Original Kurzfassung: Hydraulic switching control operates via fast switching valves which are turned on and off to control the intended system state. For position control the simplest way is to place two switching valves for the pressure and for the tank line directly to the hydraulic cylinder. If the actual chamber volume is quite large and the valve on pulses are relatively short, pressure pulsation in the chamber is small. In various applications valves are located some distance away the cylinder and are connected by pipes or hoses. Such transmission lines exhibit a quite complicated oscillatory behavior which is strongly excited by the abrupt pressure and flow changes due to switching. In this paper the authors present and study a hydraulic low pass filter for such cases. It comprises three additional hydraulic elements: two hydraulic capacitances and an orifice; the pipe is functionally also part of the filter. The study consists of an analytical part, which employs a simple lumped parameter model, clarifies the basic function principle, and serves as an approximate dimensioning rule, and of a numerical simulation study which models wave propagation in the transmission line by the methods of characteristics and accounts also for nonlinear resistances and capacitances. This numerical model proves the proper functioning of the hydraulic low pass filter and confirms the validity of the analytical model for basic dimensioning purposes.


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Decorative Wall mirror is an object that becomes a wall decoration for house, bathrooms, a dressing, you can serve as decorative room, or tools for dress. Wall mirror turned out to have an important role for house. How to change a small space to make it look wider? The house is one of the primary needs of human beings. As a place of refuge, rest, gather the family together, and at the same place doing various activities. The growing demand for today's home, resulting in rising land values, therefore a small house was an option. Can provide the best for the family would have to be a dream, with a hanging wall mirror will certainly be the center of attention, and can force a person to observe.
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text:
Pfc. Ed Carr's 97th Infantry Division fighting in Germany during WWII. Photo provided
Pfc. Ed Carr of Venice fought his way through Europe with Gen. Patton during WW II
Ed Carr was an 18-year-old rifle toter in L-Company, 303rd Infantry Regiment, 97th Division of Gen. George S. Patton's 3rd Army in Europe during World War II. He now lives in 'Village on the Isle' condominiums in Venice.
From the final days of the "Battle of the Bulge" to the closing days of the war in Europe that concluded in Czechoslovakia, he and the men fought the enemy from town-to-town. More than 70 years later Carr's recollections of these battles are fuzzy. He is 92.
"We arrived by ship at La Havre, France as "The Bulge" was about over. The Germans were starting to fall back," he recalled. "They put us on army trucks and we headed for Belgium and the fighting.
"We joined up with Patton at 'The Bulge' and started pushing the Germans back across Europe from one town to the next.
"I remember that first night before our first day in battle being scared. I thought maybe I'd die tomorrow. I got through the first day and survived. Then I thought about making it through a second day and surviving. When I made it through I decided to stop thinking about dying and start thinking about surviving. It worked!
"Our guys hit them with our Sherman tanks. We were support troops walking in the snow along side our tanks toward the German artillery. If they hit one of our tanks with their 88s it was bad. Several of our tankers died.
"In one German town there was this hill we had to capture," Carr said. " We finally pushed the enemy off the hill. There on the ground in perfect formation was our first squad. All of them were dead. They died trying to capture the hill.
"On another occasion our general told us the next town we were going to capture had a brewery. He didn't want us breaking into it, so our commander went to the brewery and bought beer for our unit from the Germans.
"A German tank shot up one of our tank-killer units. They were fast, lightly clad, well armed vehicles. Two or three of our men were killed in the fight. Then the Germans ran out of bullets and surrendered. We wanted to kill them, but we didn't.
"At one point I was an artillery spotter with a buddy. The two of us climbed up in the bell tower of a German church spotting. We did until the Germans realized where we were hiding and started zeroing in on the church's tower. We left in a hurry.
"We lived in German houses we confiscated during the whole time our unit moved across Europe. We never dug a foxhole. While in these houses we scavenged for food. I remember we were in this big farmhouse and in the attack there were pieces of fat hanging from the rafters. In the yard they were growing potatoes. So we dug up the potatoes and used the fat in the attic to make French-fries.
"Our colonel, who could speak German, went into town with us. We were the first Americans to arrive. In town there was a German POW camp commanded by a German general that held French. He didn't want to fight anymore, but he would only surrender to another general.
"He invited our colonel for dinner. The colonel said he would dine with him if the general would feed us, too. We had a good meal, steak and German chocolate cake. After we ate we got a truck and took all the Germans' rifles back to our lines.
