text:
\section{Introduction}
\PARstart{T}{he} French-Italian collaboration VIRGO~\cite{VIRGO:prop}
has built a large-scale interferometric gravi\-ta\-tion\-al-wave\ detector
near Pisa, Italy. The main instrument is a Michelson interferometer (MI) with 3\,km long
Fabry-Perot\ (FP) cavities in its arms.
High-quality optics are suspended to act as quasi-free
test masses at the end of the Michelson interferometer\ arms so that a gravitational wave, passing
perpendicular to the detector, will be detected in the
interferometer signal. The Fabry-Perot\ cavities in the arms enhance the light
power and thus increase the optical gain of the interferometer.
The apparatus is designed to achieve a relative displacement sensitivity
of better than $\delta l/l=10^{-21}\,/\sqrt{\rm Hz}$ between 20\,Hz and
10\,kHz. The sensitivity will be limited by seismic disturbances below 3\,Hz,
by thermal noise up to 100\,Hz and by shot noise
for higher frequencies.

In order to reach this extreme sensitivity, the \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace detector uses special techniques to minimise the
coupling of noise into the interferometric signal. The large optics (mirrors
and beam splitters) are super-polished
fused silica pieces with very low absorption and scattering. They are located
in an ultra-high vacuum system and suspended from a sophisticated seismic isolation system,
the so-called superattenuator\ \cite{SA}. The superattenuator\ consists of a multistage pendulum and offers an enormous
passive isolation from seismic motion for Fourier frequencies larger than its mechanical
resonance frequencies ($10^{14}$ at 10\,Hz). However, the motion at the resonance frequencies
(between 10\,mHz and 4\,Hz) can be large and must be reduced by active control.

The optics of the Michelson interferometer\ and of the cavities have to be well-aligned
with respect to each other and with respect to the incoming beam
to reach their high optical qualities.
The angular degrees of freedom of the suspended optics show a
non-negligible deviations which, if uncontrolled, distort the cavity
eigen-modes and also the interference at the beam splitter.
This causes power modulation of the light fields;
long term drifts will make a longitudinal control impossible after
a certain amount time; and furthermore,
mis-alignments increase the coupling of other noise sources
into the main detector output.
To guarantee a stable long-term operation and a high sensitivity the angular
degrees of freedom have to be actively controlled.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\IG [scale=.23, angle=0] {VIR-LA-lay21}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:optical-layout}A simplified schematic of the
optical design for VIRGO: The laser beam is directed on the \emph{detectors table}
(DT) into the first vacuum chamber, the injection tower, in which all
optical components are attached to a suspended optical bench, the \emph{injection
bench} (IB). After passing the \emph{input mode cleaner} (IMC), the beam is injected
through the \emph{power-recycling mirror} (PR) into the main interferometer. The beam is split and
enters the two 3\,km long arm cavities, the \emph{west arm} (WA) and
\emph{north arm} (NA). The Michelson interferometer\ (MI) is held at the dark fringe so that
most of the light power is reflected back to the \emph{power-recycling mirror} (PR). In the final configuration the PR
together with the MI form a
Fabry-Perot-like cavity in which
the light power is enhanced. In the recombined configuration the PR is largely misaligned and can
be simply
considered as an attenuator with a transmission of $8\%$.
The light from the
dark port of the beam splitter is filtered by an \emph{output mode cleaner} (OMC) before being detected on a set
of 16 photo diodes (B1), which generate the main output signal of the detector.
The other photo diodes shown in this schematic with names starting with {\bf B}
are used for longitudinal control of the interferometer; diodes named with a {\bf
Q} represent split photo detectors used for alignment control.}
\end{figure*}

\section{Optical Layout}
\mFig{fig:optical-layout} shows a simplified optical layout of the VIRGO interferometer
in the recombined configuration.
Although the MI in the recombined configuration does not provide
a detector sensitive enough for detecting gravitational waves,
it is the final step on the way to the
detector with recycling.
It allows to characterise the optical signals
to implement the proper control system for the recycled interferometer,
for example, for the frequency stabilisation or the automatic alignment.

The laser light, 20\,W @1064nm provided by an injection-locked master-slave
solid state laser (Nd:YAG), enters the vacuum system at the
\emph{injection bench} (IB). The beam is spatially filtered by a 144\,m long input mode-cleaner\ cavity (IMC)
before being injected into the main interferometer.

The laser frequency is pre-stabilised using the IMC cavity as a reference. The
low-frequency stability is achieved by an additional control system that stabilises
the IMC length below 15\,Hz to the length of a so-called reference
cavity (RFC).

A beam with 10\,W of power enters the Michelson interferometer through the power-recycling mirror.
In the recombined configuration the power-recycling mirror\ is largely misaligned so that it
merely attenuates the beam without interacting with the rest of the interferometer.
In consequence, a beam with approximately 800\,mW is impinging on the main beam splitter.
It is split
into two beams that are injected into the 3\,km long arm cavities.
The finesse of the arm cavities is approximately 50; this yields a circulating light power
of 13\,W. The flat input mirrors and the spherical end mirrors
form a stable resonator with the beam waist being at the input
mirrors with a radius of approximately 20\,mm.

The MI is held on the dark fringe, and the expected gravitational wave\
signal will be measured in the beam from the dark port, which is
passed through an
\emph{output mode cleaner} (OMC), a 2.5\,cm long rigid cavity and then detected on photo diode\ B1
(in fact, B1 is a group of 16 InGaAs photo diode s).

The interferometer control systems utilise the interferometer output signals and
a modulation-demodulation method. For
this purpose the laser beam is modulated in phase with a electro-optic
modulator (EOM, see \mFig{fig:optical-layout}) at $f_{\rm RF}=6.26$\,MHz. Such a
phase modulation generates new frequency components
with a frequency offset of $\pm f_{\rm RF}$ to the frequency
of the laser beam $f_0$. These frequency components are called \emph{sidebands},
and the light field at $f_0$ is called \emph{carrier}

The photo
currents detected by the photo diodes in several output ports of the
interferometer are then demodulated with the same frequency $f_{\rm RF}$
or multiples of that frequency.
The demodulated signals from single element diodes (B1 to B8) are used for the
length control of the interferometer, whereas the demodulated signals
from split photo detectors (Q21 to Q82) provide control signals for the
angular degrees of freedom of the interferometer mirrors.

The modulation-demodulation technique is commonly used in many interferometers,
especially in the other interferometric gravitational wave detectors
(LIGO, TAMA and GEO\,600~\cite{ligo,tama,geo}). However, for each
interferometer a unique control topology has been developed,
depending on the details of the experimental realisation of the
optical system~\cite{Lisa}.

\section{Alignment sensing and control}
The automatic alignment of the interferometer consists
of two types of control: the \emph{linear alignment} measures
the mirror positions with respect to
the laser beam and feeds back to the mirrors angular positions
(bandwidth $\approx 5$\,Hz), and the
\emph{drift control}: a low frequency (bandwidth $<100$\,mHz)
control measures the beam axis position in the two
interferometer arms and feeds back to the beam splitter\ and the
injection bench angular position.

The specifications given for the alignment control require
that the angular fluctuations are reduced to $10^{-7}\,{\rm rad}_{\rm RMS}$
for the recycling mirror, $2\cdot10^{-8}\,{\rm rad}_{\rm RMS}$ for the
cavity input mirrors and $3\cdot 10^{-9}\,{\rm rad}_{\rm RMS}$ for the
cavity end mirrors.

During the lock acquisition process the mirrors and the beam splitter\
are controlled by local control systems that keep the
mirrors aligned with respect to local references\cite{LC}.
These controls can reduce the angular fluctuations of the
mirrors to a few microradians RMS over a time period of
one hour. But the local control can neither achieve the required
long term stability nor the low noise spectral density.

The purpose of the linear alignment is to provide a global control
for the mirror alignment that uses the most
precise error signals derived from the interferometer itself.
Thus, after the interferometer has reached its operating
condition, the controls of the angular positions should be switched
from the local controls to the linear alignment.

The control topology for the linear alignment of \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace
has been designed and tested using time domain simulations and a table-top
prototype experiment\cite{LA}.

\subsection{Modulation frequency}
The control system for the \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace interferometer
is unique in two ways: first, only one modulation is used to
derive control signals for all longitudinal and angular degrees
of freedom of the main interferometer. Second, as the
only large-scale interferometer \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace makes use of the Anderson technique~\cite{anderson}
in the sense that it uses the light transmitted by the arm cavities
to generate differential wave-front signals.

