text:
//$select_city = $addrDetailsArr['geoplugin_city'];
$country_id = $this->Tbl_countries->query("select country_id from tbl_countries where country_name = '" .$country_name . "' LIMIT 1");
$select_country =     $country_id[0]['tbl_countries']['country_id'];
$mosicsStatus = array(
'Mosaic' => array(
'id' => '4',
'size' => '50x50',
'status' => '1'
$b_cookies_style = 'block'
$number_of_days = (int) 30
$date_of_expiry = (int) 1582180792
$value = 'baksite'
$activation = array(
'MosaicActivation' => array(
'activation' => '1'
$singleNotification = array()
$countryflag = ''
$country_name = 'United States'
$city = ''
$country_url = ''
$time_zone = ''
$cities = array()
$city_information = array()
$ip_ary = array()
$url = array(
(int) 0 => ''
$worldHeaderGroupId = '6'
$worldFooterGroupId = '7'
$headerconditions = array(
'AND' => array(
'Admin_menu.group_id' => '6'
'Admin_menu.status' => '1'
$world_header_menu = array(
'Admin_menu' => array(
'menu_name' => 'Home',
'menu_url' => 'http://www.bakoos.com/local/',
'menu_location' => '1',
'menu_parent' => '',
'status' => true,
'group_id' => '6',
'created_date' => '2014-07-23 15:07:19'
'menu_name' => 'Help',
'menu_url' => '#',
'menu_name' => 'Countries',
'menu_url' => 'http://www.bakoos.com/local/locations/countries_list/',
'menu_name' => 'FAQs',
'menu_url' => 'http://www.bakoos.com/dashboards/faqs',
$in_arr = array(
$submenuFlag = array(
$header_submenu_conditions = array(
'Admin_sub_menu.menu_parent' => '25'
'Admin_sub_menu.status' => '1'
$world_header_submenu = array()
$header_submenu = array(
'Admin_sub_menu' => array(
$footerconditions = array(
$world_footer_menu = array(
'menu_name' => 'How it Works',
'menu_url' => 'http://www.bakoos.com/dashboards/how_it_works/',
'menu_name' => 'World Site',
'menu_url' => 'http://www.bakoos.com/',
'menu_name' => 'Contact Us',
'menu_url' => 'http://www.bakoos.com/local/dashboards/contact_us/',
$select_country = (int) 0
$select_city = (int) 0
$ip_address = '18.210.24.208'
$geopluginURL = 'http://www.geoplugin.net/php.gp?ip=18.210.24.208'
$http_response_header = array(
(int) 0 => 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK',
(int) 1 => 'Date: Tue, 21 Jan 2020 06:39:53 GMT',
(int) 2 => 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8',
(int) 3 => 'Content-Length: 1109',
(int) 4 => 'Connection: close',
(int) 5 => 'Server: Apache',
(int) 6 => 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *',
(int) 7 => 'Cache-Control: max-age=0',
(int) 8 => 'Expires: Tue, 21 Jan 2020 06:39:53 GMT'
$addrDetailsArr = array(
'geoplugin_request' => '18.210.24.208',
'geoplugin_status' => (int) 200,
'geoplugin_delay' => '1ms',
'geoplugin_credit' => 'Some of the returned data includes GeoLite data created by MaxMind, available from http://www.maxmind.com.',
'geoplugin_city' => 'Ashburn',
'geoplugin_region' => 'Virginia',
'geoplugin_regionCode' => 'VA',
'geoplugin_regionName' => 'Virginia',
'geoplugin_areaCode' => '',
'geoplugin_dmaCode' => '511',
'geoplugin_countryCode' => 'US',
'geoplugin_countryName' => 'United States',
'geoplugin_inEU' => (int) 0,
'geoplugin_euVATrate' => false,
'geoplugin_continentCode' => 'NA',
'geoplugin_continentName' => 'North America',
'geoplugin_latitude' => '39.0481',
'geoplugin_longitude' => '-77.4728',
'geoplugin_locationAccuracyRadius' => '1000',
'geoplugin_timezone' => 'America/New_York',
'geoplugin_currencyCode' => 'USD',
'geoplugin_currencySymbol' => '$',
'geoplugin_currencySymbol_UTF8' => '$',
'geoplugin_currencyConverter' => '1'
$country_id = array()
AppController::beforeFilter() - APP/Controller/AppController.php, line 172
call_user_func - [internal], line ??
CakeEventManager::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Event/CakeEventManager.php, line 247
Controller::startupProcess() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 674
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 108
Notice (8): Undefined offset: 0 [APP/Controller/AppController.php, line 179]
$i = rand(0,$citycount);
//echo $i;
$select_city = $all_cities[$i]['prm_id'];
$select_country = null
$all_cities = array()
$citycount = (int) -1
$i = (int) 0
Warning (2): Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /var/www/vhosts/bakoos.com/httpdocs/local/lib/Cake/Utility/Debugger.php:802) [APP/Controller/AppController.php, line 60]
$b_cookies_style = ''
setcookie - [internal], line ??
AppController::beforeFilter() - APP/Controller/AppController.php, line 60
ExceptionRenderer::_getController() - CORE/Cake/Error/ExceptionRenderer.php, line 154
ExceptionRenderer::__construct() - CORE/Cake/Error/ExceptionRenderer.php, line 92
ErrorHandler::handleException() - CORE/Cake/Error/ErrorHandler.php, line 119
[main] - [internal], line ??
, United States - Information, Property, Local Markets and Shopping Microblogging in Local Hub
Property User Registration
Country Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Côte d'Ivoire Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominican Republic DR Congo dsfsd Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Guadeloupe Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar (Burma) Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russia Rwanda Samoa Sao Tome & Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States (USA) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
Notice (8): Undefined offset: 0 [APP/View/Elements/frontElements/header_mid.ctp, line 106]
if($app_country[0]['Tbl_countries']['country_flag'] != ''){?>
$viewFile = '/var/www/vhosts/bakoos.com/httpdocs/local/app/View/Elements/frontElements/header_mid.ctp'
'code' => (int) 500,
'url' => '/local/',
'name' => 'SQLSTATE[42S22]: Column not found: 1054 Unknown column 'Tbl_countries.status' in 'where clause'',
'error' => object(PDOException) {
errorInfo => array(
queryString => 'SELECT `Tbl_countries`.`country_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_nw_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_name`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_url`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_status`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_population`, `Tbl_countries`.`cu_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_usual_name`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_description`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_lanuage`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_currency`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_gdp`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_phone_code`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_flag`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_first_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_first_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_second_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_second_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_third_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_third_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fouth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fouth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fifth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fifth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_sixth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_sixth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_seventh_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_seventh_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_eigth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_eigth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_ninth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_ninth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_tenth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_tenth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`capital_city` FROM `bakoos_media`.`tbl_countries` AS `Tbl_countries`   WHERE `Tbl_countries`.`country_name` = 'United States' AND `Tbl_countries`.`status` = 1    LIMIT 1'
[protected] message => 'SQLSTATE[42S22]: Column not found: 1054 Unknown column 'Tbl_countries.status' in 'where clause''
[protected] code => '42S22'
[protected] file => '/var/www/vhosts/bakoos.com/httpdocs/local/lib/Cake/Model/Datasource/DboSource.php'
[protected] line => (int) 458
'_serialize' => array(
(int) 0 => 'code',
(int) 1 => 'url',
(int) 2 => 'name',
(int) 3 => 'error'
'all_cities' => array(),
'select_city' => null,
'select_country' => null,
'city' => '',
'country_name' => 'United States',
'flag' => '',
'cities' => array(),
'country' => array(
'Tbl_countries' => array(
(int) 100 => array(
'app_country' => array(),
'time_zone' => '',
'controller_name' => 'pages',
'world_footer_menu' => array(
'header_submenu' => array(
'in_arr' => array(
'world_header_menu' => array(
'cookie_notification' => array(),
'activation' => array(
'b_cookies_style' => 'block',
'mosicsStatus' => array(
'content_for_layout' => '
Database Error

Error:
SQLSTATE[42S22]: Column not found: 1054 Unknown column 'Tbl_countries.status' in 'where clause'

SQL Query:
SELECT `Tbl_countries`.`country_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_nw_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_name`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_url`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_status`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_population`, `Tbl_countries`.`cu_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_usual_name`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_description`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_lanuage`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_currency`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_gdp`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_phone_code`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_flag`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_first_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_first_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_second_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_second_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_third_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_third_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fouth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fouth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fifth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fifth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_sixth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_sixth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_seventh_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_seventh_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_eigth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_eigth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_ninth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_ninth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_tenth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_tenth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`capital_city` FROM `bakoos_media`.`tbl_countries` AS `Tbl_countries`   WHERE `Tbl_countries`.`country_name` = 'United States' AND `Tbl_countries`.`status` = 1    LIMIT 1

Notice:
If you want to customize this error message, create app/View/Errors/pdo_error.ctp

Stack Trace

CORE/Cake/Model/Datasource/DboSource.php line 458 → PDOStatement->execute(array)

        try {
            $query = $this->_connection->prepare($sql, $prepareOptions);
            $query->setFetchMode(PDO::FETCH_LAZY);
            if (!$query->execute($params)) {
                $this->_results = $query;

array()

CORE/Cake/Model/Datasource/DboSource.php line 424 → DboSource->_execute(string, array)

        $options += array('log' => $this->fullDebug);

        $t = microtime(true);
        $this->_result = $this->_execute($sql, $params);

'SELECT `Tbl_countries`.`country_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_nw_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_name`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_url`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_status`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_population`, `Tbl_countries`.`cu_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_usual_name`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_description`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_lanuage`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_currency`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_gdp`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_phone_code`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_flag`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_first_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_first_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_second_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_second_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_third_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_third_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fouth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fouth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fifth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fifth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_sixth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_sixth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_seventh_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_seventh_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_eigth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_eigth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_ninth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_ninth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_tenth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_tenth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`capital_city` FROM `bakoos_media`.`tbl_countries` AS `Tbl_countries`   WHERE `Tbl_countries`.`country_name` = 'United States' AND `Tbl_countries`.`status` = 1    LIMIT 1'
array()

CORE/Cake/Model/Datasource/DboSource.php line 665 → DboSource->execute(string, array, array)

        if ($cache && ($cached = $this->getQueryCache($sql, $params)) !== false) {
            return $cached;
        }
        $result = $this->execute($sql, array(), $params);
        if ($result) {

'SELECT `Tbl_countries`.`country_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_nw_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_name`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_url`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_status`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_population`, `Tbl_countries`.`cu_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_usual_name`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_description`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_lanuage`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_currency`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_gdp`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_phone_code`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_flag`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_first_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_first_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_second_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_second_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_third_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_third_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fouth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fouth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fifth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_fifth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_sixth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_sixth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_seventh_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_seventh_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_eigth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_eigth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_ninth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_ninth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_tenth_neighbour_id`, `Tbl_countries`.`country_tenth_neighbour_location`, `Tbl_countries`.`capital_city` FROM `bakoos_media`.`tbl_countries` AS `Tbl_countries`   WHERE `Tbl_countries`.`country_name` = 'United States' AND `Tbl_countries`.`status` = 1    LIMIT 1'

CORE/Cake/Model/Datasource/DboSource.php line 1077 → DboSource->fetchAll(string, boolean)

        $query = $this->generateAssociationQuery($model, null, null, null, null, $queryData, false, $null);
        $resultSet = $this->fetchAll($query, $model->cacheQueries);
false

CORE/Cake/Model/Model.php line 2900 → DboSource->read(Tbl_countries, array)

 * @return array
 */
    protected function _readDataSource($type, $query) {
        $results = $this->getDataSource()->read($this, $query);
        $this->resetAssociations();

object(Tbl_countries) {
name => 'tbl_countries'
uses => array(
components => array(
useDbConfig => 'default'
useTable => 'tbl_countries'
id => false
data => array([maximum depth reached])
schemaName => 'bakoos_media'
table => 'tbl_countries'
primaryKey => 'id'
validate => array([maximum depth reached])
validationErrors => array([maximum depth reached])
validationDomain => null
plugin => null
alias => 'Tbl_countries'
tableToModel => array(
cacheQueries => false
belongsTo => array([maximum depth reached])
hasOne => array([maximum depth reached])
hasMany => array([maximum depth reached])
hasAndBelongsToMany => array([maximum depth reached])
actsAs => null
Behaviors => object(BehaviorCollection) {}
whitelist => array([maximum depth reached])
cacheSources => true
findQueryType => null
recursive => (int) 1
order => null
virtualFields => array([maximum depth reached])
__backAssociation => array([maximum depth reached])
__backInnerAssociation => array([maximum depth reached])
__backOriginalAssociation => array([maximum depth reached])
__backContainableAssociation => array([maximum depth reached])
findMethods => array(
tablePrefix => ''
[protected] _schema => array(
[protected] _associationKeys => array(
[protected] _associations => array(
[protected] _insertID => null
[protected] _sourceConfigured => true
[protected] _eventManager => object(CakeEventManager) {}
[protected] _validator => null
'conditions' => array(
'Tbl_countries.country_name' => 'United States',
'Tbl_countries.status' => (int) 1
'fields' => null,
'joins' => array(),
'limit' => (int) 1,
'offset' => null,
'order' => array(
(int) 0 => null
'page' => (int) 1,
'group' => null,
'callbacks' => true
)

CORE/Cake/Model/Model.php line 2872 → Model->_readDataSource(string, array)

            return null;
        return $this->_readDataSource($type, $query);
    }

'first'

APP/Controller/PagesController.php line 81 → Model->find(string, array)

                    $addrDetailsArr = unserialize(file_get_contents($geopluginURL));
                    if($addrDetailsArr){
                        $geo_country = $addrDetailsArr['geoplugin_countryName'];
                        $countryData = $this->Tbl_countries->find('first', array('conditions' => array('Tbl_countries.country_name' => addslashes($geo_country),'Tbl_countries.status'=>1)));
                        if(count($countryData)>0){

'first'

[internal function] → PagesController->display(string)

'home'

CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php line 490 → ReflectionMethod->invokeArgs(PagesController, array)

                    'action' => $request->params['action']
                ));
            }
            return $method->invokeArgs($this, $request->params['pass']);

object(PagesController) {
helpers => array(
worldHomePage => 'City home Page'
metaTitleValue => array([maximum depth reached])
metaDescriptionValue => array([maximum depth reached])
name => 'Pages'
request => object(CakeRequest) {}
response => object(CakeResponse) {}
viewPath => 'Pages'
layoutPath => null
viewVars => array(
view => 'display'
layout => 'default'
autoRender => true
autoLayout => true
Components => object(ComponentCollection) {}
viewClass => 'View'
View => null
ext => '.ctp'
cacheAction => false
passedArgs => array(
scaffold => false
methods => array(
modelClass => 'AdminPartner'
modelKey => 'page'
validationErrors => null
Media => object(MediaComponent) {}
Constant => object(ConstantComponent) {}
Country => object(CountryComponent) {}
Session => object(SessionComponent) {}
Mosaic => object(Mosaic) {}
MosaicActivation => object(MosaicActivation) {}
FrontNotification => object(FrontNotification) {}
Admin_menu => object(Admin_menu) {}
Admin_sub_menu => object(Admin_sub_menu) {}
Tbl_countries => object(Tbl_countries) {}
[protected] _responseClass => 'CakeResponse'
[protected] _mergeParent => 'AppController'
(int) 0 => 'home'

CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php line 185 → Controller->invokeAction(CakeRequest)

