Resentment of immigrants in America probably began in 1492 when European explorers began the process of taming the wilderness in this "newly discovered" land. The Americans who were living here at the time always knew exactly where they were, and, I am sure, had a decidedly different view of who needed taming.
Immigrant resentment has progressed ever since, with different ethnic groups targeted in different times for different reasons. Currently, Hispanics are targeted because they supposedly take our jobs and Muslims are targeted because many people cannot accept diversity.
Without a doubt, immigration issues affected the outcome of the 2016 presidential election. The big beautiful border wall, immigrants stealing American jobs, immigrant crime (immigrant crime rates are actually lower than the general population) – these lies had their intended effect.
Perhaps the current, intense resentment of immigrants began in the late 1980's when, as the US economy faltered, Mexican immigration to the US was increasing. The passage of the North American Free Trade agreement in 1993 and the subsequent dumping of subsidized US corn into Mexico further hastened the migration of Mexican farmers to the US.
I remember driving in Phoenix, AZ, in 2006, a time when immigration had, again, become a hot button issue. I noted the Hispanic workers paving streets, building houses, working on power lines, mowing lawns, working in stores and restaurants, and wondered, Who would take care of these Arizonians if the immigrants were deported?
During this current wave of immigrant hatred, I again wonder, who will do the work if immigrants are deported? The dairy industry is built on the shift to fewer and larger farms that depend on low wage immigrants to produce the cheap food Americans demand.
People ask, "Why don't farmers just pay more and hire American workers? Wouldn't this eliminate the need for immigrant workers?" No, it's not that simple.
With the exception of the higher farm-gate milk prices of 2014, dairy farmers are generally paid below the cost of production for the milk they produce. Making a profit depends on keeping costs low; they need cheap feed for their cattle and cheap labor. So, granted, immigrant workers are underpaid with some reason. Fair farm prices might help, but, mostly, immigrants are underpaid because they have no recourse; to whom would they protest?
Then there is the problem that not many "American" workers are willing to do this kind of work. I have milked cows all my life and consider it to be the best job I could have asked for, but you either have to love it, or really need the paycheck, and I mean, really need it.
Milking my 45 cows is vastly different than milking cows on today's "modern" dairy farms with hundreds or thousands of cows. Ten or twelve hour shifts are not uncommon, a working environment that is constantly wet, noisy and dangerous – cows are big animals and don't always act in a congenial manner.
These immigrants are not unskilled, they are hard-working and good at their jobs. Most of them were farmers in Mexico and Central America; without them, without their farming skills, US domestic agricultural production would be in serious trouble.
Immigrants also do a disproportionate share of the work on fruit and vegetable farms nationwide.
I have watched immigrant workers in the tomato fields of Immokalee Florida – men, women and children – paid minimum wage at best, few breaks, long hot hours, all stoop labor and constantly exposed to toxic crop chemicals. No one could love these jobs, but this is what immigrants do, because no one else will and because immigrants have few options.
In a society like ours, where there is no such thing as a living wage for a good share of the population, we depend on a cheap food supply. It is unconscionable that we have such income disparity, that we have allowed this cycle of poverty to exist. Unconscionable that in a nation with so much, so many must survive on so little. We depend on poorly paid immigrants to feed us, and then point at them as the problem.
Immigrants are vilified when all they want is to be accepted for what they contribute – it is immoral. A Salvadoran immigrant noted, "We only want to live in peace," he said, "to work, have a home, be a family". Clearly, in Trump's mind, bad hombres.
This entry was posted in Blog and tagged Dairy, Farm labor, Immigrants. Bookmark the permalink.


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West Indies / Players / Clairmonte Depeiaza
WICB Regional 4 Day Tournament
Hayden Walsh
Nicholas Pooran
Evin Lewis
Shai Hope
Sherfane Rutherford
Alzarri Joseph
Andre Russell
Clairmonte Depeiaza
Full name Cyril Clairmonte Depeiaza
Born October 10, 1928, Mount Standfast, St James, Barbados
Died November 10, 1995, Manchester, Lancashire, England (aged 67 years 31 days)
Major teams West Indies, Barbados
Bowling style Right-arm bowler
Fielding position Wicketkeeper
Tests 5 8 2 187 122 31.16 1 0 0 7 4
First-class 16 24 5 623 122 32.78 1 4 31 9
Tests 5 2 30 15 0 - - - 3.00 - 0 0 0
First-class 16 30 15 0 - - - 3.00 - 0 0 0
Test debut West Indies v Australia at Georgetown, Apr 26-29, 1955 scorecard
Last Test New Zealand v West Indies at Christchurch, Feb 18-21, 1956 scorecard
- Statsguru Test analysis - Player analysis menu/filter Test match list --------------------------------- Batting career summary Batting innings list High scores Batting series averages --------------------------------- Bowling career summary Bowling innings list Bowling match list Best innings bowling Best match bowling Bowling series averages --------------------------------- Fielding career summary Fielding innings list Most dismissals in an innings Fielding series statistics
First-class span 1951/52 - 1956/57
Co-holder of the Test seventh-wicket record, Cyril Clairmonte Depeiaza died in November at the age of 67. When `Leaning Tower' Depeiaza joined his captain and fellow Barbadian Denis Atkinson at the crease in the fourth Test against Australia at Bridgetown in May 1955, West Indies were 147 for 6 in reply to Australia's massive 668. In an epic, matchsaving stand the pair, who came together towards the end of the third day of the six-day Test, batted throughout the fourth day. In all they added 347, breaking the previous-best for that wicket by three runs. Their partnership remains a record for Test cricket, but was surpassed at first-class level last winter when Bhupinder Singh junior and Pankaj Dharmani put on 460 for Punjab's seventh wicket in their Ranji Trophy semi-final at Delhi.
Depeiaza, appearing in only his second Test, was out in the first over of the fifth day for 122, scored in 330 minutes and including 16 fours. Atkinson answered critics of his captaincy with 219, to add to two marathon bowling spells in the match (48-14-108-2 and 36.2-16-56-1). It was the only Test century for both players. West Indies drew the Test - but lost a highscoring series 0-3, despite a record five centuries from Clyde Walcott.
Three matches in that 1954-55 series and two more in New Zealand in 1955-56 comprised Depeiaza's entire Test career, which he finished with 187 runs (31.16) seven catches and four stumpings (in his last Test, at Christchurch, he stumped Kiwi opener Bert Sutcliffe in both innings). At this distance he seems to have been unlucky not to have been capped more often. There was a suggestion that he was chosen for West Indies' 1957 tour of England but could not be found, but in fact he had signed as professional for Scottish club Forfarshire before the team was announced. Gerry Alexander and Rohan Kanhai shared the gloves on that tour. From then on Depeiaza's cricket was largely confined to professional engagements in Britain. He inspired Heywood to the Central Lancashire League title in 1960 and 1963, and in 1965 - his last year with them before moving to Haslingden - he took 100 wickets with his awkward, low-trajectory fast-medium deliveries. He ended his professional career with CLL club Crompton ( 1967-69).
Depeiaza's batting style during his epic Bridgetown innings was colourfully described by Pat Landsberg in his tour account The Kangaroo Conquers:`He has quite the most extraordinary forward stroke in the game, with left leg and bat coming forward at the same time and practically parallel with each other. It is a stroke which he makes with deliberation, and he remains for a few seconds after the ball has hit the bat in the deepest contemplation.'
An interview with Depeiaza, who lived in Manchester from 1960, appeared in the May 1988 edition of WCM. In it he corrected the spelling of his name (usually shown as ` Depeiza'), and stated that he was born in 1928, not 1927 as shown in most record books.
Sir Garfield Sobers, Sir Everton Weekes, Kathryn Ward (for her father Denis Atkinson) and Denis Depeiaza (for his father Clairmonte Depeiaza) receive awards as West Indies cricket record holders
Clairmonte Depeiaza and Denis Atkinson relax during their world record stand
© The Cricketer International

