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Le championnat d'URSS d'échecs (masculin) est le plus fort championnat national d'échecs qui ait jamais eu lieu, avec pas moins de huit champions du monde, quatre finalistes du championnat du monde et treize participants à un tournoi des candidats parmi ses vainqueurs. Kasparov a déclaré dans une interview :

Les champions du monde Mikhaïl Botvinnik et Mikhaïl Tal ont remporté le titre à six reprises, mais ne se sont jamais rencontrés dans un championnat d'URSS. Botvinnik a participé onze fois à une finale, entre 1927 à 1955, et Tal a participé vingt fois : dix-neuf fois entre 1956 à 1979, ainsi que lors de la dernière édition, en 1991. Ils ont remporté leur premier titre à vingt-ans et leur sixième titre à quarante-deux ans.

De 1951 à 1969, tous les trois ans, le championnat d'URSS fit office de tournoi zonal, qualificatif pour le cycle des candidats au championnat du monde. Seulement quatre joueurs soviétiques étaient sélectionnés pour participer au tournoi interzonal organisé l'année suivante.
À partir de 1956, les finales assurèrent également à leur vainqueur une place dans l'équipe d'URSS qui participait aux olympiades.

Pour les périodes avant 1920 et après 1991, voir championnat de Russie d'échecs.

Organisation
La phase finale du championnat d'URSS d'échecs s'est tenue, de 1920 à 1991, sous forme d'un tournoi toutes rondes, à l'exception des  et  (1967 et 1991) qui étaient des systèmes suisses et de la  (1929, quatre quarts de finale avec neuf joueurs, deux demi-finales de six joueurs et une finale à trois joueurs). Les tournois toutes rondes avaient entre 13 participants (en 1923) et 23 participants (en 1969), le plus souvent 18 ou 20 (trente six fois).

La finale du championnat d'URSS fut rebaptisée ligue supérieure ou division supérieure du championnat d'URSS à partir de 1973,

Jusqu'en 1940, le championnat d'URSS avait lieu tous les deux ans ; à partir de 1944, il fut organisé tous les ans sauf en 1946, 1953 et en 1982 où il n'y a pas eu de championnat.

Deux éditions eurent lieu en 1961 : la  remportée par Tigran Petrossian se déroulait en janvier-février 1961 ; la , remportée par Boris Spassky eut lieu en novembre-décembre 1961. À quatre autres reprises (en 1965, 1967, 1969 et 1981), deux éditions se terminèrent la même année : la première commençant entre Noël de l'année précédente et le jour de l'An, puis se terminant avant le , tandis que la seconde se produisait en octobre ou en décembre. À cause de ces irrégularités, les championnats d'URSS sont souvent désignés par leur numéro et moins par leur année.

Lorsqu'il y avait des ex æquo (à 22 reprises), les joueurs à égalité étaient parfois départagés (9 fois) par un match ou un mini-tournoi pas toujours décisif.

Sélection des participants
Les systèmes de sélection ont changé à plusieurs reprises. Jusqu'en 1927, les joueurs participaient sur invitation. À partir de 1929, furent instaurées des demi-finales, en nombre variable (de 3 à 6), et des quarts de finale dans tout le pays. Parfois les championnats de certaines républiques soviétiques comme la Russie, ou celui de Léningrad, faisaient office de demi-finales. Parfois les championnats des clubs sportifs , Troud, Beretchnik faisaient office de demi-finale (en 1962). À partir de 1973 les demi-finales furent remplacées par un ou plusieurs tournois qualificatifs qui répartissaient les joueurs entre le tournoi de ligue supérieure ou super-ligue (l'ancienne finale) et le tournoi de première ligue (ou première division).

Importance des championnats d'URSS
Tous les trois ans, de 1951 à 1969, la finale était un tournoi zonal (ou, en 1963, une étape pour le tournoi zonal). Les tournois zonaux sélectionnaient les joueurs soviétiques qui participeraient aux tournois interzonaux, tournois qualificatifs pour désigner les candidats au championnat du monde d'échecs. Ces championnats d'URSS ne qualifiaient que 4 joueurs et furent parmi les plus disputées avec, à chaque fois, la participation d'au moins neuf anciens ou futurs vainqueurs du championnat d'URSS. À partir de 1973, il y eut 2 puis 3 tournois interzonaux ainsi qu'un nombre de joueurs soviétiques sélectionnés doublé, puis triplé pour ces tournois interzonaux ; les championnats d'URSS devinrent moins importants pour les joueurs soviétiques dans les années 1970 et 1980.

Les champions d'URSS bénéficiaient habituellement d'une place dans l'équipe soviétique qui participait à l'olympiade d'échecs à partir de 1956 (Botvinnik et Averbakh furent écartés de la sélection en 1952 et 1954).

Palmarès

Historique

1920-1940 (Alekhine, Romanovski, Bogolioubov, Botvinnik et Levenfisch)
En 1937, Botvinnik, qui avait été absent du championnat d'URSS, disputa un match à Moscou et Léningrad contre le champion d'URSS, Levenfisch. Le match se termina par l'égalité (6,5 à 6,5) et Levenfisch conserva son titre.

Le match-tournoi de 1941
Du 23 mars au , à Leningrad puis Moscou eut lieu un tournoi de départage entre les 6 premiers joueurs du XII championnat (Lilienthal, Bondarevski, Smyslov, Keres, Boleslavski et Botvinnik) pour désigner un challenger soviétique au champion du monde Alekhine. Botvinnik remporta ce tournoi (+9−2=9), disputé à 4 tours (chaque joueur rencontrait les autres adversaires quatre fois), avec 2,5 points d'avance sur Keres et 3,5 sur Smyslov. Il reçut le titre de champion absolu d'URSS mais ce tournoi n'est pas considéré comme un championnat d'URSS. La finale du XIII championnat d'URSS était prévue pour l'automne 1941, avec les 6 joueurs du tournoi de mars-avril plus Kotov, Levenfisch et les meilleurs de 3 demi-finales mais l'Allemagne envahit l'Union soviétique le  1941.

1944-1956 (Botvinnik, Keres, Bronstein, Smyslov, Averbakh et Taïmanov)

1957-1973 (Tal, Petrossian, Kortchnoï, Spassky, Stein et Polougaïevski)

1974-1991 (Tal, Beliavski, Karpov, Kasparov, Psakhis et Tsechkovski)

Bilan

Victoires

Titres
Le plus de victoires :
 6 titres
 Botvinnik (en 1931, 1933, 1939, 1944, 1945 et, ex æquo, en 1952, vainqueur du match de départage disputé en 1953)
 Tal (seul vainqueur en 1958, 1959 et 1978 ; ex æquo en 1967, 1972 et 1974),
 4 titres
 Kortchnoï (en 1960, 1962, 1964-1965 et 1970, quatre fois seul vainqueur)
 Petrossian (en 1959, février 1961, 1969 et 1975, vainqueur du match de départage en 1969-1970)
  Quatre fois ex æquo : Beliavski (en 1974, 1980-1981, 1987 et 1990, vainqueur du match de départage en 1987),
 3 titres
 Keres (en 1947, 1950 et 1951, trois fois seul vainqueur),
 Stein (en 1963-1964, 1965 et 1966-1967, vainqueur du tournoi de départage en 1963-1964)
 Karpov (en 1976, 1983 et 1988, ex æquo en 1988),
 4 premières places et deux titres
 Spassky (seul vainqueur en décembre 1961 et 1973, 1-3 ex æquo en 1956 et 1963, deux tournois de départage perdus),
 3 premières places ex æquo consécutives et deux titres
 Polougaïevski (en 1967, 1968-1969 et 1969-1970, 2 départages disputés, un seul remporté),
 2 titres
 Bogolioubov (deux fois seul vainqueur : en 1924 et 1925),
 Geller (seul vainqueur en 1979 et vainqueur du match de départage en 1955),
 deux premières places dont une fois ex æquo : Romanovski, Levenfisch et Tsechkovski.
 deux premières places ex æquo : Bronstein, Psakhis et Kasparov.
 1 titre
 Averbakh : une fois seul vainqueur (en 1954) et une fois ex æquo (en 1956, deuxième du tournoi de départage)
 Deux premières places ex æquo et un match de départage perdu : Smyslov et Taimanov.
 Une fois seuls vainqueurs : Alekhine, Verlinski, Savon, Sokolov et Vaganian.
 Une première place ex æquo avec un départage disputé (terminé par l'égalité entre les joueurs) :
 Goulko, Dorfman, Gavrikov, Gourevitch, Tchernine,
 Une première place ex æquo :
 Bogatyrtchouk, I. Rabinovitch, Lilienthal, Bondarevski, Kotov, Youdassine, Bareïev, Vyjmanavine et Minassian.
 Une première place ex æquo et un match-tournoi de départage perdu :
 Kholmov (en 1963-1964, troisième du tournoi de départage) ;
 A. Zaïtsev (en 1969, deuxième après le match de départage) et
 Salov (en 1987, deuxième après le match de départage).
 Une première place ex æquo et deuxième au départage : Maguerramov (en 1991).