"We each were given the opportunity to take one of the rifles as a souvenir. I shipped my rifle home. My younger brother showed it to kids around the neighborhood and somebody stole it."
"What do you remember about 'V-E Day' (Victory in Europe)?" Carr was asked.
"I got a pass to go to Paris. When I got to the bus someone had stolen my pass. I didn't get to go," he recalled.
"I went back to 'Camp Lucky Strike' and sailed back to the United Sates on a German luxury liner. When we arrived in New York there was no big celebration," he said.
"We got off the boat, took a 30-day leave. Then we were sent to Camp Pendleton in Calif. for invasion craft training and then on to the Pacific. We were the first to reach Tokyo after the surrender.
"During the six months I was in Japan I worked as a mail clerk with little to do. Most of the time I was a tourist sightseeing. I roamed the country and found the Japanese were very gentle people who treated us with respect.
"When I got off the troopship from Tokyo I closed the door on World War II. I didn't want to remember anything."
Carr took the G.I. Bill and became an electrician. After decades in this field he acquired his father-in-law's stamp and coin shop in Wakefield, Mass. He did that until his late wife, Doreen, suggested it was time for him to retire and move to Florida. In 1976 the couple moved south to Venice. They have three daughters: Diane, Cheryl, and Janice.
Name: Edward J Carr
D.O.B: 8 Oct. 1925
Hometown: Boston, Mass.
Currently: Venice, Fla.
Entered Service: 10 March 1944
Discharged: May 1946
Rank: Private first class
Unit: L-Company, 303rd Infantry Regiment, 97th Division
Commendations: WWII Victory medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater Campaign ribbon, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon, American Theater Campaign ribbon, Good Conduct medal
Battles/Campaigns: Czechoslovakia, Germany
This story was first published in the Charlotte Sun newspaper, Port Charlotte, Fla. on Monday, Feb. 12, 2018 and is republished with permission.
Click here to view the collections in alphabetical order in the Library of Congress. This veteran's story may not yet be posted on this site, it could take anywhere from three to six months for the Library of Congress to process. Keep checking.
02.14.2018 – U. S. Army / World War II / 303rd Infantry Regiment / 97th Division / L-Company / La Havre / Patton's 3rd Army
Jay Comfort
I would like to get in contact with Pfc Ed Carr as my father was in the 303rd Infantry Regiment and I am researching trying to understand more about the experiences of my dad during WW II. Ben Comfort, Jr. My name is Jay Comfort and have lived in Switzerland for the past 22 years.
Jay –
Please give Don a call at 941-426-2120. We always ask permission to give the numbers out or you can email Don at donmoore39@gmail.com and give him your phone number so he can pass it on to Mr. Carr.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Biking on this trail allows riders to see a lot of the midwest scenic variance which Marshall County offers. Beginning on the west side of the trail, riders will go from Grimes Farm through a small forest area which runs along a double railroad line. This section is always shaded and cool and offers a nice retreat from the summer heat. This is followed by a short jaunt through the city of Marshalltown itself. This is part of the original trail and follows Linn Creek through both residential and industrial areas. There are several places to stop and enjoy the local scene. Following this section is a run along the forested east side of Marshalltown. The view along what I would describe as prairie land is beautiful, especially in the evening. You eventually find yourself along the Iowa River which brings you to Riverview Park. The trail from start to end is about 10 miles. The entire thing is paved and mostly flat. The trail is accessable at numbeous points throughout the city. You'll mostly see bikers, walkers/joggers, and a few people walking to fishing grounds along the river. All in all, a very nice place to ride.
The western end, as you approach Grimes Farm, is pleasant enough and has recently been resurfaced. But most of the trail as it winds around the town of Marshalltown, seems to have been deliberately routed through the least scenic parts of the city.
The surface is paved, but there are several spots covered with stripes of tar where the pavement has cracked, and all along the northern and eastern parts of the trail there are big cracks with weeds growing up through the middle of the trail.
This was my first time on the Comet Trail and won't be the last. Grundy County Conservation Board does a good job with this trail. I started in Gladbrook (Wolf Creek Trail - WCT) and joined up to the Comet Trail about 2 miles west of Gladbrook. The WCT is not a road bike or maybe even a hybrid bike trail---I rode a MTB with satisfactory results. It would be nice if they developed the WCT and removed the roller coaster effect and improved the surface with crushed limestone or better yet paved it to join up with the short stretch of paved trail at Gladbrook. There is limited canopy to block the wind or give shade. It would be a trying workout on a hot and windy day. There were lots of downed limbs and a deep eroded spot that likely will be dealt with before the run the end of May---hope so.