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Many students have been struggling with poor results despite the sleepless nights devoted to reading and preparation for their examination. please read this carefully and I believe you would be inspired.
When I was an 100 level student of Economics in one of the prestigious universities in Nigeria, my first CGPA was 4.67. I was one of the students that had the best result in my department that semester, all eyes were on me and everyone wanted to be my friend to enable them learn from me. My result made my senior colleagues accepted my offer to be a tutor in 200 level first semester.
There was a particular friend of mine, so intelligent and brave. Most times he puts us through on topics that seem to be difficult. Despite his degree of acumen he had a bad handwriting. We decided to help him by compelling him to write more legibly, though he found it tough but he got used to it. Surprisingly, this great friend of mine registered for 9 courses in second semester year 2 and got grade A in all, I.e his GP was 5.0. He was so happy and impressed , we all rejoiced with him. He has bagged several postgraduate degrees in the field of Economics with impressive grades .
Many people are brilliant and intelligent but they have bad handwriting . We once read that good handwriting is an asset. Please endeavour to write well to avoid being deprived of good scores in your exams.
Write well, Read well, take time to relax, pray well and always be encouraged by the beautiful future ahead of you.
Please drop your comments and we would give it maximum attention.
Be Honest! Dagrin, Barrister Or Fela – Who Will You Bring Back If You Had The Power?


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with General Manager Amanda Lee
Initially discovering Aramark as a college student, Amanda Lee (she/her) took a summer internship opportunity working lodging at Lake Powell. From there, she knew that there was no career path quite like the one she could pursue with Aramark Hospitality Management, leading to her enrollment in Aramark's Accelerate to leadership (A2L) or graduate development program. From the Pacific Northwest to the East Coast and back, Amanda followed her sense of adventure working at countless parks and destinations across the country.
"As an intern, I started as a lodging intern at Lake Tahoe, then the A2L program took me to Shenandoah National Park. While that was a lovely program and I grew a lot, I also learned that the East Coast wasn't necessarily my cup of tea. So when I finished the program, I was offered a full-time role back at the Lake Quinault Lodge in Olympic National Park in Washington. From there, I worked my way up, eventually taking roles at Yosemite National Park, Teton Tour Company in Jackson Hole Wyoming, and eventually Crate Lake National Park where I am now."
According to Amanda, the experience of working at parks is unlike any other. An explorer at heart, uncommon experiences and unexpected challenges are welcome surprises to her day-to-day. From forest fires and angry momma moose to family memories and heartfelt weddings, there's never a dull moment in her world.
"One thing that I like to do, is I like to explore. I like to get in the car and just drive to new places, whether that be a city or a beach, or a new mountain, or a new forest that I've never been to before. It's very different, and it takes a unique person to be a 'Parky.' For example, I can remember getting a call at 4:30 am from one of my Wranglers in Yosemite because all 50 horses got out of the pasture, and we had to go chase them down. Or more recently, we had this mama moose who's literally been chasing my staff when they're out on the trails on snowmobiles. It's memories like that that are just so exciting and different than anything you would experience outside of this line of business."
While Aramark's National park accounts are incredible places to work, it's not just the stunning landscapes and wildlife that keep Amanda pushing forward. Her passion is for her people, and her commitment to developing others and helping them grow is what drives her as a leader.
"With Aramark, my career ambition was to become a General Manager, and I was 27 years old when that opportunity was given to me. I got really good at my job and then I was like, Okay, now what? At the time, the world's economy wasn't fantastic, and things are just starting to get a little hinky and I had to really do some self-reflection and rethink about what my purpose was. And one of my favorite things to do, what really gets me up in the morning to go to work, is developing people. I really like to develop young leaders and give them the opportunities to stretch and grow and coach them through those experiences. That's what really gets me going."
To learn more about Aramark's Hospitality Management line of business, Amanda's leadership style, or what it takes to work in a national park, check out the Q&A or audio content in the post!
Immediate General Management Job Openings
Job ID: ASSOC027258
Associate District Manager
Job ID: GENER026724
See All Open Jobs
What drives me to pursue my career in part is the guests and employees that year after year become a part of your family. You have the opportunity to create and be a part of life-long memories, become a part of each other's lives and truly experience a family environment you cant find anywhere else.
— Amanda Lee, General Manager
Our conversation with Amanda
Aramark Careers · Amanda Lee – General Manager
Hear more from our conversation with Amanda in the Q&A section below.
Have you felt supported as you've changed locations while working with Aramark?
There's a great support structure there to get you from point A to point B, and the company makes it really easy. Most of the people that you interact with and the staff and managers are generally really welcoming, the community is there. So getting used to it, or how challenging it can be, hasn't been too difficult for me. To pay it forward, when I know people are transferring to the park, who may not be familiar, I like to be that welcoming presence for them so that they have someone to connect with.
What makes working in Leisure unique?
As a young manager, when holidays came around, I always took Thanksgiving off because everybody else had kids so I would be the manager operating the hotel for a majority of the Christmas season. I didn't have a hard time with it because I was able to meet so many families and they became part of my family at Christmas time. It was just an expected thing that I would always be at the hotel on Christmas and I wasn't missing home or anything because I had these guests and I became part of their lives. As for my staff, we became part of each other's lives as well. We have big families that come year after year and you get to know them. You can't say this about most places.
Why have you stayed with Aramark throughout your career?
I've stuck around the company for so long because I feel at home, I feel safe, I feel valued. Those are all the things that people take into account when thinking about whether or not to stay at a job. Granted, do I think there have been days where I've had differences of opinions with my leaders? Yeah, for sure. But at the end of the day, I have always felt that they've wanted the best for me. They're really taking into into consideration the people that work for them, and trying to make the best possible decisions for both the business as well as the people who work for them.


Speaking at a panel Saturday at the Mission New York Star Trek Convention, two of Star Trek: Discovery's writers — Kirsten Beyer and Nicholas Meyer — explained why showrunner Bryan Fuller decided to set the series 10 years before the original series.
Right before the discussion, Mission New York was treated to an exclusive preview video message from Bryan Fuller. While the video didn't show any new footage from the hotly anticipated show, Bryan Fuller did mention that the new starship was named partially in honor of the real-life NASA space shuttle Discovery, but also for the space ship in Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Kirsten Beyer also announced that Simon and Schuster and IDW will release tie-in books and comics which will correspond to the continuity of the new TV show, a first in Star Trek history.
When a fan asked Nicholas Meyer and Kirsten Beyer to "not screw up" the next iteration of Star Trek, Meyer encouraged all Trekkies everywhere to manage their expectations.
Star Trek: Discovery will debut sometime early in 2017 via CBS and CBS All Access.


