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\begin{document}
\begin{flushright}
LU TP 96--5 \\
MC--TH--96/04 \\
January 1996
\end{flushright}
\begin{center}
{\bf Parton distributions of real and virtual photons }\footnote{To
 appear in the proceedings of the Workshop on HERA Physics, Durham,
 England, Sept.\ 1995.}
\bigskip

{\bf T. Sj\"ostrand$^{\, a}$, J.K. Storrow$^{\, b}$ and A. Vogt$^{\, c,}
$}\footnote{On leave of absence from Sektion Physik, Universit\"at
M\"unchen, D-80333 Munich, Germany}

\medskip
$^a${\sl Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Lund,
Lund, Sweden}

$^b${\sl Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Manchester,
Manchester, UK}

$^c${\sl Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany}

\end{center}

{\bf Abstract}

Recent progress on the parton distribution functions of the photon,
both real and virtual, is briefly reviewed and experimental
possibilities at HERA are discussed.

{\bf 1. Introduction}

Before the advent of HERA, the almost only experimental information on
the parton structure of the photon was obtained from studies of the
structure function of the photon, $F_2^\gamma (x,Q^2)$, in two photon
collisions at e$^+$e$^-$ colliders. Theoretically, this is a very
interesting area as, at large $x$ and asymptotically large $Q^2$, the
parton distribution functions (pdfs) of the photon, and hence
$F_2^\gamma $, are predicted from perturbative QCD (pQCD) \cite
{Witten,Bard}. However, in the range of $Q^2$ experimentally accessible
at present and in the foreseeable future, some non-perturbative input
is required. Here different groups make different assumptions, all
include parameters, and nearly all existing pdfs are constrained by fits
to $F_2^\gamma $ data. There are many competing sets; in sect.\ 2 we
review the various possibilities, discuss the basic underlying physics
choices, and also discuss the difficulties in comparing photon pdfs in
leading order (LO) and next-to-leading order (NLO) pQCD.

These remarks only apply to real photons. For virtual photons, there is
very little experimental information from two photon collisions, because
of the difficulties of doing double-tag measurements. However, there
have been some theoretical attempts, which we discuss in sect.\ 3.

Hard photoproduction at HERA offers further possibilities of exploring
the structure of the photon, including the gluon content. In hard
photoproduction processes, there is a contribution from the {\bf
resolved} processes, where the photon is resolved into its partons which
then take part in the hard partonic subprocess \cite{Kramer,JKS}: this
contribution is sensitive to the pdfs of the photon as well as the
proton. There is also a (calculable) background to this from the {\bf
direct} processes, in which the photon takes part directly in the hard
subprocess: this depends on the proton pdfs but not on those of the
photon.

With untagged electrons at HERA the photons are mainly real and have a
known spectrum of energies given by the equivalent photon approximation;
hence the pdfs of the real photon are measured. With tagged electrons
the photons have known energy and virtuality and so it will become
possible to study the parton content of virtual photons for the first
time. This is why the structure of real and virtual photons is an
important physics issue for HERA.

{\bf 2. The parton distributions of the real photon}

In this section we briefly review the different sets of pdfs for the
real photon currently available: for more detail on this subject the
reader is referred to ref.~\cite{Vogt}. For a recent general review see
ref.~\cite{DG95}. The special role of the photon in QCD is due to the
fact that, at asymptotically large Q$^{2}$, the quark and gluon
distribution functions are calculable at large $x$, i.e.
\begin{equation}
q^{\gamma}_{i} (x, Q^{2})/\alpha \ \simeq \ \frac{a_{i}(x)}{\alpha_{s}
(Q^{2})} \ + \ b_{i}(x) \:\:\: ,
\end{equation}
with a similar expression for $g^{\gamma} (x,Q^{2})$. The first term
is the LO result of Witten \cite{Witten} and the second term its NLO
correction in pQCD \cite{Bard}. The functions $a_{i}(x)$ and $b_{i}(x)$
are {\bf calculable}, but singular at $x$ = 0.

This point-like part contribution is dominant at large $Q^2$, where
the incalculable hadronic piece is small. However to avoid the
unphysical small-$x$ singularities in eq.~(1) one must retain the
hadronic part by including a boundary condition at a reference scale
$Q^{2} = Q^{2}_{0}$ \cite {GGR}. If we do that in $n$-moment space we
have (confining ourselves to LO for simplicity)
\begin{equation}
q^{\gamma}_{i} (n, Q^{2}) = \frac{\alpha\, a_{i} (n)}{\alpha_{s}(Q^{2})}
\left[ 1 - \left( \frac{\alpha_{s} (Q^{2})}{\alpha_{s} (Q^{2}_{0})}
\right) ^{1 + d(n)} \right] + q^{\gamma}_{i} (n, Q^{2}_{0}) \left(
\frac{\alpha_{s} (Q^{2})}{\alpha_{s} (Q^{2}_{0})} \right) ^{d(n)}
\end{equation}
where the second term in the square brackets regularizes the singularity
at $x$ = 0. The last term is hadronic in the sense that for the case
of the pdfs of a hadron, it would be the {\bf only} contribution.

Eq.~(2), although a good approximation at large $x$, is strictly true
only for non-singlet combinations of quark densities. The singlet quark
$\Sigma^{\gamma} = \sum_{i} (q_{i} + {\overline q}_{i}) $ and gluon
distributions obey similar equations with the important difference
that in these sectors the Altarelli-Parisi (AP) equations are {\bf
coupled}, i.e.\ to determine $\Sigma^{\gamma} (x, Q^{2})$ (or
$g^{\gamma} (x, Q^{2}))$ we need both $\Sigma^{\gamma} (x, Q^{2}_{0})$
{\bf and} $g^{\gamma} (x, Q^{2}_{0})$.  The bottom line is that, as
for the case of hadrons, we need input distributions at a reference
scale $Q^{2} = Q^{2}_{0}$ .

We note here that the anomalous [$\alpha _{s} (Q^{2})]^{-1} $ behaviour
of the pdfs of the photon arises because of the direct $\gamma
\rightarrow q {\overline q} $ coupling which gives inhomogeneous terms
in the AP evolution equations \cite{Evol}. This behaviour of the quark
distributions is confirmed by data on $F^{\gamma}_{2} (x, Q^{2})$, over
a wide range of $Q^{2}$, see e.g.\ ref.~\cite{f2data}.

In order to obtain photon pdfs at all $Q^2$, one has to choose a
reference scale $Q_0^2$ and fix the input pdfs there, using some ansatz
(usually vector meson dominance, VMD) and employing $F^{\gamma}_{2}$
data to fix some free parameters. The (anti)quark distributions
$q^{\gamma}_{i} (x, Q_0^{2})$ are reasonably well determined by the
data, since in LO
\begin{equation}
F^{\gamma}_{2} (x, Q^{2}) \ = \ \sum_{i} e^{2}_{i}\, xq^{\gamma}_{i}
(x,Q^{2}) \:\:\: .
\end{equation}
On the other hand, fixing the gluon distribution is a problem because
of the lack of a momentum sum rule \cite{Vogt,JKSLund}: one is
completely dependent on the ansatz. Note however that a substitute for
the usual hadronic parton momentum sum rule has been proposed recently
\cite{Frankf}. For the evolved pdfs the fact that the coupling of the
AP equations is weak works two ways: (a) the output $F^{\gamma}_{2}
(x,Q^2)$ is insensitive to the input gluon (except at small $x$) but
(b), consequently, a comparison with present $F_2^{\gamma}$ data does
not provide any restriction on $g^{\gamma}(x,Q_0^2)$.

VMD provides a connection between the photon and $\rho $ meson pdfs,
and since the latter satisfy a momentum sum rule, we have a constraint
on the VMD part of the gluon pdf of the photon. This is particularly
useful if we use SU(6) to relate the pion and $\rho $ pdfs as there are
experimental constraints on the pion pdfs from Drell-Yan lepton pair
and direct-photon production data \cite{pipdfs}. However, another
problem arises here. For the traditional input scales, $Q_0^2\ge 1$
GeV$^2$, a pure VMD input is known to be insufficient to fit the data
at higher $Q^2$ \cite{GGR,Jan}. Two approaches have been adopted to
circumvent this: the first is to maintain the VMD idea and start the AP
evolution at a very low scale $Q_0 < 1$ GeV \cite{GRV,AFG1,AFG2,SaS}.
The second is to keep $Q_0 \ge 1$ GeV and fit the quark densities to
$F_2^\gamma $ data, e.g.\ supplementing the VMD values with a point-like
component, seemingly naturally provided by the Born-Box diagram.
Unfortunately there is no corresponding natural choice for the gluon
density and a guess must be made here. This method was adopted in
refs.\ \cite{SaS,Dgrassie,LAC,GS,WHIT}. The result of all this is that
the different distributions agree reasonably well as regards the quark
distributions in the region $0.05 \lessim x \lessim 0.8$, which must
reproduce $F_2^\gamma $ data, but not as regards the gluon densities.
This can be seen in figs.\ 1 and 2, where we have plotted a
representative set of quark and gluon distributions in LO and NLO.
\begin{figure}[thb]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.5cm}
\epsfig{file=ugamma.eps,height=9.8cm}
\vspace*{-1.2cm}
\end{center}
\caption[]
{Photonic $u$-quark parametrizations at LO \protect\cite{GRV,SaS,LAC,GS}
 and NLO \protect\cite{GRV,AFG2,GS}. The NLO results are presented in
 the $\overline{\mbox{MS}}$ scheme. For a discussion of the different
 assumptions and $F_{2}^{\,\gamma}$ data sets employed see \protect\cite
 {Vogt}.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[thb]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.5cm}
\epsfig{file=ggamma.eps,height=9.8cm}
\vspace*{-1.2cm}
\end{center}
\caption[]
{Parametrizations of the photon's gluon distribution at LO \protect\cite
 {GRV,SaS,LAC,GS} and NLO \protect\cite{GRV,AFG2,GS}. Note that the
 similarity of the NLO results is due to common VMD prejudices and not
 enforced by data.}
\end{figure}

