text:
#include "src/core/lib/security/credentials/oauth2/oauth2_credentials.h"

#include <string.h>

#include "src/core/lib/security/util/json_util.h"
#include "src/core/lib/surface/api_trace.h"

#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
#include <grpc/support/log.h>
#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>

//
// Auth Refresh Token.
//

int grpc_auth_refresh_token_is_valid(
    const grpc_auth_refresh_token *refresh_token) {
  return (refresh_token != NULL) &&
         strcmp(refresh_token->type, GRPC_AUTH_JSON_TYPE_INVALID);
}

grpc_auth_refresh_token grpc_auth_refresh_token_create_from_json(
    const grpc_json *json) {
  grpc_auth_refresh_token result;
  const char *prop_value;
  int success = 0;

  memset(&result, 0, sizeof(grpc_auth_refresh_token));
  result.type = GRPC_AUTH_JSON_TYPE_INVALID;
  if (json == NULL) {
    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Invalid json.");
    goto end;
  }

  prop_value = grpc_json_get_string_property(json, "type");
  if (prop_value == NULL ||
      strcmp(prop_value, GRPC_AUTH_JSON_TYPE_AUTHORIZED_USER)) {
    goto end;
  }
  result.type = GRPC_AUTH_JSON_TYPE_AUTHORIZED_USER;

  if (!grpc_copy_json_string_property(json, "client_secret",
                                      &result.client_secret) ||
      !grpc_copy_json_string_property(json, "client_id", &result.client_id) ||
      !grpc_copy_json_string_property(json, "refresh_token",
                                      &result.refresh_token)) {
    goto end;
  }
  success = 1;

end:
  if (!success) grpc_auth_refresh_token_destruct(&result);
  return result;
}

grpc_auth_refresh_token grpc_auth_refresh_token_create_from_string(
    const char *json_string) {
  char *scratchpad = gpr_strdup(json_string);
  grpc_json *json = grpc_json_parse_string(scratchpad);
  grpc_auth_refresh_token result =
      grpc_auth_refresh_token_create_from_json(json);
  if (json != NULL) grpc_json_destroy(json);
  gpr_free(scratchpad);
  return result;
}

void grpc_auth_refresh_token_destruct(grpc_auth_refresh_token *refresh_token) {
  if (refresh_token == NULL) return;
  refresh_token->type = GRPC_AUTH_JSON_TYPE_INVALID;
  if (refresh_token->client_id != NULL) {
    gpr_free(refresh_token->client_id);
    refresh_token->client_id = NULL;
  }
  if (refresh_token->client_secret != NULL) {
    gpr_free(refresh_token->client_secret);
    refresh_token->client_secret = NULL;
  }
  if (refresh_token->refresh_token != NULL) {
    gpr_free(refresh_token->refresh_token);
    refresh_token->refresh_token = NULL;
  }
}

//
// Oauth2 Token Fetcher credentials.
//

static void oauth2_token_fetcher_destruct(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                          grpc_call_credentials *creds) {
  grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *c =
      (grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *)creds;
  GRPC_MDELEM_UNREF(exec_ctx, c->access_token_md);
  gpr_mu_destroy(&c->mu);
  grpc_pollset_set_destroy(exec_ctx,
                           grpc_polling_entity_pollset_set(&c->pollent));
  grpc_httpcli_context_destroy(exec_ctx, &c->httpcli_context);
}

grpc_credentials_status
grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials_parse_server_response(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, const grpc_http_response *response,
    grpc_mdelem *token_md, gpr_timespec *token_lifetime) {
  char *null_terminated_body = NULL;
  char *new_access_token = NULL;
  grpc_credentials_status status = GRPC_CREDENTIALS_OK;
  grpc_json *json = NULL;

  if (response == NULL) {
    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Received NULL response.");
    status = GRPC_CREDENTIALS_ERROR;
    goto end;
  }

  if (response->body_length > 0) {
    null_terminated_body = gpr_malloc(response->body_length + 1);
    null_terminated_body[response->body_length] = '\0';
    memcpy(null_terminated_body, response->body, response->body_length);
  }

  if (response->status != 200) {
    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Call to http server ended with error %d [%s].",
            response->status,
            null_terminated_body != NULL ? null_terminated_body : "");
    status = GRPC_CREDENTIALS_ERROR;
    goto end;
  } else {
    grpc_json *access_token = NULL;
    grpc_json *token_type = NULL;
    grpc_json *expires_in = NULL;
    grpc_json *ptr;
    json = grpc_json_parse_string(null_terminated_body);
    if (json == NULL) {
      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Could not parse JSON from %s", null_terminated_body);
      status = GRPC_CREDENTIALS_ERROR;
      goto end;
    }
    if (json->type != GRPC_JSON_OBJECT) {
      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Response should be a JSON object");
      status = GRPC_CREDENTIALS_ERROR;
      goto end;
    }
    for (ptr = json->child; ptr; ptr = ptr->next) {
      if (strcmp(ptr->key, "access_token") == 0) {
        access_token = ptr;
      } else if (strcmp(ptr->key, "token_type") == 0) {
        token_type = ptr;
      } else if (strcmp(ptr->key, "expires_in") == 0) {
        expires_in = ptr;
      }
    }
    if (access_token == NULL || access_token->type != GRPC_JSON_STRING) {
      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Missing or invalid access_token in JSON.");
      status = GRPC_CREDENTIALS_ERROR;
      goto end;
    }
    if (token_type == NULL || token_type->type != GRPC_JSON_STRING) {
      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Missing or invalid token_type in JSON.");
      status = GRPC_CREDENTIALS_ERROR;
      goto end;
    }
    if (expires_in == NULL || expires_in->type != GRPC_JSON_NUMBER) {
      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Missing or invalid expires_in in JSON.");
      status = GRPC_CREDENTIALS_ERROR;
      goto end;
    }
    gpr_asprintf(&new_access_token, "%s %s", token_type->value,
                 access_token->value);
    token_lifetime->tv_sec = strtol(expires_in->value, NULL, 10);
    token_lifetime->tv_nsec = 0;
    token_lifetime->clock_type = GPR_TIMESPAN;
    if (!GRPC_MDISNULL(*token_md)) GRPC_MDELEM_UNREF(exec_ctx, *token_md);
    *token_md = grpc_mdelem_from_slices(
        exec_ctx,
        grpc_slice_from_static_string(GRPC_AUTHORIZATION_METADATA_KEY),
        grpc_slice_from_copied_string(new_access_token));
    status = GRPC_CREDENTIALS_OK;
  }

end:
  if (status != GRPC_CREDENTIALS_OK && !GRPC_MDISNULL(*token_md)) {
    GRPC_MDELEM_UNREF(exec_ctx, *token_md);
    *token_md = GRPC_MDNULL;
  }
  if (null_terminated_body != NULL) gpr_free(null_terminated_body);
  if (new_access_token != NULL) gpr_free(new_access_token);
  if (json != NULL) grpc_json_destroy(json);
  return status;
}

static void on_oauth2_token_fetcher_http_response(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                                  void *user_data,
                                                  grpc_error *error) {
  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("oauth_fetch", GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
  grpc_credentials_metadata_request *r =
      (grpc_credentials_metadata_request *)user_data;
  grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *c =
      (grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *)r->creds;
  grpc_mdelem access_token_md = GRPC_MDNULL;
  gpr_timespec token_lifetime;
  grpc_credentials_status status =
      grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials_parse_server_response(
          exec_ctx, &r->response, &access_token_md, &token_lifetime);
  // Update cache and grab list of pending requests.
  gpr_mu_lock(&c->mu);
  c->token_fetch_pending = false;
  c->access_token_md = GRPC_MDELEM_REF(access_token_md);
  c->token_expiration =
      status == GRPC_CREDENTIALS_OK
          ? gpr_time_add(gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME), token_lifetime)
          : gpr_inf_past(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME);
  grpc_oauth2_pending_get_request_metadata *pending_request =
      c->pending_requests;
  c->pending_requests = NULL;
  gpr_mu_unlock(&c->mu);
  // Invoke callbacks for all pending requests.
  while (pending_request != NULL) {
    if (status == GRPC_CREDENTIALS_OK) {
      grpc_credentials_mdelem_array_add(pending_request->md_array,
                                        access_token_md);
    } else {
      error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
          "Error occured when fetching oauth2 token.", &error, 1);
    }
    GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(exec_ctx, pending_request->on_request_metadata, error);
    grpc_polling_entity_del_from_pollset_set(
        exec_ctx, pending_request->pollent,
        grpc_polling_entity_pollset_set(&c->pollent));
    grpc_oauth2_pending_get_request_metadata *prev = pending_request;
    pending_request = pending_request->next;
    gpr_free(prev);
  }
  GRPC_MDELEM_UNREF(exec_ctx, access_token_md);
  grpc_call_credentials_unref(exec_ctx, r->creds);
  grpc_credentials_metadata_request_destroy(exec_ctx, r);
}

