Many people are under the false impression that it is difficult and complicated to eat a healthy diet. If you learn the basics and know what you are dealing with, you can easily change your eating habits to healthy choices. The following article has some great nutrition tips.
Add some massed baked sweet potatoes, blueberries or cooked quinoa to your pancakes to make them healthier. You can opt for almond flour rather than white flour to increase its protein and fiber content.
Grapefruit is good for people who want to lose weight. Instead of consuming it in juice form, you should consume the whole fruit. You will benefit from the fiber content which is often loss in juice form.
View this Bowflex MAX M8 review at my FitAdvisor website to find out why it is an excellent cardio machine for folks who are serious about improving their cardio fitness without spending hours in the gym running on a treadmill. As this home gym comes with a 6 weeks buy back guarantee, you can test it out with a peace of mind.
Like most things that are valuable, healthy eating is mostly about knowing what you are doing. Once you understand the principles of healthy eating, you will find it quite easy to manage. Use the tips written in this guide and you will surely be eating better.
Exercise can play a major role in helping you to lose weight. However, if you lack the motivation to stick to your exercise routine, you're likely to falter and eventually stop working out completely. Exercise can be interesting, fun, and something that you are drawn to. You need only look in the right places. The following article is loaded with creative ideas to get you started and keep you going.
Dehydration can pose a threat to your overall health. Therefore, it is important for you to stay hydrated throughout the day by enough water to replenish the loss of water from your body every day. As a guide, you need about 8 glasses of water a day.
Look at this write-up on LateralX Trainer by Fit Advisor to find out how you can burn 39% more calories compared to traditional ellipticals if you decide to use this indoor home for your fitness needs.
Doing more of a certain exercise may not be good for your body as in the case of cardio. Instead of relying on steady state and long cardio routines, you should opt for high intensity interval training routines to get the same results in less time from your cardio efforts.
Working out can be a ton of fun. By implementing some of the advice found in these tips, you can start to make exercising an enjoyable activity.
Professionals who focus in massaging would be implementing some ways to properly cater clients. You should put it in your head that a client likely needs satisfaction from services to fully relax or enjoy therapeutic benefits. For those aspiring specialists who got in trouble here, you should not worry because there are varying approaches worth doing for your development. One may never get hired anymore if ever you merely upset your customers. Having training or experience is definitely worth it.
Remember that excellence is never just acquired in a single day since there are many practices involved too. Stay patient in trying to improve too. You better understand how excellence is observed through Asian Massage in Portland Oregon. Those who got experience from therapists still have a chance in getting wrong anyway but that does not make you a failure. You can always rise and change your applications especially when you are done learning.
Try to inquire from customers if they have been alright. It becomes possible that pain could be experienced through the body. You never ignore this since they could get hurt further that you cause an injury already. How they feel is a big consideration then especially when you better inspect if they have been okay with the pressure involved. Some offer soft massages but there are others who do it hard.
Never forget to stay friends with clients. You cannot let them experience discomfort forever since some individuals become shy to take off their clothes during massage. Another aspect that affects comfort could be the silence since some like it with music perhaps. You prove to them that you are very trustworthy so they cannot merely think you would steal their things. A tip is by making small talks or smiling frequently.
It helps in asking regarding their history and medical background. That way, you can tell which services must be given and prohibited for such person since you are not meant to harm their health. Be wary of their possible conditions until you adjust. To uncover about their health stays significant.Maybe they must consult with medical experts first. Avoid giving the service if someone is not qualified for the procedure.
Never forget to study other methods continuously. There can be nice factors involved anytime because new discoveries may be involved. Stay updated about the other applications then as you must continue to enhance. You need to really back out among old applications because nicer options possibly are present.
You need to do your part in preventing tiredness and stress during your working schedule. The practice itself can make you tired since you got to involve hand pressure or stay within various positions for hours. Methods for stress relief are worth having then. You may work out those hands or do a good activity to relax. Be mindful of your limitations then.
Also a beneficial idea involves acquiring expert help. Enhancements become acquired after you receive guide. Such experts can help you with certain tips until you got a chance to become successful like them.
Evaluate how satisfied your clients were. Let them be honest about it since you have to take it as a lesson whenever they hated that too. Conduct improvements then to perform better soon and you maintain the service if they really loved it.
Weight loss is something that is deeply personal, and people sometimes avoid asking for help because of feeling embarrassed or ashamed. However, this article is packed with effective tools to aid you in your goal of weight loss.
Stay accountable to your weight loss goals. Finding a support network that you can be a part of is important. However, it is not as powerful as help from someone who has done it before to advise you on what to do when the going gets tough.
There are many benefits of drinking water for weight loss. Therefore, it is important for you to get at least 8 glasses of it daily since your body is made up of 70% water which has to be replenished regularly.
Many people begin their weight loss journey without setting goals. As a result, they don't get anywhere. Many of them set goals and do not achieve them because their goals are not realistic. Therefore, it is wise for you to set goals that are realistic and achievable to you.
You must be responsible for your own weight loss. Work on your weight loss plans methodically and with dedication. You are sure to accomplish your goals. Never give up and stay consistent with your daily activities.
There are many people who want to lose weight every year but do not know what to do. Therefore, we have written this article to provide you with some great ideas to get started on your weight loss journey.
Cardio exercises are designed specifically to burn calories. Therefore, it is important for you to incorporate them as part of your exercise regime. Some great ones to consider would be running, cycling and swimming.
When you are hungry, it can be hard to hold off your hunger to look for healthy foods. Therefore, it is important for you to bring along healthy snacks like nuts, fruits and veggies to your workplace when you must work overtime.
Discover the ingredients in PhenQ to find out why it is an excellent product that you may add to your diet regime to boost your efforts to burn body fat in less time. As this product is derived from natural ingredients, it is suitable for anyone to use.
It is not necessary for you to compromise on taste when you are preparing healthy foods. You can make use of natural sweeteners like honey and condiments to add some enhance the taste of your meals.
The great tips found in this article has helped countless folks to make progress on their weight loss journey. Therefore, it is important for you to use them wherever applicable.
Ever dreamt about having healthier life? Then you cannot ignore the importance of fitness. Here are some great fitness tips that you can use to make fitness a part of your life today.
If you don't have time to visit the gym, you can stick to walking. Walking is a wonderful activity that you can do to improve your health tremendously over a period of time. Be sure to swing your hands while walking and use a pedometer to track your steps. Aim to walk 10,000 steps a day.
Find someone who shares similar fitness goals as you to workout with. He or she will be able to hold you accountable to your goals and you will be less likely to miss your workouts since you know your friend is depending on you to reach his or her goals too.
Study this review on max trainer m3 to find out why it is a fitness enthusiast's best companion for home workouts due to its ability to provide a highly effective workout in just 14 minutes. Therefore, it can be easily fitted into any busy work schedule.
Regardless of what fitness level you are at, you will benefit from the great fitness tips found in this article if you are willing to apply them.
Weight loss may appear to be intimating at first. However, with the right strategies found in this article, you should have an easier time working towards your desired body weight.
You will be surprised by how much excess calories you are adding to your daily caloric count with the number of cups of coffee that you are drinking at your workplace. If you are serious about losing weight, it is advisable for you to stick to water for hydrating purposes when you are thirsty. It has zero calories and speeds up your metabolism to shed more calories.
View this short clip on PhenQ to find out why it is a great addition to your daily routine if you are looking for an added boost to their fat burning ability. As this product is made from natural ingredients, you can use it to burn fat in a safe manner.
Instead of sitting in front of the TV after dinner, go out for a walk. Studies have shown that folks who watched one less hour of TV started to lose more weight than their counterparts who are rooted to the sofa.
If you apply these easy strategies in your daily routine, you will be able to lose weight and reach your goals sooner than you think. Therefore, you should never give up on your weight loss goals.
Have fitness gains been eluding you recently despite trying hard in the gym? Well, you can employ these 3 practical suggestions to make your fitness routine more effective today.
If you have been working out in the gym regularly and not making much progress, you may not be working hard enough. You can overcome this problem by putting on a heart rate monitor and observe the results after your workout. Ideally, you should be working out at 80% of your maximum heart rate throughout the routine to receive the full benefits.
Never skip the post-workout meal. Many people especially ladies, skip their post workout meal for fear of undoing their efforts. Your body needs the nutrients to repair and grow. Therefore, you should feed your body with a good protein shake or even chocolate meal to replenish its nutrients after a workout.
You can leverage on intervals to increase your cardio gains. View this article, http://FitAdvisor.blogspot.com/2016/08/Bowflex-MAX-Trainer-M3.html to uncover a compact home gym that you may employ to achieve this benefit without going to the gym or outside for long runs.
Instead of depriving yourself of the numerous benefits provided by fitness, start using what you have learnt from this article to make fitness work for you today. These tips are not only practical but easy to employ in your daily routine.


text:
Same ol' digital goods
Team-branded digital items lack diversity
World Champion Skins are one of League of Legends few esport skin lines. (Image: Riot Games)
The sale of digital products, like skins, is the core of any free-to-play (FTP). It's a way to keep the game fresh by consistently giving players new content to purchase, in addition to being a developer's main source of income. Riot Games' League of Legends (LoL), one of the most popular FTP games, reportedly made $2.1 billion dollars in 2017, with the majority of that coming from in-game sales.