Parmi les joueurs soviétiques importants qui n'ont jamais remporté le championnat d'URSS figurent Ragozine ( en 1937), Boleslavski ( en 1945 et 1947,  en 1944), Fourman ( en 1948), Toukmakov ( en 1970, 1972 et 1983), Kouzmine (3-5 en 1972 et 2- en 1973), Balachov ( en 1976, 2-7 en 1986, 3-4 en 1979 et 3-5 en 1980-1981), Romanichine (2-5 en 1975, 3-5 en 1980-1981 et 3en 1981), Youssoupov ( en 1979, 3-5 en 1980-1981 et 3-4 en 1988), Eingorn ( en 1984, 2-7 en 1986, 3-4 en 1987 et 2-5 en 1989) et Lerner ( en 1984 et 2-7 en 1986).

Victoires consécutives
Polougaïevski a été premier ex æquo trois fois de suite : en 1967, 1968-1969 et 1969 ; il a remporté le match de départage en 1969 et a perdu celui de 1970.

Neuf joueurs ont remporté deux titres consécutifs : Bogolioubov (en 1924 et 1925), Botvinnik (à deux reprises : en 1931 et 1933, et en 1944 et 1945), Levenfisch (1934-1935 et 1937, une fois ex æquo), Bronstein (deux fois ex æquo : en 1948 et 1949), Keres (en 1950 et 1951), Tal (en 1957 et 1958), Stein (en 1965 et 1966-1967), Polougaïevski (ex æquo en 1967 et 1968-1969) et Psakhis (deux fois ex æquo : en 1980-1981 et 1981).

Botvinnik et Stein sont les seuls joueurs à avoir remporté trois titres en quatre participations consécutives : Stein fut vainqueur en 1963 après départage,  en 1964-1965,  en 1965 et 1966-1967. Botvinnik fut vainqueur en 1939, 5- en 1940 et premier en 1944 et 1945.

Plus jeunes vainqueurs
Kasparov a été premier ex æquo en décembre 1981, à 18 ans et 8 mois, sans disputer de départage. Spassky a été premier ex æquo en 1956, à 19 ans, et a perdu le tournoi de départage. Botvinnik, à 20 ans et presque 3 mois, a été le plus jeune seul vainqueur d'une finale, en novembre 1931, suivi par Tal, à 20 ans et un peu plus de trois mois (en février 1957) et par Sokolov (en 1984), à 21 ans. Beliavski a été premier ex æquo en 1974, à 21 ans, sans disputer de départage.

Sokolov et Psakhis remportèrent le titre à leur première tentative. Kotov a terminé deuxième lors de sa première participation.

Geller a été le vainqueur le plus âgé (à 54 ans en 1979), suivi de Levenfish (à 48 ans en 1937).

Meilleures performances en pourcentage
Botvinnik a réalisé trois des six meilleures performances (et cinq des 21 meilleures performances) et Kortchnoï, quatre des quinze meilleures performances avec au moins quinze parties disputées.

Meilleurs pourcentages lors d'une finale :
 88,2 %, 15 / 17, +13 -0 =4 :
 Bogolioubov (en 1924)
 Botvinnik (en 1945),
Entre 76 et 80 % des points et au moins quinze parties disputées :
 80 %, 12 / 15, +9 -0 =6 : Alekhine (en 1920),
 79,4 %, 13,5 / 17, +12 -2 =3, (+10) : Botvinnik (en 1931),
 78,9 %, 15 / 19, +11 -0 =8 : Kortchnoï (en 1964-1965)
 78,1 %, 12,5 / 16, +11 -2 =3, (+9) : Botvinnik (en 1944)
 76,5 %, 13 / 17, +11 -2 =4, (+9) : Verlinski (en 1929)
 76,3 %, 14,5 / 19, +10 -0 =9 : Averbakh (en 1954),
 76,2 %, 16 / 21, +12 -1 =8, (+11) : Kortchnoï (en 1970),

Entre 73 et 74 % des points et au moins quinze parties disputées :
 73,6 %, 14 / 19, (+9) :
 +12 -3 =4 : Kortchnoï (en 1960),
 +11 -2 =6 : Bogolioubov (en 1925) et Botvinnik (en 1933),
 +10 -1 =8 : Keres (en 1947), Kortchnoï (en 1962) et Stein (en 1965),
  73,5 %, 12,5 / 17, (+8) :
 +12 -4 =1 : Freïman ( en 1929)
 +11 -3 =3 : Romanovski ( en 1924),
 +10 -2 =5 : Kasparov (en 1981),
 +9 -1 =7 : Psakhis (en 1981),
 +8 -0 =9 : Botvinnik (en 1939) et Sokolov (en 1984),
 73,3 %, 11 / 15, +10 -3 =2, (+7) : Romanovski ( en 1920)

Meilleures performances avec moins de 14 parties disputées (1923, 1967, 1990 et 1991) :
 10 / 12, 83,3 %, +9 -1 =2 (+8) : Romanovski (en 1923),
 8,5 / 11, 77,3 %, (+6) : Minassian et Maguerramov (en 1991, système suisse),
 10 / 13, 76,9 %, (+7) : Polougaïevski et Tal (en 1967, système suisse).

Ecarts et nombres de gains

Domination : plus grandes marges des vainqueurs
 3 points d'avance sur le deuxième (Boleslavski) et 5 points d'avance sur le troisième (Bronstein) par Mikhaïl Botvinnik en 1945,
 2,5 points d'avance sur le deuxième (Romanovski) et 3,5 points d'avance sur les troisièmes par Efim Bogolioubov en 1924
 2 points d'avance sur le deuxième (Rioumine) et 3,5 points d'avance sur les troisièmes par Bovinnik en 1931
 2 points d'avance par Botvinnik (en 1944), Viktor Kortchnoï (en 1964-1965) et Mikhaïl Tal (en 1972).
 1,5 point d'avance par Youri Averbakh (en 1954), Kortchnoï (en 1970) et Vladimir Savon (en 1971).
 En décembre 1981, les deux vainqueurs ex æquos, Garry Kasparov et Lev Psakhis, ont terminé avec 2,5 points d'avance sur Oleg Romanichine.
 En 1973, les six joueurs aux deux premières places (Spassky, Karpov, Kortchnoï, Kouzmine, Petrossian et Polougaïevski) avaient 2 points d'avance sur les deux suivants (K. Grigorian et E. Geller).
 En 1927, en 1952 et en 1988, les deux vainqueurs ex æquo, (Romanovski et Bogatyrchouk en 1927, Botvinnik et Taimanov en 1952, Garry Kasparov et Karpov en 1988), ont terminé avec 1,5 point d'avance sur le suivant immédiat.
 En 1923, 1931, 1945, 1960 et décembre 1961, les joueurs aux deux premières places ont également terminé avec 1,5 point d'avance sur les suivants.

Nombre de parties gagnées dans une finale

 13 gains et aucune défaite par
 Bogolioubov (en 1924)
 Botvinnik (en 1945)
 12 gains par
 Kortchnoï (en 1960 et 1970),
 Romanovski (en 1927),
 Model (+12 -6 =2, 3-4 en 1927),
 S. Freïman (+12 -4 =1,  en 1929),
 Botvinnik (en 1931)

 11 gains par
 Botvinnik (en 1933 et 1944),
 Romanovski (+11 -3 =3,  en 1924),
 Bogolioubov (en 1925),
 Levenfisch (+11 -4 =4,  en 1925),
 Verlinski (en 1929),
 Alatortsev (+11 -4 =4,  en 1933),
 Taïmanov (en 1952),
 Tal (+11 -3 =5, 2-3 en 1962),
 Kortchnoï (invaincu en 1964-1965).

