text:
Archive for the 'John Rockycana' Tag
Liturgies, Litanies, and Hymns: A Worship-Focused History of the Moravian Church Through 1734 12 comments
Above: Herrnhut, Saxony, Germany, in 1765, by Gunter Rapp
LITURGY IN THE MORAVIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA, PART I
Faithful God, I pray again,
Give me patience in my pain,
For Christ's sake grant soft release,
Let Thy servant pass in peace;
Then with all Thy saints above
Let me praise Thy boundless love.
–from Hymn #854, Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) (1923); text (1661) by John Amos Comenius; translated (1903) by J. N. Libby
The Moravian missions to the mainland of North America started in 1735. For that reason Part II of this series will commence with that year. Before I arrive at that point in the narrative and analysis I must, if I am to cover the material properly, lay the foundation. That is my task in this post.
You, O reader, might find my background germane. My initial theological formation occurred in a series of United Methodist parsonages in the South Georgia Conference in the 1980s. In 1991 I converted to The Episcopal Church, the natural denominational choice for me. Since then my theology has gone through stages, becoming more Roman Catholic then less so then more so again then substantially Lutheran, but with Transubstantiation remaining in the mix. To that theological stew I have added Single Predestination (a Lutheran influence), so could not, if I wanted to do so, return to The United Methodist Church and remain intellectually honest. I left that denomination on amicable terms, not in protest against anything. My departure was a matter of going toward my spiritual home. At that home I intend to remain, for I was born to be an Episcopalian.
Moravianism is, as constitutional documents of that Church state, a religion of the heart. Thus it has common ground with Evangelicalism (in the traditional American use of that word), especially the Pietistic side thereof. Pietism originated as an alternative to overly theoretical and academic Lutheran theology. Among the founders of Pietism was Phillip Jakob Spener (1635-1705), author of Pia Desideria (Pious Desires, 1675). Pietism is neither all good nor bad, but I, not a Pietist, note that it, in its extreme manifestations, devolves into legalism quickly and easily. Our Lord and Savior violated and rejected legalistic rules and got into much trouble for that fact, but many of his followers have, in his name, written new legalistic rules. The irony of that reality astounds and dismays me.
August Hermann Franke (1663-1727), who studied under Spener, advocated turning to one's heart for piety. Martin Luther had contended simply:
I am baptized. I am a Christian,
consistent with this theology of the spoken word and the faithfulness of God. Franke, however, considered Luther's theology on this subject inadequate and inaccurate. He insisted on the crucial role of an experience of conversion. Such an experience lack, but my Christian faith is genuine. So I, although regenerate in the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican theologies of baptismal regeneration, am "born from above" if not ""born again" (in the familiar Evangelical use of that term).
The emphasis on religion of the heart–that is, an emotional religion, leaves me quite cold, for I am more intellectual than emotional. Thus the high level or rationalism in Anglicanism appeals to me. And the overly individualistic nature of much of Evangelicalism (in the traditional American use of that term) –especially the Pietistic element thereof–contradicts the properly communitarian nature (inherited from Judaism) of Christianity. Yet the Moravians, I am glad to report, have a history of a strong communal focus. Their religion of the heart focuses not on their hearts but on the body of Jesus of Nazareth, as in the Liturgy of the Wounds.
Before I proceed I ought to define some terms, so I do so now.
Unitas Fratrum, Latin for the "Unity of the Brethren," is the official name of the worldwide Moravian Church.
The Ancient Unity, or Bohemian Brethren, was the Moravian Church from its founding (officially March 1, 1457) to its disruption after the Battle of White Mountain (1620), during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).
The Hidden Seed was the Moravian Church during its time in the political and cultural underground of Europe after the Battle of White Mountain.
The Renewed Unitas Fratrum is the modern Moravian Church, from August 13, 1727, the Moravian Pentecost.
A litany is a responsive, standardized church prayer. Moravians have built church services around litanies, for one litany, with germane elements added, has provided the structure for many a service.
"Liturgy" is a trickier word to define. This series of posts is Liturgy in the Moravian Church in America, with "liturgy" indicating a predictable pattern of worship, which is my standard definition of it, per Father Peter Ingeman, who retired recently from his position of Christ Episcopal Church, Valdosta, Georgia. He insisted that even "non-liturgical churches," which do not use a service book, are actually liturgical so long as they have a regular pattern of worship. In narrow definitions, however, "liturgy," in Moravian contexts, refers either to the entire worship service or to a long hymn which provides the structure for an entire service.
Now, without further ado….
II. FROM JOHN WYCLIFFE TO THE AFTERMATH OF THE HUSSITE WARS
The Moravian Church is the oldest Protestant denomination, predating Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses (1517) by sixty years. The Protestant movements did not spring from nothing. No, they had deep roots.
The story begins in the late 1340s and early 1350s, when the Black Death (most likely a combination of agents, including the Bubonic Plague), devastated Europe. Some estimates of the death toll exceed half of the population, but conservative educated guesses are closer to one-third or two-fifths. Even the cautious estimate range (about 33-40%), within less than five years, speaks of economic and societal trauma. Urban workers became more assertive, peasants rebelled, and traditional power structures felt threatened. The Marxian Conflict Theory I learned in college tells me that those structures, given their exploitative and corrupt nature, deserved all the rebellion with which they had to contend. Among the most powerful and scrutinized institutions was the Roman Catholic Church, which has had its ups and downs over nearly two thousand years.
John Wycliffe (circa 1330-1384) was an English Roman Catholic priest and professor of philosophy and theology at Oxford. He espoused some then-radical positions, which included the following:
Each Christian should have a direct and unmediated relationship with God. Priests and the Church were not necessary as mediators; Christ is the only mediator.
No national Church should have to endure or tolerate Papal interference.
The Holy Scriptures should be available to the people in their vernacular language. Thus Wycliffe began the project (1380-1397) of translating the Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome into English. From Wycliffe came to the tradition of English-language Bibles.
The doctrine of Transubstantiation of the bread and wine at the Mass lacks Scriptural support and is false.
Wycliffe, who condemned the corrupt Papacy (headquartered at Avignon, France, not at Rome), under the influence of the French monarchy, had to retire from Oxford in 1381. There was no Inquisition for him, but authorities had scapegoated him for the Peasants' Revolt that year and forced him out of office. In the next century, however, on Papal orders, officials exhumed his bones and burned them. Wycliffe was officially a heretic.
Yet ecclesiastical authorities failed at killing Wycliffe's ideas, which Jan Hus and Martin Luther credited as influences. Then there were the Lollards, an English group which expanded upon Wycliffe's theology. They sounded very much like Protestants (a word which did not exist until 1539) for they rejected the entire Roman Catholic sacramental system and refuted the doctrine of Purgatory. The Lollards, composed mostly of artisans and merchants, were a theological minority group. They, like many other minorities over time, were quite unpopular.
Above: My "Heretic" Shirt, Draped Over a Desk Chair
Image Source = Kenneth Randolph Taylor
Jan (Anglicized as John) Hus (1372-1415), a Bohemian (Czech) priest and scholar of peasant origin, read and translated works of John Wycliffe and Lollards. Hus, from 1401 the Dean of the philosophy faculty at the University of Prague, lived during the Great Schism of the Papacy (1378-1417), when more than one man claimed the Papal office simultaneously. The Roman line was:
Urban VI (r. 1378-1389),
Boniface IX (r. 1389-1404),
Innocent VII (r. 1404-1406), and
Gregory XII (r. 1406-1417).
The Avignon line, officially Antipapal after the fact, consisted of:
Clement VII (r. 1378-1394) and
Benedict XIII (r. 1394-1417).
There was a third line, also officially Antipapal after the fact. The Council of Pisa (1409) deposed (or claimed to depose) Gregory XII and Benedict XIII (both of whom remained in office anyway) and created the line of Council Popes:
Alexander V (r. 1409-1410) and
John XXIII (r. 1410-1415), whom I hope nobody will confuse with "Good Pope John" XXIII (r. 1958-1963), a great and holy man.
The Council of Constance deposed Gregory XII and Benedict XIII (for real this time) as well as the first John XXIII, replacing them with Martin V (r. 1423-1431). There remained unfinished business from the Great Schism, however, for there was one Clement VIII (r. 1423-1429), who reconciled with Rome and spent his last years as the Bishop of Majorca. And there was one Benedict XIV (r. 1425-?), who disappeared from history. The Papacy was, however, back in Rome without serious question of that fact.
During the Great Schism of the Papacy the kingdoms, empires, and principalities of Europe lined up in support of one Papal claimant or another, creating a mess which did not cover the Roman Catholic Church in glory. This was a theological question of the utmost importance for many people, for many people thought that following the wrong Pontiff might lead them to damnation. Meanwhile, the list of Roman Catholic martyrs become longer and questions regarding ecclesiastical authority became more widespread.
Hus, who made the University of Prague a hotbed of Wycliffian and Lollard thought, ran afoul of the Council Popes. Alexander V forbade Hus from preaching and ordered the Archbishop of Prague to burn copies of Wycliffe's books. Hus remained defiant. The first John XXIII excommunicated Hus fully and an interdict on his followers. Hus remained defiant. The Church, on the authority of the Council of Constance, burned copies of his writings and the man himself on July 6, 1415. Among the forty-seven charges of heresy were denying Papal infallibility, supporting the right of priests to marry, and condemning indulgences.
