text:
The History of English Podcast
The Spoken History of a Global Language
← Episode 142: The Great Vowel Shift (Part 2)
Bonus Episode: Chaucer's Purse and the Great Vowel Shift →
Episode 143: The Great Vowel Shift (Part 3)
Posted by Kevin Stroud
In this final episode about the sound changes associated with the Great Vowel Shift, we explore the vowel shifts that took place in the back of the mouth. We also explore how these changes impacted the way words are spelled in Modern English.
TRANSCRIPT: EPISODE 143
https://media.blubrry.com/historyofenglish/p/content.blubrry.com/historyofenglish/Ep143-Great-Vowel-Shift3.mp3
33 thoughts on "Episode 143: The Great Vowel Shift (Part 3)"
Graham Houser
Thank you for your amazing teaching and oral history Kevin. I have learned so much from your podcast and I am especially relieved to hear your explination of the GVS. These recent episodes about the GVS have helped to assuage my suffering while always failing to spell words correctly throughout my academic career! With your podcast I can now appreciate the rich history of spelling and pronunciation in English instead of feeling doltish. Furthermore, I am currently undergoing adult assessments for dyslexia and this may help to further explain my abiding mystification when trying to write sans spell check. Do you have any insight, advice or recommendations for dyslexic logophiles?
Kevin Stroud
Great question. Unfortunately, I don't really know enough about the medical aspects of dyslexia to offer any insights. I do think that the more you learn about the history of English spelling, the more logical it becomes. Of course, there's a lot of randomness as well, but it becomes easier to recognize certain patterns once you know how the sounds evolved and how spellings often lingered behind those pronunciation changes. I will continue to explore vowel shifts and spelling developments as the podcast continues into the Modern English period. Also, you might want to check out a book by David Crystal called 'Spell it Out.' He provides a good overview of the history of English spelling in that book.
Jennifer Newman
I'd encourage you to read Diane McGuinness's book, Why Our Children Can't Read and What We Can Do About It. It's a fascinating read for logophiles, and it may also help guide your quest to become a better speller.
Simon Blatchley
Another great episode. I'll be devastated when it finishes! I was particularly interested in the "ou" sound. I live in Lancashire in north west England and there the pronunciation would seem to be a variant of the "middle position". A Lancastrian would say: "There's a meause in our heause." Other vowel sounds would seem to be much more like the Middle English pronunciation. A Lancastrian would stretch out the "oo" sound: eg "I loook at a boook." We also shorten the "ah" sound so where a southern English person would say "bahth" or "grahss" a Lancastrian would say "bath" and "grass" to rhyme with "hath" and "ass" (which in British English means a donkey!) As one of your Scottish contributors noted these regional pronunciations are less common among younger people, particularly those who have received Higher Education.
Incidentally Friday 27th November is Lancashire Day which commemorates when the County Palatine of Lancaster was formally incorporated into England in 1295 and allowed to send 2 representatives to Parliament.
Denis Matthews
Thanks for insight into Lancashire local history as well as the speech. You might be surprised how your area features in the schooling and TV viewing for those of us who live down under
WALTER HARRIS
I came across this example of what might be termed a Greater Manchester dialect. As an American, I appreciate the English subtitles.
https://thetakeout.com/whats-a-wigan-kebab-1845778037
I found the mnemonic "eat aged eggs at Ollies …" very useful but somehow I missed the ending and I am still finding it difficult to pick up the last word "uber"(?). The word seems to be creeping into our vocab here in Australia but so far it seems to be limited to an alternative to the taxi services in the large cities with which I am no longer familiar. In which episode did you add to the mnemonic? The phonetics are still fascinating! Thank you!
We are fascinated by archaeology especially as presented for the BBC by Dr Alice Roberts who lectures at Bristol uni. We are intrigued by her pronunciation of the "ou" dipthong.
Oh my goodness, I was so glad you got to the NC coast regional accents! Thanksgiving in the time of COVID is awful – getting to hear those accents was such a warm reminder of home and family. Thank you!
Another great episode, thank you.
I was glad to learn the reason for two pronunciations of the word route. In my local Northern Virginia dialect, we pronounce it both ways depending on the context. As a boy, I had a paper ROWT. I choose a ROWT for a road trip and ROWT around problems. But I get my kicks on ROOT 66.
I can think of a few possible reasons for this. I'm in a bit of a no-man's land between the mid-Atlantic dialects north of the Potomac River and the southern speech south of the Rappahannock River. So maybe we're on sort of a dividing line for this word.
Or it could be that the standard American media dialect is to say ROOT, so hearing radio and TV news reports about traffic jams on ROOT 50 might influence our speech.
Or could it be that we all were influenced by Nat Cole's hit recording of Bobby Troup's song about a highway out west? Hey, wait. Is that Bobby TROOP or Bobby TROWP?
Jon Lavi
I think you'll find the 'ou' sound in a Northern Ireland accent tends to sound more like 'oi'. One of money particular characteristics of the accent, which is both distinct from (Southern) Irish and mainland accents.
See for example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Td6J0LxSBhI&feature=youtu.be
Nick Britton
Wondering if you'd heard the Lexicon Valley podcast concerning the proposed Phoenician/Punic impact on Germanic languages.
I haven't heard that episode, but I know that John McWhorter makes that connection his book, "Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue." I think I mentioned that theory at some point in the podcast, but I don't remember which episode.
John Petrie
And, of course, there's Groundskeeper Willie singing,
"When yer alone and life is getting ya lonely, ye can always go
Doontoon!"
A couple of comments/questions.
I don't get 'Ollie' being used to represent 'ah'. In most Englishes this is pronounced with a short 'o' as in 'on'. It doesn't seem to gel with 'ham' (home).
Also, didn't you say that the lowest of the front vowels was also pronounced 'ah'? You described it as a 'low central vowel'. Is there a difference between this vowel and the lowest back vowel?
Finally, the sound you were using for U was closer to the umlauted German U, which is actually spoken closer to the front (perhaps central?). 'Uber' in your mnemonic has that vowel. But the native speakers were using the back U. In fact we don't really use the back U as a long vowel in standard modern English, making me think there must have been a later shift.
Some of these questions are addressed in Episode 140 in which I tried to establish the framework for the subsequent discussion about the Great Vowel Shift. For example, for the reasons I noted there, the 'short O' sound in Modern English is essentially an 'ah' sound due to sound shifts. There is some variation within Modern English, however. Americans tend to pronounce that short O or 'ah' sound with the lips unrounded, whereas Brits tend to pronounce the sound with the lips rounded. A word like "on" can also be pronounced with a slightly higher 'aw' sound in American English.