Invincibilité
 Tigran Petrossian a terminé invaincu lors de six finales (en 1954, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1969 et 1973) ;
 Tal remporta à trois reprises la finale sans défaite (en 1967, 1972 et 1978)
 Cinq joueurs ont terminé deux fois invaincus :
 Botvinnik (en 1939 et 1945),
 Kortchnoï (en 1964-1965 et 1966-1967),
 Polougaïevski (en 1967 et 1973),
 Efim Geller (en 1977 et 1979),
 Iouri Balachov (en 1979 et 1980-1981).

Participations

Nombre de participations
Le plus de participations à une finale :

 23 finales
 Taïmanov (entre 1948 et 1976, 23 participations sur 29 éditions)
 Geller (entre 1949 et 1985)
 20 finales
 Bronstein (entre 1944 et 1975),
 Tal (19 participations entre 1956 et 1979, et en 1991)
 Polougaïevski (entre 1956 et 1978, et en 1983)
 19 finales
 Smyslov (entre 1940 et 1977, et en 1988)
 16 finales
 Kholmov (entre 1948 et 1972),
 Petrossian (entre 1949 et 1977, et en 1983),
 Kortchnoï (entre 1952 et 1973)
 Balachov (entre 1969 et 1991,  en 1976 et 1986)
 15 finales
 Averbakh (entre 1948 et 1970)
 14 finales
 Fourman (entre 1948 et 1975,  en 1948),
 Toukmakov (entre 1967 et 1989,  en 1970, 1972 et 1983)
 Béliavski (entre 1973 et 1990)
 13 finales
 Keres (entre 1940 et 1965, et en 1973)

 12 finales
 Levenfisch (entre 1920 et 1949)
 Vaganian (entre 1967 et 1991).
 11 finales
 Botvinnik (entre 1927 et 1955),
 Ragozine (de 1935 à 1949, en 1954 et 1956,  en 1937),
 Boleslavski (entre 1940 et février 1961,  en 1945 et 1947),
 Spassky (de 1955 à 1963, et en 1973),
 Savon (entre décembre 1961 et 1974, et en 1991)
 Kouzmine (entre 1965 et 1991, - en 1973)
 10 finales
 Kan (entre 1929 et 1955,  en 1929)
 Lissitsine (entre 1931 et 1956, - en 1933)
 Baguirov (entre 1960 et 1978, et en 1991,  en 1960)
 Tsechkovski (entre 1967 et 1987)
 9 finales
 Stein (entre février 1961 et 1971),
 Bondarevski (entre 1937 et 1951, et en 1963),
 Kotov (entre 1939 et 1958),
 I. Rabinovitch (entre 1920 et 1939),
 Alatortsev (entre 1931 et 1950) ;
 8 finales
 Romanovski (entre 1920 et 1945),
 Lev Aronine (entre 1948 et 1962)

Karpov a participé 6 fois (entre 1970 et 1988), Psakhis, 6 fois (entre 1980-1981 et 1986) et Kasparov, quatre fois (en 1978, 1979, 1981 et 1988).

Podiums
Le plus de places sur le podium (trois premières places) :
 11 : Tal, Petrossian et Polougaïevski,
 9 : Taïmanov et Geller,
 8 : Kortchnoï
 7 : Botvinnik, Smyslov et Bronstein,
 6 : Spassky,
 5 : Levenfish, Stein et Beliavski
 4 : Romanovski, Bogatyrtchouk, Keres, Karpov, Balachov, Vaganian et Eingorn
 3 : I. Rabinovitch, Boleslavski, Toukmakov, Romanichine, Youssoupov et Kasparov.

Participations consécutives
 13 finales consécutives : Taïmanov (de 1951 à 1963, deux fois premier ex æquo)
 10 finales consécutives : Spassky (de 1955 à 1963, trois fois premier, seul ou ex æquo)
 9 finales consécutives :
 Kortchnoï (de 1952 à février 1961, une fois premier),
 Ragozine (de 1935 à 1949)
 Tal (de 1971 à 1979, trois fois premier, seul ou ex æquo)
 6 finales consécutives :
 Keres (de 1947 à 1952, trois titres)
 Bronstein (de 1957 à décembre 1961)
 Polougaïevski (de 1973 à 1978)
 Geller (de 1975 à 1980-1981, un titre)

De 1948 à 1967, Taimanov n'a manqué que deux fois la finale en 20 éditions : en 1950 et en 1964-1965.

De 1952 à 1966-1967, Kortchnoï n'a manqué qu'une finale sur 15 (en décembre 1961) et a remporté trois titres de champion d'URSS.

De 1967 à 1979, Tal n'a manqué qu'une seule finale sur 13 (celle de 1970) et a obtenu quatre premières places (seul ou ex æquo).

Nombre de participants à une finale
Le plus de participants à une finale :
 126 : en 1967, système suisse, 13 rondes.
 64 : en 1991, système suisse, 11 rondes.
 36 : en 1929, système avec 4 poules de neuf joueurs, puis deux demi-finales de six joueurs et une finale de quatre joueurs.
Championnats toutes rondes :
 23 : en octobre 1969
 22 : en 1957, 1970, 1971 et 1972
 21 : en 1927, décembre 1961 et 1966-1967.
 Il y eut 20 participants à dix-huit reprises.
 19 participants : en 1948 et 1958.
 Il y eut 18 participants à dix-huit reprises.
Le moins de participants à une finale :
 17 : en 1944
 16 : en 1920, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1983 et 1989
 14 : en 1990
 13 : en 1923.

Palmarès des championnats d'URSS féminins

Références

 Alexandre Kotov, Les échecs en union soviétique, ed. Mir, 1979.

  Bernard Cafferty and Mark Taïmanov, The Soviet Championships, Cardogan Chess 1998

Liens
  The Soviet Chess Championship 1920-1991
  zonaux soviétiques
  RUSBASE

Notes

URSS
Tournoi d'échecs en Union soviétique
Echec championnat urss

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
A páncélvonat fegyverekkel és páncélzattal ellátott vasúti szerelvény. Kialakulása a 19. század második felére tehető. A hadi használatra szánt vasúti szerelvények három nagyobb változatát különböztetik meg:
 páncélvonat (a személyzetet és a fegyverzetet zárt páncélzat védi)
 vasúti löveg (vasúti alvázra épített, nagy űrméretű ágyúk, mozsarak)
 fegyveres szerelvények (néhány géppuskával felszerelt, főleg csapatok vagy ellátmány továbbítására használt vonat)

Az oroszországi polgárháború idejére vált a csatatér legfontosabb harci eszközévé. Egészen a 20. század közepéig használták, de már nem jutott akkora szerep neki, mint a korábbi időszakokban. A hidegháború idején a Szovjetunió alkalmazott vonatokat katonai szerepkörben, de már nem a klasszikus módon. Ezek a szerelvények az interkontinentális rakéták rejtésére, mozgatására és indítására szolgáltak.

A kezdetek
Az első felfegyverzett, rögtönzött szerelvényeket az osztrákok építették 1848-ban illetve az angolok 1859-ben.

A vasút teljes körű katonai használatára az amerikai polgárháborúban került sor. Hooker tábornok a 22.000 főt számláló haderejét vasúton szállította Washington-ból Bridgeport-ba. Ha ezt az 1,168 mérföldet (majdnem 1,880 km) gyalogosan kellett volna megtenniük, az több, mint 1 hónapba tellett volna és a sereg kimerült volna az út végére. De a vasútnak köszönhetően hét nap alatt sikerült a csapatokat átdobni az új helyre. Az első, felfegyverzett vonatot a polgárháborúban az északiak alkalmazták Baltimore-tól a déli szabotőrök ellen. Tüzérséget először a déliek építettek a kocsikra, Lee tábornok parancsára. A haditengerészet tisztjei egy 32 fontos tarackot építettek egy 4 tengelyes kocsira. A kocsi védelmét lejtősen egymásra rakott sínszálakkal oldották meg. Az uniós sereg egy Parrot ágyút, majd később 13 hüvelykes mozsarakat rakott vasúti kocsikra. Ennek hatására a porosz–francia háborúban használtak páncélzattal és 140 mm-es löveggel ellátott vonatokat Párizs ostromakor.