Jan Hus was dead, but his ideas and those he found and spread abroad remained alive. They continue to live, of course. And the Moravian and Episcopal Churches observe the feast of Jan Hus on July 6.
The Hussite Wars and Their Aftermath
Among the strengths of Roman Catholicism is centralized authority (except during the Great Schism of the Papacy, of course). This facilitates abuses (such as the Inquisitions) sometimes, but does provide for order. Such order was sorely lacking in the nascent Hussite movement immediately after the martyrdom of Jan Hus, hence the Hussite Wars (1420-1431) and subsequent violence. Related to theological disputes was the politics of monarchy in Bohemia, a thicket in which I refuse to become lost in this post. Another thicket I choose to avoid is the complexity of Hussite factionalism during those early decades. The two major factions, however, were the Calixtines/Utraquists and the Taborites.
Terms such as "radical," "revolutionary," "liberal," "conservative," and "reactionary" are inherently relative to the center, wherever that is in any given context. So I hope that you, O reader, will understand what I mean when I write that the Calixtines/Utraquists were revolutionaries and radicals, for they were Hussites in mostly Roman Catholic Europe, but they were, by the standards of other Hussites, conservatives. They, based out of the University of Prague, considered partaking of the Holy Eucharist crucial to salvation. The sacrament, they insisted, must be in both kinds–bread and wine–as opposed to the traditional practice of giving the laity bread alone. The Calixtines/Utraquists also favored civil courts alone, meaning the abolition of special eccleasiastical courts for the clergy. And they opposed political activity by members of the clergy. The Calixtines/Utraquists, with aristocratic support, were the established Hussite faction. Many of them, being relatively conservative in their political-religious milieu, returned to Holy Mother Church.
In contrast were the Taborites. They borrowed a page from Acts of the Apostles 4:32-37 and lived communally, without private property. They were closer to the Lollards than to the Calixtines/Utraquists, rejecting the Roman Catholic sacramental system, accepting only two sacraments, and embracing iconoclasm (in its original meaning). The Taborites also rejected "worldly amusements" and called for violence against aristocrats, such as those who supported the Calixtines/Utraquists. Many of the Taborites expected Jesus to return in 1420. That prediction proved as inaccurate as did all other prognostications of dates for the Second Coming.
The Adamites split off from the Taborites. The Adamites not only committed violence against people (such as Roman Catholics) who disagreed with them, but considered themselves the elect of God. And they practiced nudism and considered marriage sinful. One goal of the Adamites was to return to the pre-Fall Edenic state of human innocence. They failed, and Taborites all but exterminated the sect in 1421.
Violence between the Calixtines/Utraquists and the Taborites continued for years, even after the official end of the Hussite Wars. It was literally a bloody mess.
III. THE ANCIENT UNITY/BOHEMIAN BRETHREN AND THE HIDDEN SEED (1457-1722)
Gregory the Patriarch
The official date of the founding of the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) from the ashes of the Hussite Wars is, according to official hymnals and calendars, March 1, 1457. J. E. Hutton, in a footnote in his History of the Moravian Church (1909), argued that this date is arbitrary and "only a pious imagination." He continued:
We are not quite sure of he year, not to speak of the month. If the Moravian Church must have a birthday, March 1st, 1457, will do as well as any other; but the truth is that on this point precise evidence has not yet been discovered.
Regardless of the state of discoveries in Moravian history since 1909, one does find a consensus regarding the identity of the founder of the Unitas Fratrum. He was Gregory the Patriarch (circa 1420-1473), nephew of John Rockycana, the Calixtine/Ultaquist Archbishop-Elect of Prague since 1448. Gregory, a former monk and the son of a knight, found Peter of Chelcic (circa 1390-circa 1460), a Taborite preacher, influential. Thus the Unitas Fratrum emerged from the mixing of Calixtine/Ultaquist and Taborite influences. Strong Wycliffian and communal strands came via the Taborite influences, but the initial settlement in the Kunwald Valley had support from King George Podiebrad and Rockycana, who interceded on behalf of the Moravians with the monarch.
Thus, O reader, we find an early example of the willingness to disagree on much while maintaining unity. This is one of the best aspects of the Moravian Church. As a traditional motto of the Unitas Fratrum older than that denomination says:
In essentials unity; in non-essentials, liberty; and in all things, love.
Moravians have disagreed about what is essential, but their denomination has traditionally been one of the more tolerant Christian bodies. Thus they have been fine witnesses for Christ amid the notoriously fractious and schismatic branch of Christianity called Protestantism. Many of these schisms have occurred for legalistic reasons. Just over a century old, for example, is the Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma), which formed in protest against perceived liberalism in the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana). That alleged liberalism consisted of deciding that men wearing neckties to church were not violating Biblical standards. Neckties remained ungodly in the Guthrie denomination.
The Ancient Unity created its ministerial orders–the priesthood and the episcopate–in 1467. The present Moravian bishops stand in succession with the earliest bishops of the Unitas Fratrum.
Luke of Prague
Among the most influential bishops of the Ancient Unity was Luke of Prague (circa 1458-1528), who joined the Bohemian Brethren in 1481. He was the young Church's most influential theologian and writer, especially of hymns. And what else are hymns but sung theology, especially for a denomination for which congregational singing is a hallmark? Luke might have been one of the editors of the Czech hymnal of 1501, the first Protestant hymnbook. Information about this volume of eighty-nine hymns is sketchy, for no known copy of the book exists. We do know, however, that Luke edited the Czech hymnal of 1505, the first proper Moravian hymnbook. Again, no known copy survives, but sources indicate that it contained about 400 hymns. And Luke edited the Czech hymnal of 1519, of which no known copies survive. (I detect an unfortunate pattern regarding the lack of availability of primary sources.) This volume contained Roman Catholic texts translated into Czech, indicating the editor's receptiveness to the best of that tradition at the dawn of the Protestant Reformation.
Various Hymnals
The lineage of Moravian hymnals continued after Luke's death:
The first German-language hymnbook of the Brethren debuted in 1531. Michael Weisse, the editor, provided a book of 157 hymns with tunes. (In fact, all of the early Moravian hymnals, starting with that of 1505, contained words and music.) Weisse, however, included hymns with a Eucharistic theology which rejected the real presence of Christ and favored the Zwinglian position of a purely symbolic act. Thus, in 1544, Jan Roh (Anglicized as John Horn) (circa 1485/90-1547) revised this hymnal, replacing certain texts and changing the Eucharistic theology to indicate the real presence. Three known copies of the 1544 hymnal remain. Roh/Horn was qualified to evaluate theology, for he had worked on the official Moravian confession of faith in 1532 and 1535 and, like Luke of Prague before him, engaged in theological dialogue with Martin Luther.
Roh/Horn had also edited the 1541 Czech hymnal, a revision of the 1501 hymnbook, of which no known copies exist.
There were also Polish-language hymnals before the Polish Brethren merged with the Polish Lutherans in 1570. The first hymnbook was that of 1554. The second, revised and enlarged from the first, debuted in 1569.
Jan Blahoslav (1523-1571), a bishop from 1557, wrote Musica (1558), a book about how to sing hymns properly. Three years later he finished editing the Czech hymnal of 1561, which contained 761 texts and more than 450 melodies.
Kirchengesang, the German-language Moravian hymnal of 1561, contained 348 hymns plus an appendix of 108 Lutheran hymns. This volume was as much about politics as it was about theology in a setting in which the separation of church and state was a novel idea. This book, reprinted in 1580, remained in print in the subsequent editions of 1606, 1639, 1661, and 1694.
Religious persecution had been a reality for the Moravian Church since 1461. By the early 1600s, however, the situation had become dire. Evidence of this comes via the Czech hymnal of 1618, some copies of which survive. The annotator, whose job was to identify the authors of texts, stopped by the middle of the volume. His fate remains a mystery, but one might surmise reasonably that it had something to do with the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). After the Protestant defeat in the Battle of White Mountain (1620), Roman Catholic forces drove the Moravian Church underground, seized Moravian church buildings, and nearly extinguished the Brethren. Yet a "hidden seed" survived for about a century.
John Amos Comenius
The Moravian Church weathered a severe storm for about a century. One reason for its survival was Jan Amos Komensky (Anglicized as John Amos Comenius) (1592-1670), a bishop who wrote a history of the Unitas Fratrum, reprinted the catechism and the confession of faith, maintained the continuity of the episcopate, and spent two periods in exile. His written legacy proved crucial to maintaining the Church. Indeed, in the 1720s, when Moravian fortunes were brighter, the faithful depended greatly on the works of this great man. And, at that time, there was still an episcopal line because had passed the torch before he died.
Comenius, whom contemporaries recognized as an expert and pioneer in the field of education, edited the last Czech hymnal (that of 1659) of the Brethren. He did this in exile in Amsterdam and designed the volume accordingly, for it was sufficiently small to fit inside a pocket.
Comenius had done much to preserve the hidden seed of the Moravian Church. The work of facilitating its renewal fell to another man.