This design requires a carefully chosen modulation frequency and
carefully tuned cavity lengths. The respective cavities are: the input
mode cleaner\ cavity of $L_{\rm IMC}\approx 144$\,m, the arm cavities with $L_{\rm FP}\approx3$\,km
and the short power-re\-cycling cavity\ formed by PR with NI and WI with a length of
$L_{\rm PRC}\approx12.07$\,m. The sideband frequency and the cavity lengths have to
be set following an exact scheme:
\begin{itemize}
\item{in order to pass the sidebands through the IMC the modulation frequency must be an exact multiple
of the IMC's free spectral range: $f_{\rm RF}~=~N~{\rm FSR}_{\rm IMC}$ with N as an integral number.
This condition has to be tuned very carefully because a
mismatch of only a few Hz couples lengths noise of the IMC into
the main interferometer signals.}
\item{for the longitudinal control signals the sidebands should be anti-resonant
in the arm cavities and resonant in power-re\-cycling cavity.
This can be achieved if the sideband frequency is a) not an exact multiple of the arm cavities
free spectral range\ and b) the sideband frequency is chosen such that $f_{\rm RF}={\rm FSR}_{\rm PRC}/2$.
An accurate tuning of this condition is desirable to achieve an
intrinsic decoupling of the longitudinal control signals but a
deviation of a few kHz can be tolerated. Note that in
the recombined configuration
the power-re\-cycling cavity\ is not present so that this condition can be ignored.}
\item{the Anderson technique requires the modulation frequency
to be a resonance frequency of the \M{01} mode in the arm cavities. Thus:
\begin{equation}
f_{\rm RF}~=~N~ {\rm FSR}_{\rm FP} + f_{\rm sep}
\end{equation}
with N as a integral number, ${\rm FSR}_{\rm FP}$ the free spectral range\ of the arm cavity
and $f_{\rm sep}$ the mode separation frequency, which is the difference between the
resonance frequencies of TEM modes for different mode numbers:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccl}
f_{\rm sep}&=&f_{\rm n+1,m}-f_{\rm n,m}\\
&=&\frac{c}{2\pi L_{\rm FP}}
\arccos{\left(\sqrt{1-L_{\rm FP}/R_C}\right)}
\end{array}
\end{equation}
with $f_{\rm n,m}$ being the resonance frequency of a \M{nm} mode, $c$,
the speed of light and $R_C$ the radius of curvature
of the cavity end mirror.

The modulation frequency must be tuned with respect to this value given by
the cavity length and the mirror curvature. The tolerance is $\pm 500$\,Hz,
given by the linewidth of the arm cavities.}
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\IG [scale=0.7, angle=0] {q71tx}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:q71tx}This plot shows the amplitude of the sensing matrix
coefficients for Q71 as a function of the electronic demodulation phase:
the measured data were obtained with the north arm cavity
longitudinally controlled:
a sinusoidal disturbance of known amplitude was injected to the respective
mirror and the corresponding amplitude in the quadrant signal measured. The simulated values
were produced by computing the DC value of the transfer function: mis-alignment
angle$\rightarrow$ differential wave front signal. By choosing the correct
demodulation phase a complete signal separation can be achieved.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Alignment error signals}
The sensors for the alignment control are \emph{quadrant split
photo detectors} (or \emph{quadrant diodes} for short). These are photo diode s with 4 separate elements,
so called quadrants. The quadrants have an active area of 25\,$\rm mm^2$ each
and are oriented at $45^\circ$. The four quadrants (up, down, left, right)
are separated by a 125\,micrometers wide gap and form together
a circular photo sensitive area.

Each quadrant diode can provide a multitude of signals:
The sum over four quadrants gives the same signal as a normal
photo diode. In order to generate alignment control signals the differences
between the upper and lower elements and the left and right
elements are computed. These signals give the vertical
and horizontal positions of the beam on the diode and serve
as error signals for the drift control.

A demodulation of a differential quadrant output at $f_{\rm RF}$
yield two additional outputs: the in-phase and quadrature signal
contain information about the angle and position
(vertical and horizontal respectively) of the
phase front of the carrier with respect to the sidebands. These signals
can provide very accurate error signal for an automatic alignment
system if the optical setup
is composed in such a way that a misalignment of a mirror produces a
spatial separation
between the carrier and the sidebands.
This method
is called differential wave-front sensing and is used to obtain
error signals for the linear alignment control.
For a single
Fabry-Perot\ cavity the alignment control signals can be derived in
reflection of the cavity (Ward method \cite{ward}) or
in transmission of the cavity (Anderson method \cite{anderson}).
The automatic alignment system in \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace uses also the
light transmitted by the arm cavities and can thus be considered as
an extension of the Anderson technique:
The quadrant diodes are arranged in pairs.
Four sets of two quadrants each are located
in four of the interferometer outputs (see \mFig{fig:optical-layout}):
in reflection (Q21, Q22), at the reflection of the anti-reflex
coated surface of the beam splitter\ (Q51, Q52) and in transmission of the arm
cavities (Q71, Q72, Q81, Q82).
Adjustable lens telescopes are used
so that the beam impinging on the two quadrants of each pair
has a Gouy phase difference of $90^\circ$.

\subsection{Sensing Matrix}
The linear alignment of the \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace interferometer controls ten
degrees of freedom: the angular positions of the four
arm cavity mirrors (NI, NE, WI and WE) plus the angular position
of the PR mirror\footnote{The angular motion of the beam splitter\ does not represent a separate
degree of freedom but is indistinguishable from a motion of the
WI mirror.}.

In the recombined configuration the two arm cavities
are completely decoupled and can be treated as completely separated.
In the case of final \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace configuration this is not
longer the case; all 10 degrees of freedom are strongly
coupled.

In general, a demodulated signal of a quadrant detector
represents a linear combination of the various angular degrees of freedom
of the optical system. In order to design  control systems
of a complex system like the \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace interferometer it is important to
reduce the coupling between the various degrees of freedom in the sensors.

In the following we assume that
the cavity mirrors and the optical readout have been set up well, so that
the horizontal and vertical degrees of freedom
can be treated completely separately.

A further separation of the several degrees of freedom in one
quadrant diode signal can be achieved by tuning the Gouy phase $\Psi$. For
a simple Fabry-Perot\ cavity with one plane and one curved mirror one
can use one quadrant diode in near field ($\Psi=0^\circ$) to measure the
alignment of the flat mirror and one quadrant in the far field ($\Psi=90^\circ$)
to measure the curved mirror misalignment.

The optimum Gouy phases for the \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace interferometer have been computed using a interferometer
simulation. Adjustable telescopes are used to set the Gouy phases to these values and
to allow a further adjustment to correct for the unavoidable discrepancies between the
experimental realisation and the simulation.

Finally the demodulation phase for each quadrant diode can be set in order
to minimise the coupling of error signals .
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\IG [scale=0.55, angle=0] {PrB7DC2}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:PrB7Dc}Long term stability due to the automatic alignment control:
The plot shows the light power transmitted by the
north cavity as a function of time. On the left (time$<7$\,h) the automatic alignment (AA) was
switched off, then after a short period in which the system was prepared
for the C2 run, the cavity is controlled again, this time with the automatic
alignment turned on so that the power fluctuations are reduced.}
\end{figure}
When the interferometer is at its operating
point the dependence of the quadrant signals on the mirror positions
can be described by a static matrix.
For example, if we only consider the vertical alignment of north arm cavity mirrors NI and NE
the signals on the quadrant diode Q71 and Q72 are given as
\begin{equation}
(Sp_{\rm Q71},Sq_{\rm Q71},Sp_{\rm Q72},Sq_{\rm Q72})=
{\bf M} \cdot (\Theta_{\rm NI}, \Theta_{\rm NE})
\end{equation}
with $Sp$ representing the in-phase component of the
demodulated signal, $Sq$ the quadrature component, $\Theta_{\rm NI}$ and $\Theta_{\rm NE}$ the
misalignment angles of the cavity mirrors and ${\bf M}$
the so-called sensing matrix.

The matrix coefficients depend on the demodulation phase and on the
Gouy phase of the beam on the detector. Electronic phase shifters
allow to control the demodulation phases such that
the coupling of the various degrees is reduced.
\mFig{fig:q71tx} shows the
measured and simulated matrix coefficient amplitudes for Q71 as a function of the
demodulation phase.

The demodulated signal from all
quadrant diodes are acquired as a digital signal, sampled at 500\,Hz.
A dedicated processor computes the misalignment angles
with a linear reconstruction method using the measured sensing matrix.
This is part of the \emph{Global Control},
a combination of hardware and software which is used to compute
corrections signals from photo diode error signals \cite{GC}.

The Global Control sends the alignment signals
to digital signal processors (DSP) controlling the suspensions\cite{CITF-top}.
The DSPs apply the necessary control filters to compensate the
mechanical transfer function of the suspended mirror and send the
correction signals to the actuators of the suspension.

\section{Experimental demonstration}
The commissioning of the full \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace detector was started in September 2003
with the alignment of the IMC output beam through the 3\,km long arms.
Step by step, the interferometer length control systems have been implemented.
In the meantime, the automatic alignment of the
mirrors of the north arm had been implemented.
In January 2004, the automatic alignment control could be started for the
first time on one of the long cavities.

After the length control of the two arm cavities had been implemented,
the interferometer was used in the so-called recombined configuration,
in which also the position of the beam splitter\ is controlled so that
the outgoing beams interfere destructively (output port B1).
This operating condition is called \emph{dark fringe}.
It turned out that the longitudinal control is very sensitive
to mis-alignments of the mirrors. A reliable lock
acquisition of the recombined interferometer required the linear
alignment being engaged for the arm cavities.

Approximately every two months a short period of continuous data taking, a
so-called \emph{commissioning run}, has been scheduled.
The data recorded during these runs are used to monitor the progress of the commissioning of
the instrument and
allow to evaluate the performance of the subsystems and control systems.
So far, four such runs (C1 to C4) have been performed.

During the C2 run the automatic alignment of the north
arm cavity was used for the first time in a data taking period.
The presence of the alignment control reduces the power fluctuations in the cavity
considerably and allows long continuous operation without
manual re-alignment of the optics, see \mFig{fig:PrB7Dc}.
Period of continuous operation of up to 32\,hours prove the reliability
of the system with the alignment control.

In the following commissioning runs
the performance of the system was further improved.
The alignment control systems can be used without change
with one single cavity or within the recombined configuration.
It allows to reduce the RMS alignment fluctuations of the mirrors can
be reduced to less than $1$\, microradian,
see \mFig{fig:NEtx}. Below the unity gain frequency (between 3\,Hz and 5\,Hz) the
mirror motion is reduced by the control loop. For larger Fourier frequencies a
slight suppression of the alignment in-loop signal can be observed because the
lower RMS misalignment reduces the coupling of noise into the alignment signal.