Brit gyarmati háborúk
A páncélvonatok teljes kifejlődésüket a brit gyarmati háborúknak köszönhetik. Az 1882-es egyiptomi hadjárat során raktak lövegeket, homokzsákokból és acél lemezekből védőfalat a megfelelő kocsikra. Ezen vonatok újítása abban is rejlett, hogy egy vagont kapcsoltak a szerelvény elejére, ami feláldozható volt ha aláaknázták a pályát vagy ki akarták siklatni a vonatot. A páncélvonatokat a Királyi Tengerészgyalogosok (Egyiptom, 1882), a hadsereg (Szudán, 1885) vagy a csapatok saját maguk (India, 1886) állították elő. Ezek a korai tapasztalatok jól jöttek a későbbiek folyamán a 2. angol-búr háború idején.

A 2. angol-búr háború
A háború előtt a britek által megszállva tartott dél-afrikai területek utánpótlását csak vasúton lehetett megoldani. Emiatt a Királyi Műszakiak felügyelete mellett 12 páncélvonat épült a Fokföldi Vasút (CGR), a Natali Vasút (NR) és a Rhodesiai Vasút (RV) számára. Az volt a szándékuk, hogy a problémás helyekre szállítsák a gyalogságot, majd azok a vonatokról vívják meg az összecsapást. A szerelvény általában két vagy több vagonból állt, amire acél lemezeket erősítettek fel, de a puskák számára tartókkal volt ellátva. A magányosan közlekedő páncélvonatok sebezhetőek voltak és a búrok több sikeres rajtaütést is végrehajtottak ezek ellen. A háború későbbi szakaszában már lovas felderítők kísérték a szerelvényeket. Mire véget ért a konfliktus, több, mint 20 páncélvonat állt hadrendben. A leghíresebb közülük a Hairy Mary (Hajas Mari) volt, melynél a mozdony védelmére vastag hajóköteleket használtak. A háború végeztével alább hagyott a lelkesedés és úgy ítélték meg, hogy egy páncélvonat csak a gyarmatokon használható szabadcsapatok ellen, az európai csatatéren nem állja meg a helyét a sebezhetősége miatt.

Az első világháború

Nyugati front

A nyugati front egyetlen vezető hatalmának sem volt terve arra, hogy használjon páncélvonatot, ha kitörne a háború. Ennek ellenére előfordult, hogy páncélvonatokat alkalmaztak a szemben álló felek, mielőtt megmerevedett volna a front. A Belga Hadsereg a háború elején felszerelt két könnyű vonatot, majd a Brit Haditengerészeti Hadosztály is kettőt a megérkezésük után. Néhány pőrekocsira haditengerészeti ágyúkat és alacsony, páncélozott oldalfalakat tettek. Ezeket azután az Antwerpen környéki harcokban vetették be 1914 szeptemberében. A német csapatok is építettek néhány szükségvonatot, amiket Belfort körül alkalmaztak 1914 augusztusában járőrözésre.

Keleti front
A keleti fronton teljesen más volt a helyzet. Az Orosz Birodalom a korábbi háborúk (bokszerlázadás, orosz-japán háború) tapasztalatán okulva 1912-től kezdődően négy szerelvényt építettek sorozatban. Ezek egy páncélozott gőzmozdonyból, kettő vagy több páncélozott kocsiból (géppuskákkal vagy kis kaliberű lövegekkel felszerelve) és két vezérlő kocsiból álltak. A búr háborúból okulva, a vonat elején és végén egy-egy lapos oldalfalú kocsi volt a biztonság miatt. A háború közeledtével ezeket Galíciába vezényelték, szembe a német és osztrák-magyar seregekkel. Ezeket a háború kitörése után nagy sikerrel vetették be támadó és védekező hadműveletekben egyaránt.

A háború előrehaladtával egyre nagyobb, fejlettebb páncélvonatokat építettek. Ezekhez az erődépítészetből és a hadihajók kialakításából vették az ötleteket (páncélkupolák a lövegeknek, a páncélkupolák lépcsőzetes elhelyezése stb.). Ezekben a fő fegyverzetet 3 hüvelykes tábori ágyúk alkották, de a későbbiekben már csak 3 hüvelykes hegyi ágyúk beépítésére volt lehetőségük. Néhány szerelvény a helyi parancsnokok elképzelései alapján épültek, így is 1915 végére 15 darab páncélvonat volt az Orosz Hadsereg szolgálatában.

Az orosz vezetés 1916-tól – más hadviselő felekhez hasonlóan – kifejlesztett és legyártott páncélozott, felfegyverzett sínautókat is. Egy változatukat alacsony oldalfalú kocsira építették fel, beszereltek két 60 LE-ős benzinmotort, amik 45 km/h sebességre voltak képesek gyorsítani az eszközt. Fő fegyverzete egy-egy 57 mm-es gyorstüzelő Nordenfelt ágyú volt a kocsi két végén. A szerelvényhez tartozott még két, 2 tengelyes vágány-teherautó is.

Az orosz sikereket látva az Osztrák-Magyar Hadseregben is elkezdték a páncélvonatok építését. Az első hármat még a csapatoknál, a fellelhető anyagokból rögtönözték a galíciai hadszíntéren 1914 őszén. Ezt követően a MÁV javaslatára a Hadügyminisztérium leadta a rendelést ipari kivitelű páncélvonatok gyártására. 1914 végére el is készültek az új szerelvények, szám szerint hat darab. Ezek egy vagy két páncélozott MÁV 377 sorozatú gőzmozdonyból, egy vagy két gyalogsági kocsiból (géppuskákkal felszerelve) és egy vagy kettő lövegkocsiból (géppuskákkal és lövegekkel felszerelve) állt. Attól függően hogy könnyű vagy nehéz páncélvonatról volt szó, vagy csak gyalogsági kocsikból, vagy vegyesen gyalogsági és lövegkocsikból állt a szerelvény. Olaszország hadba lépése után még két hasonló kialakítású szerelvényt építettek. Még 1915-ben építettek egy un. lapos vonatot is, aminek a kocsijai három tengelyesek voltak és legömbölyített formájú, alacsony felépítménnyel rendelkezett. Ennek volt egy benzinmotorral ellátott, önjáró lövegkocsija is. Mindhárom hadszíntéren sikerrel vetették be ezeket a vonatokat.

A német csapatok a keleti hadszíntéren is csak rögtönzött páncélvonatokkal rendelkeztek. Az elsőt 1915 őszén Kelet-Poroszországban építették meg, majd még kettő készült a román-frontra is. Ezek közös jellemzője volt, hogy a csapatoknál, "házilag" készültek.

A két világháború között

Az orosz polgárháború
Az orosz polgárháború időszaka volt az, amikor a páncélvonatok fénykorukat élték, ők döntötték el egy csata kimenetelét. Ez több dolognak volt köszönhető. Az első az ország nagy mérete. Ehhez járult hozzá, hogy kevés gépjármű volt, azok is nehezen mozogtak a rossz utakon. A másik a viszonylag nagy kiterjedésű vasúthálózat volt, amelyet a századfordulón kezdtek kiépíteni és a jelentősebb városokat és ipari központokat kötötte össze. Ezért a jelentősebb ütközeteket, csatákat mind a vasútvonalak környékén vívták meg, amik mentén biztosítani tudták a megfelelő utánpótlást és kommunikációt. A gyalogság és a lovasság csak kisegítő szerepet játszott, kiterjesztették és támogatták a páncélvonatok küzdelmét.

Vörös Hadsereg
A szovjet Vörös Hadsereg első néhány szerelvénye az egykori cári Orosz Hadseregtől származott és Ukrajnában került bevetésre 1917 októberében. Itt a németek és a fehérek ellen küzdöttek. Saját gyártású páncélvonatok 1918-tól álltak a vörösök rendelkezésére. Mivel az ő kezükben volt az ipar nagy része, így több helyen is elkezdték a páncélvonat gyártást.

Az első szerelvények nagy változatosságot mutattak. Voltak ideiglenes páncélvonatok homokzsák megerősítéssel, kazánlemezből készült páncélozással és tábori ágyúkat tettek rájuk. Ezzel szemben a gyárakban acéllemezből készült a páncélozás, a lövegeket forgatható kupolákban helyezték el. Ezt a sokszínűséget igyekeztek meggátolni azzal, hogy a Vörös Hadsereg kiadta 1918 őszén a páncélvonatok építéséről szóló irányelveit. Ezek szerint a páncélvonatok az egykori cári hadsereg tervei szerint kellettek hogy épüljenek: egy páncélozott gőzmozdony, két tüzérségi kocsi és két-három előfutó kocsi az aknák és siklatás ellen. A háború okozta felfordulás miatt ezeket a terveket nem lehetett betartani, ennek ellenére törekedtek rá. Az elkészült szerelvényeket változatos, az éppen kéznél levő fegyverzettel látták el (3 hüvelykes tábori ágyú, 4 vagy 6 hüvelykes haditengerészeti ágyú, változatos számú géppuska stb.).