The reader will note that there seems to be very little resemblance
between the quark distributions in LO and NLO. This is because of a
subtlety peculiar to the photon in the $\overline{\mbox{MS}}$ scheme,
and has been discussed in detail in ref.\ \cite{Vogt}. It arises in the
lowest order QCD process, the Born-Box diagram, where the term leading
in $\ln Q^2 $ gives the inhomogeneous term in the AP equations and the
non-leading term $C_{\gamma}$ is negative and divergent as $x\to 1$.
In the usual $\overline{\mbox{MS}}$ scheme this $C_{\gamma}$ is not
absorbed into the quark densities. However, in NLO, it reappears as a
Wilson coefficient for a subleading `direct' contribution to $F_2
^\gamma$. Thus if we are to require approximately the same $F_2^\gamma$
in LO and NLO, then the NLO pdfs must be substantially modified
accordingly and this is what we are seeing in fig.\ 1. An alternative
approach is to work in the $\mbox{DIS}_\gamma$ scheme \cite{GRV2}, where
$C_\gamma$ is absorbed into the definition of the quark density and does
not appear in the NLO expression for $F_2^\gamma$. Hence in this scheme
perturbatively stable, physically motivated inputs for the photon pdfs,
such as VMD, can be used in NLO as well as in LO.

We conclude this section with a few comments on what has been learnt
from experimental data since most of these pdfs were proposed. We start
with two-photon data. There have been new $F_2^\gamma$ data from TOPAZ
\cite{TOPAZ1} and AMY \cite{AMY1} at TRISTAN and from OPAL \cite{OPAL}
and DELPHI \cite{DELPHI} at LEP, which are shown in fig.\ 3. As can
be seen the data are of limited statistics. These results seem to
indicate some offset at $x$ around 0.2 with respect to the average of
earlier data from lower energy machines, as can be seen by comparing
to the LAC \cite{LAC} and GRV \cite{GRV} parametrizations which were
fitted to all $F_2^\gamma$ data available in 1991. Moreover, at small
$x$ the recent TOPAZ \cite{TOPAZ1} results are at variance with the
LEP data \cite{OPAL,DELPHI}. If anything, the recent measurements
confuse the situation slightly as regards the quark distributions.
In addition, there have been measurements of the one- and two-jet
inclusive jet cross sections at TRISTAN \cite{TOPAZ2,AMY2} which show
some sensitivity to the gluon distribution. One can conclude from these
jet data that there is now evidence from $\gamma \gamma $ collisions
that the gluon density is non-zero \cite{JKSLund,TOPAZ2,AMY2}. They also
rule out the LAC3 distribution with its large gluon component at large
$x$, which considerably overestimates the cross section.
\begin{figure}[thb]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.8cm}
\epsfig{file=f2gam.eps,height=12cm}
\vspace*{-1.2cm}
\end{center}
\caption[]
{Recent data on $F_{2}^{\gamma}(x,Q^2)$ from TRISTAN \protect\cite
 {TOPAZ1,AMY1} and LEP \protect\cite{OPAL,DELPHI} compared to the LO
 fits to all previous data of LAC \protect\cite{LAC} and GRV
 \protect\cite{GRV}.}
\end{figure}

Turning to jet photoproduction at HERA, already the first measurements
\cite{H1old} enabled LAC3 to be ruled out: the contribution from the
quarks virtually saturates the observed cross section, leaving no scope
for a large gluon density except at small $x$ \cite{JKSLund}. Since
then more accurate data have appeared. H1 has extracted a LO gluon
distribution from the data \cite{H1new}: it disfavours the more extreme
scenarios for gluons at small-$x$ such as LAC1 and LAC2. These latter
data have been compared with NLO calculations, as discussed at this
workshop \cite{Kramer}. It appears that in the negative rapidity region,
where originally the direct component was expected to dominate, there
is some sensitivity to the large-$x$ photon pdfs. A large $x$ quark
structure more in accord with the GS distributions than those of GRV or
AFG seems to be favoured, although some theoretical questions have to
be answered before definite conclusions can be drawn \cite{Kramer}.
In the positive rapidity region, a comparison of the NLO calculations
with the jet cross sections is complicated by the possibility of
multiple hard parton interactions, discussed in a separate contribution
to these proceedings \cite{Multip}.

{\bf 3. The parton distributions of the virtual photon}

As with the pdfs of the real photon, the pdfs of a virtual photon
have to be based on some ansatz. There is therefore no unique answer.
The non-perturbative hadronic (VMD) contribution to the photon
structure is expected to go away with increasing $P^2$, allowing for a
purely perturbative prediction for $F_2^{\,\gamma}(x,Q^2,P^2)$ at
sufficiently high $P^2$ \cite{uematsu}. Here we use $P^2$ to denote the
virtuality of the photon; $Q^2$ is reserved for the scale of the hard
$\gamma^{(*)}$ interaction. The fall-off of the non-perturbative part
with increasing $P^2$ is theoretically uncertain; hence experimental
clarification is required to pin down models. We will summarize here a
few recent studies that together illustrate the spread in current
approaches.

Drees and Godbole \cite{DG} seek a simple interpolating multiplicative
factor, such that parton distributions reduce to the real pdfs for
$P^2 \to 0$ and die like $\ln(Q^2/P^2)$ for $P^2 \to Q^2$: at $P^2 =
Q^2$ it is natural to attribute the whole cross section to direct
processes in order to avoid double counting. Several different forms
are studied; one of the main alternatives is to use a scaling factor:
\begin{equation}
r = 1 - \frac{\ln(1+P^2/P_c^2)}{\ln(1+Q^2/P_c^2)} ~,
\end{equation}
where $P_c$ is some typical hadronic scale such as $P_c^2 \approx
0.5$~GeV$^2$. The factor $r$ is applied to all quark pdfs. The gluon is
expected to be further suppressed, however, since the gluon pdf is
generated by the quark ones \cite{Borzu}. For instance, if the scale
$k^2$ of $\gamma \to \mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}$ branchings is
distributed in the range $P^2 \lessim k^2 \lessim Q^2$, the scale
$k'^2$ of the q~$\to$~qg branching is in the reduced range $k^2 \lessim
k'^2 \lessim Q^2$. A gluon suppression factor $r^2$ gives the expected
limiting behaviour.
The above ansatz does not change the $x$ shape of distributions;
for that more complicated forms are proposed. Anyway, the thrust
of the study is to estimate how much the photon pdfs in the untagged
case, i.e.\ $P^2$-averaged pdfs, differ from those of the real photon.
The forms studied give a suppression of the order of 10\% and 15\%
for the quark and gluon distributions, respectively.

The study of Gl\"uck, Reya and Stratmann \cite{GRS} is based on the
observation that the pdfs $f_i^{\gamma}(x, Q^2, P^2)$ obey
evolution equations in $Q^2$ similar to those of a real photon.
The question is therefore reduced to one of finding suitable boundary
conditions at $Q^2 = P^2$. The ansatz used is
\begin{equation}
f_i^{\gamma}(x, Q^2= \tilde{P}^2, P^2) =
\eta(P^2) f_i^{\gamma,\mathrm{nonpert}}(x, \tilde{P}^2) +
\left[ 1-\eta(P^2) \right] f_i^{\gamma,\mathrm{pert}}(x, \tilde{P}^2)
~.
\end{equation}
Here $\tilde{P}^2 = \max(P^2,\mu^2)$, with $\mu \approx 0.5$~GeV
the input scale for the evolution of the real photon \cite{GRV};
and $\eta(P^2) = (1 + P^2/m_{\rho}^2)^{-2}$ is the standard
dipole dampening factor of the $\rho$ meson. The non-perturbative
input distribution is taken to be proportional to the pfd's of the
pion, $f_i^{\gamma,\mathrm{nonpert}}(x, \tilde{P}^2) =
\kappa (4\pi\alpha/f_{\rho}^2) f_i^{\pi}(x, \tilde{P}^2)$ \cite{GRV}.
The $f_i^{\gamma,\mathrm{pert}}(x, \tilde{P}^2)$ is perturbatively
calculable; in leading order it vanishes.
Based on the above ansatz, the evolution equations give the answer for
all $Q^2 > P^2$. Closed results can be obtained in moment space, and
then a simple numerical Mellin inversion gives actual numbers.
A practical limitation is that there exists up to now no simple
parametrization, unlike the case of a real photon.