IV. HERRNHUT AND THE RENEWED UNITAS FRATRUM (1722-1734)
Count Zinzendorf and the Renewal
That man was Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700-1760), who owned a large estate at Berthelsforf, inside the current borders of the Federal Republic of Germany. Zinzendorf, a Lutheran, proved to be the most influential figure in the Unitas Fratrum in the 1700s. Not only did he provide a safe haven for Moravians at his estate (starting in 1722), but he, a Lutheran minister from 1735 and a Moravian bishop from 1737, wrote sermons, Bible commentaries, and more than 2000 hymns.
Moravian exiles formed a village, Herrnhut ("the watch of the Lord") on Zinzendorf's estate in 1722. For five years substantial differences among the Brethren remained, but the Count formulated the "Brotherly Agreement," which the Moravians adopted on May 12, 1727, to settle these disagreements. Three months later, at a Wednesday service in preparation for the Holy Communion at Herrnhut, the congregation found a sense of unity. The date was August 13, 1727, the official date of the founding of the Renewed Unitas Fratrum. The event, according to Zinzendorf, was the Moravian Pentecost.
Developments in Worship
Moravians developed liturgical practices in the safe environment of Herrnhut:
Among the oldest Moravian forms is the Church Litany, based on a text which Martin Luther wrote, in turn based on a Roman Catholic litany. The rather lengthy Church Litany constitutes the basis of a separate, non-preaching service. Baptisms and ordinations are among the optional elements one might plug into it.
Moravians have used the Daily Texts since 1728. These function well as either congregational or individual devotions. They draw from the Bible and hymns, for hymns function prominently in Moravian theology. Lutherans emphasize their core doctrines in written confessions of faith, such as those in the Book of Concord. But the Moravians, who have original and secondhand confessions of faith (even from the Lutherans), use hymns to emphasize core doctrines more than Lutherans do. One may purchase each year's copy of the Daily Texts from Moravian provincial publishing houses and read each day's Daily Texts at official websites, such as this one. Related to the Daily Texts are the watchwords, which also started in 1728.
The now-traditional baptismal service dates to 1730.
The now-traditional Communion service dates to 1731.
The now-traditional Easter dawn service dates to 1732.
The now-traditional Watchnight service for New Year's Eve dates to 1733.
Other traditional Moravian services came later.
Early Missions
Moravian missions began in 1732. (The Moravian Church Desk Calendar and Plan Book 2014 lists August 21 as the anniversary of that event.) The mission to St. Thomas started in 1732. The Greenland mission followed on January 19, 1733. And the missions to the mainlands of South America (at Suriname) and North America (at Georgia) began in 1735. Thus Part II of this series will begin with 1735.
Ecumenism has long been one of my priorities. Yes, I have staked out my ground (generally socially and theologically liberal yet somewhat liturgically conservative, consistent with much of early Anglican Catholicism), but I do not pretend or presume that everyone ought to be like me. I have opinions, by which I stand, but Christian traditions other than my own enrich my spiritual life. The best of Moravianism overlaps significantly with the best of my adopted Anglicanism; collegiality is a shared value.
I have, from time to time in this post, made some critical comments also. I hope that my readers will have sufficiently thick skins to accept without offense the objective reality of shameful periods in church history (many of which the Roman Catholic Church and other denominations have acknowledged frankly, to their credit) as well as the existence of differing opinions. The truth is that I like both the Roman Catholic Church and the Moravian Church:
Rome is Holy Mother Church; I respect her while admitting my disagreements with her. And the Vatican has admitted and apologized for shameful periods of church history, such as the Crusades and the Inquisitions. It has even rehabilitated Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), whose alleged heresy was stating that the Earth revolves around the Sun, thereby calling into question centuries of bad theology predicated upon an erroneous understanding of the solar system. He also placed the words of the Pope in the mouth of a blathering idiot in the Dialogues, an impolitic action. And, at the time, many Protestant leaders were as dubious of the Copernicus-Galileo hypothesis as Rome was. Pope Francis has done much to bring glory to the name of Christ; may the Holy Father continue to succeed in that effort. His Papacy is possibly the best thing to happen to the Roman Catholic Church and the rest of Christianity in a long time, despite much persistent anti-Roman Catholic bias in the right and left wings of Protestantism.
The Moravians do not constitute an ecclesiastical presence in my vicinity, so geography is one factor which keeps me separate from them. Certain theological differences would have the same effect if geography were not an issue, however. Nevertheless, the Moravians, I am convinced, have contributed much that is positive to the Universal Church and continue to do so. The world is a better place due to their presence.
During much of the researching and drafting of this post I played (again and again) a compact disc of early American Moravian music to get into the proper intellectual and cultural context. It is lovely music with a distinctly European classical sound–just the kind of genre I like. So, if you are interested, O reader, I encourage you to seek out by means both legal and ethical Lost Music of Early America: Music of the Moravians (1998), by the Boston Baroque, Martin Pearlman, Director. The number is Telarc CD-80482.
Until Part II, O reader….
THE FEAST OF SAINTS MARY AND MARTHA OF BETHANY, FRIENDS OF JESUS
Ackroyd, Peter. Foundation: A History of England from Its Earliest Beginnings to the Tudors. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 2011.
Cantor, Norman F. In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made. New York: The Free Press, 2001. Reprint, paperback, 2002.
Cary, Phillip. The History of Christian Theology Course Guidebook. Chantilly, VA: The Teaching Company, 2008.
Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. New York, NY: Church Publishing, 2010.
Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church. Bethlehem, PA: Moravian Church in America, 1969.
Hutton, J. E. A History of the Moravian Church. London, England: Moravian Publication Office, 1909. Reprint.
Kelly, J. N. D. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Metzger, Bruce M., and Roland E. Murphy, eds. The New Oxford English Bible with the Apocrypahal/Deuterocanonical Books–New Revised Standard Version. College Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Moravian Book of Worship. Bethlehem, PA: Moravian Church in America, 1995.
Moravian Church Desk Calendar and Plan Book 2014. Bethlehem, PA: Interprovincial Board of Communications, 2013.
Moynihan, Brian. The Faith: A History of Christianity. New York, NY: Doubleday, 2002.
Stearns, Peter N., ed. The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Chronologically Arranged. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.
Posted July 29, 2014 by neatnik2009 in Acts of the Apostles 4, Episcopal Diocese of Georgia, Moravian (General)
Tagged with Adamites, Ancient Unity, August Hermann Franke, Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy, Bohemian Brethren, Calixtines, Christ Episcopal Church Valdosta Georgia, Church Litany, Church of God (Anderson Indiana), Church of God (Guthrie Oklahoma), Council of Constance, Galileo Galilei, Great Schism of the Papacy, Gregory the Patriarch, Herrnhut, Hidden Seed, Hussite Wars, Hymnal and Liturgies of the Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) (1923), Iconoclasm, Jan Amos Komensky, Jan Blahoslav, Jan Hus, Jan Roh, John Amos Comenius, John Horn, John Hus, John Rockycana, John Wycliffe, Legalism, Lollards, Luke of Prague, Martin Luther, Michael Weisse, Peter Ingeman, Peter of Chelcic, Philipp Jakob Spener, Pietism, Pope Francis, Renewed Unitas Fratrum, Taborites, Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Ulrich Zwingli, Unitas Fratrum, Utraquists


text:
Delegation of the European Union to Russia
https://twitter.com/EUinRussia
https://www.flickr.com/photos/euinrussia/
https://www.facebook.com/EUinRussia
EEAS homepage > Russia > Search
Press Material, News
Regions Central Asia (71) Middle East & North Africa (MENA) (82) Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) (56)
Countries Afghanistan (63) Albania (58) Algeria (58) Angola (59) Antigua and Barbuda (58) Argentina (58) Armenia (61) Australia (59) Azerbaijan (60) Bahamas (58) Bahrain (57) Bangladesh (60) Barbados (58) Belarus (67) Belize (58) Benin (59) Bermuda (44) Bhutan (59) Bolivia (59) Bosnia and Herzegovina (49) Botswana (59) Brazil (58) Brunei Darussalam (60) Burkina Faso (59) Burundi (59) Cabo Verde (58) Cambodia (59) Cameroon (59) Canada (58) Central African Republic (59) Chile (58) China (64) Colombia (58) Comoros (59) Congo (Brazzaville) (59) Cook Islands (59) Costa Rica (58) Cuba (58) Côte d'Ivoire (59) DR Congo (Kinshasa) (59) Djibouti (59) Dominica (58) Dominican Republic (58) Ecuador (58) Egypt (60) El Salvador (59) Equatorial Guinea (59) Eritrea (60) Eswatini (59) Ethiopia (59) Faroe Islands (10) Fiji (59) Gabon (60) Gambia (59) Georgia (68) Ghana (59) Grenada (58) Guatemala (58) Guinea (59) Guinea-Bissau (59) Guyana (58) Haiti (58) Honduras (58) Hong Kong (60) Iceland (58) India (62) Indonesia (61) Iran (64) Iraq (61) Israel (63) Jamaica (58) Japan (68) Jordan (59) Kazakhstan (67) Kenya (59) Kiribati (59) Kosovo* (61) Kuwait (57) Kyrgyz Republic (69) Lao PDR (59) Lebanon (58) Lesotho (59) Liberia (59) Libya (70) Macao (60) Madagascar (59) Malawi (59) Malaysia (60) Maldives (59) Mali (59) Marshall Islands (59) Mauritania (59) Mauritius (59) Mayotte (59) Mexico (58) Micronesia (59) Moldova (61) Mongolia (59) Montenegro (49) Morocco (60) Mozambique (59) Myanmar (Burma) (59) Namibia (59) Nauru (59) Nepal (59) New Zealand (59) Nicaragua (57) Niger (61) Nigeria (59) Niue (59) Norway (60) Oman (57) Pakistan (60) Palau (59) Palestine (*) - Occupied Palestinian Territory, West Bank and Gaza Strip (59) Panama (58) Papua New Guinea (59) Paraguay (58) Peru (58) Philippines (59) Qatar (57) Republic of North Macedonia (60) Rwanda (58) Saint-Kitts and Nevis (58) Saint-Lucia (58) Samoa (59) Sao Tome and Principe (59) Saudi Arabia (58) Senegal (59) Serbia (60) Seychelles (59) Sierra Leone (58) Singapore (59) Solomon Islands (32) Somalia (59) South Africa (60) South Korea (59) South Sudan (59) Sri Lanka (59) Sudan (59) Suriname (58) Switzerland (59) Syria (75) Taiwan (59) Tajikistan (68) Tanzania (59) Tchad (60) Thailand (59) Timor-Leste (59) Togo (59) Tonga (59) Trinidad and Tobago (57) Tunisia (59) Turkey (65) Turkmenistan (67) Tuvalu (59) Uganda (59) Ukraine (111) United Arab Emirates (57) United Kingdom (2) United States of America (70) Uruguay (58) Uzbekistan (67) Vanuatu (52) Vatican City and the Holy See (49) Venezuela (60) Vietnam (59) Yemen (59) Zambia (59) Zimbabwe (59)