        $controller->startupProcess();
        $render = true;
        $result = $controller->invokeAction($request);
        if ($result instanceof CakeResponse) {

object(CakeRequest) {
params => array(
query => array([maximum depth reached])
url => false
base => '/local'
webroot => '/local/'
here => '/local/'
[protected] _detectors => array(
[protected] _input => ''
}

CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php line 160 → Dispatcher->_invoke(PagesController, CakeRequest, CakeResponse)

            ));
        $response = $this->_invoke($controller, $request, $response);
        if (isset($request->params['return'])) {

object(PagesController) {
object(CakeRequest) {
object(CakeResponse) {
[protected] _statusCodes => array(
[protected] _mimeTypes => array(
[protected] _protocol => 'HTTP/1.1'
[protected] _status => (int) 200
[protected] _contentType => 'text/html'
[protected] _headers => array([maximum depth reached])
[protected] _body => null
[protected] _file => null
[protected] _fileRange => null
[protected] _charset => 'UTF-8'
[protected] _cacheDirectives => array([maximum depth reached])
[protected] _cookies => array([maximum depth reached])

APP/webroot/index.php line 108 → Dispatcher->dispatch(CakeRequest, CakeResponse)

$Dispatcher->dispatch(
    new CakeRequest(),
    new CakeResponse()
);