Digital sales also play an essential part in generating revenue for the esports scene of a game. Team-branded digital content is perfect for fans who want to support their favorite organization. League of Legends is no different, as it releases a couple of esports skins, chromas, icons and emotes every year. Yet, even in an era of franchised leagues, there's a huge lack of diversity in the digital esports products Riot offers.
Back in September 2016, almost two years ago, Riot Games published an article that detailed their plans for the future of LoL Esports. Revamping how revenue is generated and shared through in-game sales was one of their focal points. Thus, Riot added the possibility for fans to contribute to the prize pools of their main international tournaments, the Mid-Season Invitational (MSI) and the World Championship (Worlds). Furthermore, all past and present World Champions, along with their teams and domestic leagues, would receive a 25% cut from the sales of their personalized commemorative skins for their first year of release. These two changes paved the way for bigger prize pools and more income for top-tier teams.
Moreover, in this article, they stated that they "started with summoner icons, and have been working with teams to explore new items" and that the following year (2017), they would "be introducing new revenue sharing opportunities, such as team-branded in-game items and esports promotions". It's now 2018 and while Riot has kept their promise of introducing new digital products to the game, they've done so by only adding a small number of esports emotes, with limited availability, that are restricted to showing off a team's logo.
Teams' only opportunity to generate revenue through in-game items comes from icons, unless they win the Spring Split and go to MSI or participate in Worlds, in which case, they get emotes. If they win Worlds, they also get personalized commemorative skins, but that's a big if. This seems quite unfair for a lot of teams, especially for those who partake in franchised leagues like the NA LCS. Even if a fraction of all sales of team-branded digital products is distributed equally among league partners, the NA LCS should definitely look to create more chances for its associates to earn money via digital purchases.
Only MSI or Worlds participants get team-branded emotes. Other orgs are limited to having icons. (Image: Riot Games)
Additionally, it's quite radical that a team has to win Worlds in order to get anything more than an icon or an emote in-game. Hell, MSI champions don't even get a flimsy chroma to commemorate their victory. There isn't a single in-game item that will pay homage to historic MSI triumphs like RNG's at this year's tournament.
RNG made history at this year's MSI, but no in-game item will commemorate their triumph. (Image: LoL Esports flickr Album)
The problem with League of Legends' in-game esports products is the clear lack of diversity they offer. Of course, we get a batch of team icons every season, but they're mostly bland and plain. Emotes and esports skins only come around twice a year for the big international competitions, and unless your favorite team is korean, you can forget about those TSM championship skins you oh so desperately want.
Other esports offer a wide variety of team-branded in-game items; Call of Duty, Halo, Gears of War, CS:GO, H1Z1, and Overwatch, to name a few. All of these games have dozens of esports skins you can use to support your favorite team in-game. To put things into perspective, Overwatch has over 600 esports skins (even if the are considered chromas by LoL standards) that represent all of their Overwatch League teams, while LoL has less than 50 esports skins.
Futhermore, it's not like Riot makes this content for free or that it doesn't sell well. In all cases, they keep a majority percentage of sales depending on the type of digital product and these items produce ridiculous amounts of money. This year's MSI skin, Conqueror Varus, made approximately $4 million dollars, with a quarter of that going to the event's prize pool. Championship Ashe, last year's Worlds skin, closed in on $10 million dollars generated through sales. (These estimates were made using the amount of money contributed to each event's prize pool)
In 2016, Riot hoped that the changes they were making to prize pools and the revenue sharing of digital sales would "contribute millions of dollars in additional revenue to teams and pros each year." This is obviously true for teams that can win Worlds or MSI, but it's almost impossible to believe that anyone is making six figures off of icon and emote sales.
Realistically, not every team can become a World Champion. As a consequence, not every team will get to have personalized skins. These are reserved for the best of the best in the whole world, and they should stay that way. However, how come MSI champions, who deserve similar recognition, get absolutely nothing to represent their victory in-game? Why is it that with the NA LCS in its second split of franchising, and Europe soon to follow, there isn't anything other than icons, and sometimes emotes, to support our favorite teams? It seems illogical that with such a huge financial investment in LoL Esports, they're have been only minor efforts to create more digital content for fans and, therefore, so few opportunities for teams to generate revenue via in-game sales.
Author silverkrackggPosted on June 21, 2018 September 29, 2018 Categories English, League of Legends EsportsTags Esports, Franchising, In-game content, League of Legends, LoL Esports, NA LCS, Team-branded digital products
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CityLibrary News Welcome to CityLibrary News. Keep up to date with all the latest about new resources and services from the library.
CityLibrary News
CityLibResearchers
ACT on ACCEPTANCE: make the REF 2021
Author By David McTaggart
Publication date March 29, 2018
Categories: City Research Online, Research
Tags: CRO, Open Access, Research
No Comments on ACT on ACCEPTANCE: make the REF 2021
What is Act on Acceptance?
From 1st April 2018, changes to UKRI's open access policy (formerly HEFCE) require researchers to submit their work to City Research Online within 3 months of acceptance to be eligible for the next REF.
As soon as you know your research will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, or conference proceedings, Act on Acceptance and make your research open access.
Upload your publications to your Publications profile as soon as possible after they have been accepted for publication.
Make sure it's the accepted manuscript and not the published version: the accepted version is peer-reviewed but not typeset for publication.
The Publications Team will check your deposits to make sure they are compliant with the HEFCE policy, and the publishers' terms and conditions regarding copyright and embargo periods. Once these checks are complete, they will make them available in the City Research Online repository.
What if you need help?
If you need help with depositing papers, or have questions about the open access policy, you can consult the City Research Online and Publications library guides.
Alternatively, you can contact the Publications Team who will:
Answer enquiries by telephone and email.
Meet with you in one to one appointments.
Help you understand the HEFCE open access policy.
Help you upload your papers to your publications profile.
New resources available on WestlawFrom the archives: Decline and Fall
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Hallsands
Strete Gate
Slapton Sands
Torcross Village
Beesands
Hallsands was a small coastal village with a thriving community, living under the cliffs on a high ledge above the sea protected by a wide shingle beach. It grew as a fishing village during the 18th and 19th century, reaching a population of 159 by 1891.
There were 37 houses in Hallsands, mainly owned by their occupants, as well as a pub, The London Inn, with stables, a post office, greengrocers, bakery, piggery and Mission Room.
It was a very hard life for the small community, which could not be sustained by fishing alone. In the winter and times of bad weather, some fishermen farmed the plots on the steep slopes at the top of the cliff.
Most village men had other trades, tailor, carpenter and blacksmith, to bring in extra income. In many ways the village was self contained.
Fishing was the main activity of Hallsands, like other villages facing Start Bay. Everyone helped when the shoals came into the bay.
A lookout watched for the tell tale oily film on the surface of the water indicating mackerel or pilchards. He would call 'Aye boat' and wave his bowler hat, worn just for this purpose.
All villagers, including women and children, would come out of the houses and run down onto the beach to help pull the big seine nets in, with the large catches of fish.
The best of the catch was sent off to Kingsbridge for dispatch to London. They also laid crab pots, making them out of withies (willow wands) which grew nearby.
The records of The London Inn pub go back to 1784. It served its own brew of White Ale and was popular with many of the fisherman from local villages, as well as the lighthouse keepers from Start Point. Tourists from Torbay and Dartmouth would be entertained when the pleasure steamers made regular stop-offs
Dredging and damage
In 1894 the Royal Navy made plans to extend Devonport Dockyard at Keyham, which needed around 400,000 cubic metres of shingle. Extracting it from Start Bay was decided to be 'a sound business proposition' and a planning application was made without villagers being aware.
The contract was awarded to Sir John Jackson and dredging began in April 1897, at an average of 1600 tonnes per day. The dredging area covered a 1100m stretch from just north of the village to Tinsey Head, the promontory between North Hallsands and Beesands.
By the end of April, beginning of May, the removal of shingle had altered the shape and angle of the beach, so much that the low water mark moved until it was actually further inland than the old high water mark. Holes left behind were not being filled in and villagers asked their local MP for help.
Over the next few years, there were more pleas for help, enquiries and damage. In November 1900 the villagers petitioned their MP about damage to the houses. At spring high tide the sea now came within 3ft of the village rather than the 70-80ft it had been before dredging started. Cracks started to appear in houses at the south end of the village and the sea wall was undermined.
Following another Board of Trade Inspection Jackson was ordered to provide new concrete footings to the sea wall and a concrete slipway for the boats, to compensate for the lack of beach.
There followed more damage to the sea walls which were built to protect the houses, and the houses themselves. After much campaigning and protesting by the villagers and their supporters, on 8th January 1902, the licence to dredge was revoked.
After nearly 5 years of dredging, around 650,000 tonnes of shingle were removed from the beach.
In the years that followed, some houses suffered further damage, including the London Inn, which lost the kitchen, a bedroom and the cellars.
