text:
'use strict';

var sql = require('sql');

/**
 * SqlGenerator constructor.
 *
 * @param {string} dialect - the database provider dialect to use
 */
function SqlGenerator(dialect) {
  this.generator = new sql.Sql(dialect);
  this.context = this.generator.define({
    name: 'vm_context',
    columns: [{
      name: 'id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      notNull: true,
      primaryKey: true
    }, {
      name: 'domain',
      dataType: 'varchar(254)',
      notNull: true
    }]
  });
  this.mailbox = this.generator.define({
    name: 'vm_mailbox',
    columns: [{
      name: 'id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      notNull: true,
      primaryKey: true
    }, {
      name: 'mailbox_number',
      dataType: 'integer',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'mailbox_name',
      dataType: 'varchar(255)'
    }, {
      name: 'context_id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      references: {
        table: 'vm_context',
        column: 'id'
      },
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'password',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'name',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'email',
      dataType: 'varchar(256)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'greeting_away',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)'
    }, {
      name: 'greeting_busy',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)'
    }, {
      name: 'greeting_name',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)'
    }]
  });
  this.folder = this.generator.define({
    name: 'vm_folder',
    columns: [{
      name: 'id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      notNull: true,
      primaryKey: true
    }, {
      name: 'name',
      dataType: 'varchar(25)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'recording',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'dtmf',
      dataType: 'integer',
      notNull: true
    }]
  });
  this.message = this.generator.define({
    name: 'vm_message',
    columns: [{
      name: 'id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      notNull: true,
      primaryKey: true
    }, {
      name: 'mailbox_id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      references: {
        table: 'vm_mailbox',
        column: 'id'
      },
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'recording',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'read',
      dataType: 'char(1)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'date',
      dataType: 'timestamp',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'original_mailbox',
      dataType: 'integer'
    }, {
      name: 'caller_id',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)'
    }, {
      name: 'duration',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'folder_id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      references: {
        table: 'vm_folder',
        column: 'id'
      },
      notNull: true
    }]
  });
  this.contextConfig = this.generator.define({
    name: 'vm_context_config',
    columns: [{
      name: 'id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      notNull: true,
      primaryKey: true
    }, {
      name: 'context_id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      references: {
        table: 'vm_context',
        column: 'id'
      },
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'key',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'value',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)',
      notNull: true
    }]
  });
  this.mailboxConfig = this.generator.define({
    name: 'vm_mailbox_config',
    columns: [{
      name: 'id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      notNull: true,
      primaryKey: true
    }, {
      name: 'mailbox_id',
      dataType: 'integer',
      references: {
        table: 'vm_mailbox',
        column: 'id'
      },
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'key',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)',
      notNull: true
    }, {
      name: 'value',
      dataType: 'varchar(100)',
      notNull: true
    }]
  });
}

/**
 * Returns an array of create table queries.
 *
 * @param autoIncrement: function responsible for transforming a
 *   create statement so that an id auto increments its value
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.createTables = function(autoIncrement) {
  var models = [
    this.context,
    this.mailbox,
    this.folder,
    this.message,
    this.contextConfig,
    this.mailboxConfig
  ];

  return models.map(function(model) {
    var query = model.create().ifNotExists().toQuery();
    query.text = autoIncrement(query.text);
    return query;
  });
};

/**
 *  Returns an array of index queries.
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.createIndexes = function() {
  var indexes = [
    this.mailbox.indexes()
      .create('vm_mailbox_mailbox_number_context_id')
      .unique()
      .on(this.mailbox.mailbox_number, this.mailbox.context_id),
    this.context.indexes()
      .create('vm_context_domain')
      .unique()
      .on(this.context.domain),
    this.contextConfig.indexes()
      .create('vm_context_config_context_id')
      .unique()
      .on(this.contextConfig.context_id),
    this.mailboxConfig.indexes()
      .create('vm_mailbox_config_mailbox_id')
      .unique()
      .on(this.mailboxConfig.mailbox_id),
    this.folder.indexes()
      .create('vm_folder_name')
      .unique()
      .on(this.folder.name),
    this.folder.indexes()
      .create('vm_folder_dtmf')
      .unique()
      .on(this.folder.dtmf)
  ];

  var indexQueries = indexes.map(function(index) {
    return index.toQuery();
  });

  // manually create index to ensure descending order on date
  indexQueries.push({
    text:
      'create index vm_message_mailbox_id_folder_id_read_date on vm_message(mailbox_id, folder_id, read, date desc)',
    values: []});

  return indexQueries;
};

/**
 * Returns a select query for the mailbox.
 *
 * @param {int} mailboxNumber - the mailbox number
 * @param {string} contextDomain - the context domain
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.getMailbox = function (mailboxNumber, contextDomain) {
  return this.mailbox
    .select(this.mailbox.star())
    .from(this.mailbox
      .join(this.context)
      .on(this.mailbox.context_id.equals(this.context.id))
    )
    .where(
      this.mailbox.mailbox_number
        .equals(mailboxNumber)
        .and(this.context.domain.equals(contextDomain)
    )
  ).toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an insert query for the mailbox.
 *
 * @param {int} mailboxNumber - mailbox number
 * @param {int} contextId - context identifier
 * @param {string} mailboxName - mailbox name
 * @param {string} password - mailbox password
 * @param {string} name - mailbox name
 * @param {string} email - mailbox email
 * @param {string} greetingAway - mailbox away greeting
 * @param {string} greetingBusy - mailbox busy greeting
 * @param {string} greetingName - mailbox name greeting
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.insertMailbox = function (
      mailboxNumber, contextId, mailboxName, password, name, email,
      greetingAway, greetingBusy, greetingName) {
  return this.mailbox
    .insert(
      this.mailbox.mailbox_number.value(mailboxNumber),
      this.mailbox.context_id.value(contextId),
      this.mailbox.mailbox_name.value(mailboxName),
      this.mailbox.password.value(password),
      this.mailbox.name.value(name),
      this.mailbox.email.value(email),
      this.mailbox.greeting_away.value(greetingAway),
      this.mailbox.greeting_busy.value(greetingBusy),
      this.mailbox.greeting_name.value(greetingName))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an updates query for the mailbox with the given id. Fields that have
 * not changed should contain undefined to skip updating those fields.
 *
 * @param {int} id - mailbox identifier
 * @param {int} mailboxNumber - mailbox number
 * @param {int} contextId - context identifier
 * @param {string} mailboxName - mailbox name
 * @param {string} password - mailbox password
 * @param {string} name - mailbox name
 * @param {string} email - mailbox email
 * @param {string} greetingAway - mailbox away greeting
 * @param {string} greetingBusy - mailbox busy greeting
 * @param {string} greetingName - mailbox name greeting
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.updateMailbox = function (
      id, mailboxNumber, contextId, mailboxName, password, name, email,
      greetingAway, greetingBusy, greetingName) {
  var fields = {
    mailbox_number: mailboxNumber,
    context_id: contextId,
    mailbox_name: mailboxName,
    password: password,
    name: name,
    email: email,
    greeting_away: greetingAway,
    greeting_busy: greetingBusy,
    greeting_name: greetingName
  };

  return this.mailbox
    .update(removeEmptyFields(fields))
    .where(this.mailbox.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns queries necessary to delete the mailbox with the given id. Queries
 * to delete messages and configuration associated with the given mailbox are
 * returned ahead of the query to delete the mailbox itself.
 *
 * @param {int} id - the mailbox identifier
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.deleteMailbox = function(id) {
  var messages = this.message
    .delete()
    .where(this.message.mailbox_id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
  var configs = this.mailboxConfig
    .delete()
    .where(this.mailboxConfig.mailbox_id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
  var mailbox = this.mailbox
    .delete()
    .where(this.mailbox.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();

  return [messages, configs, mailbox];
};

/**
 * Returns a select query for the context
 *
 * @param {string} domain - the context domain
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.getContext = function(domain) {
  return this.context
    .select(this.context.star())
    .from(this.context)
    .where(this.context.domain.equals(domain))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an insert query for the context.
 *
 * @param {string} domain - context domain
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.insertContext = function (domain) {
  return this.context
    .insert(this.context.domain.value(domain))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an updates query for the context with the given id. Fields that have
 * not changed should contain undefined to skip updating those fields.
 *
 * @param {int} id - context identifier
 * @param {string} domain - context domain
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.updateContext = function (id, domain) {
  var fields = {
    domain: domain
  };

  return this.context
    .update(removeEmptyFields(fields))
    .where(this.context.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns queries necessary to delete the context with the given id. Queries
 * to delete mailboxes and configuration associated with the given context are
 * returned ahead of the query to delete the context itself.
 *
 * @param {int} id - the mailbox identifier
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.deleteContext = function(id) {
  var mailbox = this.mailbox
    .delete()
    .where(this.mailbox.context_id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
  var configs = this.contextConfig
    .delete()
    .where(this.contextConfig.context_id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
  var context = this.context
    .delete()
    .where(this.context.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();

  return [mailbox, configs, context];
};

/**
 * Returns a select query for all folders
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.getFolders = function() {
  return this.folder
    .select(this.folder.star())
    .from(this.folder)
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an insert query for the folder.
 *
 * @param {string} name - folder name
 * @param {string} recording - folder recording
 * @param {int} dmtf - folder dtmf
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.insertFolder = function (name, recording, dtmf) {
  return this.folder
    .insert(
        this.folder.name.value(name),
        this.folder.recording.value(recording),
        this.folder.dtmf.value(dtmf))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an updates query for the folder with the given id. Fields that have
 * not changed should contain undefined to skip updating those fields.
 *
 * @param {int} id - folder identifier
 * @param {string} name - folder name
 * @param {string} recording - folder recording
 * @param {int} dmtf - folder dtmf
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.updateFolder = function (id, name, recording, dtmf) {
  var fields = {
    name: name,
    recording: recording,
    dtmf: dtmf
  };

  return this.folder
    .update(removeEmptyFields(fields))
    .where(this.folder.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns queries necessary to delete the folder with the given id. Queries
 * to delete messages associated with the given folder are returned ahead of
 * the query to delete the folder itself.
 *
 * @param {int} id - the mailbox identifier
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.deleteFolder = function(id) {
  var messages = this.message
    .delete()
    .where(this.message.folder_id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
  var folder = this.folder
    .delete()
    .where(this.folder.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();

  return [messages, folder];
};