static bool oauth2_token_fetcher_get_request_metadata(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_call_credentials *creds,
    grpc_polling_entity *pollent, grpc_auth_metadata_context context,
    grpc_credentials_mdelem_array *md_array, grpc_closure *on_request_metadata,
    grpc_error **error) {
  grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *c =
      (grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *)creds;
  // Check if we can use the cached token.
  gpr_timespec refresh_threshold = gpr_time_from_seconds(
      GRPC_SECURE_TOKEN_REFRESH_THRESHOLD_SECS, GPR_TIMESPAN);
  grpc_mdelem cached_access_token_md = GRPC_MDNULL;
  gpr_mu_lock(&c->mu);
  if (!GRPC_MDISNULL(c->access_token_md) &&
      (gpr_time_cmp(
           gpr_time_sub(c->token_expiration, gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME)),
           refresh_threshold) > 0)) {
    cached_access_token_md = GRPC_MDELEM_REF(c->access_token_md);
  }
  if (!GRPC_MDISNULL(cached_access_token_md)) {
    gpr_mu_unlock(&c->mu);
    grpc_credentials_mdelem_array_add(md_array, cached_access_token_md);
    GRPC_MDELEM_UNREF(exec_ctx, cached_access_token_md);
    return true;
  }
  // Couldn't get the token from the cache.
  // Add request to c->pending_requests and start a new fetch if needed.
  grpc_oauth2_pending_get_request_metadata *pending_request =
      (grpc_oauth2_pending_get_request_metadata *)gpr_malloc(
          sizeof(*pending_request));
  pending_request->md_array = md_array;
  pending_request->on_request_metadata = on_request_metadata;
  pending_request->pollent = pollent;
  grpc_polling_entity_add_to_pollset_set(
      exec_ctx, pollent, grpc_polling_entity_pollset_set(&c->pollent));
  pending_request->next = c->pending_requests;
  c->pending_requests = pending_request;
  bool start_fetch = false;
  if (!c->token_fetch_pending) {
    c->token_fetch_pending = true;
    start_fetch = true;
  }
  gpr_mu_unlock(&c->mu);
  if (start_fetch) {
    grpc_call_credentials_ref(creds);
    c->fetch_func(
        exec_ctx, grpc_credentials_metadata_request_create(creds),
        &c->httpcli_context, &c->pollent, on_oauth2_token_fetcher_http_response,
        gpr_time_add(gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC), refresh_threshold));
  }
  return false;
}

static void oauth2_token_fetcher_cancel_get_request_metadata(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_call_credentials *creds,
    grpc_credentials_mdelem_array *md_array, grpc_error *error) {
  grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *c =
      (grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *)creds;
  gpr_mu_lock(&c->mu);
  grpc_oauth2_pending_get_request_metadata *prev = NULL;
  grpc_oauth2_pending_get_request_metadata *pending_request =
      c->pending_requests;
  while (pending_request != NULL) {
    if (pending_request->md_array == md_array) {
      // Remove matching pending request from the list.
      if (prev != NULL) {
        prev->next = pending_request->next;
      } else {
        c->pending_requests = pending_request->next;
      }
      // Invoke the callback immediately with an error.
      GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(exec_ctx, pending_request->on_request_metadata,
                         GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
      gpr_free(pending_request);
      break;
    }
    prev = pending_request;
    pending_request = pending_request->next;
  }
  gpr_mu_unlock(&c->mu);
  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
}

static void init_oauth2_token_fetcher(grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *c,
                                      grpc_fetch_oauth2_func fetch_func) {
  memset(c, 0, sizeof(grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials));
  c->base.type = GRPC_CALL_CREDENTIALS_TYPE_OAUTH2;
  gpr_ref_init(&c->base.refcount, 1);
  gpr_mu_init(&c->mu);
  c->token_expiration = gpr_inf_past(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME);
  c->fetch_func = fetch_func;
  c->pollent =
      grpc_polling_entity_create_from_pollset_set(grpc_pollset_set_create());
  grpc_httpcli_context_init(&c->httpcli_context);
}

//
//  Google Compute Engine credentials.
//

static grpc_call_credentials_vtable compute_engine_vtable = {
    oauth2_token_fetcher_destruct, oauth2_token_fetcher_get_request_metadata,
    oauth2_token_fetcher_cancel_get_request_metadata};

static void compute_engine_fetch_oauth2(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_credentials_metadata_request *metadata_req,
    grpc_httpcli_context *httpcli_context, grpc_polling_entity *pollent,
    grpc_iomgr_cb_func response_cb, gpr_timespec deadline) {
  grpc_http_header header = {"Metadata-Flavor", "Google"};
  grpc_httpcli_request request;
  memset(&request, 0, sizeof(grpc_httpcli_request));
  request.host = GRPC_COMPUTE_ENGINE_METADATA_HOST;
  request.http.path = GRPC_COMPUTE_ENGINE_METADATA_TOKEN_PATH;
  request.http.hdr_count = 1;
  request.http.hdrs = &header;
  /* TODO(ctiller): Carry the resource_quota in ctx and share it with the host
     channel. This would allow us to cancel an authentication query when under
     extreme memory pressure. */
  grpc_resource_quota *resource_quota =
      grpc_resource_quota_create("oauth2_credentials");
  grpc_httpcli_get(
      exec_ctx, httpcli_context, pollent, resource_quota, &request, deadline,
      GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(response_cb, metadata_req, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
      &metadata_req->response);
  grpc_resource_quota_unref_internal(exec_ctx, resource_quota);
}

grpc_call_credentials *grpc_google_compute_engine_credentials_create(
    void *reserved) {
  grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *c =
      gpr_malloc(sizeof(grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials));
  GRPC_API_TRACE("grpc_compute_engine_credentials_create(reserved=%p)", 1,
                 (reserved));
  GPR_ASSERT(reserved == NULL);
  init_oauth2_token_fetcher(c, compute_engine_fetch_oauth2);
  c->base.vtable = &compute_engine_vtable;
  return &c->base;
}

//
// Google Refresh Token credentials.
//

static void refresh_token_destruct(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                   grpc_call_credentials *creds) {
  grpc_google_refresh_token_credentials *c =
      (grpc_google_refresh_token_credentials *)creds;
  grpc_auth_refresh_token_destruct(&c->refresh_token);
  oauth2_token_fetcher_destruct(exec_ctx, &c->base.base);
}

static grpc_call_credentials_vtable refresh_token_vtable = {
    refresh_token_destruct, oauth2_token_fetcher_get_request_metadata,
    oauth2_token_fetcher_cancel_get_request_metadata};

static void refresh_token_fetch_oauth2(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_credentials_metadata_request *metadata_req,
    grpc_httpcli_context *httpcli_context, grpc_polling_entity *pollent,
    grpc_iomgr_cb_func response_cb, gpr_timespec deadline) {
  grpc_google_refresh_token_credentials *c =
      (grpc_google_refresh_token_credentials *)metadata_req->creds;
  grpc_http_header header = {"Content-Type",
                             "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"};
  grpc_httpcli_request request;
  char *body = NULL;
  gpr_asprintf(&body, GRPC_REFRESH_TOKEN_POST_BODY_FORMAT_STRING,
               c->refresh_token.client_id, c->refresh_token.client_secret,
               c->refresh_token.refresh_token);
  memset(&request, 0, sizeof(grpc_httpcli_request));
  request.host = GRPC_GOOGLE_OAUTH2_SERVICE_HOST;
  request.http.path = GRPC_GOOGLE_OAUTH2_SERVICE_TOKEN_PATH;
  request.http.hdr_count = 1;
  request.http.hdrs = &header;
  request.handshaker = &grpc_httpcli_ssl;
  /* TODO(ctiller): Carry the resource_quota in ctx and share it with the host
     channel. This would allow us to cancel an authentication query when under
     extreme memory pressure. */
  grpc_resource_quota *resource_quota =
      grpc_resource_quota_create("oauth2_credentials_refresh");
  grpc_httpcli_post(
      exec_ctx, httpcli_context, pollent, resource_quota, &request, body,
      strlen(body), deadline,
      GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(response_cb, metadata_req, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
      &metadata_req->response);
  grpc_resource_quota_unref_internal(exec_ctx, resource_quota);
  gpr_free(body);
}

grpc_call_credentials *
grpc_refresh_token_credentials_create_from_auth_refresh_token(
    grpc_auth_refresh_token refresh_token) {
  grpc_google_refresh_token_credentials *c;
  if (!grpc_auth_refresh_token_is_valid(&refresh_token)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Invalid input for refresh token credentials creation");
    return NULL;
  }
  c = gpr_zalloc(sizeof(grpc_google_refresh_token_credentials));
  init_oauth2_token_fetcher(&c->base, refresh_token_fetch_oauth2);
  c->base.base.vtable = &refresh_token_vtable;
  c->refresh_token = refresh_token;
  return &c->base.base;
}

static char *create_loggable_refresh_token(grpc_auth_refresh_token *token) {
  if (strcmp(token->type, GRPC_AUTH_JSON_TYPE_INVALID) == 0) {
    return gpr_strdup("<Invalid json token>");
  }
  char *loggable_token = NULL;
  gpr_asprintf(&loggable_token,
               "{\n type: %s\n client_id: %s\n client_secret: "
               "<redacted>\n refresh_token: <redacted>\n}",
               token->type, token->client_id);
  return loggable_token;
}

grpc_call_credentials *grpc_google_refresh_token_credentials_create(
    const char *json_refresh_token, void *reserved) {
  grpc_auth_refresh_token token =
      grpc_auth_refresh_token_create_from_string(json_refresh_token);
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_api_trace)) {
    char *loggable_token = create_loggable_refresh_token(&token);
    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
            "grpc_refresh_token_credentials_create(json_refresh_token=%s, "
            "reserved=%p)",
            loggable_token, reserved);
    gpr_free(loggable_token);
  }
  GPR_ASSERT(reserved == NULL);
  return grpc_refresh_token_credentials_create_from_auth_refresh_token(token);
}