A new stronger sea wall was put in place in 1906 to protect the remaining 25 cottages and their 93 inhabitants. The four families who were washed out of their homes were rehoused in new cottages on the cliff top next to the chapel, known as the Mildmay Cottages, which were built with money raised in the Western Morning News appeal fund.
Although the population fell to 79, villagers grew more confident in their strong new sea wall and enjoyed several years of peace.
The final storm
That was until the 26th January 1917. The fishermen, expecting worsening gales, storms and a high tide, hauled the boats high up in to the village street and battened them down. The children were evacuated to the Mildmay Cottages.
At 8pm spring tides brought huge waves which crashed into the houses at roof height and destroyed the buildings behind the sea walls from above. The houses built on the empty chasms in the ledge collapsed and those on the rocks were battered by wind, waves and stones. The villagers feared for their lives.
By midnight, four houses were totally demolished and none survived intact. Amazingly, all 79 villagers survived and scrambled to safety during a lull in the storm at low tide. Dawn on 27th January revealed a devastating picture, the sea was strewn with timber and broken furniture.
The sea walls had held, otherwise many more houses, and possibly lives, would have been lost. It was likely that the next high tide would destroy all that remained so with the wind still raging, villagers worked to salvage what they could.
On 28th January 1917, with the next high tide, the walls broke and the village was destroyed. Only one house remained in any way habitable, the highest in the village, that of the Prettyjohn family
The Kingsbridge Gazette that day led with the headline 'The beach went to Devonport and the cottages went to the sea'.
Various offers of compensation were made and some new houses were built. The story continued to be uncovered as recently as 2002 when a local journalist uncovered reports at Kew record office from the enquiry.
Discover the story for yourself
The story of Hallsands is told in detail at the viewing platform over the ruined village. Find out all about the village and living and working there, including the incredible story of the Trout sisters.
The tale of the demise of the village, the damage, the attempts at defending it against the sea, its destruction and eventual dereliction is shown in pictures, photos and words of people there at the time.
Parts of some of the houses still remain and can be seen from the viewing platform, although access down to the village is no longer permitted due to the unstable cliffs and continued erosion of the coastline.
You can download information found on the viewing platform on the right of this page.
Show AONB boundary
Sorry, details are unavailable at this time
© Natural England copyright. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2012.
This boundary data for the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty has been provided by Natural England and used by the South Devon AONB Unit under the Open Government Licence.
Hallsands viewing platform: information panels
A changing coastline 726 KB pdf.
Living on the coast 723 KB pdf.
The Trout Sisters 596 KB pdf.
Living here 2 MB pdf.
The demise of Hallsands 1 MB pdf.
Beesands and Hallsands walk
Email: enquirie[email protected]


The things on a person's desk can say a lot about them. What's On Your Desk is The Network's Q&A series that interviews Cisco's innovators and explores their favorite work objects.
Dustin Li from Cisco's Tactical Operations team teaches us what goes into the group's different kits.
What's on your desk, Derek Idemoto?
What's on your desk, Todd Nightingale?
The SVP and General Manager of Cisco Meraki tells us the importance of embracing simplicity and why intuitive networking is the future. See what this leader keeps on his desk.
What's on your desk, Tim Tuttle?
The CTO of Cognitive Collaboration at Cisco tells us what goes on in his mind and on his desk.
What's on your desk, Anoop Nannra?
Head of the blockchain initiative at Cisco shows us his cryptocurrency wallet and why his son thinks he's the vice president of fun.
What's on your desk, Kate O'Keeffe?
Kate O'Keeffe directs one of Cisco's most forward-thinking teams that brings together partners and customers to reimagine the future. See what this leader keeps on her home desk.
What's on your desk, Prashanth Shenoy?
Prashanth Shenoy, the VP of Enterprise Networks, IoT Networking, and DevNet Marketing at Cisco, shares how he keeps innovative and creative in his workspace.
What's on your desk, Andy Payne?
The Senior Director of Emerge tells us his favorite coffee cup and why he keeps a skateboard at his desk.


Scarves and boots are making an appearance from the depths of your closet, and you may find yourself on a quest for the best latte in town. Warm your hands up at these coffee havens and grab yourself a sweet treat at one of Vancouver's many bakeries.
Picture this: Cozy up by the fireplace at Latte Da Coffeehouse and Wine Bar in a comfy leather chair and java in hand. The craftsman house-turned-café will have you feeling right at home with natural light streaming through the windows. Or, as the name suggests, a glass of red wine may be in your future.
Order a fresh made-from-scratch-daily pastry from the Express Window, or stop in the café for a variety of breads, cookies, and treats.
The atmosphere at Compass Coffee is warm and urban, with a long wooden community table and Edison bulbs hanging from the ceiling. With a commitment to ethically and sustainably-sourced beans, your drink of choice will be full of flavor and made with love.
With a 'treat' for every occasion, Treat's imaginative and playful desserts will have you coming back for more.
Come to Brewed Café & Pub for cool downtown vibes and in-house roasting of micro-lot coffee from around the world. Sit up in the balcony alcove with a good book or catch up with a friend!
Be lured by the smell of fresh baked cupcakes. Fun flavors fill the tiered displays, along with specialty cookies and pies.


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Mail Carrier Allegedly Trashed Voter Guides for Atlantic City, South Pass City
Tom Morton Published: October 5, 2020
Anthony Pollreisz, K2 Radio
A subcontractor mail carrier allegedly trashed bundles of League of Women voter guides addressed to households in Atlantic City and South Pass City, according to federal court records.
Zechariah Morgan is charged with misdemeanor counts of destruction of mail and desertion of mails, according to the criminal information document filed in U.S. District Court on Monday.
If convicted, Morgan faces up to a year imprisonment and a $100,000 fine and up to a year of supervised release after custody for each count. He could be placed on probation for up to five years as an alternative to prison.
Morgan did not have a listed phone number and could not be reached for comment. The docket for the case did not show that he had an attorney.
He is scheduled to make his initial appearance to hear the charges at the federal court office in Lander on Oct. 28, according to the court docket.
The case started on Thursday when a U.S. Postal Service contractor in Lander reported a customer in South Pass City said she saw her mail carrier discarding mail in a trash can on Sept. 18, according to an affidavit by a postal inspector.
The contractor had hired Morgan in May as the mail carrier for the route that included South Pass City and Atlantic City, according to the affidavit.
The customer told the contractor that she saw something pornographic, as well as voter guides and other mail in the trash. The postal inspector learned that Morgan's route had received 449 Every Door Direct Mail voter guides from the League of Women Voters.
These were not absentee, or mail-in, ballots.
The contractor talked to Morgan, who said he didn't deliver the voter guides because the mail boxes were always full.
On Friday, the postal inspector interviewed Morgan, who said he had thrown away bundles of voter guides and flyers from Spectrum, according to the affidavit. "Morgan stated he had thrown away pornographic material in the past, as he was not comfortable delivering it."
Morgan also told the postal inspector that he had thrown away mail in the past probably six to 10 times. The only first-class mail he said he had thrown away was pornographic mail, according to the affidavit.
The EDDM mailing was a project of the Fremont County chapter of the League of Women Voters, said Susan Simpson, president of the Wyoming League of Women Voters.
The nonpartisan, educational guide covers races at the federal, state, Fremont County, city and town levels, and is based on surveys answered by candidates, Simpson said.
She didn't know whether the LWV would take any action in the Morgan case, "except to declare that interfering with nonpartisan attempts to educate voters about candidates for office, using the candidates' own words, undermine the election process and thus our democracy."
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However, many analysts believe that is a key problem with the deal – it intentionally ignored Iran's "bad behaviour" – its record of supporting global terrorism and its human rights abuses.
Iran came to the negotiating table after crippling international sanctions were hurting its economy. The US and the other five world powers should have had the upper hand to demand that Iran not only back away from developing nuclear weapons but that it change its behaviour – stop its support for terrorism and improve its human rights record. But instead these issues were excluded from the deal, and the US lost its upper hand as it became clear that President Obama was desperate for a deal before his presidency expired.As Congress will likely be unable to overturn the agreement, attention will now turn to the US presidential candidates and their views on the deal. Republican frontrunners have condemned the deal, with Marco Rubio stating on Twitter, "I will give Iran a choice: change your behaviour, or face the collapse of your economy due to US pressure." Democrat frontrunner Hillary Clinton has cautiously welcomed the deal.
Some analysts who support the deal have claimed that it will bring in Iran from the cold, and help support moderates in Iran. However, such analysis appears to be wishful thinking. The deal will likely empower a tyrannical Ayatollah regime seeking to export an "Islamist revolution". Despite western praise for President Rouhani, human rights abuses in Iran have actually become worse since his 2013 election, according to the UN.
Moreover, as Ms Rice admits, we can expect that once Iran receives its around $100 billion in sanctions relief it will further its ambitions of regional hegemony by supporting its allies – the Assad regime in Syria, Houthi rebels in Yemen, and terrorist groups Hezbollah, Hamas and Islamic Jihad. For those who believe that Iran can be an ally to the West in the war against IS it is worth recalling Iran's support for terrorism and its efforts to destabilise the Middle East.