Schuler and Sj\"ostrand \cite{SaS} start from an ansatz for the pdfs
of a real photon decomposed into VMD and anomalous components:
\begin{equation}
f_i^{\gamma}(x, Q^2) = \sum_V \frac{4\pi\alpha}{f_V^2}
f_i^{\gamma,V}(x, Q^2, Q_0^2) +
\int_{Q_0^2}^{Q^2} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}k^2}{k^2}
\frac{\alpha}{2\pi} \sum_{\mathrm{q}} 2e_{\mathrm{q}}
f_i^{\gamma,\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}}(x, Q^2, k^2) ~.
\label{SaSansatz}
\end{equation}
Here the sum runs over the lowest-lying vector mesons, $\rho^0$,
$\omega$, $\phi$ and J/$\psi$, while the integral covers the range of
perturbative branchings $\gamma\to\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}$
at scales $Q_0 < k < Q$, with $Q_0 \approx 0.6$~GeV (for SaS 1,
alternatively 2~GeV for SaS 2) setting the separation between the
two components and also the starting value of the evolution. The VMD
and anomalous ``state'' distributions $f_i^{\gamma,V}$ and
$f_i^{\gamma,\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}}$, respectively, are
normalized to unit momentum sum.
The VMD distributions and the integral of anomalous distributions
are parametrized separately and added to give the full result. In going
to a virtual photon, the main change is to introduce a dipole dampening
factor for each component, i.e. $(1 + P^2/m_V^2)^{-2}$ for the VMD
states and $(1 + P^2/k^2)^{-2}$ for the anomalous ones. Additionally
the lower input scale for the VMD states is shifted from $Q_0^2$
to $P_0^2 \approx \max(P^2,Q_0^2)$ \cite{Borzu}.

In order to obtain a tractable answer, one possible approximation
for the anomalous component is
\begin{equation}
\int_{Q_0^2}^{Q^2} \frac{1}{(1+P^2/k^2)^2} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}k^2}{k^2}
\Big[ \cdots \Big] \approx \int_{P_0^2}^{Q^2}
\frac{{\mathrm{d}}k^2}{k^2} \Big[ \cdots \Big] ~,
\label{SaSapprox}
\end{equation}
with $P_0$ as above. Although the VMD and anomalous components
still depend on two scales, $P_0^2$ and $Q^2$, all the nontrivial
dependence comes from the logarithmic integration of the strong
coupling constant between the two scales, so the standard pdfs
of the real photon can be extended easily to virtual photons,
i.e. parametrizations of $f_i^{\gamma}(x, Q^2, P^2)$ are
readily available. The resulting $u$-quark and gluon densities are
dispayed for two photon virtualities $P^2$ in fig.~4 together with
the corresponding LO distributions of ref.\ \cite{SaS}.
Recently, alternatives to eq.~(\ref{SaSapprox}) have been studied
\cite{SaSprep}, where the momentum sum and average evolution range
of the dipole-dampened version of eq.~(\ref{SaSansatz}) is preserved.
The difference between these procedures can also be viewed as one
estimate of the uncertainty.
\begin{figure}[thb]
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.8cm}
\epsfig{file=ugvirt.eps,height=9.8cm}
\vspace*{-1.2cm}
\end{center}
\caption[]
{The $u$-quark and the gluon distributions of the virtual photon in LO
 as suggested in refs.\ \protect\cite{SaS,GRS} at two selected values
 of the photon virtuality $P^2$.}
\end{figure}

We now turn to the experimental possibilities at HERA. With their
forward electron tagging capabilities, H1 and ZEUS can tag almost real
photons, $P^2 \lessim 0.01$~GeV$^2$, and virtual photons down to $P^2
\gtrsim 0.1$~GeV$^2$. This is amply demonstrated by the ZEUS results
presented at this meeting \cite{ZEUS}, shown in fig.7 of ref.\ \cite
{Maxfield}, where the observed $x_{\gamma}$ distribution has been
constructed for events with two jets above 4 GeV, i.e.\ roughly
speaking for events with $Q^2 \gtrsim 16$~GeV$^2$.
As $P^2$ is increased, this distribution is gradually suppressed at
small $x_{\gamma}$, where the resolved contribution should dominate.
For instance, if we cut between resolved and direct events at
$x_{\gamma} = 0.75$, then the ratio of resolved events (with $x_{\gamma}
 < 0.75$) to direct events (with $x_{\gamma} > 0.75$) drops by about a
factor of 2 between $P^2 \approx 0$ and $P^2 \approx 0.5$~GeV$^2$ \cite
{Maxfield}, in rough agreement with the theoretical arguments of this
section.

{\bf 4. Conclusions}

In this note we have briefly reviewed the current phenomenological
status of the pdfs of real and virtual photons. As we mentioned earlier,
in the case of the real photon the pdfs have been constrained to fit the
$F_2^\gamma $ data. However, given the limitations catalogued in sect.\
2, it is difficult to regard a comparison of HERA jet photoproduction
data with NLO QCD calculations based on the existing pdfs as a
definitive test of anything. We feel that the jet data should be
regarded as giving an independent determination of the pdfs of the
photon, which at the moment is and in the near future will remain
superior to those from two-photon physics. This will be true, certainly
for larger $x$, until high statistics data become available from LEP2.
We are already seeing the first signs of this \cite{Kramer} in the
comparison of the jet data with NLO calculations. It should also be
borne in mind, that jet studies (in both $\gamma \gamma $ and $\gamma$p)
are among the few areas sensitive to the gluon content of the photon.
Thus we feel that photoproduction of jets at HERA has much to offer the
field of photon structure studies.

As regards virtual photons, HERA offers a unique opportunity to study
pdfs. The electron tagging capabilities of H1 and ZEUS offers virtual
photons with large event rates. As this area has been regarded to be of
theoretical interest for nearly 20 years, but with essentially no
experimental input, this is an opportunity not to be missed. In the
future, LEP2 may provide complementary information on virtual photons
via double-tag events, but at a lower energy and presumably with lower
event rates \cite{LEP2report}.
\vspace{-0.5cm}

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B.J.Kim et al (AMY), Phys.\ Lett.\ {\bf B325} (1994) 248.

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I. Abt et al (H1) Phys.\ Lett.\ {\bf B314} (1993) 436; J. Dainton,
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\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Karton family is happy to support Ari's Army. Enjoy the walk!
The Ruben's are happy to support Ari's Army.
honor to know Ari and the family. On their behalf, I support this organization.
Proud to be part of Ari's Army!
Happy to support a great organization!
The Weiser family is proud to be a part of Ari's Army.


Home > WEEK WISE PREGNANCY > Weekly update: What's happening when you are 18 weeks pregnant?
Weekly update: What's happening when you are 18 weeks pregnant?
You are officially four whole months pregnant. Only five more months to go! The eighteenth week of pregnancy brings home a host of unique developments for your baby. If you didn't feel any flutters or tiny movements by your baby within your womb, this week may be the start of it. You will also develop some new and not-so-pleasant habits around this week. Want to know all about pregnancy and the many developments happening in this week? Read on right away!
Your belly is growing larger and larger, and now your pregnancy is easily visible to everyone. Avoid lying down on your back, as your growing uterus continues to press against the large veins in your back it can slow down the blood supply to your heart resulting in dizzy spells or a more serious issue like low blood pressure. This is a risk you cannot afford to take during pregnancy, when your baby relies entirely on you for its nutrition. A simple way to fix this is to simply sleep on your side.
You may have developed a snoring habit! It doesn't matter if you've never snored before. Pregnancy makes the body do funny things. The nasal passages tend to swell and get blocked during this time, which in turn causes snoring during sleep. It'll go away eventually.
Leg cramps and backaches are a common symptom during this week of pregnancy due to the expanding uterus, growing baby and your weight gain. Swollen hands and feet are common and not worrisome as such. However, if the swelling is sudden and too much, call your gynaecologist immediately.
Varicose veins i.e. swollen and easily visible veins will be a common feature by now, especially on your feet. Increased blood flow and pressure may also cause sudden nosebleeds.
The hormonal changes will also affect your quality of sleep and give you some very weird dreams. Rest assured, every pregnant mommy experiences this!
18 weeks pregnant - What's happening to the baby?
Your sweet little miracle has grown to about 14 centimetres long and weighs about 200 grams, on an average.
You may not feel it but your baby is keeping itself busy and active inside your belly! The most amazing development this week is that your baby is developing its own unique set of fingerprints! The fat padding is slowly transforming into a complex and one of a kind set of lines and curves that will set your baby apart from the rest of the world for life!
Aside from rolling, tumbling, fluttering, hiccupping and yawning around in your belly, the baby is also developing its own grip and practicing it by holding on to the umbilical cord! The genital organs are fully formed by now.
by's nerves. This layer helps ensure that the nervous system develops and functions properly once the baby is born.
18 weeks pregnant - What should I be doing during this time?
Make sure you're sleeping on your side – you can also keep a pillow between your knees or under your hips to relieve some of that pressure and sleep more comfortably.
Leg cramps can be a sign that you're not drinking enough water, so make sure you always carry a bottle of water along with you wherever you go. Ideally, you should get approximately 2 litres of water per day.
To ease the varicose veins, switch your sitting and sleeping positions more frequently. You can also prop your legs up using many pillows. Get enough of exercise or yoga and avoid wearing tight clothes and footwear.
In case of nosebleeds, don't panic. It'll subside in a matter of seconds. To stop nosebleeds, simply pinch your nose for about 5 minutes (make sure your breathing is not obstructed), or just use an ice pack on the area.
Sleep may be an issue during this time, so don't feel too shy to get some sleep even if it's in the middle of the day. Whatever works for you is good enough!
Make sure you're gaining weight slowly and steadily, week by week under the watchful eye of a nutritionist or a qualified physical trainer. Sudden weight gain or weight loss can cause harm to you as well as your baby.
Your day should be a good balance of moderate exercise, healthy meals and snacks and restful sleep. Don't over-exert yourself!
18 weeks pregnant - What should the partner be doing during this time?
You may be required to be more active around the house if you aren't already. This means more kitchen duties, making sure the pantry is stocked, the laundry is done and the expecting mother has everything she needs.
Offer her a nice leg massage to ease her cramps and aching muscles. Join her in exercises so she doesn't feel alone or overwhelmed.
Make sure you're both eating a balanced, healthy diet and getting enough of sleep. You need to be in great shape too, to be able to take care of her and the baby!
Have any doubts or questions regarding your pregnancy? Comment below !
Know more about the 19th week of pregnancy here.