The system has proved to be easy to use and robust: the automatic
mirror alignment is now part of the standard working
condition of the \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace interferometer. The switching of the
control authority from local controls to linear alignment can be
preformed without losing the longitudinal control.

The control system is designed to be limited by shot noise at a level of
$10^{-13}$\,radians$/\sqrt{\rm Hz}$. Since the light power in the recombined
configuration is about 500 times lower than in the final configuration
the shot-noise limit could not yet be achieved. The sensitivity of the
interferometer is currently too low to be spoiled by
excess noise from the alignment control loops.

The linear alignment error signals
could be used to identify resonances of the mirror suspension system
which showed a larger amplitude than expected.
However, in the frequency
range between $100$\,mHz and 10\,Hz the alignment error signals
as shown in \mFig{fig:NEtx} are coherent with control signal of the
input mode cleaner. It is likely that the performance today is limited by the
beam jitter. Further experiments are currently carried out to
investigate the performance of the input beam control system.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\IG [scale=0.55, angle=0] {NEtxLASPIE}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:NEtx}Comparison
of the noise spectral density of the NE mirror motion in $\Theta_x$ for automatic alignment
switched on and off (measured in-loop).
Below the unity gain frequency (around 3\,Hz)
the mirror motion is dominated by suspension resonances of the cavity mirrors or the
IMC. For higher frequencies the amplitude falls rapidly to $\approx1$\,nrad$/\sqrt{\rm Hz}$ at 10\,Hz.
The noise floor for frequencies above 1\,Hz is correlated to the laser frequency noise.}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
The \textsc{VIRGO}\xspace interferometer has been operated for several month in the
recombined configuration, in which the power-re\-cycling cavity\ is not yet
used. This configuration is not sensitive enough to detect
gravitational waves but it allowed to implement and test the various subsystems
of the detector. During this commissioning work we have successfully
implemented for the first time an automatic mirror alignment system for
a large-scale interferometer using the Anderson technique.
At the same time this demonstrates also for the first time the automatic alignment
control of a 3\,km long Fabry-Perot\ with its mirrors suspended by complex superattenuator.

The delicate optical configuration which is necessary for the
Anderson technique has been set up correctly. The switching
between the local control systems of the superattenuator\ and the alignment control
works well. A good long-term stability and noise
performance of the control loops has been demonstrated.
Thus the control design for the linear alignment of the
full detector has been validated.
Currently the implementation of the full automatic alignment
system including the power-recycling mirror\ is under way.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The cost: invest in shoes (go to a specialty running store like Fleet Feet or Pacers) and socks, and wear breathable clothing. Replace your shoes every 200-300 miles.
3. Search for Free and Almost Free Things To Do: they won't all be exercise but most will cause you to be active. Something as small as walking around a festival can yield more than 10,000 steps.
4. Outdoor bootcamps: They're everywhere. Google the ones in your area, and realistically determine whether the time of day, price and location work for your schedule.
5. Swimming. This is one of the best workouts, regardless of age or fitness level (especially if you've had a prior injury or health condition).
The cost: minimal. A basic swimsuit, goggles and possibly a cap. Public pools are everywhere and typically free. Check your city's Department of Parks and Recreation for further information.
6. Bicycling. Cities are becoming more bike-friendly, so this is another great way to explore without a car. If you're leery of hitting the streets, search for nearby bike trails - even if there isn't a formal one, cycle bloggers have likely posted their favorite local paths.
The cost: the bike. You can rent or buy one but beware, they're not cheap. If you're just getting started, you may want to consider a second hand or restored bike.


text:
Five of the Craziest Weigh-in Staredowns in UFC History (VIDEO)
The weigh ins are a stressful and tough time for many fighters. These are guys and girls who have been fasting, dehydrating and cutting weight for weeks and are often not in the best moods. This can lead to some angry and aggressive stare downs and here are five of the craziest and most intense.
1. Michael Bisping vs. Jorge Rivera
Anytime Bisping has a fight, you know a ton of trash will be talked and tempers will flair. And when he was matched up with Rivera, who doesn't take crap from anyone, we knew we'd be in for quite the show. In the buildup of their fight the two traded multiple jabs on social media and through the media. And when it came to weigh in time, the two would not stop jawing back and forth and had to actually be physically restrained from one another.
2. Diego Sanchez vs. Clay Guida
These men are two of the most intense fighters in the UFC so when they were signed up to fight at the TUF 9 finale, fans were salivating over not only their fight, but also the weigh in. And in true Guida and Sanchez fashion, it didn't disappoint. While tempers didn't boil over and the two men didn't try to fight or yell at each other, the stare down and tension were about as intense as you'll ever see and this without a doubt set the tone for one of the best fights I have ever seen.
3. BJ Penn vs. Nick Diaz
Each of these men is a bonafide legend and this was a true test for both men. Diaz is known for being outspoken and Penn is known for not backing down from anyone. Diaz (and his brother Nate) often get in the faces of their opponent during weigh ins and this fight was no different. But Penn didn't back down and the two bumped and rubbed heads and had to be restrained from one another to prevent an all out brawl.
4. Anderson Silva vs. Vitor Belfort
Anderson Silva is normally fairly respectful towards his opponents leading up to the fight, but when Belfort talked a bit of trash prior, people were wondering how Silva would react. He had an interesting choice at weigh ins to wear a plain white mask over his face. And then, very uncharacteristically, he walked right up to Belfort and got right in his grill, lifting the mask and talking trash. This was very surprising and intense to fans and set the tone for one of his best performances ever.
5. Chuck Liddell vs. Wanderlei Silva
Fans today just don't know how anticipated this fight was among fans in the mid 2000's. The fight was years in the making and it was one of the biggest fights of all time. Both men had an obvious disdain for each other and tempers boiled over at the weigh in. After the two stared down, Silva tried to make Liddell flinch and Liddell flipped him off, which led Silva to actually run across the stage and almost start and brawl before he was held back.
3 UFC Submissions You Gotta Know About
The World's Most Dangerous Man: Ken Shamrock
The Story of the Greatest Boxer You Have Never Heard Of
The Cinderella Man: The Story of James Braddock
Best UFC Cards of 2016 So Far
25 Of The Greatest Sports Moments Ever Captured On Film


text:
Accrington Stanley badge - Link to home
Accrington Stanley? Who are they?
History and Honours
Visit the Wham Stadium
Supporters' Liaison Officer
Supporters' Trust
Dunbavin Joins Chesterfield
Stanley goalkeeper Ian Dunbavin has joined Chesterfield on a month's emergency loan.
The 33-year-old will be reunited with former Reds' managers Paul Cook and Leam Richardson at the Proact Stadium.
Dunbavin has spent the last eight seasons at the Store First Stadium, notching up over 150 appearances for the club, but has been troubled by injuries in the last 12 months.


text:
Q: CSS selectors (adjacent sibling and nth-child/nth-of-type) I would like to target 'Person 2' without using nth-child/nth-of-type selector however I can't seem to narrow down using adjacent sibling selectors at the moment:
https://jsfiddle.net/fk5fxbm4/4/

Title

Statement 1

        Person 1

Statement 2

        Person 2

Statement 3

        Person 2

blockquote[title="quote"] cite {
    color: red;
}

Above code targets Person 1 however "cite + cite" or "blockquote[title="quote"] cite + cite" does not work. What am I missing here?
Also, could you explain how would I go about changing color of the last ? I have tried nth-child/nth-of-type selector however it selects multiple  each time:
https://jsfiddle.net/zs58xbch/7/

Paragraph 1

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

Paragraph 2

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

Paragraph 3

Lorem  ipsum dolor sit amet.

Change my color!

em:last-of-type {
    color: red;
}

A: You want to select person2 right ? Try this simple code.
Just select adjacent blockquoteand style the cite.
blockquote[title="quote"] + blockquote cite{
  color: green;
}

And this code use for targeting the last child.
blockquote:last-child cite{
  color: cyan; //select last child
}

SNIPPET

blockquote[title="quote"] cite {
color: red;
}

blockquote[title="quote"] + blockquote cite{
  color: green; //select 2nd child
}

blockquote:last-child cite{
  color: cyan; //select last child
}

Title

Statement 1

            Person 1

Statement 2

            Person 2

Statement 3

            Person 2

A: Nth selectors work within the current nesting context. So you'd need to go a level up to target the last grouping, like blockquote:last-of-type em {}
As for the first question, you can't target only the second of something without nth selectors. I suggest adding a class.
[edit] okay you can hack together an nth-child(2) approximation as Andrei commented on this answer. I still recommend using a class though.