Through this series of episode about the Great Vowel Shift, I have tried to make a note in each episode that the 'ah' sound is really a low central vowel and not a front vowel. It can also be pronounced further back as a back vowel. Linguists would note that there are a couple of different 'ah' vowels – one is more central and one is further back. Again, I noted a couple of times in this series that I was disregarding that technical distinction. The difference is very small, and it can be difficult for many people to detect. In fact, some of my sources suggest that there is little to no difference between those sounds in most American English dialects. Given that this topic is so complicated, I made a decision to simplify these low 'ah' sounds by treating them as one, and I specifically stated that I was doing that in the episodes.
And finally, with respect to the pronunciation of the vowel sounds, I pronounced them as clearly and accurately as I could. Most speakers don't use the specific 'textbook' vowels. Due to regional accents, most of us use vowels that are 'near' those vowels, but not necessarily the exact same vowel. Again, that's why I presented a formal pronunciation of each vowel sound from the IPA website in Episode 140. That way, listeners could compare my pronunciation to the official pronunciation and determine if there was any difference.
Stuart Gunning
The word in the mnemonic is 'Ali's' n'est ce pas? With an 'aw'.
Either Ollie's or Ali's – as long as you use the 'ah' sound in a word like "father" (long vowel) or "what" (short vowel).
Zack Simpson
OMG, I finally caught up! Took me about three years!
Thanks Kevin for all the great work you've done on this podcast.
Michael Barr
Do you have an explanation for the two quite distinct words spelled wound?
"Wound" (as in an injury) and "wound" (a past tense version of the verb "to wind") were historically two separate words that came to be spelled the same way, but the pronunciations have been distinct at least since the late Middle English period. "Wound" as in an injury was "wund" in Old English, so the vowel sound has changed very little in that word over the centuries. "Wound" as in 'to wind' mirrors the pattern found in words like 'bind/bound' and 'find/found.'
Kevin, I am not sure if you provided the answer to my question in any of the episodes dealing with the GVS. When Caxton wrote "hows" for house: was that an indication that the pronunciation went from "U" to "O" to "Ou"? I mean I have often seen the spelling of 'house' as 'hus' or 'huse' and I have heard you talk about that but HOWS? Was Caxton's OW pronounced as in KNOW or HOW or YOU? I have even seen the spelling of YOU as YOW somewhere? Are these indications of sound changes or just non-standard spelling?
If there is the possibility of OU having ever been pronounced as O, does it mean that the pronunciation of THOUGH failed to make the final transition from U to O to OU? And got stuck at O? How about THROUGH: it is possible that it never even moved at all?
Hi Felicia. Thanks for the question. First of all, it is important to keep in mind that the letter W is a just a variation of the letter U. Before the letter W emerged, the letter U was used to represent the /w/ sound. During the Middle English period, the letter U was still being used for that sound by many writers. So the spellings 'hous' and 'hows' could represent the same sound. The fact that writers like Caxton spelled the vowel sound in "house" with [ow] instead of a simple [u] suggests that the vowel sound was being pronounced differently – probably similar to the /o/ sound in "know." But it's important to keep in mind that pronunciations were probably quite variable during this period. And yes, sometimes the pronunciation of a particular word got 'stuck' and didn't experience the subsequent vowel changes.
Hi Kevin. Thank you very much for your response to my question. I appreciate your kindness and the tremendous work you are doing with this podcast. Keep up the good work. Thanks again.
What's the story with the words that are spelled with a long u? Did they come into English later? If not, why weren't they spelled with an "ou"? Or does the "yu" sound in some of these words make it special somehow? I'm thinking of words like huge, due, suit, mute, flute, rude, true, student, attitude, etc.
Hi Jack. Most of the words you mentioned have a unique history unrelated to the Great Vowel Shift, which is why I didn't discuss them as part of this three episode series. Most of those words were pronounced with an /ee-oo/ sound in late Middle English that evolved into a /yoo/ sound in early Modern English. Since then, some of those words have lost the 'y' sound at the beginning (a process called 'yod dropping'). The loss of that 'y' sound varies among words, but more importantly, it also varies among dialects. That is why Brits tend to pronounce "duty" as /dyoo-tee/ and Americans tend to say /doo-dee/. I mentioned this in the episode, but I am going to discuss this set of words in more detail in a future episode.
Thank you for these!
Your example on Route ('r-ow-t' vs "r-oo-t') made me realized that I use both but in different settings. Grew up north of Pittsburgh, PA in an area that was a German 'colony' from 1810s until 1890s / 1900s.
I grew up (and still use) 'r-oo-t' when referring to a specific road – Route 79, Route 19 etc.
I use 'r-ow-t' when directions are involved but not a specific road.
This leads to using both pronunciations in the same sentence – R-oo-t 19 is your best r-ow-t 'dahntahn'
Jeff C
Would it be fair to hypothesize that hus-hous-house is a case where the vowel diphthongized because of the spelling change? People saw two vowels and started pronouncing two vowels?
I actually can't really hear that Canadian raising in the voice samples. I also could not hear it in the Irish or Scots speakers. To me that sounds like standard modern pronunciation. Or, it sounds like such a minor variation of standard modern pronunciation as to not count as a different phoneme.
If the word good as a short you sound, then what Sound is the you in putt? It's definitely different from the U and put, which is similar to the double oh and good. Are they both short U?
Yes. They are both generally described as 'short u' sounds, even though they are distinct.
When I think of along you, I often get a dipthong. It's actually pronounced Y-OO. For example the name of the Indian tribe, Utes, does not compute. But on the other hand, I don't want to be rude. The example you gave of double O sounds that you called a short U, also sounds like a diphthong to me. It's something like 00-short U. GOO-ud, LOO-uk. A true short U is the U in putt, Luddite, and hull. Put has a dipthong again: POo-ut.
Unless I specifically noted otherwise in the episode, all of the vowel descriptions I provided are those identified by modern linguists for 'Standard American English' and/or British 'Received Pronunciation.' However, regional variation is common and may make it difficult to hear those 'standard' pronunciations.
RSS, iTunes, Twitter, Email
Beowulf Deconstructed
History of the Alphabet
Shirley777 on Episode 65: Norman Dukes and Dialects
Chuck Hamilton on Episode 51: Norse Words and a New English
Jose Herrera on Episode 155: Back to Basics
Jack Kenny on Episode 155: Back to Basics
Ken Fox on Episode 155: Back to Basics