Please consider the shipping cost per bag of BB's when you order. If you can double the quantity, you are halving the shipping cost per bag. Simply divide the shipping cost by the number of bags you purchase and see how much you save your pocket and the environment!
Don't settle for cheap, low quality BB pellets. What you put into your airsoft bb gun should be high grade BB's to help keep your internals working for longer. Why pay for an expensive airsoft bb gun, only to feed cheap, low quality bb pellets through it?


text:
Mark Twain & Mary Baker Eddy - A film by Val Kilmer
« The "Feeling"
Why do you think Kilmer chose Twain and Eddy as the stars? »
Who is Calvin Frye?
One of our main characters. Frye was trained as a machinist in gritty Lawrence, Mass. Endured tough childhood as son of a disabled father and a mother who suffered from insanity. Both Frye and his mother were helped by Eddy's teachings. Began working as her secretary a month after her husband dies. Frye meets her at train in Boston, and remains with her for 28 years – with only 4 days off.
Tags: Calvin Frye, devotion, obedience, secretary
This entry was posted on Monday, June 28th, 2010 at 4:44 pm	and is filed under Director's Notes. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
7 Responses to "Who is Calvin Frye?"
Shanda says:
His dedication to faith is awe-inspiring and admirable! If only more people would be so devoted and not fair-weather when it comes to their beliefs and faith.
Kirsti says:
Clearly, wikipedia needs to be updated on Mary Baker Eddy. I don't remember reading about this Calvin Frye on there.
wendy lee says:
It's quite amazing Mr. Frye was so influenced by Mary Baker Eddy, that he would leave the profession as a machinist which takes a skill in precision not easily learned over night, but over a course of time. Then, stayed as her secretary for over twenty years. How did he learn to be proficient in his new career. Was he clumsy at first as her secretary over filling trash cans with mis-typed crumpled up paperwork, a job that also requires interpersonal multi tasking which is quite different from machining? Did MBE have to teach him this new trade? It would be interesting to see how this relationship develops over this long period and motivates his loyalty with such devoted dedication towards her and her work.
According to wikipedia, Mary was married 3 times. For Mr. Frye to be as personally dedicated as he apparently was, as she got married twice…baffles me a little. But then it makes sense, MBE must have been very charsimatic, and likeable. Perhaps he trusted her and thought she was on to something/ worthy of devotion.
Upon reading the character bio my mind immediately went to Sean Penn. It would be interesting to see how he would internalize such an upbringing and show us mere glimpses of it during a tenure of 28 years devotion and a searching for understanding within her teachings.
I finally get it, why Frye was devoted to MBE. It has to do with his mom's mental illness as well as MBE's mental strength. MBE could be what his mom could not. And, if he helped MBE, she would be stronger, she would achieve, she would make the world a better place, she would help him, and even help his mom. MBE was a strong-minded woman. She knew what she believed, what direction in life she was going. She may have been like a rock to Frye, solid ground, perhaps even a mother-figure. At least, that's my take.
Melinda J says:
Calvin Frye was a man of small nature statured, humble. Not a small man by any means. He was possibly the one soul that could step into Mary's shoes, if need be. He was her head charge, confidant and friend. She loved him so, that she devoted a book to him and is said to brought him back to life on more than one ocassion. His grattitude came from, knowing what it was like to lose some of life's most precious gifts. Ms Choate gave one back to him. She restored his mother. This is why Calvin and Lydia set off to find, this well of life and in return devote his life to releiving the sufferings of others. He had true compassion as did Mary.
Watch the movie develop
As the movie begins to take shape, Val and others will be adding notes. Tell us what you think, share ideas, ask questions. Just click on "comments" after any of the notes.
© 2010 by Kilmerfilms, Inc. All rights reserved
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text:
Jenny Cecilia Berggren, gift Petrén, född 19 maj 1972 i Göteborg, är en svensk popsångerska och låtskrivare. Hon är mest känd som sångerska och frontfigur i popgruppen Ace of Base.

Biografi
Jenny Berggren började som sångerska i flera konstellationer med sina syskon Malin Berggren och Jonas Berggren. I början av 1990-talet bildade de tillsammans med Ulf Ekberg gruppen Ace of Base, som fick ett enormt internationellt genombrott och kom att bli en av Sveriges största musikexporter genom tiderna. Den första skivan, Happy Nation (1992), var vid slutet av 1990-talet det dittills mest sålda debutalbumet i världen, med 23 miljoner exemplar, och var toppnoterad i 16 länder. Jenny Berggren har även sjungit i gruppen Arose.

Berggren är också verksam som låtskrivare och föreläsare, bland annat om den hektiska tiden med Ace of Base, sin kristna livsåskådning och uppträder ibland tillsammans med sin man Jakob Petrén. 2007 turnerade hon med showen The Original ABBA Orchestra, och hon har genomfört ett stort antal konserter solo, samtidigt som hon arbetat med Ace of Base. Hon utgav 2009 den självbiografiska boken Vinna hela världen, som getts ut i flera upplagor.

2010 släppte Berggren sin första officiella singel, "Here I Am", som nådde plats 14 på svenska försäljningslistan. Senare samma år släppte hon sin andra singel, "Gotta Go", och albumet My Story.

Våren 2011 deltog hon i den danska uttagningen till Eurovision Song Contest med bidraget "Let Your Heart Be Mine". Hon var wildcard i tävlingen, men åkte ut innan superfinalen.

Under två år, mellan 2007 och 2009, turnerade Jenny Berggren med Ace of Base (dock utan Malin Berggren) i Asien och Europa. Vid produktionen 2010 av skivan The Golden Ratio ersattes Berggren med de två vokalisterna Clara Hagman och Julia Williamson och skivan gavs ut med det av rättighetsskäl förändrade artistnamnet "Ace.Of.Base". Projektet Ace of Base har därefter varit vilande, men med återkommande spekulationer om möjlig comeback.

2015 deltog hon i TV4:s program Så mycket bättre.

Familj
Jenny Berggren är sedan 2004 gift med Jakob Petrén och har två barn. Sedan oktober 2010 är hon officiell ambassadör för Voi-projektet i Kenya. Biståndsprojektet har sitt säte i Ulricehamn och hjälper föräldralösa barn i staden Voi.