Another key criticism of the Iran deal is its weak inspection regime. Iran does not need nuclear power – it is an oil and gas rich country. Iran has a history of building secret nuclear facilities and hiding information from international inspectors. Therefore, for any deal to be effective it would require "anytime, anywhere" inspections. But that is not in the deal. Instead the deal has created a dispute resolution mechanism that could enable Iran with enough time to hide any suspected breaches. And if there is a breach of the agreement the promise of "snap back" sanctions appears unlikely.
Given that Iran's neighbours including Israel and many in the Sunni Arab world will not be convinced that Iran will be stopped from obtaining nuclear weapons, this deal could lead to a nuclear arms race in a region that is already in the midst of violent sectarian conflict. Some analysts are comparing the Iran deal with the failed attempt to stop North Korea from obtaining nuclear weapons. A much more successful diplomatic agreement was the deal with Libya in 2003 when Muammar Gaddafi agreed to completely eliminate its weapons of mass destruction.
The six global powers were right to seek a diplomatic agreement to Iran's nuclear program, but they should have demanded a diplomatic agreement that works. Ultimately the perception of the deal is that it has legitimised Iran as a nuclear threshold state, and this is enough to significantly set back the course of international nuclear non-proliferation.
Sharyn Mittelman is a senior policy analyst at the Australia/Israel and Jewish Affairs Council.
Three decades of terror, racism and genocide come to an end in Sudan. But what comes next?
Australia and the IRGC: is a ban necessary?
Who does Iran think it is fooling?


text:
Sign the petition: save our Freedom of Information
A secret UK government unit is accused of 'blacklisting' journalists and hiding 'sensitive' information. We need a huge public outcry. Will you add your name?
Surveillance, the British and US debates compared
In Britain, allegedly, no one cares that the state is collecting vast data on all of us. In the US things are clearly very different.
Anthony Barnett
Oliver Huitson. All rights reserved.
The British government's new Investigatory Powers Bill, colloquially known as the Snoopers Charter, gets its first reading in the Commons on November 4th. The spooks are engaging in a massive attempt to soften up opinion, as Henry Porter shows in the Observer. This is a critical moment for liberty in the UK and because of its central location in the US dominated surveillance system, perhaps globally too.
One thing that strikes me after returning from a month in the United States is how backward and stupefyingly complacent public awareness is in this country compared to America. It would be hard to find a better example than a recent Financial Times column by Janan Ganesh. Aghast that the expected patriotic thrill of going to see the latest James Bond film has been punctured, by a storyline of Spectre capturing 'C' and thus subverting "the most British thing" about James Bond – that our agents are "benign", Ganesh can hardly control his prose. He feeds his small-minded reaction into the espresso machine and pumps it up with froth, creating a column that reads like an application for Trevor Kavanagh's place in the Sun. The FT used to be a home for argument of substance. Instead, certainly in this case, Ganesh crows that no one listens to liberals and civil libertarians here. In this sturdy land a people confident in their security forces and happy with the state ignores all such hand wringing. The argument hardly matters, opinion settles all and makes protest pointless.
Ganesh is wrong in that privately people are genuinely concerned and even frightened by the amount of surveillance and its nature but he taps into the official zeitgeist. No point in worrying, old chap, the good folk of Britain have faith in us. You are onto a losing cause if you protest.
The difference with the States since Edward Snowden's revelations came home to me as I watched the Democratic candidates debate for the presidential nomination, hosted by CNN and moderated by Anderson Cooper. I reproduce the relevant section here, slightly edited for sense, from the New York Times.
Three things stood out. First, everyone conceded that illegal surveillance without a warrant had taken place and that the Patriot Act had been abused by the US administration and the spying agencies. Second, no one challenged the allegation that huge databases of information are being accrued and retained, or dismissed the idea as alarmism (as would happen here in Britain). Third, Jim Webb made the most important observation. This was surprising in a way as he was the most hard-line figure among the five candidates. A Vietnam veteran who boasted in the debate of having killed his enemies, he was a Secretary of the Navy under President Reagan before switching to the Democrats. Although he marginalised himself in the debate and shortly after withdrew from the race, threatening to run as an independent, this does not take away from what he said here: "We've got a vast data bank of information that is ripe for people with bad intentions to be able to use. And they need to be destroyed."
All the taunting from the Financial Times about the complacency of the British public will not take away this point. It is not the seeking out of terrorists by using surveillance that is the risk to all our liberties. It is the accumulation of databases available to be abused for other purposes that intimidates, and whose only function is social control, that is the central issue.
Let the argument be joined. I have little doubt that in America the security apparatus has the upper hand. Hilary Clinton, who will almost certainly win the nomination, took the opportunity to be glacially hard on the issue, as you can see. She was also wrong as Dan Froomkin at the Intercept promptly explained, while Edward Snowden himself reinforced the fact that he did not have protection as a whistleblower.
But what took place between the candidates was a serious exchange with a genuine awareness of the gravity of the issues and the basic facts: the illegality of the state's activities, and the immensity of the scale of data collection – openly established and acknowledged. Compare this to the Labour leadership debates where from what I have seen of them the issue was never raised let alone seriously and honestly addressed.
The Democratic Candidates debate Snowden and Surveillance, 13 October 2015
Lincoln Chafee, Governor of Rhode Island (2011-2015), and Republican Senator for Rhode Island (1999-2007)
Bernie Sander, Independent Senator for Vermont since 2007
Martin O'Malley, Governor of Maryland since 2010
Hilary Clinton, Democratic Senator for New York 2001-2009, Secretary of State 2009-2013
Jim Webb, Secretary of the Navy 1987-1988, Senator for Virginia, 2007-2013
ANDERSON COOPER (of CNN): Governor Chafee, you and Hillary Clinton both voted for the Patriot Act which created the NSA surveillance program. You've emphasized civil liberties, privacy during your campaign. Aren't these two things in conflict?
CHAFEE: No, that was another 99 to one vote for the Patriot Act, and it was seen as at the time modernizing our ability to do what we've always done to tap phones, which always required a warrant. And I voted for that.
COOPER: Do you regret that vote?
CHAFEE: No, no. As long as you're getting a warrant, I believe that under the Fourth Amendment, you should be able to do surveillance, but you need a warrant. That's what the Fourth Amendment says. And in the Patriot Act, section 215 started to get broadened too far. So I would be in favor of addressing and reforming section 215 of the Patriot Act.
COOPER: Secretary Clinton, do you regret your vote on the Patriot Act?
CLINTON: No, I don't. I think that it was necessary to make sure that we were able after 9/11 to put in place the security that we needed. And it is true that it did require that there be a process. What happened, however, is that the Bush administration began to chip away at that process. And I began to speak out about their use of warrantless surveillance and the other behaviour that they engaged in. We always have to keep the balance of civil liberties, privacy and security. It's not easy in a democracy, but we have to keep it in mind.
COOPER: Senator — Senator Sanders, you're the only one on this stage who voted against the Patriot Act in 2001.
SANDERS: It was 99 to one and I was maybe the one….
COOPER: ... and the reauthorization votes. Let me ask you, if elected, would you shut down the NSA surveillance program?
SANDERS: Absolutely. Of course.
COOPER: You would, point blank.
SANDERS: Well, I would shut down… I'd shut down what exists right now in that virtually every telephone call in this country ends up in a file at the NSA. That is unacceptable to me. But it's not just government surveillance. I think the government is involved in our e-mails; is involved in our websites. Corporate America is doing it as well. If we are a free country, we have the right to be free. Yes, we have to defend ourselves against terrorism, but there are ways to do that without impinging on our constitutional rights and our privacy rights.
COOPER: Governor Chafee, Edward Snowden, is he a traitor or a hero?
CHAFEE: No, I would bring him home. The courts have ruled that what he did…
COOPER: Bring him home, no jail time?
CHAFEE: …what he did was say the American government was acting illegally. That's what the federal courts have said; what Snowden did showed that the American government was acting illegally for the Fourth Amendment. So I would bring him home.
COOPER: Secretary Clinton, hero or traitor?
CLINTON: He broke the laws of the United States. He could have been a whistleblower. He could have gotten all of the protections of being a whistleblower. He could have raised all the issues that he has raised. And I think there would have been a positive response to that.
COOPER: Should he do jail time?
CLINTON: In addition — in addition, he stole very important information that has unfortunately fallen into a lot of the wrong hands. So I don't think he should be brought home without facing the music.
COOPER: Governor O'Malley, Snowden?
O'MALLEY: Snowden put a lot of Americans' lives at risk. Snowden broke the law. Whistleblowers do not run to Russia and try to get protection from Putin. If he really believes that, he should be back here.
COOPER: Senator Sanders, Edward Snowden?
SANDERS: I think Snowden played a very important role in educating the American people to the degree in which our civil liberties and our constitutional rights are being undermined.
COOPER: Is he a hero?
SANDERS: He did — he did break the law, and I think there should be a penalty to that. But I think what he did in educating us should be taken into consideration before he is sentenced.
COOPER: Senator Webb, Edward Snowden?