//
// Oauth2 Access Token credentials.
//

static void access_token_destruct(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                  grpc_call_credentials *creds) {
  grpc_access_token_credentials *c = (grpc_access_token_credentials *)creds;
  GRPC_MDELEM_UNREF(exec_ctx, c->access_token_md);
}

static bool access_token_get_request_metadata(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_call_credentials *creds,
    grpc_polling_entity *pollent, grpc_auth_metadata_context context,
    grpc_credentials_mdelem_array *md_array, grpc_closure *on_request_metadata,
    grpc_error **error) {
  grpc_access_token_credentials *c = (grpc_access_token_credentials *)creds;
  grpc_credentials_mdelem_array_add(md_array, c->access_token_md);
  return true;
}

static void access_token_cancel_get_request_metadata(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_call_credentials *c,
    grpc_credentials_mdelem_array *md_array, grpc_error *error) {
  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
}

static grpc_call_credentials_vtable access_token_vtable = {
    access_token_destruct, access_token_get_request_metadata,
    access_token_cancel_get_request_metadata};

grpc_call_credentials *grpc_access_token_credentials_create(
    const char *access_token, void *reserved) {
  grpc_access_token_credentials *c =
      gpr_zalloc(sizeof(grpc_access_token_credentials));
  GRPC_API_TRACE(
      "grpc_access_token_credentials_create(access_token=<redacted>, "
      "reserved=%p)",
      1, (reserved));
  GPR_ASSERT(reserved == NULL);
  c->base.type = GRPC_CALL_CREDENTIALS_TYPE_OAUTH2;
  c->base.vtable = &access_token_vtable;
  gpr_ref_init(&c->base.refcount, 1);
  char *token_md_value;
  gpr_asprintf(&token_md_value, "Bearer %s", access_token);
  grpc_exec_ctx exec_ctx = GRPC_EXEC_CTX_INIT;
  c->access_token_md = grpc_mdelem_from_slices(
      &exec_ctx, grpc_slice_from_static_string(GRPC_AUTHORIZATION_METADATA_KEY),
      grpc_slice_from_copied_string(token_md_value));
  grpc_exec_ctx_finish(&exec_ctx);
  gpr_free(token_md_value);
  return &c->base;
}


text:
How hot is it? Volunteers to collect data Monday for Richmond's Heat Watch campaign
FROM NEWS REPORTS
RICHMOND, Ind. — The City of Richmond will complete a city-wide Heat Watch campaign on Monday, Aug. 23.
Volunteers will drive vehicles or ride bikes affixed with digital thermometers to record temperatures in parts of the city throughout the day. Collected data will be used to pinpoint areas of the city that are adversely affected by heat.
Anyone interested in volunteering should contact Lucy Mellen Heat Relief coordinator, lmellen@richmondindiana.gov.
The Heat Watch campaign is part of the grant-funded Beat the Heat program, which was launched by IU's Environmental Resilience Institute and the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs (OCRA). Richmond was one of only two Indiana communities selected to participate in the national effort.
Beat the Heat:Grant provides resource to assist residents vulnerable on hot days
Data gathered by Richmond residents during the Heat Watch campaign will be used as the basis for developing strategies to mitigate the negative effects of heat on subject populations who can't cool down as easily, according to a release.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dispersion polymerization of styrene in an aqueous medium using poly(vinyl alcohol)-copper(II) chloride (PVA-CuCI2) produces grafted chains on PVA in addition to the dispersion of polystyrene. The polymerization kinetics are found to be greatly affected by the amount of poly(vinyl alcohol), the amount of carbon tetrachloride, the pH of the initial solution and the reaction temperature. A typical plot of percentage weight increase of polymer versus time of polymerization shows a rapid increase after an induction time. This induction time is postulated to occur because of the formation of PVA-9-polystyrene, which, owing to thermodynamic factors, diffuses to the monomer droplet or polymer particle interphase. We determined the molecular weights of the homopolymers and the grafted polystyrene and it was found that the molecular weight of the latter is always higher. The particle size distribution undergoes a drastic narrowing owing to the formation of the grafted copolymer. Existing theories for dispersion and emulsion polymerization fail to explain the experimental data, and the complexity of the mathematical modelling of this process is indicated.
Grafting of polystyrene on to poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by a PVA-CuCI2 complex initiating system in an aqueous medium / Sanjay Nigam, Ramkrishna Bandopadhyay, Aditya Joshi and Anil Kumar // Polymer. – 1993. – Vol 34. – P. 4213-4220.
Grafting of polystyrene on to poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by a PVA-CuCI2 complex initiating system in an aqueous medium - Завантажити.


text:
Jerusalem Post Israel News
Joint US-Israel energy initiative poised to invest $7.15 million
The projects, totaling up to $17.4 million of future capital, will focus on the areas of batteries, electric aircrafts, fuel cells, electric cars, natural gas, wind energy and overall energy efficiency.
A worker stands next to parabolic mirrors tracking the sun at the research site of solar power company Brenmiller Energy in Israel's Negev desert
(photo credit: NIR ELIAS / REUTERS)
The Binational Industrial Research and Development (BIRD) Energy program, a joint investment fund intended to bolster energy cooperation between the United States and Israel, is poised to invest $7.15 million into future upcoming projects between the two nations.
The projects, totaling up to $17.4 million in future investments, will focus on the areas of batteries, electric aircrafts, fuel cells, electric cars, natural gas, wind energy and overall energy efficiency.
"I am proud of the successful collaboration between Israeli and US companies, which is based on mutual trust and groundbreaking innovation in the energy market," said Energy Minister Yuval Steinitz. "I hope that these R&D projects will bring us closer to an efficient and clean energy market. Government investment in R&D is important to help reach these goals, and as a recovery tool from the coronavirus crisis we are experiencing now."
The US Department of Energy and the Israeli Energy Ministry selected eight clean energy projects to award the $7.15 m. under the BIRD Energy initiative. The total value of the projects includes $10.25 m. in cost share options from the companies selected to be funded.
"The BIRD Energy program is a magnet that attracts companies interested in joint US-Israel innovation, with each company playing a synergistic role aimed at achieving and commercializing technological breakthroughs," said executive director of the BIRD Foundation Dr. Eitan Yudilevich. "Despite the significant hurdles posed by COVID-19, companies succeeded in submitting high quality collaborative proposals."
BIRD Energy was founded in 2009 as a result of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. To date, it has funded 55 energy projects totaling government investments of approximately $42 million, with an additional $55 million matched from the private sector.
Each project is conducted and fulfilled by both a US and Israeli partner of the program, and addresses "challenges and opportunities that are of interest to both countries and focus on commercializing clean energy technologies that improve economic competitiveness, create jobs and support innovative technologies and companies," the initiative said in a statement.
"Promoting innovation in the field of energy is a joint goal of Israel and the US," said Israel Innovation Authority CEO Aharon Aharon. "We are therefore pleased to see the high level of engagement by industries in both countries. We wish success to the approved projects and look forward to the technological advancements they will make."
Tags energy


text:
Marta Iwona Półtorak (ur. 1966) – polska przedsiębiorczyni, działaczka społeczna, sportowa i charytatywna.

Życiorys
Urodziła się w 1966. Od urodzenia mieszkała w Rzeszowie. Kształciła się w technikum elektronicznym i uzyskała wykształcenie w tej dziedzinie. Studiowała też prawo. Studiów wyższych nie ukończyła.