A nehézségek ellenére a páncélvonatok száma folyamatosan emelkedett (1918 végén 23, 1919 végén 59, 1920 végén 103 szerelvény volt hadrafogható). Összesen 103 páncélvonatuk volt a vörösöknek, de ebből csak 75 készült gyárban, a meghatározott tervek szerint. Az összes többit vagy a csapatoknál rögtönözték, vagy helyi tervek alapján lettek legyártva.

Fehérek
A fehérek hadseregének 80 páncélvonat állt a rendelkezésére a konfliktus során. A legtöbb szerelvénnyel a Dél-Orosz Fegyveres Erők rendelkezett 1919 végén. Itt tíz páncélvonat zászlóalj tevékenykedett, egyenként két könnyű és egy nehéz páncélvonattal. A Doni Hadseregnek négy páncélvonat zászlóalja és két független páncélvonata volt. Ezen szerelvények felszereltsége is ugyanolyan "változatosságot" mutatott, mint a vörösöké.

Csehszlovák Légió

Az egyik legerősebb fegyveres egység Oroszországban ekkoriban a Csehszlovák Légió alkotta. Ez az egység az egykori osztrák–magyar hadsereg hadifoglyaiból vagy dezertőreiből alakult 1918 végén. A szovjetek megállapodtak, hogy ezen katonákat a transzszibériai vasútvonalon eltávolítja az országból. De annyira megromlott a viszony a vörösök és a csehszlovákok között, hogy fegyveres konfliktusra került sor. A konfliktus gyors megoldása érdekében odaküldték egy páncélvonatot, amit a csehek elfoglaltak és elkezdtek használni Orlik néven. A szervezettségüknek és a gyorsaságuknak köszönhetően gyorsan a hatalmukba kerítették a transzszibériai vasutat és a saját maguk építette páncélvonatokkal tartották ellenőrzés alatt. Annyira sikeresek voltak, hogy több ellenük küldött vörös páncélvonatot a birtokukba kerítettek. Végül szervezetten hagyták el Szibériát Vlagyivosztokon át. Az általuk használt szerelvényeket a fehéreknek adták át, akik a visszavonulás során Kínába húzódtak. Itt foglalt le és állított saját szolgálatba egy vonatot a japán Kvantung-hadsereg 1931-ben.

A Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság

A Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság hadserege, a magyar Vörös Hadsereg az első világháborúból fennmaradt páncélvonatokat is alkalmazta harcaiban felderítésre, a gyalogság támadásának támogatására, üldözésre, a védelem megerősítésére, valamint a visszavonulás fedezésére. Ezek a szerelvények általában egy géppuskás és egy ágyús kocsival rendelkeztek, de voltak könnyebb illetve erősebb vonatok is.

Sikeres alkalmazásuknak egyik példája az északi hadjárat során történt, amikor a 6. számú páncélvonat Losoncig tört előre a csehszlovák ellenőrzés alatt álló területen, erőszakos felderítést végrehajtva. Tüzelésre késztette az ellenséges ütegeket, megállapította a helyüket, pontosította a csehek első vonalát. Ezt követően a magyar támadók hasznosították ezeket az adatokat, megsemmisítették a cseh lövegeket és a gyalogság támadása sikerrel járt.

Jegyzetek

Források

 Bonhardt A. - Sárhidai Gy. - Winkler L.: A magyar királyi Honvédség fegyverzete, Zrínyi kiadó, Bp.
 Horváth Lajos: A III. sz. magyar páncélvonat harcai 1918-1919 (1/3) http://www.irodalmilap.net/?q=cikk/iii-sz-magyar-pancelvonat-harcai- 1918-1919-13 (hozzáférés: 2017.01.21), http://www.irodalmilap.net/?q=cikk/iii-sz-magyar-pancelvonat-harcai-1918-1919-23   (hozzáférés: 2017.01.21), http://www.irodalmilap.net/?q=cikk/iii-sz-magyar-pancelvonat-harcai-1918-1919-33  (hozzáférés: 2017.01.21)
 Villányi György: Magyar páncélvonatok az első világháború után I., in. Haditechnika 1994/1.
 Villányi György: Magyar páncélvonatok az első világháború után II., in. Haditechnika 1994/2.
 Steven J. Zaloga: Armored trains, Osprey Publishing Ltd., Uk., 2008.

Kapcsolódó szócikk
 1919-es magyar–román háború

Harci járművek
Vonattípusok


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What is OCR and When Do You Need It?


text:
Movie review: The Antidote (be kind)
The year 2021 has been designated as Be Kind year. Designated by me, because 2020 was so damn difficult.
I was motivated specifically by two things, one positive and one not. On the upside is this article about Promoting the power of kindness. There is "a new documentary, 'The Antidote,' on Amazon Prime. Directed by Kahane Cooperman and John Hoffman, the film was inspired by what Hoffman sees as an increasingly dangerous cultural and political climate.
"'There has been such division and such rancor that if that division starts eating away at these common decencies that we exhibit towards one another, then our democracy might truly be in danger,' Hoffman said." The "film highlights people for whom kindness isn't a random act, but a full-time commitment. Cooperman said, "Kindness is a fierce tool and a weapon for change."
Movie on computer
So I watched The Antidote (2020). The theme seemed to based less on kindness and more on actions of fairness and justice. The CBS piece highlights Dr. Jim O'Connell. Thirty-six years ago, "his mentor suggested he work for a year at a shelter. The shelter's chief nurse told Dr. O'Connell to set aside the stethoscope and the medical bag. 'And she put them aside, and I had to soak feet," he recalled. Yes, soak the feet of the homeless."
Reporter Mo Rocca asked, "When we pass a homeless person on the street, what should we do?" Dr. O'Connell replied, "The most important thing you can do is to look the person in the eye and just acknowledge them. Really, what they're looking for is not to be ignored. Just saying hello to somebody, rather than ignoring them, is really, really powerful."
Interlocking the movie segments is a classroom in Modesto, CA that requires a comparative religions class. You may not be surprised by the takeaway that most major religions have a similar creed, basically the Golden Rule. But what matters is that the eyes of the kids in the classroom were opened.
I found only a couple of reviews. One was a brief but scathing one-star user screed on IMDB calling the film "delusional." The other was from the Austin Chronicle by Richard Whitaker, which I'm going to quote at length.
"It's told exactly how you think it would be told. Lots of pretty shots of different locations, with stirring strings and maudlin arpeggio piano… It's undoubtedly a Kumbaya chorus but is that a bad thing?… [Its] Panglossian philosophy often made the show seem a little glib.
"But maybe we do need to be beaten over the head with the idea that being considerate should not be regarded as a political act. 'We need more of that,' says one amiable gentleman who performs his one selfless act in his own moment of paying everything forward. When kindness seems in such short supply, [we require] a little reminder that it's easy and takes so little effort."
I said there were two things that inspired my 2021 Be Kind campaign. The other was a post by fillyjonk. It really irritated me. She was waiting in a store for a package of meat. "When the man finally came out, ANOTHER MAN stepped up from the side of the case and said, before I could even open my mouth, 'I need a pork shoulder' even though I WAS STANDING RIGHT THERE." The title of the piece, "Again, I'm invisible."
I surely recognized that feeling. It is awful and infuriating and demoralizing. We can do better. We MUST do better. Rev. Jennifer Butler from Faith in Public Life noted this recently. "In Jewish tradition, we are called to the work of 'Tikkun Olam,' repairing the world. All our faith traditions echo this charge by requiring us to move beyond proclaiming our faith with our words to living out our faith in our deeds."
Author RogerPosted on January 4, 2021 December 28, 2020 Categories UncategorizedTags Amazon Prime, Antidote, CBS Sunday Morning, Fillyjonk, kind, movies, reviewLeave a comment on Movie review: The Antidote (be kind)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Satin Fabric Information
Tips on sewing organza
What is organza fabric?
Properties of Lycra Fabric
Characteristics of rayon fabric
HOMEPAGE HOME
Different Kinds of Chiffon Fabric
Written by: Jessica Ring
Chiffon is a lightweight, sheer fabric most commonly used in evening or formal wear. Its name derives from the French word for cloth. Special care must be used with chiffon because it frays easily and can be difficult to work with. Chiffon is made from different types of materials and it is often dyed or printed.
Silk is considered to be the best material for chiffon because it surpasses other materials in richness and smoothness. Silk chiffon is most often used for the body of bridal gowns. It is prized for its light appearance and for the way it hides body flaws. However, silk is the most delicate of chiffons and it has a tendency to tear while wearing. It must be preserved carefully and dry cleaned, making it less ideal for garments like blouses and scarves.
Silk is considered to be the best material for chiffon because it surpasses other materials in richness and smoothness.
Poly-Chiffon
Chiffon made from polyester or rayon is more durable than its silk counterpart. It can be washed by hand or even on a gentle cycle in a washing machine, though it must not be machine-dried. Poly-chiffon drapes as easily as silk and is considerably cheaper, making it ideal for the budget-conscious. Poly-chiffon is also used in garments like blouses because it does not tear as easily. Garments made from poly-chiffon can be stored more easily.
Chiffon made from polyester or rayon is more durable than its silk counterpart.
Poly-chiffon is also used in garments like blouses because it does not tear as easily.
Chiffon can be made up of a blend of materials to improve durability or to add elasticity. Chiffon may also be used for a portion of a garment, such as a chiffon collar on a wool sweater. Silk and polyester are often blended together to strengthen the fabric. Blends are less expensive than silk chiffon, but they retain some of the smoothness and texture.
Chiffon can be made up of a blend of materials to improve durability or to add elasticity.
Organza and georgette are other fabrics used much like chiffon. All three can be made from silk or polyester and have a similar feel. However, there are subtle differences between the fabrics. Organza is stiffer and matt in appearance, while chiffon is prized for its flowing nature and shimmery texture. Georgette is thicker than chiffon and less transparent.
Organza and georgette are other fabrics used much like chiffon.
What is polyester crepe fabric?→
Chiffon Characteristics→
Care for Velour Fabric→
Magical Silk: Types of Silk Fabric
Online Fabric Store: Chiffon Fabric
Ravjani Fabrics: Chiffon
Jessica Ring began writing and editing professionally in 2006 for "The Voice," her university's collegiate newspaper. She is a certified English teacher with a Bachelor of Arts in communication and English literature. She is currently in the process of obtaining her master's degree in education.