object(CakeRequest) {
function traceToggle(event, id) {
el.style.display = (el.style.display === 'block') ? 'none' : 'block';
'title_for_layout' => 'Errors'
$code = (int) 500
$url = '/local/'
$name = 'SQLSTATE[42S22]: Column not found: 1054 Unknown column 'Tbl_countries.status' in 'where clause''
$error = object(PDOException) {
(int) 0 => '42S22',
(int) 1 => (int) 1054,
(int) 2 => 'Unknown column 'Tbl_countries.status' in 'where clause''
$_serialize = array(
$select_city = null
$flag = ''
$country = array(
'country_id' => '70',
'country_nw_id' => '10',
'country_name' => 'Albania',
'country_url' => 'http://www.eu.bakoos.com/0/25',
'country_status' => '1',
'country_population' => '3020209',
'cu_id' => '0',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Albania',
'country_description' => 'Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939, and occupied by Germany in 1943. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Albanian',
'country_currency' => 'Lek (ALL)',
'country_gdp' => '$14.00 billion',
'country_phone_code' => '+355',
'country_flag' => 'images/flag_70.png',
'country_first_neighbour_id' => '92',
'country_first_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_second_neighbour_id' => '96',
'country_second_neighbour_location' => 'North East',
'country_third_neighbour_id' => '88',
'country_third_neighbour_location' => 'East',
'country_fouth_neighbour_id' => '82',
'country_fouth_neighbour_location' => 'South',
'country_fifth_neighbour_id' => '7',
'country_fifth_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_sixth_neighbour_id' => '0',
'country_sixth_neighbour_location' => '',
'country_seventh_neighbour_id' => '0',
'country_seventh_neighbour_location' => '',
'country_eigth_neighbour_id' => '0',
'country_eigth_neighbour_location' => '',
'country_ninth_neighbour_id' => '0',
'country_ninth_neighbour_location' => '',
'country_tenth_neighbour_id' => '0',
'country_tenth_neighbour_location' => '',
'capital_city' => '281'
'country_id' => '102',
'country_nw_id' => '9',
'country_name' => 'Algeria',
'country_url' => 'http://www.af.bakoos.com/0/20',
'country_population' => '35406303',
'country_usual_name' => 'People's Democratic Republic of Algeria',
'country_description' => 'After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has largely dominated politics since. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 balloting led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Berber language, French',
'country_currency' => 'Algerian dinar (DZD)',
'country_gdp' => '$219.45 billion',
'country_flag' => '',
'country_first_neighbour_id' => '152',
'country_first_neighbour_location' => 'North East',
'country_second_neighbour_id' => '128',
'country_second_neighbour_location' => 'East',
'country_third_neighbour_id' => '137',
'country_third_neighbour_location' => 'South East',
'country_fouth_neighbour_id' => '131',
'country_fifth_neighbour_id' => '132',
'country_fifth_neighbour_location' => 'South West',
'country_sixth_neighbour_id' => '174',
'country_sixth_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_seventh_neighbour_id' => '134',
'country_seventh_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'country_name' => 'Andorra',
'country_url' => 'http://www.eu.bakoos.com/index.php/0/40',
'country_population' => '85458',
'country_usual_name' => 'Principality of Andorra',
'country_description' => 'The landlocked Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe, nestled high in the Pyrenees between the French and Spanish borders. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique co-principality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Bishop of Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the introduction of a modern, constitution; the co-princes remained as titular heads of state, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy. Andorra has become a popular tourist destination visited by approximately ten million people each year drawn by the winter sports, summer climate, and duty-free shopping. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Catalan',
'country_currency' => 'Euro (€) (EUR)',
'country_gdp' => '$4.51 billion',
'country_first_neighbour_id' => '4',
'country_second_neighbour_location' => 'South',
'country_third_neighbour_id' => '0',
'country_third_neighbour_location' => '',
'country_fouth_neighbour_id' => '0',
'country_fouth_neighbour_location' => '',
'country_fifth_neighbour_location' => '',
'country_name' => 'Angola',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Angola',
'country_description' => 'Angola is still rebuilding its country since the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but fighting picked up again in 1993. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people displaced - during the more than a quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and cemented the MPLA's hold on power. President DOS SANTOS pushed through a new constitution in 2010; elections held in 2012 saw him installed as president.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Portuguese',
'country_currency' => 'Kwanza (AOA)',
'country_third_neighbour_location' => 'South',
'country_name' => 'Argentina',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ar.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'República Argentina',
'country_description' => 'In 1816, the United Provinces of the Rio Plata declared their independence from Spain. After Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay went their separate ways, the area that remained became Argentina. The country's population and culture were heavily shaped by immigrants from throughout Europe, with Italy and Spain providing the largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to 1930. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Spanish',
'country_currency' => 'Peso (ARS)',
'country_phone_code' => '+54',
'country_third_neighbour_location' => 'North East',
'country_fouth_neighbour_location' => 'North East',
'country_fifth_neighbour_id' => '49',
'capital_city' => '4'
'country_name' => 'Armenia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Armenia',
'country_description' => 'Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. During World War I in the western portion of Armenia, Ottoman Turkey instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices that resulted in at least 1 million Armenian deaths. The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution. Turkey closed the common border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas, further hampering Armenian economic growth. In 2009, senior Armenian leaders began pursuing rapprochement with Turkey, aiming to secure an opening of the border, but Turkey has not yet ratified the Protocols normalizing relations between the two countries.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Armenian',
'country_currency' => 'Dram (դր.) (AMD)',
'country_fouth_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_name' => 'Australia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.au.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Commonwealth of Australia',
'country_description' => 'Prehistoric settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia at least 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession of the east coast in the name of Great Britain (all of Australia was claimed as British territory in 1829 with the creation of the colony of Western Australia). Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the Allied effort in World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has become an internationally competitive, advanced market economy due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s and its location in one of the fastest growing regions of the world economy.',
'country_lanuage' => 'English',
'country_currency' => 'Australian dollar (AUD)',
'country_gdp' => '$1436.00 billion',
'capital_city' => '17'
'country_name' => 'Austria',
'country_url' => 'http://www.at.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republik Österreich',
'country_description' => 'Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995 have altered the meaning of this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the EU Economic and Monetary Union in 1999.',
'country_lanuage' => 'German',
'country_sixth_neighbour_id' => '99',
'country_name' => 'Azerbaijan',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Azerbaijan',
'country_description' => 'Azerbaijan - a nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan has yet to resolve its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous republic within Soviet Azerbaijan after Armenia and Azerbaijan disputed the territory's status. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also seven surrounding provinces in the territory of Azerbaijan. The OSCE Minsk Group, co-chaired by the United States, France, and Russia, is the framework established to mediate a peaceful resolution of the conflict. Corruption in the country is widespread, and the government, which eliminated presidential term limits in a 2009 referendum, has been accused of authoritarianism.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Azerbaijani',
'country_currency' => 'Manat (AZN)',
'country_phone_code' => '994',
'country_fifth_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'country_name' => 'Bahamas',
'country_url' => 'http://www.am.bakoos.com/0/29',
'country_population' => '321834',
'country_usual_name' => 'Commonwealth of the Bahamas',
'country_description' => 'Lucayan Indians inhabited the islands when Christopher COLUMBUS first set foot in the New World on San Salvador in 1492. British settlement of the islands began in 1647; the islands became a colony in 1783. Since attaining independence from the UK in 1973, The Bahamas has prospered through tourism, international banking, and investment management. Because of its location, the country is a major transshipment point for illegal drugs, particularly shipments to the US and Europe, and its territory is used for smuggling illegal migrants into the US.',
'country_currency' => 'Bahamian dollar (BSD)',
'country_phone_code' => '+1-242',
'country_first_neighbour_location' => 'South',
'country_second_neighbour_id' => '2',
'country_second_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'country_name' => 'Bahrain',
'country_url' => 'http://www.me.bakoos.com/0/1',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Bahrain',
'country_description' => 'In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family took power in Bahrain. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has become an international banking center. Bahrain's small size and central location among Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. The Sunni-led government has struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. In early 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government confronted similar protests at home with police and military action, including deploying Gulf Cooperation Council security forces to Bahrain. Sporadic clashes between demonstrators and security forces continue in Bahrain.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Arabic',
'country_currency' => 'Bahraini dinar (BHD)',
'country_first_neighbour_location' => 'South East',
'country_second_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_third_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_name' => 'Bangladesh',
'country_url' => 'http://www.bd.bakoos.com/',
'country_population' => '166280712',
'country_usual_name' => 'People's Republic of Bangladesh',
'country_description' => 'Bangladesh is located in Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India',
'country_lanuage' => 'Bangla (Bengali)',
'country_currency' => 'Taka (৳) (BDT)',
'country_first_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_fouth_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'country_name' => 'Barbados',
'country_usual_name' => 'Barbados',
'country_description' => 'The island was uninhabited when first settled by the British in 1627. African slaves worked the sugar plantations established on the island until 1834 when slavery was abolished. The economy remained heavily dependent on sugar, rum, and molasses production through most of the 20th century. The gradual introduction of social and political reforms in the 1940s and 1950s led to complete independence from the UK in 1966. In the 1990s, tourism and manufacturing surpassed the sugar industry in economic importance.',
'country_currency' => 'Barbadian dollar ($) ',
'country_phone_code' => '+1 -246',
'country_second_neighbour_location' => 'South West',
'country_third_neighbour_location' => 'South West',
'country_name' => 'Belarus',
'country_url' => 'http://www.by.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Belarus',
'country_description' => 'After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Belarusian, Russian',
'country_currency' => 'Belarusian ruble (BYR)',
'country_name' => 'Belgium',
'country_url' => 'http://www.be.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Belgium',
'country_description' => 'Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Political divisions between the Dutch-speaking Flemings of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. Its capital, Brussels, is home to numerous international organizations including the EU and NATO.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Dutch, French, German',
'country_name' => 'Belize',
'country_usual_name' => 'Belize',
'country_description' => 'Belize was the site of several Mayan city states until their decline at the end of the first millennium A.D. The British and Spanish disputed the region in the 17th and 18th centuries; it formally became the colony of British Honduras in 1854. Territorial disputes between the UK and Guatemala delayed the independence of Belize until 1981. Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation until 1992 and the two countries are involved in an ongoing border dispute. Tourism has become the mainstay of the economy. Current concerns include the country's heavy foreign debt burden, high unemployment, growing involvement in the Mexican and South American drug trade, high crime rates, and one of the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in Central America.',
'country_currency' => 'Belize dollar (BZD)',
'country_fouth_neighbour_location' => 'South East',
'country_name' => 'Benin',
'country_usual_name' => 'République du Bénin',
'country_description' => 'Present day Benin was the site of Dahomey, a West African kingdom that rose to prominence in about 1600 and over the next two and half centuries became a regional power, largely based on its slave trade. Coastal areas of Dahomey began to be controlled by the French in the second half of the 19th century; the entire kingdom was conquered by 1894. French Dahomey achieved independence in 1960; it changed its name to the Republic of Benin in 1975. A succession of military governments ended in 1972 with the rise to power of Mathieu KEREKOU and the establishment of a government based on Marxist-Leninist principles. A move to representative government began in 1989. Two years later, free elections ushered in former Prime Minister Nicephore SOGLO as president, marking the first successful transfer of power in Africa from a dictatorship to a democracy. KEREKOU was returned to power by elections held in 1996 and 2001, though some irregularities were alleged. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'French',
'country_currency' => 'West African CFA franc (XOF)',
'country_third_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_name' => 'Bhutan',
'country_url' => 'http://www.as.bakoos.com/1245/31',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Bhutan',
'country_description' => 'In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding some border land to British India. Under British influence, a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs, and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was assumed by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned to Bhutan the areas annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. In March 2005, King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK unveiled the government's draft constitution - which introduced major democratic reforms - and pledged to hold a national referendum for its approval. In December 2006, the King abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK, in order to give him experience as head of state before the democratic transition. In early 2007, India and Bhutan renegotiated their treaty, eliminating the clause that stated that Bhutan would be "guided by" India in conducting its foreign policy, although Thimphu continues to coordinate closely with New Delhi.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Dzongkha',
'country_currency' => 'Bhutanese ngultrum (BTN)',
'capital_city' => '1245'
'country_name' => 'Bolivia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.bo.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia',
'country_description' => 'Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and countercoups. Democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and illegal drug production. In December 2005, Bolivians elected Movement Toward Socialism leader Evo MORALES president - by the widest margin of any leader since the restoration of civilian rule in 1982 - after he ran on a promise to change the country's traditional political class and empower the nation's poor, indigenous majority. In December 2009, President MORALES easily won reelection, and his party took control of the legislative branch of the government, which will allow him to continue his process of change.',
'country_currency' => 'Boliviano (BOB)',
'country_gdp' => '$29,81 billion',
'country_second_neighbour_location' => 'South East',
'country_fouth_neighbour_location' => 'South West',
'country_name' => 'Bosnia and Herzegovina',
'country_url' => 'http://www.eu.bakoos.com/0/9',
'country_usual_name' => 'Bosnia-Herzegovina BiH',
'country_description' => 'Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multi-ethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments are responsible for overseeing most government functions. Additionally, the Dayton Accords established the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." An original NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops assembled in 1995 was succeeded over time by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. Currently EUFOR deploys around 600 troops in theater in a policing capacity.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian',
'country_currency' => 'Convertible mark (BAM)',
'country_name' => 'Botswana',
'country_url' => 'http://www.af.bakoos.com/1/1',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Botswana',
'country_description' => 'Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. More than four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created one of the most stable economies in Africa. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves.',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, Setswana',
'country_currency' => 'Pula (BWP)',
'country_name' => 'Brazil',
'country_url' => 'http://www.br.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Federative Republic of Brazil',
'country_description' => 'Following more than three centuries under Portuguese rule, Brazil gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the subsequent proclamation of a republic by the military in 1889. ',
'country_currency' => 'Real (R$) (BRL)',
'country_sixth_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'country_seventh_neighbour_id' => '69',
'country_seventh_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_eigth_neighbour_id' => '57',
'country_eigth_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_ninth_neighbour_id' => '175',
'country_ninth_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_tenth_neighbour_id' => '190',
'country_tenth_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_name' => 'Brunei',
'country_url' => 'http://www.as.bakoos.com/0/5',
'country_usual_name' => 'Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace',
'country_description' => 'The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries. Brunei benefits from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields, the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in Asia.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Malay, English',
'country_currency' => 'Brunei dollar (BND)',
'country_second_neighbour_location' => '',
'country_name' => 'Bulgaria',
'country_url' => 'http://www.bg.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Bulgaria',
'country_description' => 'The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. The country joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Bulgarian',
'country_currency' => 'Lev (BGN)',
'country_name' => 'Burkina Faso',
'country_usual_name' => 'Burkina Faso',
'country_description' => 'Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) achieved independence from France in 1960. Repeated military coups during the 1970s and 1980s were followed by multiparty elections in the early 1990s. Current President Blaise COMPAORE came to power in a 1987 military coup and has won every election since then. There have been increasing protests over the belief that the president may try to run for a currently unconstitutional third term in the 2015 presidential elections.',
'country_fifth_neighbour_location' => 'South',
'country_sixth_neighbour_location' => 'South West',
'country_name' => 'Burundi',
'country_usual_name' => 'République du Burundi',
'country_description' => 'Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated in October 1993 after only 100 days in office, triggering widespread ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions. More than 200,000 Burundians perished during the conflict that spanned almost a dozen years. Hundreds of thousands of Burundians were internally displaced or became refugees in neighboring countries. An internationally brokered power-sharing agreement between the Tutsi-dominated government and the Hutu rebels in 2003 paved the way for a transition process that led to an integrated defense force, established a new constitution in 2005, and elected a majority Hutu government in 2005. The government of President Pierre NKURUNZIZA, who was reelected in 2010, continues to face many political and economic challenges.',
'country_lanuage' => 'French, Kirundi',
'country_currency' => 'Burundian franc (FBu) (BIF)',
'country_name' => 'Cabo Verde',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Cabo Verde',
'country_description' => 'The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; Cabo Verde subsequently became a trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. Following independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and maintained until multi-party elections were held in 1990. Cabo Verde continues to exhibit one of Africa's most stable democratic governments. Repeated droughts during the second half of the 20th century caused significant hardship and prompted heavy emigration. As a result, Cabo Verde's expatriate population is greater than its domestic one. Most Cabo Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents.',
'country_currency' => 'Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)',
'country_name' => 'Cambodia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.as.bakoos.com/0/30',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Cambodia',
'country_description' => 'Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a five-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a ceasefire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Khmer',
'country_currency' => 'Riel (KHR)',
'country_name' => 'Cameroon',
'country_usual_name' => 'République du Cameroun',
'country_description' => 'French Cameroon became independent in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the southern portion of neighboring British Cameroon voted to merge with the new country to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state, the United Republic of Cameroon. The country has generally enjoyed stability, which has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry.',
'country_lanuage' => 'French, English',
'country_currency' => 'Central African CFA franc (XAF)',
'country_id' => '3',
'country_name' => 'Canada',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ca.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Canada',
'country_description' => 'A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest unfortified border. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, French',
'country_currency' => 'Canadian dollar ($) (CAD)',
'country_phone_code' => '+1',
'country_name' => 'Côte d'Ivoire',
'country_usual_name' => 'République de Côte d'Ivoire',
'country_description' => 'Close ties to France following independence in 1960, the development of cocoa production for export, and foreign investment all made Cote d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the West African states but did not protect it from political turmoil. In December 1999, a military coup - the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's history - overthrew the government. Junta leader Robert GUEI blatantly rigged elections held in late 2000 and declared himself the winner. Popular protest forced him to step aside and brought Laurent GBAGBO into power. Ivorian dissidents and disaffected members of the military launched a failed coup attempt in September 2002 that developed into a rebellion and then a civil war. The war ended in 2003 with a cease fire that left the country divided with the rebels holding the north, the government the south, and peacekeeping forces a buffer zone between the two. In March 2007, President GBAGBO and former New Forces rebel leader Guillaume SORO signed an agreement in which SORO joined GBAGBO's government as prime minister and the two agreed to reunite the country by dismantling the buffer zone, integrating rebel forces into the national armed forces, and holding elections.',
'country_name' => 'Central African Republic',
'country_usual_name' => 'République centrafricaine',