Wraz z mężem Mariuszem założyła firmę Zakład Tworzyw Sztucznych. W 1991 założyła firmę Marma Polskie Folie Sp. z o.o., działającej w branży tworzyw sztucznych, zostając jej prezesem. Zakłady produkcyjne tego przedsiębiorstwa powstały w Przeworsku, Kańczudze, Kędzierzynie-Koźlu, Nowej Dębie, Bielsku-Białej i Wilkowicach. Została także prezesem zarządu Develop Investment Sp. z o.o., będącej właścicielem otwartego w 2011 Centrum Kulturalno-Handlowego "Millenium Hall" w Rzeszowie, wiceprezesem zarządu Hotele Grupy Marma Sp. z o.o. (w 2012 otworzył hotel Hilton Garden Inn w Rzeszowie). Poza działalnością biznesową znana jest także jako mecenas sztuki i kultury, działaczka społeczna, sportowa (sponsoring), charytatywna (m.in. w ramach projektu "Siemacha Spot w Galeriach Handlowych", na rzecz Towarzystwa Św. Brata Alberta).

Została członkinią Konwentu Politechniki Rzeszowskiej i Wyższej Szkoły Informatyki i Zarządzania w Rzeszowie. Podjęła finansowanie Domu Polskiego w Nepalu dla ofiar trzęsienia ziemi, wspiera pobyt w Polsce grupy dzieci z Ukrainy pochodzących z obszarów objętych działaniami wojennym. Od 2004 zarządzała klubem żużlowym Stal Rzeszów, od 2005 do 2008 pełniła funkcję prezesa sekcji żużlowej tego klubu, od 2009 jako prezes Speedway Stal Rzeszów (tym samym była pierwszą w historii kobietą kierującą klubem żużlowym w Polsce). Po 11 latach sponsorowania drużyny zrezygnowała z tej działalności w 2014. W ramach sponsoringu sportowego wspierała też Rafała Wilka, Michała Bartusika oraz kluby sportowe: koszykarski Znicz Jarosław, żużlowy Wilki Krosno (od 2018), hokejowy STS Sanok (od 2022).

W wyborach samorządowych wyborach samorządowych 12 listopada 2006 została wybrana z listy Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego radną Sejmiku Województwa Podkarpackiego III kadencji. Pod koniec grudnia 2006 poinformowała o rezygnacji z mandatu radnej. W głosowaniu z 29 stycznia 2007 sejmik województwa zdecydował o wygaśnięciu jej mandatu z powodu nie złożenia w terminie oświadczenia majątkowego (opróżniony mandat objął Stanisław Bartman).

Zamężna z Mariuszem, ma troje dzieci (dwie córki i syna).

Wyróżnienia
 "Działacza Roku" w plebiscycie "Tygodnika Żużlowego" (2009)
 "Kobieta Przedsiębiorcza Podkarpacia" 2010 w kategorii Działalność gospodarcza
 Złota odznaka Polskiego Związku Motorowego (2010)
 Laureatka Rankingu "100 Kobiet Biznesu 2015" - rankingu redakcji dziennika "Puls Biznesu"
 "Menadżer Roku Podkarpacia" 2016 w kategorii Działalność gospodarcza
 Super Wiktoria "Osobowość roku 2016" w ramach konkursu Znak Jakości Przedsiębiorców Warszawskiej Izby Przedsiębiorców
 Złoty Medal Akademii Polskiego Sukcesu (2017)
 Tytuł honorowego obywatelstwa Rzeszowa (uchwałą Rady Miasta Rzeszowa z 12 grudnia 2017; jako pierwsza kobieta w historii wyróżniona tytułem)
 Tytuł "Lider z powołania" w kategorii Lider w Biznesie w ramach Międzynarodowego Kongresu "Lider z powołania" (2019)

Przypisy

Honorowi obywatele Rzeszowa
Polscy działacze społeczni
Polscy działacze żużlowi
Polscy filantropi
Polscy przedsiębiorcy
Radni sejmiku województwa podkarpackiego
Urodzeni w 1966

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tamlana agarivorans sp. nov., isolated from seawater off Jeju Island in Korea
Jung-Hoon Yoon1, So-Jung Kang1, Mi-Hwa Lee1, Tae-Kwang Oh1
First Published: 01 August 2008 https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65704-0
A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, agarolytic bacterial strain, designated JW-26T, was isolated from seawater off Jeju Island in Korea, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Strain JW-26T grew optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, at 30 °C and in the presence of approximately 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JW-26T joins Tamlana crocina HST1-43T, with which it exhibited a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 95.5 %. Strain JW-26T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 36.8 mol%. There were no distinct phenotypic and, particularly, chemotaxonomic properties to differentiate strain JW-26T from the genus Tamlana. DNA–DNA relatedness data and differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain JW-26T is distinguishable from the type strain of T. crocina. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, therefore, strain JW-26T represents a novel species within the genus Tamlana, for which the name Tamlana agarivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JW-26T (=KCTC 22176T =CCUG 55327T).
Baumann, P. & Baumann, L.(1981). The marine Gram-negative eubacteria: genera Photobacterium, Beneckea, Alteromonas, Pseudomonas, and Alcaligenes. In The Prokaryotes, pp. 1302–1331. Edited by M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trüper, A. Balows & H. G. Schlegel. Berlin: Springer.
Bowman, J. P.(2000). Description of Cellulophaga algicola sp. nov., isolated from the surfaces of Antarctic algae, and reclassification of Cytophaga uliginosa (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Reichenbach 1989 as Cellulophaga uliginosa comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 1861–1868. [Google Scholar]
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Ezaki, T., Hashimoto, Y. & Yabuuchi, E.(1989). Fluorometric deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization in microdilution wells as an alternative to membrane filter hybridization in which radioisotopes are used to determine genetic relatedness among bacterial strains. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39, 224–229.[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Komagata, K. & Suzuki, K.(1987). Lipid and cell-wall analysis in bacterial systematics. Methods Microbiol 19, 161–207. [Google Scholar]
Lányí, B.(1987). Classical and rapid identification methods for medically important bacteria. Methods Microbiol 19, 1–67. [Google Scholar]
Lee, S. D.(2007).Tamlana crocina gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from beach sediment in Korea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57, 764–769.[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Reichenbach, H.(1992). The order Cytophagales. In The Prokaryotes, 2nd edn, vol. 4, pp. 3631–3675. Edited by A. Balows, H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K. H. Schleifer. New York: Springer.
Sasser, M.(1990).Identification of bacteria by gas chromatography of cellular fatty acids, MIDI Technical Note 101. Newark, DE: MIDI Inc.
Stackebrandt, E. & Goebel, B. M.(1994). Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 846–849.[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Staley, J. T.(1968).Prosthecomicrobium and Ancalomicrobium: new prosthecate freshwater bacteria. J Bacteriol 95, 1921–1942. [Google Scholar]
Wayne, L. G., Brenner, D. J., Colwell, R. R., Grimont, P. A. D., Kandler, O., Krichevsky, M. I., Moore, L. H., Moore, W. E. C., Murray, R. G. E. & other authors(1987). International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37, 463–464.[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Yoon, J.-H., Kim, H., Kim, S.-B., Kim, H.-J., Kim, W. Y., Lee, S. T., Goodfellow, M. & Park, Y.-H.(1996). Identification of Saccharomonospora strains by the use of genomic DNA fragments and rRNA gene probes. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46, 502–505.[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
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Julie in Conversation is a live weekly podcast featuring Julie Cusmariu, host, producer and creator, in conversation with renowned guests to inspire personal and collective change and health and social healing. Voices That Create Change, Julie's newest series features intimate conversations that inspire us to open our minds and lead with our hearts. Julie's most recent series #Motherhood #LetsCreateAVillage, garnered attention and listeners worldwide. Join Julie live Wednesdays at 11 amPT/ 2pm ET in the chat room and through the archives. www.JulieinConversation.com.
Thanks for joining us for intuition and more.
Asha Frost, Indigenous Medicine Woman on healing, cultural appropriation, biases and animal medicine.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Recently, topologically nontrivial phases have attracted much attention because of their theoretical novelty and the potential applications in dissipationless electronics of their robust edge states, which are topologically protected from backscattering~\cite{edge1,edge2,edge3,edge4,edge5,edge6}. For the quantum Hall effect and the quantum anomalous Hall effect, the edge states are chiral with oppositely propagating edge states distributed at two boundaries of the sample. The spatial separation of counter-propagating states strongly suppresses backscattering against any type of impurity~\cite{QHE1,QHE2,QAHE1}. For the quantum spin-Hall effect, the edge states are spin-helical and only robust against elastic backscattering from nonmagnetic impurities because of the topological protection by the time-reversal invariance~\cite{QSHE}. Although these edge states are robust and have been realized in experiments, their practical application is difficult because of the requirement of strong magnetic field for quantum Hall effect or the introduction of both spin-orbit coupling and ferromagnetism for quantum anomalous Hall effect.

