.
 20 juni - Nato erkänner misstag med bomber mot civilister och rebeller den 16 juni.
 21 juni - Nato förlorade drönare.
 22 juni - Frankrike motsätter sig italienskt förslag om bombstopp för humanitär hjälp.
 26 juni - Gaddafi vill ha val.
 27 juni - ICC utfärdar arresteringsorder för Gaddafi, sonen Saif al-Islam och förre säkerhetschefen. Gaddafis soldater pressas tillbaka till Bir al-Ghanam.
 1 juli – Försvarsmaktens informationspersonal till Libyenstyrkan i Italien om en vecka. AU, Ryssland och Kina kritiserar franska vapenleveranser till rebellerna.
 2 juli – BBC: Gaddafi hotar Europa med attacker.
 4 juli – Ryssland och Nato oense om Libyen.
 5 juli – För första gången når FN:s hjälpsändning fram till Nafusabergen.
 7 juli – Folkpartist i regeringens samordningskansli deltar i massdemonstration i Benghazi. Kritisk mot Bildts vägran att erkänna Nationella libyska rådet.
 8 juli – Gaddafi ordnar jättebröllop i Tripoli.
 10 juli – Gaddafis styrkor slår tillbaka anfall. Beskjuter al-Qawalish med Gradraketer.
 11 juli – Frankrike: Det är dags för Libyens rebeller att förhandla med Muammar Gaddafis regering
 12 juli – AU: Gaddafi måste gå. Politisk lösning kan vara nära. Ingen vill ha svensk bordningsstyrka.
 13 juli – Sveriges ÖB är på Libyenmöte i Paris. Gaddafis styrkor återtar al-Qawalish. Frankrike: Gaddafi beredd avgå snart. HRW: Rebellerna begår övergrepp.
 14 juli – Ryssland: Gaddafi har självmordsplan för Tripoli Rebellerna: Akut pengakris. TV4: Även hos Gaddafiregimen.
 15 juli – Västliga makter samt regionala länder i området erkänner Nationella övergångsrådet.
 16 juli – Rebeller siktar på att återta oljestaden Brega. Bregabor påstås skriva "Tack Nato" på hustak.
 18 juli – Rebellerna påstår de har intagit Brega.
 20 juli – Frankrikes utrikeminister Alain Juppe: En opolitisk Gaddafi kan få vara kvar i Libyen.
 22 juli – Tripoliinfiltration sker nu, påstår Fawzi Bukatif, befälhavare för de revolutionära styrkorna i Benghazi.
 24 juli – Nato meddelar att de har bombat en kommandocentral i Tripoli.
 25 juli - NATO-alliansen bombar civila anläggningar enligt den libyska regeringen.
 27 juli – Storbritannien erkänner Nationella libyska rådet (NTC). Gaddafis ambassadpersonal i London utvisas.
 28 juli – Rebellerna: Vår överbefälhavare Abdel Fattah Younes mördad. al-Ghazaya och Umm al-Far intagna av rebellerna.
 31 juli – SVT: I Libyen är det stor brist på bensin. Strider mellan rebeller och Gaddafitrogna i Benghazi. SR: Strider närmar sig Zlitan.
 1 augusti - Mordgåtan Abdel Fattah Younes skapar splittring i övergångsrådet.
 3 augusti - Norge tar hem alla sina stridsflygplan.
 4 augusti - Dödläget kostar, Nato pressar på för förhandlingar. New York Times: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi islamistsamarbetar. Ca 100 flyktingar drunknade i Medelhavet.
 5 augusti - Rebellerna: Gaddafisonen Khamis Gaddafi död i Zlitan. Gaddafiregimen förnekar detta.
 6 augusti - Rebellerna: Framryckning mot Tripoli. Åtta mil söder om Tripoli har Bir Ghanam intagits.
 7 augusti - Gaddafi får stor kram från Chavez.
 8 augusti - Rebellernas framryckningen mot Tripoli möter stort motstånd. Nationella övergångsrådets kabinett upplöses.
 9 augusti - Gaddafiregimen: Nato dödade 85 civila vid Zliten.
 10 augusti - Gaddafiregimen visade upp Khamis Gaddafi på tv. Oljestaden Brega påstås nästan intagen av rebellerna. EU-sanktionerna utökas.
 11 augusti - Brega delad. Gaddafiregimfraktflygplan har beslagtagits av Förenade arabemiraten.
 12 augusti - Civila dödsoffer oroar Ban Ki-moon.
 13 augusti - Strider runt Misrata och Zlitan och i Brega fortsätter det.
 14 augusti - Rebellerna påstår att de intagit Zawiyah efter hårda strider. Strider blossade upp vid Ras Jadir och Abu Kammash, en mil från Tunisien.
 16 augusti - Rebellerna påstår Gaddafistyrkor har avfyrat Scud-robotar mot Brega.
 18 augusti - Svensk bordningsstyrka avfärdas av Nato. Reuters: Rebellerna har också tagit kontroll över staden Garyan, åtta mil söder om Tripoli.
 19 augusti - NATO bombar Tripoli. Reuters: Surman har fallit i rebellernas händer. Strider pågår kring Zlitan.
 21 augusti - Nationella övergångsrådets vice ordförande  Abdel Hafiz Ghoga: Eldstrider har brutit ut i Tripoli igår kväll. Nyhetsankare pistolhotar Gaddafimotståndare.
 22 augusti - Rebellerna: Gaddafi kontrollerar bara 1/5 av Tripoli. Gröna Torget intaget av rebellerna. Mustafa Abdul Jalil: Gaddafis söner Muhammad Gaddafi och Saif al-Islam Gaddafi är arresterade. Okänt var Gaddafi är. Tv-stationen Al Arabiya: Gaddafis son Saadi har också gripits.
 23 augusti - Saif al-Islam som påståtts vara gripen framträder i tv (SVT bland annat) och påstår att libyska folket rest sig (med regimen) mot rebellerna. Muammar Khaddafi påstås vara (kvar) i Tripoli och må bra.
 20 oktober - Gaddafi dödas när rebellerna intar Sirte.
 23 oktober - Libyien förklaras officiellt att vara befriat.