Topics Black Sea Synergy (1) Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP) (9) Conflict Prevention, Peace building and Mediation (4) Counter-Terrorism (4) Countering disinformation (1) Crisis Response (3) Culture (2) Disarmament, Non-Proliferation, and Arms Export Control (7) EU International Cyberspace Policy (1) EU enlargement (1) EU information in Russian (100) Eastern Partnership (1) Education (1) Human Rights & Democracy (67) Humanitarian & Emergency Response (5) Middle East Peace Process (2) Multilateral Relations (6) Refugee protection & Migration (9) Sanctions policy (8) The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) (3) Trade (1) Water Diplomacy (1)
Organisations African Union (AU) (12) African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) (4) Andean Community (3) Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) (3) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (15) Central American Integration System (SICA) (3) Common market for eastern and southern Africa (COMESA) (5) Communauté Économique des États de l'Afrique Central (CEEAC) (3) Council of Europe (12) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (3) European Economic Area (EEA) (3) Foreign Affairs Council (9) Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (6) Indian Ocean Commission (3) Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) (3) League of Arab States (LAS) (6) Order of Malta (4) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (3) Organisation for Security&Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (13) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) (3) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) (3) South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) (3) Southern African Development Community (SADC) (4) UN Geneva (24) UN New York (26) UNESCO (9) Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) (4) World Trade Organization (WTO) (7)
Select... #EU4HumanRights (1) EUROPEAN PEACE FACILITY (1) Peace (1) World Humanitarian Day (1)
Editorial team... (2) EEAS Press Team (232) Press and information team of the Delegation to RUSSIA (214) Press and information team of the Delegation to TAJIKISTAN (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to the UN in Geneva (1) Strategic Communications (23)
Post date... 2014 (7) 2015 (38) 2016 (52) 2017 (118) 2018 (137) 2019 (120) 2020 (1)
Russia: EU prolongs economic sanctions by six months
The measures target the financial, energy and defence sectors, and the area of dual-use goods. They were originally introduced on 31 July 2014 for one year in response to Russia's actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine and strengthened in September 2014.
Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the occasion of the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture, 26 June 2019
Languages: Русский press Category: Statements on behalf of the EU Regions: Africa Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Comoros Congo (Brazzaville) Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti DR Congo (Kinshasa) Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon
Illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol: EU extends sanctions by one year
On 20 June 2019, the Council prolonged the restrictive measures introduced in response to the illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia until 23 June 2020.
Author: Press and information team of the Delegation to RUSSIA - Publication date: 20/06/2019
Joint Statement by the European Commission and the High Representative on the occasion of World Refugee Day, 20 June 2019
Statement by EU High Representative Federica Mogherini, and UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Pramila Patten, on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict
Joint Statement by EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Federica Mogherini, and UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Pramila Patten, on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict
Central Asia: Council adopts a new EU strategy for the region
On 17 June 2019, the Council adopted conclusions on a new EU strategy on Central Asia, adapting the EU policy to new opportunities which have emerged in the region.
Statement by the Spokesperson on the occasion of the International Albinism Awareness Day, 13 June
The International Green Documentary ECOCUP Film Festival is coming to Sochi!
The ECOCUP festival will be showing some of the best green documentaries in Sochi cinemas on 5-6 June and holding a number of discussions on environmental topics.
2nd edition of the ECOCUP Green Talks: renewable energy and sustainable development
The 2nd edition of the ECOCUP Green Talks will be held from 30 May to 3 June, 2019, in Moscow. They are organised by the ECOCUP International Green Documentary Film Festival, together with the EU Delegation to Russia, the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Russia, the U.S. Embassy, the Australian Embassy
The EU and the countries of Central Asia and Afghanistan hold High-level Political and Security Dialogue
14/1, Kadashevskaya embankment
Moscow, 119017, Russian Federation
Tel.: +7 (495) 721 20 00
Delegation-Russia@eeas.europa.eu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Join other businesses in a friendly competition to end childhood hunger!
Helena Food Share will make a Kid Pack presentation to staff of participating businesses and encourage employees to make a financial contribution to the program.
Participating businesses will make a minimum contribution of $1,000 to the Kid Pack Program, but are encouraged to match employee donations.
Businesses are invited to challenge another business to a Kid Pack Build Race. Who can build 1,000 packs the fastest?


text:
Written by	Kaihan Krippendorff
To Better Understand Innovation, Measure the Right Things
After four years of research into innovation success, I have come to firmly believe that most innovation research is measuring the wrong thing … or at least is overlooking a critical unit of measure: the employee. To better understand how innovation occurs and how it can be sustained, we should be looking at the habits, characteristics, patterns of behavior, tools, and… Read more...
Written by	Alex Yakubovich
3 Ways a CPO Can Transform a Business
To be successful in today's global economy, companies must ensure that financial resources are directed… Read more...
Written by	Scott Koegler
We Won't Get Fooled Again - The Replacement of EDI
The economics of EDI are closely connected with the politics of the supply chain. What… Read more...
Here's What The US Congress Is Working On To Protect The Supply Chain
Priming Your Business
Measuring Supply Chain Performance
4 Ways to Create a Place Where Everyone Wants to Work
Did You Forget Your Cloud Security Must Be GDPR Compliant Too?
It's time for 2019 predictions
US Feds Want Supply Chain Infrastructure Security
In the current connected world, the supply chain faces a wide range of threats, both physical and cyber. The two have different implications for organizations. While physical threats can be more obvious and blatant in supply chains, cybersecurity threats are less noticeable and highly unpredictable and as such, they can cause massive damage to an organization. Think of terrorists attacking… Read more...
Down the Aisles - Digitally
Retail drives a big portion of the EDI traffic along… Read more...
IBM on Two Fronts
IBM has made two big announcement recently. One is a… Read more...
Supply Chain Start-Up Shipium's Software Enables Retailers to Offer Fast and Reliable Shipping
Declining Prices of IoT Sensors Is Extending Penetration Farther into Manufacturing Processes
Mix Technologies and People to Maximize Your Supply Chain Efforts
AI Increases Supply Chain Visibility
How Conversational AI Will Transform Retail Customer Service
How Blockchain is Will Be Used in the Supply Chain
Written by	J.J. Delgado
How A Hybrid Model Can Help Retailers Survive The Online-Shopping Trend
With shoppers finding much of what they want online, the future of the brick-and-mortar store can seem bleak. Such major retailers as J.C. Penney, Lowe's, Gap and Family Dollar, among many others, have announced plans to close at least some stores across the United States this year. Read more...
With shoppers finding much of what they want online, the future of the brick-and-mortar store… Read more...
How adding AI to the supply chain can improve results
In the past decade, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has come out as something that people use… Read more...
Go With The Flow: Streamlining Your Supply Chain Flow with AI
What's Cloud Got To Do With It?
We were the machines
Is Blockchain the Answer… to Everything Supply Chain?
Will Digital Tech Save Your Supply Chain?
EU/UK
Insourcing and the Supply Chain
Estimated reading time: 6 minutes, 41 seconds
Tuesday, Apr 02 2013
Written by Ken Kinlock
We all know what Outsourcing is, but now a new trend is popping up: Insourcing. The definition of insourcing is simple but the ramifications are complex.
We recently wrote about agile manufacturing and used an example of General Electric's historic Appliance Park in Louisville, Kentucky — a plant that was on the verge of shutting down just four years ago. They are "re-shoreing" electric water heaters and when you look at the total system costs (including the supply chain), they will be cheaper than "made in China".