Different from the above symmetry-protected edge states, for the quantum valley Hall effect, although there is no rigorous bulk-edge correspondence, zero-line modes (ZLMs), also known as kink states, appear along the interface between regions with different valley topologies~\cite{edge3}. These helical ZLMs are protected by their large momentum separation. Because of the large wavefunction expansion, these modes are still quite robust against disorders and exhibit zero bend resistance~\cite{zlm}. More importantly, these one-dimensional ZLMs are highly tunable. By applying a spatially varying electric field to a chiral stacking bilayer graphene system, one can construct a single zero line, crossing double zero lines, and even zero line networks, exhibiting promising potential for applications in low-energy-consumption electronics~\cite{network, prl112}. Recently, a single zero and crossing double zero lines have been realized experimentally in bilayer graphene systems through careful gate alignment~\cite{nature nano, Natphys} and in samples with stacking line defects~\cite{Nature, nature nano}.

Inspired by the experimental results that suggest strong enhancement of the robustness of ZLMs by a magnetic field, herein, we investigate the transport properties of ZLMs in gated BLG systems under a perpendicular magnetic field to reveal the underlying physical origin. By varying the strength of the magnetic field, we systematically study the evolution of the electronic structure and the ZLM wavefunctions. We find that the presence of a magnetic field enlarges the bulk band gap and preserves the ZLM. However, the wavefunctions of counter-propagating ZLMs encoding with different valleys are pushed apart. The spatial separation increases with the magnetic-field strength. Moreover, at a given magnetic-field strength, spatial separation exhibits strong dependence on the Fermi energy. By decreasing the Fermi level from above the charge neutrality point, spatial separation decreases, vanishes at the charge neutrality point, and then increases again while in opposite direction as the Fermi level is decreased further. The spatial separation of counter-propagating wavefunctions strongly suppresses backscattering and makes the ZLMs more robust, as confirmed by our numerical calculations of conductances in the presence of a disorder. These results suggest that the presence of a magnetic field not only increases the robustness of ZLMs but also makes it possible to tune the transport by varying the Fermi level electrically.

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=8.5cm,angle=0]{FIG1.eps}
	\caption{(a) Schematic of a dual-split-gated bilayer graphene (BLG) device. The blue arrows show the direction of the electric field. The green and red arrows correspond to modes that carry valley indexes K and K$^\prime$, respectively. (b) Electronic structure of the junction in the device shown in (a) with a zigzag boundary; the voltages in the adjoining regions are the same. Certainly, only the edge states appear. (c) The voltages in the adjoining regions are the opposite and kink states (marked in green) appear in the bulk gap.}\label{Figure1}
\end{figure}

The quantum valley Hall effect can be realized in AB-stacked bilayer graphene by applying a perpendicular electric field. When opposite electric fields are applied in neighboring regions, as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{Figure1}(a), where a downward (upward) electric field is applied in the region on the left (right), as denoted by the blue arrows. In the presence of an Anderson-type disorder, the $\pi$-orbital tight-binding Hamiltonian of this system can be expressed as
\begin{eqnarray}
H&=&-t \sum_{\langle ij \rangle} (c_i^{\dag} c_j+\text{h.c.}) -t_{\perp}\sum_{\langle{i\in{T},j\in {B}}\rangle } (c_i^{\dag} c_j+\text{h.c.}) \nonumber \\
&+& \sum_{i \in T} U_i c_i^{\dag} c_i - \sum_{i \in B} U_i c_i^{\dag} c_i +\sum_{ i } \epsilon_{i} c_i^{\dag} c_i,
\label{eq0}
\end{eqnarray}
where $c_i^{\dag}$ ($c_i$) is the electron creation (annihilation) operator on site~$i$. The first and second terms represent the intralayer and interlayer nearest-neighbor hopping, respectively, with hopping amplitudes of $t = 2.6$~eV and $t_{\perp} = 0.34$~eV. The third and fourth terms indicate the site energies at the top and bottom layers, respectively. At the left (right) part, the on-site energy $U_i$ is constant at $+U$ ($-U$). At the interface region of width $w$, we use a cosinusoidal potential profile to connect the two sides. The last term represents the on-site Anderson disorder, with $\epsilon_{i}$ being distributed randomly in the energy interval of $[-W/2, W/2]$, where $W$ measures the disorder strength. In our calculations, we set the system width to $d = 127.8$~nm and the interface region width to $w = 85.2$~nm. Note that we neglect the spin degree of freedom because the quantum valley Hall effect only involves the orbital degree of freedom of an electron.

In the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field $\mathbf{B}= \nabla \times \mathbf{A}$, the tight-binding Hamiltonian model is modified by introducing the Peierls phase in the hopping terms as follows:
\begin{equation}\label{eqution3}
t_{ij} \rightarrow t_{ij}{\rm e}^{-{\rm {i}}\frac{e}{\hbar} \int \mathbf{A}\cdot {\rm d} \boldsymbol{l}},
\end{equation}
where $\int \mathbf{{A}}\cdot {\rm d} \boldsymbol{l}$ is the integral of the vector potential from site~$j$ to site~$i$. In our calculations, we adopt the Landau gauge of $\mathbf{A} = -By\boldsymbol{e}_x$ for the perpendicular magnetic field $\mathbf{B} = B\boldsymbol{e}_z$.

With this $\pi$-orbital tight-binding Hamiltonian, we further study the ZLM transport properties using a two-terminal Landauer--B\"{u}ttiker formalism based on the Green's function technique~\cite{green}
\begin{eqnarray}
G_{\rm{RL}}=\frac{2e^2}{h}{\rm{Tr}}[\Gamma_{\rm R}G^{{r}}\Gamma_{\rm L}{G}^{{a}}],
\end{eqnarray}
where ${G}^{{r(a)}}$ is the retarded (advanced) Green's function of the central scattering region. $\Gamma_{\rm{R(L)}}= i[\Sigma^{{r}}_{{\rm R(L)}}-\Sigma^{{a}}_{{\rm R(L)}}]$ is the line width function, which describes the coupling between the right (left) lead and the central scattering region. $\Sigma^{r(a)}$ is the retarded (advanced) self-energy of the half-infinite leads calculated using the variant transfer matrix method~\cite{transfer}. In our calculations, we set the Fermi level to be inside the band gap. In the presence of a disorder, each data point is obtained by collecting over 30 samples with different disorder configurations.

In the absence of a disorder, the system exhibits translational symmetry along the zero line direction, allowing us to obtain the electronic structure of the system by directly diagonalizing the tight-binding Hamiltonian. When the applied electric fields in the left and right regions are opposite to each other (as shown in Fig.~\ref{Figure1}(a)), counter-propagating topological ZLMs appear at the interfacial region of width $w$ (as indicated by the red and green arrows). With a layer potential difference of $2U = 0.04$~eV, we calculate the band structure in the absence of a magnetic field. The results are shown in Fig.~\ref{Figure1}(c) wherein gapless ZLMs (marked in green) appear in valleys K and K$^\prime$. We note that the states in the two valleys exhibit opposite group velocities. Apart from the ZLMs, there are also some edge states (marked in gray) inside the band gap, which are localized at the sample boundaries. In contrast, when the electric fields in the left and right sides point in the same direction, the gapless ZLMs disappear, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Figure1}(b).

In the following discussion, we focus on the case of opposite electric fields in the two sides of the interface. In this case, there are four ZLMs inside the band gap (as denoted by A, B, C, and D in Fig.~\ref{Figure1}(c)) with Fermi energy $E_{\rm F} = 4$~meV. Figure~\ref{Figure2}(a) shows a magnified view of the band structure in valley K. The wavefunctions of A and D, which are located in valleys K and K$^\prime$, respectively, are shown in Fig.~\ref{Figure2}(e), where we find that the wavefunctions from both valleys coincide with each other. In the presence of a magnetic field, the band structure is modified as shown in Figs.~\ref{Figure2}(b)--(d). From these figures, we find that the presence of a magnetic field enhances the bulk band gap and lifts the bulk bands away from the ZLMs plotted in red. As the band gap increases, the ZLM wavefunctions become narrowed, as shown in Figs.~\ref{Figure2}(f)--(h). Moreover, we find that the presence of a magnetic field drives the ZLM wavefunction in valley K upward and that in valley K$^\prime$ downward, thereby reducing the overlap between counter-propagating states.

Furthermore, in the presence of a magnetic field, the wavefunction distribution can be tuned by varying the Fermi energy electrically, as shown in Figs.~\ref{Figure3}(a)--(d). In these figures, the magnetic field is set to be 3~T. By increasing the Fermi energy from $E_{\rm F} = 0$~meV to $E_{\rm F} = 15~meV$, we find that the ZLM wavefunction in valley K (K$^\prime$) moves upward (downward). At the charge neutrality point of $E_f = 0$~meV, the wavefunctions almost coincide with each other.