WEBB: I would leave his ultimate judgment to the legal system. Here's what I do believe. We have a serious problem in terms of the collection of personal information in this country. And one of the things that I did during the FISA bill in 2007, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, was introduce with Russ Feingold two amendments basically saying, "We understand the realities of how you have to collect this broad information in the Internet age, but after a certain period of time, you need to destroy the personal information that you have if people have not been brought — if criminal justice proceedings have not been brought against them." We've got a vast data bank of information that is ripe for people with bad intentions to be able to use. And they need to be destroyed.
Note: For a further engagement with the much more robust argument about these issues in the US see my interview with General Mike Hayden, who was head of the NSA during 9/11 and created the domestic surveillance programme under President Bush, and my subsequent interview with William Binney who helped create the technology for mass data capture and then resigned from the NSA when he saw it being abused; he also analyses Snowden's evidence for the way surveillance is organised.
The UK government is running a secretive unit inside Michael Gove's Cabinet Office that's accused of 'blacklisting' journalists and hiding 'sensitive' information from the public. Experts say they're breaking the law – and it's an assault on our right to know what our government is doing.
We're not going to let it stand. We're launching a legal battle – but we also need a huge public outcry, showing that thousands back our call for transparency. Will you add your name?
Who is bankrolling Britain's democracy? Which groups shape the stories we see in the press; which voices are silenced, and why? Sign up here to find out.
Liberty, Liberalism and Surveillance: a historic overview
Written by: Richard Marshall All articles by: Richard Marshall
Written by: Quentin Skinner All articles by: Quentin Skinner
The Snowden Files: so much more than state surveillance
Written by: Jonathan Gray All articles by: Jonathan Gray
How Snowden, surveillance and Scotland are nudging the UK towards deep constitutional reform
Written by: Nick Pearce All articles by: Nick Pearce
Not just 4 lulz: Anonymous vs mass surveillance
Written by: Jamie Mackay All articles by: Jamie Mackay
The Orwellian arithmetic of mass surveillance
Written by: Dom Shaw All articles by: Dom Shaw


13h15 -14h15: Lunch buffet served on board, during cruising toward Ha Long bay.
14h45: Arrive in Surprise cave, explore the Cave, one of the most beautiful caves in Ha Long bay.
17h30: Stop in row of Ho Dong Tien area ( near Drum Cave ) for overnight.
19h30: Have dinner with seafood provided by Ba Hang fishing village.
6h00-6h30: Tai Chi exercise & morning coffee.
16h00: Arrival in Hanoi, end of tour.


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Most Affordable Online Colleges in Texas
Many affordable colleges in Texas offer flexible, online programs. See who stands out in our ranking of the best online colleges in the Lone Star State.
Doug Wintemute
Doug Wintemute is a writer who focuses on higher learning and entertainment. Since 2014, he has contributed to content and editorial work for award-winning publications. He completed his BA and MA in English at York University, graduating summa cum l...
Check Edited by
Taylor Gadsden
Editor & Writer
Taylor Gadsden has worked as an editor for BestColleges, focusing on degree, college, and career planning resources for prospective students. She holds a BA in journalism from the University of Georgia. Taylor is a former editor at Red Ventures....
Not only does Texas host many of the top online schools, but the state is home to some of the most affordable online colleges as well. By searching the best online colleges by state, prospective students can find colleges in Texas that offer low-cost training for residents, along with several schools that feature discounted or in-state tuition rates for out-of-state students.
Online colleges in Texas also offer access to specialized training within the state's fastest-growing industries. Here, we explore the schools with the most affordable online bachelor's programs in Texas, along with online associate and graduate programs. We also look at the state's job outlook and most in-demand careers. For more information about going to college in the Lone Star State, check out our Resources for Students in Texas page.
Top Online Degree Programs in Texas
Online Bachelor's in Theology Programs
Online Psychology Programs
Online Early Childhood Education Programs
Online Health Science Programs
Online Bachelor's in Computer Science Programs
Online Master's in Accounting Programs
Online Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) Programs
Online Master's in Educational Leadership Programs
Texas Employment Outlook
The Texas workforce enjoyed considerable job growth and recovery in 2021, adding more than 694,000 jobs between December 2020 and December 2021, as per the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). This 5.6% job growth put Texas in the top 10 states with the highest job growth rate for that year. According to the BLS, the annual mean wage in Texas was $52,400 in May 2020.
In its 2020 Report on Texas Growth Occupations, the Texas Workforce Commission projected the addition of 1.7 million new jobs between 2018 and 2028. The state's fastest-growing and highest-demand industries include: healthcare, finance and insurance, education, and professional and technical services.
Featured Online Programs
Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.
5 Texas Jobs in Demand
Market Research Analysts and Specialists
Annual Average Salary: $76,840
2018-2028 Job Outlook: 33%
Market research analysts help organizations better understand their markets and consumers. These professionals study and analyze consumer purchasing habits, product and service demand, and pricing appetites. Their analysis and input can influence an organization's marketing strategies, production, operations, and decision-making.
Annual Average Salary: $148,860
These professionals manage the financial activities and strategies within an organization. They oversee all legal obligations regarding finances, supervise financial staff, and study financial operations to identify cost-saving and money-making opportunities. They provide management and stakeholders with input on financial decisions and issues involving finances.
Registered nurses assess, observe, and provide care to patients. These administer medications and treatments based on consultations with physicians and other healthcare professionals. Registered nurses may specialize and work with specific patient groups, including neonatal, critical care, rehabilitation, and cardiovascular patients.
Software developers design, create, and test software and applications based on the needs of clients and users. They ensure all components of the software work together and that it is compatible with their respective computer systems. These professionals may work as applications developers, web developers, and systems software developers.
Secondary School Teachers
Secondary school teachers educate high school students in their field of expertise. They develop lesson plans in accordance with curriculum guidelines, provide student assessments, and manage classrooms of learners. These teachers also provide guidance to students to help prepare them for life after high school.
Popular Career Paths in Texas
Most Affordable Accredited Online Colleges in Texas
Rankings compiled by the BestColleges Ranking Team
How We Rank Schools
At BestColleges, we believe a college education is one of the most important investments you can make. We want to help you navigate the college selection process by offering transparent, inclusive, and relevant school rankings.
Our rankings are grounded in a few guiding principles and use the latest statistical data available from trusted sources. Read our ranking methodology. We hope our approach helps you find the school that is best for you.
#1 Most Affordable Online Colleges in Texas
Online + Campus
Avg. Cost per Credit
Undergrad, in state | $318-$667
Undergrad, out of state | $726-$1,075
Graduate, in state | $479-$724
Graduate, out of state | $887-$1,132
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ranks as one of the most affordable colleges in Texas. Located in Edinburg, UTRGV offers a mix of online bachelor's, graduate, and certificate programs, many of which students can complete as an accelerated option. Popular undergraduate degrees include addiction studies, health services technology, and hospitality and tourism management.
UTRGV considers high school class rank, leadership experience, community involvement, and academic performance when evaluating first-year college applicants. ACT and SAT scores are currently optional.
Average Tuition
ROI Score
ROI Value Score: Medium
We've reviewed hundreds of schools to find the ones that give you the best bang for your buck.
We compared how much you could earn in 10 years with a degree from this school versus only having a high school diploma. Then we compared that amount against school costs and financial aid opportunities. A higher return for your investment results in a higher score for this school.
Percent Online Enrollment
51% Percentage of all students who are enrolled online.
Yes Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges
Undergrad, in state | $315
Undergrad, out of state | $796
Graduate, in state | $382
Graduate, out of state | $872
Texas A&M International University is a Laredo-based institution that ranks among the most affordable colleges in Texas. As part of the Texas A&M university system, this school has an enrollment of over 8,000 students. The majority of its online offerings focus on graduate-level coursework. Popular academic areas for online learners include business, criminal justice, and nursing.
TAMIU's online programs utilize a 100% online, asynchronous delivery format. Graduate-level applicants should hold a bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university. Admission requirements vary between programs, and some students may need to submit GRE or GMAT scores.
Graduate, out of state | $575-$782
The University of Texas at El Paso is a sizeable public research institution that offers a variety of online graduate, undergraduate, and certificate programs. This west Texas school is recognized as a Hispanic-serving institution, and it has an enrollment of over 25,000 students. Popular online bachelor's programs include media advertising, Chicano studies, and an RN-to-BSN completion option.
Those applying to UTEP's online programs must submit an online application through the ApplyTexas portal and pay requisite fees. UTEP considers learners with 12 or more transferable credits as transfer students. Students transferring to UTEP must have a minimum 2.0 GPA.
#4 Most Affordable Online Colleges in Texas Best Value
University of Houston-Downtown
The University of Houston-Downtown has an enrollment of over 13,000 students, making it the second-largest school in the city. Founded in 1978, UHD offers various online bachelor's and master's programs. It is also one of the most affordable colleges in Texas. Popular online degrees include public service, business, humanities, and social sciences.
Prospective students must submit applications through the ApplyTexas portal and provide official transcripts. UHD does not require standardized test scores for undergraduate admission.