/**
 * Returns a select query for all context configs.
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.getContextConfig = function(id) {
  return this.contextConfig
    .select(this.contextConfig.star())
    .from(this.contextConfig)
    .where(this.contextConfig.context_id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns a select query for all mailbox configs.
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.getMailboxConfig = function(id) {
  return this.mailboxConfig
    .select(this.mailboxConfig.star())
    .from(this.mailboxConfig)
    .where(this.mailboxConfig.mailbox_id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an insert query for the mailbox config.
 *
 * @param {string} key - configuration key
 * @param {string} value - configuration value
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.insertMailboxConfig = function (mailboxId, key, value) {
  return this.mailboxConfig
    .insert(
      this.mailboxConfig.mailbox_id.value(mailboxId),
      this.mailboxConfig.key.value(key),
      this.mailboxConfig.value.value(value))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an updates query for the mailbox config with the given id. Fields
 * that have not changed should contain undefined to skip updating those
 * fields.
 *
 * @param {int} id - mailbox configuration identifier
 * @param {string} key - configuration key
 * @param {string} value - configuration value
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.updateMailboxConfig = function (
    id, mailboxId, key, value) {
  var fields = {
    mailbox_id: mailboxId,
    key: key,
    value: value
  };

  return this.mailboxConfig
    .update(removeEmptyFields(fields))
    .where(this.mailboxConfig.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an insert query for the context config.
 *
 * @param {string} key - configuration key
 * @param {string} value - configuration value
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.insertContextConfig = function (contextId, key, value) {
  return this.contextConfig
    .insert(
      this.contextConfig.context_id.value(contextId),
      this.contextConfig.key.value(key),
      this.contextConfig.value.value(value))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an updates query for the context config with the given id. Fields
 * that have not changed should contain undefined to skip updating those
 * fields.
 *
 * @param {int} id - context configuration identifier
 * @param {string} key - configuration key
 * @param {string} value - configuration value
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.updateContextConfig = function (
    id, contextId, key, value) {
  var fields = {
    context_id: contextId,
    key: key,
    value: value
  };

  return this.contextConfig
    .update(removeEmptyFields(fields))
    .where(this.contextConfig.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns a delete query for the mailbox config with the given id.
 *
 * @param {int} id - the mailbox config identifier
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.deleteMailboxConfig = function(id) {
  return this.mailboxConfig
    .delete()
    .where(this.mailboxConfig.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns a delete query for the context config with the given id.
 *
 * @param {int} id - the context config identifier
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.deleteContextConfig = function(id) {
  return this.contextConfig
    .delete()
    .where(this.contextConfig.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns a count query for mailbox messages.
 *
 * @param {int} mailboxId - the mailbox identifier
 * @param {int} folderId - the mailbox folder identifier
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.getMessageCount = function(mailboxId, folderId) {
  return this.message
    .select(this.message.count())
    .from(this.message)
    .where(this.message.mailbox_id.equals(mailboxId)
      .and(this.message.folder_id.equals(folderId)))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns a query for selecting the latest mailbox messages.
 *
 * @param {int} mailboxId - the mailbox identifier
 * @param {int} folderId - the mailbox folder identifier
 * @param {Date} latest - string representation of the date of the latest
 *  message fetched
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.getLatestMessages = function(
    mailboxId, folderId, latest) {

  return this.message
    .select(this.message.star())
    .from(this.message)
    .where(this.message.mailbox_id.equals(mailboxId)
      .and(this.message.folder_id.equals(folderId)))
      .and(this.message.date.gte(latest))
    .order(this.message.read, this.message.date.descending)
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns a query for selecting mailbox messages by offset and limit.
 *
 * @param {int} mailboxId - the mailbox identifier
 * @param {int} folderId - the mailbox folder identifier
 * @param {int} offset - the offset to start from
 * @param {int} limit - the limit of rows to fetch
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.getMessages = function(
    mailboxId, folderId, offset, limit) {

  return this.message
    .select(this.message.star())
    .from(this.message)
    .where(this.message.mailbox_id.equals(mailboxId)
      .and(this.message.folder_id.equals(folderId)))
    .order(this.message.read, this.message.date.descending)
    .limit(limit)
    .offset(offset)
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an insert query for the message.
 *
 * @param {int} mailboxId - mailbox identifier
 * @param {int} folderId - folder identifier
 * @param {Date} date - message creation time
 * @param {boolean} read - whether the message has been read
 * @param {int} originalMailbox - original mailbox number if message was
 *                                forwarded
 * @param {string} callerId - caller ID
 * @param {int} duration - message duration in seconds
 * @param {string} recording - recording URI
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.insertMessage = function (
    mailboxId, folderId, date, read, originalMailbox,
    callerId, duration, recording) {

  return this.message
    .insert(
        this.message.mailbox_id.value(mailboxId),
        this.message.folder_id.value(folderId),
        this.message.date.value(date),
        this.message.read.value(read ? 'Y' : 'N'),
        this.message.original_mailbox.value(originalMailbox),
        this.message.caller_id.value(callerId),
        this.message.duration.value(duration),
        this.message.recording.value(recording))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns an updates query for the message with the given id. Fields that have
 * not changed should contain undefined to skip updating those fields.
 *
 * @param {int} id - message identifier
 * @param {int} mailboxId - mailbox identifier
 * @param {int} folderId - folder identifier
 * @param {Date} date - message creation time
 * @param {boolean} read - whether the message has been read
 * @param {int} originalMailbox - original mailbox number if message was
 *                                forwarded
 * @param {string} callerId - caller ID
 * @param {int} duration - message duration in seconds
 * @param {string} recording - recording URI
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.updateMessage = function (
    id, mailboxId, folderId, date, read, originalMailbox,
    callerId, duration, recording) {
  var fields = {
    mailbox_id: mailboxId,
    folder_id: folderId,
    date: date,
    read: read ? 'Y' : 'N',
    original_mailbox: originalMailbox,
    caller_id: callerId,
    duration: duration,
    recording: recording
  };

  return this.message
    .update(removeEmptyFields(fields))
    .where(this.message.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Returns queries necessary to delete the message with the given id.
 *
 * @param {int} id - the message identifier
 */
SqlGenerator.prototype.deleteMessage = function(id) {
  return this.message
    .delete()
    .where(this.message.id.equals(id))
    .toQuery();
};

/**
 * Removes any field from the object with an undefined value. Nulls are
 * conserved to ensure fields can be updated to a null value.
 *
 * @param {Object} fields - object used to update a record
 */
function removeEmptyFields(fields) {
  var result = {};
  Object.keys(fields).forEach(function(field) {
    if (fields[field] !== undefined) {
      result[field] = fields[field];
    }
  });

  return result;
}

module.exports = SqlGenerator;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Kimolo kan syfta på följande platser:

Grekland

 Nísos Kímolos, ö, Sydegeiska öarna, Kykladerna,
 Kímolos, kommunhuvudort, Sydegeiska öarna, Kykladerna,

Robotskapade Greklandförgreningar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


You're directly in the center of two very different types of organizations each wanting many of the same things, yet you witness the information log-jam every day. Your day is consumed by returning phone calls and responding to emails about product pricing, marketing materials and availability. You are continually pressed by your Suppliers to sell more. You are continually asked by your Resellers to get more information. Change your life by deploying the easy-to- use Omacro network for your firm, your Suppliers, and your Resellers. Omacro will give you greater productivity and allow your firm to focus on the things that matter.
Omacro is easy to use for your Suppliers and Resellers. Your Resellers, Distributors, and Service Centers maintain their own up-to-date users which gives you access to their people (buyers, management, marketing, and even sales associates).
Eliminate the need for paper, email, and faxed price lists.
Comprehensive employee/user permissions ensure company control of proper access for individual employees/users.
Allow select employees/users to search, view, and download product information in uniform formats from all of your networked Suppliers using Omacro.
Eliminate the need to manage and use multiple Supplier portals.
Eliminate costly and unproductive phone calls and emails for stock status, pricing, packaging, specifications, and marketing materials.
Automate processes, integrate business systems, and develop applications that access Omacro data.
Your customers regularly complain that They are not aware of price, product, marketing collateral and inventory changes/ updates.


text:
Gebhard XXVIII. von Alvensleben (* 5. Januar 1734 in Eichenbarleben im Herzogtum Magdeburg; † 12. März 1801 ebenda) war ein deutscher Politiker und Gutsbesitzer.

Leben

Familie und Besitz
Gebhard XXVIII. von Alvensleben entstammte der niederdeutschen Adelsfamilie von Alvensleben und war der Sohn von Gebhard Johann IV. von Alvensleben (* 10. Februar 1703; † 2. Januar 1763 in Magdeburg), Erbherr auf Eichenbarleben, Rogätz und Vienau sowie Domherr in Magdeburg und dessen Ehefrau Sophia Wilhelmina (* 2. Januar 1710; † 18. Februar 1742), Tochter des kaiserlichen Feldmarschallleutnants Busso von Hagen (1665–1734). Seine Geschwister waren:

 Helene Sophie Wilhelmine von Alvensleben (* 7. Dezember 1745 in Magdeburg; † 28. April 1784 in Neuhaldensleben), verheiratet mit Gebhard August II. von Alvensleben (1719–1779), ihr gemeinsamer Sohn war Carl Wilhelm Ludwig Rudolph von Alvensleben, Domherr in Halberstadt;
 Johann Friedrich IX. von Alvensleben (* 22. März 1736 in Magdeburg; † 25. Februar 1819 in Redekin), königlich preußischer Kammerherr, Herr zu Vienau, Redekin und Petershagen im Kreis Lebus, verheiratet in erster Ehe mit Adelheid Friederike von Keyserlingk (1744–1818); in zweiter Ehe war er mit der Schauspielerin Friederike Caroline von Klinglin (1749–1799) verheiratet.