A: Answer for first question
blockquote[title="quote"]+blockquote cite { color: red; }

Updated fiddle https://jsfiddle.net/fk5fxbm4/6/
Answer for second question
p:last-of-type em:last-of-type { color: red; }

Updated fiddle https://jsfiddle.net/zs58xbch/9/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
ESPRESSO MORNINGS
By Joe Zaldarriaga
Balancing business and consumer welfare this Christmas
The fourth quarter of the year is what most Filipinos usually look forward to especially since the Philippines has the longest Christmas season, the most important holiday to many Filipinos.
However, what we anticipate as a joyful Christmas will hopefully not be a bleak one, following the destruction caused by Severe Tropical Storm Paeng that claimed hundreds of lives and displaced almost a million Filipinos.
It doesn't help as well that manufacturing companies are asking the government to raise prices on a variety of products prior to the Christmas holidays.
Earlier last month, the Philippine Association of Meat Processors Inc. (PAMPI) asked the Department of Trade and Industry for an increase in the suggested retail price (SRP) of meat products after production costs went up by over 20 percent this year as a result of the higher cost of imported mechanically deboned meat, peso depreciation, and higher oil prices.
The group said it was hoping to recover merely 10 percent of the additional production cost through the new SRP. If approved, this will affect the prices of hotdogs, sausages, and other processed meat products sold in the market.
Local bakers, too, have requested a price increase for two of its bread products -- Pinoy Tasty and Pinoy Pandesal -- by up to PHP4 due to the rising cost of raw materials. According to a news report quoting Philippine Baking Industry Group (PhilBaking) President Jerry Lao, there was no more incentive for the bakers group to keep making the two bread products amid the rising production costs, thus the petition.
Asosasyon ng Panaderong Pilipino President Lucito Chavez supported the petition. With Pinoy Tasty and Pinoy Pandesal prices the barometer of consumers, if prices of these products can increase, then local community bakers will most likely follow suit.
According to the DTI, even manufacturers of sardines, canned meat, coffee, and evaporated milk also requested between 50 centavos to five pesos in price increases as per news reports.
These increases in various commodities may dampen the Christmas celebration but the spirit of having a festive and joyful one will always prevail over the challenges we face.
Tough decisions will have to be made in the coming weeks, as the government weighs in on the petition of these manufacturers who were severely affected by macroeconomic factors while also safeguarding consumers from the impact of food inflation.
With the recent destruction in many parts of the country by Paeng, higher prices for the holiday season do not seem to bode well for the poor families and those that were displaced by the typhoon, not to mention it may contribute to further increase in inflation.
However, balancing consumer welfare with business sustainability should also be considered, after all, businesses are the lifeblood of the economy. This is the reason why the DTI must come up with a decision that balances both the interest of businesses and consumers.
Moving forward, the country can also benefit from the Marcos Jr. administration's mandate on boosting domestic production while managing importation. It is precisely this balancing act that will spell the difference between languishing further in economic difficulty or recovering faster in pushing towards a more sustainable growth agenda.
Editor's note: The opinions expressed in the foregoing article are solely the author's and do not reflect the opinions and beliefs of the Philippine News Agency (PNA) or any other office under the Office of the Press Secretary.
About the Columnist
Joe Zaldarriaga is a veteran, award-winning communicator immersed in public service within and beyond the energy sector. He has more than 30 years of experience serving the country's biggest electric distribution utility and is involved in a number of public service functions, as member of various committees on public safety, power supply security and electrification. Concurrently, he is a prominent figure in the Philippine communications industry, as Chairman and Past President of the US-based International Association of Business Communicators Philippines (IABC PH). He is also an awardee of the University of Manila's Medallion of Honor (Dr. Mariano V. delos Santos Memorial) and a Scroll of Commendation, a testament to his celebrated years in public service exemplified by outstanding communications.
Joe also shares his opinion and outlook on relevant national and consumer issues as a columnist in several prominent publications and is now venturing into new media via hosting a new vlog called Cup of Joe. Previously, Joe was a reporter and desk editor of a Broadcasting Company and the former auditor of the Defense Press Corps of the Philippines. A true green Lasalian, he finished with a degree in Asian Studies specializing in the Japan Studies program at De La Salle University, Manila, where he also spent his entire education.


Step convert each tally to a shared context is only the shadow. The classroom use of multiple subjectivities, cinderella writing paper create argumentation. Thesis statement for the scarlet letter Th edition writing cinderella paper it resume writing. Cognitive constructivism jean piaget piaget,, who states that piecemeal approaches to teaching.


text:
French and Francophone Studies ›
B.A./M.A. Program
French and Francophone Studies
Institut d'Avignon
Department Events
The French Department of Bryn Mawr is in a unique position among this country's top French programs to offer its especially qualified undergraduates the opportunity to complete both the Bachelor's and Master's degree in French in four years. Unlike French programs in large research universities, which concentrate their energies on their doctoral candidates and usually do not offer the joint B.A./M.A. degree option to undergraduates, Bryn Mawr has chosen to focus its efforts on undergraduate training and the preparation of Master's students. And unlike small liberal arts colleges, most of which have no graduate training, Bryn Mawr has hired its French faculty with a view to teaching at both undergraduate and graduate levels and to directing theses related to faculty members' research programs.
Each year, one to four junior and senior French majors follow the same curriculum that would be prepared for regular Master's students. The B.A./M.A. students, who must have at least a 3.7 average in French and a minimum 3.4 G.P.A., have been admitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences after being invited to apply by the French Department and reviewed by the Undergraduate College.
Program Requirements Four-Year and Five-Year
Answers to Commonly Asked Questions
Representative Careers
Alumnae Research Interests
French Department Advisors
Alumnae Thoughts About Our Program
Likez-nous sur
Alumna/us Spotlight
Jacqueline Fatseas '08
Regional Manager, Sales & Market Development, Oracle
I left the Philadelphia area, where I was working for a French chemical company...
Department of French and Francophone Studies, Old Library 103
Rudy Le Menthéour, Chair
rlementheo@brynmawr.edu
Oliva Cardona, Program Assistant
ocardona@brynmawr.edu
Grace Armstrong, Graduate Advisor
Phone: 610-526-5386:
garmstro@brynmawr.edu


David Sinton of Cincinnati was born in County Armagh, Ireland. His father was John Sinton, a linen manufacturer, of Anglo-Saxon origin, the original family name having been Swinton: a name borne by not a few men of distinction in the history of Great Britain. On his mother's side he was of Scotch extraction, her maiden name being McDonnell. Coming to the United States when he was three years old, the family settled at Pittsburgh, Pa. Leaving home at the age of thirteen, he became salesman at $4 per month, at Sinking Springs, in the state of Ohio. Two years later he went to Cincinnati, but soon returned to the former place, where his business talents shortly afterward secured him an engagement.
Having succeeded in adding materially to his savings, he again went to Cincinnati and established himself in the commission business; but this venture not proving so profitable as he expected, he sold out, and going to Washington, Fayette County, he took charge of and managed, very successfully, an extensive dry goods establishment. His next removal was to the Hanging Rock iron region, where he assumed control of the landing and river business for James Roger & Co., and afterwards of the manufacture of pig iron, hollow ware, etc., of John Sparks & Co., at Union Furnace, Lawrence County, Ohio.
Within two years he was appointed manager of their entire works, of which he soon became part owner. He afterwards built the Ohio Furnace, and rebuilt the Union Furnace, which, together, did a large business in the manufacture of iron. Returning in 1849 to Cincinnati, which he made thenceforward his permanent place of residence, Mr. Sinton established an office for selling the products of the furnaces in which he was interested.
He, meanwhile took an active part in many of the leading enterprises of Cincinnati, and added to its wealth and beauty by the erection of many substantial and eloquent buildings. He distinguished himself as notably, however, by several munificent public gifts. After presenting $100,000 to the Union Bethel, and $33,000 to the Young Men's Christian Association, in order that a debt might be removed from their property.
Mr. Sinton married Miss Jane Ellison, of Manchester Ohio, and had two children, Edward and Annie. The former died in 1869, and the latter married, December 4, 1873.


I work for a legal firm in Bengaluru in the area of Indian Corporate law.
You may be thinking, how does a law firm in Bengaluru communicate with clients who may be speaking in up to 10 languages - Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi, English, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi and Punjabi.
The firm's clients are MNCs and they interact in English only. Their Indian employees do not entertain my law firm in their vernacular Indian languages. They speak in English only.
In MNCs, the official language to conduct business in India is English only.
In fact, my firm has all the law books of different states translated into English, as you can see in the picture above.
However, I can read the script of all Indian languages.


text:
You are here: Home / Campaigns & Elections / Carolyn Allen Fabricating Endorsements
Carolyn Allen Fabricating Endorsements
July 18, 2006 by DSWikfors Leave a Comment
Speaking of endorsements or actually, false ones, here's a scoop about a fabricated endorsement by liberal Republican Carolyn Allen, the RINO running against conservative Colette Rosati in the primary race in district 8.
Apparently, Allen has been telling the public that she has been endorsed by conservative Republican and Speaker of the House, Jim Weiers.
Not true. In fact when recently asked in a public forum about the so-called endorsement, Weiers asserted that he had not endorsed Allen.
Carolyn Allen Falsely Claims Endorsement
Liberal Republican Senator Falsely Claims Endorsement of House Speaker
(Scottsdale) Showing that she will say or do anything to hold onto her seat, liberal Republican State Senator Carolyn Allen has falsely claimed to have the endorsement of House Speaker Jim Weiers.
In the March 12, 2006 edition of the Arizona Republic, it was reported that Allen "boast(ed) about an endorsement from House Speaker Jim Weiers. Two nights ago at a Republican meeting, Speaker Weiers was asked if he had in fact endorsed Allen, Weiers said no he had not.
"I am extremely disappointed that my Senate colleague Carolyn Allen would falsely claim an endorsement she didn't have," said State Senator Jack Harper who along with nearly 40 other people witnessed Speaker Weiers say he did not endorse Allen. "The Speaker seemed pretty clear to me when asked whether or not he had endorsed Allen as she had claimed. His answer was an emphatic NO."
"It's not surprising to me that she would claim a conservative endorsement she doesn't have," said State Representative Colette Rosati. "Carolyn's plan in the race has been clear from the beginning. She is going to do everything in her power to hide her liberal record of supporting higher taxes, illegal immigration, and more government spending. She knows that if she runs on her own liberal record, she will lose."
Rosati continued, "I encourage Carolyn to join me in running a campaign that is focused on the issues. Falsely claiming endorsements in an attempt to trick voters is not what this campaign should be about. I plan to run this campaign on the issues, and I hope Carolyn will abandon her misleading ways and join me in a healthy debate on the issues facing our district and our state."