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=8.5cm,angle=0]{FIG2.eps}
	\caption{Band structure of the BLG line junction at different magnetic fields $B = 0$ (a), 3 (b), 6 (c), and 9~T (d). The device length is $d = 127.8$~nm, the junction width is $w = 85.2$~nm, and the layer potential difference is $2U = 40$~meV. The formation of the Landau levels lifts the bound states away from the energy range of the kink states (red). (e)--(h) Corresponding wavefunction distributions of the kink states in valleys K and K$^\prime$ (modes A and D, respectively, labeled in Fig.~\ref{Figure1} (c)), showing increasing separation as $B$ increases.}\label{Figure2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=8.5cm, angle=0]{FIG3.eps}
	\caption{(a)--(d) Corresponding wavefunction distributions of the kink states in valleys K and K$^\prime$ (modes A and D, respectively, labeled in Fig.~\ref{Figure1}(c)) at different Fermi energies $E_F = 0$ (a), 5 (b), 10 (c), and 15~meV (d) but the same magnetic field strength $B = 9$~T.
	(e) and (f) Average conductance vs. device length under different parameter strengths.
	In (e), the Fermi level is $E_{\rm F} = 10$~meV, there is no magnetic field, and the disorder strength is varied as $W = 0$, 200, 400, and 600~meV. The band gap is set as $2U = 40$~meV.
	In (f), the Fermi level is $E_{\rm F} = 6$~meV, the magnetic field strength is varied as $B = 0$, 3, 6, and 9~T, and the disorder strength is $W = 600$~meV.
	In (g), the magnetic field strength is $B = 9$~T, the Fermi level is varied as $E_{\rm F} = 0$, 5, 10, and 15~meV, and the disorder strength is $W = 60$~meV.
	Each point is an average of 30 samples with different disorder configurations.}\label{Figure3}
\end{figure}

In brief, the presence of a magnetic field not only separates the ZLMs and bulk states by a larger band gap but also spatially separates the counter-propagating ZLMs in different valleys. Both effects can effectively suppress the backscattering of the ZLMs. Thus, the presence of a magnetic field is expected to strongly enhance the robustness of the ZLMs. To demonstrate the influence of the magnetic field, Fermi energy, and disorder, we also study the ZLM conductance for junctions of different lengths. We begin by studying the case that is in the absence of a magnetic field, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Figure3}(e), where we find a quantized conductance that is independent of the junction length in the absence of a disorder. As the disorder strength is increased, the conductance decreases with an increase in the system length. For a disorder strength of $W = 600$~meV, the conductance decreases to a value of $0.5~e^2/h$ for a junction length of 1~$\mu$m. At the same disorder strength, the conductance is increased by applying a magnetic field, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Figure3}(f). In the presence of a magnetic field of 9~T, the conductance of the 1-$\mu$m junction is increased by a factor of three. The enhancement of the conductance by the magnetic field becomes increasingly obvious as the Fermi energy deviates from the charge neutrality point, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Figure3}(g), under a magnetic field of 9~T. In this figure, we find that at the charge neutrality point of $E_{\rm F} = 0$~meV, even under a magnetic field of 9~T, the conductance decreases to approximately $0.5~$e$^2$/h. As the Fermi energy is gradually increased, the influence of the disorder on the conductivity becomes weaker and a quantized conductance of a sample as long as 1~$\mu$m can be realized when the Fermi energy reaches $0.015$~eV.

\begin{figure
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=8.5cm,angle=0]{FIG4.eps}
	\caption{(a)--(d) Band structures of the BLG line junction calculated with $2U = 40$ (a), 100 (b), 160 (c), and 220~meV (d), a magnetic field strength of $B = 6$~T, and a Fermi level of $E_{\rm F} = 12$~meV. Increasing $U$ increases the energy range in which only the kink states (marked in red) exist. (e)--(h) Corresponding wavefunction distributions of the kink states in valleys K and K$^\prime$ (modes A and D, respectively, labeled in Fig.~\ref{Figure1}(c)), showing increasing separation as the layer potential difference $U$ is decreased.}\label{Figure4}
\end{figure}

Nevertheless, the influence of the magnetic field reduces as the band gap increases. In Figs.~\ref{Figure4}(a)--(d), we plot the band structure for differing layer potential difference $U$ with the same magnetic field strength and Fermi level. We find that the band gap increases with the layer potential difference. The ZLM wavefunctions are also shown in Figs.~\ref{Figure4}(e)--(h). We find that the spatial separation becomes considerably increasing with decrease of the band gap. This is because increasing the layer potential difference enhances the electron confinement, and the wavefunctions are restricted to the sharp interface between the left and right regions, meaning that there is no room for the wavefunctions to move.

In summary, we systematically studied the effect of a magnetic field on the ZLM transport properties at different band gaps and Fermi energies. We found that the presence of a magnetic field not only enlarges the band gap, separating the ZLMs from the bulk states by a larger energy gap, but also spatially separates the wavefunction distributions of counter-propagating ZLMs. Furthermore, we found that decreasing the layer potential difference increases wavefunction separation. Both effects strongly enhance the robustness of ZLMs against a disorder. By calculating the ballistic length of the ZLMs under different disorder strengths, we numerically confirmed that the presence of a magnetic field can effectively enlarge the ballistic length. Moreover, we found that the spatial separation of the counter-propagating ZLMs depends strongly on the Fermi energy. Under a moderate magnetic field, increasing the Fermi energy from the CNP of $E_{\rm F} = 0$~meV increases the distance between counter-propagating ZLMs. Such an effect makes the ZLM transport property highly tunable by a magnetic field. These findings provide a new strategy for enhancing the robustness of ZLMs.

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (Grant Nos.\ 2016YFA0301700, 2017YFB0405703), the China Government Youth 1000-Plan Talent Program, and the NNSFC (Grant No.\ 11474265). We are grateful to the Supercomputing Center of USTC for providing high-performance computing assistance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
declare function ToPropertyKey(value: unknown): PropertyKey;
export = ToPropertyKey;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Exxaro expecting slight increase in production, sales for 2022
Friday, December 2nd, 2022
Diversified company Exxaro Resources expects its coal production – excluding buy-ins – to increase by 3% and its sales volumes by 1% for the 2022 financial year ending December 31, despite logistical constraints throughout the year and the disposal of the Exxaro Coal Central operations on September 3, 2021.
"The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war and renewed Covid-19 infections and lockdowns, mostly in China . . . further disrupted supply chains, fuelled inflation, significantly increased energy cost[s] and slowed economic growth.
"As a result, commodity markets were mixed and volatile throughout the period under review," Exxaro FD Riaan Koppeschaar said in a preclose statement issued on December 1.
He said that, after a strong finish to 2021, the global economic expansion lost momentum during 2022. A 5.8% growth rate in 2021 decreased to 2.8% in 2022, with financial market conditions deteriorating during the second half of the year, presenting the emerging risk of a global economic recession.
During this year, Exxaro's supply into global thermal coal markets was influenced by the Indonesian government's temporary ban on exports, inclement weather conditions, rail challenges in South Africa and labour issues in Australia.
Additionally, the Russia-Ukraine conflict caused uncertainty among global markets as energy insecurity surfaced in Europe, favouring South African seaborne thermal coal trade as international sanctions for Russian coal came into effect.
For most of the year, a tight global gas market supported thermal coal demand and prices. The substantial increase in gas prices, reduction of gas supply from Russia, the implementation of a European Union embargo on Russian coal imports, and the tightness of higher calorific value (CV) coal supply sustained strong pricing of high CV coal throughout the third quarter, Exxaro reported.
However, the company warned that low water levels in Europe's Rhine river, along with high gas and coal inventories at some of Europe's power utilities, as well as mild winter temperatures in October and November, have sent coal prices on a downward trajectory since the start of the fourth quarter.
Strong Indonesian output and weaker import coal demand in China and India maintained the downward pressure on the lower CV coal pricing in the first three quarters of the year, the company said.
However, Exxaro expected China and India's imported coal demand to pick up in the fourth quarter, while ample Indonesian supply and increased supply of discounted Russian coal will keep low-energy coal prices under pressure.
Meanwhile, domestic demand for Exxaro's high CV coal remained stable, with the company expecting this segment to continue performing well.
As a result of ongoing constraints in terms of rail logistics, Exxaro said that it was selling export coal in the domestic market to exporters that had access to export capacity, while also turning to trucking and exporting coal through alternative ports.
Latest trends in mining disputes in Chile
Prime Mining stock surges on upsized financing to fund the Los Reyes gold-silver project in Mexico
Biden moves to bar mining waste in Alaska, blocking gold mine


An »excellent contextual talk« (Filmwerk.co.uk). Pabst scholar Jan-Christopher Horak »delivers some welcome background information on the film and its director, providing information on the character actors who make up the cast, the true-life incident that inspired the story, and the social situation in which the film is set. He also details how Pabst's career faltered once the Nazis came to power, and describes WESTFRONT 1918 and KAMERADSCHAFT as the director's two most political films and logical companion pieces« (Slarek, Cineoutsider.com).