Er heiratete am 27. März 1764 in Bebertal Johanna Carolina Christiana (* 30. Juni 1746; † 26. Juni 1787 in Eichenbarleben), eine Tochter des Majors Johann Friedrich IV. von Alvensleben (1698–1752) aus dem Hause Calbe-Roda; ihre acht Kinder waren:

 Ferdinande Henriette Eleonore Wilhelmine (* 24. März 1765 in Magdeburg; † 20. September 1838 in Breslau), Stiftsdame zu Lippstadt, verheiratet mit August von Bennigsen (1765–1815), Oberstleutnant;
 Caroline Ernestine Friederike von Alvensleben (* 18. Juni 1766 in Eichenbarleben; † 9. März 1856 in Potsdam), verheiratet mit dem Großgrundbesitzer Philipp Ernst Alexander von der Schulenburg (1762–1820);
 Friederike Charlotte Louise (* 26. September 1768 in Eichenbarleben; † 25. September 1801 ebenda), Stiftsdame zu Schildesche;
 Auguste Juliane Filipine (* 7. April 1771 in Magdeburg; † 7. Januar 1773 ebenda);
 Gebhard Johann (1773–1856), seit Mai 1796 Kreisdeputierter im Holzkreis, später Erbherr auf Eichenbarleben;
 Helene Juliane Albertine von Alvensleben (* 7. Juni 1775; † 23. März 1826), verheiratet mit Ferdinand Albert von Diezielsky (* 3. August 1805 in Halberstadt; † 9. Dezember 1892 in Potsdam), Generalmajor;
 Wilhelmine Karoline Amalie Friederike von Alvensleben (* 9. Juni 1777 in Eichenbarleben; † 3. März 1852 in Dresden), verheiratet mit Ludwig Ernst Joachim Lebrecht von Alvensleben (1776–1805); ihr Sohn war der spätere Gutsbesitzer Ludwig von Alvensleben (1805–1869);
 Johann Friedrich Karl II. von Alvensleben (* 7. September 1778 in Eichenbarleben; † 12. Februar 1831 in Schochwitz), Generalleutnant; verheiratet mit Karoline von Hirschfeld (1783–1849), Tochter von Karl Friedrich von Hirschfeld (1747–1818), General der Infanterie; ihr gemeinsamer Sohn war der spätere Generalleutnant Hermann Karl Rudolf Gebhard von Alvensleben (1809–1887).

1783 erwarb er das Schloss Schochwitz im Saalkreis.

Werdegang
Gebhard XXVIII. von Alvensleben erhielt Unterricht durch Hauslehrer und immatrikulierte sich, gemeinsam mit seinem Bruder, am 8. Mai 1752 zu einem vierjährigen Studium an der Universität Halle.

Er trat als Cornet 1757 in das preußische Kürassier-Regiment "von Driesen" ein, wurde während des Siebenjährigen Kriegs in der Schlacht bei Roßbach verletzt und musste daher bereits 1759 seinen Dienst wieder beenden.

Nach dem Tod seines Vaters wurden die vererbten Lehngüter zwischen ihm und seinem Bruder aufgeteilt. Durch Losentscheid fiel ihm das im zweiten Distrikt des Holzkreises gelegene, zwei Meilen von Magdeburg entfernte Gut Eichenbarleben zu.

Mitte 1770 wurde er von den Kreisständen nach dem Tod des Landrats Alexander von der Schulenburg (1706–1770) zu dessen Nachfolger gewählt. Im Beisein des Ministers Friedrich Wilhelm von Derschau bestand er am 13. Oktober 1770 das Rigorosum und wurde darauf am 22. Oktober 1770 zum Landrat im zweiten Distrikt des Holzkreises bestellt. Gleichzeitig erhielt er Sitz und Stimme in der Kriegs- und Domänenkammer in Magdeburg; seit 1791 war er nach der Wahl durch die Stände Mitglied des weiteren Ausschusses.

Er bat im August 1791 um seinen Abschied, nachdem ein Streit mit der Kriegs- und Domänenkammer wegen seiner Dienstführung vorausgegangen war. Am 31. August 1791 erhielt er seine Dimission, sein Nachfolger wurde Friedrich Johann Ernst von Dyhrn (* 1763).

Literatur
 Siegmund Wilhelm Wohlbrück: Geschichtliche Nachrichten von dem Geschlechte von Alvensleben und dessen Gütern.
 Band 1. Berlin 1819.
 Band 2. Berlin 1819.
 Band 3. Berlin 1829.
 Handbuch des preußischen Adels. Berlin 1892. S. 18

Weblinks
 Rolf Straubel: Biographisches Handbuch der preußischen Verwaltungs- und Justizbeamten 1740–1806. Walter de Gruyter 2009. ISBN 978-3-598-44130-1. S. 7, (Digitalisat).
 Gemälde von Gebhard XXVIII. von Alvensleben. In: Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek.

Einzelnachweise

Landrat eines ehemaligen deutschen Landes
Landwirt (Deutschland)
Person im Siebenjährigen Krieg (Preußen)
Gebhard 28
Deutscher
Geboren 1734
Gestorben 1801
Mann


text:
for midem
Rodrigo Bezerra
Rodrigo Bezerra is a songwriter, producer and a jazz trained guitar player from Brazil. As a producer worked great artists such as Ellen Oléria and Adriah. As a Songwiter Rodrigo has six albúns on his name and a DVD.
Ellen Oléria
Brazilian songwriter Ellen Oléria is celebrating 19 years of career and amazing
awards at music festivals as well as the albuns released by now. In her lasted
tour, she has performed in cities in from north to South Brazil and also for
audiences in Spain, France, Angola, The United States, England, Russia, Japan and
Taiwan.
Letícia Fialho
Leticia Fialho is one for the most inspired songwriter from her generation. She released last year a albúm "Mavilha Marginal", a acclaimed record in the indie MPB niche.
Mesa Para Três
Mesa pra Três" is a trio formed by Flávio Silva on piano, Daniel Castro on bass and Pedro Almeida on drums. Influenced by the great trios of jazz and samba jazz from the 60's, they seek in the roots of Brazilian music and in the art of improvisation to challenge the limits of harmony and the practice of creative spontaneity.
A Engrenagem
The slam-bang combination of synthesizers and acoustic instruments played by these young
brazilian artists evokes distinct feelings, hard to put in a box. Initially formed as a jazz group, A
Engrenagem is based in constant move, transcending what is known as brazilian or world
music. More than that, their focus is to deliver new forms of instrumental music that reaches at
the same time body and mind.
Joana Bentes
Joana Bentes is a singer, songwriter and music producer. She released her first EP "ENTRE" (2016), production of Xuxa Levy. Her process of composition is meticulous and speaks from the feminine perspective of subjects such as love, sex and existential questions. Released in 2017 the single "AQUI" counts on more than 1 million plays in Spotify. Her last single release is "O MAL VAI MORRER DE ALEGRIA" (2019), produced by herself and recorded by 13 artists from four different cities in Brazil.
Junior Ferreira is a acordion player and a songwriter from Bahia. He cames from the tradicional of great acordion players from northwest of Brazil. Junior has played with big artists such as Saulo and Hamiltom de Holanda. With a unic voice, he just releced a beatiful album colled "Casa de Ferreira".
Adriah
Adriah decided to be what was always within, getting rid of the ties built by a 15-year career in rock, MPB and pop. Now she is faithful to her creation, to what was locked deep inside her heart, and she wants to share her truth with the world. The new project named "Músicas de Gaveta" (Drawer Songs) carries songs written throughout 10 years of disenchantments and losses, expressed only by her voice and her guitars, with rich melodies and meaningful lyrics.
Túlio Borges
Once in a while an album lands in your hands and makes you wonder why more people do not take notice of it. Whether with its artful liner notes, the smooth singer's voice and precise articulation or the lyricism and melodiousness of crafty songs, the album causes you to play it over and over and relish each new discovery. It is a surprising gift that keeps on giving and never loses its appeal."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sifu Doug Lucero has been teaching martial arts in Utah for over 40 years. Sifu Lucero is a Master of the Shen Fa Kung Fu system (The Way of the Spirit), and the Silver Dragon Kung Fu system. He has extensive experience in teaching martial arts and meditation to beginners, intermediate level students, advanced and experienced practitioners, helping students of The Arts in Utah on their journeys since 1973.