Charles Fishman, writing in The Atlantic, has expanded on the Louisville story and the whole phenomenon of manufacturing business returning to the United States.
New Products from Louisville. The six giant buildings are not as full as they were forty years ago with 23,000 employees, but there are several exciting projects that show the decline has ended and employment is finally turning the corner. The water heaters are the first new assembly line at Appliance Park in 55 years. Add in a second new assembly line to make new high-tech side-by-side door refrigerators which for years has been made in Mexico. Then an assembly line is under construction to make a new stainless-steel dishwasher. Next an assembly line to make front-loading washers and matching dryers which were never before made in the United States. Add in a new plastics-manufacturing facility to make parts for these appliances too.
General Electric leader speaks out. In the midst of this revival, GE president Jeffery Immelt made a startling point. He declared that outsourcing is "quickly becoming mostly outdated as a business model for GE Appliances." Just four years after he tried to sell Appliance Park, believing it to be a relic of the past; now he's spending some $800 million to bring the place back to life. "I don't do that because I run a charity," he said. "I do that because I think we can do it here and make more money."
What has happened to the logic of the global economy that said you "couldn't manufacture much besides a fast-food hamburger in the United States"? Now the CEO of America's leading industrial manufacturing company says it's not Appliance Park that's obsolete—it's offshoring that is. So now it is cool to make not just dishwashers in Appliance Park, but dishwasher racks as well.
Changes since 1990's and the labor scene. By the late 1990s, low-wage Chinese workers had by then flooded the global marketplace and a typical Chinese factory worker made 52 cents an hour. Take a look at America's manufacturing jobs data. They peaked in 1979 at 19.6 million. They drifted down slowly for the next 20 years, but since 2000, the bottom fell out. Yet what's happening at GE, and elsewhere in American manufacturing, tells a different and more optimistic story.
One key difference between the U.S. economy today and that of 15 or 20 years ago is the labor environment—not just wages in factories, but the degree of flexibility displayed by unions and workers. Have unions lost their power? Maybe? But management, aware of offshoring's perils, is also trying to create a different (and better) factory environment. Hourly employees increasingly participate in workplace decision making in ways that are more like what you find in white-collar technology companies. American labor unions are changing their priorities. U.S. labor productivity has increased so much that labor costs have become a smaller and smaller proportion of the total cost of finished goods.
But other things were happening in the global economy too: (1) Oil prices are three times what they were in 2000, making cargo-ship fuel much more expensive now than it was then; (2) Increased natural-gas drilling in the U.S. has lowered the cost of running factories. Natural gas now costs four times as much in Asia as it does in the U.S.; (3) In dollars, wages in China are some five times what they were in 2000—and they are expected to keep rising 18 percent a year.
How to make a water heater. But a different problem emerged. GE hadn't made a water heater in the United States in decades. It forgot how to actually make them! When outsourcing began companies knew how, but products changed, technologies changed, maybe even factories changed. The gap between designers and assemblers grew. When Louisville was evaluating insourcing, the water heater was so hard to assemble that no one on the design team wanted to even make it, so they redesigned it and cut assembly time from 10 hours in China to two hours in Louisville. On the way from the cheap Chinese factory to the expensive Kentucky factory, the material cost went down. The labor required to make it went down. The quality went up. Even the energy efficiency went up. GE wasn't just able to hold the retail sticker to the "China price." It beat that price by nearly 20 percent. Time-to-market has gotten better too.
The pace of product design. Used to be the design of a new range or refrigerator was assumed to last seven years. Now, its two or three years. The electronics innovation has hit most consumer categories.
Factories take a while to acclimate to a new product or a new design. But models that have a run of only a couple years become outdated just as the assembly line starts to hum. That, too, makes using remote factories challenging, even if they are cheap.
The addition of high-tech components to everyday items makes production more complicated, and that means U.S. production is more attractive, not just because manufacturers now have more proprietary technology to protect, but because American workers are more skilled, on average, than their Chinese counterparts. The short leap from one product generation to the next makes collaboration among engineers, marketers, and factory workers critical.
Lean manufacturing takes hold. In "lean" manufacturing techniques, everyone has a say in improving the way work gets done and waste is cut out. It requires an open and self-critical mind-set among workers, engineers and managers.
In the simplest terms, an assembly line is a way of putting parts together to make a product; lean production is a way of putting the assembly line itself together so the work is as easy and efficient as possible. GE got their feet wet by putting together a group that included hourly employees and told it to completely reimagine dishwasher assembly. The group was given this crucial guarantee: regardless of the efficiencies it created, "no one will lose their job because of lean". So the dishwasher team remade its own assembly line. It eliminated 35 percent of the labor. GE is rediscovering that how you run the factory is technology which is really a laboratory—and worth more to the bottom line than the cost savings of cheap labor in someone else's factory.
Make or buy? Appliance Park once used its thousands of workers to make almost every part of every appliance; today, every component GE decides to make in Louisville returns home only after a careful calculation that balances quality, cost, skills, and speed. Appliance Park wants to make its own dishwasher racks, because it can, and because the rack is an important part of the dishwasher experience for customers. But Appliance Park will likely never again make its own compressors or motors, nor is it going to build a microchip-etching facility. Still great opportunities for suppliers. A plastics systems supplier just built a new plant 20 minutes away. What happened to the dishwasher workers (in the last paragraph) who were no longer needed for dishwasher assembly? Another team was asked to pick a dishwasher part they thought Appliance Park should, once again, be making itself. The team picked the top panel of the door. Bringing jobs back to Appliance Park solves a problem. It is sparking a wave of fresh innovation in GE's appliances—every major appliance line has been redesigned or will be in the next two years—and the experience of "big room" redesign, involving a whole team, is itself inspiring further, faster advances.	Last modified on Monday, 08 April 2013
logistics,
lean manufacturing,
agile technology,
techdinamics,
More in this category: « Biggest Supply Chain Management Problems	Supply Chain To Supply Circle »
Ken Kinlock
Latest from Ken Kinlock
Managing Your Supply Chain
What is an XPL?
Fix That Supply Chain With Logistics Updates
Dropshipping and Drones – Today vs. Tomorrow
Difference Between Outsourcing and Managed Services
How is EDI Working, Pam Setser?
Constructive Disruptiveness In The Supply Chain
The EDI Mandate Letter
What is my Supply Chain
Supporting Personalized and Customized Products
EDI Service Providers List
EDI Software and Services Providers / EDI Directory This table…
Written by	Ken Kinlock
Getting Started With Supplier Risk Management
Businesses must put more effort into pre-planning for business interruption…
Supply Chain Control Towers
A new term is appearing in the supply chain arena:…
Retail drives a big portion of the EDI traffic along…
SCTN
Visit other PMG Sites:
Copyright © 2020 Supply Chain Technology News. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Com-Game Bugs
Movies Bugs
Art Bugs
TREND BUGS
Info Bugs
Home History	Raja Maharana Pratap Singh – The Legendary king of Mewar
Raja Maharana Pratap Singh – The Legendary king of Mewar
written by Website Manager April 21, 2019
Maharana Pratap or Pratap Singh was the ruler of Mewar. A region in north-western India in the present day state of Rajasthan.
History is full with stories of courage and honour about leaders those who were rich of material resources, but it's rare to find a leader like Maharana Pratap and his loyal followers who had only hardships to offer. The name "Maharana Pratap" has always been held in great honour and respect. Maharana Pratap has always been projected as the premier of patriotism, freedom and independence.
Here are the Wars that Maharana Pratap Fought
The First Battle Against the Vagadiya Chouhans
Maharana Pratap started his career as a warrior by repressing the Vagadiya Chauhans. The battle took place at the banks of River Som . The battle was won by Maharana Pratap and Karansi, the close relative of Rana Sanwaldas was killed in the battle. This victory of Pratap not only rose Pratap to fame but also brought majority of the Vagad area in Mewar.
Defeating the Rathors
Maharana Pratap's coronation was not easy and effortless despite being the elder son of his father Udai Singh II. However, his noblemen made sure that he becomes the King and not Jagamal, his brother from another mother who according to the will of Udai Singh II had claim to be the next heir and Maharana of Mewar.
Nevertheless, Pratap became the Maharana and soon defeated the Rathors and acquired the Chappan region of Marwar. This was his first battle after he became the Maharana.
Re-Capturing Gogunda
Gogunda and Kumbhalmer were the two main centers from where Pratap ruled the Mewar region. While, many of the rulers submitted themselves to Akbar, Pratap did not in spite of regular persuasion from Raja Man Singh, Raja Bhagwandas and even Raja Todar Mal. This led to the battle of Haldighati in June 1576, and then the capture of Gogunda by the Mughal troops.
While staying in the fort of Kumbhagarh, Maharana Pratap entered Gogunda through a small village Kolyari and recaptured it by forcing the Mughals to flee from his place. Mandana Kumpawat was then positioned there for Gogunda's protection.
Re-Capture of Diwer
After Shah Baz Khan captured Kumbhalgarh fort, Gogunda and Udaipur all over again, Maharana Pratap with the financial support of Bhama Shah tropped towards the Chappan mountains from Banswara. This area was under the control of Sultan Khan from the Mughal army.