In these weekly sessions you will have a unique opportunity to learn how to play the Chinese Zither - no experience is required as we will tailor the class to your expertise. You will also have the opportunity to learn about the history of this fascinating traditional Chinese Instrument. The cost for the entire course is £64.55.


text:
Top placement for Melbourne haematologist
A bright young Melbourne haematologist and researcher has won a place on an exclusive international training program spearheaded by the American Society of Haematology and the European Haematology Association.
Just 20 early-career haematologists have been chosen from all over the world to participate in the 2016 Translational Research Training in Haematology (TRTH) joint program.
Dr Chun Yew Fong, a haematologist and researcher at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre in Victoria, will receive a year of rigorous training and mentoring from international leaders in the field, directed at helping junior scientists build successful careers in translational hematologic research.
Speaking to the limbic this week, Dr Fong said he hoped the program would help him develop further skills in both haematology practice and research.
"It's quite a prestigious award and I was very happy when it came through," he said. "That's been my long term career goal – to work clinically and see patients but also use the things I've learned in a research capacity.
"To be in amongst those fellow participants and see how they are kicking goals in what they do is very inspiring."
TRTH participants include medical, biomedical, and pharmaceutical doctorate trainees who are actively employed in a haematology-related research environment. They have already attended the first phase of the program, a week-long course in March.
Participants will convene again at the 2016 EHA Annual Congress, in Copenhagen from June 9-12, where they will attend small group mentoring sessions. Finally, participants will present the status of their projects at the conclusion of the program at the 2016 ASH Annual Meeting, from December 3-6 in San Diego.
Dr Fong already has some impressive runs on the board when it comes to research. He was part of a research team at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre to have discover how acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) become resistant to treatment, through the development of an innovative technique to grow cancer stem cells for testing in a laboratory dish.
AML stem cells are particularly aggressive, so knowing how they respond when under attack enables researchers to devise interventions to negate the resistance risk, he said.
The study was published in the scientific journal Nature, and saying the discovery could lead to the ability to use treatment to targes epigenetic mechanisms of disease and effectively 'turn-off' cancerous genes in AML.
"It's well on its way, but it's not yet quite there yet in terms of widespread clinical use," he said.
He said he hoped more Australian clinicians would join Australia's growing research community, and that it was important for them to know they would gain a lot of insight into their own clinical practice as a bonus.
"It's not a very common career path and that's a shame because it's a career path that's very rewarding," he said. "What you learn in the lab can be very helpful in improving patient care."
He has strong confidence in Australia's future as a major player on the international medical research stage.
"We are quite innovative and are competitive with the rest of the world," he said. "We bat by far and away above our average in terms of research and development."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Disclaimer: WOODSON, KATRINA MOSLEY is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. Published mugshots and/or arrest records of WOODSON, KATRINA MOSLEY are previously published records of:an arrest, an indictment, a registration, the deprivation of libery or detention. The mugshots and/or arrest records of WOODSON, KATRINA MOSLEY published on madisonarrests.com are in no way an indication of guilt and they are not evidence that an actual crime has been comitted. For latest case status of WOODSON, KATRINA MOSLEY, contact the official law enforcement agencies of Madison county. madisonarrests.com does not provide consumer reports and is not a consumer reporting agency. Our database cannot be used to make decisions about consumer credit, employers, insurance, tenant screening, or any other purposes that would require FCRA compliance.


The government of Ontario imposes the Ontario Land Transfer Tax (LTT) on transfers of residential real property. It is payable on the purchase price and involves a resale property.
If you are buying a new home from a builder then the Land Transfer Tax is calculated on the purchase price net of HST.
If you are a fist time purchaser (resale property or a newly built unit) then you may be eligible for the Ontario Land Transfer Tax refund.
The Toronto Land Transfer Tax may also be applicable if you are buying a property in Toronto, South of Steeles between the Western boundary of Etobicoke and the Eastern boundary of Scarborough.