text:
Resources › For Educators
How John Lewis' "March" Trilogy Can Teach Students About Civil Rights
Underwood Archives / Getty Images
An Introduction to Teaching
Policies & Discipline
Teaching Adult Learners
Assessments & Tests
Colette Bennett
M.A., English, Western Connecticut State University
B.S., Education, Southern Connecticut State University
Colette Bennett is a certified literacy specialist and curriculum coordinator with more than 20 years of classroom experience.
March is a comic book-style trilogy that recounts the experiences of Congressman John Lewis in the nation's struggle for civil rights. The graphics in this memoir make the text engaging for its target audience, students in grades 8-12. Teachers can use the slim paperbacks (under 150 pages) in the social studies classroom because of the content and/or in the language arts classroom as a new form in the genre of memoir.
March is the collaboration between Congressman Lewis, his Congressional staffer Andrew Aydin, and the comic book artist Nate Powell. The project began in 2008 after Congressman Lewis described the powerful impact a 1957 comic book titled Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story had on people like himself who were engaged in the Civil Rights Movement.
Congressman Lewis, Representative from the 5th District in Georgia, is well respected for his work for Civil Rights during the 1960s when he served as the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Aydin convinced Congressman Lewis that his own life story could serve as the basis for a new comic book, a graphic memoir that would highlight the major events in the struggle for Civil Rights. Aydin worked with Lewis to develop the trilogy's storyline: Lewis' youth as a sharecropper's son, his dreams of becoming a preacher, his nonviolent participation in the sit-ins at department-store lunch counters of Nashville, and in coordinating the 1963 March on Washington to end segregation.
Once Lewis agreed to coauthor the memoir, Aydin reached out to Powell, a best-selling graphic novelist who started his own career by self-publishing when he was 14 years old.
The graphic novel memoir March: Book 1 was released August 13, 2013. This first book in the trilogy begins with a flashback, a dream sequence that illustrates the brutality of the police on the Edmund Pettus Bridge during the 1965 Selma-Montgomery March. The action then cuts to Congressman Lewis as he prepares to watch the inauguration of President Barack Obama in January 2009.
In March: Book 2 (2015) Lewis' experiences in prison and his participation as a Freedom Bus Rider is set against Governor George Wallace's "Segregation Forever" speech. The final March: Book 3 (2016) includes the Birmingham 16th Street Baptist Church bombing; the Freedom Summer murders; the 1964 Democratic National Convention; and the Selma to Montgomery marches.
March: Book 3 received multiple awards including 2016 National Book Award for Young People's Literature, the 2017 Printz Award, and the 2017 Coretta Scott King Author Award.
Each book in the March trilogy is a text that crosses disciplines and genres. The comic book format, gives Powell the chance to communicate visually the intensity in the struggle for civil rights. While some may associate comic books as a genre for younger readers, this comic book trilogy requires a mature audience. Powell's depiction of the events that changed the course of American history can be disturbing, and the publisher, Top Shelf Productions offers the following cautionary statement:
"…in its accurate depiction of racism in the 1950s and 1960s, March contains several instances of racist language and other potentially offensive epithets. As with any text used in schools that may contain sensitivities, Top Shelf urges you to preview the text carefully and, as needed, to alert parents and guardians in advance as to the type of language as well as the authentic learning objectives that it supports."
While the material in this comic book requires maturity, the format of Powell's illustrations with Aydin's minimal text will engage all levels of readers. English language learners (ELs) can follow the storyline with some contextual support in vocabulary, especially since comic books often represent sound using unconventional and phonetic spellings such as nok nok and klik. For all students, teachers should be prepared to provide some historical background.
To help provide that background, the website page for the March trilogy hosts a number of links to teacher guides which support the reading of the text.
There are links that provide background information on the Civil Rights Movement as well as sets of activities or questions to use. For example, teachers planning on using March: Book 1 might organize a KWL activity (what do you know, what do you want to learn, and what have you learned) in order to survey their students' prior knowledge before teaching. Here's one set of questions they could ask:
"What do you know about major figures, events, and concepts of the period that appear in March such as segregation, the social gospel, boycotts, sit-ins, 'We Shall Overcome,' Martin Luther King, Jr., and Rosa Parks?"
Another teacher's guide points out how the comic book genre is noted for its variety of layouts, each of which visually provides the reader with different points of view (POV) such as a close-up, a bird's-eye, or at a distance to communicate the story's action. Powell uses these POVs strategically by showing close-ups on faces during violent attacks or by showing wide landscapes in order to give a perspective on the enormous crowds who attended the marches. In several frames, Powell's artwork infers both physical and emotional pain and in other frames celebration and triumph, all without words.
Teachers can ask students about the comic book format and Powell's techniques:
"Where does understanding March require that you make inferences? How does the comics medium both rely on inference-making and provide necessary visual clues?"
A similar purpose in another teacher's guide asks students to consider multiple points of view. While a memoir is usually told from a single point of view, this activity provides blank comic bubbles for students to add what others may have been thinking. Adding other points of view can extend their understanding of how others may have seen the Civil Rights Movement.
Some of the teacher's guides ask students to consider how the Civil Rights Movement used communications. Students must think of different ways they could accomplish the changes brought about by John Lewis and SNCC as they did, without access to tools such as email, mobile phones, and the Internet.
The teaching of March as one story in America's past can also bring attention to issues that are pertinent to today. Students can debate the question:
"What happens when preserving the existing status quo makes such authorities the instigators of violence rather than those who protect citizens from it?"
The Rendel Center for Civics and Civil Engagement offers a role-playing lesson plan in which a new student is bullied because he/she is an immigrant. The scenario suggests there is the possibility of a conflict if someone chooses to defend the new student. Students are challenged to write a scene—individually, in small groups, or as a whole class—"in which the words the characters use for resolution help to solve a problem before it leads to a fight."
Other extended writing activities include a mock interview with Congressman Lewis, where students imagine that they are a news or blog reporter and have the opportunity to interview John Lewis for an article. Published reviews of the trilogy may serve as models for book review writing or as prompts for students to respond whether they agree or disagree with a review.
March is also a text that helps social studies teachers to address the "informed action" described in The College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards (C3 Framework) recommended for an active civic life. After reading March, students may understand why engagement in civic life is necessary. The high school standard that encourages students and teacher engagement for grades 9-12 is:
D4.8.9-12. Apply a range of deliberative and democratic strategies and procedures to make decisions and take action in their classrooms, schools, and out-of-school civic contexts.
Picking up on this theme of empowering young people, the Anti-Defamation League also offers practical suggestions on how students can engage in activism, including:
write letters to legislators, corporations, local businesses
use social media to promote a cause
advocate for legislation, both local and federal
run for office (if eligible) and support candidates
Finally, there is a link to the original 1957 comic book Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story that first inspired the March trilogy. In the concluding pages, there are suggestions that were used to guide those who worked for civil rights in the 1950s-1960s. These suggestions can be used for student activism today:
Be sure you know the facts about the situation. Don't act on the basis of rumors, or half-truths, find out;
Where you can, talk to the people concerned and try to explain how you feel and why you feel as you do. Don't argue; just tell them your side and listen to others. Sometimes you may be surprised to find friends among those you thought were enemies.
Lewis's response
Each of the books in the trilogy has been met with critical acclaim. Booklist wrote the trilogy is "one that will resonate and empower young readers in particular," and that the books are, "essential reading."
After March: Book 3 won the National Book Award, Lewis reiterated his purpose, that his memoir was directed toward young people, saying:
"It is for all people, but especially young people, to understand the essence of the Civil Rights Movement, to walk through the pages of history to learn about the philosophy and discipline of nonviolence, to be inspired to stand up to speak out and to find a way to get in the way when they see something that is not right, not fair, not just."
In preparing students to be active citizens in the democratic process, teachers will find few texts as powerful and as engaging as the March trilogy to use in their classrooms.
The 'Big Six' Organizers of the Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1965 to 1969
Biography of John Lewis, Civil Rights Activist and Politician
Biography of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Civil Rights Leader
5 Men Who Inspired Martin Luther King, Jr. to Be a Leader
Important Cities in Black History
Anna Arnold Hedgeman
What Is a Graphic Memoir?
What Is Civic Engagement? Definition and Examples
10 Essential Civil Rights Songs
Voting Rights Background for Students
Birmingham Campaign: History, Issues, and Legacy
Best Kids' Books About Elections, Politics, and Voting


"Located between the Municipalities of Sablan, Benguet and Burgos, La Union, this waterfall is in the same tributary with that of Towing Falls"
I got a tricycle ride at Burgos (La Union) Public Market. The driver introduced himself as "June" who hailed from the waterfalls area before, but now he is residing at a house closer to the town center area.
On a tricycle, we departed from the Public market at 8:59 am through an uphill cemented one-lane road. The road terminated into an earth road and we went down from the tricycle (because the road is now muddy) at 9:09 am. He parked the tricycle and we walked through foot paths and trails going down the mountainside.
The earth road and trail was a little bit muddy as it rained a little yesterday.
We arrived at the riverside at 9:29 am.
My companion "June" the tricycle driver, who was also my impromptu guide, took off his slippers and left it on top of one of the rocks. I also removed my rubber shoes and set it aside as we will be crossing the shallow river.
As the river and riverbanks were filled with big rocks that we can not even see the ground beneath it, we literally hopped from one rock to another, barefooted.
After some minutes of hopping from one rock to another, we arrived at the first cascade and went down to its pool area.
The upper cascade. "June" told me that it is here where they usually swim when they were kids.
We walked just few meters and found ourselves at the tip of the drop-off of the main cascade and there we took a rest (9:50 am).
I told my companion that we should go down, so we can see the waterfalls in its entirety. He went looking for a path at the southern side of the falls and came back with positive result.
At the side of the mountain, south of the waterfalls, still barefooted, we climbed the slope teaming with some grass and shrubs. We walked through bamboo areas until we came across a small stream that we followed going down the mountainside back into the river below.
From the riverbank, we now can see the waterfalls from a distance upstream.
We passed by the lower cascade and went on top of it to where the pool area of the main cascade is located.
We rested for a while and took some photos and videos of the waterfalls.
The lower cascade and the main cascade of Budahaw falls as seen from a distance.
We went back on the same mountainside trail going to the top of the main cascade where we rested again (11:07 am). There we had a snack and drunk my bottled water.
After few minutes, we continued walking.
Passed by the upper cascade and then we hopped from one rock to another until we reached the mountainside trail at 11:45 am.
Oh!, we also went back for his slippers and my shoes which we placed on top of the rocks somewhere near the river.
We walked along the mountainside trail. Only that time, it was all uphill hike.
Humidity was high. I felt so tired just doing few strides uphill. I can not cope-up with my companion's phase. I could use some help, so i let him carry my backpack with all the tripod and everything, Yeah! that's the way to do it. It made the assault easier but i still trailed behind (I need more exercise).
We finally arrived at his parked tricycle on the roadside at 12:09 pm. Through his tricycle, we arrived at the Burgos Public Market at 12:25 pm. From there, I went to the roadside (Naguilian road) where i rode a bus going back to Home Sweet Home.
The Budahaw Falls is located between the municipalities of Sablan and Burgos.
Sablan being in the province of Benguet and Burgos in the province of La Union.
It can be reached from Sablan through Barangay Pappa by a hardy hiker but it is more accessible from the town of Burgos, La Union.
The waterfalls is made up of 3 layers, each with its own pool area. The one above has the smallest drop while the second one is the main cascade and regarded as the Budahaw Falls.
From Manila take a bus bound for either of these : Laoag City, Vigan City, Candon City, Bangued (Abra), or La Union. But you have to get down at the Plaza of Bauang, La Union.Then walk your way to the waiting shed located at the road going east (Naguilian Road) fronting the Municipal Library of Bauang. From there, wait and ride a bus bound for Baguio City. Get down at barangay New Poblacion of Burgos, La Union (it is near the Public Market and a walk away from the Municipal Hall of Burgos). Walk up to the Market and ride a tricycle going to Sitio Sulbuan (or Suyboan) of Barangay Bilis and tell the driver you are going to Budahaw Falls (you may ask for an impromptu guide).
You may also go directly to San Fernando City, La Union and ride a bus (Partas bus) bound for Baguio but get down at Burgos, La Union town proper. Walk up to the Market and ride a tricycle going to Sitio Sulbuan (or Suyboan) of Barangay Bilis and tell the driver you are going to Budahaw Falls (you may ask for an impromptu guide).
From Baguio City ride a mini-bus bound for San Fernando City or Abra or Partas Bus bound for Laoag City but you have to get down at Burgos, La Union town proper.
Walk up to the Market and ride a tricycle going to Sitio Sulbuan (or Suyboan) of Barangay Bilis and tell the driver you are going to Budahaw Falls (you may ask for an impromptu guide).
It's a great place for an adventure package: bouldering, river trekking and hiking - hope I can join you someday in La Union!