'country_description' => 'The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari became the Central African Republic upon independence in 1960. After three tumultuous decades of misrule - mostly by military governments - civilian rule was established in 1993 and lasted for one decade. In March, 2003 President Ange-Felix PATASSE was deposed in a military coup led by General Francois BOZIZE, who established a transitional government. Elections held in 2005 affirmed General BOZIZE as president; he was reelected in 2011 in voting widely viewed as flawed. The government still does not fully control the countryside, where pockets of lawlessness persist. The militant group the Lord's Resistance Army continues to destabilize southeastern Central African Republic, and several rebel groups joined together in early December 2012 to launch a series of attacks that left them in control of numerous towns in the northern and central parts of the country. The rebels - who are unhappy with BOZIZE's government - participated in peace talks in early January 2013 which resulted in a coalition government including the rebellion's leadership. In March 2013, the coalition government dissolved, rebels seized the capital, and President BOZIZE fled the country. Rebel leader Michel DJOTODIA assumed the presidency, reappointed Nicolas TIANGAYE as Prime Minister, and established a transitional government on 31 March. On 13 April 2013, the National Transitional Council affirmed DJOTODIA as President.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Sango and French',
'country_name' => 'Chad',
'country_usual_name' => 'République du Tchad',
'country_description' => 'Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya, before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and the insurgents. In 2005, new rebel groups emerged in western Sudan and made probing attacks into eastern Chad despite signing peace agreements in December 2006 and October 2007. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007.',
'country_name' => 'Chile',
'country_url' => 'http://www.cl.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Chile',
'country_description' => 'Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Inca ruled northern Chile while the Mapuche inhabited central and southern Chile. Although Chile declared its independence in 1810, decisive victory over the Spanish was not achieved until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia and won its present northern regions. It was not until the 1880s that the Mapuche were brought under central government control. After a series of elected governments, the three-year-old Marxist government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown in 1973 by a military coup led by Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a freely elected president was inaugurated in 1990. Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, contributed to steady growth, reduced poverty rates by over half, and helped secure the country's commitment to democratic and representative government',
'country_currency' => 'Peso (CLP)',
'country_name' => 'China',
'country_url' => 'http://www.cn.bakoos.com/',
'country_population' => '1365370000',
'country_usual_name' => 'People's Republic of China',
'country_description' => 'China is located in eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam',
'country_lanuage' => 'Chinese',
'country_currency' => 'Renminbi (yuan) (¥)',
'country_gdp' => '$10028.00 billion',
'country_first_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'country_second_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_fifth_neighbour_location' => 'South East',
'country_sixth_neighbour_location' => 'South',
'country_seventh_neighbour_location' => 'South West',
'country_eigth_neighbour_location' => 'South West',
'country_ninth_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_tenth_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'country_name' => 'Colombia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.co.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Colombia',
'country_description' => 'Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and Venezuela). A nearly five-decade long conflict between government forces and anti-government insurgent groups, principally the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) heavily funded by the drug trade, escalated during the 1990s. More than 31,000 former paramilitaries had demobilized by the end of 2006 and the United Self Defense Forces of Colombia as a formal organization had ceased to function. In the wake of the paramilitary demobilization, emerging criminal groups arose, whose members include some former paramilitaries.',
'country_currency' => 'Peso (COP)',
'country_first_neighbour_location' => 'East',
'country_name' => 'Comoros',
'country_usual_name' => 'Union of the Comoros',
'country_description' => 'Comoros has endured more than 20 coups or attempted coups since gaining independence from France in 1975. In 1997, the islands of Anjouan and Moheli declared independence from Comoros. In 1999, military chief Col. AZALI seized power of the entire government in a bloodless coup, and helped negotiate the 2000 Fomboni Accords power-sharing agreement in which the federal presidency rotates among the three islands, and each island maintains its local government. AZALI won the 2002 federal presidential election, and each island in the archipelago elected its president. AZALI stepped down in 2006 and President SAMBI was elected to office. In 2007, Mohamed BACAR effected Anjouan's de-facto secession from the Union of Comoros, refusing to step down when Comoros' other islands held legitimate elections in July. The African Union (AU) initially attempted to resolve the political crisis by applying sanctions and a naval blockade to Anjouan, but in March 2008 the AU and Comoran soldiers seized the island. The island's inhabitants generally welcomed the move. In May 2011, Ikililou DHOININE won the presidency in peaceful elections widely deemed to be free and fair.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Comorian, Arabic, French',
'country_currency' => 'Comorian franc (KMF)',
'country_name' => 'Congo-Brazzaville',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of the Congo',
'country_description' => 'Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. A quarter century of experimentation with Marxism was abandoned in 1990 and a democratically elected government took office in 1992. A brief civil war in 1997 restored former Marxist President Denis SASSOU-Nguesso, and ushered in a period of ethnic and political unrest. Southern-based rebel groups agreed to a final peace accord in March 2003, but the calm is tenuous and refugees continue to present a humanitarian crisis. The Republic of Congo is one of Africa's largest petroleum producers, but with declining production it will need new offshore oil finds to sustain its oil earnings over the long term.',
'country_lanuage' => 'French, Kongo',
'country_name' => 'Costa Rica',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Costa Rica',
'country_description' => 'Although explored by the Spanish early in the 16th century, initial attempts at colonizing Costa Rica proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factors, including disease from mosquito-infested swamps, brutal heat, resistance by natives, and pirate raids. It was not until 1563 that a permanent settlement of Cartago was established in the cooler, fertile central highlands. The area remained a colony for some two and a half centuries. In 1821, Costa Rica became one of several Central American provinces that jointly declared their independence from Spain. Two years later it joined the United Provinces of Central America, but this federation disintegrated in 1838, at which time Costa Rica proclaimed its sovereignty and independence. Since the late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred the country's democratic development. In 1949, Costa Rica dissolved its armed forces. Although it still maintains a large agricultural sector, Costa Rica has expanded its economy to include strong technology and tourism industries.',
'country_currency' => 'Costa Rican colón (CRC)',
'country_name' => 'Croatia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.hr.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Croatia',
'country_description' => 'The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state under the strong hand of Marshal TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before occupying Serb armies were mostly cleared from Croatian lands, along with a majority of Croatia's ethnic Serb population. Under UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The country joined NATO in April 2009 and the EU in July 2013.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Croatian',
'country_currency' => 'Kuna (HRK)',
'country_fouth_neighbour_location' => 'East',
'country_name' => 'Cuba',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Cuba',
'country_description' => 'The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions that were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. Subsequently, the 1901 Platt Amendment to the Cuban constitution authorized the US to intevene in Cuba in the event of instability. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from the US in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his iron rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his younger brother Raul CASTRO.',
'country_currency' => 'Peso (CUP)',
'country_name' => 'Curaçao',
'country_url' => 'http://www.am.bakoos.com/index.php/0/32',
'country_usual_name' => 'Country of Curaçao - Land Curaçao',
'country_description' => 'Originally settled by Arawak Indians, Curacao was seized by the Dutch in 1634 along with the neighboring island of Bonaire. Once the center of the Caribbean slave trade, Curacao was hard hit economically by the abolition of slavery in 1863. Its prosperity (and that of neighboring Aruba) was restored in the early 20th century with the construction of the Isla Refineria to service the newly discovered Venezuelan oil fields. In 1954, Curacao and several other Dutch Caribbean possessions were reorganized as the Netherlands Antilles, part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In referenda in 2005 and 2009, the citizens of Curacao voted to become a self-governing country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The change in status became effective in October 2010 with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Dutch, Papiamentu, English',
'country_currency' => 'Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)',
'country_phone_code' => '+599 9',
'country_flag' => 'images/flag_181.jpg',
'country_name' => 'Cyprus',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Cyprus',
'country_description' => 'A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to overthrow the elected president of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot-occupied area declared itself the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" ("TRNC"), but it is recognized only by Turkey. In February 2014, after a hiatus of nearly two years, the leaders of the two communities resumed formal discussions under UN auspices aimed at reuniting the divided island. The talks are ongoing. The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under the internationally recognized government, and is suspended in the areas administered by Turkish Cypriots.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Greek, Turkish',
'country_name' => 'Czech Republic',
'country_url' => 'http://www.cz.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Česká republika',
'country_description' => 'At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises the Czech Republic and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful "Velvet Revolution" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Czech',
'country_currency' => 'Czech koruna (CZK)',
'country_name' => 'Denmark',
'country_url' => 'http://www.dk.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Denmark',
'country_description' => 'Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is participating in the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements of the European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), European defense cooperation, and issues concerning certain justice and home affairs.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Danish',
'country_currency' => 'Danish krone (DKK)',
'country_name' => 'Djibouti',
'country_usual_name' => 'République de Djibouti',
'country_description' => 'The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became Djibouti in 1977. Hassan Gouled APTIDON installed an authoritarian one-party state and proceeded to serve as president until 1999. Unrest among the Afar minority during the 1990s led to a civil war that ended in 2001 with a peace accord between Afar rebels and the Somali Issa-dominated government. In 1999, Djibouti's first multiparty presidential elections resulted in the election of Ismail Omar GUELLEH as president; he was reelected to a second term in 2005 and extended his tenure in office via a constitutional amendment, which allowed him to begin a third term in 2011. Djibouti occupies a strategic geographic location at the intersection of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden and serves as an important shipping portal for goods entering and leaving the east African highlands and transshipments between Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.',
'country_lanuage' => 'French, Arabic',
'country_currency' => 'Franc (DJF)',
'country_name' => 'Dominican Republic',
'country_usual_name' => 'República Dominicana',
'country_description' => 'The Taino - indigenous inhabitants of Hispaniola prior to the arrival of the Europeans - divided the island into five chiefdoms and territories. Christopher COLUMBUS explored and claimed the island on his first voyage in 1492; it became a springboard for Spanish conquest of the Caribbean and the American mainland. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in 1821 but was conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it finally attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865. A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative rule followed, capped by the dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas TRUJILLO from 1930 to 1961. Juan BOSCH was elected president in 1962 but was deposed in a military coup in 1963. In 1965, the United States led an intervention in the midst of a civil war sparked by an uprising to restore BOSCH. In 1966, Joaquin BALAGUER defeated BOSCH in an election to become president. ',
'country_currency' => 'Peso (DOP)',
'country_phone_code' => '+1-809, +1-829, +1-849',
'country_name' => 'DR Congo',
'country_usual_name' => 'Democratic Republic of the Congo',
'country_description' => 'Established as a Belgian colony in 1908, the then-Republic of the Congo gained its independence in 1960, but its early years were marred by political and social instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name - to MOBUTU Sese Seko - as well as that of the country - to Zaire. MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years through several sham elections, as well as through brutal force.',
'country_currency' => 'Congolese franc (CDF)',
'country_fifth_neighbour_location' => 'East',
'country_sixth_neighbour_location' => 'South East',
'country_eigth_neighbour_id' => '192',
'country_eigth_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_name' => 'dsfsd',
'country_url' => '',
'country_population' => '0',
'country_usual_name' => 'fdsfsd',
'country_description' => 'fsdfs',
'country_lanuage' => 'fdsf',
'country_currency' => 'fsdfs',
'country_gdp' => 'fdsfds',
'country_phone_code' => 'fdsfds',
'country_flag' => 'images/flag_243.docx',
'country_fouth_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_sixth_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_seventh_neighbour_location' => 'East',
'country_eigth_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'capital_city' => null
'country_name' => 'Ecuador',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ec.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'República del Ecuador',
'country_description' => 'What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of the "Republic of the Equator." Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999.',
'country_currency' => 'United States dollar ($) (USD)',
'country_name' => 'Egypt',
'country_url' => 'http://www.eg.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Arab Republic of Egypt',
'country_description' => 'The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. ',
'country_currency' => 'Egyptian pound (EGP)',
'country_name' => 'El Salvador',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de El Salvador',
'country_description' => 'El Salvador achieved independence from Spain in 1821 and from the Central American Federation in 1839. A 12-year civil war, which cost about 75,000 lives, was brought to a close in 1992 when the government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that provided for military and political reforms.',
'country_currency' => 'United States dollar (USD)',
'country_third_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'country_name' => 'Equatorial Guinea',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Equatorial Guinea',
'country_description' => 'Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968 after 190 years of Spanish rule. This tiny country, composed of a mainland portion plus five inhabited islands, is one of the smallest on the African continent. President Teodoro Obiang NGUEMA MBASOGO has ruled the country since 1979 when he seized power in a coup. Although nominally a constitutional democracy since 1991, the 1996, 2002, and 2009 presidential elections - as well as the 1999, 2004, 2008, and 2013 legislative elections - were widely seen as flawed. The president exerts almost total control over the political system and has discouraged political opposition. Equatorial Guinea has experienced rapid economic growth due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves, and in the last decade has become Sub-Saharan Africa's third largest oil exporter. Despite the country's economic windfall from oil production, resulting in a massive increase in government revenue in recent years, improvements in the population's living standards have been slow to develop.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Spanish, French, Portuguese',
'country_name' => 'Eritrea',
'country_url' => 'http://www.af.bakoos.com/48/4',
'country_usual_name' => 'State of Eritrea',
'country_description' => 'After independence from Italian colonial control in 1941 and 10 years of British administrative control, the UN established Eritrea as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating government forces. Eritreans overwhelmingly approved independence in a 1993 referendum. ISAIAS Afworki has been Eritrea's only president since independence; his rule, particularly since 2001, has been highly autocratic and repressive. His government has created a highly militarized society by pursuing an unpopular program of mandatory conscription into national service, sometimes of indefinite length. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. A UN peacekeeping operation was established that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) created in April 2003 was tasked "to delimit and demarcate the colonial treaty border based on pertinent colonial treaties (1900, 1902, and 1908) and applicable international law." The EEBC on 30 November 2007 remotely demarcated the border, assigning the town of Badme to Eritrea, despite Ethiopia's maintaining forces there from the time of the 1998-2000 war. Eritrea insisted that the UN terminate its peacekeeping mission on 31 July 2008. Eritrea has accepted the EEBC's "virtual demarcation" decision and repeatedly called on Ethiopia to remove its troops. Ethiopia has not accepted the demarcation decision, and neither party has entered into meaningful dialogue to resolve the impasse. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Tigrinya, Arabic, English',
'country_currency' => 'Nakfa (ERN)',
'country_name' => 'Estonia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Estonia',
'country_description' => 'After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004, formally joined the OECD in late 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2011.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Estonian',
'country_name' => 'Ethiopia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia',
'country_description' => 'Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Amharic',
'country_currency' => 'Birr (ETB)',
'country_fifth_neighbour_location' => 'North',
'country_sixth_neighbour_location' => 'North East',
'country_name' => 'Faroe Islands',
'country_usual_name' => 'Færøerne',
'country_description' => 'The population of the Faroe Islands is largely descended from Viking settlers who arrived in the 9th century. The islands have been connected politically to Denmark since the 14th century. A high degree of self-government was granted the Faroese in 1948, who have autonomy over most internal affairs while Denmark is responsible for justice, defense, and foreign affairs. The Faroe Islands are not part of the European Union.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Faroese, Danish',
'country_currency' => 'Faroese króna (DKK)',
'country_name' => 'Fiji',
'country_url' => 'http://www.oc.bakoos.com/0/5',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Fiji',
'country_description' => 'Fiji became independent in 1970 after nearly a century as a British colony. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987 caused by concern over a government perceived as dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). The coups and a 1990 constitution that cemented native Melanesian control of Fiji led to heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority. A new constitution enacted in 1997 was more equitable. Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by an Indo-Fijian, but a civilian-led coup in May 2000 ushered in a prolonged period of political turmoil. Parliamentary elections held in August 2001 provided Fiji with a democratically elected government led by Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE. Re-elected in May 2006, QARASE was ousted in a December 2006 military coup led by Commodore Voreqe BAINIMARAMA, who initially appointed himself acting president but in January 2007 became interim prime minister. Since taking power BAINIMARAMA has neutralized his opponents, crippled Fiji's democratic institutions, and initially refused to hold elections. In 2012, he promised to hold elections in 2014.',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, Fijian, Fiji Hindi',
'country_currency' => 'Fijian dollar (FJD)',
'country_name' => 'Finland',
'country_url' => 'http://www.fi.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Finland',
'country_description' => 'Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, it successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the European Union since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Finnish',
'country_name' => 'France',
'country_url' => 'http://www.fr.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'République française',
'country_description' => 'France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-8, the G-20, the EU and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to take French forces out of NATO.',
'country_seventh_neighbour_location' => 'South',
'country_name' => 'French Guiana',
'country_usual_name' => 'French Guiana Overseas region of France in South America',
'country_description' => 'An overseas region of France, on the north Atlantic coast of South America, bordering Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west, with a 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) area and a population of approximately 240,000 inhabitants',
'country_gdp' => '$4.20 billion ',
'country_name' => 'French Polynesia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.oc.bakoos.com/0/22',
'country_usual_name' => 'Polynésie française ',
'country_description' => 'The French annexed various Polynesian island groups during the 19th century. In September 1995, France stirred up widespread protests by resuming nuclear testing on the Mururoa atoll after a three-year moratorium. The tests were halted in January 1996. In recent years, French Polynesia's autonomy has been considerably expanded.',
'country_currency' => 'CFP franc (XPF)',
'country_name' => 'Gabon',
'country_usual_name' => 'République gabonaise',
'country_description' => 'El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba - one of the longest-serving heads of state in the world - dominated the country's political scene for four decades (1967-2009) following independence from France in 1960. President BONGO introduced a nominal multiparty system and a new constitution in the early 1990s. However, allegations of electoral fraud during local elections in December 2002 and the presidential elections in 2005 exposed the weaknesses of formal political structures in Gabon. Following President BONGO's death in 2009, new elections brought Ali BONGO Ondimba, son of the former president, to power. Despite constrained political conditions, Gabon's small population, abundant natural resources, and considerable foreign support have helped make it one of the more stable African countries.',
'country_name' => 'Gambia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of the Gambia',
'country_description' => 'The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed a short-lived federation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty, but tensions have flared up intermittently since then. Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup in 1994 that overthrew the president and banned political activity. A new constitution and presidential elections in 1996, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997, completed a nominal return to civilian rule. JAMMEH has been elected president in all subsequent elections including most recently in late 2011.',