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HomeTURKEYCentral Anatolia Region06 AnkaraMinistry of Health 2021 Budget Accepted in TBMM Plan Budget Committee
Ministry of Health 2021 Budget Accepted in TBMM Plan Budget Committee
19/11/2020 06 Ankara, Central Anatolia Region, Ekonomi, GENERAL, TURKEY
ministry of health accepted in tbmm plan butce commission
Health Minister Dr. Fahrettin Koca made a presentation of the 2021 budget of the Ministry of Health at the TBMM Plan and Budget Committee and answered the questions of the deputies. Deputy Ministers of Health and senior bureaucrats were also present at the presentation.
Minister Koca, in his presentation at the TBMM Plan and Budget Committee, where the 2021 budget of the Ministry of Health and its affiliates was discussed, emphasized that the agenda is the pandemic that affects the whole world.
universities in the implementation of health services in Turkey, and private investors are telling role in getting together service a large part of the ministry of local offices of execution husband, 934 hospitals, 8 thousand reported that provide service with 14 more than a thousand health institutions, including the family health center.
"Significant progress has been made in basic health indicators"
Minister of Health husband, the adoption of healthy lifestyles, which protects everyone's right to health, can easily access timely and quality health care to everyone in need, he said they are aiming to have a Turkey.
Husband reported that the maternal mortality rate, which is one of the health development indices, fell from 64 to 13,1 per hundred thousand live births, and the infant mortality rate fell from 31,5 to 6,7.
Stating that Turkey's health in a rapid increase in satisfaction capture husband, it was reported that they constantly monitoring to make permanent.
"We protect our 7 thousand children from diseases that may develop"
Saying, "As the Ministry, we prioritize safe births and encourage births in our hospitals, on the other hand, we are conducting screenings where early diagnosis is critical for our babies to start life in the healthiest way possible. We maintain free iron and free vitamin D supplements. In this way, we protect about 7 thousand children from diseases that may develop ".
Emphasizing that they increase the number of mother-friendly hospitals every year in order to improve the health services offered by maternity units during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium and to support normal birth, Koca said that the number of beds in the guest mother practice, which enables pregnant women to stay in safe centers and have their births in hospitals, is more than 698 thousand. He informed that it was increased to 740.
Minister Fahrettin Koca year that 1 million 200 thousand children born according to population size and success of vaccination stating that countries with the highest Turkey comes at the beginning, the words continued as follows:
"We provide services to protect and improve the health of our citizens at more than 24 thousand points across the country with family physicians and family health workers in more than 8 thousand units. We increased the number of our healthy life centers to 2020 as of October 207. "
"There is a 34 percent obesity frequency"
Saying that they continue to fight against obesity, which is one of the most important health risks threatening public health, Koca said, "There is a high obesity frequency of 34 percent. "We aim to increase the number of our obesity centers to 2021 in 140".
"1 million 172 thousand citizens benefited from free medicine"
Pointing out that despite the declining trend in anti-tobacco policies, the desired level could not be reached, Koca said, "As of today, the number of smoking cessation outpatient clinics has reached 721. Until now, 1 million 172 thousand citizens have benefited from our free medicine opportunity. We have served 191 thousand people so far with our ALO 275 Anti-Drug Information and Support Line. In this process, we increased the number and capacity of treatment centers. While we had 2014 treatment centers in 21 provinces in 30, we increased this number to 76 centers in 129 provinces ".
Explaining that they carry out cancer screening services with the awareness of the value of early diagnosis in cancer, Koca said, "In the first 2020 months of 9, approximately 3 million citizens have benefited from screening services. With 658 mobile health teams, we facilitate the accessibility of preventive health services for those living in towns, villages, hamlets and remote neighborhoods ".
the guests under temporary protection remaining if Turkey shelters in 29 provinces, 175 Migrant Health Center, 791 medical teams with services provided reminiscent of her husband, "We will continue to fulfill our humanitarian responsibility of Needs framework" gave the information.
Koca stated that the funds allocated for preventive health services in the central government budget for 2021 increased by 2020 percent compared to 24,1, to 19 billion TL.
"We aim to increase the number of ambulances to 6 thousand 340 next year"
Reminding that the Ministry of Health, as a team and equipment, is ready for disasters and emergencies and offers world-class service, Koca said, "We established an Emergency Health Services organization that covers the entire country. In 2020, we intervened nearly 5,5 million citizens with our ambulances and transferred them to our health facilities. We aim to increase the number of ambulances from 5 thousand 930 to 2021 thousand 6 in 340. In 2020, we serve with 17 helicopter ambulances and 3 aircraft ambulances. From 2008 to October 2020, we transferred approximately 49 thousand cases with air ambulances. "We transferred about 6 thousand cases with our 23 sea boat ambulances serving in various regions."
"We will strengthen the family medicine practice"
Pointing out that facilitating access to healthcare services increased the number of physician applications per capita nearly 3 times, Koca said, "As we have done so far, our goal is to strengthen the practice of family medicine and reduce the number of unnecessary applications to the second and third step."
Her husband, voicing Turkey's health tourism is one of the last 10 years, the world's leading countries, the words continued as follows:
"The number of health facilities authorized for health tourism has reached 957, and the number of intermediary institutions has reached 126, and we continue to authorize our facilities and intermediary institutions in the field of health tourism. Our International Patient Support Unit, Interpreting and Call Center (UHDB), serving 6/7 in 24 languages, provides services to our foreign patients. "
"We became the country with the most digital hospitals in the world after the USA"
Minister Koca pointed out that the most powerful tool in secure data flow and patient safety is digitalization, "According to HIMSS criteria, the number of our 'level 6' hospitals reached 177 and the highest level 'level 7' hospitals reached 3. "We have become the country with the most digital hospitals in the world after the USA."
"81 project applications were received, 42 projects were supported"
Explaining that calls were made in 7 different areas within the scope of indigenization-nationalization in the field of health science and technologies, Koca said:
"With these calls, it is aimed to develop and produce strategically important vaccines, medicines, medical devices and diagnostic kits. Within the scope of the calls, 81 project applications were received and 42 projects were supported. The first national biobank and omics center of our country is established within the Aziz Sancar Research Center. "
"The amount of licensed pharmaceuticals on sale in our country reached 2,4 billion boxes"
Saying, "In 2019, the amount of licensed pharmaceuticals sold in our country reached 2,4 billion boxes," Koca said, adding that 100 out of every 88 boxes consumed in the last year were produced in our country. It is predicted that this number will increase even more at the end of the year. "We have reduced the percentage of prescriptions with antibiotics from 35 percent to 24 percent with effective field studies we have conducted in recent years on rational drug use."
"The number of healthcare professionals has exceeded 1 million 100 thousand"
Emphasizing that it is of great importance to manage the resources well as a country that provides health services at the standards of developed countries with limited human resources, Koca said, "The number of healthcare professionals has exceeded 720 million 1 thousand, 100 thousand of which are under our Ministry. With the legal regulation adopted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 15 April 2020 with the agreement of all parties, the effectiveness of combating violence in health has been increased. I would like to thank all of our attorneys who have contributed to this occasion. We are determined to continue our fight against violence in all directions ".
"Turkey did not meet the health care system as no surprise pandemic unlike many countries"
From December 2019 to combat the pandemic had been under the influence of the world, emphasizing the husband, "Turkey has to meet the health care system as no surprise pandemic unlike many countries. As a result of previous studies, the 'Pandemic Influenza National Preparation Plan was prepared and published in 2019, "he said.
Koca also stated that within the scope of humanitarian aid, protective material aid and exportation was made to 159 countries, and said, "A widespread contact screening (filming) was carried out to ensure that the contacts of the identified cases are found and taken into isolation. Regular follow-up of people in isolation was ensured through family physicians and call centers, "he said.
Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications, 2013 budget was submitted to the TBMM Plan and Budget Commission
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Budget Budget of the 2013 Year
TCDD and its Subsidiaries were discussed
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Social Media Regulation Law Proposal was Accepted in the Parliamentary Justice Commission
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Financual / Bank logos
Deutsche Bank Logo
Since 1870, when Deutsche Bank was established, it has gone through a succession of logotypes reflecting the change of the company name, structure, and owners.
The original emblem featured and imperial eagle. It was used for almost half a century with a single variation (a different shape of the shield on the eagle's chest).
When Deutsche Bank merged with Disconto-Gesellschaft in 1929, the eagle was updated. The bird adopted a cleaner, more minimalistic shape. It now looked less like an eagle from a medieval coat of arms. We can hardly notice any influence of the visual identity of Disconto-Gesellschaft, which featured the interlocking letters "D" and "G" inside a thick white ring with black trim.
The eagle was gone. Instead, the company adopted an ellipse logo housing the interlocking letters "D" and "B." The "B," which was larger, could be seen at the forefront, while the "D" was placed behind.
During World War II, Deutsche Bank incorporated several banks of Eastern Europe that fell into German hands. It also provided banking facilities for the Gestapo. In 1948, the bank was forced to break up into ten smaller banks, each responsible for a certain area.
Their logotypes were based on the "DB" oval used in the 1930s. Four of the logos featured two letters. In this case, one of the letters was positioned at the forefront, while the other was placed behind. All the other emblems featured three letters in the same serif type and of the same size standing next to each other.
When the ten banks were consolidated into three larger banks, they adopted different logotypes. Here, there were the initials of the names of the bank in between two arcs.
The three banks were consolidated into Deutsche Bank AG. The company returned to the 1957 Deutsche Bank logo.
The logo nicknamed "Slash in a Square" was developed by the painter and graphic artist Anton Stankowski.
The current logo was created between 1972 and 1974 by the painter and graphic artist Anton Stankowski. The company chose it out of a variety of emblems developed by eight graphic artists. Originally, the emblem consisted of a slash in a square together with the wordmark, but in 2010 the lettering was removed.
In fact, the Deutsche Bank logo does not include lettering, as the slash symbol stands on its own. However, the company does have a logo. The type used in it is Univers Next 630 Basic Bold developed by Adrian Frutiger.
For most of its history, the logotype was given in black and white. However, the current version features the dark blue symbol on the white background.
USAA Logo
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ICBC Logo
The world's top 10 priciest logos
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Expansion updates -Follow our progress on Facebook!
New Mount Vernon Library Is Awesome!