Make Your Annual Meeting a 'Can't Miss' Event – CMA. Community. Well Served.
When annual meetings are well-attended, it is often the result of creative strategies implemented before and during the meeting to maximize interest.
Your HOA annual meeting is the most important meeting of the year for homeowners to attend. Not only is it an informational meeting, but it is the primary forum through which homeowners can exercise their voting rights on a variety of proposals. It is also the occasion for electing a Board of Directors to represent their varied interests.
Given its importance, an outside observer who is unfamiliar with the process might expect high attendance levels, possibly upwards of 75 percent. Unfortunately, this expectation proves overly optimistic more often than not. Realistically speaking, part of the low interest stems from some of the dry subject matter that is typically covered, from reporting on the annual budget, completed projects, HOA dues collected, and votes by the board.
Market and advertise the event heavily.
Consider promoting the event on social media.
Send several rounds of emails, starting with a "Mark Your Calendar" and finishing with the meeting agenda.
Post flyers in clubhouses and in common areas.
Tease a "big news" announcement or a big surprise to be revealed at the meeting, and be sure the revelation rewards homeowners' curiosity.
Promote a dynamic video that will be shown at the event, showing the before and after photos of the various projects that were completed, and responses from homeowners and residents about their enjoyment of the new facilities.
Make it a more interesting event.
Host the event at a desirable venue, like a reception hall, country club or restaurant with a private room.
A 'taste of the neighborhood' event with hors d'oeuvres and cheese and charcuterie boards.
Make the occasion more festive and fun.
Host a "meet your neighbors" social event after the meeting.
Offer some form of live entertainment, like a smooth jazz band or a comedian, following the meeting.
Present awards to homeowners for best landscaping, best exterior renovations, or even a neighbor of the year award.
Host an art show, featuring the talents of community and local residents on display.
Host a home and garden show with local exhibitors offering special deals for community residents.
Raffle a service to homeowners like a Spring yard clean-up or lawnmowing for a full season.
Invite a prominent speaker who is a subject matter expert in home security, enhancing property values, or some other subject with broad community appeal and allow time for an audience Q&A session.
Display boards to show completed projects in the community and/or projects in surrounding areas that are being proposed for the community.
Volunteer tables staffed by committee members to sign up homeowners.
Offer discounts on high demand items including pool cards.
Hold a fundraiser for a local family in need of help, or a local charity.
Just by implementing a few of these strategies, you could see a substantial increase in attendance and participation, especially if turnout in previous years has been low. For help managing your annual meeting, contact CMA today and discover how we can add value to your community and everything you do for your homeowners.


This recipe for Margarita Cake, by Carol, is from "What's Cooking" ?, one of the cookbooks created at FamilyCookbookProject.com. We help families or individuals create heirloom cookbook treasures.
Preheat oven to 350 º . Grease and flour a 10 inch bundt pan.
triple sec. Beat for 2 minutes.
Pour batter into prepared pan. Bake in the preheated oven for 45 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into the center of the cake comes out clean. Cool in pan for 10 minutes; remove to rack and pour glaze over cake while still warm.
To make the glaze: In a small bowl, combine confectioner's sugar with 1 tablespoon tequila, 2 tablespoons triple sec, and 2 tablespoons lime juice. Mix until smooth.


Since my little one has just recently been weaned over to the bottle I thought it wise to book a hair appointment tonight. As a purely breast fed baby, we've been attached at the hip (or pardon the pun, the breast) at this time of evening for obvious reasons. Feeding aside I like to be there when she's tucked into bed. . Tonight's the first night in seven months that my little baby girl together with my husband have headed out sans mumma. Make no mistake, it's not like they're heading to the moon, they're merely on their way to my in laws for an early dinner. I'd be lying if I didn't admit my heart aches a little. Crazy you may say. Well I don't disagree.
To make this recipe a little healthier I replaced the butter with olive oil, the walnuts with almonds and added some lime zest ( a girlfriend's trick), plus a sprinkling of spring onions.
In a large saucepan of boiling water cook the corn for approx 10 minutes. Once cooked drain under cold water and allow to cool. Scrape the corn off the cob and place in a medium sized mixing bowl, add the sumac, lime rind and pomegranates and mix together. Heat the olive oil in a medium sized skillet and pan fry the almonds for a couple of minutes or until golden. Add the corn mixture and cook for a further 3 minutes. Place the mixture in a serving bowl and top with sliced spring onions.
Stack the vegetables on a large serving dish, drizzle with olive oil and season with salt and pepper. Pass it to your significant other/ brother / mate / dad and ask them to BBQ it for you. For those of you who just gasped in shock, admittedly I have no idea how to fire up a Barbie. For the brave girls that can cook a mean BBQ, place the veges on a hot BBQ and cook for 5 – 6 minutes or until charred. In the meantime (back in the kitchen) combine the spices and juice with an equal part olive oil and whisk together. When the vegetables are ready drizzle with dressing and serve.
As early as possible (ideally in the morning) place all the ingredients in a zip lock bag, squeeze out the air and massage all the flavors into the beef. Approx 1.5 hours prior to cooking remove from the fridge, place in a cool corner of the kitchen and allow to reach room temperature. Pre heat the BBQ, drizzle some olive oil over the hottest part of the BBQ and cook for about 8 – 10 minutes, turning every minute. Once it looks cooked move to a cooler part of the BBQ and cook to your liking. Once cooked, place on a platter, drizzle some olive oil and Worcestershire sauce over and allow meat to rest for a few minutes before serving.
This entry was posted in Meat, RECIPES, Salads, Sides, Super Food and tagged BBQ, beef, Corn, Greens, Healthy Meals, Pomegranate, superfoods on February 10, 2012 by admin.


A quick cash loan is a small amount of cash granted as an unsecured loan, most of the time on a very short term. By short term you should read 14 to 35 days usually. Quick cash loans are many times named instant loans, online fast cash loans, instant response online loans or online loans cash advance. The repayment of such a quick loan is subject to the next payday – the main reason why the credit score is most of the time not taken into account.
These fast cash loans are a way of taking in advance the salary. Therefore, the amount granted is based on the applicant two most recent pay check stubs in order to verify the state of employment. Online cash advance loans are legally offered in only 32 states in USA without any restrictions.
There are many things to consider carefully when getting any type of fast cash loans. The most important aspect to take into account is the interest rate. However, for some people, its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. For example, the fact that there are no collateral requirements, the borrower does not have to compromise its property for approval. Another convenient feature of online fast cash loans is that for this type of loan, you don't need to produce much paperwork, nor it is required to have good credit score.
Online fast cash – how does it work?
The basic process involves a loan organization granting an unsecured loan until the date on which the debtor receives his next salary. The approval depends on the applicant's employment and salary. With regard to credit history, usually there is no credit check carried out since the approval is based on the next salary (or other certain incomes).
You can use the borrowed amount for what it deems appropriate and the lender will not ask what the purpose of the loan is. Most people who apply for fast loans do so to cover some emergency expenses such as medical bills, car arrangements or urgent house repairs. Basically, there are no restrictions for what you can use your money, it only depends on you.
The online lenders only offer small loans, anyway – not greater than the next salary. The amount granted usually ranges from $100 to $1000. If this is your first time applying for such loan to a specific lender, usually the amount will not exceed $500. This amount will depend also on the laws and regulation of the state in which you live.
Usually the fast cash loans lenders charge a fixed amount depending on the amount you borrow. This fee can range from $10 to $30 for every $100 borrowed, depending on the lender and the maximum amount allowed in your state. A cost of $15 for every $100 is typical. An example: if you need to borrow $300 before your next payday, you must pay $345.
Some entities are given the option to extend or renew the term of the loan for another two weeks, but this brings an additional cost. For example, if you pay a renewal fee of $45 over the original fee of $45 US dollars, the total cost will be $90 for a $300 loan. For more detailed information please refer to Quora – What is the average interest on payday loans.
Fill out a short application which includes basic information such as name, date of birth, address, occupation and employment data, salary, phone number and email. It only takes a few minutes to complete this section.
Wait a few minutes to see if your application has been pre-approved. This doesn't mean your loan application is finalized, approved and you are ready to receive the money. It only means you qualify for a loan on the basic terms.
If you passed the above step, and your request is pre-approved, a representative of the lender will get in touch with you by email or phone. At this stage they will check the information you presented and collect any additional info they might need. They might ask you to send documents (salary slips, bank statements etc). If all is OK at this step, they will send you the loan contract.
If you agree with all the conditions listed in the contract, then just sign the contract. You can sign the loan contract either online by electronic signature, or on hard copy sent then by fax or scan by email.
These are general rules and requirements since the laws relating to payday and fast cash loans or are highly variable between different states within the United States.