text:
The following are professionally published reviews of Answers From Silence.
by Rose Rosetree, author of "Aura Reading Through All Your Senses"
in Midwest Book Review
Excerpt: "And his descriptions of living in Enlightenment are, simply, the best I have read anywhere. Far as I'm concerned, the twinkly-eyed jazz composer and concert pianist has found the best way to communicate spiritual connection I've ever read. Move over, Bhagavad-Gita. (Fortunately there's plenty of space on that blessed bookshelf.)
"Thus, Chappell's Answers from Silence is in the tradition of Autobiography of a Yogi. Paramahansa Yogananda's magnificent autobiography no longer stands quite alone on my bookcase shelf. Indirectly but substantially, Chappell has told us his life story – the parts that count: His petty jealousies and insecurities, the guilt and confusion and all the other milestones of his personal development. No holding back for him and, perhaps, consequently, less holding back for us."
When you click on the link below, it contains several reviews, and the Answers From Silence review is several below the top. (Hint: you can do a "find" once you get to the page and go right to it.)
Read the full Midwest Book Review about Answers From Silence.
(scroll down)
and at the amazon.com sales page for this book.
in Pathways Magazine
An abridged version of the Midwest Book Review appeared in the Summer 2010 issue of Pathways Magazine, introduced by these words: "Jeffrey Chappell's book made the cut because of only one thing. This is an outstanding self-published book, authentically new and true, and it happens to be about the most important topic of them all."
by Ruth Douillette
in Foreword Clarion Book Reviews
Excerpt: "Who wouldn't want a personal answering service for the daily questions that flood our minds; answers to questions about relationships, careers, spirituality, and the like; personalized wisdom delivered straight to our hearts? But where can we find such a guru?
"There's wisdom within each of us in the form of an Enlightened Self who will direct us, Jeffrey Chappell writes. He defines enlightenment as 'the shift of identity from that which is bound by time and space to that which is eternal.' Whether we know it or not, everyone is on the path of enlightenment and everyone has an Enlightened Self, he believes.
"This may not be the book for people whose feet are rooted firmly in terra firma, but seekers of enlightenment will be interested in Chappell's take on the matter."
Read the full text at:
Read the full Foreword Clarion Book Review about Answers From Silence.
There are no obstacles to enlightenment.


Today's data centers offer a tremendous range of services to colocation customers. From blazing fast cross connections to service providers to dynamic edge computing architectures, these facilities have the tools to help innovative companies grow their businesses quickly to reach more customers than ever before.
But while many companies looking for a colo provider focus on the technical capabilities of a data center, they sometimes overlook variables like data center management practices. They do so at their own peril, however, because choosing a facility that adheres to data center management best practices can often result in better performance and cost savings. A well-managed data center distinguishes itself by focusing on three core principles.
A data center is a complex environment of power and cooling distribution, access and security and optimized efficiencies. Maintaining these requirements involved 'hands on inspections', performance monitoring and optimizations and alarm management and maintenance procedures and process controls. Adherence to 'best practice' procedures, controlled and monitored activity, planned maintenance and detailed Methods of Procedures (MOPs) is the bases for a successful and reliable facility.
Visibility and confirmation of the above requirements and results is the confirmation and validations customers need for the own internal compliance requirements and those of their customers. At vXchnge their award-winning 'in\site' platform) provide unprecedented visibility into a data center environment. By monitoring network traffic, power usage, and cooling needs in real-time with DCIM software, facilities can identify trends and opportunities in order to enhance both performance and efficiency. As more data centers incorporate machine learning algorithms into their management best practices, they will find new ways to optimize deployments and anticipate future needs.
With so many colocation customers utilizing complex network solutions like hybrid and multi-clouds facilitated by cross connections, data center personnel need to have a high degree of visibility into the environment to understand the dependencies of these networks. This knowledge allows them to see how making changes in one system might have an impact on other systems throughout the data center.
While data centers are remarkable for all the technological innovations incorporated into their operations, most of them still rely heavily upon human technicians for deploying servers, resolving problems, and overseeing operations. Since hardware and software applications change so quickly, it's critically important for data center personnel to have a firm grounding in tried and true procedures and processes to minimize errors and avoid confusion.
Data center management best practices should always include clearly established rules for every routine in the facility. What is the policy for migrating customer data? Who needs to be notified when assets are moved on the data floor? What is the first step taken when installing new servers in a cabinet? Without a clear process for these tasks and others like them, a facility will not be able to hold itself accountable to its customers and it will be difficult to determine what went wrong in the event of a problem.
In addition to documenting routine tasks, data centers should have clear protocols in place for dealing with specific situations. If, for instance, a server goes down somewhere on the data floor, technicians should always follow the same steps to resolve the issue. Reinforcing these processes through regular drills helps to prepare data center personnel for any eventuality, ensuring that the facility will be able to address problems promptly and with minimal confusion.
With so much focus on network architecture and virtualized assets, it's easy to forget that a data center is a physical environment as well as a digital one. Servers take up rack space, cabinets are arranged to disperse heat effectively, and cabling needs to be laid down to create connections between all that computing equipment. Understanding how the physical dynamics of a data center layout is crucial to maximizing network performance.
A poor cabling strategy, for example, could very easily result in air blockages, making it more difficult to cool equipment. Not only will this lead to higher cooling costs over time, but it will also put more strain on the data center's cooling infrastructure and potentially wear out expensive equipment faster than normal. When it comes to computing equipment, an inefficient rack deployment could leave customers paying for power and cooling they don't really need.
Data centers can use the insights gained from DCIM software to better manage their physical environment. Most platforms incorporate some form of asset tracking, often in the form of RFID tags. Combined with data drawn from predictive analytics, DCIM software can identify where equipment should be located to maximize power distribution and cooling. This information can also show how making some change to rack inventory, for instance, might affect related systems before anyone even touches a piece of hardware.
Effective data center operations management can be a powerful differentiator between colocation facilities. A colo provider that adheres to data center management best practices will be able to deliver far better performance than a facility that takes a more slapdash approach to managing its infrastructure. By adhering to the three core principles of data center management, facilities can set themselves apart from their competitors.
Ross is a Regional Vice President, Operations at vXchnge and is responsible for managing all 14 data center locations. With more than 30 years of experience, Ross has managed data center construction, engineering, repair and maintenance, leading him to the emerging business of colocation.