Diskografi
Album

Singlar

 2009 – Free Me
 2010 – Here I Am
 2010 – Gotta Go
 2015 – Så skimrande var aldrig havet
 2015 – Push Play
 2015 – Come
 2015 – Älskar dig till döds
 2015 – Varje gång jag ser dig
 2015 – Lever så här

Bibliografi
2009 –

Referenser

Externa länkar

Jenny Berggren.com
The Jenny Berggren source
Vinna hela världen

Kvinnor
Födda 1972
Svenska popsångare
Levande personer
Musiker från Göteborg
Svenska sångare under 1900-talet
Svenska sångare under 2000-talet
Deltagare i Så mycket bättre
Medlemmar i Ace of Base

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Building character through the art of Taekwon-Do
355 Northgate Drive, Warrendale, PA 15086 | (724) 934-9264
Families / Children
About Grand Master Zang
Taekwon-Do History
Approximately 1,300 years ago during the sixth century A.D., the Korean peninsula was divided into three kingdoms: Silla, Koguryo and Baek Je. Silla, the smallest of these kingdoms, was constantly under invasions and harassment by its two more powerful northern and western neighbors. During the reign of Chin Heung, 24th King of Silla, the young aristocrats and warrior corps formed an elite officer corps called Hwa Rang-Do. This warrior corps, in addition to the ordinary training in spear, bow, sword and hook, also trained themselves by practicing mental and physical discipline and various forms of hand and foot fighting. To harden their bodies, they climbed rugged mountains, swam the turbulent rivers in the coldest months and drove themselves unmercifully to prepare for the task of defending their homeland. To guide themselves and give purpose to their knighthood, they incorporated a five-point code of conduct set forth by their country's greatest Buddhist monk and scholar, Won Kang.
The code was as follows:
Be loyal to your king
Be obedient to your parents
Be honorable to your friends
Never retreat in battle
Make a just kill
The Hwa Rang-Do became known in the peninsula for their courage and skill in battle, gaining respect from even their bitterest foes. The strength they derived from their respect to their code enabled them to attain feats of valor that became legendary. Many of these brave young warriors died on fields of battle in the threshold of their youth, as young as 14 or 15 years of age. Through their feats, however, they inspired the people of Silla to rise and unite. From the victories of Silla, the Korean peninsula became united for the first time in its history.
Winter Weather Policy
Color Belt Testing Requirements
Color Belt Testing Application
Black Belt Testing Requirements
Black Belt Testing Application
355 Northgate Drive | Warrendale, PA 15086 | (724) 934-9264
© Zang TKD. All Rights Reserved.


text:
February 26, 2014 9.48 am This story is over
Councillors' allowance increase shows double standards
23% allowances rise: "In the context of the cuts which those same councillors voted to inflict on residents, this is nothing short of obscene," writes Lucy Rigby.
By Lucy Rigby lucyrigby
At a meeting of Lincolnshire County Council last Friday, every single Conservative and Lib Dem county councillor present voted to give themselves an exponential 23% payrise, amounting to an extra £2,000 a year of taxpayers' money each.
Every single Labour County Councillor present voted against the payrise. However, because of the balance of power in the County Council, the vote was passed and the payrise will come into effect from May.
In the context of the cuts which those same councillors have voted to inflict on residents, this is nothing short of obscene.
Since 2010, the Conservative-controlled County Council have voted through large-scale and swingeing cuts, all in the name of saving public money. They've cut adult social care, affecting thousands of people in the County.
They've shut 8 care homes. They've cut youth services and youth centres, buses and education support staff. They've also cut jobs – over 1,000 in fact.
But apparently the same money-saving imperative doesn't apply when it comes to their own pockets.
Unfortunately, this isn't the only example of clear double standards from local elected representatives that we have seen recently. Our Conservative MP, Karl McCartney, has voted consistently for widespread cuts to public spending, including a freeze on public sector salaries – yet, as a public servant himself, he's also been campaigning for his own 11% payrise.
Mr McCartney already earns a salary of over £65,000 a year, and he pays his wife an additional £40,000 a year of public money. You don't have to be the brain of Britain to understand that it's exactly this kind of abject hypocrisy that turns people off politics.
It's the perfect ammuniton for those who say politicians are just "in for themselves". For this reason, the Tory and Lib Dem county councillors' deeply irresponsible decision to award themselves more taxpayers' money in a time of supposed public spending restraint won't just affect residents' view of them, it'll impact badly on politics as a whole.
Lucy Rigby is Lincoln Labour's candidate to be the city's next MP. She is a solicitor and lives in central Lincoln.
2 bedroom Town House to let
2 bedroom Apartment to let
Retail Work/Live Opportunity To Let


text:
Google to Buy Part of HTC's Smartphone Operations for $1.1 Billion
By Associated Press | Updated: 21 September 2017 08:27 IST
Google has agreed to buy HTC's mobile & accessories unit for $1.1 billion
The VR business stays with HTC as of now
Google earlier bought Motorola Mobility, which it later sold to Lenovo
Google is biting off a big piece of device manufacturer HTC for $1.1 billion (roughly Rs. 7,092 crores) to expand its efforts to build phones, speakers and other gadgets equipped with its arsenal of digital services.
The deal announced Thursday underscores how serious Google is becoming about designing its own family of devices to compete against Apple and Amazon in a high-stakes battle to become the technological hub of people's lives.
Over the past decade, Google had focused on giving away its Android operating system to an array of device makers, including Taiwan's HTC, to ensure people would keep using its ubiquitous search engine, email, maps, YouTube video service and other software on smartphones and other pieces of hardware.
But that changed last year when Google stamped its brand on a smartphone and internet-connected speaker. HTC manufactured the Pixel phones that Google designed last year, perhaps paving the way for this deal to unfold.
Although Android powers about four out of every five the most smartphones and other mobile devices in the world, the software can be altered in ways that result in Google's services being de-emphasised or left out completely from the pre-installed set of apps.
That fragmentation threatens to undercut Google's ability to increase the ad sales that bring in most of the revenue to its corporate parent, Alphabet Inc., as people spend more and more time on smartphones and other devices instead of personal computers.
Apple's iPhone and other hardware products are also particularly popular among affluent consumers prized by consumers, giving Google another incentive to develop its own high-priced phone as a mobile platform for its products and ads.
Google also wants to build more internet-connected devices designed primarily for home usage, such as its voice-controlled speaker that's trying to catch up with Amazon's Echo. The Home speaker includes a digital concierge, called Google Assistant, that answers questions and helps manage people's lives, much like the Alexa in Amazon's Echo.
The purchase is a gamble on several fronts for Google and Alphabet.
Google's previous forays into hardware haven't panned out to be big winners so far. It paid $12.5 billion for smartphone maker Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion five years ago only to sell it off to Lenovo Group for less than $3 billion after struggling to make a dent in the market. And in 2014, Google paid more than $3 billion for home device maker Nest Labs, which is still struggling to make money under Alphabet's ownership.
Expanding into hardware also threatens to alienate Samsung Electronics, Huawei and other device makers that Google relies on to distribute its Android software.
Further reading: Google, HTC, Google HTC Deal, Mobiles
Xbox One S Price in India and Release Date Confirmed
Amazon Sale: iPhone 7 at Rs. 38,999, MacBook Air at Rs. 44,990, and Other Deals From Amazon Great Indian Sale Day 1
YouTube Testing a New Feature That Lets Users Buy Products Shown in Videos
Nokia Partners With Google to Build Cloud-Based 5G Network
Google Closes $2.1-Billion Fitbit Deal as US, Australia Probes Continue


The most overpriced garbage ever, Biggest mistake of my life. Not only does the sign not work anymore after only a year im forced to now pay someone to fix it for me.
they offered me no sort of help. Do not listen to the sales guys they come in and pitch you a strong game about how it will bring you so much business and that is a bull**** lie! use a crayon to make a sign you will get more business and you will save yourself money! i wish i could go back!!!!!!
Honestly these signs could be made in your basement for 1% of what they want you to pay. there sales pitch is good but its all bull please don't waist your money!!
Review #839970 is a subjective opinion of PissedConsumer839970.