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Citizenship and Immigration Services Proposes Fee Increase to Access Genealogy Records
News December 6, 2019 by Katherine Lewin
The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) proposed a fee increase to access immigration records from the first half of the 20th century. The Washington Post reported that the fees to access citizenship and alien registration files, visa applications and other records about immigrants from the early 1900s will nearly…
'We Build the Wall' Group Ordered by Judge to Stop Building in Texas
The right-wing group "We Build the Wall" has been ordered by a judge to temporarily stop building a border wall in Texas on private land because it could endanger the National Butterfly Center in Mission. We Build the Wall is a crowdfunding campaign set up about a year ago to…
$400 Million Border Wall Contract Awarded to Contractor Favored by Trump
A massive contract for $400 million was awarded to Fisher Sand and Gravel, a contractor that President Donald Trump reportedly pushed the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers to hire, to build a span of new border wall through the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge in Yuma County, Ariz. The Defense…
Aid Worker Scott Warren Found Not Guilty of Harboring Migrants in Arizona
Good News News November 22, 2019 by Katherine Lewin
Scott Warren, a well-known and longtime aid worker who helps migrants along the U.S.-Mexico border, was found not guilty Wednesday of "harboring illegal immigrants." Warren was facing a maximum of 10 years in prison for his humanitarian aid work. Warren had been charged with two harboring charges by the federal…
ACLU Files Lawsuit Against DHS on Behalf of Journalists for Tracking, Interrogating Them
News November 22, 2019 by Katherine Lewin
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed a lawsuit Wednesday on behalf of five freelance journalists against the Department of Homeland Security for allegedly following and interrogating them. All five are U.S. citizens and were working on a story about a group of migrants making their way to the border…
Trump Administration Detaining More Immigrants, Deporting Fewer than Obama
'Link in Bio:' DiversityInc on Instagram News November 18, 2019 by Katherine Lewin
More foreigners are being held each day under the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) than ever before in history, but far fewer are being deported overall. The Washington Post reported that about 50,000 immigrants have been detained on any given day this year and, according to ICE data, nearly…
Stephen Miller, the Man Behind Trump's Immigration Agenda, Promoted White Nationalism and Racism: Report
A report by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) analyzed more than 900 emails leaked from Stephen Miller that he sent to the far-right website Breitbart. The emails reveal that Miller, a White House senior adviser for President Donald Trump, used white supremacist propaganda and literature to shape Breitbart's articles….
Trump Administration Plans to Livestream Building of Border Wall
Senior officials in the Trump administration want to put in webcams to livestream building parts of the border wall. The Washington Post reported that Jared Kushner and other senior White House officials are going against objections from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and senior U.S. Customs and Border Protection…
In 2018, More Than 60% of People Convicted of Smuggling Immigrants Were American
'Link in Bio:' DiversityInc on Instagram News November 4, 2019 by Katherine Lewin
Despite President Donald Trump's rhetoric that smugglers are dangerous cartel members, the majority of people convicted in federal court in 2018 were American men, according to data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission. Nearly 63% of smugglers were Americans, 75% were men and 58% had no prior criminal history. The use…
1,556 More Immigrant Children Were Taken from Their Parents Than Disclosed, ACLU says
News October 28, 2019 by Katherine Lewin
The Trump administration separated 1,556 more immigrant children from their families at the U.S.-Mexico border than previously disclosed to the public, the American Civil Liberties Union said Thursday. Most of the children are very young, 12 years old and under, according to The Washington Post, including more than 200 considered…
. @AIGinsurance' s @lynnoldfieldaig was honored as #CEO of the Year by @InsBizCanada. #featuredcontent https://t.co/ztHNGFPobK 10 hours ago
Tune in on Monday to the @karenhunter Show, where @DiversityInc CEO @JohnsonCarolynn will join the conversation at… https://t.co/24UzctvbvV 13 hours ago
. @Mastercard launched #PricelessPlanetCoalition, a platform to unite corporate sustainability efforts and make mea… https://t.co/gE3r91DvHx 13 hours ago


Although both Marlow and the Intended construct idealized versions of Kurtz to make sense out of their respective worlds, in the end, Marlow's version of Kurtz is upheld as the more profound one. Marlow emphasizes his disgust at the complacency of the people he meets in Brussels in order to validate his own store of worldly experience. Marlow's narrative implies that his version of Kurtz, as well as his accounts of Africa and imperialism, are inherently better and truer than other people's because of what he has experienced. This notion is based on traditional ideas of heroism, involving quests and trials in the pursuit of knowledge. In fact, by seeming to legitimize activities like imperialism for their experiential value for white men—in other words, by making it appear that Africa is the key to philosophical truth—the ending of Heart of Darkness introduces a much greater horror than any Marlow has encountered in the Congo. Are the evils of colonialism excusable in the name of "truth" or knowledge, even if they are not justifiable in the name of wealth? This paradox accounts at least partially for the novella's frame story. Marlow recounts his experiences to his friends because doing so establishes an implicit comparison. The other men aboard the Nellie are the kind of men who benefit economically from imperialism, while Marlow has benefited mainly experientially. While Marlow's "truth" may be more profound than that of his friends or Kurtz's Intended, it may not justify the cost of its own acquisition.


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Dress,Barn
July 4, 2022 December 22, 2020 by admin
Dressbarn.com is a great online store if you are looking for something new. This company's name has ties to a chain of women's clothing stores that operated from 1962 until this year. Retail Ecommerce Ventures, a Miami-based company, owns the retailer. If you're looking for a new dress, you've likely found the perfect one at Dressbarn.com. Here are a few things to consider before you start shopping.
When Dressbarn first launched, it was known for brick-and-mortar stores and ecommerce sales were just under 20% of the company's overall revenue. The brand's April relaunch has seen its revenue double every quarter since then. It has successfully transformed from a brick and mortar retailer to an online retailer. The company has seen rapid growth online and has not lost its customer base. Dressbarn is actually on track to surpass $100 million in online sales within its first year.
Roslyn Jaffe and Elliot Jaffe founded Dressbarn in 1962. The chain has been reorganized with the help Tai Lopez, a Taiwanese businessman. The new owners will launch a new online store for Dressbarn around January 2020. More than 100 stores have been closed by the company. The remaining 544 stores will be closing on Dec. 26. The company plans to keep the Dressbarn brand alive, but they will only sell their clothing online.
Despite the slow start, the company soon achieved growth and expanded its presence in the United States and Canada. The company had almost twenty retail outlets and the financial resources to buy high-end designer items in the 1970s. Dress Barn was founded to sell career-oriented womenswear at discounted prices. Their items were often sold at half the price of department stores. Despite a slow start, the company has grown and acquired other chains and now has a billion dollars in annual revenue.
45 years ago was the opening of the first Dressbarn store. It went public 25 years ago. Although the company is still run by the founding family, it has undergone several rebrands. It has become a specialty retailer but its core customers have remained the same. Vivian Behrens and David Jaffe, the company's chief executive officer, have carried on the brand's mission. These executives ensure Dressbarn remains open for business.
Although the retailer has announced that it will close stores nationwide, it is not closing altogether. Ascena Retail Group is the parent company of Dressbarn. They have not yet announced a date. The company has stated that it will honor any remaining merchandise credit and gift cards received from customers before closing their doors. The stores are expected to close by December 26. Dressbarn is closing soon so don't delay to buy your next dress.
Make Dress Barn Payment Online
Dress Barn In Mercedes


text:
package cz.seznam.euphoria.core.client.operator.hint;

import cz.seznam.euphoria.core.annotation.audience.Audience;

/**
 * Extra information for runner about Dataset computation
 */
@Audience(Audience.Type.CLIENT)
public enum ComputationHint implements OutputHint {

  /**
   * Dataset is expensive to compute
   */
  EXPENSIVE
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Christina Horsten is the New York correspondent of the German press agency dpa. She grew up in Bonn, Prague and in Berlin, where she graduated from the Freie Universität. For the dpa she returned to her home town New York in 2012 and lives there today with Felix and their little daughter Emma.


Posted by Ted Guarnero admin on Tuesday, July 26th, 2011 at 6:37pm.
A unique and very desirable plan has been released for the once prominent Esquire Theatre located at 58 East Oak Street in Chicago's Gold Coast—FINALLY! And no, these plans don't coincide with previous proposals of a residential tower, boutique hotel, combining commercial real estate options with an upscale hotel establishment, or even the most recent approval of total demolishment. Instead, renderings released from Alderman Reilly's office show a modern renovation to the existing theatre structure which will essentially be transformed into five small levels of retail space and reviving a very popular form of entertainment within the Gold Coast boundaries--shopping. More importantly, however, the theatre's vertical "ESQUIRE" sign will be salvaged and implemented into the new design, ultimately saving a piece of treasured neighborhood history. In all, the new Esquire plans call for seven separate retail spaces-five boutique-style spaces on the first floor and one larger space on each of the sixth and seventh floors-which will total over 30,000 square feet of fabulous shopping options. Construction could begin as early as fall 2011 with new stores opening doors in time for the holiday season of 2012.