Källor

Libyska inbördeskriget 2011

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Christopher Berry is Co-Founder, Chief Science Officer of Authintic, an analytics technology company. Prior to Authintic, Christopher built the measurement science and labs groups at Syncapse, a leading social media technology company, and the marketing science department at top-ranked digital agency, Critical Mass. Christopher has developed breakthrough global social analytics programs for AB-Inbev, Research In Motion, and Coca-Cola. He participated in eCommerce redesigns at Gucci and Dell, mobile integrations for Best Buy USA, banking innovation at Citi, and social at JP Morgan Chase and USAA. He was also part of the team responsible for the Webby awarded redesign of NASA.gov. Yup – NASA. Christopher has spoken at Strata San Francisco, multiple eMetrics conferences in New York, London, San Francisco, and Toronto, IMC Vancouver, NCDM Miami, and the Toronto Data Mining Forum. He's an organizer of the Toronto Data Science Group, and active among INFORMS researchers. He is co-chair of the Web Analytics Association's Research Committee and leads the Peer Review Journals Project. He is published in the Canadian Journal of Transportation, wrote the 2010 "Value of a Facebook Fan" paper (65,000 downloads and counting), and completed over ten reviews for the Digital Analytics Association.


text:
Q: Problems with zeros in matplotlib.colors.LogNorm I am plotting a histogram using
plt.imshow(hist2d, norm = LogNorm(), cmap = gray)

where hist2d is a matrix of histogram values. This works fine except for elements in hist2d that are zero. In particular, I obtain the following image

but would like the white patches to be black.
Thank you!

A: Here's an alternative method that does not require you to muck with your data by setting a rgb value for bad pixels.
import copy
data = np.arange(25).reshape((5,5))
my_cmap = copy.copy(matplotlib.cm.get_cmap('gray')) # copy the default cmap
my_cmap.set_bad((0,0,0))
plt.imshow(data,
           norm=matplotlib.colors.LogNorm(),
           interpolation='nearest',
           cmap=my_cmap)

The problem is that bins with 0 can not be properly log normalized so they are flagged as 'bad', which are mapped to differently.  The default behavior is to not draw anything on those pixels.  You can also specify what color to draw pixels that are over or under the limits of the color map (the default is to draw them as the highest/lowest color).

A: If you're happy with the colour scaling as is, and simply want the 0 values to be black, I'd simply change the input matrix so that the 0s are replaced by the next smallest value:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.cm, matplotlib.colors
import numpy

hist2d = numpy.arange(9).reshape(3,3)

plt.imshow(numpy.maximum(hist2d, sorted(hist2d.flat)[1]),
           interpolation='nearest',
           norm = matplotlib.colors.LogNorm(),
           cmap = matplotlib.cm.gray)

produces

A: Was this generated with the matplotlib hist2d function?
All you need to do is go through the matrix and set some arbitrary floor value, then make sure to plot this with fixed limits
for f in hist2d:
   f += 1e-3

then when you show the figure, all of the whitespace will now be at the floor value, and will show up on the lognormal plot .  However, if you are letting hist2d automatically pick the scaling for you, it will want to use the 1e-3 floor value as the minimum. To avoid this, you need to set vmin and vmax values in hist2d
hist2d(x,y,bins=40, norm=LogNorm(), vmin=1, vmax=1e4)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What we're watching on Netflix!
Get your cosy on, cause it's starting to cool down. And that means more time under the doona with Netflix streaming and a cup of tea steaming. Cuddle up in some of our favourite feel good fleece and watch something from our hit list below!
Sleepless in Seattle – Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan in a real classic rom com – if you haven't seen this then consider it on your weekend To Do List. An oldie, but such a goodie.
Moana – Because Disney can do no wrong when it comes to fairy and folk tales. Especially when it is about an island girl who braves the wild ocean to save her people and in doing so, finds her own identity. Girl power!
Safe Haven – Another romantic chick flick with some definite eye candy in the form of Josh Duhamel. An easy watch with a little drama but overall will make you feel warm and fuzzy.
Dream Girls – Starring all the talented peeps, Dream Girls is about a 1960s girl group who soon realise the high cost of fame. Anything with Beyonce in it is on our radar.
For something a little more serious then the below documentaries will have you feeling all kinds of intrigued and inspired.
Given – If you have ever thought about quitting your corporate job to travel the world, then this might just give you enough inspo to do it. A surfing adventure gives a young boy from Hawaii the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of life. We LOVED it.
Expedition Happiness – A film maker and his musician girlfriend buy an old American schoolbus, renovate it and travel across North America on an epic roadtrip with their dog. An honest depiction of life on the road.
Resurface – An emotional and heartfelt watch. The story of a suicidal war veteran who finds like-minded souls in a surf therapy program that helps traumatized soldiers heal while riding the waves.
Fish People – The stories of people who have dedicated their lives to the sea from surfers and spearfishers to long distance swimmers – it's enough to make you want to go for a wave!
Chasing Coral – A documentary campaigning for the disappearance of coral reefs around the world due to climate change. An interesting yet confronting watch if you love the ocean!
Minimalism – An inspiring watch that demonstrates the virtues of less is more and helps you to think about what are the most important things in your life. Probably not posessions!


Virgin of Vladimir (Vladimirskaya), detail.
Eve lifted up her eyes from Sheol and rejoiced in that day, because the Son of her daughter as a medicine of life came down to raise up the mother of His mother. Blessed Babe, that bruised the head of the Serpent that smote her!
St Ephrem the Syrian, Eighth Hymn on the Nativity. Emphases added.