Case Study About Bronchitis - Is Vitamin C A Bronchitis Cure?
Is Vitamin C A Bronchitis Cure?
In this article on whether vitamin C is a bronchitis cure, you will discover: What is vitamin C?Why is vitamin C good for your bronchitis?How much vitamin C should you take as a bronchitis cure?
Oil of Oregano is also a powerful painkiller. An article published in Phytotherapy Research describes how oregano oil superceded anti-inflammatory drugs in reversing pain and inflammation and is nearly as powerful as morphine as a painkiller.
Most difficult to diagnose is bronchitis as it can easily be mistaken with asthma. Proper tests for diagnose are chest X-ray, listening breathing with the stethoscope, pulmonary function tests and collecting sputum for bacterial cultures.
So, to sum up... Is vitamin C a bronchitis cure? Well, I think vitamin C is more of a bronchitis prevention rather than a bronchitis cure. Studies have shown that the antioxidant properties of vitamin C can protect and reduce symptoms of the cold and flu virus, which in turn helps to prevent bronchitis.
Streptococcus in tonsillitis must be attacked parenteral Penicillin; in severe cases of more than six tonsillitis attacks per year surgery to remove the tonsils is indicated. Tonsillectomy is also necessary when the inflammation obstructs the throat.
Few people realize that wild oregano has been relied upon as a therapeutic herb since antiquity. About 3000 B.C. the Babylonians described it as a cure for lung and cardiac disease. They also used it for wound healing and venomous bites. The ancient Greeks used wild oregano for healing wounds, destroying infections and reversing lung and cardiac disorders.
Since the beginning of time, mankind has looked for substances to treat a wide range of health problems, rather than treating individual symptoms or conditions. Natural compounds may offer the best hope, as they have the potential for multiple uses. Research has shown that spice extracts offer a wide range of curative properties. They are powerful germicides, capable of killing a wide range of germs, as well as potent antioxidants. One of the most potent of these is wild oregano.
In Garden of Health (1633), William Langham described an even wider range of uses including such diverse conditions as bladder trouble, bleeding, heart failure, head pain, itchy skin, mouth pain, spots on the skin, stomachache, intestinal worms and toothache. Oregano oil has always been relied upon as an emergency medicine.
The primer symptoms of bronchial inflammation are coughing with mucus expectoration, chest pains, dispneea (difficult breathing) and all signs of regular colds. Tonsillitis is characterized by symptoms like a sore throat and disfagia (pain while swallowing), fever, pain, nausea, anorexia and chills.
Oil of Oregano may also be applied topically to treat itches, infections of the skin, gum, teeth or just about any orifice of the body. Exercise care if you use it in the genital region where it is best mixed with olive oil or coconut oil before application. (1 drop per teaspoon of olive oil or coconut oil/butter).
Because wild oregano is an edible spice, it is acceptable for human ingestion. However, the type of oregano used if very important. North American Herb and Spice was the first company of the American market to introduce edible Oil of Oregano. To be edible, this essential oil must be made only from wild, mountain-grown, Mediterranean oregano, free of all chemicals and pesticides. It also has to be emulsified in a carrier oil such as extra virgin olive oil, which is used by North American Herb & Spice in its oil of oregano. The oregano they use is 100% Mediterranean oregano and is produced by old-fashioned cold pressing and steam distillation, using no chemicals to extract it.
In the book, Salmon's Herbal, written in the 1600's, oregano oil is highly valued and recommended for chest, menstrual, uterine, lung and digestive complaints. Specific uses mentioned include: diarrhea, asthma, colds, infections of the female sexual organs and uterine tumors. Additionally, its value against liver disorders is emphasized.
Oil of Oregano effectively treats: acne, allergies, arthritis, asthma, athlete's foot, candida, constipation, croup, dandruff, diarrhea, digestive disturbances, insect bites, bronchitis, canker sores, colds, flu, earaches, fatigue, gum disease, headaches, menstrual irregularities, muscle pain, parasites, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, psoriasis, toenail problems, seborrhea, ringworm, rosacea, sinusitis, varicose veins and warts.
What Is Vitamin C? Vitamin C is well-known for its powerful antioxidant properties. The antioxidant properties of vitamin C can help to protect your body from harmful oxidation reactions caused by free radicals.
Gelcaps provide the beneficial aspects of Wild Oregano Oil without using a dropper or having an after-taste. Great for people needing the benefits of Wild Oregano Oil in digestive, intestinal and other internal problems related to infection. Each Oreganol gelcap contains 140 mg. of Wild Oregano, equal to 6 drops of Oregano Oil from a dropper.
Treating bronchitis requires painkillers like Ibuprofen or Acetaminophen, assisted breathing in acute bronchitis and ant biotherapy with macrolides if Chlamydia or Mycoplasma are present.
If you are suffering from colds, flu, bronchitis, viral infections, athlete's foot, chronic fatigue syndrome, arthritis, headaches, menstrual irregularities or experience any of the ailments mentioned above, oil of oregano may be the miracle cure you have been searching for.
This will help to protect your body from colds, flu and bronchitis. If you want to supplement your diet with vitamin C supplements, then a dose of 250 mg per day should be fine.
Oil of Oregano is available in liquid and capsule form. Oil of Oreganol is highly concentrated, so when using it internally, start with small amounts, like one to two drops twice daily in juice. Take one drop twice per day working your way up to one drop four times per day. Mix with one teaspoon of honey, maple syrup, or olive oil to improve palatability. Take for a period of 15 days and then stop for 15 days. Repeat the process.
Wild, crude, mountain-grown oregano (from the Mediterranean) is the only kind that is naturally rich in 'carvacrols, flavonoids, and terpenes', which give the oregano its tremendous strength. Carvacrol is a natural phenol that contains powerful anti-microbial activity. Flavonoids provide natural antiseptic properties and Terpenes are natural anti-inflammatory agents.
The potential severe complications of long-term infection left untreated must imply more interest in healing the inflammation and treating the primer infection. Researches to find better and right cures are made all over the world.
Why Is Vitamin C Good For Your Bronchitis? So, why it is vitamin C good for your bronchitis? Well, studies with elderly patients suffering from acute bronchitis, found that their bronchitis was improved by taking vitamin C supplements.
Tonsillitis is diagnosed only by checking the swollen tonsils with a spatula and collecting a pharyngeal probe to determine if the infection is bacterial or viral. Bacterial infection will require antibiotics but viruses won' respond to such treatment.
Oregano oil is well known in the Mediterranean world (Greece and Crete) for its ability to slow down food spoilage because of its antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic and antioxidant abilities. The related herbs of thyme and marjoram sold in most North American supermarkets, are labeled incorrectly as oregano and possess little of the wild oregano's healing properties.
If not treated bronchitis can become chronic and increase the risk of lung cancer, contribute to apparition of asthma or make the pulmonary tract more vulnerable to infections. Complications of untreated tonsillitis might be obstruction of mouth and upper airways and an abscess that could spread in the entire body. Especially untreated Streptococcus causes heart, kidney, skin and liver damages.
About the author: About the author ' Kathy Browning is a healing arts practitioner and wellness coach. She is also the Editor-In-Chief of 'The Art of Living Well', an ezine focused on the mind, body, spirit connection and the author of 'Feng Shui for Abundant Living'. Be sure to visit http://www.cancercomfort.com for more information.
North American Herb & Spice Oreganol Oil and Gelcaps can be found in most health food stores across North America. They also offer their products online and can be found using the keywords: North American Herb & Spice; Oil of Oregano; Oregano Oil; and Oreganol.
Oil of Oregano is a completely natural substance derived from the wild oregano species. The plant grows in remote mountainous regions free of pollution. Only the leaves of the flowering plant are used. They are picked precisely when the plant is highest in essential oil. Being wild, it is grown chemical-free and the oil is extracted via a completely natural process ' no chemicals or solvents are used. The oil is the source of virtually all of the plant's active ingredients.
Vitamin C is not only a powerful antioxidant but it can also help your body in many other ways, such as: It can help to protect the body from infectionIt helps wounds to healIt is needed in the formation of collagenIt helps to increase the absorption of calcium and ironTo increase the amount of vitamin C in your diet, try increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables.
Vitamin C can boost your immune system, as acute bronchitis is normally a secondary infection from illnesses such as the cold and flu virus, taking vitamin C supplements can help to protect you against those illnesses.
How Much Vitamin C Should You Take As a Bronchitis Cure? To help to protect against bronchitis try to consume more fruit and vegetables which are rich in vitamin C.
Tonsils have an immune and evacuating function but viral or bacterial infection hinders the drainage leading to inflammation and pain. Most important infectious factors in tonsillitis are Streptococcus group A and viruses like Herpes simplex I, Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Epstein-Barr and the flu causing viruses Influenza and Parainfluenza.
The condition called bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchial tree; tonsillitis is the inflammation of to tonsils localized on the posterior side of the mouth. Both diseases are caused mainly by bacteria or viruses, but can also be unleashed by polluting factors or different substances causing irritation. The most common cause of tonsillitis is still the bacteria Streptococcus with its preferred localization in the mouth and throat.
In bronchitis, the occurred inflammation affects the cills on the bronchial mucosa and lowers their movements so they cannot evacuate mucus and foreign particles no more. Also the mucus secretion is stimulated and the phenomenon of coughing appears during bronchitis. Triggers of bronchial inflammation are especially inhaled dust or pollutants, smoking, but also viral determinants such as Rhinoviruses, Adenoviruses, Influenza and Epstein-Barr.
The benefit of oregano has gone largely unnoticed. In addition to fighting various fungi, oil of oregano is useful against bacteria and parasites. It can be used to treat internal and external fungi including athlete's foot. Skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema can be improved. Oil of oregano outright destroys all variety of fungi and yeasts, regardless of where they reside. In the case of parasites, oil of oregano has had success in neutralizing worms, amoeba, and protozoan. Oil of oregano's antiseptic powers are immense ' it inhibits the growth of the majority of bacteria, something that prescription antibiotics fail to accomplish.


text:
package com.mwqi.ui.holder;

import android.view.View;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.RatingBar;
import android.widget.TextView;

import com.mwqi.R;
import com.mwqi.bean.AppInfo;
import com.mwqi.http.image.ImageLoader;
import com.mwqi.ui.activity.BaseActivity;
import com.mwqi.utils.StringUtils;
import com.mwqi.utils.UIUtils;

/**
 * Created by mwqi on 2014/6/7.
 */
public class AppDetailInfoHolder extends BaseHolder<AppInfo> {
	private ImageView mIcon;
	private TextView mTitleTxt, mDownloadTxt, mViesionTxt, mDateTxt, mSizeTxt;
	private RatingBar mRating;

	@Override
	protected View initView() {
		View view = UIUtils.inflate(R.layout.app_detail_info);
		mIcon = (ImageView) view.findViewById(R.id.item_icon);
		mRating = (RatingBar) view.findViewById(R.id.item_rating);
		mTitleTxt = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.item_title);
		mDownloadTxt = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.item_download);
		mViesionTxt = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.item_version);
		mDateTxt = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.item_date);
		mSizeTxt = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.item_size);
		return view;
	}