I make decisions based on my work, not based on meetings with my business managers, who I don't like to meet.
I'm not good at meeting people, and I'm not good at small talk.
You never know who's going to become your friend. Friends are always chance meetings.
By the way, if you do your job on behalf of your country, you have meetings where you put your position forward strongly, and the other side does the same thing. And I've had plenty of meetings in my career that really were heated, people yelling at each other.
If I had a choice about going to a meeting at a studio or changing a nappy, I'd choose the nappy.
The best thing about being on tour is meeting the fans.
I love those stretches where I've just been a writer - when I haven't been doing Internet start-ups - where I pretty much eliminate meetings from my life.
I am someone that is very competitive. When I'm on the field, I compete. When I'm practicing, when I'm in meetings. I'm a competitor in everything.
I don't go out anywhere. I don't go to nightclubs, so meeting somebody in the nightclub is out of question.
I'm always meeting new people, and my list of friends seems to change quite a bit.
In the fall of 1996, I sat inside weekly strategy meetings of conservative activists as part of research for my book, 'Gang of Five,' chronicling the rise of the baby-boomer Right.
I don't like being too looked up at or too looked down on. I prefer meeting in the middle to being worshipped or spat out.
We appreciate all of the people who came out to help us with our hunting regulation process. It's important that we hear from the state's sportsmen on these and other issues. This all began with the public meetings and will continue until we have a season that will benefit both hunters and the resource.
We staff about 4,000 meetings a year for the pharmaceutical industry.
We spent the last four days in small group meetings continuing to review and negotiate various systemic and economic issues. The two sides will resume small group discussions on Monday in Toronto.
We've appointed a committee to look at our needs. We post the meetings and the public is welcome to come and voice their opinion. The public is always welcome. We need to find enough property where we can build as we need. We'll get it done.
When we had 3,000-person meetings, a lot of the people were not there to work on things. The meetings that we have are smaller. The mailing lists are more contained, and the work is actually proceeding better.
We found out why the Rolling Stones don't have a day job. Meetings and classes and conflicting schedules chews up a lot of practice time.
What's really enjoyable to watch is how hard they play. We talk about it every day and we have meetings about how hard we're playing.
We're in the room where Sam (Torrance) held all the team meetings in 2002, it's the first time I've been in here since then.
OneBeat is one of the greatest initiatives in advancing the meeting of cultures worldwide.
We have some big decisions walking into our scheduling meetings with as few holes as we have.
[She] had felt straight away that she wasn't meeting a new friend, but recognizing an old one.
As we come to the Bible, we can come with the holy anticipation of actually meeting with God.
The meetings least attended in our churches today are the ones whose only attraction is God.
We want to take these meetings across the city to get as many people involved as possible. We are trying to build a coalition behind this.
I don't like being on my own. I'm happy meeting people and collaborating.
We'll be having a lot of meetings in the coming months to determine exactly what will happen.
The magic to a great meeting is all of the work that's done beforehand.
We did not have in the past few days any meetings of the coordinating committee as there were no issues on the table and this is a comfort factor for IOC.
We've been holding meetings for four weeks, and they keep offering us the same thing. The only change they've made is putting the offer in bigger letters.
We hope to have a good idea of where the county needs future infrastructure after we finish this plan. I don't expect many changes in the update but these meetings will help us determine that.
We use the outdoor elements to attract the boys to scouting, and when they attend weekly meetings and do community service projects, they don't realize they're learning.
The process of the transition has gone very well for both companies. We've had intensive engineering meetings between the two companies, so we are thrilled to get these products out.
The other person's presence ultimately is the same as your presence, because it is in presence that there is true meeting.
We have a situation where two of the three selectmen who weren't invited to the meeting go off and complain to the DA's office. Mrs. Pratt goes to a bazillion meetings and she doesn't invite me along.
We have a schedule of IPO preparations. One of its key elements is meeting investors. I have already held dozens of one-on-one meetings and more large ones. So, we are working with investors and preparing to consolidate our subsidiaries. We are on schedule, and I assume we will proceed with the IPO according to the plan.
We have informational meetings so that they can ask questions to make sure their stuff is turned in correctly the first time. I go through with every organization generally one on one that night. They then have to have one representative at the budget meeting.
We have had three really good meetings and we are still visiting. There will be an announcement next week. That was at my request because I want this recruiting class to get all of the attention it deserves.
We very seldom go through the full three reading procedure. When you only have meetings once a month, getting items passed would take forever otherwise.
We met with the six returning players from last year and in those meetings my staff and I went over what each of them needs to do to improve their skills and help the team, ... With the improvements that all the returning players have made by spending the summer on campus and working in the weight room, in conditioning and on their skills, we have a chance to be right where we were last year and that is competing for an NCAA Tournament spot.
Meetings that do not come off keep a character of their own. They stay as they were projected.
When the time comes for the Fed to have these meetings over the next six months, the situation will look different and they will actually keep raising rates.
We're shooting to hold our meetings earlier. We hope to start March 6, before midterm break.
Learn to pick the right words. These meetings are over at 8 o'clock.
Secretary Christopher believes that, based on his meetings today, that the tone (of the meetings) has been cooperative, that they are off to a good start, but he doesn't minimize the challenges ahead of us.
So many conventions and business meetings are going to go to other cities next year. Many people are going to be concerned about coming here and go elsewhere for a while, ... But we're ready.
(She) took all the raw notes of all the meetings of the board. They're better than minutes. Board minutes are notoriously dry and empty. Her notes will have a lot more color.
She will hold three meetings at the Legion hall and get some education from the public about what they think they might want or need in the form of senior housing. It is an opportunity for the public to learn what is happening and to speak their piece.
Sihanouk founded a political party and contested the elections himself. He sent thugs and police to break up opposition meetings and kill opposition candidates. Communists and all other oppositions were suppressed. Some oppositionists were executed by the military-the Sihanouk forces made a film of one of these executions and ordered it to be shown in every movie theater.
She had meetings last week, this week and will have more next week.
Shane spoke to us in South Africa, and then again in Bangladesh. There are a lot of considerations for him, mainly in terms of the longevity of his career. He needs to come to a conclusion. With the contract meetings coming up, I imagine it will be one of the topics for discussion.
Since they are a statewide organization, they've decided to be sure and schedule meetings all over the state, Brunswick being just one of the locations.
Since the resumption of the talks, all parties have held a series of one-on-one meetings to be acquainted with each other's position, ... In the following step, the parties will continue to hold bilateral consultations according to their needs.
Since June, ICE and CBP staffs have had numerous meetings with no resolution. Neither has CBP transferred any funds due to ICE. We need immediate resolution of these funding issues, otherwise ICE will have no choice but to begin curtailment of services provided to both ICE and CBP.
Meetings were held here (in Gaza) two months ago with French officials.
Meetings are a middle class kind of thing, and we want to value the voice of people who can't come to meetings.
My journalistic mission was straightforward: to await the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Nobody knew quite when this would be. But the diplomacy - the meetings in the U.N. security council, the allegations about weapons of mass destruction, the martial language of Tony Blair and George W. Bush - all suggested a war was brewing.
No new proposals were made by either side. While no new meetings are scheduled, we remain committed to continue working through the process until a new agreement can be reached.
My hope is that it will be another center that is very nicely done with capacity for larger groups. The potential is to be able to have several meetings to be going on at once, so that three or more groups of 15 to 20 people can be meeting in these rooms and not get in each other's way.
Now that we've got it up and running again, we've got a few ideas about that. I don't think there are really enough meetings in Britain for our athletes to compete properly, and because of this a lot of the talent we have has been stunted.
Negotiations have concluded for the evening. At this point it is unclear whether additional meetings are scheduled.
Never in the history of Cuba has there been these kinds of meetings between foreigners and representatives of the opposition.
Ricky's never been interested in the business side of things, ... All Richard is interested in is boxing. Even when I could get him to come along to meetings he'd sit there and text his mates the whole time and wouldn't pay a bit of attention. After some meetings I've turned to him and said 'Do you want to know what that means?' and he's just said 'No, you deal with that, dad, I just want to fight'.
People who agree with the Boy Scouts - they can do that. And they can take the fork in the road that goes down toward being a strictly private organization. Why can't one of these clubs that discriminate against women or gays or atheists be a club? But don't expect to have your meetings on government property, for instance. That's the distinction here.
One of the public's most powerful tools is the open meetings act. I use it and everyone else should, too. It just makes for good business.
I wish they listened to me that attentively in some of our meetings because our guys were on the edge of their seat.
I wish there was some big, like, deal about what happened today. But Ricky's been coming here. He's been going to meetings every day. He's been allowed to work out every day. He just has not practiced with the team.
I wish there was some big, like, deal about what happened today, ... But Ricky's been coming here. He's been going to meetings every day. He's been allowed to work out every day. He just has not practiced with the team.


text:
Q: ASP.NET MVC relative paths without breaking JavaScript IntelliSense? Adding a script to a view generally involves something like this:
<script src="../../Scripts/jquery-1.3.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>

Unfortunately, this doesn't work if the app is deployed in a virtual directory under IIS 6. The alternatives discussed here involve using Url.Content with "~" to resolve the path dynamically, but this completely breaks JS IntelliSense.
Is there a way to get around this and make IntelliSense work without losing the ability to deploy the app in a virtual directory?