'country_currency' => 'Dalasi (GMD)',
'country_name' => 'Georgia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Georgia - Sakartvelo',
'country_description' => 'The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D., and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1921 and regained its independence when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Mounting public discontent over rampant corruption and ineffective government services, followed by an attempt by the incumbent Georgian Government to manipulate national legislative elections in November 2003 touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. In the aftermath of that popular movement, which became known as the "Rose Revolution," new elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his United National Movement (UNM) party. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Georgian',
'country_currency' => 'Lari (ლ) (GEL)',
'country_name' => 'Germany',
'country_url' => 'http://www.de.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Bundesrepublik Deutschland',
'country_description' => 'As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945.',
'country_seventh_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_ninth_neighbour_id' => '11',
'country_tenth_neighbour_id' => '15',
'country_tenth_neighbour_location' => 'North East',
'country_name' => 'Ghana',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Ghana',
'country_description' => 'Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a long series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996 but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR succeeded him and was reelected in 2004.',
'country_currency' => 'Ghana cedi (GH₵) (GHS)',
'country_name' => 'Greece',
'country_url' => 'http://www.gr.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Hellenic Republic',
'country_description' => 'Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war between supporters of the king and other anti-communist and communist rebels. Following the latter's defeat in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. In 1967, a group of military officers seized power, establishing a military dictatorship that suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country. In 1974, democratic elections and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. In 1981, Greece joined the EC (now the EU); it became the 12th member of the European Economic and Monetary Union in 2001. In 2010, the prospect of a Greek default on its euro-denominated debt created severe strains within the EMU and raised the question of whether a member country might voluntarily leave the common currency or be removed.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Greek',
'country_name' => 'Greenland',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kalaallit Nunaat',
'country_description' => 'Greenland, the world's largest island, is about 81% ice-capped. Vikings reached the island in the 10th century from Iceland; Danish colonization began in the 18th century, and Greenland was made an integral part of Denmark in 1953. It joined the European Community (now the EU) with Denmark in 1973 but withdrew in 1985 over a dispute centered on stringent fishing quotas. Greenland was granted self-government in 1979 by the Danish parliament; the law went into effect the following year. Greenland voted in favor of increased self-rule in November 2008 and acquired greater responsibility for internal affairs when the Act on Greenland Self-Government was signed into law in June 2009. Denmark, however, continues to exercise control over several policy areas on behalf of Greenland including foreign affairs, security, and financial policy in consultation with Greenland's Self-Rule Government.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Greenlandic (Kalaallisut)',
'country_name' => 'Guadeloupe',
'country_usual_name' => 'Guadeloupe Overseas region of France in the Caribbean',
'country_description' => 'An overseas region of France, a group of Caribbean islands located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of approximately 452,770 inhabitants',
'country_flag' => 'images/flag_176.png',
'country_name' => 'Guatemala',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Guatemala',
'country_description' => 'The Maya civilization flourished in Guatemala and surrounding regions during the first millennium A.D. After almost three centuries as a Spanish colony, Guatemala won its independence in 1821. During the second half of the 20th century, it experienced a variety of military and civilian governments, as well as a 36-year guerrilla war. In 1996, the government signed a peace agreement formally ending the internal conflict, which had left more than 200,000 people dead and had created, by some estimates, about 1 million refugees.',
'country_currency' => 'Quetzal (GTQ)',
'country_name' => 'Guinea',
'country_usual_name' => 'République de Guinée',
'country_description' => 'Guinea is at a turning point after decades of authoritarian rule since gaining its independence from France in 1958. Guinea held its first free and competitive democratic presidential and legislative elections in 2010 and 2013 respectively. Alpha CONDE was elected to a five year term as president in 2010, and the National Assembly was seated in January 2014. CONDE's cabinet is the first all-civilian government in Guinea. Previously, Sekou TOURE ruled the country as president from independence to his death in 1984. Lansana CONTE came to power in 1984 when the military seized the government after TOURE's death. Gen. CONTE organized and won presidential elections in 1993, 1998, and 2003, though all the polls were rigged. Upon CONTE's death in December 2008, Capt. Moussa Dadis CAMARA led a military coup, seizing power and suspending the constitution. His unwillingness to yield to domestic and international pressure to step down led to heightened political tensions that culminated in September 2009 when presidential guards opened fire on an opposition rally killing more than 150 people, and in early December 2009 when CAMARA was wounded in an assassination attempt and exiled to Burkina Faso. A transitional government led by Gen. Sekouba KONATE paved the way for Guinea's transition to a fledgling democracy.',
'country_currency' => 'Guinean franc (GNF)',
'country_name' => 'Guinea-Bissau',
'country_usual_name' => 'República da Guiné-Bissau',
'country_description' => 'Since independence from Portugal in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established authoritarian dictator Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. Despite setting a path to a market economy and multiparty system, VIEIRA's regime was characterized by the suppression of political opposition and the purging of political rivals. Several coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him. In 1994 VIEIRA was elected president in the country's first free elections. A military mutiny and resulting civil war in 1998 eventually led to VIEIRA's ouster in May 1999. In February 2000, a transitional government turned over power to opposition leader Kumba YALA after he was elected president in transparent polling. In September 2003, after only three years in office, YALA was overthrown in a bloodless military coup, and businessman Henrique ROSA was sworn in as interim president. In 2005, former President VIEIRA was re-elected president pledging to pursue economic development and national reconciliation; he was assassinated in March 2009. Malam Bacai SANHA was elected in an emergency election held in June 2009, but he passed away in January 2012 from an existing illness. A military coup in April 2012 prevented Guinea-Bissau's second-round presidential election - to determine SANHA's successor - from taking place.',
'country_name' => 'Guyana',
'country_usual_name' => 'Co-operative Republic of Guyana',
'country_description' => 'Originally a Dutch colony in the 17th century, by 1815 Guyana had become a British possession. The abolition of slavery led to settlement of urban areas by former slaves and the importation of indentured servants from India to work the sugar plantations. The resulting ethnocultural divide has persisted and has led to turbulent politics. Guyana achieved independence from the UK in 1966, and since then it has been ruled mostly by socialist-oriented governments. In 1992, Cheddi JAGAN was elected president in what is considered the country's first free and fair election since independence. After his death five years later, his wife, Janet JAGAN, became president but resigned in 1999 due to poor health. Her successor, Bharrat JAGDEO, was reelected in 2001 and again in 2006. Donald RAMOTAR was elected president in 2011.',
'country_currency' => 'Guyanese dollar (GYD)',
'country_name' => 'Haiti',
'country_usual_name' => 'République d'Haïti',
'country_description' => 'The native Taino - who inhabited the island of Hispaniola when it was discovered by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 - were virtually annihilated by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the island, which later became Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean but only through the heavy importation of African slaves and considerable environmental degradation. In the late 18th century, Haiti's nearly half million slaves revolted under Toussaint L'OUVERTURE. After a prolonged struggle, Haiti became the first post-colonial black-led nation in the world, declaring its independence in 1804. Currently the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, Haiti has experienced political instability for most of its history. After an armed rebellion led to the forced resignation and exile of President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE in February 2004, an interim government took office to organize new elections under the auspices of the United Nations. Continued instability and technical delays prompted repeated postponements, but Haiti inaugurated a democratically elected president and parliament in May of 2006.',
'country_currency' => 'Gourde (HTG)',
'country_name' => 'Honduras',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Honduras',
'country_description' => 'Once part of Spain's vast empire in the New World, Honduras became an independent nation in 1821. After two and a half decades of mostly military rule, a freely elected civilian government came to power in 1982. During the 1980s, Honduras proved a haven for anti-Sandinista contras fighting the Marxist Nicaraguan Government and an ally to Salvadoran Government forces fighting leftist guerrillas. The country was devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which killed about 5,600 people and caused approximately $2 billion in damage. Since then, the economy has slowly rebounded.',
'country_currency' => 'Lempira (HNL)',
'country_name' => 'Hong Kong',
'country_url' => 'http://www.cn.bakoos.com/1188/0/0/0',
'country_usual_name' => 'Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China',
'country_description' => 'Occupied by the UK in 1841, Hong Kong was formally ceded by China the following year; various adjacent lands were added later in the 19th century. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. In this agreement, China promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's socialist economic system would not be imposed on Hong Kong and that Hong Kong would enjoy a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign and defense affairs for the subsequent 50 years.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Chinese, English',
'country_currency' => 'Hong Kong dollar (HKD)',
'country_name' => 'Hungary',
'country_url' => 'http://www.hu.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Magyarország',
'country_description' => 'Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Hungarian',
'country_currency' => 'Forint (HUF)',
'country_name' => 'Iceland',
'country_usual_name' => 'Ísland',
'country_description' => 'Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althing, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Denmark granted limited home rule in 1874 and complete independence in 1944. The second half of the 20th century saw substantial economic growth driven primarily by the fishing industry. The economy diversified greatly after the country joined the European Economic Area in 1994, but Iceland was especially hard hit by the global financial crisis in the years following 2008. Literacy, longevity, and social cohesion are first rate by world standards.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Icelandic',
'country_currency' => 'Icelandic króna (ISK)',
'country_name' => 'India',
'country_url' => 'http://www.in.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'People's Republic of India',
'country_description' => 'India is located in Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan',
'country_lanuage' => 'Hindi, English',
'country_currency' => 'Indian rupee (INR)',
'country_flag' => 'images/flag_29.gif',
'country_seventh_neighbour_location' => 'North East',
'country_eigth_neighbour_location' => 'North East',
'country_name' => 'Indonesia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.id.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Indonesia',
'country_description' => 'Indonesia is located in Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean',
'country_lanuage' => 'Indonesian',
'country_currency' => 'Rupiah (Rp) (IDR)',
'country_name' => 'Iran',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ir.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Islamic Republic of Iran',
'country_description' => 'Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts - a popularly elected 86-member body of clerics.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Persian',
'country_currency' => 'Rial (﷼) (IRR)',
'country_name' => 'Iraq',
'country_url' => 'http://www.iq.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Iraq',
'country_description' => 'A "republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003. The last was SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions over a period of 12 years led to the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. US forces remained in Iraq under a UNSC mandate through 2009 and under a bilateral security agreement thereafter, helping to provide security and to train and mentor Iraqi security forces. In October 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and, pursuant to this document, elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (COR) in December 2005.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Arabic, Kurdish',
'country_currency' => 'Iraqi dinar (IQD)',
'country_gdp' => '$229,33 billion',
'country_name' => 'Ireland',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ie.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Ireland',
'country_description' => 'Celtic tribes arrived on the island between 600 and 150 B.C. Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014. Norman invasions began in the 12th century and set off more than seven centuries of Anglo-Irish struggle marked by fierce rebellions and harsh repressions. The Irish famine of the mid-19th century saw the population of the island drop by one third through starvation and emigration. For more than a century after that the population of the island continued to fall only to begin growing again in the 1960s. Over the last 50 years, Ireland's high birthrate has made it demographically one of the youngest populations in the EU. The modern Irish state traces its origins to the failed 1916 Easter Monday Uprising which touched off several years of guerrilla warfare resulting in independence from the UK in 1921 for 26 southern counties; six northern counties remained part of the UK. Unresolved issues in Northern Ireland erupted into years of violence known as the "Troubles" that began in the 1960s. The Government of Ireland was part of a process along with the UK and US Governments that helped broker what is known as The Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland in 1998. This initiated a new phase of cooperation between Irish and British governments. Ireland was neutral in World War II and continues its policy of military neutrality. Ireland joined the European Community in 1973 and the Eurozone currency union in 1999.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Irish, English',
'country_name' => 'Israel',
'country_url' => 'http://www.il.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'State of Israel',
'country_description' => 'Following World War II, the British withdrew from their mandate of Palestine, and the UN proposed partitioning the area into Arab and Jewish states, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Nonetheless, an Israeli state was declared in 1948 and the Israelis subsequently defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending the deep tensions between the two sides. (The territories Israel occupied since the 1967 war are not included in the Israel country profile, unless otherwise noted.) On 25 April 1982, Israel withdrew from the Sinai pursuant to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty. In keeping with the framework established at the Madrid Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations were conducted between Israel and Palestinian representatives and Syria to achieve a permanent settlement. Israel and Palestinian officials signed on 13 September 1993 a Declaration of Principles (also known as the "Oslo Accords"), enshrining the idea of a two-state solution to their conflict and guiding an interim period of Palestinian self-rule. Outstanding territorial and other disputes with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace. Progress toward a permanent status agreement with the Palestinians was undermined by Israeli-Palestinian violence between 2001 and February 2005. Israel in 2005 unilaterally disengaged from the Gaza Strip, evacuating settlers and its military while retaining control over most points of entry into the Gaza Strip.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Hebrew, Arabic',
'country_currency' => 'Israeli new shekel (₪) (ILS)',
'country_name' => 'Italy',
'country_url' => 'http://www.it.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Repubblica italiana',
'country_description' => 'Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Italian',
'country_name' => 'Jamaica',
'country_usual_name' => 'Jamaica',
'country_description' => 'The island - discovered by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1494 - was settled by the Spanish early in the 16th century. The native Taino, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually exterminated and replaced by African slaves. England seized the island in 1655 and established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. The abolition of slavery in 1834 freed a quarter million slaves, many of whom became small farmers. Jamaica gradually increased its independence from Britain. In 1958 it joined other British Caribbean colonies in forming the Federation of the West Indies. Jamaica gained full independence when it withdrew from the Federation in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence as rival gangs affiliated with the major political parties evolved into powerful organized crime networks involved in international drug smuggling and money laundering. Violent crime, drug trafficking, and poverty pose significant challenges to the government today. Nonetheless, many rural and resort areas remain relatively safe and contribute substantially to the economy.',
'country_currency' => 'Jamaican dollar (JMD)',
'country_name' => 'Japan',
'country_url' => 'http://www.jp.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Nippon-koku',
'country_description' => 'In 1603, after decades of civil warfare, the Tokugawa shogunate (a military-led, dynastic government) ushered in a long period of relative political stability and isolation from foreign influence. For more than two centuries this policy enabled Japan to enjoy a flowering of its indigenous culture. Japan opened its ports after signing the Treaty of Kanagawa with the US in 1854 and began to intensively modernize and industrialize.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Japanese',
'country_currency' => 'Yen (¥) / En 円 (JPY)',
'country_name' => 'Jordan',
'country_usual_name' => 'Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan',
'country_description' => 'Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations awarded Britain the mandate to govern much of the Middle East. Britain demarcated a semi-autonomous region of Transjordan from Palestine in the early 1920s. The area gained its independence in 1946 and thereafter became The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The country's long-time ruler, King HUSSEIN (1953-99), successfully navigated competing pressures from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states, Israel, and a large internal Palestinian population. Jordan lost the West Bank to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. King HUSSEIN in 1988 permanently relinquished Jordanian claims to the West Bank; in 1994 he signed a peace treaty with Israel. King ABDALLAH II, King HUSSEIN's eldest son, assumed the throne following his father's death in 1999. ',
'country_currency' => 'Jordanian dinar (JOD)',
'country_name' => 'Kazakhstan',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Kazakhstan',
'country_description' => 'Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated to the region by the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs back to Kazakhstan. These trends have allowed Kazakhs to become the titular majority again. This dramatic demographic shift has also undermined the previous religious diversity and made the country more than 70 percent Muslim.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Kazakh, Russia',
'country_currency' => 'Tenge (₸) (KZT)',
'country_phone_code' => '+7-6xx, +7-7xx',
'country_name' => 'Kenya',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Kenya',
'country_description' => 'Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA led Kenya from independence in 1963 until his death in 1978, when President Daniel MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 when the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the sole legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure for political liberalization in late 1991.',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, Swahili',
'country_currency' => 'Kenyan shilling (KES)',
'country_name' => 'Kiribati',
'country_usual_name' => 'Independent and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati',
'country_description' => 'The Gilbert Islands became a British protectorate in 1892 and a colony in 1915; they were captured by the Japanese in the Pacific War in 1941. The islands of Makin and Tarawa were the sites of major US amphibious victories over entrenched Japanese garrisons in 1943. The Gilbert Islands were granted self-rule by the UK in 1971 and complete independence in 1979 under the new name of Kiribati. The US relinquished all claims to the sparsely inhabited Phoenix and Line Island groups in a 1979 treaty of friendship with Kiribati.',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, Gilbertese',
'country_currency' => 'Kiribati dollar, Australian dollar (AUD)',
'country_name' => 'Kuwait',
'country_usual_name' => 'State of Kuwait',
'country_description' => 'Britain oversaw foreign relations and defense for the ruling Kuwaiti AL-SABAH dynasty from 1899 until independence in 1961. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq on 2 August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led, UN coalition began a ground assault on 23 February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four days. Kuwait spent more than $5 billion to repair oil infrastructure damaged during 1990-91. The AL-SABAH family has ruled since returning to power in 1991 and reestablished an elected legislature that in recent years has become increasingly assertive. The country witnessed the historic election in 2009 of four women to its National Assembly. Amid the 2010-11 uprisings and protests across the Arab world, stateless Arabs, known as bidun, staged small protests in February and March 2011 demanding citizenship, jobs, and other benefits available to Kuwaiti nationals. Youth activist groups - supported by opposition legislators - rallied repeatedly in 2011 for the prime minister's dismissal amid allegations of widespread government corruption. Demonstrators forced the prime minister to resign in late 2011. In late 2012, Kuwait witnessed unprecedented protests in response to the Amir's changes to the electoral law by decree reducing the number of votes per person from four to one.',
'country_currency' => 'Kuwaiti dinar (KWD)',
'country_name' => 'Kyrgyzstan',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kyrgyz Republic',
'country_description' => 'A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, most of Kyrgyzstan was formally annexed to Russia in 1876. The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916 in which almost one-sixth of the Kyrgyz population was killed. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1936 and achieved independence in 1991 when the USSR dissolved. Nationwide demonstrations in the spring of 2005 resulted in the ouster of President Askar AKAEV, who had run the country since 1990. Former prime minister Kurmanbek BAKIEV overwhelmingly won the presidential election in the summer of 2005. Over the next few years, he manipulated the parliament to accrue new powers for the presidency. In July 2009, after months of harassment against his opponents and media critics, BAKIEV won re-election in a presidential campaign that the international community deemed flawed. In April 2010, violent protests in Bishkek led to the collapse of the BAKIEV regime and his eventual fleeing to Minsk, Belarus. His successor, Roza OTUNBAEVA, served as transitional president until Almazbek ATAMBAEV was inaugurated in December 2011, marking the first peaceful transfer of presidential power in independent Kyrgyzstan's history.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Kyrgyz, Russian',