text:
Which type of government does the Belgium have federal Communist Unitary Central?
Which type of government is there in Belgium unitary or federal?
What type of government is found in Belgium?
Is Belgium a unitary government?
What type of government does Belgium have class 10?
What is the role of the federal government in Belgium?
How did the Belgium government shift from a unitary government to a federal government?
Where is unitary form of government?
What is unitary form of govt?
What is Belgium's community government?
Was the State Govt of Belgium subordinate to the central govt?
What is a Federal Government Class 10?
What type of government prevails in Belgium Mcq?
How many types of government are there in Belgium?
Belgium was shifted from unitary form of government to federal form of government in 1993.
As a result, the first Article of the Belgian constitution reads today: 'Belgium is a federal state, composed of communities and regions'. The power to make decisions is no longer the exclusive preserve of the federal government and the federal parliament.
The politics of Belgium take place in the framework of a federal, representative democratic, constitutional monarchy. The King of the Belgians is the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Belgium is the head of government, in a multi-party system.
In general, Belgium has evolved from a unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions, and language areas.
Class 10 Question
IT IS AMAZING: Can you work in English in Netherlands?
The Politics of Belgium takes place in a framework of a federal, representative democratic, constitutional monarch. whereby the King of the Belgians is the Head of State and the Prime Minister of Belgium is the head of government in a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
The Federal Government exercises the federal executive power. This Government is now limited to 15 ministers. With the possible exception of the Prime Minister, the Federal Government consists of the same number of Dutch-speakers and French-speakers. Secretaries of State may also be added.
How was Belgian government shifted from a unitary to federal form of government? Answer: … The regional governments were given constitutional powers that were no longer dependent on the Central Government. Thus, Belgium shifted from a unitary to federal form of government.
England, France, Japan, Sri Lanka are examples of Unitary Form of governments. In a Unitary form of government all authorityandpowervestedinasinglecentre whereas in a federal form of government authority and power distributed between centre and the constituent units.
Unitary government is a kind of government system in which a single power, which is known. as the central government, controls the whole government. In fact, all powers and. administrative divisions authorities lies at the central place. Today most of the government.
Hint: The Community Government refers to the government in which one person is elected from a specific religion or caste to represent the whole community. … In Belgium, the community government is elected by the electors who belong to one linguistic community for example French, German and Dutch.
IT IS AMAZING: Did New Amsterdam get Cancelled?
Explanation: The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
(a) Federal Government is a type of government in which powers are shared among government at different levels like a central government for the entire country and governments at the provincial, sub-national or regional level. A government for the entire country is usually called "Federal Government".
Democratic as well Constitutional Monarchy is the type of government that prevails in Belgium.
Belgium has 1 federal government and 5 regional governments. Each government has a number of ministers with their own powers. The German community.