So What's The Difference Between A Mediator And A Settlement Counselor?
Mediation is most often associated with divorce and separation; whilst it is highly beneficial in this situation, it is not the only type of law where mediation and settlement counselors are required. In theory, it is possible to require mediators and settlement counselors in any area of law where there is a disagreement between two or more parties. Both mediator and settlement counselor are terms that are discussed fairly often and they can sometimes get confused. So what's the difference between the two?
As family law is the most commonly utilized area of law that involves both mediators and settlement counselors, we will focus on this area. Both mediators and settlement counselors can be used in a divorce or childcare arrangement proceedings, but in different ways. Often, a settlement counselor will be a step before the mediator. Many people choose to try a settlement counselor first and then engage with a mediator if this does not work. A settlement counselor can help the two parties try to come to some arrangement in an informal way. Often the individuals are in a separate room from each other and it is the lawyers that do the communicating, supported by a settlement counselor.
In contrast, mediation involves both parties meeting face to face in the presence of a trained and qualified professional. A mediator is a neutral third party who has no interest in the case either way. This is different from settlement meetings where the individuals do not meet face to face. This can be both a positive and negative part for the parties involved. Often, as the issues are fairly emotive this can be beneficial for the parties. It increases the chances of an agreement being reached, which is the ultimate aim of both processes.
In both cases, suitably qualified lawyers are still required and have an important place in the process. Both a mediator and settlement counselor are there to support the process and help the parties to find an agreement. This can be helpful when the two parties just cannot agree and the lawyers are also struggling to come to some arrangement that all involved are happy with. Whatever the agreement is, it will require the legal paperwork being completed and this is where the lawyers are more than invaluable.
With both approaches, there is a degree of informality and trial and error type of approach. Whilst there are general guidelines and theories to follow, ultimately each case is unique. This is because each situation is completely different and in the family law case, each couple is different and will have different needs and wants. Similarly, both approaches try to find a solution for the two parties who in dispute over whatever issue is. Ideally, the process will avoid the need for more formal court based proceedings which can become particularly difficult in many cases. This is highly desired by both lawyers and often the parties involved, as the issues to be discussed are usually emotive and can be challenging.


Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov are now wanted in the case, according to the Crown Prosecution Service.
On Wednesday, British authorities named two Russian national as the suspects of Salisbury nerve-agent attack that targeted former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia Skripal earlier this year.
In an interview with BBC Radio 4's Today program, Wallace went further than Prime Minister Theresa May's assertion that the attack "was nearly certainly also approved outside the GRU at a senior level of the Russian state".
The charges deepen Britain's diplomatic feud with Moscow, which denies involvement in the attack on Skripal, a former Russian agent who had been convicted in his homeland of spying for Britain.
The photos were among a cache of evidence when British authorities accused two Russian men, identified as Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov, of carrying out the attack.
Mr Basu conceded it was "very, very unlikely" police would be in a position to arrest them anytime soon.
Police say the men, both about 40, flew from Moscow to London on Russian passports two days before the Skripals were poisoned on March 4. They were both since discharged from the Salisbury District Hospital. A police officer, Nick Bailey, was also hospitalised.
Six months after the chemical weapons attack rocked the quiet cathedral city, police released new details about what Basu called "one of the most complex investigations" the force had ever seen. They travelled under genuine Russian passports although their names are believed to be aliases.
The investigation by the CPS recovered CCTV footage of the two Russian nationals after they flew into Gatwick airport on an Aeroflot flight on the 2 March and stayed in the City Stay hotel in east London.
Police also said the men's hotel room had returned dangerously-high levels of Novichok when police conducted tests for it.
Police believe the nerve agent was smuggled to Britain in a counterfeit Nina Ricci perfume bottle and applied to the front door of Sergei Skripal's house.
Her partner, Charlie Rowley, was also stricken.
Dawn Sturgess, 44, became an indirect casualty of the poisoning and she died after she touched the poisoned item with her hand.
Later, she told the state news agency Interfax that the ministry demanded that the British supply Russian Federation with the fingerprints of the two men accused of the attempted murder of the Skripals. Britain spent years trying in vain to prosecute the prime suspects, Andrei Lugovoi and Dmitry Kovtun.
UK Security Minister Ben Wallace has suggested that Russian President Vladimir Putin is "ultimately" to blame for the Salisbury poisoning, as "it is his government that controls, funds and directs" the GRU intelligence service.
Basu would not comment on whether the Skripals had faced threats before the attack or where they were now located.
Although another spy agency, the SVR, is Russia's official foreign intelligence service, the GRU is mandated to undertake operations around the world.
Moscow said pointing the finger at the Kremlin was "unacceptable".
May said Britain and its allies would "step up our collective efforts" against the agency, though she did not name any specific measures.


text:
Gasteranthus orientandinus is a species of plant in the family Gesneriaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

References

Endemic flora of Ecuador
orientandinus
Endangered plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Looking to help your child develop an understanding of other cultures around the world? This month at Discovery Place Kids-Huntersville, we'll be reading books about celebrations and traditions. Read along with us at home!
The gingerbread man outruns everybody, until he meets the quick-witted fox.


text:
Brazil expecting better Neymar at Copa America than they got at 2018 World Cup
Chris Burton
08:38 4/23/19
EDUARDO MUNOZ ALVAREZ
Tite believes a forward who has endured another injury-hit season at Paris Saint-Germain will be ready for more international action this summer
Neymar is expected to be "in better condition at the Copa America than he was in the World Cup", with Brazil boss Tite having no concerns over the Paris Saint-Germain forward.
Twelve months ago, the Selecao were sweating on the fitness of a talismanic presence heading towards a major international tournament.
Neymar did return in time to lead a charge for global glory on Russian soil, but was understandably rusty after seeing his club campaign cut short.
Another untimely knock has been suffered this season, with the 27-year-old having been sidelined since January.
He was, however, able to take in 45 minutes of PSG's 3-1 win over Monaco on Sunday as they toasted another Ligue 1 title success.
Tite believes Neymar will be back to peak fitness by the time more honours are chased down with his country this summer, with Brazil confident a star man will be ready for a Copa on home soil.
"He has already come back and we are going to hope for his rapid return [to form]," Tite said
"It's a process of normal progress."
The Brazil boss added on a man who only returned to action in pre-tournament friendlies heading into the 2018 World Cup: "Now there is a big difference - there is more time before the start of the Copa America, and consequently that allows for a better recovery in order to reach a higher technical level, too.
"He could be in better condition at the Copa America than he was in the World Cup."
While pleased to see Neymar back in action, Brazil are still waiting to discover whether another exciting attacking talent will be available to them.
Real Madrid teenager Vinicius Junior is nursing ankle ligament damage, but could be brought back into the Blancos fold for a Liga clash with Getafe on Thursday.
Tite is closely monitoring the 18-year-old's progress, adding on a player he hopes to have at his disposal this summer: "The Brazil Football Confederation has provided us with the means to monitor not only Vinicius but other players.
"It's important not only to attend their games but also their training sessions. We will do so."


Not sure what actually happened here, but this is great. I mean, who wouldn't want a face on their nostrils or an enlarged set of nostrils and duck lips covering their entire their face?
Next time someone tells you, "You look so much like your mother," face swap with her and prove them otherwise. Warning: The results may be astonishing. Not so much like mommy now, huh?
When two people love each other very, very much, they face swap. I mean, if you love your husband or wife's face that much, why not wear it yourself?
Yikes, never mind. It was worth a shot, though.


# 27 – December was a seriously busy month. In addition to all the usual Christmas shenanigans that go on like parties, shopping, random drinks and dinners, etc, I also still had 5 more gigs to get to in order to reach my target. Getting so close and failing at the final hurdle would have been devastating, particularly as there had been a few other gigs that year that I had tickets for but couldn't make for one reason or another.
The first of my December gigs was the Coronas in the Olympia, a gig which is becoming a bit of a Christmas habit at this stage. The support were from two favourites of mine – Bipolar Empire and The Kanyu Tree. Brilliant line-up, brilliant night, and no power cuts in 2011, which was a nice change after 2010!


text:
Bending of Combined Beams
Three senior physics majors, Cody Borigo, Kevin Dougherty, and Darren Scott, are taking a special topics course in Strength of Materials, a standard course for mechanical engineering students. They intend to use the material as they pursue graduate degrees in mechanical engineering. As a break from working through the text (Applied Strength of Materials by R.L. Mott) they did a laboratory experiment to test one of the fundamental equations used to analyze the bending of beams:
where y is the displacement shown in the figure, and x is the displacement in the figure, measured from the orange clamp at the bottom. M is the bending moment (torque) experienced by the beam at the location x. E is the Young's modulus, and I is called the "moment of area," or (incorrectly, but commonly enough that everyone understands) the "moment of inertia."
where the integral is over the cross sectional area of the beam. (If dA were an element of mass this would be a moment of inertia.)
The differential equation predicts that when a beam is clamped (with the orange clamp) and pulled at its other end (with the black paper clip, as in the figure below, the deflection (y) of the beam as a function of distance from the clamp (x) is:
where F is the applied force (measured with the spring balance shown and later with an electronic force probe) and L is the length of the beam (in this case almost two meters).
The particular experiment shown uses two 2-meter sticks side by side. The moment of inertia in this case is:
where h is the height of the two stacked sticks, and b is the thickness, measured in the direction of y.
Cody, Kevin, and Darren applied a 3 Newton force to the end of the beam and traced the shape of the distorted beam on paper, producing a line as shown in the figure at the right. They also traced the figure of the beam when no force was applied.
They then measured the y distance from the un-stressed line and used Excel's "solver" function to fit the formula to the data. In the fit, the quantity
was taken as an adjustable parameter, and a small (0.24cm) constant term was added to account for a small y offset. The fit is shown below. The standard deviation between the experimental value of y and the fit is 0.25 cm, leading us to estimate the uncertainty in K at about 1%. With this estimate, we find
For the double-wide setup shown in the figure, the moment of inertia was calculated from the measured dimensions of the meter sticks to be
This led to an estimate for the Young's modulus for the wood of
E for red maple is listed as 1.13x10 10 Pa
Interestingly, when the sticks were clamped with wide sides together, the agreement was poor. This is presumably because the sticks are not welded together and the assumption that a cross section of the composite beam is undistorted by the bending fails. In fact we could see visually that the stick markings shifted relative to each other upon bending. (This did not happen when the sticks were bent as in the first figure.)
Bending the "double thick" beam combination
Measuring the y-displacement as a function of x.
View past labs experiments.
View Experiment of the Month Archives
Email: physics@millersville.edu


text:
Desi Arnaz Net Worth 2023: Early Life, Music Career, Awards & Achievements!
Desi Arnaz was a Cuban-American musician, actor, and television producer who died in 1986 with a net worth of $20 million. Desi Arnaz was born in March 1917 in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, and died in December 1986.
Arnaz was best known for his role as Ricky Ricardo on the TV show I Love Lucy, which he did with his wife Lucille Ball. He also led the Desi Arnaz Orchestra, a Latin music band. From 1951 to 1957, Arnaz played Ricky Ricardo in the TV series I Love Lucy. From 1957 to 1960, he played Ricardo in the television series The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour. Arnaz executive produced the TV shows Willy, I Love Lucy, The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour, The Ann Sothern Show, The Lucy Show, and The Mothers-In-Law as part of Desilu Productions with Ball.
Arnaz received a Golden Globe Award for best television Show in 1956. In 1960, he received stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for both motion picture and television work. From 1940 to 1960, Desi was married to Lucille Ball, and then to Edith Mack Hirsch. Desi Arnaz died of lung cancer on December 2, 1986, at the age of 69.
Desi Arnaz Early Life
Desi Arnaz Jr. was born on January 19, 1953 in Los Angeles, California. Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III, or Desi Arnaz, was a Cuban-American actor-musician, and his mother, Lucille Désirée Ball, was a Hollywood legend. His elder sister, Lucie Désirée Arnaz, is also a successful actress.
At the time of his birth, his parents were stars on the popular television show I Love Lucy. On the day he was born, his mother's television character, Lucy Ricardo, gave birth to a son named Little Ricky.
Desi Arnaz Jr. was three years old when he went to the sets of I Love Lucy and saw another kid playing his parents' son and experienced his first bout of jealousy. People started calling him Little Ricky, which didn't help matters.
He grew to despise Little Ricky and aspired to be better than him in every way. It eventually led to a crisis of identity. In 1957, he made his first appearance on TV as an audience member on an episode of I Love Lucy.
By 1960, his parents' marriage was over because his father drank too much and cheated on his mother. They divorced on May 4, 1960, but remained friendly until Desi Arnaz died. In 1961, he and his sister were sent to New York to attend St. Vincent Ferrer School. He appeared in six episodes of The Lucy Show, a spin-off of the well-known I Love Lucy, from 1962 to 1965.
Desi Arnaz Net Worth
Desi Arnaz Jr. is estimated to be worth $45 million. Desi Arnaz Jr., born Desiderio Alberto Arnaz IV, is a well-known actor and musician. He rose to prominence as the son of two legendary Hollywood stars, Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz. He made his first television appearance when he was four years old, and by the age of twelve, he had established himself as a musician. He makes most of his money from TV shows, movies, album sales, and concerts.
Desi Arnaz Music Career
While attending Good Shepherd Beverly Hills Catholic School in 1964, Desi Arnaz Jr. met Dean Martin's son, Dean Paul Martin (Dino), and Billy Hinsche. Dino, Desi, and Billy eventually formed their own band and released their debut album, Since You Broke My Heart / We Know, the following year.
I'm A Fool, the band's best-known song, was released in 1965 and reached number seventeen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States. Not the Lovin' Kind, another hit from the same year, peaked at number twenty-five. Desi played the drum in them.
Their debut album, I'm A Fool, was released in 1965. In 1966, three more albums were released: Our Time Is Coming, Memories Are Made of This, and Souvenir. In 1966, the three boys appeared in Dean Martin's film Murderers' Row.
The band disbanded in 1969. They had released 17 singles by that point and had toured as an opening act for many well-known musical acts, including the Beach Boys.
Desi Arnaz Jr. received a Golden Globe Award in the category of New Star of the Year – Actor for his performance in Red Sky at Morning in 1972. In 2002, he was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Special Class Program.
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Anna Maria's blog about her everyday journey to starting a clothing & accessory line.
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For Anna Maria's daily fashion, home decor, art work, fashion trends, vintage adventures, and other escapades.


text:
Richmond Symphony Orchestra cancels Saturday concert; Civic Hall postpones show
RICHMOND, Ind. — The Richmond Symphony Orchestra and the Civic Hall Associates will not have planned Saturday night concerts because of coronavirus concerns.
The symphony's Close to Home concert inside Seton Catholic High School's Chuck Mosey Gymnasium was planned to include a social hour with food and drinks available. The social nature of the event led to the cancellation, according to Monica Koechlein, the symphony's executive director.
She said tickets to the concert could be exchanged for tickets to a 2020-21 season concert.
►MORE CORONAVIRUS COVERAGE: Find Richmond-related news about the pandemic here
RSO also has a concert scheduled for April 4 at Civic Hall Performing Arts Center. Richmond Community Schools, working with the Wayne County Health Board and all other Wayne County schools, will be closed from March 20 until April 13.
Koechlein said decisions about the April 4 concert and the RSO's Signature Event on April 25 will be announced later.
The Derik Nelson & Family show as part of the Proudly Presenting Series at Civic Hall Performing Arts Center has been postponed after Gov. Eric Holcomb announced Thursday that non-essential gatherings in the state must be limited to 250 or fewer people.
The show will be rescheduled for a later date, so ticket holders should keep their tickets.


text:
Q: DynamoDB table created by Terraform in LocalStack not visible in NoSQL Workbench Summary: Code and configuration known to show up in NoSQL Workbench when using DynamoDB Local mysteriously don't work with LocalStack: though the connection works, the tables no longer show in NoSQL Workbench (but continue to show up when using the aws-cli).

I created a table in DynamoDB Local running in Docker that worked in NoSQL Workbench. I wrote code to seed that database, and it all worked and showed up in NoSQL Workbench.
I switched to LocalStack (so I can interact with other AWS services locally). I was able to create a table with Terraform and can seed it with my code (using the configuration given here). Using the aws-cli, I can see the table, etc.
But inside NoSQL Workbench, I couldn't see the table I created and seeded when connecting as shown below. There weren't connection errors; the table just isn't there. It doesn't seem related to the bugginess issue described here, as restarting the application did not help. I didn't change any AWS account settings like region, keys, etc.

A: If you don't want to change your region to localhost, there is another solution. From the LocalStack docs:
"DYNAMODB_SHARE_DB: When activated, DynamodDB will use a single database instead of separate databases for each credential and region."
e.g. add the variable to your docker-compose.yml
  ...

  localstack:
    container_name: my_localstack
    image: "localstack/localstack:0.13.0.8"
    environment:
      - DYNAMODB_SHARE_DB=1

  ...

A: Summary: To use NoSQL Workbench with LocalStack, set the region to localhost in your code and Terraform config, and fix the resulting validation error (saying there isn't a localhost region) by setting skip_region_validation to true in the aws provider block in the Terraform config.

The problem is disclosed in the screenshot above:

NoSQL Workbench uses the localhost region.
When using DynamoDB Local, it appears the region is ignored, so this quirk is hidden (i.e. there is a mismatch between the region in the Terraform file and my code on the one hand and NoSQL Workbench on the other, but it doesn't matter with DyanmoDB Local).
But with LocalStack region is not ignored, so the problem popped up.
I wouldn't have written this up except for one more quirk that took a while to figure out. When I updated the Terraform configuration thus:
provider "aws" {
  access_key = "mock_access_key"
  // For compatibility with NoSQL workbench local connections
  region                      = "localhost"

I started getting this error when running terraform apply:
╷
│ Error: Invalid AWS Region: localhost
│
│   with provider["registry.terraform.io/hashicorp/aws"],
│   on main.tf line 1, in provider "aws":
│    1: provider "aws" {
│
╵

I dug around a bit and found this issue in the AWS provider repo for Terraform, which explains that you should do this:
provider "aws" {
  access_key = "mock_access_key"
  // For compatibility with NoSQL workbench local connections
  region                      = "localhost"
  skip_region_validation      = true