The Great War of Haldighati
The historic Battle of Haldighati, took place in the year 1576 AD between Rana Pratap Singh, the great Hindu Rajput ruler of Mewar in Rajasthan and Raja Man Singh of Amber, the great general of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. This battle is considered as one of the most significant events in the history of the Rajputs, and this battle was also one of the shortest battles in Indian history, which lasted for only 4 hours. Today, the Haldighati pass, in which the battle took place, stands as a tourist spot, with great memoirs of Raja Rana Pratap Singh and his brave horse Chetak.
Maharana Pratap or Pratap Singh, belonging to the Sisodia clan of Rajputs, became the ruler of Mewar in Rajasthan in 1572. In the meantime, by mid 1500s, the Mughal Emperor Akbar, due to his desire to rule all over India, continued his conquests of several Rajput kingdoms such as Chittor, Rathambor and others. In fact, nearly all Rajput kingdoms had surrendered to Akbar and his rule, except Mewar. This was the only Rajput kindom, under the able leadership of Rana Pratap, which was not willing to compromise on its independence. After waiting for almost 3 years for Mewar ruler's submission, Akbar sent his general Raja Man Singh of Amber to have talks on peace treaties and persuade Rana Pratap Singh to submit. However, Rana Pratap agreed to sign the treaty on his own terms and conditions. His condition was that he would not come under or tolerate the leadership of any ruler, especially the foreigners.
On 21 June 1576, the forces of Rana Pratap and Akbar met at Haldighati pass. Akbar's army was led by Man Singh. It was a fierce battle; both the forces put up a brave fight. Mughals were in fact taken aback by surprise by the attacks from Rana Pratap's men. Many Mughals fled away without fighting. The Mewar army attacked the Mughal army in three parallel divisions. Realising the failure of the Mughals, Man Singh moved forward to the centre with full vigour to attack Rana Pratap, who at that time was commanding the centre of his small army. By this time, the Mewar army had lost their momentum. Slowly, the Mewar soldiers started falling. Maharana Pratap on his horse Chetak kept on fighting against Man Singh. But, Rana Pratap was heavily wounded by the continuous hit of the spear and arrows by Man Singh and his men. During this time, his aide, Maan Singh Jhala took the silver chattra from Pratap's back and placed it in his back. Wounded Rana Pratap fled away from the Mughal army and was saved by his brother Sakta. Man Singh in the meantime killed Maan Singh Jhala thinking him to be Rana Pratap. He was taken aback when he came to know that he had actually killed one of Rana Pratap's trusted men. Next morning, when he came back again to attack the Mewar army, no one was there to fight the Mughals.
Even today, the battle's result is considered indecisive or it can be considered as a temporary victory for the Mughals. The battle was "a glorious defeat" for Mewar.
Raja Maharana Pratap Singh – The Legendary king of Mewar was last modified: April 21st, 2019 by Website Manager
10 Famous Cartoonists of India
Some Facts about Indian Cinema you might never heard – Part I
Kumari Kandam – Land where humans first...
Some of the Interesting Facts about Cricket World Cup
SOME GREAT LIFE TEACHINGS FROM YODA
Happy Cartoonist's Day
Meet The Avengers : The Ultimate Nick Fury
Making sense…… Climate Change?
| Copyright 2019 :- AmuseBugs | | SEO Support by :- MBiz Academy | | Design by :- Mighty India Infotech | | Provide By :- Mighty India Host |


text:
Par Excellence
Be the Change That You Want to See
Day 82: Be Happy
Alki Lighthouse, West Seattle, USA
Life on Alki is seldom boring. I've seen hundreds of wedding parties from a few cultures posing for pictures or an actual ceremony. I've seen tourists from around the globe swarm our little peninsula each sunny day from March to September. I've been asked for directions so many times that I can direct people east, west, north, and even south without pausing to think.
Love Me Some Alki Skating!..
I've seen film crews clog our one-lane streets and I've seen celebrities randomly stroll into our local businesses, including Edie Veder, Julia Roberts, and Meg Ryan. I've seen the Seattle contingent of Hands Across America join hands across our 1-mile stretch of sandy beach to take a stand on off-shore drilling. I've seen pipe-line waves crash against our seawall during a 100mph storm. I've seen Seafair pirates come ashore directly from a navel transport. I've seen a massive bald eagle being dive bombed by furious crows as he gazed from a jetty at low tide. I've seen seals and whales breaching. Yet, with all of this at-times spectacle, none of it prepared me for Sadie.
Yesterday I was walking around the point to warm up for a hill climb. Right before the lighthouse, I saw her. Retrieving a pine cone thrown by her human, Sadie-the-three-legged yellow Labrador gleefully turned and hopped toward me. She dropped the cone at my feet. Her fourth leg flopped uselessly as she spun in circles.
I made the first pitch and the next and a few more after that. At some point, I was able to pat her on the head and thank her. I swear that I saw Sadie grin as she snatched yet another toss from mid-air. I chatted with her human. He told me that she was born like that and his wife refused to have her put to sleep.
May we all find our happy and empower ourselves and the world around us regardless. May each of us ask ourselves what works in our lives, what we want more of, and happily trot toward that.
Okay - after a bit of a break - I'm back to blogging about what works in this world. Please let everyone know. (I had a few things come up, including the death of my beloved cousin Edie.) Also, I'll be publishing a schedule on Sunday for next week.
Thanks again for all of your support, encouragement, and following! As I was navigating through a storm of change, your readership and loyalty were beacons to me. Here's to discovering even more of what works and creating clear world visions of what we want more of.
Oh yes! Based on so much of your feedback, I'm launching a community website and Facebook group: www.clearworldvisions.com. Please keep letting me know what you would like to see more of in our community. I'll keep you posted on the development 8-)
Deone Benninghoven, M.S.M.
Jul 5, 2010 11:07:34 AM | Current Affairs, Life
Day 81: Renewable Alaska
by Deone Benninghoven, M.S.M. (about the author)
Million Dollar View
(Extracted on 31 March 2010 from http://www.wildnatureimages.com/Photos_Million_Dollar_Bridge.htm.)
If there is one thing that I know for certain about Alaskans, that is that they seldom compromise. I learned this while supporting ventures from The Elbow Room in Unalaska to Pelican Seafood in, yes, Pelican, Alaska. Hard and tough as nails when they make up their minds about something. Alaskans mean business.
Ever wonder who manages all of the natural resources that Alaskans prize the most? A business-meaning group of lawyers, managers, commercial fishermen, adventurists, and writers called The Renewable Resources Foundation.
The Foundation is not taking the abundance of resources for granted. The group is acting as stewards of the future. Protecting everything from fish habitat to mining regulations and how that affects surrounding resources is their domain.
(Extracted on 31 March 2010 from http://www.wildnatureimages.com/Sea_Otter_Photos.htm.)
Want to help? Their current mission is ". . .raising public awareness of the potential for disaster caused by the proposed open pit gold and copper sulfide mines in the Pebble mining district of Southwestern Alaska" For which, they ". . .are seeking your support, and involvement to help save fishing and hunting resources by asking you to:
1) First, review the information on our website and;
2) Then, JOIN the Renewable Resource Founda DONATE if you agree that the Pebble Mining district is an incredibly bad idea for the Bristol Bay watershed of Alaska. Your membership fee or donation will be used to educate the citizens of our state and our great nation about the danger to Alaska's fishing and hunting resources and the habitat upon which they depend..
2) Also, encourage every organization that you belong to, to study the mining proposals, and applications on record for mining permits in Bristol Bay, and then ask the organization to educate all their members about the threat posed by the mine and the mining district. We can arrange Speakers for any organization!
3) Please tell everyone you know about the threat;
4) Respond to Pebble news stories with your own letters to the editor and call-ins to
radio stations" (extracted on 31 March 2010 from http://www.renewableresourcesfoundation.org/take_action.htm).
letters@adn.com
(Letters to the editor, must be 250 words or fewer)
Anchorage Daily News - Compass
compass@adn.com
OpEd/Compass Piece (675 word limit)
Juneau Empire
editor@juneauempire.com
(Letters must be 400 words or fewer)
Homer News
letters@homernews.com
Bristol Bay Times
bbtimes@nushtel.com
Kenai Peninsula Clarion
http://www.peninsulaclarion.com/lettertoeditorform.shtml
Whatever it is that we are passionate about, may we join together and let our voices be heard. May we too mean business when something is important to stewarding the resources of our future.
Tomorrow the Random Pick is about Stories for Change. PTHA had a cultural in-service gathering for all staff today. First we were invited to partake in a Mohawk ceremony followed by two presentations. The second presentation captured the audience with the power of digital storytelling. I wanted to share http://storiesforchange.net/ with you followed by a surprise Hot Topic the next day.
Mar 31, 2010 7:30:12 PM | Life, Weblogs
Day 80: Cooperation
Gribbles are not cute regardless of how I squint and try to think of the higher good. Worse yet, these little shrimp-like creatures chew the dickens out of wood and plant material. Yes, a bit like termites.
When will this story get better? Here's the cool part of gribbles. Gribble produce a special enzyme when they digest.