text:
VSO's 100 Years of History
Hear The VSO
Chrysler Hall
Ferguson Center for the Arts
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L. Douglas Wilder Center
Sandler Center for the Performing Arts
TCC Roper Performing Arts Center
Shining Stars | 2/9-2/11
Thurs., Feb. 9, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Ferguson Center, Newport NewsSat., Feb. 11, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Sandler Center, Virginia Beach This program celebrates the musical artistry of two of the VSO's most beloved veterans, Concertmaster Vahn Armstrong and Principal Oboe Sherie...
African American Fellowship Program
Music Learning Lab
SOAR : School Orchestra Artistic Residencies
Specialty Chamber Shows
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HeartStrings
Open Doors: Sensory-Friendly Concert Series
VSO Showcases
What About the Music?
Rhythm and Respighi
Power and Promise
Neighbors and Friends
Electric Bass Superstar
Violinist Gil Shaham Returns
Romantic Meltdown
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Gospel According to Swing with Byron Stripling | 2/17-2/18
Fri., Feb. 17, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Ferguson Center, Newport NewsSat., Feb. 18, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Chrysler Hall, Norfolk Experience this jubilant concert bursting with the spirit of gospel music, and bubbling with the influences of jazz and blues!
Animals at the Symphony | 2/19
Sun., Feb. 19, 2023 | 3:00 PM | Sandler Center, Virginia Beach Join Peter and his animal friends on a symphonic adventure in Sergei Prokofiev'sbeloved work, Peter and the Wolf. A lively introduction to the orchestra, each character in this musical fairy tale is...
The Incomparable Yo-Yo Ma | 2/23
Thurs., Feb. 23, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Chrysler Hall, Norfolk Eric Jacobsen and the VSO are thrilled to welcome the world's greatest cellist and Eric's mentor of 20 years, Yo-Yo Ma, for his first appearance here with orchestra since 1999. Mr. Ma's performance of Dvořák's...
Mozart's Requiem | 3/9-3/12
Thurs., Mar. 9, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Chrysler Hall, NorfolkFri., Mar. 10, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Ferguson Center, Newport NewsSun., Mar. 12, 2023 | 2:30 PM | Sandler Center, Virginia Beach The Connie and Marc Jacobson Music Director Laureate JoAnn Falletta returns to direct the...
Violinist Gil Shaham Returns | 3/24-3/26
Fri., Mar. 24, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Ferguson Center, Newport NewsSat., Mar. 25, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Chrysler Hall, NorfolkSun., Mar. 26, 2023 | 2:30 PM | Sandler Center, Virginia Beach Since his surprise appearance with the VSO when he was just 17 years old (a lastminute...
Broadway Rocks | 3/31-4/1
Fri., Mar. 31, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Ferguson Center, Newport NewsSat., Apr. 1, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Sandler Center, Virginia Beach This high energy show brings together exciting vocalists from the Broadway stage performing selections from Rock and contemporary Broadway hits....
Romantic Meltdown | 4/21-4/22
Fri., Apr. 21, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Ferguson Center, Newport NewsSat., Apr. 22, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Chrysler Hall, Norfolk His Symphony No. 1 was reportedly Tchaikovsky's own favorite piece. Like Tchaikovsky, composer Anna Clyne, an inventive collaborator once described by...
The Music of Star Wars | 5/4
Thurs., May 4,2023 | 7:30 PM | Ferguson Center, Newport News May the fourth be with you. Anthony Parnther, conductor
From the Silk Road to the Planets | 5/12-5/14
Fri., May 12, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Chrysler Hall, NorfolkSat., May 13, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Ferguson Center, Newport NewsSun., May 14, 2023 | 2:30 PM | Sandler Center, Virginia Beach The VSO welcomes three members of the legendary Silk Road Ensemble: cellist Karen Ouzonian,...
Chris Thile: World Premiere | 5/19-5/21
Fri., May 19, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Ferguson Center, Newport NewsSat., May 20, 2023 | 7:30 PM | Chrysler Hall, NorfolkSun., May 21, 2023 | 2:30 PM | Sandler Center, Virginia Beach CHRIS THILE, mandolin Eric Jacobsen, conductor MacArthur Fellow and Grammy® Award-winning...
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Tone Poem
What is a tone poem?
A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other source.
What is a symphony?
Symphony has two meanings.
A symphony is a piece of music written for orchestra that typically has four movements. After each movement, there is a pause. Do you clap between movements? The common practice is that the audience refrains from clapping until all four movements are played. However, if you are moved after a particular movement and you need to express your enthusiasm, go ahead and clap. When in doubt, wait for the masses to start clapping.
The word symphony is also used for the group performing on stage – it is short for "symphony orchestra". Symphony Orchestras employ instrumentalists who play woodwinds, brass, percussion and string instruments.
What is a viola?
A viola is a stringed instrument with four strings that is bigger and lower than a violin. The strings of a violin are E A D G from high to low. The strings of the viola are A D G C from high to low. In the picture, violin is on the left and viola is on the right.
What is a concerto?
A Concerto is an orchestral piece that is written to feature an instrumentalist performing in front of the orchestra as a solo.
How do you pronounce "Concerto"?
"Con – chair – toe" With the "chair" getting the emphasis.
Is the soloist part of the orchestra?
Soloists are typically hired to play for the week. Since they are amazing at their instruments and have an uncanny ability to memorize many pieces, this is their job. Soloists perform many concerts per year throughout the country or world (depending on their popularity). The piece that they play is in their "repertoire" which means that they have performed it many times with many orchestras.
How do you choose the music/soloist?
The Music Director identifies a soloist that they want and with the soloist, they choose the music to be performed. Or the Music Director may want to perform a particular concerto on a concert. They would then find a soloist who is known for performing that piece.
Zacherie Small
After migrating from his native island of Barbados, Zacherie Small began his Double Bass studies the age of 19 with Jonathan Dadurka at Miami-Dade College where he graduated with a Associate of Arts in Music. Afterwards, he went on to study with Luis Gomez-Imbert at Florida International University where he now holds a Bachelor of Music in Double Bass Performance; Cum Laude, and a Masters of Music in Double Bass Performance. Also, recently graduated with his second Masters from Temple University studying with members of the Philadelphia Orchestra such as Nathaniel West, Joseph Conyers, and Robert Kesselman.
Small has performed with various orchestras. He is a member of the Miami Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Eduardo Marturet. He was also the Principal Double Bass of the Miami Chamber Orchestra under the direction of Jorge Vazquez. Small periodically performs with the Colour of Music Festival Orchestra.
Small has attended the Miami Summer Music Festival at Barry University for 3 years. During the festival, he has performed in many concerts with various conductors like Michael Rossi, Yuriy Bekker, Joel Smirnoff, David Efron, Stephanie Rhodes, and Steve Gruman. Also, participated in the Philadelphia International Music Festival to study with Nathaniel West and under the baton of Kensho Watanabe.
As well as being a performer, Small is the secondary music director South-Dade Middle School and does masterclasses at various schools in Miami, FL. He is also a teacher for the Artist of the Miami Music Project where he guides children in troubled neighborhoods to bring about social change, cultivate lessons, and run ensembles.
Small has also studied with various teachers, such as Eugene Levinson, Jeffrey Bradetich, Julius Darvas, Alexander Berti, Brian Powell, James Goode, etc.
Small plays on a 2006 Heinrich Gill; Maggini Model, double bass named Odin and a 1920 Eugen Roth bow named Brunhilde.
Omari Imhotep Abdul-Alim
Omari Imhotep Abdul-Alim is a classically trained violinist from the Seattle area currently offering music lessons and freelance performances around San Diego. He is a graduate of the University of Cincinnati, having finished his masters degree at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music in violin performance in spring 2020. As an instructor, Omari uses his experience in classical music to build a fun and enriching curriculum for his students. Aside from his passion for education, Omari is a dedicated performer. He is resident violinist at First Lutheran Church of San Diego and in the last year has appeared as a guest artist with the Martin Luther King Choir, the Old Globe Theater, Synergy, NeoTuesdays and more.