ROI Value Score: High
Located in Wichita Falls, Midwestern State University was founded in 1922. The school has an enrollment of over 6,000 students. MSU offers online bachelor's, master's, and certificate programs. Popular academic areas include radiologic sciences, criminal justice, and business administration.
In addition to its reputation as one of the most affordable colleges in Texas, this public liberal arts school provides online learners with various student support services, including a career management center, counseling, and tutoring.
Discover matches
LeTourneau University
Undergrad | $380-410
Graduate | $625
Established in 1946, LeTourneau University is a Christian institution based in Longview. Popular online degrees include computer information systems, cybersecurity, and aviation management. LETU also offers online associate degrees in criminal justice and aviation security.
Prospective students applying to LETU must submit an online application. Applicants without at least 12 credits of college coursework must submit high school transcripts.
Parker University
Undergrad | $660
Located in Dallas and established in 1982, Parker University is a private institution that focuses primarily on healthcare-related degree programs. With a modest enrollment of around 1,000 undergraduate and graduate students, Parker offers online programs in areas such as functional nutrition, public health, and health information management.
Admission requirements vary depending on whether applicants pursue an associate, bachelor's, or graduate-level degree. Parker also offers an array of healthcare-related continuing education courses for licensed practitioners.
Established in 1879, Sam Houston State University is one of the oldest public colleges in Texas. SHSU serves more than 20,000 students annually and is home to more than 20 online graduate and undergraduate programs. Popular online programs include business, criminal justice, and health science.
First-time college applicants with a high school GPA greater than 3.0 receive automatic admission to SHSU. Those not meeting this GPA requirement must submit standardized test scores.
Canyon, TX
West Texas A&M University is a public institution that ranks among the most affordable colleges in Texas. Established in 1910, WTAMU offers various online and hybrid undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Popular offerings cover disciplines like economics, management, and nursing.
Prospective students must have a top 30% high school class ranking, a minimum 3.0 GPA, or minimum ACT or SAT scores of 21 or 1060. WTAMU is recognized as a Hispanic-serving institution by the U.S. Department of Education.
#10 Most Affordable Online Colleges in Texas
Texas A&M University-Commerce
Commerce, TX
Undergrad, out of state | $742-$792
Established in 1889, Texas A&M University-Commerce is one of the largest schools in the Texas A&M University System. Located on the outer reaches of the Dallas-Fort Worth metro area, TAMUC offers an extensive roster of online degrees at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Some of the school's most popular academic areas include criminal justice, psychology, business, and liberal arts.
Undergraduate applicants to TAMUC must hold a high school diploma or GED certificate and complete an online application. Besides paying application fees, prospective students must submit official high school transcripts. TAMUC is a test-optional institution and does not require applicants to submit SAT/ACT scores.
Frequently Asked Questions About Online Colleges in Texas
How many online colleges are in Texas?
According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Texas had 244 degree-granting institutions in 2019-20, including 109 public schools. By 2018-19, nearly all public schools and half of all private schools in the country offered some online learning options, as per the NCES. If state numbers are comparable with the national averages, most postsecondary institutions in Texas offer online programs.
As in other states, online colleges in Texas vary in what they offer. Programs may feature asynchronous, self-paced courses or they may include mostly synchronous courses. Furthermore, online programs may run 100% online or students may need to complete some on-campus requirements.
Does Texas have good online colleges?
Yes. Texas has very good online colleges, including options for many types of students. The state features several of the nation's largest and most reputable schools. Online learners can find full-time, part-time, self-paced, and accelerated programs, along with asynchronous, synchronous, and hybrid classes.
Prospective students can search through the colleges in Texas with the NCES College Navigator.
How much does it cost to go to college online in Texas?
According to NCES, four-year public colleges in Texas in 2019-20 cost an average of $8,598 in tuition and fees, while private colleges charged $36,014. At two-year public colleges, tuition and fees cost $2,380 that year. For out-of-state students, public four-year schools charged $24,889 and two-year public schools charged $6,373.
At some of the cheapest online colleges in Texas, out-of-state students can access in-state tuition rates. For the most accurate cost calculation, prospective students should evaluate the true program cost. In addition to all fees, this considers what income learners lose out on during their studies.
What is the cheapest online college in Texas?
Online learners enjoy access to many affordable online colleges in Texas, including multiple schools on the list of colleges with the lowest out-of-state tuition. One of the most affordable is South Texas College, which only charges online students $200 per credit hour. This works out to just over $8,100 for a 60-credit associate degree.
Who qualifies for free college in Texas?
Residents may qualify for free college in Texas through several programs. The Dallas County Promise program provides free tuition and tuition assistance to graduating seniors from 57 Dallas County high schools. Texas Tech University and the University of Houston both run free tuition programs for Texas residents with family incomes less than $65,000.
Texas A&M University offers the Aggie Assurance and the University of Texas at Austin offers the Texas Advance Commitment, programs that provide free tuition to Texas residents with family incomes less than $60,000. The Tuition Promise from the University of Texas at Dallas provides free tuition to Texas residents with a family income under $25,000.
Feature Image: Pgiam / iStock / Getty Images Plus / Getty Images
Financial Aid and Scholarships for Online Students
by Christina Payne
Your Guide to Researching Online Programs
by Staff Writers
Planning Your Online Education


Bedroom : Adorable Room Designs For Girls With Colorful Bed Also Pink Wall Paint And Elegant Pendant Lamp Wonderful Room Designs For Girls 1. Teenager Bedroom Ideas To Bring Out Personality. Bedroom Designer. Beautiful Bedroom Design. Room Design For Teenage Girl.
By Faun Legrand. Bedroom. At Thursday, January 24th 2019, 09:47:43 AM.
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text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}\def/home/theory1/taylor/stellarmodels/{/home/theory1/taylor/stellarmodels/}
In a
recent paper, Padoan, Nordlund, \& Jones (1997) claimed on theoretical grounds
that the initial mass function (IMF) should be a function of the local
temperature ${\it T}$ of the original molecular clouds.  Padoan et al. (1997)
argued that dense star forming regions, such as those in starburst galaxies,
should be warmer than sparser star forming regions.  In fact, if the
temperature dependence of the clouds is not drastically different from that of
a blackbody, then $T\propto \rho ^{1/4}_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$, where $\rho
_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ is the local mean luminosity once star
formation has already started.  Padoan et al. claimed that starburst regions
should therefore have a flatter IMF and be more ``top heavy."  Similar
reasoning would imply that the IMF in cooler regions of galaxies should favor
low mass star formation and be steeper.
\par
In support of their star formation model, Padoan et al. (1997) noted that
for $T\gtrsim 60$ K, their models predict a top heavy IMF similar to that
found in the
center of R136~(Malumuth \& Heap 1994, Brandl et al. 1996), the bright stellar
cluster in 30 Doradus.  Due to its proximity
and the fact that it is the most massive H {\scriptsize\rm II} region in the
Local Group, 30
Doradus is perhaps the best star formation ``laboratory" accessible to us.
However, the relaxation time in R136 may be
less than its age (Campbell et al. 1992), so dynamic friction may also
contribute toward the R136 present-day mass function gradient.
\par
Fortunately, many other avenues of testing Padoan et al.'s model exist.
The O-star catalog of Garmany, Conti, \& Chiosi (1982) shows a flattening of
the IMF slope toward the Galactic center (cf Humphreys \& McElroy 1984).  This
data supports Padoan et al.'s model since higher surface brightness regions
would, on the average, yield higher temperatures and flatter IMFs.  Models
which
attempt to explain correlations between local surface brightness, color, line
ratios, metallicity, and the star formation rate have assumed
luminosity-dependent IMFs (e.g., Edmunds \& Phillipps 1989; Phillipps,
Edmunds,
\& Davies 1990).  Several evolutionary models of inner regions of starburst
galaxies assume low mass cutoffs or top heavy IMFs (e.g., Rieke et al. 1980;
Augarde \& Lequeux 1985; Doane \& Mathews 1993; Doyon, Joseph, \& Wright
1994).
Finally, independent theoretical arguments supporting
IMF gradients range from models which are consistent with the simple form of
the Jeans expression for the typical stellar mass in solar units of
$<m>\propto T^{3/2}~($e.g.; Larson
1982; Bodenheimer, Tohline, \& Black 1980) to much more complicated models,
such as the outflow-regulated model of Adams \& Fatuzzo (1996), which predicts
$<m>\propto T^{a}$, where $1\le a\le 3/2.$
\par
If IMFs are actually a function of $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ or $T$, there
would several important
astrophysical consequences.  For instance, there would be a
position-dependence in the mean mass to light ratio.  This is due to the
strong dependence of the mass to light ratio upon the IMF.  In R136, this
makes the mass density function $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm m}}$ much different
from $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm l}}~($Malumuth \&
Heap 1994, Brandl et al. 1996) and complicates
estimates of the total mass.  Padoan et al.'s
results indicate that similar effects might occur in spiral galaxies.  If the
luminosity of a star is taken as $L\simeq L_{\odot }m^{y}$, where $y\simeq
3.5,$ the Jeans expression
above would suggest the crude relation $<m>\propto \rho
^{3/8}_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$
and yield $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm m}}\propto \rho ^{1+3(1-
y)/8}_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}\simeq \rho ^{0.06}_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$.