Audrey Grant has an international reputation in the field of bridge education. Her vision and commitment have been key to the success of the Better Bridge series of books, TV shows, lectures, Better Bridge magazine, and the Better Bridge Teacher Training Seminar. Audrey is the author of The Official Better Bridge Series, and thousands of teachers have used her textbooks and methods for the past two decades. Most recently, Better Bridge introduced the Interactive Daily Bridge Column online, a significant contribution to bridge education.
2013 Honorary Member of the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL). Annually since 1927 the ACBL has appointed an Honorary Member -- a select group of "Who's Who" in the bridge world. Audrey Grant received this recognition and joined the ranks of the distinguished group of Honorary Members, which includes Warren Buffet, Bill Gates, and astronaut Gregory Johnson.
2013 Canadian Bridge Federation Hall of Fame. The CBF Hall of Fame highlights the accomplishments of Canadians who, through their playing record or their contributions to the advancement of bridge in Canada and around the world, are deserving of this honour.
Audrey Grant's Better Bridge is pleased to present this program to benefit Type 1 Diabetes research through the City of Hope. Tax deductible receipts will be provided for a portion of the program fee.
SUBMIT REGISTRATION button is pressed.


text:
Q: PHP DOMDocument won't parse XML string as UTF-8 I'm trying to parse an xml-formatted string into a DOMDocument. The following is my code:
mysql_connect("localhost", "MYUSERNAME", "MYPASSWORD") or die(mysql_error());
mysql_select_db("cmj_db") or die(mysql_error());

$data = mysql_query("SELECT article_id, html_data from articles where article_id=".$_GET["article_id"]) or die(mysql_error());
$dataArray = mysql_fetch_array($data);
echo 'article: ' . $dataArray['article_id'] . '<br />';

$doc = new DOMDocument;
$doc->loadXML(Encoding::toUTF8($dataArray['html_data']));

I get the error: Warning: DOMDocument::loadXML(): Input is not proper UTF-8, indicate encoding ! Bytes: 0x96 0x20 0x6E 0x6F
There are special characters involved, so I require a UTF encoding. When I echo the string on its own, the characters look fine. It might be helpful to note that this has been a long succession of conversions.. I unescaped a lot of characters from an html encoding, and then imported this to a mysql table (with utf-9 charset). How can I convert this string to unicode so I can parse it as XML?
Thanks

A: Have you tried mb_convert_encoding()?
mb_convert_encoding()
If I understood you correctly, encoding of your XML is UTF-9, and you need UTF-8?
mb_convert_encoding($dataArray['html_data'], 'UTF-8', 'UTF-9')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Giants interview Judge, Rhule on deck, McCarthy to Dallas
TOM CANAVAN
Associated Press January 6, 2020
Sugar Bowl Football
Baylor head coach Matt Rhule reacts from the sideline in the second half of the Sugar Bowl NCAA college football game against Georgia in New Orleans, Wednesday, Jan. 1, 2020. (AP Photo/Bill Feig)
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. (AP) — The New York Giants have interviewed New England Patriots assistant coach Joe Judge for their vacant head coaching job.
The 38-year-old Judge has been a part of five championship teams, winning three Super Bowls with the Patriots and two college football titles with Alabama.
Judge is the fifth candidate the Giants have interviewed since firing Pat Shurmur last week.
The Patriots' special teams coordinator and wide receivers coach met with co-owner John Mara, general manager Dave Gettleman, vice president of football operations Kevin Abrams at the team's headquarters in New Jersey on Monday.
The Giants are also expected to interview Patriots offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels and Baylor coach Matt Rhule this week.
Judge has coached for 15 years, including the past eight with New England. He was part of the staffs that helped the team to Super Bowls titles in the 2014, '16 and '18 seasons. He had won titles with the Crimson Tide in 2009 and '11. He has also coached at Mississippi State and Birmingham-Southern.
The Giants also lost one of their candidates Monday. Former Packers coach Mike McCarthy, who interviewed with the Giants on Friday, agreed to become coach of the Dallas Cowboys, a person familiar with the decision told the Associated Press. The person spoke on condition of anonymity because the team has not made an announcement.
Dallas defensive assistant coach and former Seattle defensive coordinator Kris Richard was interviewed by the Giants on Thursday. McCarthy was done Friday. Chiefs offensive coordinator Eric Bieniemy and Ravens defensive coordinator Don Martindale had interviews on Saturday.
Omnisport
Chiefs' Patrick Mahomes ends Patriots QB Tom Brady's 2-year run atop this list
49ers' Katie Sowers Will Be the First Female, Openly Gay Coach at the Super Bowl
Katie Sowers Is The First Female And Openly Gay Person To Coach In A Super Bowl
Adidas debuts trailer for documentary profiling McDavid's recovery from major knee injury
Paul, Thunder rally for 112-107 win over struggling Rockets