Omari's love for sharing music shines through all of his practices. Thus, he is deeply honored to be able to deliver moving performances to listeners like you.
Emmanuel Losa
Born in 1998, Emmanuel Losa grew up in Marietta, Georgia to a Nigerian father and Jamaican mother. Starting his cello studies at the age of 12, he began to have an affinity for the orchestral world and later studying with the esteemed cellists of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, his primary instructor was Joel Dallow; in addition, studying with Dona Vellek (Assistant Principal Cello Emeritus) and Karen Freer (Assistant Principal Cello).
Emmanuel heavily enjoys studying various pieces of solo, chamber, and orchestral music, spending his summers at various festivals such as Bowdoin International Music Festival, Spoleto Festival USA, and Aspen Music Festival to name a few.
A student of Alan Stepansky at the Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University, Emmanuel is pursuing an undergraduate cello performance degree in orchestral performance. He continues his studies with a focus on winning a position with a major orchestra.
Avery Robinson
Avery Robinson grew up in Western Massachusetts where he was influenced by his parents' love for jazz music. At the age of 10 he started playing piano and began learning bass when he was 12 years old. As a young musician, Avery's passion for jazz persisted however, as he became exposed to the wonderful sounds of the symphony, his musical passion grew to include a second genre: classical music. After joining his high school orchestra, his career path was set.
Avery has studied at many top music schools such as the Eastman School of Music, The Hartt School of Music, and the Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music and has graduated with honors. His teachers include Rachel Calin, Albert Laszlo, and Robert Black. Avery has been a member of the Kentucky Symphony, and most recently, the Tulsa Symphony Orchestra. He has also worked as a substitute for the Amarillo Symphony and the Symphony of Northwest Arkansas. In addition to his orchestral career, Avery is also an accomplished recitalist, having performed many solo and chamber recitals at various venues such as the Chautauqua Institution and at the "Classical Revolution" Series in Cincinnati. His love for performing with others shows in his expressive and sometimes fervent style of playing.
Avery has other passions in addition to music. Firstly, he is a huge art and history buff and loves to frequent museums and galleries whenever he can. He is also a lover of sports and an avid golfer.
Simone Paulwell
Soprano, Simone Paulwell has garnered international attention for her innate ability to capture audiences with her strikingly powerful and agile voice. A Washington D.C. native, she made her national debut as a soloist with The President's Own: United States Marine Band in 2007. Ms Paulwell has performed for audiences of all ages and cultures and has graced such prestigious stages as The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, in Washington, D.C., Carnegie Hall, in New York City, the Reichold Center for the Arts in the U.S. Virgin Islands, The Washington National Opera Company and The San Francisco Opera Company. Ms. Paulwell recently completed her first summer at The Glimmerglass Festival in Cooperstown, New York. Ms. Paulwell received critical acclaim under the baton of Yuri Temirkanov and the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, in St. Petersburg, Russia performing Gershwin's Porgy and Bess in 2004. She also debuted as a soloist with Paul Freeman and the Czech National Symphony Orchestra in Prague, Czech Republic in 2006. In 2015 Ms. Paulwell made her European debut as Serena in Porgy and Bess at the Rai Centre in Amsterdam and at Theatre Odyssud in Blagnac, France.
As a lifelong student of music, Ms. Paulwell has studied voice with Betty Ridgeway at Morgan State University, in Baltimore, MD, and Jeremy Winston at Wilberforce University, in Wilberforce, OH, where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Music degree. Her educational ambitions have afforded her success in several vocal competitions including 1st place in the National Association of Teachers of Singing (NATS) competition, and 1st place winner of the Leontyne Price Vocal Arts Regional Competition sponsored by the National Association of Negro Business and Professional Womens' Club.
In addition to her musical accomplishments and affiliations, Ms. Paulwell is a proud member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.
Eric Jacobsen
Hailed by the New York Times as "an interpretive dynamo," conductor and cellist Eric Jacobsen has built a reputation for engaging audiences with innovative and collaborative programming. He is the newly-named Music Director of the Virginia Symphony, becoming the 12th music director in the orchestra's 100-year history, and will assume that post on July 1.
Jacobsen is Artistic Director and conductor of The Knights, and serves as the Music Director for the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra. Jacobsen founded the adventurous orchestra The Knights with his brother, violinist Colin Jacobsen, to foster the intimacy and camaraderie of chamber music on the orchestral stage. As conductor, Jacobsen has led the "consistently inventive, infectiously engaged indie ensemble" (New York Times) at Central Park's Naumburg Orchestral Concerts, Celebrate Brooklyn! Festival, (Le) Poisson Rouge, the 92nd Street Y, Carnegie Hall, and Lincoln Center; at major summer festivals such as Tanglewood, Ravinia, and Ojai; and on tour nationally and internationally, including at the Cologne Philharmonie, Düsseldorf Tonhalle, Hamburg Elbphilharmonie, Salzburg Großes Festspielhaus, Vienna Musikverein, National Gallery of Dublin, and the Dresden Musikfestspiele. Recent collaborators include violinists Itzhak Perlman and Gil Shaham, singers Dawn Upshaw, Susan Graham, and Nicholas Phan, and pianists Emanuel Ax and Jean-Yves Thibaudet. Also in demand as a guest conductor, Jacobsen has led the symphony orchestras of Baltimore, Detroit, the New World, St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, the Deutsche Philharmonie Merck and the Tonkunstler Orchestra, with whom Jacobsen appeared at Vienna's legendary Musikverein.
In the coming season, Eric Jacobsen returns to the Detroit Symphony for the world premiere of James Lee III's "Amer'ican," a contemporary response to Dvorak's "New World" Symphony which also features on the program. He also makes his La Jolla Summerfest debut, conducting three concerts featuring Summerfest Artistic Director Inon Barnaton and other artists. He appears twice with the Virginia Symphony, with guest artist Branford Marsalis and also performing Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, and travels to Bilkent, Turkey, to appear with the orchestra there. With The Knights, he returns to the Tanglewood and Caramoor Festivals and to Central Park's Naumburg Bandshell, and appears at Wolf Trap in a new piece by Grammy-winning singer/songwriter Aoife O'Donovan. In the spring, Jacobsen and The Knights close their season with a multi-city US tour featuring pianist Aaron Diehl.
The 21-22 Orlando Philharmonic season sees the return of the "Resonate" festival, a unique blend of old and new orchestral and chamber works, performed in standard and more intimate concert formats. This season's edition features Artist-in-Residence Stewart Goodyear performing the complete piano sonatas of Beethoven as well as orchestral repertoire. The Orlando season will close with a semi-staged production of Orff's "Carmina burana," with staging by Alison Moritz and choreography by John Heginbotham.
In recent seasons, Eric Jacobsen and The Knights performed a fully-staged centennial production of Bernstein's Candide directed by Alison Moritz at the Ravinia Festival, and toured Florida with Gil Shaham. With mandolin virtuoso Avi Avital, Jacobsen and The Knights undertook a 15-concert European tour, including performances at Hamburg's Elbphilharmonie and Vienna's Musikverein. In New York, Jacobsen and The Knights performed at Carnegie Hall's Zankel Hall; with groundbreaking countertenor Anthony Roth Costanzo at National Sawdust in music of Handel and Philip Glass; and at the Park Avenue Armory, where they helped create the music for William Kentridge's The Head and the Load. With the Bridgeport Symphony, Jacobsen performed with his brother Colin, with whom he recorded a video of Vaughan Williams' The Lark Ascending that was featured on London's Classic FM and The Violin Channel.