'country_currency' => 'Som (KGS)',
'country_name' => 'Laos',
'country_usual_name' => 'Lao People's Democratic Republic',
'country_description' => 'Modern-day Laos has its roots in the ancient Lao kingdom of Lan Xang, established in the 14th century under King FA NGUM. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. After centuries of gradual decline, Laos came under the domination of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th century until the late 19th century when it became part of French Indochina. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao border with Thailand. In 1975, the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government ending a six-century-old monarchy and instituting a strict socialist regime closely aligned to Vietnam. A gradual, limited return to private enterprise and the liberalization of foreign investment laws began in 1988. Laos became a member of ASEAN in 1997 and the WTO in 2013.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Lao',
'country_currency' => 'Kip (LAK)',
'country_name' => 'Latvia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Latvia',
'country_description' => 'The name "Latvia" originates from the ancient Latgalians, one of four eastern Baltic tribes that formed the ethnic core of the Latvian people (ca. 8th-12th centuries A.D.). The region subsequently came under the control of Germans, Poles, Swedes, and finally, Russians. A Latvian republic emerged following World War I, but it was annexed by the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the Russian minority (some 28% of the population) remains of concern to Moscow. Latvia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the eurozone in 2014.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Latvian',
'country_name' => 'Lebanon',
'country_usual_name' => 'Lebanese Republic',
'country_description' => 'Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French demarcated the region of Lebanon in 1920 and granted this area independence in 1943. Since independence the country has been marked by periods of political turmoil interspersed with prosperity built on its position as a regional center for finance and trade. The country's 1975-90 civil war that resulted in an estimated 120,000 fatalities, was followed by years of social and political instability. Sectarianism is a key element of Lebanese political life. Neighboring Syria has long influenced Lebanon's foreign policy and internal policies, and its military occupied Lebanon from 1976 until 2005.',
'country_currency' => 'Lebanese pound (LBP)',
'country_name' => 'Lesotho',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Lesotho',
'country_description' => 'Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon independence from the UK in 1966. The Basuto National Party ruled the country during its first two decades. King MOSHOESHOE was exiled in 1990, but returned to Lesotho in 1992 and was reinstated in 1995 and subsequently succeeded by his son, King LETSIE III, in 1996. Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after seven years of military rule. In 1998, violent protests and a military mutiny following a contentious election prompted a brief but bloody intervention by South African and Batswana military forces under the aegis of the Southern African Development Community. Subsequent constitutional reforms restored relative political stability. Peaceful parliamentary elections were held in 2002, but the National Assembly elections of February 2007 were hotly contested and aggrieved parties disputed how the electoral law was applied to award proportional seats in the Assembly. In May 2012, competitive elections involving 18 parties saw Prime Minister Motsoahae Thomas THABANE form a coalition government - the first in the country's history - that ousted the 14-year incumbent, Pakalitha MOSISILI, who peacefully transferred power the following month.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Sesotho, English',
'country_currency' => 'Lesotho loti (LSL)',
'country_name' => 'Libya',
'country_usual_name' => 'State of Libya',
'country_description' => 'The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations. Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government. Libya in 2012 formed a new parliament and elected a new prime minister.',
'country_currency' => 'Libyan dinar (LYD)',
'country_ninth_neighbour_location' => 'North West',
'country_name' => 'Liechtenstein',
'country_usual_name' => 'Principality of Liechtenstein',
'country_description' => 'The Principality of Liechtenstein was established within the Holy Roman Empire in 1719. Occupied by both French and Russian troops during the Napoleonic Wars, it became a sovereign state in 1806 and joined the Germanic Confederation in 1815. Liechtenstein became fully independent in 1866 when the Confederation dissolved. Until the end of World War I, it was closely tied to Austria, but the economic devastation caused by that conflict forced Liechtenstein to enter into a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. Since World War II (in which Liechtenstein remained neutral), the country's low taxes have spurred outstanding economic growth. In 2000, shortcomings in banking regulatory oversight resulted in concerns about the use of financial institutions for money laundering. However, Liechtenstein implemented anti-money laundering legislation and a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with the US that went into effect in 2003.',
'country_currency' => 'Swiss franc (CHF)',
'country_name' => 'Lithuania',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Lithuania',
'country_description' => 'Lithuanian lands were united under MINDAUGAS in 1236; over the next century, through alliances and conquest, Lithuania extended its territory to include most of present-day Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 14th century Lithuania was the largest state in Europe. An alliance with Poland in 1386 led the two countries into a union through the person of a common ruler. In 1569, Lithuania and Poland formally united into a single dual state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This entity survived until 1795 when its remnants were partitioned by surrounding countries. Lithuania regained its independence following World War I but was annexed by the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries. On 11 March 1990, Lithuania became the first of the Soviet republics to declare its independence, but Moscow did not recognize this proclamation until September of 1991 (following the abortive coup in Moscow). The last Russian troops withdrew in 1993.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Lithuanian',
'country_currency' => 'Lithuanian litas (Lt) (LTL)',
'country_name' => 'Luxembourg',
'country_usual_name' => 'Grand Duchy of Luxembourg',
'country_description' => 'Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European Union), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area. In January 2013, Luxembourg assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2013-14 term.',
'country_lanuage' => 'French, German, Luxembourgish',
'country_name' => 'Macau',
'country_usual_name' => 'Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China',
'country_description' => 'Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China on 20 December 1999. In this agreement, China promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's political and economic system would not be imposed on Macau, and that Macau would enjoy a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign affairs and defense for the subsequent 50 years.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Chinese, Portuguese',
'country_currency' => 'Macanese pataca (MOP)',
'country_name' => 'Macedonia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Macedonia',
'country_description' => 'Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols delayed international recognition, which occurred under the provisional designation of "the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution are ongoing. Since 2004, the US and over 130 other nations have recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an insurgency in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. Although Macedonia became an EU candidate in 2005, the country still faces challenges, including fully implementing the Framework Agreement, improving relations with Bulgaria, carrying out democratic reforms, and stimulating economic growth and development. Macedonia's membership in NATO was blocked by Greece at the Alliance's Summit of Bucharest in 2008.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Macedonian',
'country_currency' => 'Macedonian denar (MKD)',
'country_name' => 'Madagascar',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Madagascar',
'country_description' => 'Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1896 but regained independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. RAVALOMANANA achieved a second term following a landslide victory in the generally free and fair presidential elections of 2006. In early 2009, protests over increasing restrictions on opposition press and activities resulted in RAVALOMANANA handing over power to the military, which then conferred the presidency on the mayor of Antananarivo, Andry RAJOELINA, in what amounted to a coup d'etat. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Malagasy, French',
'country_currency' => 'Malagasy ariary (MGA)',
'country_name' => 'Malawi',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Malawi',
'country_description' => 'Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of one-party rule under President Hastings Kamuzu BANDA the country held multiparty elections in 1994, under a provisional constitution that came into full effect the following year. President Bingu wa MUTHARIKA, elected in May 2004 after a failed attempt by the previous president to amend the constitution to permit another term, struggled to assert his authority against his predecessor and subsequently started his own party, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in 2005. MUTHARIKA was reelected to a second term in May 2009. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Chichewa, English',
'country_currency' => 'Kwacha (D) (MWK)',
'country_name' => 'Malaysia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.my.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Malaysia',
'country_description' => 'Malaysia was formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore, as well as Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of Borneo, joined the Federation. The first several years of the country's independence were marred by a communist insurgency, Indonesian confrontation with Malaysia, Philippine claims to Sabah, and Singapore's withdrawal in 1965. During the 22-year term of Prime Minister MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (1981-2003), Malaysia was successful in diversifying its economy from dependence on exports of raw materials to the development of manufacturing, services, and tourism.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Bahasa Malaysia, English',
'country_currency' => 'Ringgit (RM) (MYR)',
'country_name' => 'Maldives',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of the Maldives',
'country_description' => 'A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887. It became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated the islands' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. Following political demonstrations in the capital Male in August 2003, the president and his government pledged to embark upon a process of liberalization and democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Progress was sluggish, however, and many promised reforms were slow to be realized. Nonetheless, political parties were legalized in 2005. In June 2008, a constituent assembly - termed the "Special Majlis" - finalized a new constitution, which was ratified by the president in August. The first-ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multi-party system were held in October 2008. GAYOOM was defeated in a runoff poll by Mohamed NASHEED, a political activist who had been jailed several years earlier by the former regime. President NASHEED faced a number of challenges including strengthening democracy and combating poverty and drug abuse. In early February 2012, after several weeks of street protests following his sacking of a top judge, NASHEED resigned the presidency and handed over power to Vice President Mohammed WAHEED Hassan Maniku. In mid-2012, a Commission of National Inquiry was set by the government to probe events leading up to NASHEED's resignation.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Maldivian (Dhivehi)',
'country_currency' => 'Maldivian rufiyaa (MVR)',
'country_name' => 'Mali',
'country_usual_name' => 'République du Mali',
'country_description' => 'The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who was elected to a second term in 2007 elections that were widely judged to be free and fair. Malian returnees from Libya in 2011 exacerbated tensions in northern Mali, and Tuareg ethnic militias started a rebellion in January 2012.',
'country_name' => 'Malta',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Malta',
'country_description' => 'Great Britain formally acquired possession of Malta in 1814. The island staunchly supported the UK through both world wars and remained in the Commonwealth when it became independent in 1964; a decade later it declared itself a republic. Since about the mid-1980s, the island has transformed itself into a freight transshipment point, a financial center, and a tourist destination. Malta became an EU member in May 2004 and began using the euro as currency in 2008.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Maltese, English',
'country_name' => 'Marshall Islands',
'country_url' => 'http://www.oc.bakoos.com/471/7',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of the Marshall Islands',
'country_description' => 'After almost four decades under US administration as the easternmost part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands attained independence in 1986 under a Compact of Free Association. Compensation claims continue as a result of US nuclear testing on some of the atolls between 1947 and 1962. The Marshall Islands hosts the US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Reagan Missile Test Site, a key installation in the US missile defense network.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Marshallese, English',
'country_name' => 'Martinique',
'country_usual_name' => 'Martinique Overseas region of France in the Caribbean',
'country_description' => 'An overseas region of France, Martinique is an island in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres (around 436 sq mi) and a population of approximately 401,000 inhabitants',
'country_name' => 'Mauritania',
'country_usual_name' => 'Islamic Republic of Mauritania',
'country_description' => 'Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976 but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA seized power in a coup in 1984 and ruled Mauritania with a heavy hand for more than two decades. A series of presidential elections that he held were widely seen as flawed. A bloodless coup in August 2005 deposed President TAYA and ushered in a military council that oversaw a transition to democratic rule. Independent candidate Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDALLAHI was inaugurated in April 2007 as Mauritania's first freely and fairly elected president. His term ended prematurely in August 2008 when a military junta led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ deposed him and installed a military council government.',
'country_currency' => 'Ouguiya (MRO)',
'country_name' => 'Mauritius',
'country_url' => 'http://www.af.bakoos.com/index.php/0/10',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Mauritius',
'country_description' => 'Although known to Arab and Malay sailors as early as the 10th century, Mauritius was first explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch - who named it in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU - in the 17th century. The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island into an important naval base overseeing Indian Ocean trade, and establishing a plantation economy of sugar cane. The British captured the island in 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later an air station, playing an important role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as the collection of signals intelligence. Independence from the UK was attained in 1968. A stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record, the country has attracted considerable foreign investment and has earned one of Africa's highest per capita incomes.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Mauritian Creole, French, English',
'country_currency' => 'Mauritian rupee (MUR)',
'country_first_neighbour_location' => 'South West',
'country_name' => 'Mayotte',
'country_usual_name' => 'Mayotte Overseas region of France in the Indian Ocean',
'country_description' => 'An overseas region of France, the administrative department of France consists of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Maore), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around the two.',
'country_name' => 'Mexico',
'country_url' => 'http://www.mx.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Estados Unidos Mexicanos',
'country_description' => 'The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved its independence early in the 19th century.',
'country_currency' => 'Peso (MXN)',
'country_name' => 'Moldova',
'country_url' => 'http://www.eu.bakoos.com/index.php/0/8',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Moldova',
'country_description' => 'Part of Romania during the interwar period, Moldova was incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although the country has been independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River supporting the separatist region of Transnistria, composed of a Slavic majority population (mostly Ukrainians and Russians), but with a sizeable ethnic Moldovan minority. One of the poorest nations in Europe, Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a communist, Vladimir VORONIN, as its president in 2001. VORONIN served as Moldova's president until he resigned in September 2009, following the opposition's gain of a narrow majority in July parliamentary elections and the Communist Party's (PCRM) subsequent inability to attract the three-fifths of parliamentary votes required to elect a president and, by doing so, put into place a permanent government. Four Moldovan opposition parties formed a new coalition, the Alliance for European Integration (AEI), iterations of which have acted as Moldova's governing coalitions since. Moldova experienced significant political uncertainty between 2009 and early 2012, holding three general elections and numerous presidential ballots in parliament, all of which failed to secure a president. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian',
'country_currency' => 'Moldovan leu (MDL)',
'country_name' => 'Monaco',
'country_usual_name' => 'Principality of Monaco',
'country_description' => 'The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling GRIMALDI family first seized temporary control in 1297, and again in 1331, but were not able to permanently secure their holding until 1419. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.',
'country_name' => 'Mongolia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Mongolia',
'country_description' => 'The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party that lasted until January 2012. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the Democratic Party was elected to office and was re-elected for his second term in June 2013. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Mongolian',
'country_currency' => 'Tögrög (MNT)',
'country_name' => 'Montenegro',
'country_usual_name' => 'Montenegro',
'country_description' => 'The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Montenegrin',
'country_name' => 'Morocco',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Morocco',
'country_description' => 'In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Although Morocco is not the UN-recognized Administering Power for the Western Sahara, it exercises de facto administrative control over 80% of the territory. The UN since 1991 has monitored a ceasefire between Morocco and the Polisario Front and leads ongoing negotiations over the status of the territory. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Arabic, Berber',
'country_currency' => 'Moroccan dirham (MAD)',
'country_name' => 'Mozambique',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Moçambique',
'country_description' => 'Almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a close with independence in 1975. Large-scale emigration, economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the country's development until the mid 1990s. The ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) party formally abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for multiparty elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated peace agreement between Frelimo and rebel Mozambique National Resistance (Renamo) forces ended the fighting in 1992. In December 2004, Mozambique underwent a delicate transition as Joaquim CHISSANO stepped down after 18 years in office.',
'country_currency' => 'Mozambican metical (MZN)',
'country_name' => 'Myanmar (Burma)',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of the Union of Myanmar',
'country_description' => 'Various ethnic Burmese and ethnic minority city-states or kingdoms occupied the present borders through the 19th century. Over a period of 62 years (1824-1886), Britain conquered Burma and incorporated the country into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; in 1948, Burma attained independence from the British Commonwealth.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Burmese',
'country_currency' => 'Kyat (K) (MMK)',
'country_name' => 'Namibia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Namibia',
'country_description' => 'South Africa occupied the German colony of South-West Africa during World War I and administered it as a mandate until after World War II, when it annexed the territory. In 1966 the Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrilla group launched a war of independence for the area that became Namibia, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its administration in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. Namibia has been governed by SWAPO since the country won independence in 1990. Hifikepunye POHAMBA was elected president in November 2004 in a landslide victory replacing Sam NUJOMA who led the country during its first 14 years of self rule. POHAMBA was reelected in November 2009.',
'country_currency' => 'Namibian dollar (NAD)',
'country_name' => 'Nepal',
'country_usual_name' => 'Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal',
'country_description' => 'In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. An insurgency led by Maoists broke out in 1996. The ensuing 10-year civil war between Maoist and government forces witnessed the dissolution of the cabinet and parliament and assumption of absolute power by the king in 2002. Several weeks of mass protests in April 2006 were followed by several months of peace negotiations between the Maoists and government officials, and culminated in a late 2006 peace accord and the promulgation of an interim constitution. Following a nationwide election in April 2008, the newly formed Constituent Assembly (CA) declared Nepal a federal democratic republic and abolished the monarchy at its first meeting the following month. The CA elected the country's first president in July.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Nepali',
'country_currency' => 'Nepalese rupee (NPR)',
'country_name' => 'Netherlands',
'country_url' => 'http://www.nl.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Nederland',
'country_description' => 'The Dutch United Provinces declared their independence from Spain in 1579; during the 17th century, they became a leading seafaring and commercial power, with settlements and colonies around the world. After a 20-year French occupation, a Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, but suffered invasion and occupation by Germany in World War II. A modern, industrialized nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Dutch',
'country_name' => 'New Caledonia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.oc.bakoos.com/1166/21',
'country_usual_name' => 'Nouvelle-Calédonie',
'country_description' => 'This is a special collectivity of France located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia.  Settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the 19th century, the island became a French possession in 1853. It served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864. Agitation for independence during the 1980s and early 1990s ended in the 1998 Noumea Accord, which over a period of 15 to 20 years will transfer an increasing amount of governing responsibility from France to New Caledonia. The agreement also commits France to conduct a referendum between 2014 and 2018 to decide whether New Caledonia should assume full sovereignty and independence.',
'country_name' => 'New Zealand',
'country_url' => 'http://www.nz.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Aotearoa',
'country_description' => 'The Polynesian Maori reached New Zealand in about A.D. 800. In 1840, their chieftains entered into a compact with Britain, the Treaty of Waitangi, in which they ceded sovereignty to Queen Victoria while retaining territorial rights. That same year, the British began the first organized colonial settlement. A series of land wars between 1843 and 1872 ended with the defeat of the native peoples. The British colony of New Zealand became an independent dominion in 1907 and supported the UK militarily in both world wars. New Zealand's full participation in a number of defense alliances lapsed by the 1980s.',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, Maori',