A song for going up to worship. Of David.
The Christian, the struggler, and the mentally ill should become prolific readers of the Psalms.
Some of us will need to take meds, that is true. But the Psalms are pretty much required as well. We diligently need to take a physical dose of our daily medication. For believers, Psalm 131 is a spiritual dose that is just as mandatory, and just as necessary.
This particular Psalm is unique, and deeply insightful. It begins its work in us right at the start; the superscription. "A song for going up to worship," and it strikes me that a work must happen inside of my heart. It is a preparation that will take me higher, and help me see God more clearly. I need to worship.
Verse 1 states the certain issue we have; it is called 'pride.' What David says seems to be a very arrogant and audacious thing to say. There is a truism that you think you're humble, you're not. A church once gave an elder a medal for humility. But they had to take it away, because he wore it everywhere. To claim you are suddenly liberated from pride, knowing ears perk up. It is almost always a sign of danger.
Are you content to be the simple servant now, and delay the accolades and praise until you get to heaven?
Some make themselves, literally sick by the deep dark quest to be important. In verse 2, we connect with some astonishing imagery. A baby! I am like a little baby being held by my mom. It's not an issue of sophistication, but simplicity . Of having limits, but not applause. How can this be?!
The word in Hebrew, isn't "baby," (as in newborn) but baby, but more like a small toddler. A "weaned" child more is a better translation. A weaned child no longer needs his mom's milk. You can guess that it makes the child more content. He doesn't fuss, or nuzzle his mothers breast, demanding his food. The child no longer receives his nourishment this way. There is a contentment, a simple desire just to be with mom, just because he wants to. This is a significant step into maturity.
To me, verse 2 is the centerpiece of Psalm 131. OK, let's apply this spiritually. There was a time when it was necessary for me to have my mother's milk. I screamed and would throw a terrible tantrum if she didn't feed me from her breast. I would starve if she didn't give me her milk. For all practical purposes, it seems we use God to get what we need. But we grow, and become mature.
David is saying that we need to emulate his example.
Now we can come into God's presence– just to be with Him.
That's all. So simple. As a child, we just want to be where He is at. We have no ulterior motives, there is no manipulation. We seek His face, and not what is in His hands.
If we rightly connect the dots, we find that we land right back to the opening superscription. This is an amazing concept of worship– the real kind. As a struggler, a rascal and mentally disabled, I must start at the beginning– again and again and again. I have to worship. I can only do this if I become a little boy again. I finally realize I must throw ambition and pride overboard.


text:
Clastobasis är ett släkte av tvåvingar som beskrevs av Frederick Askew Skuse 1890. Clastobasis ingår i familjen svampmyggor.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life och Dyntaxa:

Källor

Svampmyggor
Clastobasis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Electric skateboards are becoming more and more popular amongst people these days, and it's easy to understand their appeal. It's a relatively simple and inexpensive technology that allows people to save money and it's also a "green technology" that can make commuting to work definitely more fun!
There are electric skateboards available to purchase on the market, but if you are interested in embarking in a new, green, DIY project, we decided to put together some simple steps to get you started.
However, it's important to bear in mind that the ones below are only general guidelines. If you decide to embark in this challenge and build your own electric skateboard, you should always remember that this is still a form of transport and that you should take all the necessary precautions like wearing a helmet and other protective clothing when using it!
The first big decision to make when it comes to electric skateboards is what deck to choose. You could opt for a standard skateboard deck but this option, because of its lightness, could be more difficult to control.
Most people would advise using a longboard deck as it would offer more stability, a larger surface where to install the components, and overall smoother drive. There are many of these board available to purchase on the market but if carpentry is also one of your skills, you could try to build one on your own!
Wheels with a large diameter and medium softness are also advised as they will give you a nice, smoother, ride.
Again, even for this part of your project, you could decide to buy motor mount kits or power kits. This is probably the safest and quickest choice to complete your electric skateboard and could save you some headaches trying to find all the different components.
However, if you are on a budget or fancy a bit of challenge, you could build your own motor from scratch trying to source all the components online or in your hardware shop.
The drive train of your electric skateboard is essentially the part that connects your motor to the wheels and that, in essence, makes the skateboard move. There are two options available for your skateboard drive train: a chain drive train or a belt driven one.
They are very similar in terms of performance, but it could be argued that a chain pulley is noisier, but it's also more durable and will probably last you longer. The belt pulley is quieter and smoother, but it's also more susceptible to snapping and might wear out faster compared to a chain.
Even in this case, you can purchase some good drive trains online and motor kits that might already have one included with them.
Now that you have sourced, assembled and tested your new electric skateboard you want to make sure to install a form of protection for its most delicate and valuable parts.
This case should have good airflow, should be of sturdy construction and needs to hold all the electronics securely.
Like for the deck, you could make your own if you have the necessary know-how, otherwise you can have a look at the various already-made models available online.


# 1 choice for accounting, audit, tax, consulting and analytic services Bridgers, Goodman, Baird & Clarke not only to help you manage and grow your business, but to help you achieve your business and personal financial goals, so that your business can be a means to enjoy all of your life's passions.
Bookkeeping, Computerized Payroll Processing, Cash Management, General Ledger Preparation and Payroll Tax Preparation and Reporting.
We assist our tax clients through efficient compliance and effective planning to help them realize substantial savings.
Our goal is to improve information or the context of information so that decision makers can make more informed, and presumably better, decisions.
With our depth, expertise, and flexibility, Bridgers CPAs is uniquely qualified to deliver any external peer review services you require.
Many clients depend on Bridgers CPAs to provide them with basic accounting and reporting services on a regular basis. This is of particular benefit for the small business owner or growing business, as it provides our clients with a cost-efficient method for obtaining basic accounting information, while also receiving our counsel and expertise on all aspects of financial management.
We provide more than accounting and bookkeeping services; we take an active role in increasing profits for your business. We'll deliver the accurate financial reports you need to watch expenses and the inventive strategies to manage your tax obligations. At Bridgers CPAs, we know that how you handle your money can make or break your business.
Assurance services are audit activities that provide an independent, objective assessment of financial statements or compliance efforts. ... These compliance, regulatory, and financial statement audits are all considered assurance services.
2. Why do I need a tax accountant?
An accountant is best utilized when you have a very specific tax situation, such as owning your own business, making above $200k, expect to give money to your children, owning rental properties, or anticipate receiving a large capital gain.
3. What do i need to do to prepare for an Audit?
Understand the standard. ... Identify your Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). ... Make sure to allocate sufficient resources to your experts. ... Determine your internal procedures. ... Gather documentation for your procedures.