At the close of a successful sixth season with the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, Jacobsen has continued to pioneer the orchestra's programming and community engagement in new and exciting directions. During the 20-21 season, the Orlando Philharmonic was one of the few orchestras internationally that was able to perform live concerts, including with renowned pianist Yuja Wang, and they closed their season with "America, Come," an Orlando Philharmonic commission from Aoife O'Donovan honoring the centennial of the 19th Amendment. Previous seasons included Inside the Score, in which Jacobsen led the audience on a guided exploration of Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique; appearances by multi-instrumentalist Angélica Negrón as composer-in-residence; and guest appearances by Grammy-winning singer-songwriter Rhiannon Giddens and internationally acclaimed cello virtuoso Jan Vogler.
Under Jacobsen's baton, The Knights have developed an extensive recording collection, which includes the critically acclaimed albums Azul, with longtime collaborator Yo-Yo Ma, as well as the Prokofiev Concerto in the Grammy-nominated Gil Shaham album 1930s Violin Concertos. Their most recent release, featuring Gil Shaham in performances of the Beethoven and Brahms Violin Concertos, was met with critical acclaim upon its release in Spring 2020. The Knights issued three albums for Sony Classical including Jan Vogler and The Knights Experience: Live from New York; New Worlds, and an all-Beethoven album, as well as the "smartly programmed" (National Public Radio) A Second in Silence on the Ancalagon label. Jacobsen's first release on Warner Classics was the ground beneath our feet. We Are The Knights, a documentary film produced by Thirteen/WNET, premiered in September 2011.
In December 2012, Jacobsen and his brother Colin were selected from among the nation's top visual, performing, media, and literary artists to receive a prestigious United States Artists Fellowship. Eric splits his time between New York and Orlando with his wife, singer-songwriter Aoife O'Donovan, and their daughter.
STAR OF BROADWAY MUSICALS THE GERSHWINS' PORGY AND BESS, THE COLOR PURPLE, THE LION KING, and RAGTIME
Nathaniel Stampley starred as 'Porgy' in the Broadway National Tour of The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess. He has also starred on Broadway in CATS, The Color Purple, and The Lion King. West End (London): The Lion King. Broadway National Tours include Ragtime and Orpheus Returns. Other credits include Big Love, Fiorello! and Lost in the Stars, New York City Center's Encores!; Abyssinia, Pacific Overtures, Strike Up the Band, One Touch of Venus, Violet, Once on This Island, Big River, The Color Purple, Dreamgirls, Show Boat, Harriet: The Woman Called Moses, El Capitan, Girl Crazy, and The King and I. He has performed in The Weill Music Institute concert series, Musical Explorers and Link Up with the Orchestra of St. Luke's at Carnegie Hall, and at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Other concerts include 92Y, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, Elgin Symphony Orchestra (Naxos recording). El Paso Symphony Orchestra, the Springfield Symphony Orchestra, Grand Junction Symphony Orchestra, West Michigan Symphony and Bernstein's Mass with the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra.
@nathanielstampley
Ali Ewoldt has appeared as Christine Daaé in The Phantom of the Opera on Broadway, Cosette in Les Miserables (Broadway, National Tour), The King and I (Broadway, Lyric Opera of Chicago), and Maria in West Side Story (National Tour, International Tour). Ali's concert work includes: Alice Tully Hall, NY Pops at Carnegie Hall, Houston Symphony, Kaohsiung Symphony and The Boston Pops. Ali has a BA in psychology from Yale University and is a proud Filipina-American. @aliewoldt
STAR OF BROADWAY MUSICALS SHOW BOAT, THE SOUND OF MUSIC, AN AMERICAN IN PARIS, and THE BOYS FROM SYRACUSE
Teri Hansen has received International recognition for her crossover abilities as a singing actress from Opera to Broadway and concert stages around the world. Miss Hansen made her Broadway debut in The Boys From Syracuse and starred in London's West End as 'Magnolia' in Hal Prince's Tony award winning production of Show Boat. Most recently she starred in the National Tours of The Sound Of Music (Elsa) and the Tony Award winning An American In Paris. Miss Hansen starred in tours of The Music Man as 'Marian Paroo', 'Guenevere' in Camelot and as 'Magnolia' in Show Boat. Internationally recognized as an interpreter of Weill, Miss Hansen starred as "Rose" in the film version of Kurt Weill's Street Scene. Miss Hansen also toured for years with Marvin Hamlisch, appeared at the Lincoln Center singing Rodgers and Hammerstein, as well as regular appearances there as a part of the prestigious "Meet the Artist" series. Her solo CD "Into Your Arms…Love Songs of Richard Rodger's" is available worldwide.
@teridhalinks
STAR OF BROADWAY MUSICALS THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA, EVITA, THE WOMAN IN WHITE and BOMBAY DREAMS
Sean MacLaughlin recently garnered critical acclaim across the country performing the role of 'Juan Peron' in the Broadway National Tour of Evita. He has sung with countless symphony orchestras throughout the United States and Canada singing the music of Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber and Richard Rodgers. Broadway credits include 'Raoul' in The Phantom of the Opera, Elton John's Lestat, Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Woman In White and Bombay Dreams. Other credits include Transport Groups Productions of The Audience, Requiem for William, and Baby: in Concert; South Pacific: In Concert at Carnegie Hall; Grand Hotel, Follies and More at Signature Theatre in DC; The Sondheim Celebration: Merrily We Roll Along and Chess at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts; Frank Wildhorn's Excalibur and Webber's Sunset Boulevard. Film includes HBO's Something the Lord Made and Walking Shadows.
@theatremutt
VSO Guest Artist: Andrew von Oeyen
Hailed worldwide for his elegant and insightful interpretations, balanced artistry and brilliant technique, Andrew von Oeyen has established himself as one of the most captivating pianists of his generation.
Since his debut at age 16 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic and Esa-Pekka Salonen, Mr. von Oeyen has extended his interpretive voice to a broad spectrum of repertoire as both a soloist and recitalist. He has collaborated with such ensembles as the Philadelphia Orchestra, Los Angeles Philharmonic, San Francisco Symphony, National Symphony, Detroit Symphony, Saint Louis Symphony, Seattle Symphony, Dallas Symphony, Atlanta Symphony, Cincinnati Symphony, Mariinsky Orchestra, Berlin Symphony Orchestra, New Japan Philharmonic, Singapore Symphony, Grant Park Orchestra, Ravinia Festival Orchestra, Vancouver Symphony, Utah Symphony, Orchestre Symphonique de Marseille, Geneva Chamber Orchestra, Spoleto USA Orchestra, Slovenian Philharmonic and Slovak Philharmonic. As both soloist and conductor he has led concerti and orchestral works by Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Ravel and Kurt Weill. On July 4, 2009, he performed at the U.S. Capitol with the National Symphony in "A Capitol Fourth," reaching millions worldwide in the multi-award winning PBS live telecast.
Mr. von Oeyen has appeared in recital at Wigmore Hall and Barbican Hall in London, Lincoln Center in New York, the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., Boston's Symphony Hall, Zürich's Tonhalle, Moscow's Tchaikovsky Hall, St. Petersburg's Philharmonia, Dublin's National Concert Hall, Royce Hall in Los Angeles, Herbst Theater in San Francisco, Spivey Hall in Atlanta, Sala São Paulo, Teatro Olimpico in Rome, in Mexico City, Hanoi, Macau, and in every major concert hall of Japan and South Korea. Festival appearances include Aspen, Ravinia, Grant Park, Mainly Mozart, Saratoga, Schubertiade, Spoleto, Brevard, Grand Teton, Chautauqua and the Mariinsky's "Stars of the White Nights."
Mr. von Oeyen has recorded for Warner Classics since 2017. His albums under that label, including works for piano and orchestra by Saint-Saëns, Ravel and Gershwin and a disc including Debussy's Fantaisie pour Piano et Orchestre, have been met with critical acclaim. Mr. von Oeyen has also recorded award-winning recital albums of Liszt, Debussy, and Stravinsky under the Delos label.
Mr. von Oeyen, of German and Dutch origin, was born in the U.S. He began his piano studies at age 5 and made his solo orchestral debut at age 10. An alumnus of Columbia University and graduate of The Juilliard School, where his principal teachers were Herbert Stessin and Jerome Lowenthal, he also worked with Alfred Brendel and Leon Fleisher. He won the prestigious Gilmore Young Artist Award in 1999 and also took First Prize in the Léni Fé Bland Foundation National Piano Competition in 2001. Mr. von Oeyen lives in Paris and Los Angeles.