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Sr. Kathleen Ann elected to second term as Heading Avenue Franciscan president
By: Jennifer Willems - October 21, 2021 - News Article
Elected to serve as the general council for the Sisters of St. Francis of the Immaculate Conception in West Peoria on Oct. 9 were (from left) Sister Holly Marie Schulz, councilor; Sister Irene Marie Fritch, vice president; Sister Kathleen Ann Mourisse, president; and Sister Betty Jean Haverback, councilor. They will be installed Dec. 5. (Provided photo)
WEST PEORIA — Sister Kathleen Ann Mourisse, OSF, has been elected to serve a second term as president of the Sisters of St. Francis of the Immaculate Conception. She will be installed at a Mass on Dec. 5, with Coadjutor Bishop Louis Tylka as the celebrant. Assisting Sister Kathleen Ann will be Sister Irene Marie […]
"Welcome Back Weekend" at Mendota-area parishes includes '1,000 Acts of Kindness'
By: Jennifer Willems - October 21, 2021 - Featured Article
After processing out of Holy Cross Church in Mendota, Coadjutor Bishop Louis Tylka poses for a photo with Father Peter Pilon (right), pastor, and Father Jeff Windy (left), parochial vicar, as well as the altar servers for the "Welcome Back" Mass. A social followed. (Provided photo/Suzie Fritz)
MENDOTA — As a way to invite people to return to church for Mass — and bring others with them — the Mendota Catholic Parishes hosted a Welcome Back Weekend at the end of September. Among those who received an invitation for the Mass and social that followed was Coadjutor Bishop Louis Tylka. He concelebrated […]
'Listening to the Faithful' — Bishop Tylka hears hopes, struggles on Welcome Tour 2
By: Jennifer Willems - October 6, 2021 - Featured Article
At the end of the listening session for the LaSalle Vicariate, Bishop Louis Tylka offers a response to what he had heard that evening and thanked parishioners for being engaged in the process. The Sept. 21 gathering was held in the Holy Family School Gym in Oglesby. (The Catholic Post/Jennifer Willems)
In what he hopes will be a hallmark of his time in the Diocese of Peoria, Coadjutor Bishop Louis Tylka has been listening to parishioners in each of the 12 vicariates as they shared their lived experience of the faith and their hopes and dreams, as well as their struggles. As "Welcome Tour Part 2 […]
'On the Way of Fulton Sheen' — Pilgrims walk on Rock Island Trail to his tomb
Taking the lead on Sept. 25 is Blake Brooks, one of the organizers of "On the Way with Fulton Sheen," which took pilgrims from Princeville to the tomb of Fulton Sheen at St. Mary's Cathedral in Peoria. He said the goal was to help people grow in their devotion of Sheen and renew their own spiritual lives. (The Catholic Post/Jennifer Willems)
To anybody walking or biking along the Rock Island Trail in Peoria on a recent weekend, it might not seem all that extraordinary for a group of about 25 people to be making the journey together. It's what they couldn't see that was important. "The way is simple — it's just a lot of walking. […]
Bishop Tylka gets personal in homily at 'Spirit of Hope' Mass for cancer victims
The Spirit of Hope Mass at St. Mary's Cathedral in Peoria on Oct. 2 was celebrated by Coadjutor Bishop Louis Tylka (center). Helping to coordinate the liturgy was OSF HealthCare, represented by members of The Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, (from left) Sister M. Faustina Chesnut, Sister Judith Ann Duvall, major superior, Sister M. Angelita Van Hoey, and Sister Teresa Paul Selamat. To Bishop Tylka's left are tenor John McDermott and Dr. James McGee, radiation oncologist at OSF Saint Francis Medical Center in Peoria. (The Catholic Post/Jennifer Willems)
To hope in Jesus is to hope in God's plan of love for each and every one of us, and that hope does not disappoint, Coadjutor Bishop Louis Tylka said during the Spirit of Hope Mass for the Relief from the Suffering of Cancer on Oct. 2. "We hope for the miracle that will continue […]
Faith and farming: Fr. Lee Brokaw offers blessings and prayers at harvest time
While the goal is to keep the combine moving during harvest, brothers Tim and Todd Main of Altona made an exception so Father Lee Brokaw could bless their equipment Sept. 24. Perhaps more important than blessing the machinery is the prayer he offers for the farmers, that they might remain close to God. (The Catholic Post/Jennifer Willems)
ALTONA — Dwarfed by a combine that could harvest 12 rows of corn at a time, Father Lee Brokaw raised his arms and blessed the machine as he had five others at the request of his parishioners in Galesburg and Abingdon. The blessings extend far beyond the farm equipment, however. "I pray that farmers are […]
Urbana parish 'reignites' and keeps the fire burning after paying off debt
Father Joel Phelps, former parochial vicar at St. Patrick Parish in Urbana, stands by with another lighter as the certificates symbolizing the loan from the Diocese of Peoria are burned by (from left) Father Anthony Co, Father George Remm and Father Joseph Hogan on Sept. 26. The debt was paid down more than a year ahead of schedule. (The Catholic Post/Jennifer Willems)
URBANA — When parishioners started raising funds to expand and renovate St. Patrick Church here, parish leaders said there should be a party with dancing in the streets when the debt was finally paid off. That's exactly what happened last Sunday, as Father Anthony Co, pastor; Father George Remm, pastor emeritus; and Father Joseph Hogan […]
Diocese's catechists have creatively taught God's love during pandemic
By: Jennifer Willems - September 22, 2021 - Featured Article
With catechists and members of the RCIA team standing behind him, Father Donald Levitt, pastor at Christ the King Church in Moline, extends his hand in blessing to include parents and grandparents as witnesses to the Catholic faith in their families on Catechetical Sunday, Sept. 19. (The Catholic Post/Jennifer Willems)
COVID-19 made it difficult, but catechists around the Diocese of Peoria found new and creative ways to teach young people about God's love, the friendship of Jesus, and why it's important to live their faith all day, every day. Last Sunday they were praised for their ongoing efforts as parishes celebrated Catechetical Sunday. This year's […]
Sale of hand-painted bowls, homemade soups will benefit Sophia's Kitchen
Claire Crone (center), director of Sophia's Kitchen in Peoria, looks in on Sadie Pierce, Jane Seiler and Marlee Curtis who are putting their artistic skills to work as part of the Spoonful benefit for Sophia's Kitchen. In all, 200 bowls were painted Sept. 13-14. (The Catholic Post/Jennifer Willems)
PEORIA HEIGHTS — Who says you can't help people and have fun at the same time? Budding Picassos, Van Goghs and Rembrandts gathered at Fired Up Pottery here on Sept. 13-14 to paint bowls that will be sold to benefit Sophia's Kitchen, the sandwich program located at St. Joseph Church in downtown Peoria. Among those […]
'Fulton Sheen and the Very Bad Week' debuts 11 years after a very good miracle
By: Jennifer Willems - September 16, 2021 - News Article
Mariam Khoury Briggs, illustrator, and Bonnie Engstrom, author, of "Fulton Sheen and the Very Bad Week" hold a copy of their new book. (Provided photo)
WASHINGTON — Each year as Bonnie and Travis Engstrom celebrate the birthday of their son, James Fulton, on Sept. 16, they also give thanks for the miracle that makes those birthdays possible through the intercession of Venerable Servant of God Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen. They believe, and the Catholic Church has decreed, that Jesus healed […]


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Keeping The Capital Moving
Costain and Transport for London (TfL) are working to keep the capital moving.
Costain is working with TfL on maintenance to be carried out at the Brent Cross Interchange, one of four work packages in TfL's STIP 2 (Structures and Tunnels Investment Portfolio 2). This programme is designed to deal with legacy structures that in the past have been challenging to maintain but which are critical to London's key routes. The aim is to make these structures safe and bring them to a good state of repair, so as to lower whole life costs and ensure they continue to serve London's people and economy.
Brent Cross Interchange is at the junction of the North Circular Road and the A41, near the M1 and next to the Brent Cross shopping centre. Built between 1965 and 1967, it comprises 19 bridges, a flyover, subways, culverts and retaining walls. It's a strategic crossing point on TfL's Transport for London Road Network (TLRN) – the red routes at the heart of London's road network that, although they make up only five percent of the capital's roads, carry 30 percent of the traffic.
"Transport for London (TfL) is focused on ensuring its roads and structures keep London working and growing. Part of this is to bring TLRN structures and tunnels up to a state of good repair and address specific safety risks," said Marcus Hollan, Costain Project Manager.
"Our role is to support TfL by providing constructability input: that is, reviewing the construction processes from start to finish, advising on how to both operate in and accommodate the complex local environment, developing a comprehensive project budget and a principal programme, and carrying out risk evaluation.
"Key objectives of the first stage of this project are to establish the business outcomes and benefits that the project must deliver, and to secure project and financial authority to progress to the feasibility study as the next stage."
He added: "Engaging STIP framework contractors like Costain in the very early stages of the project enables TfL to gain the most value for its money, to better understand the risks and to make sure of delivering the benefits and objectives on programme and on budget.
"What's more, they are also making use of our extensive knowledge and experience from other STIP projects such as the successfully delivered Hammersmith Flyover."
Work on site at Brent Cross will begin 2018 and is expected to be complete by 2021. The STIP works are being coordinated along with other work in the area including the Brent Cross Cricklewood Regeneration project, which will upgrade some of the highway structures at the junction to provide additional capacity.