A: For deployment code you can use the google ajax apis to load JQuery. It is recommended because it help the page load time due to the use of the google CDN.
to get intellisense add this to your page
<% if(false){ %>
    <script src="../../Scripts/jquery-1.3.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<%}%>

this will not be emitted because it is within an if(false) but intellisense will recognize it

A: I use something like this:
   <script src="<%= ResolveUrl("~/Content/jquery-1.2.6.js") %>" type="text/javascript"></script>

   <%--<script src="../../Content/jquery-1.2.6.js" type="text/javascript"></script>--%>

You then have to uncomment the second reference when you want to use intellisense.  It's annoying, but the only workaround I've encountered.

A: Check out the JScript IntelliSense FAQ on the Visual Web Developer Team Blog.  The comments also reference Srully's if(false) trick.

A: In VS2010, one way to reference the "*vsdoc.js file in a virtual folder/directory and get Intellisense to work properly in a view without using a CDN is to simply use localhost in the address.  A virtual directory is essential when centralizing script and content files for multiple web applications.  In the example below, I created the "Shared" virtual directory in IIS 7.5.  Hope this helps someone.
@if (false)
{
   <script src="http://localhost/Shared/jQuery/js/jquery-1.7.2-vsdoc.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
}

A: I have created a HtmlHelper extension (PathReference is a JetBrains.Annotations attribute for ReSharper and can be omitted):
public static class HtmlHelperExtensions
{
    public static MvcHtmlString Script(this HtmlHelper html, [PathReference]string scriptFile)
    {
        var filePath = VirtualPathUtility.ToAbsolute(scriptFile);
        return new MvcHtmlString("<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"" + filePath + "\"></script>");
    }
}

I then do like this in my master page
<%
    if (false)
    {
%>
    <script src="../../Scripts/jquery-ui-1.8.9.custom.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<%
    }
%>
<%:Html.Script("~/Scripts/jquery-ui-1.8.9.custom.min.js")%>

I now have both intellisense and correct runtime references.
(Thanks to Sruly for the if(false) trick)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
namespace OverheadDisplay
{
    partial class Design
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Required designer variable.
        /// </summary>
        private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components = null;

        /// <summary>
        /// Clean up any resources being used.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="disposing">true if managed resources should be disposed; otherwise, false.</param>
        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if (disposing && (components != null))
            {
                components.Dispose();
            }
            base.Dispose(disposing);
        }

        #region Windows Form Designer generated code

        /// <summary>
        /// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
        /// the contents of this method with the code editor.
        /// </summary>
        private void InitializeComponent()
        {
            System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager resources = new System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager(typeof(Design));
            this.BottomPanel = new System.Windows.Forms.Panel();
            this.label22 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
            this.TopPanel = new System.Windows.Forms.Panel();
            this.panel2 = new System.Windows.Forms.Panel();
            this.pictureBox1 = new System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox();
            this.label2 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
            this.Resizer = new OverheadDisplay.Controls.Resizer();
            this.BottomPanel.SuspendLayout();
            this.TopPanel.SuspendLayout();
            ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.pictureBox1)).BeginInit();
            this.SuspendLayout();
            //
            // BottomPanel
            //
            this.BottomPanel.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Highlight;
            this.BottomPanel.Controls.Add(this.label22);
            this.BottomPanel.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Bottom;
            this.BottomPanel.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(0, 645);
            this.BottomPanel.Name = "BottomPanel";
            this.BottomPanel.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(944, 24);
            this.BottomPanel.TabIndex = 5;
            //
            // label22
            //
            this.label22.AutoSize = true;
            this.label22.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
            this.label22.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 8.25F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(0)));
            this.label22.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.White;
            this.label22.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(3, 5);
            this.label22.Name = "label22";
            this.label22.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(38, 13);
            this.label22.TabIndex = 7;
            this.label22.Text = "Ready";
            //
            // TopPanel
            //
            this.TopPanel.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Control;
            this.TopPanel.Controls.Add(this.panel2);
            this.TopPanel.Controls.Add(this.pictureBox1);
            this.TopPanel.Controls.Add(this.label2);
            this.TopPanel.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Top;
            this.TopPanel.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(0, 0);
            this.TopPanel.Name = "TopPanel";
            this.TopPanel.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(944, 58);
            this.TopPanel.TabIndex = 7;
            //
            // panel2
            //
            this.panel2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(667, 64);
            this.panel2.Name = "panel2";
            this.panel2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(277, 324);
            this.panel2.TabIndex = 8;
            //
            // pictureBox1
            //
            this.pictureBox1.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
            this.pictureBox1.Image = global::OverheadDisplay.Properties.Resources.Logo;
            this.pictureBox1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(5, 4);
            this.pictureBox1.Name = "pictureBox1";
            this.pictureBox1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(24, 24);
            this.pictureBox1.SizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.PictureBoxSizeMode.StretchImage;
            this.pictureBox1.TabIndex = 23;
            this.pictureBox1.TabStop = false;
            //
            // label2
            //
            this.label2.AutoSize = true;
            this.label2.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent;
            this.label2.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(0)));
            this.label2.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(((int)(((byte)(64)))), ((int)(((byte)(64)))), ((int)(((byte)(64)))));
            this.label2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(31, 9);
            this.label2.Name = "label2";
            this.label2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(99, 15);
            this.label2.TabIndex = 25;
            this.label2.Text = "Overhead Display";
            //
            // Resizer
            //
            this.Resizer.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Highlight;
            this.Resizer.distance = new System.Drawing.Point(21, 21);
            this.Resizer.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(923, 648);
            this.Resizer.MaximumSize = new System.Drawing.Size(17, 17);
            this.Resizer.MinimumSize = new System.Drawing.Size(17, 17);
            this.Resizer.Name = "Resizer";
            this.Resizer.parent = this;
            this.Resizer.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(17, 17);
            this.Resizer.TabIndex = 8;
            //
            // Design
            //
            this.AutoScaleDimensions = new System.Drawing.SizeF(6F, 13F);
            this.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font;
            this.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Control;
            this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(944, 669);
            this.Controls.Add(this.Resizer);
            this.Controls.Add(this.TopPanel);
            this.Controls.Add(this.BottomPanel);
            this.FormBorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FormBorderStyle.None;
            this.Icon = ((System.Drawing.Icon)(resources.GetObject("$this.Icon")));
            this.Name = "Design";
            this.StartPosition = System.Windows.Forms.FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
            this.Text = "Overhead Display";
            this.BottomPanel.ResumeLayout(false);
            this.BottomPanel.PerformLayout();
            this.TopPanel.ResumeLayout(false);
            this.TopPanel.PerformLayout();
            ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.pictureBox1)).EndInit();
            this.ResumeLayout(false);

        }

        #endregion

        private System.Windows.Forms.Panel BottomPanel;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Label label22;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Panel TopPanel;
        private System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox pictureBox1;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Label label2;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Panel panel2;
        private Controls.Resizer Resizer;
    }
}


JAMMU, June 30: Two persons including an SPO were washed away in flood incidents in Poonch and Khour while a woman was killed after a tree fell on her temporary shelter in Kishtwar area last evening.
A police spokesman said that one Harbans Lal (45 yrs), son of Sain Dass, R/o Pail Jogwan, was washed away in flash floods in Manawar Tawi in upper reaches of Khour near his house late last evening. He was returning home carrying bundle of woods on his head. The water level went on increasing when he was crossing the river and was washed away. His body was recovered after long search by locals and police.
Reports from Poonch said that 22-year-old SPO, Anzar Ahmed, son of Talib Hussain, resident of Fagla in Surankote was washed away in Suran river late last evening. His dead body was found trapped in boulders by a villager and he informed police.
His identity could be established this morning. The incident took place when he was returning home from Surankote. The police after performing legal formalities handed over the body to the family for last rites.
Meanwhile, a woman, identified as Jameela, was killed when a tree got uprooted due to heavy rains and fell on her temporary shelter at Kalamasather Dhar, in Kishtwar district, a police official said.
Her minor daughter was also injured in the incident and was shifted to hospital.


text:
Brian Fogarty (born 1950) is a former American football player and coach.

Fogarty was born in 1950 in Altadena, California. He had five brothers and four sisters. He played football at St. Francis High School in La Cañada Flintridge, California. He played college football first at Pasadena City College and then at UC Santa Barbara. A head injury ended his playing career in 1970. He received a degree in physical education at Cal State Los Angeles.

After receiving his degree, he returned to Saint Francis High School as a teacher and coach. He coached the football, baseball, and basketball teams at Saint Francis.

In February 1983, he was hired as the head football coach at the University of San Diego. He held that position until 1995, compiling a record of 67–54–3 and leading the program from Division III to Division I-AA. He resigned the post in May 1996.

Fogarty remained at the University of San Diego, working in administrative and development roles until his retirement in August 2017. In 2009, the National Football Foundation presented Fogarty with the NFF Chapter Leadership Award. As a tribute to Fogarty, San Diego's first home game each year is titled the Brian Fogarty PFL Classic.