And? Here it is. "It has been suggested that the enzymes used by limnoriidae [gribbles] to break down wood may be useful for producing sugar from non-food biomass, such as wood or straw, in a sustainable way. This could then be used to produce alternative fuel" (extracted on 29 March 2010 from http://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2009/gribbles-bioenergy/).
There's more. "Professor McQueen-Mason said: 'Producing sugar from non-food biomass, such as wood or straw, in a sustainable way is one of the biggest challenges we face. The problem is that the sugars that we need to use are tied up in the stems of plants, in complex polysaccharides of the cell walls. If we can get these sugars out of biomass, in a cost effective manner, they can be fermented to produce the liquid biofuels we need to replace petrol.
Most animals that consume wood have digestive tracts packed with microbes that help to digest the cell wall polymers, but the gribble's is sterile, so it must produce all the enzymes needed to break down the wood itself. We have done extensive DNA sequencing of the genes expressed in its gut, and we have detected cellulases never seen in animals before. We want to see if it's possible to adapt the gribble digestive enzymes for industrial purposes.'
Minister of State for Science and Innovation, Lord Drayson, said: 'Investing £27 million in this new centre involves the single biggest UK public investment in bioenergy research. The centre is exactly the sort of initiative this country needs to lead the way in transforming the exciting potential of sustainable biofuels into a widespread technology that can replace fossil fuels. The expertise and resources of the University of York makes it well placed to make a valuable contribution to the new BBSRC Sustainable Bioenergy Centre and help to make sustainable, environmentally-friendly bioenergy a reality'" (extracted on 29 March 2010 from (extracted on 29 March 2010 from http://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2009/gribbles-bioenergy/).
Yes, seldom to be outdone when it comes to research, Britain is on the hunt. Now, that really works in my mind. Rock that cooperation Lord Drayson et al! May we all take a page from your fascinating book. May we also take a second look at who and what we are looking to and at for collaboration.
Tomorrow will be a story on the Renewable Resources Foundation who protects the ongoing viability of Alaska's fish and game resources and their habitat. Followed by a Random Pick for Wednesday that I haven't quite picked yet.
Mar 29, 2010 8:19:00 PM | Current Affairs, Life, Weblogs
Day 79: Designing Energy
LEED Certified +
If you think that you are seeing a lawn on the top of the building above, you are. Portland is progressive. I discovered this when my mother lived there. If there is a way to make a public project more eco-friendly, count on Portland, OR, USA to accomplish just that in some never-thought-of-before way.
The sky gardens at the new Oregon Health & Science University building are teaming with flora built into the exterior of the new Center for Health & Healing design. "The Oregon Health & Science University is dedicated to improving the health and quality of life for all Oregonians through excellence, innovation and leadership in health care, education and research. One of the largest employers in a city and a state known worldwide for leadership and dedication to conservation and the environment, OHSU's CHH building represents the state-of-the-art in integrative design, involving the hard work and input of many multi-disciplinary professionals. . ..
The Center is linked to Marquam Hill by the Portland Aerial Tram, which has proved to be a major success. According to OHSU, this highly efficient passenger conveyance between their facilities is estimated to eliminate 2 million vehicle miles and 93,000 gallons of gasoline annually, and reduce yearly greenhouse emissions by more than 1,000 tons. OHSU CHH has both extensive greenroofs (or ecoroofs) and intensive greenroofs (roof gardens), with a mixture of public and private accessibility" " (extracted on 29 March 2010 from http://www.greenroofs.com/blog/2010/03/19/gpw-oregon-health-science-university-center-for-health-healing/).
Yes, this is a state-of-the-art facility. Yet, it also integrates sustainability principles that will offset a portion of the cost of patient care many times over for the life of the building. This means the building is 61% more energy efficient than the building code for Oregon state. (For a full outline of the rigious standards for the state click here.) This mixed-used building also reclaims rain water to irrigate the insulating layer of lawn on the roof and saves $68-88,000 in annual water bills in the process. That's about 2.1 million gallons of potable water per year.
"After deducting tax credits and other financial incentives, the green premium for this building was a mere 1.13% of the total project cost. The facility's return on investment will be just over one year, after which the energy savings are projected to be $600,000 annually" (extracted on 29 March 2010 from http://www.greenroofs.com/blog/2010/03/19/gpw-oregon-health-science-university-center-for-health-healing/).
"This is a remarkable achievement given the complex array of uses and systems that were needed in the building. We had to capture every opportunity to integrate together function, architecture and engineering. This is really the result of a great collaborative team effort. We have set a new standard for OHSU and for other projects in Portland." ~ David Crawford, chief financial officer of the OHSU Medical Group (press release).
May we establish a way to collaborate and improve our public systems in each of our local areas. May we re-think how we approach our individual building projects and add emerging sustainability in creative ways.
Tonight will be the truth about Gribbles. You may be a bit surprised what gribbles nibble. Followed by a story on the Renewable Resources Foundation who protects the ongoing viability of Alaska's fish and game resources and their habitat.
Weekly Program: Download Program_v1`2_20100329_Wk13
Mar 29, 2010 12:38:14 PM | Current Affairs, Life, Weblogs
Day 78: Barefoot Change
That's the Way!
(Extracted on 28 March 2010 from http://www.barefootguide.org/what-is-guide.htm.)
The Barefoot Collective? Really? Uh, hello! Can we say Do Gooders?
Yes, I can and will proudly. The Barefoot Collective is doing global good by putting the power of change back in the hands of those who want change. Instead of ram rodding with a best-practice model that may create a power-over change, The Barefoot Collective is doing things differently.
(Extracted on 28 March 2010 from http://www.barefootguide.org/download.htm.)
Don't get me wrong, I sincerely support acts of generosity and kindness. However, who hasn't seen charity go a bit wonky and hurt more than it helps?
So how is The Barefoot Collective putting the within and with back into organizational power? They put together The Barefoot Guide, which can be downloaded below.
The Whole Book
(pdf format 21.4M)
(If you have any downloading problems please email us: contact@barefootguide.org.
A Barefoot Guide to Working with Organisations and Social Change by The Barefoot Collective is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at www.barefootguide.org.)
Awesome~!
(Extracted on 28 March 2010 from http://www.barefootguide.org/who-is-barefoot.htm.)
The collective writes, "The guide, with its supporting website, includes tried and tested concepts, approaches, stories and activities. It's purpose is to help stimulate and enrich the practice of anyone supporting organisations and social movements in their challenges of working, learning, growing and changing to meet the needs of our complex world. Although it is aimed at leaders and facilitators of civil society organisations, we hope it will be useful to anyone interested in fostering healthy human organisation in any sphere of life... .
In this book we offer a perspective on why organisations exist, the real roles they play, and on the importance of supporting the sovereignty of local organisations and social movements for meaningful social change. You will find here a range of approaches to understanding ourselves and our roles as leaders and facilitators, as we try to understand and facilitate change in organisations. In addition, the significance of relationships and power dynamics in organisations and organisational change processes are explored. We provide some tools for reading organisations, including how organisations tend to move through various phases of development, how we might facilitate change and the challenges we all face in implementing or sustaining change. Finally, the guide gives support to processes of building learning organisations, how we can continually learn both from our own experiences and the experiences of others" (Extract on 28 March 2010 from http://www.barefootguide.org/what-is-guide.htm).
At least curious? Download it, you might like it. Yet, please give credit where credit is due. And may we take a look at the significance of our relations, power dynamics, and change processes. Whether within ourselves, our families, our friendships, our work, and our leadership may we facilitate sustaining and effective change to support the process of learning from our experiences and the experience of others.
Tomorrow will be a story about the cutting-edge design of the new Oregon Health & Science University Center for Health & Healing. Yes, some very cool stuff afoot at the U of O. Followed by the truth about Gribbles. You may be a bit surprised what gribbles nibble.
Mar 28, 2010 11:00:39 AM | Life, Weblogs
Day 77: Picken Em Up
Unstoppable T. Boone
(Extracted 27 March 2010 from http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/03/t-boone-pickens-new-wind-farm-500-megawatts.php.)
Not one to be knocked off center for too long, T. Boone Pickens is back at it. Texas may not be into his windy ideas, but that didn't stop the billionaire soothsayer.
Next week, T. Boone will be unveiling his next venture with General Electric. According to the Dow Jones Wire Services on 5 March 2010, "he is putting together deals to develop 500 megawatts of U.S. wind power with turbines made by General Electric Co. (GE), and will make a formal announcement in 30 days."
If T. Boone pulls this off, that means he'll be putting 324 wind-powered turbines into service that could offset about 3,337 tons of coal-generated power per day. There are some mathematical assumptions in this number. General efficiency ratings for a coal-fired plant and the energy mass or carbon and moisture content of the coal, though plus or minus, that's still a wad of carbon not being pumped into our ozone.
T. Boone Pickens Award Speech to the American Security Council Foundation on
And T. Boone is not stopping there. He's being the change that he wants to see. Hunting with a rifle instead of a shot gun, T. Boone plans to reduce US dependence on foreign oil by 50% in less than seven years. How's he plan to do that? By transitioning class 5-8 semi-trucks to natural gas.
So simple, and yet, so the sweet spot. Remember the land-fill reclamation project Waste Management is undertaking? Oh yes folks, a change is a blowin on in.