	@Override
	public void refreshView() {
		AppInfo info = getData();
		String url = info.getIconUrl();
		mIcon.setTag(url);
		ImageLoader.load(mIcon, url);
		mRating.setRating(info.getStars());
		mTitleTxt.setText(info.getName());
		mDownloadTxt.setText(UIUtils.getString(R.string.app_detail_download) + info.getDownloadNum());
		mViesionTxt.setText(UIUtils.getString(R.string.app_detail_version) + info.getVersion());
		mDateTxt.setText(UIUtils.getString(R.string.app_detail_date) + info.getDate());
		mSizeTxt.setText(UIUtils.getString(R.string.app_detail_size) + StringUtils.formatFileSize(info.getSize()));
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The British Motor Museum is celebrating the national Drive It Day on Sunday 28 April by offering owners who arrive in a classic car discounted Museum entry. Drivers do not need to book in advance but simply drive their car to the Museum on 28 April where they can display it outside for free or pay to visit the Museum at the discounted price of £10 rather than £14.50. Museum visitors can enjoy seeing over 300 cars from the collection in its two buildings with an option to join one of the free guided tours on offer.
The Drive It Day scheme was initiated by the Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs to encourage historic vehicle owners to celebrate the UK's transport heritage, and our national love for classic cars, by all taking to the road on the same day for a Sunday run out - demonstrating how many historic and interesting vehicles are still on the roads today.
Every year Drive It Day is held on the Sunday nearest to the 23 April as it commemorates the 64 cars that left London on the first day of the Thousand Mile Trial in 1900. The Trial went through Bristol, Birmingham, Manchester, Derby, Kendal, Carlisle, Edinburgh, Newcastle, Leeds, Sheffield, and Nottingham before finishing back in London. Within the Museum visitors can see an 1899 Wolseley Voiturette 'OWL 707' which won first prize in its class at this historic event.
Please note the discounted entry price of £10 provides entry on 28 April 2019 only. If you would prefer an Annual Pass you can opt to 'Gift Aid' on full price Museum admission. Gift Aid Annual Passes are valid for 12 months excluding 5 special Show Days per year. For further information about Drive It Day please visit the FBHVC website .


text:
CCMNH: Artemis I Live Stream Launch
Name: CCMNH: Artemis I Live Stream Launch
Time: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM EDT
Artemis I Live Stream Launch
Cape Cod's Official NASA Host Site for the Artemis I Live Stream Launch Community Event
BREWSTER, MA —The Cape Cod Museum of Natural History is proud to be an official NASA host for the Artemis I launch party and celebration Monday, August 29, 2022, doors open at 8am; the live stream launch is scheduled at 8:33am.
Artemis I will be an uncrewed flight test of NASA's new Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion capsule, and the first in a series of increasingly complex missions that will be the foundation of deep space human exploration. The SLS is the most powerful rocket in the world and will propel the Orion capsule around the moon. Learn more about the Artemis program, sister of Apollo missions, and what the future holds for human habitation on the Moon, Mars, and beyond. Earn an Artemis badge by building and testing your own Stomp Rocket, while enjoying a refreshing cup of Tang!
Join us for this exciting event and cheer on the Orion spacecraft as it heads for the Moon.
**This event is FREE to the public, but RESERVATIONS ARE RECOMMENDED!


2014 marks the 20th anniversary of Take Our Kids To Work day in Canada, the signature national program of The Learning Partnership. On Wednesday, November 5th, grade 9 students (or equivalent) will visit workplaces across Canada (hosted by parents, friends, relatives and volunteers) to help them connect school, the world of work, and their own futures. Although the days might be called something different in Canada and America, and they may fall on two separate dates, the concepts are the same.
We take inspiration seriously at Career Cruising – both being inspired and inspiring others. One of the ways in which we inspire others is by sharing our own stories through our Staff Spotlights; our personal journeys of how we've gotten to where we are today, the tough choices we were forced to make and the lessons we learned along the way.
Why Parents Should Encourage Children to Gain Work Experience Early!
The world is so different today from when we grew up. The path that we took was for the most part linear: get a good education and you will find a good job. However, the market is very competitive today. What is going to give our children the upper edge that they need to come out on top of this competitive market?