'country_currency' => 'New Zealand dollar (NZD)',
'country_name' => 'Nicaragua',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Nicaragua',
'country_description' => 'The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century. Independence from Spain was declared in 1821 and the country became an independent republic in 1838. Britain occupied the Caribbean Coast in the first half of the 19th century, but gradually ceded control of the region in subsequent decades. Violent opposition to governmental manipulation and corruption spread to all classes by 1978 and resulted in a short-lived civil war that brought the Marxist Sandinista guerrillas to power in 1979. Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador caused the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. After losing free and fair elections in 1990, 1996, and 2001, former Sandinista President Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra was elected president in 2006 and reelected in 2011. The 2008 municipal elections, 2010 regional elections, 2011 presidential elections, 2012 municipal elections, and 2013 regional elections were marred by widespread irregularities.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Spanish, English',
'country_currency' => 'Córdoba (NIO)',
'country_name' => 'Niger',
'country_usual_name' => 'République du Niger',
'country_description' => 'Niger became independent from France in 1960 and experienced single-party and military rule until 1991, when Gen. Ali SAIBOU was forced by public pressure to allow multiparty elections, which resulted in a democratic government in 1993. Political infighting brought the government to a standstill and in 1996 led to a coup by Col. Ibrahim BARE. In 1999, BARE was killed in a counter coup by military officers who restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power in December of that year. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and in 2009 spearheaded a constitutional amendment that would allow him to extend his term as president. In February 2010, a military coup deposed TANDJA, immediately suspended the constitution, and dissolved the Cabinet. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou emerged victorious from a crowded field in the election following the coup and was inaugurated in April 2011. ',
'country_name' => 'Nigeria',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ng.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Federal Republic of Nigeria',
'country_description' => 'British influence and control over what would become Nigeria and Africa's most populous country grew through the 19th century. A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy; independence came in 1960.',
'country_currency' => 'Naira (₦) (NGN)',
'country_name' => 'North Korea',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ko.bakoos.com/0/7',
'country_usual_name' => 'Democratic People's Republic of Korea',
'country_description' => 'An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. Five years later, Japan formally annexed the entire peninsula. Following World War II, Korea was split with the northern half coming under Soviet-sponsored communist control. After failing in the Korean War (1950-53) to conquer the US-backed Republic of Korea (ROK) in the southern portion by force, North Korea (DPRK), under its founder President KIM Il Sung, adopted a policy of ostensible diplomatic and economic "self-reliance" as a check against outside influence.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Korean',
'country_currency' => 'North Korean won (₩) (KPW)',
'country_name' => 'Norway',
'country_url' => 'http://www.no.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Norway',
'country_description' => 'Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off following the adoption of Christianity by King Olav TRYGGVASON in 994. Conversion of the Norwegian kingdom occurred over the next several decades. In 1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution. Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained neutral in World War I, it suffered heavy losses to its shipping. Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of World War II, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi Germany (1940-45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of NATO.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Norwegian',
'country_currency' => 'Norwegian krone (NOK)',
'country_name' => 'Oman',
'country_usual_name' => 'Sultanate of Oman',
'country_description' => 'The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered on Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, a newly established sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, but it never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al-Said overthrew his father, and he has since ruled as sultan. His extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world while preserving the longstanding close ties with the UK. Oman's moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations with all Middle Eastern countries. Inspired by the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa beginning in January 2011, some Omanis began staging marches, demonstrations, and sit-ins calling mostly for more jobs and economic benefits and an end to corruption. In response to those protester demands, QABOOS in 2011 pledged to implement economic and political reforms, such as granting legislative and regulatory powers to the Majlis al-Shura and introducing unemployment benefits. ',
'country_currency' => 'Rial (OMR)',
'country_name' => 'Pakistan',
'country_url' => 'http://www.pk.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan',
'country_description' => 'Pakistan is located in Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, Urdu',
'country_currency' => 'Pakistani rupee (₨) (PKR)',
'country_name' => 'Palestine',
'country_usual_name' => 'State of Palestine',
'country_description' => 'Situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia, and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. ',
'country_currency' => 'Palestine pound',
'country_gdp' => '$4.016 billion',
'country_name' => 'Panama',
'country_usual_name' => 'República de Panamá',
'country_description' => 'Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela - named the Republic of Gran Colombia. When the latter dissolved in 1830, Panama remained part of Colombia. With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of the century. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the subsequent decades. With US help, dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were transferred to Panama by the end of 1999. ',
'country_currency' => 'United States dollar ($) (USD), Balboa (PAB)',
'country_name' => 'Papua New Guinea',
'country_usual_name' => 'Independent State of Papua New Guinea',
'country_description' => 'The eastern half of the island of New Guinea - second largest in the world - was divided between Germany (north) and the UK (south) in 1885. The latter area was transferred to Australia in 1902, which occupied the northern portion during World War I and continued to administer the combined areas until independence in 1975. A nine-year secessionist revolt on the island of Bougainville ended in 1997 after claiming some 20,000 lives.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Hiri Motu, Tok Pisin, English',
'country_currency' => 'Papua New Guinean kina (PGK)',
'country_name' => 'Paraguay',
'country_url' => 'http://www.py.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'República del Paraguay',
'country_description' => 'Paraguay achieved its independence from Spain in 1811. In the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70) - between Paraguay and Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay - Paraguay lost two-thirds of its adult males and much of its territory. The country stagnated economically for the next half century. Following the Chaco War of 1932-35 with Bolivia, Paraguay gained a large part of the Chaco lowland region. The 35-year military dictatorship of Alfredo STROESSNER ended in 1989, and, despite a marked increase in political infighting in recent years, Paraguay has held relatively free and regular presidential elections since the country's return to democracy.',
'country_currency' => 'Guaraní (PYG)',
'country_name' => 'Peru',
'country_url' => 'http://www.pe.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'República del Perú',
'country_description' => 'Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. ',
'country_currency' => 'Nuevo sol (PEN)',
'country_name' => 'Philippines',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ph.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of the Philippines',
'country_description' => 'The Philippine Islands became a Spanish colony during the 16th century; they were ceded to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. In 1935 the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth. Manuel QUEZON was elected president and was tasked with preparing the country for independence after a 10-year transition.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Filipino, English',
'country_currency' => 'Peso (Filipino: piso) (₱) (PHP)',
'country_name' => 'Poland',
'country_url' => 'http://www.pl.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Rzeczpospolita Polska',
'country_description' => 'During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Polish',
'country_currency' => 'Złoty (PLN)',
'country_name' => 'Portugal',
'country_url' => 'http://www.pt.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'República Portuguesa',
'country_description' => 'Following its heyday as a global maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986.',
'country_name' => 'Puerto Rico',
'country_usual_name' => 'Commonwealth of Puerto Rico',
'country_description' => 'Populated for centuries by aboriginal peoples, the island was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 following Christopher COLUMBUS' second voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rule that saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and African slave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a result of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917. Popularly-elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self government. In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose not to alter the existing political status with the US, but the results of a 2012 vote left open the possibility of American statehood.',
'country_phone_code' => '+1-787, +1-939',
'country_name' => 'Qatar',
'country_url' => 'http://www.me.bakoos.com/0/10',
'country_usual_name' => 'State of Qatar',
'country_description' => 'Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling into an independent state with significant oil and natural gas revenues. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Qatari economy was crippled by a continuous siphoning off of petroleum revenues by the Amir, who had ruled the country since 1972. His son, the current Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, overthrew the father in a bloodless coup in 1995. In short order, HAMAD oversaw the creation of the pan-Arab satellite news network Al-Jazeera and Qatar's pursuit of a leadership role in mediating regional conflicts. In the 2000s, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. As of 2007, oil and natural gas revenues had enabled Qatar to attain the highest per capita income in the world. Qatar has not experienced domestic unrest or violence like that seen in other Near Eastern and North African countries in 2010-11, due in part to its immense wealth. Since the outbreak of regional unrest, however, Doha has prided itself on its support for many of these popular revolutions, particularly in Libya and Syria. In mid-2013, HAMAD transferred power to his 33 year-old son, TAMIM bin Hamad - a peaceful abdication rare in the history of Arab Gulf states.',
'country_currency' => 'Riyal (QAR)',
'country_name' => 'Reunion',
'country_usual_name' => 'Réunion Island - Overseas region of France',
'country_description' => 'Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France. Like the other overseas departments, Réunion is also one of the 27 regions of France',
'country_name' => 'Romania',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ro.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'România',
'country_description' => 'The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Romanian',
'country_currency' => 'Romanian leu (RON)',
'country_name' => 'Russia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ru.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Russian Federation - Rossiyskaya Federatsiya',
'country_description' => 'Russia is located in North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean',
'country_lanuage' => 'Russian',
'country_currency' => 'Russian ruble (RUB)',
'country_tenth_neighbour_location' => 'West',
'country_name' => 'Rwanda',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Rwanda',
'country_description' => 'In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in a state-orchestrated genocide, in which Rwandans killed up to a million of their fellow citizens, including approximately three-quarters of the Tutsi population. The genocide ended later that same year when the predominantly Tutsi RPF, operating out of Uganda and northern Rwanda, defeated the national army and Hutu militias, and established an RPF-led government of national unity. Approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and former Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but several thousand remained in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, the former Zaire) and formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF did in 1990. Rwanda held its first local elections in 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in 2003. Rwanda in 2009 staged a joint military operation with the Congolese Army in DRC to rout out the Hutu extremist insurgency there, and Kigali and Kinshasa restored diplomatic relations.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Kinyarwanda, French, English',
'country_currency' => 'Rwandan franc (RWF)',
'country_name' => 'Samoa',
'country_usual_name' => 'Independent State of Samoa',
'country_description' => 'New Zealand occupied the German protectorate of Western Samoa at the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It continued to administer the islands as a mandate and then as a trust territory until 1962, when the islands became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish independence in the 20th century. The country dropped the "Western" from its name in 1997.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Samoan, English',
'country_currency' => 'Tala (WST)',
'country_name' => 'Sao Tome & Principe',
'country_usual_name' => 'Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe',
'country_description' => 'Discovered and claimed by Portugal in the late 15th century, the islands' sugar-based economy gave way to coffee and cocoa in the 19th century - all grown with African plantation slave labor, a form of which lingered into the 20th century. While independence was achieved in 1975, democratic reforms were not instituted until the late 1980s. The country held its first free elections in 1991, but frequent internal wrangling between the various political parties precipitated repeated changes in leadership and two failed coup attempts in 1995 and 2003. In 2012, three opposition parties combined in a no confidence vote to bring down the majority government of former Prime Minister Patrice TROVOADA. The new government of Prime Minister Gabriel Arcanjo Ferreira DA COSTA is entirely composed of opposition party members with limited experience in governance. New oil discoveries in the Gulf of Guinea may attract increased attention to the small island nation.',
'country_currency' => 'Dobra (STD)',
'country_name' => 'Saudi Arabia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.sa.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Saudi Arabia',
'country_description' => 'Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam and home to Islam's two holiest shrines in Mecca and Medina. The king's official title is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The modern Saudi state was founded in 1932 by ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman Al SAUD (Ibn Saud) after a 30-year campaign to unify most of the Arabian Peninsula. One of his male descendants rules the country today, as required by the country's 1992 Basic Law.',
'country_currency' => 'Saudi riyal (SR) (SAR)',
'country_name' => 'Senegal',
'country_usual_name' => 'République du Sénégal',
'country_description' => 'The French colonies of Senegal and the French Sudan were merged in 1959 and granted their independence as the Mali Federation in 1960. The union broke up after only a few months. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. The envisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out, and the union was dissolved in 1989. The Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance (MFDC) has led a low-level separatist insurgency in southern Senegal since the 1980s, and several peace deals have failed to resolve the conflict. Nevertheless, Senegal remains one of the most stable democracies in Africa and has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping and regional mediation.',
'country_currency' => 'CFA franc (XOF)',
'country_name' => 'Serbia',
'country_url' => 'http://www.rs.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Serbia',
'country_description' => 'The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz "TITO" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Serbian',
'country_currency' => 'Serbian dinar (RSD)',
'country_name' => 'Sierra Leone',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Sierra Leone',
'country_description' => 'Democracy is slowly being reestablished after the civil war from 1991 to 2002 that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (about a third of the population). The military, which took over full responsibility for security following the departure of UN peacekeepers at the end of 2005, is increasingly developing as a guarantor of the country's stability. The armed forces remained on the sideline during the 2007 and 2012 national elections, and over the past year have deployed over 850 peacekeepers in the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). As of January 2014, Sierra Leone also fielded 122 staff for five UN peacekeeping missions. In March 2014, the closure of the UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL) marked the end of more than 15 years of peacekeeping and political operations in Sierra Leone.',
'country_currency' => 'Leone (SLL)',
'country_name' => 'Singapore',
'country_url' => 'http://www.as.bakoos.com/457/6',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Singapore',
'country_description' => 'Singapore was founded as a British trading colony in 1819. It joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963 but separated two years later and became independent. Singapore subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest in terms of tonnage handled) and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe.',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil',
'country_currency' => 'Singapore dollar (SGD)',
'country_name' => 'Slovakia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Slovak Republic',
'country_description' => 'Slovakia's roots can be traced to the 9th century state of Great Moravia. Subsequently, the Slovaks became part of the Hungarian Kingdom, where they remained for the next 1,000 years. Following the formation of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867, language and education policies favoring the use of Hungarian (Magyarization) resulted in a strengthening of Slovak nationalism and a cultivation of cultural ties with the closely related Czechs, who were under Austrian rule. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the close of World War I, the Slovaks joined the Czechs to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar period, Slovak nationalist leaders pushed for autonomy within Czechoslovakia, and in 1939 Slovakia became an independent state allied with Nazi Germany. Following World War II, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted and came under communist rule within Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful "Velvet Revolution" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovakia joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004 and the euro zone on 1 January 2009.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Slovak',
'country_name' => 'Slovenia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Slovenia',
'country_description' => 'The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's transformation to a modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the eurozone in 2007.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Slovene',
'country_name' => 'Solomon Islands',
'country_usual_name' => 'Solomon Islands',
'country_description' => 'The UK established a protectorate over the Solomon Islands in the 1890s. Some of the most bitter fighting of World War II occurred on this archipelago. Self-government was achieved in 1976 and independence two years later. Ethnic violence, government malfeasance, and endemic crime have undermined stability and civil society. In June 2003, then Prime Minister Sir Allan KEMAKEZA sought the assistance of Australia in reestablishing law and order; the following month, an Australian-led multinational force arrived to restore peace and disarm ethnic militias. The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) has generally been effective in restoring law and order and rebuilding government institutions.',
'country_currency' => 'Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)',
'country_name' => 'Somalia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Federal Republic of Somalia',
'country_description' => 'Britain withdrew from British Somaliland in 1960 to allow its protectorate to join with Italian Somaliland and form the new nation of Somalia. In 1969, a coup headed by Mohamed SIAD Barre ushered in an authoritarian socialist rule characterized by the persecution, jailing, and torture of political opponents and dissidents. After the regime's collapse early in 1991, Somalia descended into turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy. In May 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland that now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable existence and continues efforts to establish a constitutional democracy, including holding municipal, parliamentary, and presidential elections. The regions of Bari, Nugaal, and northern Mudug comprise a neighboring semi-autonomous state of Puntland, which has been self-governing since 1998 but does not aim at independence; it has also made strides toward reconstructing a legitimate, representative government but has suffered some civil strife. Puntland disputes its border with Somaliland as it also claims portions of eastern Sool and Sanaag. Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in the south) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored. In 2000, the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) held in Djibouti resulted in the formation of an interim government, known as the Transitional National Government (TNG). When the TNG failed to establish adequate security or governing institutions, the Government of Kenya, under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), led a subsequent peace process that concluded in October 2004 with the election of Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed as President of a second interim government, known as the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of the Somali Republic.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Somali, Arabic',
'country_currency' => 'Somali shilling (SOS)',
'country_name' => 'South Africa',
'country_url' => 'http://www.za.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of South Africa',
'country_description' => 'Dutch traders landed at the southern tip of modern day South Africa in 1652 and established a stopover point on the spice route between the Netherlands and the Far East, founding the city of Cape Town. After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found their own republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred wealth and immigration and intensified the subjugation of the native inhabitants. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, English',
'country_currency' => 'South African rand (ZAR)',
'country_fifth_neighbour_location' => 'North East',
'country_sixth_neighbour_location' => 'East',
'country_name' => 'South Korea',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ko.bakoos.com/0/10',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Korea',
'country_description' => 'An independent kingdom for much of its long history, Korea was occupied by Japan beginning in 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War. In 1910, Tokyo formally annexed the entire Peninsula. Korea regained its independence following Japan's surrender to the United States in 1945. After World War II, a democratic-based government (Republic of Korea, ROK) was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a communist-style government was installed in the north (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK). ',
'country_currency' => 'South Korean won (₩) (KRW)',
'country_name' => 'South Sudan',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of South Sudan',