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The 2015 Atlanta Braves season was the Braves' 19th season of home games at Turner Field, 50th season in Atlanta, and 145th season overall.

Offseason

The Braves offseason began in the final week of the 2014 season.  The Braves were officially eliminated from the postseason contention on Sunday, September 21.  On Monday, the Braves announced the termination of General Manager Frank Wren and appointed John Hart as the interim general manager. The Braves signed Hart to a three-year deal to become the Braves President of Baseball Operations a month later. Hart continued to fill the role of general manager throughout the offseason with much help from assistant general manager John Coppolella.

Offseason additions and subtractions

Season summary

Opening Day

After an offseason filled with many trades and roster movements, the Braves began the season with Julio Teherán as the starting pitcher for the second consecutive year. They took an early lead in the first inning after a Nick Markakis single scored Jace Peterson. Miami tied the game in the third inning, but a late Markakis RBI scoring Eric Young, Jr. was the difference. In the team's first save opportunity since trading closer Craig Kimbrel, newly appointed closer Jason Grilli pitched a perfect inning and the Braves won 2–1.

Regular season
After optimistically winning the first five games of the season, the Braves' early success was short-lived. The team finished April with a 10–12 record. They had a winning record in May (15–13), but struggles within the young roster made quality starts and wins few and far between. A July 11 injury to closer Jason Grilli sealed the fate of the struggling team, lacking the skills necessary for a successful starting rotation. An 8–20 August followed, and after additional movements and trades, the team's starting rotation was virtually unrecognizable from how the season began. Shelby Miller, once thought to be a crucial starting pitcher to the team's success, lost a franchise-record 24 consecutive starts, finishing the season with a 6–17 record after receiving a run support average of 2.38 (ranked tenth worst in MLB history).

The Braves finished the season with a 67–95 record, third-worst in the MLB, ahead of the Cincinnati Reds (64–98) and Philadelphia Phillies (63–99).

Season standings

National League East

National League Wild Card

Record vs. opponents

Game log

|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 1 || April 6 || @ Marlins || 2–1 || Teherán (1–0) || Álvarez (0–1) || Grilli (1) || 36,969 || 1–0 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 2 || April 7 || @ Marlins || 12–2 || Wood (1–0) || Latos (0–1) || — || 17,483 || 2–0 || W2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 3 || April 8 || @ Marlins || 2–0 || Cunniff (1–0) || Koehler (0–1) || Grilli (2) || 16,127 || 3–0 || W3
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 4 || April 10 || Mets || 5–3 || Johnson (1–0) || Montero (0–1) || Grilli (3) || 46,729 || 4–0 || W4
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 5 || April 11 || Mets || 5–3 || Teherán (2–0) || Gee (0–1) || Johnson (1) || 36,056 || 5–0 ||W5
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 6 || April 12 || Mets || 3–4 || Colón (2–0) || Jaime (0–1) || Familia (1) || 28,192 || 5–1 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 7 || April 13 || Marlins || 3–2 || Miller (1–0) || Latos (0–2) || Grilli (4) || 13,417 || 6–1 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 8 || April 14 || Marlins || 2–8 || Koehler (1–1) || Cahill (0–1)  || — || 15,765 || 6–2 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 9 || April 15 || Marlins || 2–6 || Haren (1–0) || Stults (0–1) || — || 18,342 || 6–3 || L2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 10 || April 17 || @ Blue Jays || 8–7 || Martin (1–0) || Cecil (0–1) || Grilli (5) || 21,397 || 7–3 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 11 || April 18 || @ Blue Jays || 5–6 (10) || Cecil (1–1) || Marimón (0–1) || — || 34,743 || 7–4 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 12 || April 19 || @ Blue Jays || 5–2 || Miller (2–0) || Norris (1–1) || Grilli (6) || 44,794 || 8–4 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 13 || April 21 || @ Mets || 1–7 || Niese (2–0) || Cahill (0–2) || — || 21,033 || 8–5 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 14 || April 22 || @ Mets || 2–3 || Carlyle (1–0) || Johnson (1–1) || Familia (7) || 20,971 || 8–6 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 15 || April 23 || @ Mets || 3–6 || Colón (4–0) || Teherán (2–1) || Familia (8) || 23,980 || 8–7 || L3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 16 || April 24 || @ Phillies || 0–1 || Giles (1–0) || Johnson (1–2) || — || 21,164 || 8–8 || L4
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 17 || April 25 || @ Phillies || 5–2 || Miller (3–0) || Buchanan (0–4) || Grilli (7) || 24,748 || 9–8 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 18 || April 26 || @ Phillies || 4–5 || Williams (2–1) || Cahill (0–3) || Papelbon (4) || 28,702 || 9–9 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 19 || April 27 || Nationals || 8–4 || Stults (1–1) || Fister (1–1) || — || 16,658 || 10–9 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 20 || April 28 || Nationals || 12–13 || Treinen (1–2) || Grilli (0–1) || Storen (5) || 14,833 || 10–10 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 21 || April 29 || Nationals || 4–13 || Zimmermann (2–2) || Wood (1–1) || — || 12,595 || 10–11 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 22 || April 30 || Reds || 1–5 || Leake (1–1) || Miller (3–1) || — || 15,744 || 10–12 || L3
|-