In essence we are one, but in nonsense we are many. We need essence and nonsense. Life is for fun; otherwise God could have just created everyone alike with the same thoughts. Everything is God's Will. Nothing happens without His Will. He allows this chaos. Why? He must have thought, "Only by this chaotic situation will they really thirst for peace. Then, if I give them peace, they will really relish it."
Once a young man went to Sri Ramakrishna and said, "Sir, I want to see God right away."
I would like to take this moment to thank my parents for making this day possible! It was from their love for each other that I was created and their guidance that I have survived as a pup in den of wolves.
For all of the sacrifices they made on my behalf - may they receive blessings!
For the love they gave without measure - may they receive endless LOVE and compassion back!
Question: If we have faith in God, do we need medicine when we are sick?
The following is one of my favourite quotes from the writings of Alfred D Souza.
" For a long time it had seemed to me that my life was about to begin - Real Life. But there was always some obstacle in the way. Something to be gotten through first, some unfinished business. Time still to be served. A debt to be paid. Then life would begin.
Clinical yoga to enhance health through yoga, meditation, relaxation, breathing and mindfulness.
Training the mind is worth doing at any cost. It's extremely difficult. That's why we don't see very many saints. If it were that easy, there would be thousands. How many saints have there been like that? You can easily count them.
Never give up. Know that your spiritual goal is something great. You have fallen down from the summit, and you are on your way back up. It is greater even than climbing Mount Everest. As soon as the climbers get to the peak of Everest, they have to go down again. They never rest. But with the spiritual climb, once you get there you rest there forever.
cannot be taken away by death.
The link to an on air interview I did with Rachael Kohn for ABC Radio National the Spirit of Things is now live.
Click on "Listen Now" or "Download Audio"
I'm on second but if you slide the marker along to timescale 16.00 mins then I come on straight away.
A research done in England found that a baby smiles 400 times a day, an adolescent 17 times and an adult doesn't smile at all! The more successful one keeps a very stiff face. Is roughness a sign of success? Is being stressed a sign of prosperity, growth or dignity?
Just be happy, have fun, enjoy life and don't get caught. When I say, "don't get caught," I am not talking about someone else catching you. I am talking about your own mind. Choose the kind of fun that won't bind you. If a certain kind of fun will bring you unhappiness later on, then it's not fun at all. Our goal is unending joy.
Sacred architecture of the chakras system.
It's been said often enough that Hindus celebrate everything. So they do. The birth of gods, death of asuras, victory of the gods, marriage of the gods, the new year, new months, full moons, new moons, harvests, birthdays, initiations, marriages, deaths, anniversaries - you name the event, and it is reason for music, dance, processions, and what have you.


text:
Q: Controlling motor with potential on 2 points I have 2 nodes where minimum voltage is 2.7v and maximum voltage is 5v. I would like to turn ON a motor when both nodes have 5v and turn off when both nodes have 2.7v.

*

*Node1 - 5v & Node2 - 5v      Motor ON

*Node1 - 5v & Node2 - 2.7v    Motor ON

*Node1 - 2.7v & point2 - 2.7v  Motor OFF

How can i achieve this??

A: You can use a comparator, along these lines:

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
The noninverting input sees the higher of your sample points minus a diode drop. It will see about 4.3V if either In1 or In2 is 5V, or about 2V if both are 2.7V.
The divider formed by R1 and R2 sets your threshold for turning the motor on. You should design this divider with the values in the previous paragraph in mind.
R3 adds some hysteresis for stability. You can google information about calculating this value based on your required noise margin.
R5 is a pullup needed if you use a comparator with an open drain output.
M1 just represents a generic drive for your motor, since you didn't say what you were using.


By Julie Sheppard – Incident reports are a typical part of risk management in the healthcare setting. In theory, properly reporting incidents provides an opportunity for a resolution by the right people at the right time.
By Luis Castillo – No matter who your patient is, there's no way to avoid a certain degree of risk. If there were, preventing readmissions would be a much easier prospect. But even if we can't eliminate risk entirely, we can certainly manage it.
By Clyde Hewitt – If one lesson is clear from the constant stream of recent settlements announced by the Office for Civil Rights, it is that covered entities are not implementing risk management plans to reduce risks to protected health information (PHI) to an acceptable and appropriate level.
By D'Arcy Gue – A record number of hospitals have look into or signed IT outsourcing contracts this year. A Black Book study says hospital CFOs and CIOs are collaborating with external service providers to resolve bottom line pressures.
By Lisa English – Yes, the terms "big data" and "analytics" are buzzwords, but they clearly highlight a shift toward data-driven decision-making with a real measurable impact on outcomes in many different industries. Savvy digital marketers now mine your digital breadcrumb trail to offer you more of what you like and attempt to discern what you need before you are aware of it yourself.