Unfortunately, previous
works
have assumed that IMFs are independent of time and position with,
specifically, $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm m}}\propto \rho ^{1.0}_{{\scriptsize\rm
l}}$ throughout a given spiral galaxy (e.g., van Albada et
al. 1985).  In this {\it Letter}, surface mass densities of spiral galaxies
are
computed, for the first time, by explicitly accounting for the possible types
of IMF gradients that might exist if theories like those of Padoan et al. are
correct.
\par
\noindent {}\setcounter{section}{2}\addtocounter{section}{-1}\section{AN
EMPIRICAL ESTIMATE OF THE R136 IMF GRADIENT}
\par
Since position-dependent measurements in R136
of both $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ and the IMF slope $\Gamma $ (where ${\it
dN}/{\it dM\propto m}^{\Gamma -1}$ is the number of stars per
unit mass in solar units) have already been made, computing the dependence of
the R136 IMF upon the local luminosity is straightforward.  Doing this will
provide a useful
starting point in obtaining a crude yet quantitative estimate of the possible
types of IMF gradients that might generally exist in all galaxies including
the Milky Way.
\par
Table 1 summarizes Brandl et al.'s (1996) results for the IMF based upon
high resolution 5-color photometry of the stars in R136 estimated to be
between 2.5 and 3.5 Myrs years old.  The right-most entry
of Table 1 shows the results of
performing the coordinate transformation between ${\it R}$ and $\rho
_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ using Figure 15 of
Hunter et al. (1996).  Though Brandl et al. (1996) did not make explicit
measurements of the upper and lower stellar mass cutoffs $m_{{\scriptsize\rm
l}}$ and $m_{{\scriptsize\rm u}}$ to the
power-law approximation of the IMF, Table 1 includes estimates of their
dependences upon the local surface brightness.  The lower mass limits were
obtained from the peaks of Brandl et al.'s mass functions, while the upper
limits were taken from the highest masses observed per radius bin. Both
$\log _{10}(m_{{\scriptsize\rm l}})$ and $\log _{10}(m_{{\scriptsize\rm u}})$
are found to decrease by $\simeq 0.2$ with each successive
increase in radius.  Brandl et al. (1996) performed completeness corrections,
so the depletion of low mass stars in all but the outer regions of R136 is
presumably real.  The results of performing a linear fit of the IMF parameters
of R136 to $\log _{10}(\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm l}})$ are shown in
columns 2-7 of Table 2 as Model A. Uncertainties of parameters calculated from
more than two radius bins are shown in parenthesis.
\par
\noindent {}\setcounter{section}{3}\addtocounter{section}{-
1}\section{DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF SPIRAL GALAXIES WITH IMF GRADIENTS}
\par
The IMF gradient of Model A implies a surface mass density that is
different from what would be obtained were the mass to light ratio
constant.  The surface mass density for Model A, if scaled according to the
surface luminosity function suspected for the Galaxy, is shown in the top
panel of Figure {}1.  The disk scale length $R_{0}=4.5$
kpc and solar Galactocentric radius $R_{\odot }=7.8$ kpc were taken from
Kuijken \&
Gilmore's (1989a) model of the Galaxy.  For simplicity, $\rho
_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ at a given radius
was assumed to be constant throughout a disk thickness of
575 pc.  The surface brightness was normalized to be $22.5~L_{\odot }$pc$^{-
2}$ at $R=R_{\odot }$,
which results in $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm l\odot }}\equiv \rho
_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}(R_{\odot })=0.037~L_{\odot }$pc$^{-3}$.  For each
radius bin, the IMF was obtained from $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ and the
coefficients shown in Table 2
for Model A.  This IMF was converted to present
day mass and luminosity functions by assuming (purely for simplicity) a
constant star formation rate for the past $1.0\times 10^{10}$ yrs.  The main
sequence
lifetime-luminosity-mass relationships used to obtain the mass to light ratio
as a function of the IMF were obtained from logarithmic-linear interpolation
of $m\ge 0.8$ models published by Schaller et al. (1992) for $z=0.02,$
overshooting
of the $m\ge 1.5$ stars, and standard mass loss rates.  For $m<0.8,
L|_{m=0.25}=7.8\times 10^{-4}L_{\odot },~L|_{m=0.08}=6.55\times 10^{-
9}L_{\odot }$,~and $L|_{m\le 0.07}=5.0\times 10^{-12}L_{\odot }$ were
assumed.
\par
\medskip
The surface densities both of Model A and of the constant mass to light
ratio model fall off exponentially with increasing radius.  The effective
scale length of Model A is $\simeq 7.5$ kpc, which is $\simeq 1.7$ times
larger than that of
the surface brightness function.  This increase in the scale length is a
result of the fraction of low mass stars (and the mass to light ratio)
increasing with radius.
\par
\medskip
From the surface density, other dynamical properties of the galaxy can
also be calculated.  The circular velocity (i.e., the rotation curve)
corresponding to the surface density of Model A is shown in the second panel
of \Fig{v_circstriplet}{{\it Top panel}: the surface density of a spiral
galaxy
similar to the Milky Way but with the IMF of Model A.  The dotted line is
the surface density assuming that all stars lie on the main-sequence.
The dashed line is the surface density if the {\it V} band mass to light ratio
were
constant at $\gamma _{{\scriptsize\rm V}}=2.0M_{\odot }/L_{\odot }$.  {\it
Lower three panels}: circular velocities of Models A
(upper-middle), B (lower-middle), and C (bottom). The circular velocities of
Model A correspond to the surface density function shown in the top panel.
For each model, the solid curve accounts for all components of mass, the
dot-dash curve accounts for just the halo, dotted curve accounts for just the
disk, the short-dashed curve accounts for just the bulge and spheroid stars,
the dash-dotted curve accounts for everything except the halo, and the
long-dashed curve assumes that the mass to light ratio is constant at
$\gamma _{{\scriptsize\rm V}}=2.0M_{\odot }/L_{\odot }$.}.  The parameters for
the bulge, spheroid, and halo were taken from
Table 1 and
Figure 5 of Kuijken \& Gilmore's (1989a) model of the Galaxy.  To avoid a
divergent and unphysical total mass, the additional assumption that all
components of the Galaxy terminate at an arbitrarily-selected maximum radius
of 35.0 kpc was also made.  For Model A, this results in a total mass of the
halo, bulge/spheroid, and disk of, respectively, $2.8\times 10^{11} M_{\odot
}, 3.5\times 10^{10} M_{\odot }$, and
$6.3\times 10^{10} M_{\odot }$.  In comparison, the integrated disk mass of
the $\gamma _{{\scriptsize\rm V}}=2.0M_{\odot }/L_{\odot }$ model
is only $3.2\times 10^{10} M_{\odot }$ and increases much faster with radius.
For simplicity,
the surface mass density of stellar remnants and gas was assumed throughout
the disk to be 1/3 that of the stars.  Because the halo dominates the mass
distribution, the circular velocity curve (solid line) is nearly flat.
Without the halo, the circular velocity curve falls from 185
km s$^{-1}$ at $R=2.0$ kpc to 124 km s$^{-1}$ at $R=34$ kpc. Though the
surface
density of Model A corrected for IMF gradients is different from that
previously obtained for spiral galaxies, Figure {}1 shows
that
the change is not enough to dramatically affect the dynamical properties of
the disk, such as the circular velocity curve.
\par
\medskip
The IMF of Model A is very
negative at all radii, with $\Gamma |_{R=1.0\hbox{~{\scriptsize\rm kpc}}}=-
3.2, \Gamma |_{R=R_{\odot }}=-3.4,$ and
$\Gamma |_{R=15.0\hbox{~{\scriptsize\rm kpc}}}=-3.6.$  This occurs even though
R136$'s$ spatially-averaged
IMF is typical and its IMF gradient is small only because it has a luminosity
density that is $\sim 10^{4}-10^{8}$ times higher than typical regions of
spiral galaxies.
For
comparison, Miller \& Scalo
(1979) obtained much higher values of $\Gamma =-0.4, -1.5,$ and -2.3 for,
respectively, $0.1<m<1.0, 1.0<m<10,$ and $m>10.$  This suggests that R136's
IMF is
correlated with $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ in a somewhat different way than
the correlation that might
exist in the Milky Way.
\par
\medskip
In retrospect, this should not be surprising because R136 is much
different than a spiral galaxy.  The bright, early-type stars in spiral
galaxies are generally confined to relatively narrow galactocentric radii
near that of their initial birth sites.
In contrast, stars in elliptical galaxies similar to R136 undergo substantial
mixing due to their highly eccentric orbits.  Therefore, the form of the IMF
in spirals could be different than that in R136.
\par
\medskip
For this reason, other models were also considered.  Model B was
constructed in order to help answer the question of just how necessary the
dark halo is for circular velocity curves to be flat.  The IMF gradient
$\Gamma _{1}$
was adjusted to minimize the curvature of the outer circular velocity curve,
while $\Gamma _{0}$ was adjusted such that the rotation velocity was $\simeq
220$ km s$^{-1}$.