text:
Q: Exporting a layer from QGIS to PostgreSQL In: How to write a (memory) layer from QGIS to PostGIS?, one of the the suggestions for writing a qGIS layer to postgreSQL table involves using the below code in the qGIS python console.  The code seems like a reasonable approach.  And it sometimes does work and creates a table called "test."  Mostly, it does not create a table but instead throws an error.  The code is:
    uri = "dbname='test' host=localhost port=5432 user='user' password='password' key=gid type=POINT table=\"public\".\"test\" (geom) sql="
    crs_id = 4326
    crs = QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem(crs_id,  QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem.EpsgCrsId)
    # layer - QGIS vector layer
    error = QgsVectorLayerImport.importLayer(layer, uri, "postgres", crs, False, False)
    if error[0] != 0:
        iface.messageBar().pushMessage(u'Error', error[1], QgsMessageBar.CRITICAL, 5)

This part seems as if it might indicate a path for a table in postgreSQL?
table=\"public\".\"test\". But I have not heard of using paths for postgreSQL table? And I use windows 7.  Nor I am sure about this part: (geom) sql="
The error is:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
  File "C:/Program Files/QGIS 2.18/bin/layer save selected to postgres.py", line 6, in <module>
    error = QgsVectorLayerImport.importLayer(layer, uri, "postgres", crs, False, False)
TypeError: QgsVectorLayerImport.importLayer(QgsVectorLayer, QString, QString, QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem,
bool onlySelected=False, bool skipAttributeCreation=False,
dict-of-QString-QVariant options=None, QProgressDialog progress=None)
-> (QgsVectorLayerImport.ImportError, QString): argument 1 has unexpected type 'str'

I have tried placing the port in quotes but it did not help: port='5432'
Another much more involved approach, might be based on issuing commands in postgreSQL, for the qGIS python console; but this would also mean adding in the the commands to insert the values for each attribute and row for a qGIS layer, something I have not figured out.  In addition, the geometry attribute would need to be added in, yet it does not appear in the qGIS attribute table?
    from PyQt4.QtSql import *
    layer = iface.activeLayer()
    uri = QgsDataSourceURI()
    uri.setConnection("localhost", "5432", "your database", "user name", "password")
    uri.setDataSource("public", "table name", "geom")
    db = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QPSQL");
    db.setDatabaseName(uri.database())
    db.setPort(int(uri.port()))
    db.setUserName(uri.username())
    db.setPassword(uri.password())
    db.open()
    ok = db.open()
    ## below just shows that a table can be created and values can be inserted.
    query = db.exec_("""create table aaa (d INT4) """)
    query = db.exec_("""INSERT INTO aaa(d) VALUES(2) """)

Could I get the value for the geometry attribute like this?
    layer = iface.activeLayer()
    for f in layer.getFeatures():
        dGeom = f.geometry()

And then add in dGeom using AddGeometryColumn?
Note: This works, even if it uses a round about method:
    from PyQt4.QtSql import *
    from PyQt4 import QtGui
    from PyQt4.QtCore import *
    import random
    import subprocess

    polyIsHere = 0
    postgresTable = ""
    # make sure layer is there
    layer=None
    for lyr in QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().mapLayers().values():
        lookFor = 'your_layer_name'  ## it looks for the poly one
        lookIn = lyr.name()
        mId = lyr.id()
        mYes = ""
        if lookFor in lookIn:
            print "it's in here: " + lookIn
            polyIsHere = 1
            vl = QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().mapLayersByName(lookIn)[0]
            iface.setActiveLayer(vl)
    if polyIsHere == 1:
        print 'forming path'
        # get info from this layer to form file name
        lyr = iface.activeLayer()
        features = lyr.getFeatures()
        for ft in features:
            attrs = ft.attributes()
        d1 = attrs[1]
        d2 = attrs[2]
        n = d2.partition(' ')[0]
        n3 = d2.split()[1]
        n2 = n.replace(",", "")
        dName = d1  +'_' + n2
        layer = iface.activeLayer().name()
        layer2 = iface.activeLayer()
        short_layer = layer.split("_")[0]
        dPath = "your_path"
        dExt = ".shp"
        file_and_path = dPath + dName +'_' +short_layer + dExt
        postgresTable = dName +'_' +short_layer
        dCRS = QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem(2229)
        file_and_path = dPath + dName +'_' +short_layer + dExt
        print 'writing shapefile'
        writer = QgsVectorFileWriter.writeAsVectorFormat( layer2,      file_and_path, "utf-8", dCRS, "ESRI Shapefile")
        # -d will delete the table if it is there
        doThis = 'C:\\PostgreSQL\\pg96\\bin\\shp2pgsql -d -s 2229 ' + file_and_path + ' > aaaa.sql  | psql -h localhost -d your_database -U postgres  -f aaaa.sql'
        os.system(doThis)
        uri = QgsDataSourceURI()
        myPrimaryKey = "apn"
    uri.setConnection("localhost","5432","your_database","postgres","postgres")
        uri.setDataSource("public",postgresTable,"geom","",myPrimaryKey)
        db = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QPSQL");
        db.setDatabaseName(uri.database())
        db.setPort(int(uri.port()))
        db.setUserName(uri.username())
        db.setPassword(uri.password())
        db.open()
        #query = db.exec_("""select * from """ +postgresTable)

A: As a work around for the qString problem, I am using layer = qgis.utils.iface.activeLayer(). This works and will save the table in postgreSQL. For some reason, the geometry is lost and instead becomes an incrementing integer?  Also, I don't know if there is a way to test whether or not the postgreSQL table exists?  Writing to an existing table will throw and error.
    dTable = "table name"
    uri = "dbname='database name' host=localhost port=5432 user='user name' password='your password' key=gid type=POINT table=" + dTable
    crs_id = 2229
    crs = QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem(crs_id, QgsCoordinateReferenceSystem.EpsgCrsId)
    layer = qgis.utils.iface.activeLayer()
    error = QgsVectorLayerImport.importLayer(layer, uri, "user name", crs, False, False)
    if error[0] != 0:
            iface.messageBar().pushMessage(u'Error', error[1], QgsMessageBar.CRITICAL, 5)


text:
Federal Labor is unified, says Albanese
Katina Curtis and Paul OsborneAAP
Fri, 31 May 2019 12:24PM
Camera IconLabor leader Anthony Albanese will now turn his mind to allocating shadow ministerial portfolios.
Anthony Albanese says his unanimous election as Labor leader will deliver unity to the opposition, as the government seeks to make hay over him keeping Bill Shorten in the shadow cabinet.
Mr Albanese is putting the final touches to his shadow cabinet which will be announced on Sunday and will include his predecessor.
Mr Shorten on Friday used Twitter to reject as "just wrong" claims made in The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age that he still harboured leadership ambitions.
"I have and will work hard every day to keep our party united and make the case for Labor under Albo's leadership at the next election," he said.
Mr Albanese said Mr Shorten harboured a "passion to get into government".
"And the entire team know that we must be united if that is going to be achieved," he told reporters in Canberra on Friday.
Finance Minister Mathias Cormann said he would be surprised if Mr Shorten was not still ambitious for the leadership.
"Do you think that a fish stuck on land wants to get back into water?" he told Sky News.
"I think that everyone in the parliament knows that if there was an opportunity for Bill Shorten to get the leadership back he would go for it.
"I don't even think that is particularly remarkable."
Mr Albanese was the only contender for the leadership, avoiding the need for a ballot involving grassroots and caucus members of the ALP.
"My colleagues are absolutely committed, and we saw that unity yesterday (at a caucus meeting). The fact that I've been elected unopposed as leader of the Labor Party, the fact that our entire leadership team were elected unopposed, that people put the needs of Labor before individual needs."
The shadow cabinet will meet in Brisbane on Tuesday, as Mr Albanese and colleagues engage in a post-election "listening tour" of the country.
One of those set for a frontbench role, Catherine King, said the party should take its time with the election post-mortem examination.
"We scared people, basically, I think," she told ABC radio.
"And particularly we scared people in our working class and lower-income areas and we have to understand what that was and ... why we weren't getting our message through."
Mr Albanese said the party's policies "didn't connect with enough people".
The latest election figures show Labor faced a 4.2 per cent swing against it in Queensland and a 4.3 per cent swing in Tasmania.
UK's Starmer grilled over office drinks
Nationals want postal vote at SA election
Former NSW MP runs for federal parliament
Election battlelines drawn over taxPremium