TMZ reports that Oprah bought the Orcas Island estate known as Madroneagle for $8.275 million. The 43-acre property comes with a 7,303 square-foot main house, a guest house, a gazebo, barn, sauna, craft shed and a beachfront. There's also a pond, stream and Asian garden.
Anyone who's ever been to Orcas Island can imagine how serene it'd be to own an estate there, overlooking the water and the surrounding scenery. It's a spot worthy of the leader of the free world.
Which is exactly who just moved there: Oprah Winfrey has reportedly purchased an $8.275-million estate on Orcas.
The acre spans 43-acres and comes with its own title, Madroneagle. It includes a three-story main house, a gazebo with glass walls, a barn and workshop, a sauna, and a craft shed.
There's also a four-bedroom, three-bedroom guest house, in case the main house's own four bedrooms aren't enough.
But before you go saying that you swore you saw Oprah on Orcas last week, if only your friend would just believe you: TMZ reports that Oprah has never set foot on the island to even see the new pad in person.
It's not hard to believe, judging from the pictures above, that someone with the means that Oprah commands might snap up the property just from looking at images. And as The San Juan Islander notes, the secluded spread of land was linked back to two contiguous transactions from two different corporate entities that both link back to the Oprah Winfrey Network offices in West Hollywood.
A representative from Windermere confirmed that it seems like the mogul purchased the property as an investment property, so unfortunately it doesn't sound like any of us PNW residents will be dining with Oprah over quinoa anytime soon.
Oprah's arrival as a 10% stakeholder in Weight Watchers bumped its stock price from less than $7 to more than $26. But shares of the company have crashed 66% since the November 2015 enthusiasm over her involvement with the company. Furthermore, shares in Weight Watchers fell 8% following the resignation of CEO Jim Chambers on Monday. The media mogul has seen $117 million in wealth vanish and is now using her position on the board to push for management changes.
Though Oprah's primary residence is in Montecito, California, the twice Oscar-nominated actress also owns houses in Hawaii and Colorado.
If she ever visits the San Juan Islands residence puts her on a list with several other high profile people who have paid a visit to the island, including Condoleezza Rice, Josh Groban and Kat Dennings.


Bring me the bold and deliver me the delicious - but forcryinoutloud, please spare me the snoozy and the listless. Basically, go big or go home is the name of the game - be proudly bold as opposed to mawkishly lame. The chances of standing out are certainly far greater - a wisdom you ought to adopt now as opposed to regretfully later. Try a bit of bold on for size and see how you like it - I'm pretty sure you're gonna love it, don't deny it! Next time your heading out to market, slip into your birthday heels - smear on some fiery lipstick and see how that feels. The glam and mystery that you'll so effortlessly bestow - will utterly beguile the butcher, the baker and probably the cashier, ya know?! Don't save your celebratory finery for stuffy special occasions - use and abuse them while they're hot... go ahead, give into your temptations!


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Comcast to Provide Free WiFi at 10 Fresno Housing and Boys & Girls Clubs Locations in California's Central Valley
Comcast Donates $50,000 to Each Organization and Donates 225 Laptops, 12 Months of Free Internet Service and 225 Food Boxes to Central Valley Families in Need
FRESNO, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--As part of its ongoing commitment to help connect low-income individuals to the Internet so they can fully participate in educational opportunities and the digital economy, Comcast today announced initial plans to equip 10 Fresno Housing and Boys & Girls Clubs of Fresno County locations throughout the Central Valley with WiFi-connected "Lift Zones" over the coming months. Additional sites will be added over time. By providing robust WiFi coverage at safe spaces, Comcast intends to help thousands of low-income students get online, participate in distance learning and do their homework.
In addition to providing free WiFi service at the Lift Zone locations, Comcast donated $50,000 to the Boys & Girls Clubs of Fresno County to offer distance learning to more students and another $50,000 to Fresno Housing to help residents with digital literacy training and support. Comcast will also provide 225 Boys & Girls Clubs of Fresno County youth with a laptop computer, free Internet at home for 12 months (to eligible families) through its Internet Essentials program and a box with $100 worth of food.
"Lift Zones" feature free WiFi provided by Comcast, which allows students to work on laptops simultaneously so they can successfully participate in distance learning. This initiative provides free connectivity inside partner community centers for the next three years. By donating 225 laptops and 12 months of free Internet at home, Comcast and Telemundo are creating a seamless learning experience for children in the Central Valley.
"While some children can participate in distance learning at home, the children of essential workers and others may not have that privilege," said John Gauder, Senior Vice President, Comcast California. "By providing free WiFi access at these Lift Zones, combined with a free laptop and free Internet access at home, we can ensure that the students can actively participate in classwork and complete assignments wherever they are. As a result, all these children can receive the best possible education and be set up for a more equitable, prosperous future."
"The COVID-19 pandemic is having a disproportionate effect on our rural communities," said Congressmember Jim Costa (CA-16). "The lack of internet access in these areas adds undue stress on families that are trying to balance telework and children's distance learning. I'm pleased that Comcast has prioritized the Central Valley for this important initiative to help residents and children during this crisis."
"The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the inequities not only in our health care system but in the digital divide that greatly impacts our most vulnerable communities," said Assemblymember Dr. Joaquin Arambula (District 31). "Too many children in low-income neighborhoods and disadvantaged rural and unincorporated areas have been left behind in their education because they don't have access to the internet, Wi-Fi, and/or devices. I'm grateful to Comcast for its generous commitment. It is a step in the right direction to keep these children and families connected and focused on a brighter future."
"The COVID-19 crisis continues to put many low-income students at risk of being left behind. This Comcast commitment will accelerate a solution for comprehensive, digital equity and Internet adoption programs to support them," said Diane Carbray, President/CEO of Boys & Girls Clubs of Fresno County. "We hope these Lift Zones from Comcast will help students who have been unable to fully participate in the current educational experience due to constraints of distance learning or a variety of other reasons that are outside of their control."
"Fresno Housing's mission is to create vibrant communities, build quality affordable housing, and support the success of approximately 50,000 residents throughout Fresno county," said Preston Prince, CEO of Fresno Housing. "This partnership with Comcast is coming at a critical time, when there is so much need among our communities, and will help support our ongoing broadband improvement efforts. The global pandemic has disproportionately impacted communities of color and has put numerous children at risk of missing out on important educational opportunities. We are grateful to collaborate with Comcast to ease the struggle among our families and provide them with the support they need to be successful, especially in these challenging times."
Lift Zone sites complement Comcast's Internet Essentials program, which has helped connect more than 8 million low-income people to the Internet at home. This includes more than one million residents across California, which is the number one state in terms of overall participation in the Internet Essentials program.
About Comcast Corporation
Comcast Corporation (Nasdaq: CMCSA) is a global media and technology company with three primary businesses: Comcast Cable, NBCUniversal, and Sky. Comcast Cable is one of the United States' largest video, high-speed Internet, and phone providers to residential customers under the Xfinity brand, and also provides these services to businesses. It also provides wireless and security and automation services to residential customers under the Xfinity brand. NBCUniversal is global and operates news, entertainment and sports cable networks, the NBC and Telemundo broadcast networks, television production operations, television station groups, Universal Pictures, and Universal Parks and Resorts. Sky is one of Europe's leading media and entertainment companies, connecting customers to a broad range of video content through its pay television services. It also provides communications services, including residential high-speed Internet, phone, and wireless services. Sky operates the Sky News broadcast network and sports and entertainment networks, produces original content, and has exclusive content rights. Visit www.comcastcorporation.com for more information.
Joan Hammel
Comcast California
joan_hammel@comcast.com
Kathryn Weakland
Boys & Girls Clubs of Fresno County
kathrynw@bgClubsfc.org
Fidel Contreras
Fresno Housing
FContreras@FresnoHousing.org


Valuable reference tools for figure studies and still life compositions (as well as intriguing decorative objects in their own right), these classic 3-D sculptures are small and lightweight, making them ideal for classroom use. Each sculpture is sculpted in three dimensions.
Fixed on a base, this sculpture of a human head helps artists gain a better understanding of facial anatomy, muscles, and proportions.