'country_description' => 'Egypt attempted to colonize the region of southern Sudan by establishing the province of Equatoria in the 1870s. Islamic Mahdist revolutionaries overran the region in 1885, but in 1898 a British force was able to overthrow the Mahdist regime. An Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established the following year with Equatoria being the southernmost of its eight provinces. The isolated region was largely left to itself over the following decades, but Christian missionaries converted much of the population and facilitated the spread of English. When Sudan gained its independence in 1956, it was with the understanding that the southerners would be able to participate fully in the political system. When the Arab Khartoum government reneged on its promises, a mutiny began that led to two prolonged periods of conflict (1955-1972 and 1983-2005) in which perhaps 2.5 million people died - mostly civilians - due to starvation and drought. Ongoing peace talks finally resulted in a Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in January 2005. As part of this agreement the south was granted a six-year period of autonomy to be followed by a referendum on final status. The result of this referendum, held in January 2011, was a vote of 98% in favor of secession. Independence was attained on 9 July 2011. Since independence South Sudan has struggled with good governance and nation building and has attempted to control rebel militia groups operating in its territory.',
'country_currency' => 'South Sudanese pound (SSP)',
'country_name' => 'Spain',
'country_url' => 'http://www.es.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Spain',
'country_description' => 'Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World War I and II but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). A peaceful transition to democracy following the death of dictator Francisco FRANCO in 1975, and rapid economic modernization (Spain joined the EU in 1986) gave Spain a dynamic and rapidly growing economy and made it a global champion of freedom and human rights.',
'country_name' => 'Sri Lanka',
'country_usual_name' => 'Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka',
'country_description' => 'The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The coastal areas of the island were controlled by the Portuguese in the 16th century and by the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Sinhala, Tamil',
'country_currency' => 'Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)',
'country_name' => 'Sudan',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of the Sudan',
'country_description' => 'Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from Anglo-Egyptian co rule in 1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but another broke out in 1983. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Arabic, English',
'country_currency' => 'Sudanese pound (SDG)',
'country_name' => 'Suriname',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republiek Suriname',
'country_description' => 'First explored by the Spaniards in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century, Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, workers were brought in from India and Java. Independence from the Netherlands was granted in 1975. Five years later the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared a socialist republic. It continued to exert control through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally forced a democratic election. In 1990, the military overthrew the civilian leadership, but a democratically elected government - a four-party coalition - returned to power in 1991. The coalition expanded to eight parties in 2005 and ruled until August 2010, when voters returned former military leader Desire BOUTERSE and his opposition coalition to power.',
'country_currency' => 'Surinamese dollar (SRD)',
'country_name' => 'Swaziland',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Swaziland',
'country_description' => 'Autonomy for the Swazis of southern Africa was guaranteed by the British in the late 19th century; independence was granted in 1968. Student and labor unrest during the 1990s pressured King MSWATI III, Africa's last absolute monarch, to grudgingly allow political reform and greater democracy, although he has backslid on these promises in recent years. A constitution came into effect in 2006, but the legal status of political parties remains unclear. The African United Democratic Party tried unsuccessfully to register as an official political party in mid 2006. Talks over the constitution broke down between the government and progressive groups in 2007. Swaziland recently surpassed Botswana as the country with the world's highest known HIV/AIDS prevalence rate.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Siswati, English',
'country_currency' => 'South African rand, Swazi lilangeni (SZL)',
'country_name' => 'Sweden',
'country_url' => 'http://www.se.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Sweden',
'country_description' => 'A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war for almost two centuries. An armed neutrality was preserved in both world wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system intermixed with substantial welfare elements was challenged in the 1990s by high unemployment and in 2000-02 and 2009 by the global economic downturns, but fiscal discipline over the past several years has allowed the country to weather economic vagaries. Sweden joined the EU in 1995, but the public rejected the introduction of the euro in a 2003 referendum.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Swedish',
'country_currency' => 'Swedish krona (SEK)',
'country_name' => 'Switzerland',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ch.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Swiss Confederation',
'country_description' => 'The Swiss Confederation was founded in 1291 as a defensive alliance among three cantons. In succeeding years, other localities joined the original three. The Swiss Confederation secured its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. A constitution of 1848, subsequently modified in 1874, replaced the confederation with a centralized federal government. Switzerland's sovereignty and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers, and the country was not involved in either of the two world wars. The political and economic integration of Europe over the past half century, as well as Switzerland's role in many UN and international organizations, has strengthened Switzerland's ties with its neighbors. However, the country did not officially become a UN member until 2002. Switzerland remains active in many UN and international organizations but retains a strong commitment to neutrality.',
'country_lanuage' => 'German, French, Italian, Romansh',
'country_name' => 'Syria',
'country_usual_name' => 'Syrian Arab Republic',
'country_description' => 'Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability, however, and experienced a series of military coups during its first decades. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional peace talks over its return. Following the death of President al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000.',
'country_currency' => 'Syrian pound (SYP)',
'country_name' => 'Taiwan',
'country_url' => 'http://www.tw.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of China (ROC)',
'country_description' => 'In 1895, military defeat forced China's Qing Dynasty to cede Taiwan to Japan. Taiwan came under Chinese Nationalist control after World War II. Following the communist victory on the mainland in 1949, 2 million Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a government using the 1947 constitution drawn up for all of China. Beginning in the 1950s, the ruling authorities gradually democratized and incorporated the local population within the governing structure. This process expanded rapidly in the 1980s. In 2000, Taiwan underwent its first peaceful transfer of power from the Nationalist (Kuomintang or KMT) to the Democratic Progressive Party. ',
'country_currency' => 'New Taiwan dollar (NT$) (TWD)',
'country_name' => 'Tajikistan',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Tajikistan',
'country_description' => 'The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bands of indigenous guerrillas (called "basmachi") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first created as an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, but the USSR designated Tajikistan a separate republic in 1929 and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between regional factions from 1992 to 1997. Tajikistan endured several domestic security incidents during 2010-12, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and criminal groups in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Tajikistan became a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2013.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Tajik, Russian',
'country_currency' => 'Somoni (TJS)',
'country_gdp' => '$8,57 billion',
'country_name' => 'Tanzania',
'country_usual_name' => 'United Republic of Tanzania',
'country_description' => 'Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule ended in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, Kiswahili',
'country_currency' => 'Tanzanian shilling (TZS)',
'country_name' => 'Thailand',
'country_url' => 'http://www.th.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Thailand',
'country_description' => 'A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been taken over by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US treaty ally in 1954 after sending troops to Korea and later fighting alongside the United States in Vietnam.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Thai',
'country_currency' => 'Baht (THB)',
'country_name' => 'Timor-Leste',
'country_usual_name' => 'República Democrática de Timor-Leste',
'country_description' => 'The Portuguese began to trade with the island of Timor in the early 16th century and colonized it in mid-century. Skirmishing with the Dutch in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty in which Portugal ceded the western portion of the island. Imperial Japan occupied Portuguese Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed colonial authority after the Japanese defeat in World War II. East Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later. It was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1976 as the province of Timor Timur (East Timor). An unsuccessful campaign of pacification followed over the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 individuals lost their lives. On 30 August 1999, in a UN-supervised popular referendum, an overwhelming majority of the people of Timor-Leste voted for independence from Indonesia. However, in the next three weeks, anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale, scorched-earth campaign of retribution. The militias killed approximately 1,400 Timorese and forcibly pushed 300,000 people into western Timor as refugees. Most of the country's infrastructure, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply systems, and schools, and nearly 100% of the country's electrical grid were destroyed. On 20 September 1999, Australian-led peacekeeping troops deployed to the country and brought the violence to an end. On 20 May 2002, Timor-Leste was internationally recognized as an independent state. In 2006, internal tensions threatened the new nation's security when a military strike led to violence and a breakdown of law and order. At Dili's request, an Australian-led International Stabilization Force (ISF) deployed to Timor-Leste, and the UN Security Council established the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), which included an authorized police presence of over 1,600 personnel. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Portuguese, Tetuma',
'country_name' => 'Togo',
'country_usual_name' => 'République Togolaise',
'country_description' => 'French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, ruled Togo with a heavy hand for almost four decades. Despite the facade of multi-party elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government was largely dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has maintained power almost continually since 1967 and maintains a majority of seats in today's legislature. Upon EYADEMA's death in February 2005, the military installed the president's son, Faure GNASSINGBE, and then engineered his formal election two months later.',
'country_name' => 'Tonga',
'country_url' => 'http://www.oc.bakoos.com/495/11',
'country_usual_name' => 'Kingdom of Tonga',
'country_description' => 'Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of "The Friendly Islands" were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900; it withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Tongan, English',
'country_currency' => 'Paʻanga (TOP)',
'country_name' => 'Trinidad and Tobago',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Trinidad and Tobago',
'country_description' => 'First colonized by the Spanish, the islands came under British control in the early 19th century. The islands' sugar industry was hurt by the emancipation of the slaves in 1834. Manpower was replaced with the importation of contract laborers from India between 1845 and 1917, which boosted sugar production as well as the cocoa industry. The discovery of oil on Trinidad in 1910 added another important export. Independence was attained in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean thanks largely to petroleum and natural gas production and processing. Tourism, mostly in Tobago, is targeted for expansion and is growing. The government is coping with a rise in violent crime.',
'country_currency' => 'Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)',
'country_name' => 'Tunisia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Tunisian Republic',
'country_description' => 'Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in getting the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a "national unity government" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December, it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president.',
'country_currency' => 'Tunisian dinar (TND)',
'country_name' => 'Turkey',
'country_url' => 'http://www.tr.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Turkey',
'country_description' => 'Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Turkish',
'country_currency' => 'Turkish lira (TRY)',
'country_name' => 'Turkmenistan',
'country_usual_name' => 'Türkmenistan',
'country_description' => 'Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim crusaders, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times Merv (today known as Mary) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects. The Government of Turkmenistan is actively working to diversify its gas export routes beyond the still important Russian pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Turkmen',
'country_currency' => 'Turkmen new manat (TMT)',
'country_name' => 'Uganda',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Uganda',
'country_description' => 'The colonial boundaries created by Britain to delimit Uganda grouped together a wide range of ethnic groups with different political systems and cultures. These differences prevented the establishment of a working political community after independence was achieved in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000 lives.',
'country_currency' => 'Ugandan shilling (UGX)',
'country_name' => 'Ukraine',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ua.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'Україна',
'country_description' => 'A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine was able to achieve a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and forced to endure a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although final independence for Ukraine was achieved in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Ukrainian',
'country_currency' => 'Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)',
'country_name' => 'United Arab Emirates',
'country_usual_name' => 'Dawlat al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabiyyah al-Muttaḥidah',
'country_description' => 'The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the United Arab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah. The UAE's per capita GDP is on par with those of leading West European nations. Its high oil revenues and its moderate foreign policy stance have allowed the UAE to play a vital role in the affairs of the region. For more than three decades, oil and global finance drove the UAE's economy. However, in 2008-09, the confluence of falling oil prices, collapsing real estate prices, and the international banking crisis hit the UAE especially hard. The UAE has essentially avoided the "Arab Spring" unrest seen elsewhere in the Middle East, though in March 2011, political activists and intellectuals signed a petition calling for greater public participation in governance that was widely circulated on the Internet. In an effort to stem potential further unrest, the government announced a multi-year, $1.6-billion infrastructure investment plan for the poorer northern emirates and aggressively pursued advocates of political reform.',
'country_currency' => 'UAE dirham (AED)',
'country_name' => 'United Kingdom',
'country_url' => 'http://www.uk.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland',
'country_description' => 'The United Kingdom has historically played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith in the 19th century, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two world wars and the Irish Republic's withdrawal from the union.',
'country_currency' => 'Pound Sterling (GBP)',
'country_flag' => 'images/flag_1.gif',
'country_name' => 'United States (USA)',
'country_url' => 'http://www.us.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'United States of America',
'country_description' => 'United States is located in North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico',
'country_name' => 'Uruguay',
'country_url' => 'http://www.uy.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'República Oriental del Uruguay ',
'country_description' => 'Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military stronghold, soon took advantage of its natural harbor to become an important commercial center. Claimed by Argentina but annexed by Brazil in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence four years later and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The administrations of President Jose BATLLE in the early 20th century launched widespread political, social, and economic reforms that established a statist tradition. A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement named the Tupamaros, launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to cede control of the government to the military in 1973. By yearend, the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold over the government. Civilian rule was not restored until 1985. In 2004, the left-of-center Frente Amplio Coalition won national elections that effectively ended 170 years of political control previously held by the Colorado and Blanco parties. Uruguay's',
'country_currency' => 'Uruguayan peso (UYU)',
'country_name' => 'Uzbekistan',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Uzbekistan',
'country_description' => 'Russia conquered the territory of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country has lessened its dependence on the cotton monoculture by diversifying agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'Uzbek',
'country_currency' => 'Uzbekistan som (UZS)',
'country_name' => 'Vanuatu',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Vanuatu',
'country_description' => 'Multiple waves of colonizers, each speaking a distinct language, migrated to the New Hebrides in the millennia preceding European exploration in the 18th century. This settlement pattern accounts for the complex linguistic diversity found on the archipelago to this day. The British and French, who settled the New Hebrides in the 19th century, agreed in 1906 to an Anglo-French Condominium, which administered the islands until independence in 1980, when the new name of Vanuatu was adopted.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Bislama, French, English',
'country_currency' => 'Vanuatu vatu (VUV)',
'country_name' => 'Venezuela',
'country_url' => 'http://www.ve.bakoos.com/',
'country_usual_name' => 'República Bolivariana de Venezuela',
'country_description' => 'Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected governments have held sway since 1959. Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, sought to implement his "21st Century Socialism," which purported to alleviate social ills while at the same time attacking capitalist globalization and existing democratic institutions.',
'country_currency' => 'Bolívar fuerte (VEF)',
'country_name' => 'Vietnam',
'country_usual_name' => 'Socialist Republic of Vietnam',
'country_description' => 'The conquest of Vietnam by France began in 1858 and was completed by 1884. It became part of French Indochina in 1887. Vietnam declared independence after World War II, but France continued to rule until its 1954 defeat by communist forces under Ho Chi MINH. Under the Geneva Accords of 1954, Vietnam was divided into the communist North and anti-communist South.',
'country_lanuage' => 'Vietnamese',
'country_currency' => 'đồng (VND)',
'country_name' => 'Western Sahara',
'country_usual_name' => 'Western Sahara',
'country_description' => 'Western Sahara is a disputed territory on the northwest coast of Africa bordered by Morocco, Mauritania, and Algeria. After Spain withdrew from its former colony of Spanish Sahara in 1976, Morocco annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara and claimed the rest of the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front contesting Morocco's sovereignty ended in a 1991 cease-fire and the establishment of a UN peacekeeping operation. As part of this effort, the UN sought to offer a choice to the peoples of the Western Sahara between independence (favored by the Polisario Front) or integration into Morocco. A proposed referendum never took place due to lack of agreement on voter eligibility. The 2,700 km- (1,700 mi-) long defensive sand berm, built by the Moroccans from 1980 to 1987 and running the length of the territory, continues to separate the opposing forces with Morocco controlling the roughly 80 percent of the territory west of the berm. Local demonstrations criticizing the Moroccan authorities occur regularly, and there are periodic ethnic tensions between the native Sahrawi population and Moroccan immigrants. Morocco maintains a heavy security presence in the territory.',
'country_currency' => 'Moroccan dirham, Algerian dinar, Mauritanian ouguiya, Sahrawi peseta',
'country_phone_code' => '+212 +213',
'country_name' => 'Yemen',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Yemen',
'country_description' => 'North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement and brief civil war in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to a delimitation of their border. ',
'country_currency' => 'Yemeni rial (YER)',
'country_name' => 'Zambia',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Zambia',
'country_description' => 'The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the [British] South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices, economic mismanagement and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. MWANAWASA was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed free and fair. ',
'country_currency' => 'Zambian kwacha (ZMW)',
'country_name' => 'Zimbabwe',
'country_usual_name' => 'Republic of Zimbabwe',
'country_description' => 'The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the [British] South Africa Company in 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favored whites in power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded more complete voting rights for the black African majority in the country (then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated the country's political system since independence. His chaotic land redistribution campaign, which began in 1997 and intensified after 2000, caused an exodus of white farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered in widespread shortages of basic commodities. Ignoring international condemnation, MUGABE rigged the 2002 presidential election to ensure his reelection. In April 2005, the capital city of Harare embarked on Operation Restore Order, ostensibly an urban rationalization program, which resulted in the destruction of the homes or businesses of 700,000 mostly poor supporters of the opposition. President MUGABE in June 2007 instituted price controls on all basic commodities causing panic buying and leaving store shelves empty for months; a period of increasing hyperinflation ensued. General elections held in March 2008 contained irregularities but still amounted to a censure of the ZANU-PF-led government with the opposition winning a majority of seats in parliament. ',
'country_lanuage' => 'English, Chewa, Chibarwe, Kalanga',
'country_currency' => 'United States Dollar, Euro, Botswana pula, UK £, South African rand',
$app_country = array()
$controller_name = 'pages'
$cookie_notification = array()
$content_for_layout = '
Database Error

$title_for_layout = 'Errors'
$style = 'cursor:pointer;'
include - APP/View/Elements/frontElements/header_mid.ctp, line 106
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1189
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 406
include - APP/View/Layouts/default.ctp, line 125
ExceptionRenderer::_outputMessage() - CORE/Cake/Error/ExceptionRenderer.php, line 273
ExceptionRenderer::pdoError() - CORE/Cake/Error/ExceptionRenderer.php, line 262
ExceptionRenderer::render() - CORE/Cake/Error/ExceptionRenderer.php, line 175
<img  width="30px;" src="<?php echo BASE_PATH; ?><?php echo $app_country[0]['Tbl_countries']['country_flag'];?>"/>&nbsp
<?php }else{?>
<img  width="30px;" src="<?php echo BASE_PATH; ?>images/flag_<?php echo $app_country[0]['Tbl_countries']['country_id'];?>.gif"/>&nbsp
'country_tenth_neighbour_l

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl