Pas de la Casa pros and cons?
Due to the demise of BMI, our regular group weekend trip from Bristol will not be able to head to Austria next year as originally planned.
We have done Chamonix and Morzine from GVA several times and are looking for a change.
We had previously stayed away from Andorra due to long transfers from Barcelona or Toulouse but it looks like these might be as short as 2.5 hours, which we could just about cope with. especially as flight times are favourable. Can anyone confirm that 2.5 hours is a realistic time on a private mini bus + recommend a reliable company to do this please?
From the research I've done on Snowheads, Pas de la Casa looks like the best fit for us, as we want plentiful skiing but good nightlife as well. From recent postings the place seems to divide opinions, but if the skiing will keep a dozen or so good skiers busy for 3 days and there are few lively venues which stay open into the night, we will be happy. If anyone has a better suggestion for a resort to be accessed from Barcelona or Toulouse, please speak up! Any hotel recommendations would also be most welcome.
@EdYarker, Pas was where I learned to ski about 15 years ago.
On the plus side, it is cheap, a lot of the accommodation is beside the main slope, and snow conditions can be very good especially later in the season.
On the minus side, it was a dump then and probably hasn't improved in the meantime. The centre of the village is about 100 metres inside the border, so you'll see very little of Andorra, the presence of a Burger King and a KFC then said everything about the level of the clientele while much of the rest of town was duty-free shopping of one sort or another, and we didn't really see the attraction of the Crystal-organised bar crawls down streets painted in vomit and graffitti and filled with discarded takeaway wrappers which was the only evening entertainment on offer.
Sounds like a good fit to me. There'll be plenty of younger people about, but I don't see why that should be a problem.
2.5h in a private transfer seems reasonable from Barcelona.
There is a couple of small areas with trees actually , and there is enough terrain for 3 days .
We've done it from Barcelona (at night with little traffic) in a car in about 2.5 hours. The 3.5 hour coach transfer from Tolouse could have been done much quicker and without a stop but I doubt you'd get this to 2.5 hours.
I would recommend using Andorra Travel Services for the transfers, I have also used them for ski packs and accommodation too and found them very good as well as competitive.
The resort probably has what you are looking for, certainly the nightlife. There's some decent places to stay and some reasonable places to eat (also some awful ones too mind).
Importantly the skiing should be enough to keep you occupied for 3 days, it's a lot bigger than I expected on my first visit.
I went there many years ago on a University trip by coach. Doesn't sound like it has changed much.
Pros: cheap, plenty of places to eat and drink, should be a fairly extensive ski area.
Cons: ugly with a lot of traffic, irritating street sellers, poor snow when I was there (early March sometime in the late 80s or early 90s, ski area was less than 60% open), very little tree cover for bad weather, lots of young pissed people (of which I was one at the time!).
didn't really see the attraction of the Crystal-organised bar crawls down streets painted in vomit and graffitti and filled with discarded takeaway wrappers which was the only evening entertainment on offer.
Although I doubt the architecture has seen much improvement in those 15 years, the level of cleanliness certainly has. I've done one or two Saturday-night stopovers in Pas during the last few years and I'm happy to report that I didn't see anything like that!
The traffic is also much better organized these days, with some roads having restricted circulation and most having very restricted parking.
In short, Pas is what it is (which is a cultural step down from Chamonix, certainly), but it's not particularly meaningful to hark back decades. And the ski area which it gives access to is popular enough; it was ranked 16th in the world in terms of number of lift passes sold last season, I believe.
I went to Soldeu in Grandvalira two years ago in January (bear with me) and had such a nice week, ended up going back for a few days in September that year.
First time, went with Neilson who flew into Lleida (Spain) and so the transfer arrived in Soldeu before it would arrive in Pas de la Casa. Think it was about 2.5 - 3 hours there, so 3 - 3.5 hours to Pas seems about right.
We got a great deal last minute and it seems like they always have availability in Andorra and so I'd highly recommend it for people looking for a decent cheap week-long holiday. Doesn't quite fit what you're looking for though.
In September, we flew Ryanair from Brum to Perpignan and drove from there, meaning we arrived in Pas first upon crossing the border. I drive Miss Daisy somewhat, especially up, down and around the mountains and it took about 3 hours, but you or a transfer company might be a bit quicker even in Winter.
The only downside with staying in Pas skiing-wise for me is that you're at one end of the massive resort and you'd probably end up starting and finishing with exactly the same routes every day, with a bottle-neck in each direction at one pinch point.
I don't think it would be my choice for a weekend trip, but Grandvalira can be a great week if the conditions are right.
Friends of friends recently went to Innsbruck for a weekend but I think they were focused much more on the drinking than the boarding.
I don't know what the nightlife is like in Soldeu, but it's centrally located in the GV area so you can go left or right at the top of the hill, twice as much variety. In fact if you can handle a short taxi ride, I believe there are 2-3 clubs in El Tarter nearby, so you could have Soldeu for skiing and ET for nightlife.
I don't think there was an awful lot but then I wasn't really looking.
Pretty sure there's an Irish pub and a bar which stays open late and maybe a couple more places.
Might suffice, might not, but for weekends, I'd look elsewhere personally.
If you want a cheap skiing holiday with lots of cheap alcohol, it is one of the front runners. If you can pay 25% more, go to Austria and have a much better experience. Or pay 50% more if you prefer to speak French.
@jebroni3_16, the OP doesn't say it has to be cheap (Morzine & Chamonix on previous trips), but recommending Verbier when they've asked about Pas de la Casa is a little odd. If I asked for recommendations on a cheap runabout to carry 4 people and two dogs, would you recommend a Ferrari?
@EdYarker, how about flights from Birmingham? I'm not sure whether you are west of Bristol or east/north... You can depart Birmingham at 0605 on a Friday on Lufthansa to Munich and be on the slopes in the Skiwelt by noon after a 2 hour transfer (though might be 3 on a busy day), with a return flight at 2215 on Sunday which arrives in Birmingham at 2320, for £150 per person.
Seeing as he was asking about a weekend trip though, as much as I loved Soldeu, I wouldn't Pas de la Casa when there are numerous easier transfer alternatives. Just my opinion though.
Just to answer a few questions: we used to do Austria a lot and love it (Saalbach, Flachau, Mayrhofen etc) but flights from Bristol no longer work. @ousekjarr, I have thought of flights to or from a different UK destination but it's not too popular with the group, especially if there's a decent sized transfer the other side as well.
@jebroni3_16, we have actually done Verbier a long time back and even then the prices crippled us a bit, but you weren't to know that, so a good shout.
Looking at the rest of the advice I'm still a little torn. We are happy to try a new experience and 'slum it' to some extend- made better if we are saving £s at the same time, but we are not as young as we were so it may be a bit too rough and ready. The long transfers won't help either..
@Orange200, mentions Soldeu and El Tartar. I know they are on the same ski range but I discounted them for lack of night life. I haven't really checked this theory out. Does anyone else know about the bars and clubs in either of these places?
Sorry I think this is referring to Soldeu. I misunderstood at first.
Sounds like it might not be enough for us.
Fat Albert's a particular favourite - Good Ribs there too.
Most have Apres and stay open late.
'tis true about Soldeu... But to be honest I've tried to find the buzz there on various occasions but have always failed to find much.
@EdYarker - how long a weekend do you normally go out for?
I shared a chalet in Portes du Soleil last month with a couple who took the first easyjet flight out of Brizzle to Geneva on Saturday at 06:00 and got the last one back on Monday at 21:05 and with a short transfer, managed two and a half days on the slopes.
There's also an early-ish morning flight at 07:05 on Friday and last flight back on Sunday is also 21:05, so there's a little wiggle-room there.
And yes, I was trying to clarify that Soldeu's nightlife seemed pretty limited as @Pyremaniac seemed to confirm.
Any decent options on flights to Innsbruck?
@EdYarker, Are there any flights from Bristol to Munich, you could transfer to Kitzbhuel or Mayrhofen in about 2/2.5 hrs according to AA Route Planner.
@EdYarker, I would have thought Pas would be a good option for you. I've been there 3 or 4 times and have always enjoyed it. As some point out the town itself lacks some of the charm of the alpine resorts but it's really not the slum that some make it out to be. They have some very decent shopping facilities and lots of lively bars and restaurants. Of course, you'll find better restaurants in Courchevel but the ones in Pas are perfectly fine. One thing you'll notice (unless they changed the law since I was last there) is that you can smoke indoors so that will bring back memories of what we all put up with before the smoking ban. My memory of the bars is a bit hazy but I do remember we all enjoyed ourselves.
The skiing is good in my view (better than many give it credit for) and the infrastructure is modern. There is much more than enough to keep you all busy for a long weekend. Pas is at one end of the Grandvalira system so there is a bit of a bottleneck getting across the resort as there aren't multiple routes across valleys. That condenses the queues a bit, but having said that, we never struggled greatly with queues on our trips. If you get the snow, there are some very nice lift served off piste sections.
We did the drive in usually about 2 1/2 hours in a rental so that is probably a fair estimate of transfer time. If you do rent, watch the weather as rentals from Barcelona won't be equipped for winter driving conditions.
The next valley over, Soldeu is a bit more attractive, but a fair bit quieter in terms of Apres.
@jebroni3_16, We normally do 3 nights and went to Morzine this year, which as you point out, offers great value for time on the piste. But we have been there a lot and want a change.
@RedorDead, we used to use BMI to Munich one way (for a mid week flight) and Innsbruck or Salzburg the other and it worked fine but alas, that option is no longer there. I actually did Innsbruck Friday-Sunday this year with my wife, as we only had very limited time. We enjoyed it but it wouldn't work for this trip as the return flight on Sunday is at 11am as @ousekjarr, says, so it's really only 1.5 days skiing.
We are fine with the idea of trying Andorra, especially as it should save some cash at a time when the £ is fairing so badly. The transfer was my chief concern, but it seems like 2.5 hours is a fair estimate- which is just within our remit, especially as flights go early and late. As there are 10+ of us we will probably book a transfer company so they can deal with tyre hassles etc.
Thanks to @monkey, for allaying some of my fears. I was starting to envisage Pas as something out of a Mad Max film. It sounds like it is still a better fit for us than Soldeu. And thanks to everyone for your contributions. If we go for it, I will come back on to let you know what we thought.
@EdYarker, I've been to Soldeu a few times and it depends on what you need from your nightlife.
There are a few good bars on the mountain, both at Espiolets (top of Soldeu gondola) and top of the El-Tarter gondola that have DJ's playing from about 2pm onwards. Focussing on Soldeu, there is also a few apres bars such as Barcode which have a terrace with DJ playing from about 5pm.
For later on, the Aspen is normally a busy bar - and for late night drinking and dancing then Fat Alberts and Pussycat disco are open to 3am ish. IIRC Fat Alberts have the ski instructor band playing on the Thursday night from about 6pm, and is usually very busy and a lot of fun.
You're right that it's not the best nightlife in the world, and we've had bigger and better nights in resorts in the Alps, and it depends on how busy the resort is when you go - but it kept a group of 30-somethings entertained for a week with beers, dancing, and the odd 3am finish (with the resulting hangover).
@Handy Turnip, thanks for the info. It sounds like Soldeu would do a job. A few of the group are keen on big evenings so they may edge towards Pas, but at least we know we won't go thirsty if we plump for Soldeu.
Only been to Grandvalira once, a couple of yrs ago. Stayed in Soldeu.
The lifties are the best this side of the pond. One set take your skis off you at the bottom of the gondola, the others unload yer skis and hand them to you at the top as the doors open.
The mountain food is mostly mostly mediocre and overpriced (think: pick your sauce, pick your pasta, get it in a box). Little slope side choice other than at tops of gondolas etc.
The whammy for me was the wind, when it blows it gets bitingly cold, and there are no covered or heated chairs.
If you can convince the party-goers that a taxi home from Pas to Soldeu is a goer (or even a €15-per-night bed in Pas as the occasion demands!) then I too would suggest Soldeu from a skiing perspective.
Indeed. Tragically, the food in ski resort--specific restaurants is typically bad in the Spanish and Andorran Pyrenees, although there are usually one or two notable exceptions. In the case of Grandvalira they would be the Andburger place at the exit of the Funicamp between Soldeu and Grau Roig, and the Pessons restaurant on the Camí de Pessons red piste in Grau Roig (Soldeu side of the sector).
Well we have gone ahead and booked our flights and provisionally booked Hotel Magic in Pas, so no turning back now. Although we do have an option to cancel the hotel, so I suppose Soldeu is still on the table.
Thanks again for all the advice, even if I may have gone against some of it! At least we won't be expecting a 5 star experience. But so long as the skiing is decent and the beers are flowing, I'm sure we will have a great time.
No doubt I will be back on these pages in a few month's time asking for local tips. @Pyremaniac, on piste restaurant recommendations already noted thank you.
Just back from a last blast couple of days staying in Soldeu.
Bad news the Pussycat Club is no more.
Sorry no website just a facebook page.
Well worth a visit if you're in Soldeu in the evening as some of the best food I've eaten in the area.
Also mentioning lunch we had brilliant pizzas below the Gondola in Soldeu in Sol I Neu.
Excellent food & fast service so in and out in no time.


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Tenor John Stott,a native of Memphis, Tennessee, made his professional operatic debut in 1979, with Lyric Opera of Chicago. He has since performed over 30 different roles in over 400 performances in the United States and European theaters. At Chicago Lyric, he was soloist in the North American premiere of Peter Maxwell Davies' chamber opera The Martyrdom of St. Magnus. While in Chicago, he also sang with the Chicago Symphony under the baton of Maestro James Levine. After a national tour with Houston's Texas Opera Theater in 1982, he was engaged in Germany where he spent the next six years singing leading roles in Ulm, Kaiserslautern, Mannheim, Darmstadt, and Kiel among other cities. He has been heard most recently as Cantor/soloist in Dave Brubeck's jazz oratorio The Gates of Justice and Beethoven's Ninth (Choral) Symphony with the Memphis Symphony Orchestra, and in Kurt Weill's Mahagonny Songspiel with the University of Memphis Orchestra..
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In Football, News
Desperate Jamshedpur FC gear up for stern test against high-flying Kerala Blasters
Jamshedpur FC will be eager to pocket maximum points in the next game, but standing in their way will be Kerala Blasters, who will be eyeing their fourth successive victory this season in the Hero Indian Super League (ISL) at the JRD Tata Sports Complex in Jamshedpur on Sunday. The Red Miners are on their worst Hero ISL run, as they have gone four games without winning a single point.
Sitting in tenth place at the moment, Jamshedpur FC have won just one game out of seven this season. Their only victory has come against the side that sits below them – Northeast United FC. In the last four games, the Red Miners have conceded ten goals and scored just two, picking up no points in the process.
In the last match, Jamshedpur FC trailed just two minutes into the game against East Bengal FC and went on to lose 3-1. Injuries may have disrupted proceedings at the club, but head coach Aidy Boothroyd mentioned after the game that he does not want to blame injuries or bad luck for the loss and focus on assessing his team's performance to try and improve.
Boothroyd was without key midfielders Wellington Priori and Germanpreet Singh in the last game. Daniel Chukwu was fit to start and is likely to start against the Blasters, eyeing a goal that makes him the joint-highest goal scorer for Jamshedpur FC in the Hero ISL.
"Consistency is key. Getting rid of poor decision-making at key moments is another. The team needs to be mixed up a little bit, and we need to get back on track," said Boothroyd. "We are scoring goals, but we need to keep clean sheets because that is going to be very important for us throughout the season," he added.
After suffering three successive losses, Kerala Blasters FC bounced back with three wins on the trot, registering two clean sheets and gathering the perfect momentum for a tricky visit to the Furnace. The Blasters will be well-rested after their extended break last week and will be looking to replicate last season's semi-final result against the Red Miners.
Dimitrios Diamantakos scored the only goal of the match when Kerala Blasters FC beat Hyderabad FC in their own backyard. The Greek striker suffered an injury shortly after that goal but has made a full recovery, as Vukomanovic has a fully fit squad at his disposal.
"What makes this league interesting is the fact that any team can beat any other team. Our next opponents are very strong. Recent form is not a factor because our three victories came after three successive defeats," said Vukomanovic. "We know both teams will be motivated to fight for points. We struggled against them last season in the league and semi-finals, and I expect nothing different from the next game," he added.
The two sides have faced each other 12 times. Seven of these encounters have ended in a stalemate. The Red Miners have won three, while the Blasters have won just twice. The Blasters have never won at the Furnace.
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Last Thursday, Chris Miller of Miller's Near & Far, successfully made his debut at the James Beard Foundation in collaboration with Sam Calagione of Dogfish Head Craft Brewery.
Chef Chris Miller, a native New Yorker, opened his first solo restaurant Near & Far in 2013.
Near & Far, located in the Lower East Side, specializes in American comfort food through the lens of a post-apocalyptic diner. "Blade Runner had a huge impact on me." One can see the futuristic influences in the decor, food presentation and menu at the restaurant. Miller's menu changes seasonally according to what's available locally.
Brewmaster Sam Calagione — a three-time nominee for the James Beard Award who was influenced by Alice Waters and James Beard — wanted to join and participate in the conversation of defining what is American cuisine. Calagione looked to the culinary landscape for inspiration in creating new recipes that differ from the traditional styles of beer.
Each dish and craft beer pairing complemented one another by highlighting a shared ingredient. Calagione and Miller did an excellent job in celebrating the marriage of food and beer.


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Hugh Jackman announces Broadway return
by Hollywood Treatment March 13, 2019, 8:29 pm
Hugh Jackman is returning to Broadway in 2020.
The 'Greatest Showman' actor will play the role of Professor Harold Hill in the latest version of the Meredith Wilson classic, which will be directed by Jerry Zaks and produced by Scott Rudin with choreography from Warren Carlyle and it will open on October 22, 2020.
Revealing the history he shares with the production, Hugh said in a statement: "The first musical I was ever a part of was the phenomenal 'The Music Man'. The year was 1983, and I was at Knox Grammar School in Sydney, Australia.
"I was one of the travelling salesmen, and I think I can actually (almost) remember that unforgettable opening number! That was probably the moment when the magic of theatre was born in me.
"The idea of bringing 'The Music Man' back to Broadway has been lurking in the back of my brain for a long time, maybe even for 35 years, and when Scott Rudin called me with that very idea, I was floored. To finally be doing this is a huge thrill."
Rudin added: "There is just no way to accurately describe the level of excitement I feel about the opportunity to present Hugh in what I think is the best role ever written for an actor in all of Broadway musical theatre. Although I have spent a lot of time and energy wishing there was a way to stop the passage of time, this is the one moment when I wish it would just move faster. I can't wait for us to begin working on this together in earnest."
Hugh is best known for his role as Wolverine in the 'X-Men' franchise and the spin-offs, however, he has demonstrated his musical acting talents on various occasions; winning a Tony in 2003 for his Broadway debut as Peter Allen in 'The Boy From Oz', playing Jean Valjean in the 2012 big screen adaptation of 'Les Miserables' and starring his own 2017 musical movie 'The Greatest Showman' portraying circus founder P.T. Barnum.
This year, he's hitting the road for his first ever arena tour with 'Hugh Jackman: The Man. The Music. The Show', and he previously revealed he has always felt "very natural" on stage.
He recently said: "I remember when I was about five or six doing 'Camelot' on stage at school and, from that moment I went on to the stage, it felt very natural to me.
"Halfway through the show they out a big crown on my head, which was too big and it slipped down and covered my entire face.
"I thought 'Oh no this is a disaster' but then I heard an uproarious laugh from the audience and thought 'No, it's all good, it's fun'. I fell in love with it then and I've been that way ever since."
Hugh JackmanScott Rudin
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text:
Kids 4 Afghan Kids is a non-profit organization that seeks to provide education and medical aid to Afghanistan children and their families.  It was started in 1998 by a group of 6th graders in Northville, Michigan.  The program is officially called the 'Multi-Ethnic Afghan Schools and Humanitarian Assistance' and has raised over $100,000 toward their efforts.

Kids 4 Afghan Kids is a child powered and child driven charity organization. Originally, Kids 4 Afghan Kids was solely helped through the volunteering of students attending Northville Public Schools, but the project has gained more support across the region and has volunteers from many different difference schools. Kids 4 Afghan Kids dedicated its time to raising money in the United States, which all goes to help fund aspects of the Afghan village. In the 17 years it since its founding, Kids 4 Afghan Kids has raised funding to build multiple schools, provide clean drinking water, create gardens filled with vegetable and fruit trees, and the money to hire teachers and medical staff. Kids 4 Afghan Kids raises its funds though direct donations and fundraisers, where Kids 4 Afghan Kids sells homemade baked goods and other snacks.

Village elders gave Kids 4 Afghan Kids some land to start its project. When the project started, several buildings were constructed for persons living in the area.  The first school built was originally designed to house 150 students and six teachers were hired. Four hundred sixty five students showed up the first day of school. Currently there are four schools, boys and girls each have a high school and primary school. The project has expanded to include 2400 students. Students have class six days a week with Fridays off. Twenty one teachers work on the project and each has at least 100 students per class. Mathematics, social studies and science are taught in the high schools, similar to many Western schools. Dari and Pashto -the two national languages of Afghanistan- are also important subjects of the curriculum. Additionally, the project houses 110 orphans. The deep well provides safe drinking water, and the fruit and nut trees feed the children and families as well.

Kids 4 Afghan Kids has an account with Global Giving, a website dedicated to helping grass roots non profit organizations as well as larger charities. Kids 4 Afghan Kids only recently joined Global Giving, during the summer of 2015, and has raised approximately $5000 from the online fundraisers so far.

The director of the Kids 4 Afghan Kids program, Khris Nedam, is the teacher behind the project. Nedam taught school and lived in Afghanistan in the early 1990s.  For her work, she received a 2007 National Award for Citizen Diplomacy.

External links
 Official website

References

Foreign charities operating in Afghanistan
Charities based in Michigan
Organizations of children
Children's charities based in the United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Have you ever heard of Eva Cassidy, or heard her sing? Eva Marie Cassidy (February 2, 1963 – November 2, 1996) was an unpretentious humble girl from small town Bowie, Maryland. She worked hard with her mother in their nursery growing flowers and plants. But Eva also sang. She had the voice of an angel, and delivered songs with purity, passion, and power. She accompanied herself on guitar, and also sang with a band. She would immerse herself in the words, she "connected to the lyric" and lived the songs. Her voice communicated directly to the hearts of her listeners. Rarely was there a dry eye in the place.
Eva sang the songs that she liked, regardless of genres, which is why record companies would not sign her during the days of manufactured music. They couldn't slot her into a specific category. She sang blues, jazz, gospel, folk, old standards, and more. At first she was extremely shy, didn't care for stage presence or how she dressed. With the help of local musicians she performed at Blues Alley, a local jazz spot in Georgetown, Maryland. One of her shows was later recorded. She sold two locally produced CDs out of the trunk of her car.
In 1986 Chris began recording the then-unknown singer Eva Cassidy. For the next ten years he worked with Eva to develop her as a recording artist, producing most of her recordings available today. In the years since Eva's death in 1996, her recordings have sold more than 10 million copies and achieved international renown, including three albums that reached number one in the UK charts. Chris has received numerous Gold and Platinum records in the U.S. and internationally for his work with Eva.
Bill Straw of Blix Street Records signed her up and continues to release and reissue her music, like the 20th anniversary of the new 32 track/2CD Nightbird album, The Best Of Eva Cassidy, Simply Eva, and eight other collections listed there that you can sample.
Her performances of Over The Rainbow, What A Wonderful World, Songbird, Falling Leaves, Time After Time, Sting's Fields of Gold, and more are legendary, many recorded live in a club. Sting himself was blown away when he heard her rendition of his song. He put a copy of her Songbird CD into record producer David Foster's hands who quoted him saying, "'If you want to hear the greatest version of my song ever'—he didn't say it in an egotistical way—he said, 'listen to Fields Of Gold with this girl, it'll change your life.' And her voice is life-changing, she's that spiritual." I love that song and remember hearing it on an airplane's music channel during a flight. It was astounding! I had to find out who this singer was.
A relatively unknown singer in America at the time, somehow her music made its way across the Atlantic. From the first time Sir Terry Wogan, a BBC radio broadcaster, listened to Eva sing, he knew "she was an outstanding talent." He said, "It was pure sound. A bell-like voice. She had this perfect pitch." He couldn't wait to play it on the radio. His was the most listened to program in the country at the time. It created a huge response from many of their seven million listeners wanting to know who she was. Unfortunately she had died two years earlier of cancer at the young age of 33.
At one point five of her CDs became top sellers at the same time, a feat usually held by the Beatles and Rolling Stones. She was then discovered back home in the USA. ABC Nightline in Washington, DC researched and produced The Eva Cassidy Story (18:40). It was shown in many countries around the world and within a week of it airing her CDs went to the top of the local charts.
You can listen to her music on the YouTube Eva Cassidy channel. A book about her was written (Sept 29, 2003) by Rob Burley and Jonathan Maitland called, Eva Cassidy: Songbird: Her Story by Those Who Knew Her. Another book, Eva Cassidy Behind the Rainbow, was written (February 1, 2012) by art critic and music lover Johan Bakker.
Watch The Eva Cassidy Story on ABC Nightline (18:40).
Watch the documentary film: Eva Cassidy: Timeless Voice (58:06).
Watch the trailer to Eva Cassidy: Timeless Voice, before/after the film.
Other selected poems by Mary Oliver are posted on The Uncarved Blog.
January 12th has been traditionally celebrated as the birthday of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. This year, January 12, 2018, is the centenary of his birth. After taking a Week of Silence at the start of every year, Maharishi would use the occasion of his birthday to inaugurate a new theme for the new year for his worldwide Transcendental Meditation Movement. See a PDF of Maharishi's Achievements for each year.
You can read more about this in the description I wrote after Sally Peden's poem, To Jyotir Math, in this post: Sally describes her journey "To Jyotir Math" with Maharishi and scientists who met to tell the Shankaracharya about the dawning of a new age.
On January 18, 2011, The Times of India published an article about Maharishi by Lane Wagger, The Prime Mover of Life. In this article, titled, Transcendental Meditation, Lane Wagger recalls the legacy of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi for his centenary year. Don't know the date and paper it was published in, but here is an image of the article I had converted into a PDF: Maharishi's Legacy by Lane Wagger. If you open it, go to Tools, Rotate Clockwise, then Zoom up to 110% to read it.
A very beautiful article is A Remembrance of Maharishi by James Powell. Many articles came out after Maharishi's passing 10 years ago. See A Tribute to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. And Australian Yoga Life Magazine features Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in their Early Pioneers of Yoga series.
Some of my favorites of or about Maharishi are: Les Crane interviews Maharishi Mahesh Yogi | Watch the 1968 film of Maharishi at Lake Louise | The story behind the making of the International History documentary on Maharishi Mahesh Yogi| Peter Wallace's story of how he met Maharishi.
Oct 2018, Steve Van Damme wrote a comprehensive personal answer to a question posed on Quora: What do TMers think about Maharishi's character?
These remembrances are just a fraction of what he had accomplished. He created schools, universities, revived ancient Vedic medicine, architecture, music, encouraged scientific research on TM, and so much more. Maharishi's Vedic knowledge and technologies continue to transform millions of people's lives for the better, and for that we are very thankful. Jai Guru Dev.
David Lynch Foundation (DLF) CEO Bob Roth joined BUILD Series NYC host Charles Thorp to talk about the work of the global charitable organization. DLF addresses the epidemic of trauma and toxic stress among at-risk populations. It hosted "Change Begins Within: Healing the Hidden Wounds of War," a benefit dinner and conversation, which featured meditating actors Tom Hanks and Mary Louise-Parker. The proceeds benefited David Lynch Foundation programs, including the Center for Excellence in Military Health, a division of the David Lynch Foundation helping veterans and those in the armed services dealing with post-traumatic stress (PTS). Watch this engaging interview here: https://goo.gl/zpKLwa.
Bob Roth's new book, Strength in Stillness: The Power of Transcendental Meditation, comes out Feb 6, 2018. All of the author's proceeds will go toward helping combat veterans suffering from PTSD. Available for pre-order: http://bit.ly/2AHUUnn.
In Strength in Stillness, Roth breaks down the science behind meditation in a new, accessible way. He highlights the three distinct types of meditation—focused attention, open monitoring, and self-transcending—and showcases the evidence that the third, Transcendental Meditation, is the most effective and efficient way to reduce stress, access inner power, and build resilience. Free of gimmicks, mystical verbiage, and over-inflated research studies, Strength in Stillness is a simple and straightforward guide to calming mind, body, and spirit. Read more here: www.stillnessbook.com.
Watch this excellent book promo video, containing excerpts from various presentations, interviews, and famous meditators talking about what TM does for them, and others in need, on Bob Roth's (@meditationbob) Twitter feed.
Jan 10, 2018: Bob Roth explained his book on his Facebook page live.
Feb 6, 2018: @GMA's @RobinRoberts & @GStephanopoulos interview @meditationbob on his new book #StrengthInStillness: The Power of #TranscendentalMeditation.


If you opt for a warm hue, use highlights to break up the color and accentuate the texture. The only way to create shape within short haircuts for women is with an expert layered cut. Redken Glass is a light serum that you can apply to wet or dry hair to smooth and protect your hair strands. Luscious waves soften the edgy cut, giving the hairstyle a sassy aesthetic. This look is perfect for anyone who wants a style with multiple options and manageability.
Anisiya. Age: 23. Am attractive with a zest for life. Hoping to find someone to share activities with. I enjoy entertaining friends and family. Am financially secure and looking for a friend for life.
An oval or heart shape face is ideal, but I think with a little bit of confidence anyone can pull it off. My favorite part about it how it liberated her and it shows!


Have you ever been taken hostage by a book?? From the first sentence you are hooked. You can't put it down and when you are forced to put it aside, it stays in your mind. You can't stop thinking about it. You feel as if you KNOW all the characters like you know your friends.
THAT is how I feel about Ken Follett's first 2 books in the Century Trilogy. I was hooked by the first one, Fall of Giants and Winter of the World just kept my obsession going.
Once you start the Fall of Giants, you are on a whirlwind adventure, going back in time to just before WWI. In Winter of the World, the adventure continues, taking you to just after WWII. You see the ins and outs of everyday life in those times from the points of view of several members of families from Russia, England, Wales and the US. You see the points of view from coal miners, maids and the upper crust.
You are drawn in as much from the politics and fighting as you are the characters' stories.
I absolutely cannot wait for the next in this series, Edge of Eternity. Unfortunately I will have to wait until the end of next year! WAH!!!!!!
Speaking of regular life, I have decided to make some cosmetic changes on the blog. See allllllllll of those blog buttons on the right side??? Yeah, I plan on taking most of those down. Most of them are from linky parties that I participate in. Bloggers are always trying to get new readers and linky parties are supposed to be great ways to do that, in theory. What usually happens is this: you link up your outstanding post to the party and it's supposed to draw people to your site, generating new followers. You are supposed to click on other people's links and comment on their posts. This rarely happens. What really happens is this: you link up your outstanding post and it gets lost in all the other outstanding posts. Very few people actually visit someone else's blog. You don't really generate new readers. SIGH….. So, while I am cleaning up the side over there, I will also be looking for new and better ways to try to expand my readers. Any ideas??????
I just love to read. They used to know me at the library. Now with my Kindle I can take out library books right from home. I'm never without one.
LOVE how fast your blog just loaded for me.
I know exactly what you mean by a book taking you hostage. The last book that did this was Ken Follett's Pillars of the Earth. I couldn't put that 900+ page book down! I will definitely need to check this trilogy out!
Love when a book is "so good" , you can't put it down.. Happy reading.
It really was. Too bad I have to wait more than a year for the next one.


According to the prevailing tradition Christmas in the USA (as in many other countries where significant part of inhabitants is Catholics) is more popular and important holiday than New Year. Christmas means the birth of Jesus Christ and celebrated on 25th of December. For majority of Americans this day is non-working. Possibly Christmas is one of the most international holidays in America. Indeed the tradition of singing Christmas carols came from England whereas tradition of Christmas tree`s decoration – from Germany.
The earliest information about Santa Claus appeared approximately in 4th century – at that time Saint Nicholas lived in the territory of present-day Turkey. He was famous for his generosity and kindness. After his death the body of the holy elder was secretly taken to Europe, this resulted in increased growth of his popularity among European population and Catholic Church established 6 December as Day of Saint Nicholas.
It`s also one of the most beautiful holidays of the country. Regardless of the weather, even if there is much snow in the streets a festive atmosphere reigns throughout the country, streets and houses are decorated with various symbols of the holiday. Glowing figures are set in front of the doors of houses. Trees and bushes are decorated with lighting chains. Every master of a house put a well-dressed snowman in front of hall door. Christmas celebration with the whole family in parent`s home is common for all Americans. Before meal people read prayers and then eat sacred bread, drink red wine. Traditional dishes include turkey, fish, sausages and potato pie. Inalienable attributes of Christmas dinner are prune and green peas.
For many Americans the holiday is time for demonstration of good will and cause for charitable activities. Non-Christian holidays celebrated approximately at the same time of year, primarily African-American Kwanzaa and the Jewish holiday Hanukkah together were merged with Christmas into a single holiday period. Religious content of the holiday presents an inseparable part of celebration. On Christmas Eve midnight worships by candlelight take place in churches. Some of them include pastoral mass or dramatization of the birth of Jesus Christ.
As many other aspects of cultural life of the United States, Christmas in the USA reflects values of free and diverse population.
Add holiday cheer to your walls with these quick and easy art projects.
Hot Chocolate Cupcakes - perfect for a Christmas party or dessert exchange! Love the candy cane handle!
Gorgeous metal Merry Christmas on a heavy iron base tucked into greenery on a mantle.


The name DiaLS stands for Diachronic Language structures, as the DiaLS database targets hypotheses about the structural properties of reconstructed proto-languages.
Language structure databases abound at the synchronic level. For example, the UPSID database surveys the phonological inventories of a representative sample of the worls' languages (now expanded to other phonological properties in LapSyd, the WALS database surveys other structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of language, and the LLCAN databases survey pronominal systems or qualification. This list is not exclusive but shows the widespread effort, at the synchronic level, for extended surveys of linguistic phenomena. No such effort has been made -to our knowledge- for reconstructed protolanguages, and DiaLS aims to fill the gap.
DiaLS has a major role to play for the interpretation of the sound changes compiled in UniDia as it set them in the systemic context of the (proto-)language. Coupled with UPSID, DiaLS will allow us to sketch the chain of influence between the systems of the protolanguage and of its daughters and the sound changes that are assumed to have happened. Moreover, it will enable to expand the models of change to the implicational tendencies in terms of other structural features, both in the protolanguages and in their descendants.
DiaLS consists of separate but associated sections, each corresponding to a type of reconstructed structural properties. So far, we have mainly been working on BDPROTO, which surveys the composition of the phonological systems posited for reconstructed protolanguages. As in UniDia, the diverging transcription symbolisms are harmonized to the IPA.
We've tried to make the browsing as intuitive as possible, but if you think otherwise, we would like to have your feedback. All sections are reachable through the left hand menu bar. For now, the public access mode only enables you to have an overview of the database and a list of the bibliographical references used. To participate, please contact us through this Contact Form.


text:
/*
 * $Id: RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy.cpp 6845 2015-01-22 23:17:55Z wilsonj $
 *
 *
 * Distributed under the OpenDDS License.
 * See: http://www.opendds.org/license.html
 */

#include "RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy.h"
#include "RtpsUdpDataLink.h"
#include "RtpsUdpInst.h"
#include "RtpsUdpTransport.h"

#include "dds/DCPS/RTPS/BaseMessageTypes.h"
#include "dds/DCPS/RTPS/BaseMessageUtils.h"
#include "dds/DCPS/RTPS/MessageTypes.h"

#include "ace/Reactor.h"

namespace OpenDDS {
namespace DCPS {

RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy(RtpsUdpDataLink* link)
  : link_(link)
  , last_received_()
  , recvd_sample_(0)
  , receiver_(link->local_prefix())
{
}

int
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::handle_input(ACE_HANDLE fd)
{
  return handle_dds_input(fd);
}

ssize_t
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::receive_bytes(iovec iov[],
                                      int n,
                                      ACE_INET_Addr& remote_address,
                                      ACE_HANDLE fd)
{
  const ACE_SOCK_Dgram& socket =
    (fd == link_->unicast_socket().get_handle())
    ? link_->unicast_socket() : link_->multicast_socket();
  const ssize_t ret = socket.recv(iov, n, remote_address);
  remote_address_ = remote_address;
  return ret;
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::deliver_sample(ReceivedDataSample& sample,
                                       const ACE_INET_Addr& /*remote_address*/)
{
  using namespace RTPS;

  if (std::memcmp(receiver_.dest_guid_prefix_, link_->local_prefix(),
                  sizeof(GuidPrefix_t))) {
    // Not our message, we may be on multicast listening to all the others.
    return;
  }

  const RtpsSampleHeader& rsh = received_sample_header();
  const SubmessageKind kind = rsh.submessage_._d();

  switch (kind) {
  case INFO_SRC:
  case INFO_REPLY_IP4:
  case INFO_DST:
  case INFO_REPLY:
  case INFO_TS:
    // No-op: the INFO_* submessages only modify the state of the
    // MessageReceiver (see check_header()), they are not passed up to DCPS.
    break;

  case DATA: {
    receiver_.fill_header(sample.header_);
    const DataSubmessage& data = rsh.submessage_.data_sm();
    recvd_sample_ = &sample;
    readers_withheld_.clear();
    // If this sample should be withheld from some readers in order to maintain
    // in-order delivery, link_->received() will add it to readers_withheld_.
    link_->received(data, receiver_.source_guid_prefix_);
    recvd_sample_ = 0;

    if (data.readerId != ENTITYID_UNKNOWN) {
      RepoId reader;
      std::memcpy(reader.guidPrefix, link_->local_prefix(),
                  sizeof(GuidPrefix_t));
      reader.entityId = data.readerId;
      if (!readers_withheld_.count(reader)) {
        link_->data_received(sample, reader);
      }

    } else {
      link_->data_received_excluding(sample, readers_withheld_);
    }
    break;
  }
  case GAP:
    link_->received(rsh.submessage_.gap_sm(), receiver_.source_guid_prefix_);
    break;

  case HEARTBEAT:
    link_->received(rsh.submessage_.heartbeat_sm(),
                    receiver_.source_guid_prefix_);
    if (rsh.submessage_.heartbeat_sm().smHeader.flags & 4 /*FLAG_L*/) {
      // Liveliness has been asserted.  Create a DATAWRITER_LIVELINESS message.
      sample.header_.message_id_ = DATAWRITER_LIVELINESS;
      receiver_.fill_header(sample.header_);
      sample.header_.publication_id_.entityId = rsh.submessage_.heartbeat_sm().writerId;
      link_->data_received(sample);
    }
    break;

  case ACKNACK:
    link_->received(rsh.submessage_.acknack_sm(),
                    receiver_.source_guid_prefix_);
    break;

  case HEARTBEAT_FRAG:
    link_->received(rsh.submessage_.hb_frag_sm(),
                    receiver_.source_guid_prefix_);
    break;

  case NACK_FRAG:
    link_->received(rsh.submessage_.nack_frag_sm(),
                    receiver_.source_guid_prefix_);
    break;

  /* no case DATA_FRAG: by the time deliver_sample() is called, reassemble()
     has successfully reassembled the fragments and we now have a DATA submsg
   */
  default:
    break;
  }
}

int
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::start_i()
{
  ACE_Reactor* reactor = link_->get_reactor();
  if (reactor == 0) {
    ACE_ERROR_RETURN((LM_ERROR,
                      ACE_TEXT("(%P|%t) ERROR: ")
                      ACE_TEXT("RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::start_i: ")
                      ACE_TEXT("NULL reactor reference!\n")),
                     -1);
  }

  if (reactor->register_handler(link_->unicast_socket().get_handle(), this,
                                ACE_Event_Handler::READ_MASK) != 0) {
    ACE_ERROR_RETURN((LM_ERROR,
                      ACE_TEXT("(%P|%t) ERROR: ")
                      ACE_TEXT("RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::start_i: ")
                      ACE_TEXT("failed to register handler for unicast ")
                      ACE_TEXT("socket %d\n"),
                      link_->unicast_socket().get_handle()),
                     -1);
  }

  if (link_->config()->use_multicast_) {
    if (reactor->register_handler(link_->multicast_socket().get_handle(), this,
                                  ACE_Event_Handler::READ_MASK) != 0) {
      ACE_ERROR_RETURN((LM_ERROR,
                        ACE_TEXT("(%P|%t) ERROR: ")
                        ACE_TEXT("RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::start_i: ")
                        ACE_TEXT("failed to register handler for multicast\n")),
                       -1);
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::stop_i()
{
  ACE_Reactor* reactor = link_->get_reactor();
  if (reactor == 0) {
    ACE_ERROR((LM_ERROR,
               ACE_TEXT("(%P|%t) ERROR: ")
               ACE_TEXT("RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::stop_i: ")
               ACE_TEXT("NULL reactor reference!\n")));
    return;
  }

  reactor->remove_handler(link_->unicast_socket().get_handle(),
                          ACE_Event_Handler::READ_MASK);

  if (link_->config()->use_multicast_) {
    reactor->remove_handler(link_->multicast_socket().get_handle(),
                            ACE_Event_Handler::READ_MASK);
  }
}

bool
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::check_header(const RtpsTransportHeader& header)
{
  receiver_.reset(remote_address_, header.header_);
  return header.valid();
}

bool
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::check_header(const RtpsSampleHeader& header)
{
  receiver_.submsg(header.submessage_);

  // save fragmentation details for use in reassemble()
  if (header.valid() && header.submessage_._d() == RTPS::DATA_FRAG) {
    const RTPS::DataFragSubmessage& rtps = header.submessage_.data_frag_sm();
    frags_.first = rtps.fragmentStartingNum.value;
    frags_.second = frags_.first + (rtps.fragmentsInSubmessage - 1);
  }

  return header.valid();
}

const ReceivedDataSample*
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::withhold_data_from(const RepoId& sub_id)
{
  readers_withheld_.insert(sub_id);
  return recvd_sample_;
}

bool
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::reassemble(ReceivedDataSample& data)
{
  using namespace RTPS;
  receiver_.fill_header(data.header_); // set publication_id_.guidPrefix
  if (reassembly_.reassemble(frags_, data)) {

    // Reassembly was successful, replace DataFrag with Data.  This doesn't have
    // to be a fully-formed DataSubmessage, just enough for this class to use
    // in deliver_sample() which ends up calling RtpsUdpDataLink::received().
    // In particular we will need the SequenceNumber, but ignore the iQoS.

    // Peek at the byte order from the encapsulation containing the payload.
    data.header_.byte_order_ = data.sample_->rd_ptr()[1] & 1 /*FLAG_E*/;

    RtpsSampleHeader& rsh = received_sample_header();
    const DataFragSubmessage& dfsm = rsh.submessage_.data_frag_sm();

    const CORBA::Octet data_flags = (data.header_.byte_order_ ? 1 : 0) // FLAG_E
      | (data.header_.key_fields_only_ ? 8 : 4); // FLAG_K : FLAG_D
    const DataSubmessage dsm = {
      {DATA, data_flags, 0}, 0, DATA_OCTETS_TO_IQOS,
      dfsm.readerId, dfsm.writerId, dfsm.writerSN, ParameterList()};
    rsh.submessage_.data_sm(dsm);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::remove_frags_from_bitmap(CORBA::Long bitmap[],
                                                 CORBA::ULong num_bits,
                                                 const SequenceNumber& base,
                                                 const RepoId& pub_id)
{
  bool modified = false;
  for (CORBA::ULong i = 0, x = 0, bit = 0; i < num_bits; ++i, ++bit) {
    if (bit == 32) bit = 0;

    if (bit == 0) {
      x = static_cast<CORBA::ULong>(bitmap[i / 32]);
      if (x == 0) {
        // skip an entire Long if it's all 0's (adds 32 due to ++i)
        i += 31;
        bit = 31;
        //FUTURE: this could be generalized with something like the x86 "bsr"
        //        instruction using compiler intrinsics, VC++ _BitScanReverse()
        //        and GCC __builtin_clz()
        continue;
      }
    }

    const CORBA::ULong mask = 1 << (31 - bit);
    if ((x & mask) && reassembly_.has_frags(base + i, pub_id)) {
      x &= ~mask;
      bitmap[i / 32] = x;
      modified = true;
    }
  }
  return modified;
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::remove_fragments(const SequenceRange& range,
                                         const RepoId& pub_id)
{
  for (SequenceNumber sn = range.first; sn <= range.second; ++sn) {
    reassembly_.data_unavailable(sn, pub_id);
  }
}

bool
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::has_fragments(const SequenceRange& range,
                                      const RepoId& pub_id,
                                      FragmentInfo* frag_info)
{
  for (SequenceNumber sn = range.first; sn <= range.second; ++sn) {
    if (reassembly_.has_frags(sn, pub_id)) {
      if (frag_info) {
        std::pair<SequenceNumber, RTPS::FragmentNumberSet> p;
        p.first = sn;
        frag_info->push_back(p);
        RTPS::FragmentNumberSet& missing_frags = frag_info->back().second;
        missing_frags.bitmap.length(8); // start at max length
        missing_frags.bitmapBase.value =
          reassembly_.get_gaps(sn, pub_id, missing_frags.bitmap.get_buffer(),
                               8, missing_frags.numBits);
        // reduce length in case get_gaps() didn't need all that room
        missing_frags.bitmap.length((missing_frags.numBits + 31) / 32);
      } else {
        return true;
      }
    }
  }
  return frag_info ? !frag_info->empty() : false;
}

// MessageReceiver nested class

RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::MessageReceiver::MessageReceiver(const GuidPrefix_t& local)
  : have_timestamp_(false)
{
  RTPS::assign(local_, local);
  source_version_.major = source_version_.minor = 0;
  source_vendor_.vendorId[0] = source_vendor_.vendorId[1] = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(GuidPrefix_t); ++i) {
    source_guid_prefix_[i] = 0;
    dest_guid_prefix_[i] = 0;
  }
  timestamp_.seconds = 0;
  timestamp_.fraction = 0;
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::MessageReceiver::reset(const ACE_INET_Addr& addr,
                                               const RTPS::Header& hdr)
{
  using namespace RTPS;
  // see RTPS spec v2.1 section 8.3.4 table 8.16 and section 8.3.6.4
  source_version_ = hdr.version;
  source_vendor_ = hdr.vendorId;

  assign(source_guid_prefix_, hdr.guidPrefix);
  assign(dest_guid_prefix_, local_);

  unicast_reply_locator_list_.length(1);
  unicast_reply_locator_list_[0].kind =
    addr.get_type() == AF_INET6 ? LOCATOR_KIND_UDPv6 : LOCATOR_KIND_UDPv4;
  unicast_reply_locator_list_[0].port = LOCATOR_PORT_INVALID;
  RTPS::address_to_bytes(unicast_reply_locator_list_[0].address, addr);

  multicast_reply_locator_list_.length(1);
  multicast_reply_locator_list_[0].kind =
    addr.get_type() == AF_INET6 ? LOCATOR_KIND_UDPv6 : LOCATOR_KIND_UDPv4;
  multicast_reply_locator_list_[0].port = LOCATOR_PORT_INVALID;
  assign(multicast_reply_locator_list_[0].address, LOCATOR_ADDRESS_INVALID);

  have_timestamp_ = false;
  timestamp_ = TIME_INVALID;
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::MessageReceiver::submsg(const RTPS::Submessage& s)
{
  using namespace RTPS;

  switch (s._d()) {
  case INFO_TS:
    submsg(s.info_ts_sm());
    break;

  case INFO_SRC:
    submsg(s.info_src_sm());
    break;

  case INFO_REPLY_IP4:
    submsg(s.info_reply_ipv4_sm());
    break;

  case INFO_DST:
    submsg(s.info_dst_sm());
    break;

  case INFO_REPLY:
    submsg(s.info_reply_sm());
    break;

  default:
    break;
  }
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::MessageReceiver::submsg(
  const RTPS::InfoDestinationSubmessage& id)
{
  // see RTPS spec v2.1 section 8.3.7.7.4
  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(GuidPrefix_t); ++i) {
    if (id.guidPrefix[i]) { // if some byte is > 0, it's not UNKNOWN
      RTPS::assign(dest_guid_prefix_, id.guidPrefix);
      return;
    }
  }
  RTPS::assign(dest_guid_prefix_, local_);
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::MessageReceiver::submsg(const RTPS::InfoReplySubmessage& ir)
{
  // see RTPS spec v2.1 section 8.3.7.8.4
  unicast_reply_locator_list_.length(ir.unicastLocatorList.length());
  for (CORBA::ULong i = 0; i < ir.unicastLocatorList.length(); ++i) {
    unicast_reply_locator_list_[i] = ir.unicastLocatorList[i];
  }

  if (ir.smHeader.flags & 2 /* MulticastFlag */) {
    multicast_reply_locator_list_.length(ir.multicastLocatorList.length());
    for (CORBA::ULong i = 0; i < ir.multicastLocatorList.length(); ++i) {
      multicast_reply_locator_list_[i] = ir.multicastLocatorList[i];
    }

  } else {
    multicast_reply_locator_list_.length(0);
  }
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::MessageReceiver::submsg(
  const RTPS::InfoReplyIp4Submessage& iri4)
{
  // see RTPS spec v2.1 sections 8.3.7.8.4 and 9.4.5.14
  unicast_reply_locator_list_.length(1);
  unicast_reply_locator_list_[0].kind = RTPS::LOCATOR_KIND_UDPv4;
  unicast_reply_locator_list_[0].port = iri4.unicastLocator.port;
  RTPS::assign(unicast_reply_locator_list_[0].address, iri4.unicastLocator.address);

  if (iri4.smHeader.flags & 2 /* MulticastFlag */) {
    multicast_reply_locator_list_.length(1);
    multicast_reply_locator_list_[0].kind = RTPS::LOCATOR_KIND_UDPv4;
    multicast_reply_locator_list_[0].port = iri4.multicastLocator.port;
    RTPS::assign(multicast_reply_locator_list_[0].address, iri4.multicastLocator.address);
  } else {
    multicast_reply_locator_list_.length(0);
  }
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::MessageReceiver::submsg(
  const RTPS::InfoTimestampSubmessage& it)
{
  // see RTPS spec v2.1 section 8.3.7.9.10
  if (!(it.smHeader.flags & 2 /* InvalidateFlag */)) {
    have_timestamp_ = true;
    timestamp_ = it.timestamp;
  } else {
    have_timestamp_ = false;
  }
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::MessageReceiver::submsg(
  const RTPS::InfoSourceSubmessage& is)
{
  // see RTPS spec v2.1 section 8.3.7.9.4
  RTPS::assign(source_guid_prefix_, is.guidPrefix);
  source_version_ = is.version;
  source_vendor_ = is.vendorId;
  unicast_reply_locator_list_.length(1);
  unicast_reply_locator_list_[0] = RTPS::LOCATOR_INVALID;
  multicast_reply_locator_list_.length(1);
  multicast_reply_locator_list_[0] = RTPS::LOCATOR_INVALID;
  have_timestamp_ = false;
}

void
RtpsUdpReceiveStrategy::MessageReceiver::fill_header(
  DataSampleHeader& header) const
{
  using namespace RTPS;
  if (have_timestamp_) {
    header.source_timestamp_sec_ = timestamp_.seconds;
    header.source_timestamp_nanosec_ =
      static_cast<ACE_UINT32>(timestamp_.fraction / NANOS_TO_RTPS_FRACS + .5);
  }
  assign(header.publication_id_.guidPrefix, source_guid_prefix_);
}

} // namespace DCPS
} // namespace OpenDDS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


My name is Klaus Wunnenberg, I am a resident of Los Santos, just like you.
I believe the main duty of every single person in the United States of America is to serve for their country, whether it be in the the army or following the law and paying your taxes, it is essentially the same thing, because you are helping your country, despite what group you are apart of.
I am not a tremendous business visionary running an expansive enterprise and I don't own several organizations, instead I am an American citizen who has worked for my wage and am currently reinvesting what I can into my city.
Unlike others I am not looking for a position to pick up power or a status, I am looking for a position to represent the people!
To achieve a decent society we need a perfect environment for all individuals.
Including a solid domain, youth welfare, and flexibility of belief without dread of System oppression or persecution.
Party Platform: A fair economy: build the economy from the middle out, stimulate economic activity, and maintain a strong social safety net.
Government oversight: civilian empowerment, anti-corruption, transparency, and public investigation into state agencies.
Firearms control: the RHWP would aim for a system that empowers ordinary law-abiding citizens to own and purchase a firearm for protection, without excessive red tape from law enforcement. We plan to extend firearm license renewals to 5-6 months.
Drug policy: The war on drugs has not been a success. Extremely permissive policies and accepting behavior merely provide criminals a market to operate in. Future changes will occur, including heavy crack downs.
Klaus Wunnenberg has a extensive education in law enforcement, ethics, business, a degree in philosophy, these are adequate m skills for a perfect leader willing to bring major and much needed improvements to this city.
The Rationalist Homeland Workers Party is a mix of right and slightly center ideologies with the basis being true Democracy. In order to show a simplified or easy understanding of where the RHWP is winged, we will provide easy written definitions.
Government support, unemployment insurance/welfare, yes/no. The RHWP wishes to provide financial support, for individuals who are victims of false employment termination, unable to legally obtain a job (medical disorder or permanent injury) or are unable to financially support their family and children. No man or woman should ever be destitute and ineligible for assistance until they are able to find a source of income via family or work. Those who refuse to contribute to society should not expect anything from us.
The modern society we are apart of is influenced negatively by "crime culture" and urban trends. We do not believe in and will not impose restrictions against any trending influences (music & arts, brands, ect) , we are concerned about the crimes that happen because of the smallest things that go on. Daily shootings and violence repulsive crime is happening every day and it is affecting our youth, elderly and every other class of citizen we house in our great city. We care deeply for victims of all crime and desire dearly to see eye to eye with the many victims in Los Santos because of the broken or unstable individuals who are driven to commit crimes. Youths are also a majority of the people who are raised in areas burdened with crime or are addicted to hoodlum life style, and we hope to establish the Wunnenberg Youth Program (WYP), a free program that will teach kids life skills and offer a comfortable a place to enjoy instead of hanging around the streets.
The Rationalist Homeland Workers Party holds a strong passion for democracy as it is what The United States was built upon, many morals and values that help influence people to stay on the right track, and do what is best. We believe in positive mentality, old morals that help people live a productive and happy life style.
We favor old American Tradition, where the provider for their family can work for their honest day's pay and come home to enjoy dinner with their family, and relax. The American Dream may be hard to accomplish, but if we as a whole can help improve society, lower crime rate and create new jobs, people will be able to resort to doing legal work and feel proud of it!
- Fix taxes, based on class of wealth or revise the tax credit/return system.
- Welfare for poverty stricken citizens.
- Raise the social standards of today.
It is our mission to handle the evergrowing housing crisis that Los Santos is confronted with. Measurably, the worker , an example being a RS Haul Driver earns between $1,250-$2,100 every hour, if they somehow happened to work three hours for each day, they would acquire between $3,750-$6,300. The normal cost of a residence in the region of East Los Santos is between $50,000-$150,000. There is definitely no budgetary sponsorship from banks, as home loan credits.
These figures suggest that the worker alone needs to work twenty six days relentless, with no breaks keeping in mind the end goal to manage the cost of a home, thinking about if the laborer has no everyday costs, for example, gas, electric, medical care, auto insurance, and obviously cash for basic groceries. Individuals experiencing childhood in Los Santos are being brought up in houses too little, and rents are taking up increasingly of an occupant's wage. We value saying that we will handle this issue head on and make more homes for the meriting people.
We are committed to the construction of new properties over the city, concentrating mostly on the low-spending zones of Idlewood, Jefferson, Seville, and Ganton, of which as of now have the most astounding number of destitute residents over the state. The development of the new properties will create a large number of new employments and thusly businesses of traders and greatly improve local economies.
With great lack of innovation in modern times, under the Wunnenberg Administration, Commissioner Klaus Wunnenberg and his Deputy will initiate a immediate science program and division of the County Government. The proposed division will be named "County Ministry of Research & Development" (CMRD), it's core focus will be to help create, innovate and develop mechanical, chemical/medical, energy and health contraptions, products and resources. Funding for the CMRD will be allocated at the demand of the public, before the CMRD is officially formed, Commissioner Wunnenberg shall take to the public with a poll, sole purpose being the public's interest in the formation of the CMRD.
As apart of the science initiative, Commissioner Wunnenberg will propose plans and budgets to construct a Atomic Fission/Nuclear Energy Plant.
The Rationalist Homeland Workers Party will work upon the current business loan system in order to make loans more easy to obtain, and less intimidating because of internal bureaucracy. A long term tax return program will also be incorporated for citizens of our great county. For individual citizens, businesses (large or small), we will provide tax returns on scheduled dates. Taxes are your money, you deserve that money back once it has been rightfully invested.
- Approved budgets and spending (you must know where your money goes).
- Outcome of IA cases of all agencies will be made public.
- Direct feedback from the Citizens.
The Wunnenberg campaign shall be devoted to genuine focus on the condition of business and the industries that provide it inside Los Santos. We realize the issues of crime, violence, and the strain on social administrations can't be tended to without additionally tending to the condition of work inside Los Santos. Compared with other urban communities in different states the opportunities available are essentially not what they ought to be for the thriving of the general population of Los Santos.
The Wunnenberg campaign intends to work with both private and public organizations to facilitate the difficulities in working inside Los Santos and additionally give motivating forces to organizations to give sufficient business. We expect to do a full monetary audit and execute vital projects to address the deficets in different financial divisions of Los Santos. Just by empowering the development of a wide assortment of business and industry will a full scope of chance be accessible to the subjects of Los Santos.
Employment that can give a safe and significant presence should not be an extravagance or irregularity. The path forward to a more beneficial, quiet, and genial city is by guaranteeing that each subject has an opportunity to excel and apply their abilities and gifts to productive closures.
As the foundation of any society, we recognize the supreme importance of a healthy farming community. Accordingly, we demand protection of the family farm by eliminating speculation in land and commodities, and by assuring a stable market and fair prices for the farmer, as well as the consumer.
and environmental stability while serving as a constant source of spiritual renewal for man in close rapport with nature. Hence, we believe that a farmer's land and the fruits of his labor must remain inviolate and above commercial speculation and exploitation, just as the economic viability of the family farm must be re-established so that significantly larger numbers of our people can once again find a good life upon the land.
It is our goal that the city be totally self-sufficient in energy, and that the types of energy it employs be non-polluting. Towards these ends, we demand a phasing out of all forms of energy which befoul the environment, such as coal and petroleum. To replace them, we demand an immediate and massive program to develop new, CLEAN energy sources and atomic fission energy plants.
We believe that all citizens deserve to live in a healthy environment, with clean air, clean water, and clean land. We also believe that the responsible energy needs of our people must be met. At the same time, we do not believe that the environment should be sacrificed for quick profit, cheap economic growth, or an extravagant, materialistic lifestyle, only projects that will be beneficial to all citizens will be honored. We believe in honoring, not despoiling Nature. We firmly believe that with the wonderful resources of the North American continent at its disposal, people genius is fully capable of developing those sources of energy we need - from the sun, the earth, the wind, and the water - without disturbing the natural order.
Reaching out to and connecting with the community is a important and vital part of any city or town. The people who live in their city must not feel as if they're just robots paying taxes and following the law but should be given the chance to attend public/community gatherings where they can enjoy themselves or discuss concerns they have with fellow members of their community. Fellow citizens are important to me but should also be important to you, because without them there is no social order or system we abide by, such as the one this country was formed by.
I plan to dedicate and invest my time and fullest effort into aiding this community, and will stop at nothing to make sure that we see a glorious future.
We strive to make our districts one of the most safest and economically productive place in the state. In order to combat crime we must crack down on supervision of areas patrolled the least to help detect and deter crime, as well as implement new forces or programs to aid this effort. Crime does not always occur openly and can goes undetected quite frequently. To put an end to any class of crime, as well as white collar crime we must call for more active usage of our constabularies spread through the district. Despite attempts to combat crime, it is only sending officers to their death, day after day. We require a system that will help improve the way crime is tackled as well as the ability to protect officers who do their job. Crime has purged many areas, and it is due to financial failure or neglect. Underleadership of the RHWP, no part of the city shall ever lack any plans to revitalize run down areas will also be put in place.
It is with great joy I announce my appointment of District 1 Supervisor. Under my reformed party. I wish the very best to the other candidates and fellow councilmen.
Leader of the Rationalist Homeland Worker's Party, Klaus Wunnenberg may seek the position of County Commissioner in up coming elections, stay tuned.
Klaus Wunnenberg is officially running for the position as County Commissioner, under his revised party, The Rationalist Homeland Workers Party!
A public rally will be held within the next 1-2 weeks addressing the return from our hiatus. Party Chancellor Klaus Wunnenberg will be addressing issues that have come to life during the hiatus, how we will tackle them, our plans once elected, addressing government agencies and what the RHWP can do for the County of Los Santos. Stay tuned for updates regarding the event. We encourage everyone who is interested in the elections, local politics and those with concerns to attend! We will be handing out American flags, temporary water transfer tattoos, pamphlets and free snacks! We will also be planning a Q&A session, possibly on the same date, or a separate one.
Members of the press are eligible for special seating and viewing at the upcoming rally. We have special areas in which they are able to film and take photographs whilst being undisturbed by the crowd. We also offer interviews. All media inquiries can be emailed directly to us (( forum PM @DrJoseEviI )).
We do accept donations, money donated to the Rationalist Homeland Workers Party goes towards paying for events and party operations. Charity drives will be hosted at a future date, we will specifically state if proceeds go to charity when these events are scheduled.
Our auditorium is located on 983 West Vinewood Blvd, across from the 4 Dragons Casino and the Vinewood Graveyard.
Due to security concerns, members of the public are not permitted to carry firearms or other weapons on the premise. All emergency services workers are welcome, along with their firearms, given that they are on duty or off duty with their badge on person. Before entering the public seating area of the auditorium, you will be forced to walk through a metal detector. We will not be performing frisks, so if you set off the detectors, you must exit the building and leave whatever items that set it off in your car.
Reminder about the rally tomorrow, make sure to attend!
We stand now, at the precipice. Our great County once more threatens to crumble, to topple into the sea of lawlessness and despair that has ruled us all for years. In short, my dearest Los Santos - we are at war. It is only a matter of time before the election, where the great people of Los Santos will come to vote. Let them come, I say! Vote for Klaus Wunnenberg, the man will lead this County to salvation!
Our opposition will follow us, traitorous wave, after wave will crash against our walls. The Opposition will fail! All those who fight against a free and prosperous county will fail! I am Party Chancellor, Klaus Wunnenberg, and this is my pledge -- no one, NO ONE will take this great county away from us! God bless Los Santos and God bless America!
Be sure to cast your vote on April 27-28th. Vote for Klaus Wunnenberg!
Below is a written transcript of Party Chancellor, Klaus Wunnenberg's speech.
Hello once again, Los Santos!
I am proud to be with you all, and I thank you all for your attendance and viewership.
I am glad to see you all and to be on the podium once again, delivering my messages of truth and prosperity to you!
I've been gone on a two year hiatus, due to reasons pertaining to member of my family's health, and the corruption imposed against us!
Despite all odds, I am here once more, representing the American people for a better future!
Let's talk about government, shall we? Or, more specifically, YOUR government, dear Los Santos - the future government. Just who is the RHWP? Why, now, that's simple. The Rationalist Homeland Workers Party is you, Los Santos. The RHWP is your sister, your aunt, your friend, your neighbor. And, well, yes... the RHWP is me, as well.
As Chancellor of our prestigious party, it's my responsibility to preside over our great democracy once elected. So, as your future Commissioner, I am the voice, I am the heart and soul of the people. But only together, TOGETHER, can we hope to reach our full potential. The way we were before the incompetents: Whole. Beautiful. Powerful.
We put our trust, our faith, in halfwits. Our intrepid leaders had everything they wanted! Power. Wealth. Prestige. And it made them lazy, Los Santos. Oh yes, and laziness breeds stupidity. Rest assured, I will not make the mistakes of my predecessors. When Klaus Wunnenberg builds a county, he builds it to last. The American way. Don't you, my fair citizens, deserve that? Don't you deserve a future free of corruption, and fear, and terrible uncertainty? Of course you do. As future County Commissioner of Los Santos, you have my solemn pledge that I will never rest, NEVER rest, until we all have what we deserve: A place to truly call... home.
With the resurgence of the Rationalist Homeland Workers Party, our forces are tripling in numbers, exceeding the rate we had before!
Without further delay, this is my message to the people of Los Santos.
We as a party pledge to work. We are Rationalists, our decisions are made based off logic.
Far to many mishaps, acts of corruption, and lazy leadership has plagued this county for FAR TOO LONG!
I have had enough of the evil trickery that has embed itself in the leadership of this government. You should too!
Examples of previous leadership has proven time and time again, that they will misuse their power and enact law against the people who dare speak out against them.
A paradise is not a paradise if the people therein do not sway freely as nature allows!
As all things change, so do your enemies. We are now faced with a new group that charades as something they are not, a spy in our midsts. This new group is attempting to deceive you with common political branding when it is obvious they have no interests of the American people in mind! This new group has stolen the political tag of Republicans, they seek not to free us but to cause anarchy. Anarchy is the child of Communism, a spawn of evil itself! Garry Hopkins is a Anarcho-Communist in disguise who wishes to take individual freedoms away. Manjot Singh is a collaborator with foreign arms dealers, who has worked with illegal arms dealers who were employed at a legal front at the JGC Mall.
Communists are criminals, and people who work with them are too! With the resurgence of the Rationalist Homeland Workers Party, once elected swift changes will be implemented.
Direct contact with all government agencies in the county will be established, we will ensure our leaders are fit for their position, I have no doubts of our current leadership and I will see to it that we have the best, THE BEST communication and exchange so we may work towards further improvements!
We will eradicate the fortifications acts, a ordinance that was enacted as a part of a personal vendetta against myself and my paper by the government. The people will not suffer from arbitrary power of deciding who gets to fortify their homes and who does not, no one shall be subject to arbitrary safety!
We will extend firearm license renewal periods to five months, rather than three!
We will begin immediate action to incentivize science research, instating a County funded science program and build environmentally friendly, long term and sustainable energy production facilities.
Funding for local businesses shall be easier to acquire by simplifying the application process and the internal bureaucracy to process them much more quickly and efficiently.
We will directly establish business contracts for many public services to help support the local economy!
Our government will be hundred percent transparent, upon request of the public, we will disclose non-personal nor case sensitive information about our work, plans and actions. All other agencies in the county will adhere to this level of transparency too!
All our actions shall be immediate and firm, we will not back down from what we pledge to this County.
We are not politicians, we are workers, we are the people, we are Americans!
We are the people, the American people and no longer will this fine county suffer from the corrupted evil and liars that has held it's reigns!
So as I come to the end of my speech I want to ask something of those among you who are true believers and loyalists to our cause.
As citizens of the county and workers, we call upon you join our forces, enlist as a Sentinel!
No matter how many insults and slanders you may hear if you do join, you all know that the Sentinel Division have been formed for your protection, the protection of the public, our protection, and at the same time not merely for the protection of the Movement, but for the protection of a the County that is to be great once again. If you are reviled and insulted, good luck to you, you will be in a force dedicated to peace, prosperity, safety and freedom!
Every battle must be fought to the end, better that it come early than late! And he who stands most securely, who from the get-go, joins the fight with the greatest confidence. And this highest confidence we can carry with us in our hearts. For those who on our side is today the savior of the American people, God's truth! We have nothing to win but perhaps only everything to lose. Those, who today fight on our side will win great quarrels , far more than thou who will want only to win great material goods. He who today, be a leader must be a rationalist, if only for the reason that he leads is to campaign against those against who seek oppress and conquer!
God bless you all, and god bless America, together we shall unify!
The Rationalist Homeland Workers Party is willing to do a public Q&A session, all would be welcome to attend. People attending will get the chance to ask three questions each of Party Chancellor Klaus Wunnenberg. We urge you to place a vote on our online poll, a yes vote would be towards a Q&A, no would be against it. The Q&A will be held Friday, April 26th (the night before the elections). If you have any interest in local politics, or have concerns for the future of the County after the upcoming elections, we encourage you to vote yes and attend! The poll will end on Tuesday, April 23rd.
Communist Threat - The Vorostavskaya Organization.
Easter Night April 21st 2019. An attempted assassination was made against Party Chancellor Klaus Wunnenberg while spreading news of the Rationalist Homeland Workers Party. A soldier of a Communist organization, identified as the Vorostavskaya attempted to box in Klaus Wunnenberg in the party advertising truck and rob him of what they assumed to be a truck containing valuables, little did they know it was empty. Klaus Wunnenberg, the brave leader he is refuted the thugs demands for access to the truck and monetary payment at threats of violence. The thug drew a gun on the Chancellor and he returned immediate fire, returning back to Chancellery after the Communist fighter retreated. Chancellor Wunnenberg has contacted the authorities and is waiting for a response in regards to this.
Changes will be made and police crack downs will commence against the Vorostavskaya. No criminal communists shall roam free while they impose such dangers. Remember, together we shall unify!
"Communists are criminals, and people who work with them are too! With the resurgence of the Rationalist Homeland Workers Party, once elected swift changes will be implemented." ~Klaus Wunnenberg, RHWP April 14th Rally.


text:
FY11 budget would boost research funding, student aid
By Dennis Carter, Assistant Editor
President Obama's 2011 budget proposal increases student aid by 60 percent over 2008 figures.
Research university officials praised President Obama's fiscal 2011 budget proposal, which includes more funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Pell Grant program used by nearly 9 million college students this year.
The higher-education funding increases were tempered with a proposal that could shrink campus coffers: High-income taxpayers would be able to deduct less from charitable donations to colleges and universities if the budget is approved by Congress.
The proposed federal budget increases funding for the National Science Foundation (NSF) by 8 percent, or $7.4 billion for fiscal year 2011. The funding increase would grow NSF's Graduate Research Fellowship program and the Faculty Career Development program, according to an NSF announcement. Both initiatives train college students and new educators in scientific research.
The 3.2-percent budget increase for NIH marks the largest budget increase for biomedical research since 2002, said Robert Berdahl, president of the American Association of Universities.
"This budget underscores the president's strong conviction that the nation's investments in the people and ideas that lead to discovery and innovation are critical to short-term economic recovery and, especially, to long-term economic prosperity," Berdahl said.
"Congressional leaders have displayed a similar commitment, and it is our hope that Congress will sustain the momentum for funding of key research and financial aid programs."
The larger research budget, he said, would also allow for more advanced projects at the U.S. Department of Energy.
"These investments are essential to our ability to maintain our global leadership in innovation and build an economy that addresses our national challenges and creates the high-paying jobs that are the foundations of economic prosperity," Berdahl said.
The Obama administration's proposed budget would make it mandatory for the government to fund the Pell Grant program, and the president's proposal would raise the cap on maximum Pell grants from $5,500 to $5,710. The Pell Grant program would see a $17 billion increase under the administration's plan; Obama boosted Pell grants by 13 percent in his fiscal 2010 budget.
The budget calls for linking Pell grant increases to the annual inflation rate. That would make the maximum Pell grant almost $7,000 in 10 years.
The 2011 budget would include $156 billion in student aid—a 60 percent increase over 2008 figures, according to the administration's projections.
The federal focus on Pell grants during economic downturn has been noticed on college campuses.
Michigan State University saw a 27-percent increase in Pell grant recipients from 2008 to 2009, said Val Meyers, the university's associate director of financial aid. About 8,900 Michigan State students received Pell grant aid in 2010, a jump from the 7,000 who received the assistance during the 2008-09 school year.


text:
Q: Apply Canny edge filter on raster failes with scikit-image I have raster with one band and I would like to do edge detection with Canny edge filter.
This is my raster:

I have opened it with rasterio and covert it into array :
img=srs.open("raster.tif")
array=img.read()

Then i'm trying to apply the Canny filter as following (based on this: https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/auto_examples/edges/plot_canny.html):
# Compute the Canny filter for two values of sigma
edges1 = feature.canny(array)
edges2 = feature.canny(array,sigma=3)

but it fails with this error:

ValueError: The parameter image must be a 2-dimensional array

I  read that this can happpen if my image is not in grey scale, but I have shown it as grey scale:
show((img,1),cmap='Greys_r')

so I tried to checl what is my array type:
type(array)
>>>numpy.ndarray

so I have no idea why I get this error message saying the image is not 2 dimensoinal as it is 1 band with X  and Y axis.
My end goal - to be able to apply Canny edge on my image and to understand why I get this error

A: Sometimes an image "looks" gray, but actually has 3 color channels with the same red, green, and blue values. To check that your image is grayscale, check array.shape rather than type(array). If it is (X, Y, 3), then you have an RGB image. To convert, you can use skimage.color.rgb2gray, and then pass the result to canny.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Formed in England in 1991, Cradle of Filth has been a mainstay in heavy metal for decades.
Taking influences from early black metal bands, they were one of the first bands to take the sound to the general public and have served as a black metal gateway band for many young fans first getting into the genre.
Check out "From the Cradle to Enslave" and get ready for some gothy black metal headbanging!