Folks in Mount Vernon and Vienna are very excited about our wonderful library addition, expected to be completed by early August.
We decided to build a two-story addition, which required an elevator, but the good people of Mount Vernon, at our town meeting a couple weeks ago, appropriated $50,000 to cover unexpected expenses (Including some work in the existing library).
The addition is beautiful and larger than we originally planned. There will be lots of room for books, some great event space, and an expansion of space for children. I love seeing the children's room crowded with kids, all enjoying a good book. We also will be able to host more children's events now.
Overall, the expansion will probably cost about $400,000. We even were able to expand our very limited parking area. All contractors were local.
We're hoping to have a dedication event in mid-August.
The expanded library will serve our two small rural communities for many many years and be a gathering place for all of us.
Our expansion project is both amazing and exciting. Trustee Fred Webber took charge of soliciting bids, choosing contractors, and supervising the work. That's a huge job and we are very grateful to Fred for taking this on.
I am also pleased that all of the contractors are local – yes, we have many talented workers in Mount Vernon and Vienna! Special thanks go Andy Dube of Diversified Drafting in Mount Vernon, who stepped up to do our drawings and plans after our first architect retired. Andy has done a superb job.
A lot of the work has been done and we expect (Hope) the project will be completed by the end of June although some of the finish work may take longer. The new structure is up and I have to say, the interior space is larger than I expected. We decided to include a second story, so we had to put in an elevator, and we had to do more work than expected in the Margaret Webber room that connects the existing library and the new building. Those two projects cost $105,000, expenses not in our original budget.
The upstairs room includes a large meeting space and lots of shelving. The beautiful art of our local artists will be displayed throughout the new building. We even have a screened in porch where folks can use our WIFI when the library is closed.
We raised $374,938 for the project, from the following sources: $101,438 from library patrons, $148,500 in grants, $50,000 from the townspeople in the 2017 town budget, and $75,000 from the Dr. Shaw investment fund. We expect to spend all of this on the project, including improvements to the existing building.
While we were hoping to connect the new upstairs room to the existing upstairs rooms, that is a $35,000 project so we have postponed it until next year, and we will have to raise that money between now and then.
We are looking forward to a celebration event sometime this summer. Hooray!
We had 16 programs last year, 8 for children, 8 for adults. 342 people attended these programs. Programs included the Summer Reading Program (last year's theme was "Build a Better World"), special events at Halloween and Christmas, a Poetry Reading, Tax Help Days, A Story Sharing Session, Bird Watching, and White Lions of Africa. We co-sponsored programs with both the Grange and Community Center. There were 3883 visits to the library. The library has 13, 720 print materials, 1605 Videos, and 678 Audios. We subscribe to the Maine State Library Downloadable e-book Program where 9,548 e books and audio books are available to our patrons. 11, 211 materials circulated last year, as well as 277 circulation uses of the electronic downloadable units. We had 196 people use our computers. This number has significantly gone down from last year as more and more people are using their own devices. We do know that many people rely on our 24 hour wifi access and will most likely really enjoy the new porch on the addition.
November 2017-Work on the addition has begun! All materials have found other shelving in various rooms in the library. We are a bit crowded, but delighted to stay put! Entrance is sketchy on the upper level. We often need to block off the upper entrance while men are at work. Please handle the steps leading up to the porch carefully. Feel free to take home bags of books and renew by phone as the colder icier weather is upon us. We often close on days that school is closed, so please call ahead if in doubt.
Finally, the expansion of our town library is set to begin! Thank you for your donation, and your patience while we worked through the many issues and challenges. We ran into a few roadblocks, but have cleared them away, thanks to the good work of Trustee Fred Webber and Andy Dube, who recently stepped up to prepare final drawings.
We had some vigorous debates about key parts of the project, including whether to build a one story or two story structure, but we are all in agreement now, and Fred and Andy are working on the final technical issues that must be resolved. The project has received a go ahead from the state fire marshall's office, which was not easy to obtain.
While we were working on final plans, we did remove the trees which had to go, and spent quite a bit of time discussing options for the septic tank and leach field. The really good news is that we will be able to leave them in place, saving us quite a bit of money.
We expect a foundation to be laid in the next month or so, and the outside structure to follow soon after. Then they will be able to work on the interior through the winter, as long as necessary. We expect to invite you to a wonderful dedication of the addition next spring.
And here's more good news. We have been able to plan the work so that the library will not have to close or move, a great relief to us all.
Fred will gather bids for each project, and has also volunteered to serve as our general contractor, saving us a lot of money.
We are very excited about finally getting started on construction, and hope you are too. If you have any questions or concerns, please let me know. I will keep you posted as work progresses. Thanks!
We are making great progress in our exciting project to build an addition to our library, and thank all who are making this possible. We received $101,438 from library patrons, $148,500 in grants, $50,000 from townspeople in the 2017 town budget, and will be able to use $75,000 from the Dr. Shaw investment fund if we need to, for a total of $374,938.
While we had hoped to begin construction last fall, we opted to wait until 2017 to give us time to work on a few changes to the plan which will give us a larger addition. We are nearing completion of the new plans, which will both save us money and give us much more space.
We have had the property surveyed, and removed a few trees in the area where the addition will be constructed.
Library trustee Fred Webber, who is very experienced with construction projects (particularly with older homes), has stepped up to serve as the supervisor of construction, saving us the cost of hiring a general contractor. Fred is in the process of gathering bids for various parts of the project, and expects to begin work in the spring and to complete construction by fall.
With the changes we've made to the plan and process, we believe we will not have to move the library to a different location in town during construction of the addition, which will be a big help to both our staff and our patrons.
The expansion hasn't begun but that does't mean that the project has been idle! Land behind the building was surveyed, trees were cut down, the septic system was checked, and the bidding process is underway. It is necessary to get the State Fire Marshall's approval before moving ahead and that is currently underway. Meanwhile, the interior design for the expansion has made some modifications with thoughts of keeping the ceiling levels intact so as to utilize some upstairs space. Keeping the bathroom in the current location, while making it more handicapped accessible is another change. Nothing is yet set in stone as staff and trustees continue to ponder what will ultimately give us the extra needed desired space and then having the approval to move ahead. This should all happen in 2017!
We made it! I am so very pleased to tell you that we have reached our goal and now have $335,496 available for our exciting library expansion and renovation project. Before I get to the details, I want to recognize and thank our volunteers and staff, trustees and select board, and the wonderful people – both year-round and summer residents – who have generously and enthusiastically supported this project, and who make Mount Vernon and Vienna such a special place.
We received $101,438 in generous donations from patrons and supporters, and $148,500 in grants. An additional $7,800 in grants will be received in the next two years. And the good people of Mount Vernon, at June's town meeting, appropriated $50,000 for the project, our contingency fund to be used only if it is needed. Finally, we will be able to use $75,000 from the Dr. Shaw Memorial Fund, representing much of the growth in that fund since Dr. Shaw left us his home and a small amount of money to establish our library.
As the donations were received, I marveled at the generosity of our supporters, and enjoyed the many notes expressing excitement for this project. Yes, it is exciting! We truly appreciated every single donation, including the very generous party that Gerhard Von Havenschild hosted at his beautiful lakeside home, which raised over $11,000.
We anticipate beginning construction sometime this fall. Library Trustee Fred Webber has stepped up to take charge of that process, and is currently seeking bids for all aspects of the project. We received a promise from Hammond Lumber to provide all the needed construction supplies at their cost, which will save us a great deal of money.
The expansion was estimated by architect Jim Pelsor to cost $275,000 with a possibility that it could as much as $322,000. Jim estimated another $87,000 would be needed for improvements to the existing building including a new furnace and bathroom.
We believe the construction costs will be on the low end of the estimates, helped by the donation from Hammonds, so in addition to the new addition we anticipate being able to make at least some improvements in the existing building.
During the construction period, the library will continue to serve our communities at Mount Vernon's Masonic Hall, and we are grateful to the Masons for allowing us to do that. We of course won't have as many books or other materials there, but we'll rotate books and other material in and out, and continue to serve you.
We'll recognize all donors to this project in the new library, and I can also promise you a fabulous celebration when the expansion is completed!
The enthusiasm and generosity of our patrons and supporters has been overwhelming, and we are very grateful. As of April 6, 2016, $96,000 has been received from patrons and supporters and $98,000 in grants. Along with the $75,000 Trustees plan to use from the Dr. Shaw Investment Fund, the total amount available for the project is $259,000, of which about $30,000 has been spent, mostly for architectural services.
Within the existing annual budget, we've been able to schedule energy improvements this spring, including insulation and new windows. As fundraising continues, we hope to raise another $50,000 to $75,000, which will allow us to schedule the expansion project this fall. Exciting!
The library has raised about $259,000 towards the future expansion project. The exact timing of the ground breaking is yet to be determined as grant writing projects are still in process. Meanwhile, an energy audit was performed on the main building. Many suggestions were made that could greatly reduce the loss of heat through the part of the building which will not be affected by the expansion. This work will be done in the near future.
Excepts from an article June 24, 2015 – from Central Maine Newspapers staff writer Betty Adams.
"Picture an updated, fully insulated and larger Dr. Shaw Memorial Library, one that keeps all the New England farmhouse charm and provides enough room to host programs for more than a dozen people at a time, and one that is accessible to all.
The library's board of trustees has embarked on a plan to raise $400,000, with the construction to begin in late summer or early fall of 2016.
A progress report by George Smith, who serves on the board and is heading the fundraising efforts, says $100,000 has been collected already. An invitation-only gala is one of the events planned for later this summer, and corporate donations will be sought. The library trustees have been working on the project for a year already.
Library trustee Fred Webber, who has been on the board for more than 30 years, said the $400,000 would allow significant work to be done on the existing library, including new windows and a new roof as well as adding more insulation.
"With that sum of money, we'd be the fanciest small library around," Webber said, adding that a minimum of $300,000 would allow the expansion to move forward. Donations to the library are tax-deductible, Webber said.