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Copyright: © 2004 Joel E. Cohen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Although mathematics has long been intertwined with the biological sciences, an explosive synergy between biology and mathematics seems poised to enrich and extend both fields greatly in the coming decades (Levin 1992; Murray 1993; Jungck 1997; Hastings et al. 2003; Palmer et al. 2003; Hastings and Palmer 2003). Biology will increasingly stimulate the creation of qualitatively new realms of mathematics. Why? In biology, ensemble properties emerge at each level of organization from the interactions of heterogeneous biological units at that level and at lower and higher levels of organization (larger and smaller physical scales, faster and slower temporal scales). New mathematics will be required to cope with these ensemble properties and with the heterogeneity of the biological units that compose ensembles at each level.
The discovery of the microscope in the late 17th century caused a revolution in biology by revealing otherwise invisible and previously unsuspected worlds. Western cosmology from classical times through the end of the Renaissance envisioned a system with three types of spheres: the sphere of man, exemplified by his imperfectly round head; the sphere of the world, exemplified by the imperfectly spherical earth; and the eight perfect spheres of the universe, in which the seven (then known) planets moved and the outer stars were fixed (Nicolson 1960). The discovery of a microbial world too small to be seen by the naked eye challenged the completeness of this cosmology and unequivocally demonstrated the existence of living creatures unknown to the Scriptures of Old World religions.
Mathematics broadly interpreted is a more general microscope. It can reveal otherwise invisible worlds in all kinds of data, not only optical. For example, computed tomography can reveal a cross-section of a human head from the density of X-ray beams without ever opening the head, by using the Radon transform to infer the densities of materials at each location within the head (Hsieh 2003). Charles Darwin was right when he wrote that people with an understanding "of the great leading principles of mathematics… seem to have an extra sense" (F. Darwin 1905). Today's biologists increasingly recognize that appropriate mathematics can help interpret any kind of data. In this sense, mathematics is biology's next microscope, only better.
Conversely, mathematics will benefit increasingly from its involvement with biology, just as mathematics has already benefited and will continue to benefit from its historic involvement with physical problems. In classical times, physics, as first an applied then a basic science, stimulated enormous advances in mathematics. For example, geometry reveals by its very etymology (geometry) its origin in the needs to survey the lands and waters of Earth. Geometry was used to lay out fields in Egypt after the flooding of the Nile, to aid navigation, to aid city planning. The inventions of the calculus by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the later 17th century were stimulated by physical problems such as planetary orbits and optical calculations.
In the coming century, biology will stimulate the creation of entirely new realms of mathematics. In this sense, biology is mathematics' next physics, only better. Biology will stimulate fundamentally new mathematics because living nature is qualitatively more heterogeneous than non-living nature. For example, it is estimated that there are 2,000–5,000 species of rocks and minerals in the earth's crust, generated from the hundred or so naturally occurring elements (Shipman et al. 2003; chapter 21 estimates 2,000 minerals in Earth's crust). By contrast, there are probably between 3 million and 100 million biological species on Earth, generated from a small fraction of the naturally occurring elements. If species of rocks and minerals may validly be compared with species of living organisms, the living world has at least a thousand times the diversity of the non-living. This comparison omits the enormous evolutionary importance of individual variability within species. Coping with the hyper-diversity of life at every scale of spatial and temporal organization will require fundamental conceptual advances in mathematics.
The interactions between mathematics and biology at present follow from their interactions over the last half millennium. The discovery of the New World by Europeans approximately 500 years ago—and of its many biological species not described in religious Scriptures—gave impetus to major conceptual progress in biology.
The outstanding milestone in the early history of biological quantitation was the work of William Harvey, Exercitatio Anatomica De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis In Animalibus (An Anatomical Disquisition on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals) (Harvey 1847), first published in 1628. Harvey's demonstration that the blood circulates was the pivotal founding event of the modern interaction between mathematics and biology. His elegant reasoning is worth understanding.
From the time of the ancient Greek physician Galen (131–201 C.E.) until William Harvey studied medicine in Padua (1600–1602, while Galileo was active there), it was believed that there were two kinds of blood, arterial blood and venous blood. Both kinds of blood were believed to ebb and flow under the motive power of the liver, just as the tides of the earth ebbed and flowed under the motive power of the moon. Harvey became physician to the king of England. He used his position of privilege to dissect deer from the king's deer park as well as executed criminals. Harvey observed that the veins in the human arm have one-way valves that permit blood to flow from the periphery toward the heart but not in the reverse direction. Hence the theory that the blood ebbs and flows in both veins and arteries could not be correct.
Harvey also observed that the heart was a contractile muscle with one-way valves between the chambers on each side. He measured the volume of the left ventricle of dead human hearts and found that it held about two ounces (about 60 ml), varying from 1.5 to three ounces in different individuals. He estimated that at least one-eighth and perhaps as much as one-quarter of the blood in the left ventricle was expelled with each stroke of the heart. He measured that the heart beat 60–100 times per minute. Therefore, the volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle per hour was about 60 ml × 1/8 × 60 beats/minute × 60 minutes/hour, or 27 liters/hour. However, the average human has only 5.5 liters of blood (a quantity that could be estimated by draining a cadaver). Therefore, the blood must be like a stage army that marches off one side of the stage, returns behind the scenes, and reenters from the other side of the stage, again and again. The large volume of blood pumped per hour could not possibly be accounted for by the then-prevalent theory that the blood originated from the consumption of food. Harvey inferred that there must be some small vessels that conveyed the blood from the outgoing arteries to the returning veins, but he was not able to see those small vessels. His theoretical prediction, based on his meticulous anatomical observations and his mathematical calculations, was spectacularly confirmed more than half a century later when Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) saw the capillaries under a microscope. Harvey's discovery illustrates the enormous power of simple, off-the-shelf mathematics combined with careful observation and clear reasoning. It set a high standard for all later uses of mathematics in biology.
Mathematics was crucial in the discovery of genes by Mendel (Orel 1984) and in the theory of evolution. Mathematics was and continues to be the principal means of integrating evolution and genetics since the classic work of R. A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and S. Wright in the first half of the 20th century (Provine 2001).
Over the last 500 years, mathematics has made amazing progress in each of its three major fields: geometry and topology, algebra, and analysis. This progress has enriched all the biological sciences.
In 1637, René Descartes linked the featureless plane of Greek geometry to the symbols and formulas of Arabic algebra by imposing a coordinate system (conventionally, a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis) on the geometric plane and using numbers to measure distances between points. If every biologist who plotted data on x–y coordinates acknowledged the contribution of Descartes to biological understanding, the key role of mathematics in biology would be uncontested.
Another highlight of the last five centuries of geometry was the invention of non-Euclidean geometries (1823–1830). Shocking at first, these geometries unshackled the possibilities of mathematical reasoning from the intuitive perception of space. These non-Euclidean geometries have made significant contributions to biology in facilitating, for example, mapping the brain onto a flat surface (Hurdal et al. 1999; Bowers and Hurdal 2003).
In algebra, efforts to find the roots of equations led to the discovery of the symmetries of roots of equations and thence to the invention of group theory, which finds routine application in the study of crystallographic groups by structural biologists today. Generalizations of single linear equations to families of simultaneous multi-variable linear equations stimulated the development of linear algebra and the European re-invention and naming of matrices in the mid-19th century. The use of a matrix of numbers to solve simultaneous systems of linear equations can be traced back in Chinese mathematics to the period from 300 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. (in a work by Chiu Chang Suan Shu called Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art; Smoller 2001). In the 19th century, matrices were considered the epitome of useless mathematical abstraction. Then, in the 20th century, it was discovered, for example, that the numerical processes required for the cohort-component method of population projection can be conveniently summarized and executed using matrices (Keyfitz 1968). Today the use of matrices is routine in agencies responsible for making official population projections as well as in population-biological research on human and nonhuman populations (Caswell 2001).
Finally, analysis, including the calculus of Newton and Leibniz and probability theory, is the line between ancient thought and modern thought. Without an understanding of the concepts of analysis, especially the concept of a limit, it is not possible to grasp much of modern science, technology, or economic theory. Those who understand the calculus, ordinary and partial differential equations, and probability theory have a way of seeing and understanding the world, including the biological world, that is unavailable to those who do not.
Conceptual and scientific challenges from biology have enriched mathematics by leading to innovative thought about new kinds of mathematics. Table 1 lists examples of new and useful mathematics arising from problems in the life sciences broadly construed, including biology and some social sciences. Many of these developments blend smoothly into their antecedents and later elaborations. For example, game theory has a history before the work of John von Neumann (von Neumann 1959; von Neumann and Morgenstern 1953), and Karl Pearson's development of the correlation coefficient (Pearson and Lee 1903) rested on earlier work by Francis Galton (1889).
To see how the interactions of biology and mathematics may proceed in the future, it is helpful to map the present landscapes of biology and applied mathematics.
The biological landscape may be mapped as a rectangular table with different rows for different questions and different columns for different biological domains. Biology asks six kinds of questions. How is it built? How does it work? What goes wrong? How is it fixed? How did it begin? What is it for? These are questions, respectively, about structures, mechanisms, pathologies, repairs, origins, and functions or purposes. The former teleological interpretation of purpose has been replaced by an evolutionary perspective. Biological domains, or levels of organization, include molecules, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems or landscapes, and the biosphere. Many biological research problems can be classified as the combination of one or more questions directed to one or more domains.
In addition, biological research questions have important dimensions of time and space. Timescales of importance to biology range from the extremely fast processes of photosynthesis to the billions of years of living evolution on Earth. Relevant spatial scales range from the molecular to the cosmic (cosmic rays may have played a role in evolution on Earth). The questions and the domains of biology behave differently on different temporal and spatial scales. The opportunities and the challenges that biology offers mathematics arise because the units at any given level of biological organization are heterogeneous, and the outcomes of their interactions (sometimes called "emergent phenomena" or "ensemble properties") on any selected temporal and spatial scale may be substantially affected by the heterogeneity and interactions of biological components at lower and higher levels of biological organization and at smaller and larger temporal and spatial scales (Anderson 1972, 1995).