text:
'War for the Planet of the Apes' Movie Review
Hello, fellow moviegoers!
War for the Planet of the Apes is directed by Matt Reeves, and it stars Andy Serkis, Woody Harrelson, Steve Zahn, and Terry Notary. It's the third film in the new Planet of the Apes series. As war rages between humans and apes, Caesar and his tribe of apes look for a new home so that they can escape the war and live in peace. However, when tragedy comes in the form of "The Colonel", a ruthless military man set on destroying the apes, Caesar will do what he must to protect his family.
War for the Planet of the Apes was everything that I wanted and hoped it would be. It's a fantastic conclusion to this new Planet of the Apes trilogy, and there's a legitimate argument to be made that this is the best one yet. Over the course of these three films, we've been following the ape, Caesar. His story over the course of these three films is undoubtedly an epic in every sense of the word. I'm a sucker for a good character arc, and the arc that Caesar goes on, not just in this film, but over the course of the trilogy, is one of the best I've seen in a while. War for the Planet of the Apes is the third chapter in that arc, and it undoubtedly lives up to the expectations set by the first two.
Can we just give Andy Serkis an Oscar already? From film to film, whether it be as Gollum in the Lord of the Rings, or as Caesar in these films, he always gives powerhouse performances. War for the Planet of the Apes is no exception. His performance as Caesar in this film might just be his best in the role yet. It certainly rivals the performance he gave in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes. Even though we never see his face, he manages to bring such a sense of depth and emotion to his character. We understand Caesar's pain and emotion even when he's not saying anything, and that's entirely due to Serkis's skill as an actor.
This film introduced several new characters into this trilogy in the form of Steve Zahn's Bad Ape and Amiah Miller's Nova. When those characters were introduced in the film, I found myself wondering what their purpose was in the narrative. I couldn't think of a reason for them to be there. Although, as the film went on, their characters started to make more and more sense, and by the end, I completely understood the need for them in a film like this. From a narrative and emotional perspective, the characters of Bad Ape and Nova were necessities for this story, and they end up being a key part of what made this movie great.
My only gripe with this movie is a minor one that comes with the character of Bad Ape. Bad Ape was a strange character, and often his strangeness leads to comedic moments. Moments which are necessary to serve as a bit of comedic relief, because this film has a very serious and dark tone, even more so than either of its predecessors. However, there was a moment or two where Bad Ape's humor felt out of place. It seemed to not fit with the tone of the scene it was in. Thankfully though, that only happened once or twice, so it's a very minor flaw.
There are three people that I would consider to be stars of this film that we actually never see on camera. Those three people are director Matt Reeves, cinematographer Michael Seresin, and composer Michael Giacchino. Matt Reeves, who also directed Dawn, proves in this film that his directing is a force to be reckoned with. He knows how to tell a good story, and he knows how to handle complex characters. Reeves is undoubtedly on his way to becoming one of the best working directors out there. His next project will be The Batman for Warner Bros, so this guy is definitely someone to watch. From the moment this film started, the incredible cinematography was apparent. There are many different shots in this film that I can imagine being framed on somebody's wall. However, the cinematography never became distracting. It was fantastic all the way through, but it never actually took you out of the movie. It added to the story being told, and that's when cinematography is at its best. Finally, the score composed by Michael Giacchino was brilliant. Similarly to the cinematography, it worked extremely well and added to the story, but it never became distracting. These films have a very simplistic score, but it works extremely well with the tone. While the direction, cinematography, and score are all great on their own, when you put them together you get something truly special.
I've said all of these amazing things about this film, but I haven't even gotten to arguably the most impressive thing, not just with this film, but with this Planet of the Apes trilogy as a whole, the visual effects. The visual effects by Weta Digital are absolutely breathtaking. I'm sure you've heard it time and time again, but the apes in these films look photorealistic. You believe these are actually apes walking around, riding horses, and talking with one another. I'm not sure if these visual effects ever top those of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, but they certainly match them, and that's a feat in and of itself. The visual effects of Dawn, and now of War for the Planet of the Apes, are some of the best visual effects ever to be put on the big screen. Even if you're not interested in the story of these films, the visual effects alone are reason enough to watch this whole trilogy.
As the credits started to roll at the end of War for the Planet of the Apes, I found that myself and most other people in the audience just sat there for what felt like a solid minute, speechless. I'll have to see this film several more times before I make a decision as to which is better, but this is the only other film that I've seen so far this year that I believe gives Logan a run for its money. War for the Planet of the Apes might very well be the best movie of the year so far. If it's not the best movie of the year so far, it's definitely a solid second. War for the Planet of the Apes is a brilliant conclusion to the new Planet of the Apes trilogy. These three films, Rise, Dawn, and now War for the Planet of the Apes, have become one of the best trilogies of the 21st century, and, in my opinion, it's one that's definitely in the discussion for all time. I absolutely loved War for the Planet of the Apes, and it's a film that you have to see in theaters. These films are an experience, and you'll want to see it on the big screen.
So what did you think of War for the Planet of the Apes? How does it compare to Rise and Dawn for you? Let me know by commenting on this post! Also, if you enjoyed this review, share it on Facebook and Twitter, it really helps! Don't forget, I post every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, so check back then for more movie reviews and other miscellaneous movie thoughts!
Kyle Kruse
See more of my reviews and articles on The Daily Nebraskan!
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Twitter: @kruze_reviews
10/10 Movies


Directed by Oliver Stone. With Shia LaBeouf, Michael Douglas, Carey Mulligan, Josh Brolin. Now out of prison but still disgraced by his peers, Gordon Gekko works his future son-in-law, an idealistic stock broker, when he sees an opportunity to take down a Wall Street enemy and rebuild his empire.


County Kerry (Irish: Contae Chiarraí) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. It is named after the Ciarraige who lived in part of the present county. Kerry County Council is the local authority for the county and Tralee serves as the county town. The population of the county was 145,502 in 2011, according to the 2011 census.
Kerry is the 5th largest of the 32 counties of Ireland by area and the 13th largest by population. Uniquely, it is bordered by only two other counties: County Limerick to the east and County Cork to the south-east. The county town is Tralee. The diocesan see is Killarney, which is one of Ireland's most famous tourist destinations. The Lakes of Killarney, an area of outstanding natural beauty are located in Killarney National Park. The tip of the Dingle Peninsula is the most westerly point of Ireland.
Kerry was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons to 1800. Following the Act of Union 1800 the county retained two seats.
This constituency was based in County Kerry.
In the Patriot Parliament of 1689 summoned by King James II, Kerry was represented with two members.


A delicious snack for any occasion.
1. Grind together the soy sauce oil, sherry, honey, orange juice, vinegar, ginger and garlic until smooth. Reserve 1/4 cup of the marinade for serving.
2. Transfer to a large bowl and add the chicken wings.
3. Mix well until evenly coated.
4. Cover the bowl and place it the fridge for 8 hours or overnight.
5. Remove the chicken wings and discard any leftover marinade.
6. Grill them on medium heat for 10 to 20 minutes or until cooked and golden brown, turning them once or twice.
7. Heat the reserved marinade in a pan for 2 minutes.
8. Transfer the chicken to a serving plate.
9. Sprinkle the sesame seeds on top.
10. Serve with the sauce.
Feel free to comment or share your thoughts on this Teriyaki Chicken Wings Recipe from Awesome Cuisine.


Desc: Republican party campaign film on behalf of Wendell Willkie. FDR is a sissy! Wake up!
We don't like Big Government. Let's spend more money on tanks!
Anyone who tells you that the United States has "changed" and is so much worse now than it was when they were kids, is a liar. The Republicans are the same as they've ever been, and the Democrats... well, at least they're *slightly* less enthusiastic about throwing enemy racial minorities into internment camps than they were under FDR. Now it tends to happen off-camera, and overseas. Progress is progress!
I do like how old-timey political ads actually go to the trouble of presenting clearly-stated arguments and counter-arguments, though. Sure, there's a lot of sophistry, and the issues are compressed for time / dumbed down for clarity, but even this tells me a good deal more about the actual positions held by the politicians, and the reasons they have for holding them (or, perhaps more accurately, the reasons they think will pass muster with the voting masses). It's a good deal better than what we get today: "for all we know, Congressmen X might have beaten a child to death on the steps of a church. Scary music! Black screen with meaningless numbers! Can you trust him with your children's lives?! - cut back to the latest episode of Glee -"
Yeah, just because we have better technology doesn't mean we are necessarily better people. I love how people say "we put a man on the moon, but we can't solve 'such-and-such-problem?'. My response: 'we' didn't put a man on the moon, some of the smartest people who ever lived put a man on the moon, and 'we' watched it on TV. But you did participate. Wanna know how? When you worked at your job and paid your taxes, it allowed people much smarter than you to do the things you couldn't because you're not smart enough. But I digress. When I get frustrated with people, I remind myself that, for all our technology, we're still essentially cavemen (er, and cavewomen).
It's changed for the worse because a lot more people vote Republican, which has been the party of robber barons for over 100 years. The reason more people actually buy into their crap now is their propaganda machine discovered that they'll put their own social and economic interests secondary to religion and hating minorities.
See how effective it's been in completely rewriting reality to its near polar opposite. Somehow, Republicans are seen as the ones who win wars, cut spending, and balance the budget.
Conservatives don't conserve, liberals don't liberate, and politicians hate the populace. This was old when it was new.
But he was ready to roolllllll!
What are all you standin there for?


I told y'all the story behind the pie, just made a page for it using Berry Patch by Kristin Cronin-Barrow.
The DD Daisy set that SU retired years ago is one of the sets that was on my first order. Daisies are my favorite flower. I have been needing to send of some cards to thank people for their willingness to help and the work they have done to make so many different things happen. I haven't been too good about getting the cards made to write the notes so I pulled out an old favorite and made some super quick cards.
Not 15 minutes goes by after the decision to make strawberry pies and she springs on me she wants to make an apple pie too. Sure, we can do that. We baked the frozen pie shell for the strawberry pie and she made a crust from scratch and we put in the frig to deal with after school. I'm so glad we did that.
Our son had a baseball game and was dressed and ready to go. I suggested he call his dad to remind him and check that he is on schedule to come home and go on to the field. He didn't have time and wanted me to take him. Sure, as long as you are home in time to get a pie out of the oven.
I wish I could have been home for the second round of today's joke.Before I took our son to school we put Jello on my husband's towel. It kind of made a powdery mess on the counter so we spritzed it with water and added more on both sides. A mistake. You shouldn't wet the towel because the Jello becomes vibrant and much more visible.
So, in my last post I mentioned there was a talent show at church. My oldest daughter chose to do a magic trick. I thought that was interesting choice because it isn't something she expresses a whole lot of interest in but she does like to put on a show.
I already mentioned that I was impressed that one of the girls came up with math. I thought she would choose something like piano but definitely a good choice for her.
Last, but not least, is my little sidekick. She is always in the kitchen with me when I'm making something. Usually she will help, sometimes she needs to watch due to what I'm doing or time. I asked her what she was going to make. Strawberry pie. Perfect! How easy can it be? She has helped make 2 of these pies in the last couple of weeks. A quick run to the store from some frozen pie crust, strawberries and Jello and we are good to go.
There is a template challenge over at sbelements. I liked the template and decided to give it a go. Stuck with the Sunday Afternoon kit because I have it on my laptop still. Based on the colors of the kit, I chose to use pictures from Easter last year.The girls had their talent show tonight at church. They chose well for what they like to do. I was kind of impressed when one of them came up with math. All of our kids are strong in math but I never would have thought of that and she does do it well.