If the recent behavior issues due not stop here in the Political Discussions forum, I will be shutting it down.
We've always tended to "look the other way" in regards to the political forum, but the personal attacks and insults on members posting in this forum has gotten out of control. It's to the point that I don't wish to be bothered with this type of discussion much longer.
So if you enjoy discussing politics, leave out the personal attacks on each other and keep the discussion going.
Its kind of a damned if you do, damned if you don't situation. No doubt personal attacks will continue. However, if the political forum is removed, political discussions and personal attacks will just poison the other forums.
So what you're saying is that it's impossible to carry on a political discussion without attacking someone personally. Do you honestly believe that?
Talk politics is a no-no to me. Politics should be taken personally, hence, the personal attacks happen. Maybe not on purpose, but then it steamrolls.
I stay out of the political discussion, most of the time.
I think that people are more likely to interpret the probative nature of a political discussion to be personal. Some for instance would consider your above question wherein you challenge the veracity of the previous poster to be a personal attack in and of itself.
I also think that the political discussion leads to rhetorical techniques that others consider less than fair, and the challenging of those techniques are interpreted as personal attacks as well.
Perhaps the term "personal attack" needs to be more specifically delineated for purposes of defining prohibited behavior.
I for one am not bothered by attacks about me or my positions or my reasonings. I only get really off put by attacks that inappropriately smear my wife and children. I also think I can take a jibe and retort accordingly with the best of them ... and I think I can back off and tone it down when one suggests I've gone too far.
Finally, I often feel most filial with those I disagree with the most. In other words, Couga, Bill, Pfife and Buddha are pains in the arse, but they are my pains in the arse.
My brother used to work on the Senate staff in Lansing (he's a Democrat, by the way), and he told me one time the most frustrating thing about working there was that people "don't get that the party thing isn't personal."
I don't understand why that's hard to understand.
I do think, though, that sometimes when people who are not the primary participants read the threads, they may seem nastier than they really are. I personally like just about everyone on the political board, although there are a few I suppose I don't care for all that much, but this has virtually no correlation at all to where people fall on the political spectrum.
My brother used to work on the Senate staff in Lansing (he's a Democrat' date=' by the way), and he told me one time the most frustrating thing about working there was that people "don't get that the party thing isn't personal."
I do think, though, that sometimes when people who are not the primary participants read the threads, they may [i']seem nastier than they really are. I personally like just about everyone on the political board, although there are a few I suppose I don't care for all that much, but this has virtually no correlation at all to where people fall on the political spectrum.
Did you guys know of this before he just mentioned it?
Yeah. We figured it out awhile back. I don't remember how. I think he mentioned something about it, or I mentioned who I used to work for and then it went from there.
Surprise, surprise, but the two of them look alike. However, I can't imagine their politics are too similar considering who we were working for at the time.
Bravo, my worthy foe. And OMF, too. I agree 100 percent.
I don't mean anything personally on here, and I don't take anything personally.
But yes, the standards could stand to be raised in here. The way I see it, you can call my ideas and viewpoints anything you want, but when they are directed at me specifically, I think that crosses the line. To me, "Your idea is extremely stupid" is fine, whereas "you are extremely stupid" is over the line. I think that despite all the debate on here, there's ony a few people who regularly cross the line. But, IMHO, that's wheere the line should be drawn. Questioing people's personal lives should be strictly prohibited.
That would have been either Sen. Pollack or Sen. Wheeler-Smith. After Sen. Pollack left the Senate, she became a publisher and I did some writing for her. Weird, eh?
No kidding! My wife went to school with Pollack and was in her wedding!
I worked with Lana. My grandparents were friends with her, so I got an internship for the summer. Alma was still working there and wasn't "Senator Wheeler-Smith" at that point. I didn't work that often with Gus, but did for a few weeks.
I was mostly the office cut up. He was actually doing real work.
As for the meaning of this thread, I've pretty much quit the political forum, so maybe that will quiet things down a bit?
Yes. While some poster will be able to remain civil, there will always be posters that will not abide by the rules. Outlawed behavior will stop for a shot time period and then begin again.
Yes. While some poster will be able to remain civil, there will always be posters that will not abide by the rules. Personal attacks will stop for a shot time period and then begin again.
So we need to keep reminding people then.
Don't rely on others doing so, everyone does it when they feel people are going too far. Easy.
And can we keep this stickied up the top for a long while as well btw to remind ourselves about it whenever we come here?
Now hopefully they don't find the Premiership threads.
Where's the sport in that?
Oh man, I read the title of this thread and had a very bad flashback to 2nd grade parent teacher conferences.
"We're not mad, we're disappointed..."
Meh. It was taking up too much of my time.
So you were such a clown that you made my brother look like a hard worker by comparison?
dude, last time i was around you had 10k posts!


text:
People generally think of Microsoft Kinect as a gadget for games. A toy, even. But, in fact, it is so much more. It is a device that has the potential to change how we interact with machines. For instance, a musician could create a whole new type of musical instrument that responds to their body movements with different tones and sound textures. A user could teach Kinect to recognize the sign language dialect used in his or her region. Internet communities could work together to develop new computer interfaces based entirely on gestures; for instance, a system could be developed for editing movies using hand signals. Or, Kinect could be used to control a TV by using gestures to change channel, a nod of the head to click a button, and more.
Our latest competition, the CHALEARN Gesture Challenge, may be the catalyst needed to get us there. The goal of this competition is to allow the Kinect to quickly and easily learn entirely new gestures. A successful solution would mean that a computer or game console user could "teach" his or her system entirely new gestures just by having Kinect watch them. After that, this new gesture would be added to Kinect's "vocabulary."
Kaggle players will be asked to come up with a machine learning algorithm which can be shown a gesture just once, and can then recognize that gesture again later. They must be able to do this for dozens of gestures. On top of that, rather than the typical spreadsheets and numbers that our community of data scientists is accustomed to working with, the dataset for this competition is actually a collection of sophisticated video clips taken by Kinect's motion-detecting camera.
Ever since I saw Minority Report, where Tom Cruise's character rapidly searches through reams of information using gestures, I have been fascinated by the idea of interacting with computers using the sophisticated and complex movements that the human body is capable of. Kinect make this vision accessible. It just needs the algorithms to tap into its power.
Oftentimes, the datasets used in our competitions aren't the type of information that one would come across in an everyday situation. Our latest competition is different. Rather than the typical spreadsheets and numbers that our community of data scientists is accustomed to working with, the dataset for this competition is actually a collection of sophisticated video clips taken by Microsoft Kinect's motion-detecting camera.
Today, we're kicking off the CHALEARN Gesture Challenge, a new competition organized by CHALEARN and sponsored in part by Microsoft. The goal? Improving Kinect's ability to recognize new categories of gestures, which will ultimately open up new ways to control a computer using Kinect and the human body. Outside of gaming, there are many other potential applications for Kinect's gesture recognition capabilities, from interpreting sign language to controlling robots or appliances to recognizing when a patient in a hospital room is in distress.
The CHALEARN Gesture Challenge runs through April 10, 2012. The winning data scientists will take home $10,000, with an additional twist: Microsoft has the option to license the winning algorithm for up to $100,000.
free of charge stuff
This is really interesting, You are an overly professional blogger. I have joined your rss feed and look forward to seeking extra of your magnificent post. Additionally, I have shared your web site in my social networks