References

1950 births
Living people
San Diego Toreros football coaches
High school football coaches in California
California State University, Los Angeles alumni
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California


It's another edition of IT'S LUCHA~! The main event this week is the rudo team of Satanico, Nosferatu y Euforia v. the tecnico team of Sombra, La Mascara y Volador Jr. It's Lucha is co-sponsored by our friends at RBR Wrestling but you can also get them on iTunes (keyword: angrymarks) or listen to them right here on the site! Download it.


text:
Essay / News
Sewing Needles Reveal the Roots of Fashion
Humans have crafted garments for more than 40,000 years—and ancient tools suggest that warmth wasn't their only concern.
By Jacob Pagano
F. d'Errico/L. Doyon
The Inya River in southwestern Siberia winds through a landscape of striking seasonal changes. In the summer, crystal clear waters lap below alpine forests. As winter approaches, the river freezes, fierce snowstorms shroud the mountains, and temperatures plummet.
The climate becomes perilous to humans. But evidence of 50,000-year-old hunting tools suggests that Stone Age hunter-gatherers once inhabited the region. What was their secret to survival? Clothing.
Last year, in a cave above the Inya River's middle reaches, scientists discovered 20,000-year-old sewing needles. Despite their ancient origin, the needles are sophisticated. Not only are they sharp enough to perforate thick animal hides, they possess a needle "eye," which would have allowed early tailors to thread the needle and sew.
In a new study, published in the December issue of the Journal of Human Evolution, a team of researchers has pieced together what we know about ancient garment making using needle artifacts collected around the world, including from the site by the Inya River. Sewing, the analysis reveals, can offer a portal into human technology and cognition in the Upper Paleolithic, a period stretching from 50,000 to 10,000 years ago.
"Many of the needles we discovered were not simply used to manufacture clothes but for embroidery and ornaments. There was an aesthetic role," says Francesco d'Errico, an anthropologist at the University of Bordeaux in France and a co-author of the study.
In other words, ancient humans were not only concerned with finding warmth in wintry weather—they also may have dressed in order to communicate social identity, display tribal affiliations, and, indeed, to look good.
The very earliest evidence for clothing fabrication comes from an unlikely source: lice. Between 80,000 and 100,000 years ago, head and body lice became separate species. "This is an indication that individuals started wearing skins," says Sarah Wurz, an anthropologist at the University of the Witwatersrand, who was not associated with the d'Errico study. "The lice lived in these, and therefore evolved into a separate species."
We do not know which Homo species—neanderthalensis or sapiens—first pioneered the practice of wearing furs. But by 76,000 years ago, anthropologists believe that Homo sapiens were creating bone awls, a precursor to the needle, in South Africa. In the millennia to follow, artifacts suggest most ancient clothing production was occurring in the Northern Hemisphere, where cooler climes made extra insulation helpful.
For the new study, d'Errico and his colleagues amassed a database of eyed sewing needles found in the Northern Hemisphere, many of which date to the Upper Paleolithic period. They analyzed all of the needles in terms of both their form and function. Radiocarbon dating enabled the team to assess the age of various specimens.
The researchers found that humans developed eyed sewing needles in what is now Siberia and China as early as 45,000 years ago. In Europe, clothing fabrication likely began around 26,000 years ago; it probably began some 13,000 years ago in North America.
For the new study, the research team examined Upper Paleolithic period needles from a dig site in China, pictured above.
Huijie Mei
In addition, d'Errico and his colleagues uncovered evidence of extensive production sites for needles and garments. For example, at a site in the northern deserts of China, researchers extracted needles that were more than 10,000 years old, along with tools that may have aided their creation. Some of the needles are wide and flat, perhaps used to stitch thick hides. Others are narrow and circular, which may indicate they were used for delicate work such as embroidery.
The researchers also discovered that some of the world's most sophisticated early stitch work may have come from North America. Sites in eastern Wyoming and central Washington yielded 13,000-year-old needles that have a striking level of refinement and suggest what the researchers call a "never previously achieved mastery" in needle production.
The incredible diversity of needle types, which differed by region, exhibited varied forms, and evolved over time, suggests two things. First, multiple societies created them independently. Second, people within these societies had tools to create different types of garments, which may have had cultural or aesthetic significance. In Western Europe, for instance, where anthropologists believe distinctive groups of humans frequently interacted, needle styles varied by site, suggesting dressing style might have delineated tribal affiliation.
There's other evidence for decorative dress in the Upper Paleolithic. For example, in a previous project, d'Errico and his colleague Marian Vanhaeren, an anthropologist at the University of Bordeaux, identified shells on the remains of a child in the Madeleine Cave in France, a site they attribute to the late Magdalenian period, around 10,000 years ago. Tiny holes hint that someone stitched these ornaments to the child's clothing, though the textile itself has since disintegrated.
At the same time that the needle unleashed an aesthetic revolution in clothing, it might have signaled two other developments integral to human prehistory: the ability to travel long distances and the capacity for complex thought.
Anthropologists believe that around 50,000 years ago, the first Homo sapiens began leaving Africa and heading northward. "One of the burning questions in early human research is what technologies allowed people to move out of Africa and eventually colonize the rest of the world," says Justin Bradfield, an anthropologist based at the University of Johannesburg in South Africa, who was not associated with the study.
The new study does not definitively determine whether sewing needles enabled human migrations, but it hints that their role could have been crucial. After all, some of the most sophisticated specimens are associated with people in North America—who also happened to traverse the farthest distances across the harshest climates. Being able to sew warm garments may have opened the door to the New World.
In addition, the needles offer a clue to the cognitive abilities of people who lived during the Upper Paleolithic, which would later make possible architecture and forgery. "The production process involved in making and using needles involves many steps," Wurz says. People would conceptualize the need for a tool, find the correct materials, produce thread, and sew clothing, she explains. "This long chain of thought and combination of different elements are evidence for complex cognition that typify all humans today."
Jacob Pagano
Jacob Pagano is a journalist based in Los Angeles, California. Follow him on Twitter @jacobapagano.
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Former Columbus Blue Jackets forward Ryan Russell has joined Cardiff Devils until the end of the season.
Russell, 28, has spent the majority of his career in the American Hockey League and played 41 games in the NHL with Columbus in 2011-12.
The Canadian has spent the last seasons with Leksand IF in Sweden.
"Ryan has an impressive skill set and will fit in well with this forward unit," Devils player-coach Andrew Lord said.
"We wanted to bring in an energy player, someone that is going to bring great work ethic every single night, and we think we have found the guy with Russell."
Devils are currently top of the Elite League and face Belfast Giants and Sheffield Steelers in back to back home games this weekend.


Today's censorious victim culture is a product of the long identitarian march through the institutions.
Is today's leftish identity politics new? Actually, no. Its contemporary symptoms are just the latest spasm of a dominant ideology in Western high culture I term 'left-modernism', lashing out from the institutions where it is most deeply entrenched.
It isn't hard to find commentary pointing to the novelty of today's social-justice-warrior phenomenon. 'Although political correctness has enjoyed a much longer sway over academia', remarks Michael Rectenwald in Springtime for Snowflakes (2018), 'social justice as such debuted in higher education in the fall of 2016 – when it emerged in full regalia and occupied campuses to avenge its monster-mother's [postmodernism's] death and wreak havoc upon its enemies'.
Some even contrast contemporary 'snowflakes' with the more free-speech-oriented 1960s. This is the argument of Jonathan Haidt and Greg Lukianoff's Coddling of the American Mind (2018), which, while acknowledging earlier phases of political correctness, emphasises the importance of a fragile 'i-generation', which considers words to be a form of violence and wants adults to keep them safe from uncomfortable ideas.
Yet, as one who first encountered political correctness in Canadian universities in the late 1980s, and vividly recalls the release of Allan Bloom's Closing of the American Mind in 1987, I am inclined to take a longer view. The therapeutic ethos noted by Robert Bellah in Habits of the Heart (1985) and Christopher Lasch's Culture of Narcissism(1979) informed what Nick Haslam characterises as 'concept creep'. That is, the broadening of the meaning of social psychology terms like bullying and prejudice, whose remit continually expanded to encompass progressively less serious behaviours. This was not conceived in an ideological vacuum, but drew strength – in part – from a progressive mission to achieve a 'kinder, gentler' society for the disadvantaged. There was also a non-ideological component, tied to the longstanding and commendable desire of affluent societies to reduce discomfort of all kinds and mitigate risks to children. This more materialist 'coddling' took place in households of all ideological stripes, be they evangelical Christian or liberal secular, whether in Japan or America.
Yet what is distinct about today's social-justice left is its weaponisation of the idioms of safety culture. Safetyism is not the cause of SJW activism, but rather a new tool in the hands of an older left-modernist ideological tradition. Think of how preposterous the notion is that a talk happening somewhere on campus, that most students are too busy or uninterested to drag themselves to, could render them 'unsafe'. Such events are only 'unsafe' for those who go out of their way to be offended, for ideological reasons. 'Safety' is much more of an instrumentalised social construct than a product of psychological fragility arising from a coddled upbringing. If it were, then whites, Christians or men would also be calling for safe spaces rather than undergoing reverse-coddling (having to weather attacks on their group) by developing thicker skins than their parents.
All ideologies must innovate and comment on new developments to remain fresh and vital. American Protestant fundamentalism, for example, concentrated on alcohol, trading on the Sabbath and the evils of the city in the 1920s, but changed its focus to abortion and homosexuality in the 1980s. It has experienced periodic 'Great Awakenings' of religious fervour. The New Left is in its third great awakening (or 'awokening', to quote Toby Young in the Spectator), after the two previous campus upsurges of the late 1960s and late 1980s / early 1990s. This time, it is innovating by fashioning the language of therapeutic safety culture into new slogans like 'safe spaces', or tactics such as bias response teams, while touting new crusades such as trans rights. Yet the older, largely admirable causes of anti-racism and anti-sexism have been revamped, while No Platforming, a strategy first used in Britain in the late 1970s, is enjoying a resurgence. The bottles carry new labels, but the ideological wine is of an older vintage.