text:
Q: samba 4 force user I have a directory with files owned by Linux user quux. I want to give access to it over CIFS using Samba 4 for two persons so they have different usernames foo and bar and passwords but access the same files under the same Unix UID and GID of quux.
In Samba 3 it was possible by using force user and forced group parameters of share configuration in smb.conf but the options are no longer supported in Samba 4.
Is something similar possible with Samba 4?
Upd: We use samba to edit files on development Linux server from Windows PCs. For simplicity of deployment it's better to have the same file ownership and permissions on production and development servers.
Ideally every developer should have single pair of username/password to remember and use it to connect to any project at any server as opposed to having different credentials for different projects and/or servers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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8 Things You Need To Know About Black Steel Pipes
The worlds industrial countries, in attempts to increase high strength low alloy steel and alloy steel production, which is also very attention to improving the quality of carbon steel pipe and expanding the range of varieties and use.
ASTM A847 Corten Weathering Steel Tube and Pipe Supplier
ASTM A847 is a high strength low alloy steel covering cold-formed welded square and rectangular tubing and pipe. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of this steel in most environments is substantially better than carbon steel with or without copper addition. ASTM A847 is intended for welded, bolted or riveted construction of bridges and other structures where high strength and enhanced corrosion resistance Black Carbon Square Steel Pipe High Strength Rectangular Black Carbon Square Steel Pipe High Strength Rectangular Tube(q345 Q510 Q610 Q700)used In The Automotive Machinery Industry , Find Complete Details about Black Carbon Square Steel Pipe High Strength Rectangular Tube(q345 Q510 Q610 Q700)used In The Automotive Machinery Industry,High Strength Square,Carbon Steel Pipe X60,Rectangular Tube Used In The Steel Structure Industry from Steel Pipes Supplier or Manufacturer-Shandong Shunshi High-Tech
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As largest independent stockist we have large inventory of IS 4923 yst 310,sa 334 gr 6,astm a106 grade b pipe,astm a572 / is 2062,a213 t1 seamless tubes,is 2062 gr b,din 2391 and sa 334 tubes.astm a36 stockist,stockholder of astm a333 carbon steel pipe and en 10025 material,stockist of carbon steel pipe astm a53 grade b,stockholder of api5l Carbon Square Steel Pipe Size High Strength Rectangular Carbon Square Steel Pipe Size High Strength Rectangular Tube(q345 Q510 Q610 Q700)used In The Automotive Machinery Industry , Find Complete Details about Carbon Square Steel Pipe Size High Strength Rectangular Tube(q345 Q510 Q610 Q700)used In The Automotive Machinery Industry,Black Square Tube,High Strength Square,Rectangular Tube Used In The Steel Structure Industry from Steel Pipes
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Carbon Steel Forged Fittings:A/SA-105; Carbon Steel Flanges:A/SA 105; High Yield Carbon Steel Pipe Specifications & Grades. API5L Seamless Grades B (X42, X52, X60, X65 and above) High Yield Carbon Steel Flanges & Fittings. High Yield Butt Weld Fittings:A- 860 or MSS SP75; WPHY42 (Y52, Y56, Y60, Y65) High Yield Flanges:A-694 (F42, F52 Carbon Steel Pipe American Piping ProductsSeamless Carbon Pipe The complex chemical and physical properties of the various grades of carbon steel pipe allow for a broad range of service usage. American Piping Products has the right grade, size and price to meet your requirements, including A/SA-106 Grade B/C and API 5L X- 42 thru X -70.A/SA-106 Grades B & C are utilized for services ranging from structural supports to steam drum
Carbon Steel Pipes, Carbon Steel Tube Supplier, Carbon
Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes Manufacturer. Marc Steel is a known manufacturer of Carbon Steel Pipes, which are available as per the customers detailed specifications, to suit their diverse requirements.We are one of the prominent firms in offering a wide range of Carbon Steel Tubes in the market. We also offer the same in different grades such as ASME SA / ASTM A106 GR.A, ASME SA / Carbon Steel Rectangular Pipe JIS The SteelRectangular tube has a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent compression support characteristics and excellent torsional resistance. It can be readily bent, formed, punched and drilled. Moreover, it is very durable, and has a light weight. It is suitable for small and medium constructions or
Carbon Steel Rectangular Pipe JIS The Steel
Rectangular tube has a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent compression support characteristics and excellent torsional resistance. It can be readily bent, formed, punched and drilled. Moreover, it is very durable, and has a light weight. It is suitable for small and medium constructions or Carbon Steel Rectangular Pipe TIS The SteelRectangular tube has a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent compression support characteristics and excellent torsional resistance. It can be readily bent, formed, punched and drilled. Moreover, it is very durable, and has a light weight. It is suitable for small and medium constructions or
Carbon Steel Rectangular Tubing Carbon Rectangular Steel
Carbon Steel Rectangular Tubing Totten Tubes maintains the industrys largest in-stock inventory of carbon steel rectangular tubing. We offer both structural and mechanical steel structural tubing, in a wide range of standard and hard-to-find sizes, from 3/8 x 1-1/2 to 12 x 20. Carbon Steel Rectangular Tubing Carbon Rectangular Steel Totten Tubes maintains the industrys largest in-stock inventory of carbon steel rectangular tubing. We offer both structural and mechanical steel structural tubing, in a wide range of standard and hard-to-find sizes, from 3/8 x 1-1/2 to 12 x 20.
Carbon Steel Tube Supplier - Ryerson
Steel Tube. Ryersons carbon tube is used in a variety of high-demand industries, especially for structural and mechanical support. We offer high-quality carbon steel tubing in square, round and rectangular shapes in a wide assortment of widths, wall thicknesses and China Ms Steel Tube Square Steel Pipe High Strength Steel Pipe, Weld Steel Pipe, Carbon Steel Pipe manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Ms Steel Tube Square Steel Pipe High Strength Rectangular Tube (Q345 Q510 Q610 Q700) Used in The Automotive Machinery Industry, St52 Q235B Q345b Round / Square ERW Carbon Hollow Section Zinc Coating Seamless Pipe Gi Steel Tube Galvanized Steel Pipe, China Tianjin New Material
EN S275J2H Rectangular Steel Pipe Suppliers, Hollow
Metline is a reputed manufacturer of carbon steel and mild steel EN S275J2H rectangular pipes and tubes in size 10mm x 20mm 400 x 800mm, with wall thickness of 1mm- 40mm and custom lengths. We can offer EN standard S275J2H structural rectangular pipes in both seamless and welded form, with tensile strength ranging from 410 MPa to 560 Mpa. En19 Pipes, En19 Seamless Pipe, En19 Steel Pipe SupplierEN19 Rectangular Pipes, EN19 Seamless Round Pipes, En 19 piping material suppliers, Buy at Never Before Price!!! EN19 pipes also known as AMERICAN SAE 4140 Pipe. EN19 seamless pipe is a high quality alloy steel with tensile strength. It is a high quality medium carbon. EN19 steel pipe is one steel grade in BS 970-1955 standard, which is
High Strength Steel Tube - Specialty Pipe & Tube Inc
For more than 50 years, Specialty Pipe & Tubes emphasis has been on carrying large diameter, heavy wall steel pipe and tubing. Always ahead of the curve, Specialty now carries a full line of sizes of high strength steel tube not just the standards to meet your more-demanding applications. High Yield Strength Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe and Tubes In demanding applications, High Yield Carbon Steel Pipe are exposed to stresses of varying types. Hence, these pipes are required to be conditioned to withstand the occurrence of stress in the form of abrasion, compression, tension, impacts and vibration. Any of these stressors would be enough to damage a regular carbon steel pipe, but not the HY ones, which is why they are recommended by
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Standard specification published by the ASTM for cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in round, square, and rectangular shapes. A513:Offers high weldability and is used frequently in structural applications in bridges and buildings as well as in both the automotive and appliance industry. Rectangular Structural Tubing - Carbon SteelAll Categories > Carbon Steel > Pipe and Tubing Rectangular Structural Tubing - Carbon Steel. Email This Page Download PDF Download PDF Printable Page. Structural tubing is relatively low in cost, has a high strength-to- weight ratio and is easily welded, formed, punched and drilled. Structural tubing is relatively low in cost, has a
Rectangular Structural Tubing - Carbon Steel
All Categories > Carbon Steel > Pipe and Tubing Rectangular Structural Tubing - Carbon Steel. Email This Page Download PDF Download PDF Printable Page. Structural tubing is relatively low in cost, has a high strength-to- weight ratio and is easily welded, formed, punched and drilled. Structural tubing is relatively low in cost, has a Rectangular Tube Hagerty Steel & Aluminum CompanyStandard specification published by the ASTM for cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in round, square, and rectangular shapes. A513:Offers high weldability and is used frequently in structural applications in bridges and buildings as well as in both the automotive and appliance industry.
Rectangular steel pipe DongPengBoDa Steel Pipes Group
Rectangular hollow section, also named as rectangular hollow section is one important member of hollow structural section in the current steel pipe market.Generally speaking, a hollow structural section is a type of metal profile with a hollow tubular cross section. The transformation of steel strip into hollow structural sections is the result of a series of operations including forming Rectangular steel pipe ZS Steel PipeRectangular steel pipe Steel square tube is widely used in industrial maintenance, agricultural implements, transportation equipment, truck beds, trailers, frames, etc. Its box-shape configuration allows for much greater strength and rigidity compared to angles or channels.
Round Tube & Pipe Hagerty Steel & Aluminum Company
Standard specification published by the ASTM for cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in round, square, and rectangular shapes. A53:Carbon steel pipe that covers seamless and welded black and hot-dipped galvanized steel pipe. It is used in pressure and mechanical applications and in steam, water, gas, and air lines. Round Tube & Pipe Hagerty Steel & Aluminum CompanyStandard specification published by the ASTM for cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in round, square, and rectangular shapes. A53:Carbon steel pipe that covers seamless and welded black and hot-dipped galvanized steel pipe. It is used in pressure and mechanical applications and in steam, water, gas, and air lines.
Specifications Industrial Tube and Steel Corporation
This specification covers seamless carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service in NPS 1/8 to NPS 48 [DN 6 to DN 1200] inclusive, with nominal (average) wall thickness as given in ASME B 36.10M. It shall be permissible to furnish pipe having other dimensions provided such pipe complies with all other requirements of this specification. Steel Pipe Dimensions & Sizes Chart (Schedule 40, 80 Pipe Rectangular Steel Tube; you could ask sch 40 stainless steel pipe, like ASTM A312 Grade 316L; Or sch 40 carbon steel pipe, such as API 5L, ASTM A53, ASTM A106B, A 179, A252, A333 etc.. What is the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS)? Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and
Steel Tubes and Pipes what are the main differences
Pipes are usually made of carbon steel or low alloy steel. Tubes instead are made of mild steel, aluminum, brass, copper, chrome, stainless steel, etc. The difference in materials is also a reason for the difference in the cost and applications. Some widely used steel pipe standards or piping classes are: The API range now ISO 3183. E.g.: What is Carbon Steel? Properties, Grades, Types of Carbon Carbon steel is steel with carbon content up to 2.1% by weight. The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states:Steel is considered to be carbon steel when:no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired
What is Carbon Steel? Properties, Grades, Types of Carbon
Carbon steel is steel with carbon content up to 2.1% by weight. The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states:Steel is considered to be carbon steel when:no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired API 5L Seamless Line Pipe - Carbon Steel Pipe Grades Worldwide Pipe & Supplys high yield carbon steel pipe is commonly known for transporting water, oil, and gas. API 5L Line Pipe Specifications for these pipes regulate usage for standard Grade A and Grade B pipes, with Grade X indicating stronger variants for drilling, production, and transport requirements for offshore, arctic, deep well, or harsher environments.
hollow section pipes in steel grade s355j2h 500x300x20 0 mm
rmrs grade aq51 exporter
ss400 coil for bridge with original factory price


text:
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#### According to
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#### Published in
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#### Original name
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### Remarks
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In the United States most people think they know their U.S. shoe size (if you haven't done so please read our tips on how to measure your feet because shoe size can change over time), but many people are still puzzled by the European shoe sizing system. HealthyFeetStore.com carries several brands that use the European shoe sizing system including Naot, Sanita, and Spring Step. Traditionally European sizing system shoes only come in medium widths, but recently some European shoe companies have taken up the quest for the perfect fit and have started making shoes in wide and extra wide widths.
Find your perfect size at Healthy Feet Store!
Most Americans are pretty familiar with the U.S. shoe sizing system, but just in case here's an overview. Most U.S. adult shoe sizes range from 4 to 12 in U.S. women's sizes and 6 to 16 in U.S. men's sizes, though there are some exceptions to this rule. For example, Apis shoes come in larger sizes. Typically men's sizes fit more generously than women's sizes which tend to run somewhat more narrow. The U.S. children and youth shoe sizing system is distinct from the U.S. adult shoe sizing system. One of the criteria for a given shoe to be federally recognized as a medical shoe (also called a diabetic shoe), is that the shoe come in multiple widths. This may be why U.S. sizing system shoes are much more likely to come in narrow, medium, wide, and extra wide widths than European sizing system shoes are.
For European shoe sizes there aren't separate sizing systems for adults and children. Instead there is a range of sizes where at one end of the spectrum you'll find small shoe sizes that are usually worn only by children and at the other end of the spectrum you'll find large shoe sizes that are usually worn only by men. This brings up another point about the European shoe sizing system. Unlike the U.S. shoe sizing system, the European shoe sizing system is pretty much unisex. A woman who wears a size 42 would probably be as comfortable in a men's shoe as a women's shoe in terms of how the shoe fits. Only masculine or feminine fashion details on the shoe's upper would reveal the shoe's true gender.
Why Is It Called the European Shoe Sizing System?
One common misconception about shoes that use the European sizing system is that they are made in Europe. Some of them are, but just as shoes that use the U.S. shoe sizing system aren't always made in the United States, European sized shoes may be manufactured in other locations such as New Zealand, Israel, and China. The system is only referred to as European because that's where it originated.