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Poison Girls
Where's The Pleasure
Water Wing
***First released in September 1982 on their own Xntrix Records label, Where's The Pleasure was described by Johnny Waller in Sounds as "The last great punk record". The record came out of a period of change for POISON GIRLS. A new house, a new bass player, a completely new set, and, with it, a determination to challenge the expectations of their audience. What resulted is an outstanding collection of songs. VI SUBVERSA's lyrics seamlessly make the personal political, and the political relevant to everyday life. The music bristles with inventiveness. What we hear is a band at the top of their game, exploring different styles and enjoying themselves in the process. It is Poison Girls flexing their musical muscles, rediscovering their roots, and connecting with the true spirit of punk, which is of course, unbridled, messy and adventurous creativity. Where's The Pleasure is a truly wonderful achievement by a truly unique band. Limited to 1,000 copies.
LP $15.50
WW 16
Chappaquiddick Bridge
***Chappaquiddick Bridge, the bands first full length LP, was originally released on Crass Records in 1980 and featured the same lineup as HEx. And like Hex, it shared the producer/engineer team of PENNY RIMBAUD and JOHN LODER. This record sees POISON GIRLS at their most experimental stage. The songs dig deeper into the connections between the personal and political. Starting with an uncredited version of 'State Control' (one of the bands punkiest crowd pleasers) done in an 'unplugged' style, and ending with the similarly stripped down 'Tender Lover,' this album broke all the rules of what a 'punk' album should sound like. The songs are long. There are extended sonic workouts and codas, using synths, abused studio effects, electric violin, acoustic piano as well as 'random' electric guitar sounds and vocals. The mix has thundering drums up front that power the songs, and help create a barrage of rich sound. The lyrics speak of love, power, sexual politics, war and peace and most things in between. This is VI SUBVERSA at her most poetic, but with a razor sharp insight, and not holding back on using it. A truly original album. If it was removed, lost or destroyed, your original copy of Chappaquiddick Bridge came with a one-sided flexi disc containing the anthem "Statement." This 2014 reissue also includes "Statement" as a proper one-sided 7" vinyl. Sturdy tip-on gatefold cover.
LP+7" $16.35
***REISSUED!!! POISON GIRLS were a force of nature. Spat out of the belly of the UK punk scene, Poison Girls paired up with a band down the street called CRASS. The two bands played 100 shows together in the span of three years. They bonded on a conceptual and artistic way to approach punk. Poison Girls were fronted by VI SUBVERSA, who was a child in the East end of London during the 2nd World War, an evacuee during the Blitz, became part of the Soho anarchist scene of the '50s, took part in the original CND march to Aldermaston, then a counter culture drop out of the '60s, finally found herself in the mid '70s, aged 40, with two children, living in Brighton. Vi, along with RICHARD FAMOUS, LANCE D'BOYLE and BERNHARD REBOURS released Hex in 1979 on the bands own Xntrix label. It was a 12" 45rpm mini album and was released with the help of Small Wonder (Bauhaus, The Cure, Crass), a local independent record label. Hex was later reissued by Crass Records in 1981. Recorded at Southern Studios, produced by PENNY RIMBAUD, and engineered by JOHN LODER, HEX is an extraordinary punk record which featured the group's lineup that was to last for the following 2 years. Cameo appearances included Vi Subversa's offspring PETE FENDER and GEM STONE of FATAL MICROBES and EVE LIBERTINE Libertine of Crass. The album lays out the band's concerns, in Vi's searing lyrics, against a backdrop of deep, beautiful and sometimes...
12" $14.00