|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 23 || May 1 || Reds || 4–3 || Foltynewicz (1–0) || DeSclafani (2–2) || Grilli (8) || 30,153 || 11–12 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 24 || May 2 || Reds || 4–8 || Marquis (3–1) || Stults (1–2) || — || 29,515 || 11–13 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 25 || May 3 || Reds || 5–0 || Teherán (3–1) || Cueto (2–3) || — || 30,073 || 12–13 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 26 || May 4 || Phillies || 2–5 || Harang (3–2) || Wood (1–2) || — || 17,293 || 12–14 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 27 || May 5 || Phillies || 9–0 || Miller (4–1) || Billingsley (0–1) || — || 14,451 || 13–14 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 28 || May 6 || Phillies || 7–5 || Foltynewicz (2–0) || Williams (2–2) || Grilli (9) || 17,772 || 14–14 || W2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 29 || May 8 || @ Nationals || 2–9 || Gonzalez (3–2) || Stults (1–3) || — || 31,288 || 14–15 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 30 || May 9 || @ Nationals || 6–8 || Storen (1–0) || Martin (1–1) || — || 39,193 || 14–16 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 31 || May 10 || @ Nationals || 4–5 || Solis (1–0) || Martin (1–2) || Storen (9) || 31,938 || 14–17 || L3
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 32 || May 11 || @ Reds || 2–1 || Avilán (1–0) || Chapman (1–2) || Johnson (2) || 19,881 || 15–17 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 33 || May 12 || @ Reds || 3–4 || Chapman (2–2) || Grilli (0–2) || — || 23,780 || 15–18 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 34 || May 13 || @ Reds || 1–5 || Iglesias (1–0) || Stults (1–4) || — || 17,747 || 15–19 || L2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 35 || May 15 || @ Marlins || 5–3 || Martin (2–2) || Dunn (0–2) || Grilli (10) || 18,334 || 16–19 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 36 || May 16 || @ Marlins || 5–3 || Wood (2–2) || Latos (1–4) || Grilli (11) || 18,166 || 17–19 || W2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 37 || May 17 || @ Marlins || 6–0 || Miller (5–1) || Álvarez (0–3) || — || 23,075 || 18–19 || W3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 38 || May 19 || Rays || 3–5 || Ramírez (2–1) || Foltynewicz (2–1) || Boxberger (11) || 20,120 || 18–20 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 39 || May 20 || Rays || 2–1||  Cunniff (2–0) || Odorizzi (3–4) || Grilli (12) || 24,549 || 19–20 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 40 || May 21 || Brewers || 10–1 ||  Teherán (4–1) ||  Garza (2–6) || — || 18,239 || 20–20 || W2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 41 || May 22 || Brewers || 0–11 || Blazek (4–1) || Stults (1–5) || — || 25,774 || 20–21 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 42 || May 23 || Brewers || 3–2 (11) || Avilán (2–0) || Kintzler (0–1) || — || 33,223 || 21–21 ||W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 43 || May 24 || Brewers || 2–1 || Foltynewicz (3–1) || Nelson (2–5) || Grilli (13) || 30,612 || 22–21 || W2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 44 || May 25 || @ Dodgers || 3–6 || Liberatore (1–1) || Masset (0–1) || Jansen (4) || 44,680 || 22–22 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 45 || May 26 || @ Dodgers || 0–8 || Kershaw (3–3) || Teherán (4–2) || — || 40,667 || 22–23 || L2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 46 || May 27 || @ Dodgers || 3–2 || Wood (3–2) || Hatcher (1–4) || Grilli (14) || 37,873 || 23–23 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 47 || May 28 || @ Giants || 0–7 || Heston (5–3) || Miller (5–2) || — || 41,040 || 23–24 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 48 || May 29 || @ Giants || 2–4 || Hudson (3–4) || Foltynewicz (3–2) || Casilla (15) || 41,311 || 23–25 || L2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 49 || May 30 || @ Giants || 8–0 || Pérez (1–0) || Lincecum (5–3) || — || 42,005 || 24–25 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 50 || May 31 || @ Giants || 7–5 || Masset (1–1) || Casilla (4–1) || Grilli (15) || 41,553 || 25–25 || W2
|-