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Today is International Volunteer Day!
Today is International Volunteer Day! This is a great opportunity to raise awareness for and get involved with some amazing causes. Each year, millions of people around the globe donate their time and skills to improve the lives of others and the world we live in.
Are you volunteering today? Let us know what you got up to!
At Maine Charity we're committed to supporting the not for profit world by advertising volunteer roles and offering our internal team paid volunteering days. Helping those around us is very close to our hearts.
Volunteering is a key element of the not for profit world; without their volunteer workforce most charities would not be here today doing the incredible work that they do. It is also the best way of creating a pipeline of skilled workers for the future of charities, giving people the much needed experience and skill set that is required to work in such a worthwhile sector. Having a strong volunteering system and network of volunteers is not only essential for charities to survive and great for providing the feel good factor, but it also allows people to gain the most invaluable experience.
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It is important to understand how financial professionals are compensated for services. It is an irrefutable fact that the more you pay in commissions, mutual fund expenses, bid/ask spreads and fees, the less you make on your investments over time. Why pay more?
We typically do not charge any fees to prospective clients until they decide to become clients. We want folks to be comfortable with our approach and service offerings. We understand that there is a decision and thought process. In some instances, it has taken as many as three meetings and often includes a few phone calls to clarify points of our service before a client comes on board.
The ultimate goal is to empower our clients to make sound financial decisions and to provide advice driven solutions. My services for planning and investment management are fee-only, compensation from the client. Compensation from clients (fees) represents the majority of revenue for the firm. With regard to risk management, should the need for an insurance product arise, i.e. life insurance, disability insurance, LTC, etc., we assist with the recommendations and the client always has a choice of how to implement and purchase insurance products. Our view is that all conflicts of interest should be managed, discussed and disclosed.
The thoughts, views and opinions expressed on this site are those solely of Matthew D. Peck and do not necessarily represent those of Amicus Financial Advisors, LLC ("AFA"). The intended use for this website/blog site is for educational and/or entertainment purposes only. Matthew D. Peck is an Investment Adviser Representative and partner of AFA, LLC, an investment adviser registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. This website is for informational purposes only and does not constitute a complete description of the investment services or performance of AFA. Nothing on this website should be interpreted to state or imply that past results are an indication of future performance.
This website is believed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regards to the subject matter covered. The accuracy of the information is not guaranteed and is provided with the understanding that we are not rendering legal, accounting, tax, or other professional advice. Neither M. Peck or AFA make any representations or warranties as to the accuracy, timeliness, suitability, completeness, or relevance of any information prepared by any unaffiliated third party, whether linked to this website or incorporated herein. All such information is provided solely for convenience purposes, and all users should be guided accordingly. Persons obtaining information from this website or accessing links outside of this website assume full responsibility for the use of this information and understand and agree that M. Peck and AFA are not responsible or liable for any claim, loss or damage arising from the use of such information.
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