text:
CSC, IIT Delhi - Enabling through IT
User Admin & Infra
"How To?" Zone
Healthgraphs (MRTG)
Healthgraphs (RRD)
Tenders (IITD)
K. Narayanan
Sr. System Programmer/Manager
knraj@cc.iitd.ac.in
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~knraj/
CV & Specialization
Maneesh Agrawala is the Forest Baskett Professor of Computer Science and Director of the Brown Institute for Media Innovation at Stanford University. He works on computer graphics, human computer interaction and visualization. His focus is on investigating how cognitive design principles can be used to improve the effectiveness of audio/visual media. The goals of this work are to discover the design principles and then instantiate them in both interactive and automated design tools. He received an Okawa Foundation Research Grant (2006), an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship (2007), an NSF CAREER Award (2007), a SIGGRAPH Significant New Researcher Award (2008), a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship (2009), and an Allen Distinguished Investigator Award (2014).
Full CV
2012-present: Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT-Delhi
2012: Visiting Associate Fellow, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS)
2010-12: Postdoctoral Fellow, Program in Law and Philosophy at UCLA.
2011: PhD (Philosophy), Princeton University
2007: JD, Yale Law School
2000: BA (Mathematics, Computer Science, Philosophy), Brandeis University
"Civil Liberties in the Early Constitution: the CrossRoads and Organiser cases," forthcoming in Human Rights in India, edited by Satvinder Juss (Cambridge University Press).
"Free Speech in the Early Constitution: A Study of the Constitution (First Amendment) Bill, 1951," in Deliberations on Democracy: The Indian Constituent Assembly Debates, edited by Udit Bhatia (Routledge, 2018).
"Freedom of Speech and Constitutional Nostalgia," Seminar 697: Founding Legacy (September 2017)
"Another Look at the Revisionist Challenge to Liberty." Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies 14:1 (December 2016)
"What is "Colonial" About Colonial Laws?" American University International Law Review 31:2 (2016).
Prof. Arudra Burra's current research attempts to elaborate various aspects of the liberal tradition in moral, political, and legal thought. Some of these elaborations are primarily historical in nature, concerning civil liberties in the Indian constitutional tradition, and the continuity of laws and legal institutions.
Other work, on coercion, deception, and consent, is more philosophical in character. I am also interested in questions in the philosophy of criminal law, on philosophical methodology, and in the philosophy of science.
Please email me for copies of the papers listed below, since not all of them are easily available online. Some of this research has also found its way into more popular writing.
Civil liberties and the Indian constitutional tradition
Civil liberties advocacy in India has sometimes been alleged to have an excessively partisan character: the zeal with which groups protect the civil liberties of their own political comrades, it is claimed, is often not extended to the protection of civil liberties of political or ideological opponents. My research in this area has centered so far on the early 1950s, when ideologically opposed forces such as the communists and the Hindu right-wing made common cause on issues relating to freedom of speech and preventive detention.
In future research, I hope to trace legal invocations of individual liberty in the colonial era, and to understand the historical origins of thinking about civil liberties in the Indian tradition. I am particularly interested in the ways in which thinking about civil liberties diverged from prominent strands of the Indian nationalist movement, both before and after Independence, and so to understand the complex relationship between concerns for individual liberty on the one hand, and for political freedom on the other.
"Freedom of Speech in the Early Constitution: A Study of the Constitution (First Amendment) Bill, 1951," in Deliberations on Democracy: The Indian Constituent Assembly Debates, edited by Udit Bhatia (Routledge, 2018).
Continuity of law and legal institutions
Laws and institutions such as the bureaucracy are able to survive drastic changes in the political regimes that support them. In the Indian context the existence of "colonial continuities" between British rule and the post-Independence regime has been regarded as both puzzling as well as lamentable, a betrayal of the aims of the anti-colonial movement. I argue that to some extent the existence of such continuities points to something deep about the nature of law and such institutions -- that they are in some respects "neutral" with respect to politics.
"What is "Colonial" About Colonial Laws?" American University International Law Review (2016), 31(2), 137-69.
The Indian Civil Service and the nationalist movement: neutrality, politics and continuity, Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 48:4 (November 2010), special issue of essays in honour of David Potter
The cobwebs of imperial rule, Seminar 615 (November 2010), special issue on the Constitution of India after 60 years, 1950-2010
Other drafts
Arguments from Colonial Continuity: The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 (December 2008)
The Indian Civil Service and the Raj: 1919-1950 (February 2007)
Coercion, deception, consent
It is a central tenet of liberalism that agreements between consenting parties should be respected absent coercion, deception, and adverse effects on third parties. In my PhD dissertation, Coercion, Deception, Consent: Essays in Moral Explanation, I examined these three concepts and raised some problems in understanding their role in our moral and legal thought. While it seems natural to regard certain actions as wrong 'because' coercive or non-consensual, I argued that they should not be thought of unified moral kinds which explain why particular actions are wrong. I also suggested that there were interesting connections between the explanatory role of these concepts and more abstract questions regarding the structure and interpretation of moral principles more generally.
"Another Look at the Revisionist Challenge to Liberty," Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies 14:1 (December 2016)
Working drafts
"Coercion and Moral Explanation" (October 2014)
"Deception and the Structure of Moral Principles" (June 2014)
"The Significance of Consent" (October 2011)
Other philosophical interests
Philosophy of criminal law: I am interested in several questions in the area -- the nature of attempts, questions about causation and responsibility, issues in the definition of substantive crimes, ethical questions around criminal procedure, empirical issues concerned with punishment, to name a few.
Philosophy of science and social science: I think there are interesting connections between moral philosophy and the philosophy of science, which I'd like to pursue further, for instance to understand the nature of ceteris paribus clauses in moral principles and scientific laws, and to understand the nature of explanation more generally. I'm also very interested in some issues in the philosophy of economics, particularly those having to do with idealization and explanation.
Philosophical methodology: Having been trained in a "Western" intellectual tradition but teaching and working in an Indian context, I find myself often preoccupied by questions of translation. Why do some philosophical questions seem salient in some contexts but not others? Are there conceptual categories which travel well across cultures? What constitutes an intellectual tradition anyway?
The Folk Concepts of Intention and Intentional Action: A Cross-Cultural Study, with Joshua Knobe. Journal of Cognition and Culture 6:1-2 (2006), special issue on Folk Conceptions of Mind, Agency and Morality
Experimental Philosophy and Folk Concepts: Methodological Considerations, with Joshua Knobe. Journal of Cognition and Culture 6:1-2 (2006)
IInd Semester 2017-18
HUL 258: Social and Political Philosophy
An introductory undergraduate class on various topics in social and political philosophy: syllabus. Please sign up for the course piazza site using access code hul258.
HUL 360: Special Topics in Philosophy
A seminar course on criminal justice, with a focus on the philosophy of punishment: syllabus. Please sign up for the course piazza site using access code hul360.
Past courses: IITD
HSL 754: The Philosophy of Plato
Syllabus | List of readings
A graduate seminar on some of Plato's key ethical texts (Ist semester 2017-18).
HUL 841: Philosophy of Science
A seminar on contemporary debates in epistemology and the philosophy of science, taught on different topics over the years. See the course page for details.
A seminar course on criminal justice, with a focus on the philosophy of punishment. See here for course content in previous iterations of this course.
An introductory undergraduate class on various topics in social and political philosophy, with a focus in recent years on the idea of freedom. See here for course content in previous iterations of this course.
HUL 256: Critical Thinking
Introductory undergraduate class in philosophy, with a focus on the philosophy of artificial intelligence, and the problem of free will (IInd semester 2013-14).
HUL 253: Moral Literacy and Moral Choices
A course on philosophical issues around the freedom of speech, with special reference to India (Ist semester 2013-14).
HUL 281: Minds, Machines, and Language
An introductory undergraduate course covering philosophical issues at the intersection of philosophy of mind and computation (IInd semester 2012-13).
Past courses: UCLA
Exceptions and Explanations in Ethics (and Elsewhere)
A graduate seminar on how to think about exceptions to generalizations in a range of different cases, from ethics to the philosophy of science; with some application to issues in applied ethics (Spring 2012).
LAW M217A/PHILOS 166: Introduction to legal philosophy
An introductory course on legal philosophy for undergraduate students and law students, covering topics such as the freedom of speech, the right to property, and criminal responsibility (Fall 2011).
LAW M524: Philosophical issues in contract law
A seminar on philosophical issues in contract law, with a focus on understanding the nature of the limitations to freedom of contract in a market economy (Spring 2011).
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Hundreds of fishmongers on forklifts and trucks rose before dawn in Tokyo on Oct. 7 to join a mammoth exodus of vendors as the world-famous Tsukiji market relocated to a new site.
In small vehicles and the market's famed "turret trucks" — one-man flatbeds with a barrel-shaped steering column at the front — they drove out of the Tsukiji site one last time, headed for Toyosu, the market's new home.
The main bridge out from the market was closed to traffic for the move, with security guards in place to wave along the leaving wholesalers, who drove in orderly lines between safety cones topped with flashing red and green lights.
Hundreds of the 900 businesses that once handled 480 kinds of seafood worth ¥1.6 billion every day — as well as 270 types of fruits and vegetables — were relocating.
A total of 2,600 turret trucks and forklifts were set to drive about 2.3 kilometers from Tsukiji to the new site over a period of five days, according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.