|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 51 || June 1 || @ D-backs || 8–1 || Wood (4–2) || Bradley (2–3) || — || 18,258 || 26–25 || W3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 52 || June 2 || @ D-backs || 6–7 || Chafin (3–0) || Cunniff (2–1) || Ziegler (4) || 17,101 || 26–26 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 53 || June 3 || @ D-backs || 8–9 || Chafin (4–0) || Johnson (1–3) || Ziegler (5) || 17,717 || 26–27 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 54 || June 5 || Pirates || 8–10 || Morton (3–0) || Avilán (2–1) || Melancon (17) || 27,508 || 26–28 || L3
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 55 || June 6 || Pirates || 5–4 || Grilli (1–2) || Worley (2–4) || — || 33,268 || 27–28 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 56 || June 7 || Pirates || 0–3 || Cole (9–2) || Wood (4–3) || Melancon (18) || 24,146 || 27–29 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 57 || June 8 || Padres || 3–5 (11) || Maurer (3–0) || Martin (2–3) || Kimbrel (14) || 21,458 || 27–30 || L2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 58 || June 9 || Padres || 6–5 || Johnson (2–3) || Benoit (4–3) || Grilli (16) || 24,049 || 28–30 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 59 || June 10 || Padres || 4–1 || Pérez (2–0) || Ross (3–6) || Johnson (3) || 21,465 || 29–30 || W2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 60 || June 11 || Padres || 4–6 (11) || Thayer (2–0) || Cunniff (2–2) || Kimbrel (15) || 21,465 || 29–31 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 61 || June 12 || @ Mets || 3–5 || Colón (9–4) || Wood (4–4) || Familia (18) || 32,554 || 29–32 || L2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 62 || June 13 || @ Mets || 5–3 (11) || Grilli (2–2) || Torres (2–3) || Pérez (1) || 37,734 || 30–32 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 63 || June 14 || @ Mets || 8–10 || Gilmartin (1–0) || Avilán (2–2) || Familia (19) || 36,340 || 30–33 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 64 || June 15 || @ Red Sox || 4–2 || Pérez (3–0) || Porcello (4–7) || Grilli (17) || 34,439 || 31–33 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 65 || June 16 || @ Red Sox || 4–9 || Miley (6–6) || Teherán (4–3) || — || 35,662 || 31–34 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 66 || June 17 || Red Sox || 5–2 || Masset (2–1) || Tazawa (0–3) || Grilli (18) || 28,902 || 32–34 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 67 || June 18 || Red Sox || 2–5 || Buchholz (4–6) || Miller (5–3) || Uehara (14) || 31,783 || 32–35 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 68 || June 19 || Mets || 2–1 || Wisler (1–0) || deGrom (7–5) || Grilli (19) || 28,853 || 33–35 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 69 || June 20 || Mets || 6–4 || Perez (4–0) || Leathersich (0–1) || Grilli (20) || 40,733 || 34-35 || W2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 70 || June 21 || Mets || 1–0 || Teherán (5–3) || Harvey (7–5) || Johnson (4) || 30,268 || 35–35 || W3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 71 || June 23 || @ Nationals || 1–3 || Strasburg (4–5) || Wood (4–5) || Storen (21) || 28,344  || 35–36  || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 72 || June 24 || @ Nationals || 1–2 (11) || Rivero (1–0) || Eveland (0–1) || — || 36,141 || 35–37 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 73 || June 25 || @ Nationals || 0–7 || Fister (3–3) || Wisler (1–1) || — || 37,874  || 35–38 || L3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 74 || June 26 || @ Pirates || 2–3 (10) || Melancon (1–1) || Grilli (2–3) || — || 34,220 || 35–39 || L4
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 75 || June 27 || @ Pirates || 4–8 || Morton (6–1) || Teherán (5–4) || — || 36,417 || 35–40 || L5
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 76 || June 28 || @ Pirates || 2–1 || Wood (5–5) || Locke (4–4) || Grilli (21) || 36,082 || 36–40 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 77 || June 30 || Nationals || 1–6 || Zimmermann (6–5) || Miller (5–4) || — || 23,961 || 36–41 || L1
|-