For simplicity, $m_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ and $m_{{\scriptsize\rm u}}$ were
fixed.  The middle plot of Figure {}1 shows that the
circular velocity curve of Model B is surprisingly flat throughout most of the
outer regions of the disk before the halo component is included.  The total
disk mass for Model B is $2.4\times 10^{11}M_{\odot }$, with $<\gamma
_{{\scriptsize\rm v}}>_{\hbox{{\scriptsize\rm disk}}}{\scriptsize\rm
=}14.5M_{\odot }/L_{\odot }$, which is 7.3
times
larger than the $\gamma _{{\scriptsize\rm V}}=2.0M_{\odot }/L_{\odot }$ model.
The value of $\Gamma _{1}$ for Model B is 0.42.  This
is
$50\%$ higher than the IMF gradient in R136.  The change within the Milky Way
of
$\Gamma $ measured by Garmany et al. (1982) between the inner and outer
semicircular
regions of radius 2.5 kpc surrounding the Sun was -0.8, which for a disk scale
length of $R_{0}=4.5$ kpc corresponds to $\Gamma _{1}=0.8\times 3\pi
R_{0}/(8$log{\it e}$\times 2.5$~kpc)=3.9.  This is
much higher than the value in Model B.  Thus the IMF gradient of Model B is
well within empirical upper limits.
\par
\medskip
However, there are at least five potential problems with the
halo-less
form of Model B: ${\bf 1}{\hbox{\bf)}}$ In the adopted solar vicinity
$(R_{\odot }=7.8$ kpc), the surface
density is $179M_{\odot }$pc$^{-2}$.  This is an unacceptable 15
standard deviations higher than the local value of $46\pm 9~M_{\odot }$pc$^{-
2}$ measured by
Kuijken \& Gilmore (1989b).  The corresponding mass to light ratio is
$7.9M_{\odot }/L_{\odot }$.
This is $60\%$ higher than the local value adopted in standard texts such as
Binney \& Tremaine (1987).  Similarly, the IMF slope at this radius is $\Gamma
=-1.7.$
Also, for the low mass $(m\lesssim 0.5)$ stars, this value is incompatible
with Miller \&
Scalo's (1979) result of $\Gamma =-0.4.~~{\bf 2}{\hbox{\bf)}}$ Mestelian
disks, which are similar to
Model B, are
commonly thought to be unstable to bar formation.  The Toomre instability
parameter $Q$ is $\sigma _{R}\kappa /(2.9G\Sigma _{{\scriptsize\rm m\odot
}})$, where $\kappa \simeq 36$ km s$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-1}$ is the epicycle
frequency and $\sigma _{R}$ is the mass-weighted stellar velocity dispersion
(Toomre
1974).  Published estimates are $Q\simeq 1-3$ in the solar vicinity.  Because
        stellar
velocity dispersions are empirically observed to decrease with mass even for
stars with lifetimes greater than the age of the galaxy, estimates of $\sigma
_{R}$ are
sensitive to $m_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$.  Wielen (1977) obtained $\sigma
_{R}=62\pm 12$ km s$^{-1}$  for $0.1\lesssim m\lesssim 0.8$~K and
M dwarfs, which implies $Q\gtrsim 1.0\pm 0.2$ for Model B.  This lower limit
is low enough
to sustain spiral arm structure which numerical simulations show would rapidly
dissipate otherwise.  However, it is too near unity to prevent the growth of
substantial arm/interarm stellar mass density contrasts.  Though such mass
contrasts are now known to exist in normal spirals (e.g., Rix \& Zaritsky
1995,
Gonz\'alez \& Graham 1996), they are not accounted for in Model B.
Incidentally,
the halo component does not necessarily affect this instability (Sellwood
$1985).~~{\bf 3}{\hbox{\bf)}}$ The circular velocity curve at $R\lesssim 35$
kpc is not precisely flat,
but actually rises before attaining a nearly Keplerian fall off.  This is the
result of the non-spherical potential.
${\bf 4}{\hbox{\bf)}}$ The circular velocity drops below 200 km s$^{-1}$ in
the inner regions of the
disk.  This result is expected.  For Model B, the
mass to light ratio is $\simeq m^{1-y}_{{\scriptsize\rm u}}(m_{{\scriptsize\rm
u}}/m_{{\scriptsize\rm l}})^{-\Gamma -1}(y+\Gamma )(M_{\odot }/L_{\odot })/(-
\Gamma -1)$.  If
\rm s
\Gamma _{1}=[\ln (m_{{\scriptsize\rm u}}/m_{{\scriptsize\rm l}})\log _{10}{\it
e}]^{-1},
\addtocounter{equation}{+1}\label{2}\end{equation}
\noindent which Model B obeys to within $15\%$, the mass to light ratio would
scale as
$\simeq e^{R/R_{0}}$.  This in turn would imply a disk surface density that is
relatively
constant.  The circular velocities of such disks increase monotonically with
$R$
and are zero at $R=0.$  This problem with low inner disk velocities is
probably
not serious because circular velocity curves are frequently
compatible even with constant mass to light ratio, halo-less models throughout
their entire optically-bright regions (e.g., Kent 1986).  Furthermore,
flatter, halo-less velocity curves could probably be attained by including the
following: galaxy
parameters slightly different than those of Kuijken \& Gilmore (1989a), a
(more
realistic$)
\log $-normal IMF (Miller \& Scalo 1979), expected spatial dependence in
remnant
and gas mass fractions, and variations of $m_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ or
$m_{{\scriptsize\rm u}}$ with $\rho _{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$.  For instance, the
velocity dip is better masked by the bulge if Bahcall \& Soniera's (1984)
smaller disk scale length of 3.5 kpc is assumed.
${\bf 5}{\hbox{\bf)}}$ The
IMF gradient of Model B appears to be too {\it small} to be compatible with
the
measurement of Garmany et al. (1982).  Equation ({}\ref{2}) suggests that this
discrepancy would be less if a smaller $m_{{\scriptsize\rm
u}}/m_{{\scriptsize\rm l}}$ ratio had been employed.
\par
\medskip
Of the above potential problems, only the first two appear to be
significant at this time.  Both can be overcome by taking into account the
arm/interarm density contrasts observed in spiral galaxies; Model C was
constructed to be similar to Model B, but has an azimuthally-averaged
light and mass density that is 3.25 times greater than the interarm values in
which the Sun presumably resides.  The circular velocity curve of Model C,
shown in the lower panel of Figure {}1, is slightly higher
but
otherwise similar to that of Model B. However, the solar-vicinity disk surface
density is only $60 M_{\odot }$pc$^{-2}$.  This is a much more reasonable 1.6
standard
deviations above the
value determined by Kuijken \& Gilmore (1989b) and is actually lower than
Bahcall \& Soniera's (1984) value of $\simeq 85 M_{\odot }$pc$^{-2}$.
\par
\noindent {}\setcounter{section}{4}\addtocounter{section}{-
1}\section{DISCUSSION}
\par
A direct scaling of R136's IMF to the Galaxy does not dramatically alter
the circular velocity curve.  However, Models B and C, with their higher yet
modest IMF gradients, have nearly flat $v_{\hbox{{\scriptsize\rm
circ}}}\lesssim 220$ km s$^{-1}$ circular velocity
curves only before the traditional dark halo component is included.  It is
interesting to note that if one assumes that these types of
models and their $\sim 10^{1}$-fold mass enhancements are representative of
most
galaxies, that the fiducial stellar contribution towards the closure
density is $\Omega _{*}\simeq 0.004~($e.g., Peebles 1993) before accounting
for IMF gradients,
that the cosmological constant is zero, and that there is no hot dark matter,
one would obtain $\Omega \simeq \Omega _{\hbox{{\scriptsize\rm baryon}}}\simeq
0.04+\Omega _{\hbox{{\scriptsize\rm gas}}}$, where the closure fraction due to
all
gas including hot plasma in galactic clusters is
$0.007\lesssim \Omega _{\hbox{{\scriptsize\rm gas}}}$$\lesssim 0.08~($Mulchaey
et al.
1996).
\par
\medskip
Current models of galactic evolution (e.g., Worthey 1994, de Jong 1996)
do not account for IMFs that might vary with time and position via the
temperature.  This is despite prior warnings that the IMF
probably has important dependences upon time and position (e.g., Mihalas \&
Binney 1978).  In light of the above results, accounting for IMFs with such
dependences may be necessary even to obtain results that are only accurate to
first order.  Accounting for these dependences may, for relatively obvious
reasons, clarify our understanding of several astrophysical phenomena
including the G-dwarf problem, intrinsic (as a function of radius) and
extrinsic (as a function of galactic morphology) metallicity and color
gradients, and the Tully-Fisher relation.
\par
\noindent \acknowledgments
\par
It is my pleasure to thank M. Harris, F. Bruhweiler, A. Whiting, A.
Fridman, D. Kazanas, D. Audley, J. Knapen, A. Mignogna, E. Albert, and A.
Stupp for useful comments.  This work is part of a dissertation to be
submitted to the Graduate School, University of Maryland in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the Ph.D. degree in Physics.
\par
\noindent

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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