The landscape of applied mathematics is better visualized as a tetrahedron (a pyramid with a triangular base) than as a matrix with temporal and spatial dimensions. (Mathematical imagery, such as a tetrahedron for applied mathematics and a matrix for biology, is useful even in trying to visualize the landscapes of biology and mathematics.) The four main points of the applied mathematical landscape are data structures, algorithms, theories and models (including all pure mathematics), and computers and software. Data structures are ways to organize data, such as the matrix used above to describe the biological landscape. Algorithms are procedures for manipulating symbols. Some algorithms are used to analyze data, others to analyze models. Theories and models, including the theories of pure mathematics, are used to analyze both data and ideas. Mathematics and mathematical theories provide a testing ground for ideas in which the strength of competing theories can be measured. Computers and software are an important, and frequently the most visible, vertex of the applied mathematical landscape. However, cheap, easy computing increases the importance of theoretical understanding of the results of computation. Theoretical understanding is required as a check on the great risk of error in software, and to bridge the enormous gap between computational results and insight or understanding.
The landscape of research in mathematics and biology contains all combinations of one or more biological questions, domains, time scales, and spatial scales with one or more data structures, algorithms, theories or models, and means of computation (typically software and hardware). The following example from cancer biology illustrates such a combination: the question, "how does it work?" is approached in the domain of cells (specifically, human cancer cells) with algorithms for correlation and hierarchical clustering.
Gene expression and drug activity in human cancer.
Suppose a person has a cancer. Could information about the activities of the genes in the cells of the person's cancer guide the use of cancer-treatment drugs so that more effective drugs are used and less effective drugs are avoided? To suggest answers to this question, Scherf et al. (2000) ingeniously applied off-the-shelf mathematics, specifically, correlation—invented nearly a century earlier by Karl Pearson (Pearson and Lee 1903) in a study of human inheritance—and clustering algorithms, which apparently had multiple sources of invention, including psychometrics (Johnson 1967). They applied these simple tools to extract useful information from, and to combine for the first time, enormous databases on molecular pharmacology and gene expression (http://discover.nci.nih.gov/arraytools/). They used two kinds of information from the drug discovery program of the National Cancer Institute. The first kind of information described gene expression in 1,375 genes of each of 60 human cancer cell lines. A target matrix T had, as the numerical entry in row g and column c, the relative abundance of the mRNA transcript of gene g in cell line c. The drug activity matrix A summarized the pharmacology of 1,400 drugs acting on each of the same 60 human cancer cell lines, including 118 drugs with "known mechanism of action." The number in row d and column c of the drug activity matrix A was the activity of drug d in suppressing the growth of cell line c, or, equivalently, the sensitivity of cell line c to drug d. The target matrix T for gene expression contained 82,500 numbers, while the drug activity matrix A had 84,000 numbers.
These two matrices have the same set of column headings but have different row labels. Given the two matrices, precisely five sets of possible correlations could be calculated, and Scherf et al. calculated all five. (1) The correlation between two different columns of the activity matrix A led to a clustering of cell lines according to their similarity of response to different drugs. (2) The correlation between two different columns of the target matrix T led to a clustering of the cell lines according to their similarity of gene expression. This clustering differed very substantially from the clustering of cell lines by drug sensitivity. (3) The correlation between different rows of the activity matrix A led to a clustering of drugs according to their activity patterns across all cell lines. (4) The correlation between different rows of the target matrix T led to a clustering of genes according to the pattern of mRNA expressed across the 60 cell lines. (5) Finally, the correlation between a row of the activity matrix A and a row of the target matrix T described the positive or negative covariation of drug activity with gene expression. A positive correlation meant that the higher the level of gene expression across the 60 cancer cell lines, the higher the effectiveness of the drug in suppressing the growth of those cell lines. The result of analyzing several hundred thousand experiments is summarized in a single picture called a clustered image map (Figure 1). This clustered image map plots gene expression–drug activity correlations as a function of clustered genes (horizontal axis) and clustered drugs (showing only the 118 drugs with "known function") on the vertical axis (Weinstein et al. 1997).
Plotted as a function of 1,376 clustered genes (x-axis) and 118 clustered drugs (y-axis). From http://discover.nci.nih.gov/external/CIM_example3/cgi_user_matrix.html. (updated 27 April 2000; accessed 7 October 2004). This image is more recent than the published image (Scherf et al. 2000). Used by permission of John N. Weinstein.
What use is this? If a person's cancer cells have high expression for a particular gene, and the correlation of that gene with drug activity is highly positive, then that gene may serve as a marker for tumor cells likely to be inhibited effectively by that drug. If the correlation with drug activity is negative, then the marker gene may indicate when use of that drug is contraindicated.
While important scientific questions about this approach remain open, its usefulness in generating hypotheses to be tested by further experiments is obvious. It is a very insightful way of organizing and extracting meaning from many individual observations. Without the microscope of mathematical methods and computational power, the insight given by the clustered image map could not be achieved.
To realize the possibilities of effective synergy between biology and mathematics will require both avoiding potential problems and seizing potential opportunities.
The productive interaction of biology and mathematics will face problems that concern education, intellectual property, and national security.
Educating the next generation of scientists will require early emphasis on quantitative skills in primary and secondary schools and more opportunities for training in both biology and mathematics at undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral levels (CUBE 2003).
Intellectual property rights may both stimulate and obstruct the potential synergy of biology and mathematics. Science is a potlatch culture. The bigger one's gift to the common pool of knowledge and techniques, the higher one's status, just as in the potlatch culture of the Native Americans of the northwest coast of North America. In the case of research in mathematics and biology, intellectual property rights to algorithms and databases need to balance the concerns of inventors, developers, and future researchers (Rai and Eisenberg 2003).
A third area of potential problems as well as opportunities is national security. Scientists and national defenders can collaborate by supporting and doing open research on the optimal design of monitoring networks and mitigation strategies for all kinds of biological attacks (Wein et al. 2003). But openness of scientific methods or biological reagents in microbiology may pose security risks in the hands of terrorists. Problems of conserving privacy may arise when disparate databases are connected, such as physician payment databases with disease diagnosis databases, or health databases with law enforcement databases.
Mathematical models can circumvent ethical dilemmas. For example, in a study of the household transmission of Chagas disease in northwest Argentina, Cohen and Gürtler (2001) wanted to know—since dogs are a reservoir of infection—what would happen if dogs were removed from bedroom areas, without spraying households with insecticides against the insect that transmits infection. Because neither the householders nor the state public health apparatus can afford to spray the households in some areas, the realistic experiment would be to ask householders to remove the dogs without spraying. But a researcher who goes to a household and observes an insect infestation is morally obliged to spray and eliminate the infestation. In a detailed mathematical model, it was easy to set a variable representing the number of dogs in the bedroom areas to zero. All components of the model were based on measurements made in real villages. The calculation showed that banishing dogs from bedroom areas would substantially reduce the intensity of infection in the absence of spraying, though spraying would contribute to additional reductions in the intensity of infection. The model was used to do an experiment conceptually that could not be done ethically in a real village. The conceptual experiment suggested the value of educating villagers about the important health benefits of removing dogs from the bedroom areas.
The future of a scientific field is probably less predictable than the future in general. Doubtless, though, there will be exciting opportunities for the collaboration of mathematics and biology. Mathematics can help biologists grasp problems that are otherwise too big (the biosphere) or too small (molecular structure); too slow (macroevolution) or too fast (photosynthesis); too remote in time (early extinctions) or too remote in space (life at extremes on the earth and in space); too complex (the human brain) or too dangerous or unethical (epidemiology of infectious agents). Box 1 summarizes five biological and five mathematical challenges where interactions between biology and mathematics may prove particularly fruitful.
Here are five biological challenges that could stimulate, and benefit from, major innovations in mathematics.
Understand cells, their diversity within and between organisms, and their interactions with the biotic and abiotic environments. The complex networks of gene interactions, proteins, and signaling between the cell and other cells and the abiotic environment is probably incomprehensible without some mathematical structure perhaps yet to be invented.
Understand the brain, behavior, and emotion. This, too, is a system problem. A practical test of the depth of our understanding is this simple question: Can we understand why people choose to have children or choose not to have children (assuming they are physiologically able to do so)?
Replace the tree of life with a network or tapestry to represent lateral transfers of heritable features such as genes, genomes, and prions (Delwiche and Palmer 1996; Delwiche 1999, 2000a, 2000b; Li and Lindquist 2000; Margulis and Sagan 2002; Liu et al. 2002; http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/Delwiche/pubs/endosymbiosis.gif).
Couple atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic biospheres with global physicochemical processes.
Monitor living systems to detect large deviations such as natural or induced epidemics or physiological or ecological pathologies.
Here are five mathematical challenges that would contribute to the progress of biology.
Understand computation. Find more effective ways to gain insight and prove theorems from numerical or symbolic computations and agent-based models. We recall Hamming: "The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers" (Hamming 1971, p. 31).
Find better ways to model multi-level systems, for example, cells within organs within people in human communities in physical, chemical, and biotic ecologies.
Understand probability, risk, and uncertainty. Despite three centuries of great progress, we are still at the very beginning of a true understanding. Can we understand uncertainty and risk better by integrating frequentist, Bayesian, subjective, fuzzy, and other theories of probability, or is an entirely new approach required?
Understand data mining, simultaneous inference, and statistical de-identification (Miller 1981). Are practical users of simultaneous statistical inference doomed to numerical simulations in each case, or can general theory be improved? What are the complementary limits of data mining and statistical de-identification in large linked databases with personal information?
Set standards for clarity, performance, publication and permanence of software and computational results.
This paper is based on a talk given on February 12, 2003, as the keynote address at the National Science Foundation (NSF)–National Institutes of Health (NIH) Joint Symposium on Accelerating Mathematical–Biological Linkages, Bethesda, Maryland; on June 12, 2003, as the first presentation in the 21st Century Biology Lecture Series, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia; and on July 10, 2003, at a Congressional Lunch Briefing, co-sponsored by the American Mathematical Society and Congressman Vernon J. Ehlers, Washington, D.C. I thank Margaret Palmer, Sam Scheiner, Michael Steuerwalt, James Cassatt, Mike Marron, John Whitmarsh, and directors of NSF and NIH for organizing the NSF–NIH meeting, Mary Clutter and Joann P. Roskoski for organizing my presentation at the NSF, Samuel M. Rankin III for organizing the American Mathematical Society Congressional Lunch Briefing, and Congressman Bob Filner for attending and participating. I am grateful for constructive editing by Philip Bernstein, helpful suggestions on earlier versions from Mary Clutter, Charles Delwiche, Bruce A. Fuchs, Yonatan Grad, Alan Hastings, Kevin Lauderdale, Zaida Luthey-Schulten, Daniel C. Reuman, Noah Rosenberg, Michael Pearson, and Samuel Scheiner, support from U.S. NSF grant DEB 9981552, the help of Kathe Rogerson, and the hospitality of Mr. and Mrs. William T. Golden during this work. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.
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