Stocks opened the session higher, in what has been a busy Friday. This morning, Chevron agreed to buy Anadarko for $33B, making it one of the biggest M&A deals this year. Also, earnings season kicked off with JPMorgan, Wells Fargo, and PNC.
However, if you ever get a chance to hop into the Millionaire Roadmap chat room we're talking about a lot more PHUN stuff…I can assure you.
PHUN – Nasty fish hook but I like it today after some good news finally. Position as close to $5.30 is desirable, range is huge of course but I think middle $6's is the immediate goal. Under $5.10 and I'm concerned so that's the stop loss, under $5 and it flushes again most likely. This is a risky trade but that's where I live, risk is how I made $276,000 real money before dedicating 100% of my penny stock time to you for the remainder of 2019.
That said, I've got some announcements I'd like to share with you, like our new Milestones Program and Taylor Conway joining Jason Bond Picks.
Read on for all that, plus Taylor's watchlist that he sent to clients today.
A lot of traders are talking about earnings season right now… but forget about that… because it's milestones season.
What do I mean by milestones?
Basically, a milestone is an event that marks a specific change or stage in the development of your trading career. Think of milestones as a marker for your achievements.
Now, in trading… it's very clear when you achieve milestones… and that's by measuring your profits.
I've decided to add a milestones program for Jason Bond Picks and Millionaire Roadmap clients. You see, this adds extrinsic motivation, which would ultimately benefit your trading. If you don't already know, extrinsic motivation is getting rewarded when you achieve something. Consequently, this would push you to be more focused when you're trading… focusing on your A+ setups, managing your trades better, and staying the course.
In other words, we're teaching people to walk before they run… and teaching them the necessary steps to take to become a successful trader… and rewarding them for achievements.
For example, if you achieve specific milestones, you could get rewarded with an Apple iPad, Apple Macbook, Apple iMac, a private jet flight and dinner with me and the team… or you might be able to appear on national TV with me… or maybe, you might get a Porsche 911.
If you want to learn more about the Jason Bond Picks and Millionaire Roadmap Milestones program… check it out here.
I'm not kidding, and it starts when you make your first $1K in profits and verify it with us.
While my focus is on catalyst driven penny stocks, Nathan's approach is geared towards options trading. In fact, he's now reset his options account to help traders with small accounts.
There are so many clients with accounts in the $20K and $40K range – Nathan was in the same boat at one point in time. He knew how difficult it was to try to break out of this range… and he wants to show traders you can actually turn a small account into a large one.
His mantra for this account will be "trade small, trade often"… and he's already let Millionaire Roadmap clients what he means by that.
04/05/2019 9:31 AM EST Nathan Bear: SOLD 4 of 5 AMZN 100 (Weeklys) 5 APR 19 1830 CALL @7.05 — +100% overnight.
165% overnight or $6900 on AMZN ~ Casey M.
$2000 overnight on AMZN calls, thanks ~ Jim C.
Sold AMZN $3.45 entry, out at $6.65, nearly 100%, thank you Nate ~ Ryan S.
Sold AMZN in $3.80 out at $7.35, thank Nate ~ David G.
$1500 profit on the AMZN calls ~ Kirk P.
In AMZN $3.30 out at $6.60 for 100%, thanks Nate ~ Marc G.
Now, Nathan isn't the only one pitching in to help traders achieve these milestones… Taylor Conway is also joining in on the action. He got inspired by the new Milestones initiative… and is teaming up with Jason Bond Picks and Millionaire Roadmap to help aspiring traders win more.
For example, Jason Bond Picks clients will get his free video lessons, dynamic watch list, and text and email alerts.
As you can see, it's a team effort over here. We'll help you reach those milestones but you have to make the first step by getting started. Click here to do that.


Here's one we did a few years ago – sugar on the porch for dayzzzzz. Switching gears for the weekend – I'll be performing at in Huntington Beach Saturday night at The Comedy Spot at Don the Beachcomber Sat 8PM. If you live in Orange County come on out!!!
Contribute to Awesomeness or Dookiness?
A lifetime of competing, performing coupled with thousands of hours of teaching a huge variety of things to a huge variety of people make Kenny Kane a unique master coach.
Kenny Kane © 2019. All Rights Reserved.


Papa didn't much care for cutting down trees. He certainly was no "tree-hugging liberal", to quote him directly, but he was always in favor of saving trees.
Here is one right beside the driveway; it grew there voluntarily and he wanted to save it. Why? It's mere feet from asphalt, and will soon be only inches from the mock apple tree on its right.
Then, there's our Christmas tree from 1987. Yep, that once fit in our living room.
Here's an amazing Sycamore tree. Its mighty limb came crashing down on Madre's kitchen last year, remember? Couldn't it have been planted just a few feet further from the house? Maybe he could have had it topped, once or twice?
Last, but certainly not least, is the old oak tree that Papa built his shop around.
Case closed. Papa was no liberal, but I might call him a tree hugger.
Big Creek: One Little Improvement At A Time | Is That A Hair In My Biscuit?
Papa's Shop | Is That A Hair In My Biscuit?


I'm trying to 'inset' a path a fixed amount, so that if I were to then increase the stroke width, I would end up with exactly the same shape. I understand that in some cases this just isn't possible, but I'm having trouble making it work even in really simple cases.
When I use the inset tool on a simple triangle (right) this works perfectly and does what I'd expect until the shape itself gets smaller (the image is created by repeated duplicate & inset).
Perhaps I'm using the wrong tool for the job - but if so, is there another tool or extension that'd do what I want?
Note: This looks like a similar question to Outset small rectangle path in Inkscape without round distortion? but dealing with insets. Changing the inset/outset amount as suggested there hasn't really improved matters for me.
... I could use blend to get an image like in the examples, but this is just to demonstrate the issue. In reality I just want to take an object, convert it to a path, and then shrink that path so that when the path is (for instance) 1mm wide, the object has about the same outline as before.
I found that if you work at too small of a size, the threshold is too small so the inset starts to lose detail. However, if you make your part larger, you can use the tool more effectively and resize your work afterwards. This is just what worked for me when I had the same problem.
I've used both ways, inkscape is a really finicky program sometimes so I like to be able to do things more than one way, but either way works well. I usually work with my inset outset settings at 0.02" and that seems to work as well.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged inkscape path path-effects or ask your own question.


text:
Q: Number format, writting1000 instead of 1e+03 i wrote code to get relative frequency.number format had changed in output
OBD=read.csv("OBD.csv",header = TRUE,stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
RF1=OBD$Engine_speed
range(RF1)
breaks = seq(0, 2800, by=200)
breaks
RF1.cut = cut(RF1, breaks, right=FALSE)
RF1.freq = table(RF1.cut)
cbind(RF1.freq)

please find my output below. how to get this in a general number format?
                        RF1.freq
[0,200)                     3333
[200,400)                     61
[400,600)                   1810
[600,800)                  13628
[800,1e+03)                 2936
[1e+03,1.2e+03)             4446
[1.2e+03,1.4e+03)           7815
[1.4e+03,1.6e+03)           9991
[1.6e+03,1.8e+03)          12658
[1.8e+03,2e+03)             6762
[2e+03,2.2e+03)             9963
[2.2e+03,2.4e+03)           3805
[2.4e+03,2.6e+03)           5196
[2.6e+03,2.8e+03)            294

Thanks
KP

A: You could use :
format(df$col , scientific = F)

A: You can use options(scipen = 5)


TEAMZ Blockchain Summit is the largest blockchain conference in Japan and a leading crypto event in all of Asia. The summit draws 5000 participants, including 50+ project executives, 90+ speakers, 100+ investors, 100+ media, and many influencers from all over the world.
We not only bring the crypto ecosystem, but our mission is to unite them with traditional investors, banks, and funds. The attendees get the opportunity to meet project executives, learn from the industries top talent, and network with investors. Investors get the chance to learn about emerging projects and participate in their growth. Founders will showcase their projects, create brand awareness, meet with active investors, and build lasting business relationships to grow throughout Asia and around the world.


text:
Q: Modifying a subarray selected by two consecutive boolean arrays I would like to modify a subset of an array which is selected on by two consecutive boolean arrays. In my use case, I have an image im, and I'm pulling out a region of interest roi using some condition. With the pixels in the ROI, I'm doing some computations, and derive a sub-region target. I now want to apply some transformation to the pixels in target in the original image. In code:
x, y = np.meshgrid(np.arange(800), np.arange(600))
im = (x + y) / 6 # a test image to work with
# use some arbitrary conditions to illustrate this
roi = (im > 64) & (im < 128)
target = (im[roi] & 0xf) > 0x7

Now I want to do something like
im[roi][target] = 0

but this fails silently because im[roi] does not directly reference the original array's elements (unlike a normal slice).
What's a nice clean way to do what I want here?

A: You can obtain the combined mask like so:
roi[roi] = target
im[roi] etc.

This overwrites roi. If you need to keep it:
roit = np.zeros_like(roi)
roit[roi] = target
im[roit] etc.