Rock on T. Boone! Talk about putting your money where your mouth is. May we put our money where our mouth is. May we listen to our internal wisdom and do something about it one choice at a time. As tree-hugging Maud from Sweden showed us, choices large and small add up.
Tonight will be a surprise random pick for Sustainable Change. Hint, a practical do-it-yourself guide for leaders and facilitators wanting to help organisations to function and to develop in more healthy, human and effective ways as they strive to make their contributions to a more humane society. Then on Sunday, the story will be about the cutting-edge design of the new Oregon Health & Science University Center for Health & Healing. Yes, some very cool stuff a foot at the U of O too.
Mar 27, 2010 3:58:11 PM | Current Affairs, Life, Science, Weblogs
Day 76: Amazing Grace
Unassuming Greatness
(Exctracted on 26 March 2010 from http://littlemerrysunshine.blogspot.com/2010/03/todays-heroine-grace-groner.html.)
The story of Grace Groner is truly amazing. She never drove and walked where she needed to be. She bought her clothes from rummage sales and thrift stores. She lived for years in an apartment until a friend willed her a tiny one-bedroom home with plain furniture and a hulking television in affluent Lake Forest, IL, USA. She never married. She retained three $60 special-issue stocks that she purchased in 1935 and reinvested the dividends for seven decades.
What's so amazing about frugal Grace? Orphaned at 12-years of age, she and her sister were taken in by George Anderson a member of a leading family in Lake Forest and a friend of her parents. The Andersons sent Grace and her sister to college. After which, Grace began a 43 year secretarial career at Abbot Labatories. (Note the life-changing event?)
Her attorney and long time friend, William Marlatt, said, "She did not have the (material) needs that other people have. She could have lived in any house in Lake Forest but she chose not to. She enjoyed other people, and every friend she had was a friend for who she was. They weren't friends for what she had."
What makes Grace so amazing to many was her unassuming sweetness yes. Yet, it was the way that she payed forward the life-giving gift that she and her sister Glady were given that has jaws dropping.
Remember those stocks that Grace bought in 1935 along with the re-invested dividends? Both were valued at $7,000,000 after her death on 19 January 2010 and she willed that value to her alma mater Lake Forest College.
Her gift will net $300,000 per year in dividends and interest. That money will be distributed in scholarships to young women who will also have an opportunity to live in Grace's cottage.
The lives her selflessness will touch may result in hundreds upon hundreds of additional lives being touched. As our gift to the memory of Grace, may each of use remember and appreciate the life-changing gifts that we've been given. May we find at least one way to pay it forward and change a few lives for the better in the process. May we ask ourselves before we buy, toss, or want whose lives we could change for the better by making a different choice.
Saturday morning will be about windy T Boone Pickens and what he's up to now. Followed by a surprise random pick for Sustainable Change on Saturday night. Then on Sunday, the story will be about the cutting-edge design of the new Oregon Health & Science University Center for Health & Healing. Yes, some very cool stuff a foot at the U of O.
Day 75: Power Within
(Extracted on 25 March 2010 from http://www.vso.org.uk/Images/Katiren-Deschamps-Malawi_tcm79-26381.jpg.)
VSO who? Sounds like some club for officers, right? Nope, if you fall between the ages of 18-75 years of age, Volunteer Service Organisation is there to help you serve. That's because VSO is all about being there to fight poverty in developing countries worldwide. "VSO's high-impact approach involves bringing people together to share skills, build capabilities, promote international understanding and action, and change lives to make the world a fairer place for all" (extracted on 25 March 2010 from http://www.vso.org.uk/about/).
Ranging from supporting families tormented by child sacrifice to education to psychotherapy of war victims, VSO may be old news to UK residents. Yet, Britain, please give yourselves credit for housing a globally life-changing organisation for over half a century! VSO makes the impossible possible.
The world vision of VSO is ". . .without poverty in which people work together to fulfill their potential. This is a world in which people of all cultures are seen as equal, learn from each other and share a common sense of rights and responsibilities as global citizens" (extracted on 25 March 2010 from http://www.vso.org.uk/about/how-we-work/vso-strategy.asp). Their vision and strategic framework can be read at Focus for Change. Their 2008-2009 annual review can be read by clicking here.
The way their focused focus produced results last year, well, it seems VSO is galloping toward word equity and harmony. May we find a way to make our world just a bit fairer and peaceful too. May we learn from one another and share in the common experience of rights and responsibilities as global contributors.
So tomorrow is about Grace. A tiny and unpretentious woman who surprised a college, city, town, nation, and now world with a $7,000,000 donation to her alma mater. Then Saturday morning will be about windy T Boone Pickens and what he's up to now. Followed by a surprise random pick for Sustainable Change on Saturday night.
Day 74: Algae What?
Imagine a substance that produces more oil and meal on a single hectare then any traditional crop. Imagine a ". . .world that thrives on energy, food, and healthy substances that conserve the environment at the same time they satisfy human needs. Aquatic Energy has imagine this future and is creating it today" (extracted on 24 March 2010 from http://www.aquaticenergy.com/).
In a world where food and fuel are constantly rising, the secret of algae is getting out. As one of the fastest-growing plants, affordable algae can effectively address both the need for food and fuel alternatives. Algae "can replace fossil fuels, boost nutrition in foods and provide essential ingredients for vitamins, cosmetics and other life-enhancing products" (extracted on 24 March 2010 from http://www.aquaticenergy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=66). And algae can do this without producing pollution and toxins into our over-burdened systems.
Algae have other pluses as well. "Algae, like corn, soybeans, sugar cane and other crops, grows via photosynthesis (meaning it absorbs carbon dioxide) and can be processed into fuel oil. However, the slimy aquatic organisms yield 30 times more energy per acre than land crops such as soybeans, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. The reason: They have a simple cellular structure, a lipid-rich composition and a rapid reproduction rate. Many algae species also can grow in saltwater and other harsh conditions -- whereas soy and corn require arable land and fresh water that will be in short supply as the world's population balloons" (extracted on 24 March 2010 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/03/AR2008010303907.html).
Ready to sign up for a bit of pond scum to fuel your ride and add protein to your smoothie? This could be a viable future as the carbon dioxides are absorbed. May we find even more ways to turn the scum in our lives into life-giving energy. May we rethink how we approach the supposedly undesirable in our lives.
Tomorrow will be about VSO. The leading indendent international development organisation that facilities volunteerism to fight poverty in developing countries. Followed by a story of amazing Grace who got her clothes from rummage sales, yet donated over $7,000,000 to her college alma mater. Definitely a story that will make you think twice.
Day 73: Livable Miami
Red Jacket Service
(Extracted on 24 March 2010 from http://www.cityyear.org/miami_ektid14523.aspx.)
Miami is all about creating identity with their Red Jacket program. No, this is not about Bloods or Crypts. This is about bringing the city together to improve the lives of the youth in Miami.
From addressing the drop-out status of youth in the city to raising funds, City Year Miami creates and implements "innovative solutions for the most pressing issues facing Miami-Dade County school" (extracted on 24 March 2010 from http://www.cityyear.org/miami_ektid14523.aspx). These solutions help youth succeed in school and realize their potential. So far, 89 corps members graduated from City Year Miami while serving 1,900 children with 139,400 hours of service.
City Year was founded by Michael Brown and Alan Khazei 20 years ago. The roommates at Harvard Law School felt strongly that young people in service could be a powerful resource for addressing our nation's most pressing issues.
"Since 1988, City Year has been built on the belief that one person can make a difference, and with the vision that one day service will be a common expectation – and a real opportunity – for citizens all around the world.
Since its founding in 1988, City Year has:
graduated more than 12,500 alumni;
served 1 million children;
completed more than 20 million hours of service;
and engaged more than 1,052,000 citizens in service" (extracted on 24 March 2010 from http://www.cityyear.org/dynamic_ektid392.aspx?amp;langtype=103).
"I serve because I believe children everywhere deserve an equal opportunity to succeed and be great" (Kristyn Bubser, City Year Miami Corps Member).
May each of us find a way to serve. May we support someone in succeeding and being great!
Tomorrow during the late morning, I will publish the story on another renewable energy source: algie. Then tomorrow night, the story will be about VFO and very cool organization that empowers people to reach higher toward their potential.
Deone Benninghoven
Clients consistently indicate that Benninghoven's approach to change management is practical, useful, and sustainable.
Digg | DeoneBe
Facebook | DeoneBe
Twitter | DeoneBe


text:
<script src="<?php Common::version_file('build/public.js'); ?>" defer></script>

<?php perch_layout('global.analytics', [
    'analytics_id' => GOOGLE_ANALYTICS_ID,
]); ?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
La bestia umana (La bête humaine) – romanzo di Émile Zola
 L'angelo del male (La bête humaine) – film del 1938 diretto da Jean Renoir, tratto dal romanzo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


hd00:11Observing Austria, Klagenfurt lake Worthersee, Klagenfurt city and other Austrian villages near, mountains far away. From Pyramidenkogel, biggest wooden tower in the world with its 100 m (328 ft).
4k00:07Bird eye view time lapse Kata beach Phuket. Bird eye view Phuket.