Or use indices:
import operator
I, J = map(operator.itemgetter(target), np.where(roi))
im[I, J] etc.


Steve Pearce will begin the season on the injured list because of discomfort in his left calf.
MESA, Ariz. — Steve Pearce. who exited an exhibition game last weekend due to discomfort in his left calf, will start the season on the injured list for the Boston Red Sox.
Pearce, the 2018 World Series MVP and a right-handed batter, normally platoons with lefty-hitting Mitch Moreland at first base. But the Red Sox will begin defense of their championship Thursday in Seattle without Pearce.
Sam Travis will likely take Pearce's spot on the roster on Opening Day.
Pearce was acquired from Toronto in a trade last June and batted a combined .284 with 11 homers, 42 RBI and an .890 OPS in 76 games with the Blue Jays and Red Sox last season. He was 4 for 12 (.333) with three homers, eight RBI and a 1.167 OPS in the World Series against the Dodgers.
Porcello was able to laugh.
This was the first time Porcello has been hit in the head by a baseball. The ball has connected with other parts of his body, however.


The Silver Lining Project will show attendees to the Master Money and Win the Wealth Game conference at Johannesburg's Monte Casino, how to gain personal empowerment and financial freedom.
Ann Wilson: The Wealth Chef will talk about financial freedom strategy and tools to control your money and create real wealth.
Andrew Barsa: Wealth Psychology Expert will share his inner millionaire secrets to success.
Leon Lategan: Online Business Expert will speak about how to grow your business and strategies to optimize online conversions.
CobusVisser: Master Fire Walk Instructor will speak about personal power and the hero's journey.
Robin Pullen will speak about the Result Achievement System and MC the day's proceedings.
According to Silver Lining Project's Tamar Dakes, the Master Money and Win the Wealth Game conference will be markedly different to the wealth and happiness genre conferences that have become a regular part of the Johannesburg landscape since 2013.
"Over the last four years, events of various kinds have flooded the SouthAfrican market, where speakers have taken to stage to primarily sell," she says.


Join beer-loving women for the first ever Dea Latis event in Liverpool! The tasting will take place on Thursday 13th April from 7-9pm.
Tickets are £25 and include a tutored tasting by Annabel Smith, with six different beers and six delicious courses.
Every guest will receive a free goody bag to take home, free access to an online 'beer styles' course courtesy of CPL Training and the chance to win stemmed Dea Latis glassware.


text:
class Note < ActiveRecord::Base
  acts_as_hashids secret: "neat-notes", length: 6

  belongs_to :user
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A blood donation campaign organised by Hello Cabs will be held on October 16 at 9 am, at the Bimbarama Temple in Kadawatha.
H.L. Sunil Shantha, Kalutara Central Special Corr.
The annual walk of the Wadduwa Central College will start from the college premises on October 26 at 8.30 am.
An English activity camp organised by Y.R. Thakshila Samanthi and M.K.S.D. Wijesinghe, two teacher trainees of the Pasdunrata College of Education in Kalutara, will be held on October 30 from 8.30 am to 4.30 pm, at the Wadduwa Central College playground.


text:
Secrets of Peru
May. 26, 2022 Ker & Downey
Travelers come from all over the world to see Machu Picchu. But after her adventure travels to Peru, Ker & Downey's Director of Marketing learned there is so much more. She shares her secrets of Peru and her favorite "off the beaten path" experiences you can do beyond Machu Picchu.
By Sara Kramer
Secrets of Peru: Beyond Machu Picchu
The great Incan dynasty was the first of its kind in South America. It spanned up and down the west side of South America. And the most famous structure from the Incas is Machu Picchu.
Built in the 15th century, Machu Picchu was thought to be where they held religious ceremonies. But in just 160 years, the Spaniards would conquer the Incas and destroy their structures. It is said that Machu Picchu remained in such excellent condition because the Spaniards were led around it during their conquest of the Incas. It was uninhabited until the early 1900s, when the famous anthropologist Hiram Bingham led an expedition through the Jungles of Peru and re-discovered it.
Machu Picchu is beautiful and gives us insight into a civilization that is largely unknown. But the secrets of Peru are about so much more than Machu Picchu. Machu Picchu will bring you to Peru, but it is everything else that will bring you back.
Here are three off the beaten path experiences to incorporate in your adventure travels to Peru, beyond Machu Picchu:
Hike the Andes Mountains
The Andes Mountains are home to some of the highest peaks in the world. And Peru is a hiking mecca. It's true, there are multiple hikes in Peru worth considering. One of the most notable is the Inca Trail. But away from the crowds you can find some of the most beautiful landscapes in all of Peru. While I was in Peru, we hiked up to Palomani High Pass, which sits at 17,000 feet above sea level. Largely unknown, the hike takes you through the Andean highlands to the town of Chillca, where a community of alpaca herders resides. Alpacas dot the countryside as you journey through the highlands, making your way up to the pass. As you come up to the pass, you will be surrounded by many glaciers. At 17,000, this hike is one featuring both beauty and reward and is a true secret of Peru.
Food & Drink Discovery
So much about the Peruvian experience centers around their food and drink. You do not have to go far to learn that Peru is the land of the super (good) food: quinoa, avocado, mango, banana, and potato. It is the original farm-to-table destination. Do not miss the experience at El Albergue in Ollantaytambo. Here you can experience a Pachamanca lunch, a traditional Incan meal cooked on hot rocks. You will also have the opportunity to visit their coffee bean roastery and distillery on-site. It's the ultimate food and drink experience.
And let us not forget about their coffee, a true secret of Peru. New age coffee shops can find throughout the entire country but especially in Lima, the Sacred Valley, and Cusco. Do not miss Ciclos Cafe in the Barranco district of Lima. This small coffee shop is doing incredible things with both coffee and chocolate. And have I mentioned their pisco? Yes, pisco is used to make Peru's famous pisco sour. We recommend adding a cocktail-making class to your adventure travel to Peru itinerary. You will learn how to make the perfect pisco sour that you can enjoy long after you have returned home.
The thing that surprised me the most was our interaction with local communities. Many operators will suggest community visits that are more for show. And while it teaches you a little about the culture, it is often done just for tourists. But in Peru, the opportunity to visit these authentic communities is important. From the Mismany community at Moray to the alpaca farming communities around Chillca, to the Aymara community around Lake Titicaca, Peru has some of the best-kept communities because they are still living the exact same way they have been for years, with a few modern conveniences. Instead of going down into Moray in the Sacred Valley, take a 20-minute hike up to the Mismany community for a view from above. You will get a glimpse into their daily life and get away from the buses and crowds.
Ready to unlock the secrets of Peru?
Contact Ker & Downey to customize adventure travels to Peru. Read more about the seasonality and pricing in South America at the Ker & Downey Difference. For even more travel inspiration, follow us on Instagram.
Luxury Adventure Travel
Luxury Peru Travel
peru luxury travel
Three Guianas Tour
Trails Through the Sacred Valley
Classic Peru and Ecuador
Peruvian Splendors
Inca Explorer


text:
Aristides Royo
President of Panama
October 11, 1978 – July 31, 1982
Ricardo de la Espriella (1978–1982)
Demetrio B. Lakas
Ricardo de la Espriella
Aristides Royo Sánchez
La Chorrera, Panama
Democratic Revolutionary Party
Aristides Royo Sánchez (born August 14, 1940 in La Chorrera, Panamá Province) was President of Panama from October 11, 1978[1] to July 31, 1982, when he was pressured to resign by the military.
He studied law at the University of Salamanca in Spain, returning to Panama in 1965. During the military dictatorship, he served as Education Minister from 1973 to 1974 and helped negotiate the Torrijos–Carter Treaties in 1977.
Following his presidency, he was appointed Ambassador to Spain (1994–1996) and France (1998–1999).
Presidents and heads of state of Panama from 1968 to 1989 were mainly appointed by either General Omar Torrijos or General Manuel Noriega, who were the two powerful strongmen during that period. President Jimmy Carter negotiated the Panama Canal treaties with General Torrijos in 1978, which were opposed by then presidential candidate Ronald Reagan. Eleven years later, President George H. W. Bush launched the Invasion of Panama to remove General Manuel Noriega from power.
^ "Look back at the Britannica Calendar of Events to find out what happened in the year 1978:". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
Demetrio Lakas President of Panama
Presidents and heads of state of Panama
Manuel Amador Guerrero
José Domingo de Obaldía
Federico Boyd
Pablo Arosemena
Belisario Porras
Ramón Valdés
Ciro Urriola
Pedro Díaz
Ernesto Lefevre
Rodolfo Chiari
Florencio Arosemena
Harmodio Arias
Ricardo Alfaro
Juan Arosemena
Ezequiel Fernández
Augusto Boyd
Arnulfo Arias
Ricardo de la Guardia
Enrique Jiménez
Domingo Díaz Arosemena
Daniel Chanis
Roberto Chiari
Alcibíades Arosemena
José Remón
José Ramón Guizado
Ricardo Arias
Ernesto de la Guardia
Marco Aurelio Robles
José María Pinilla
Demetrio Lakas
Jorge Illueca
Nicolás Barletta
Eric Delvalle
Manuel Solís Palma
Guillermo Endara
Ernesto Pérez Balladares
Mireya Moscoso
Martín Torrijos
Laurentino Cortizo
Commanders of the Panamanian Defense Forces (1968–1989)
Omar Torrijos
Florencio Flores Aguilar
Rubén Darío Paredes
Manuel Noriega
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People from La Chorrera District
Presidents of Panama
Ambassadors of Panama to Spain
Ambassadors of Panama to France
University of Salamanca alumni
Panamanian politician stubs
This page was last edited on 20 April 2019, at 20:48 (UTC).