|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 78 || July 1 || Nationals || 4–1 || Wisler (2–1) || Fister (3–4) || Grilli (22) || 19,393 || 37–41 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 79 || July 2 || Nationals || 2–1 || Grilli (3–3) || Scherzer (9–6) || — || 18,585 || 38–41 || W2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 80 || July 3 || Phillies || 2–1 || Teherán (6–4)  || Morgan (1–1)  || Johnson (5) || 33,090 || 39–41 || W3
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 81 || July 4 || Phillies || 9–5 || Wood (6–5)  || Correia (0–3)  || — || 34,401 || 40–41 || W4
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 82 || July 5 || Phillies || 0–4 (10) || García (3–3)  || Masset (2–2)  || — || 18,763 || 40–42 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 83 || July 6 || @ Brewers || 5–3 || Wisler (3–1)  || Lohse (5–10)  || Grilli (23)  || 25,046 || 41–42 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 84 || July 7 || @ Brewers || 4–3 || Banuelos (1–0) || Cravy (0–2) || Grilli (24) || 33,388 || 42–42 || W2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 85 || July 8 || @ Brewers || 5–6 || Jeffress (3–0) || Avilán (2–3) || Rodríguez (19) || 33,338 || 42–43 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 86 || July 9 || @ Rockies || 3–5 || Hale (3–4)  || Brigham (0–1)  || Axford (15) || 30,334 || 42–44 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 87 || July 10 || @ Rockies || 3–5 || Laffey (1–0)  || Miller (5–5)  || Axford (16) || 48,254 || 42–45 || L3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 88 || July 11 || @ Rockies || 2–3 || Hawkins (2–1)  ||Grilli (3–4)  || — || 40,620 || 42–46 || L4
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 89 || July 12 || @ Rockies || 3–11 || Bettis  (5–4) ||Wood (6–6)  || — || 37,047 || 42–47 || L5
|- style="text-align:center; bgcolor="#bbbbbb"
| rowspan=3 |ASG || colspan=8 | 86th All-Star Game at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States || rowspan=3 |Box
|- bgcolor="bbbbbb"
| July 14 || colspan=2 | American 6, National 3 || Price (AL, DET) || Kershaw (NL, LAD) || — || 43,656 || —
|- style="text-align:center; bgcolor="bbbbbb"
| colspan=8 |Representing the Atlanta Braves: Shelby Miller
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 90 || July 17 || Cubs || 4–2 || Vizcaíno (1–0) || Strop (1–5)  || Johnson (6) || 42,532 || 43–47 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 91 || July 18 || Cubs || 0–4 || Lester (5–8)  || Banuelos (1–1)  || — || 45,758 || 43–48 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 92 || July 19 || Cubs || 1–4 || Arrieta (11–5)  || Miller (5–6)  || — || 31,690 || 43–49 || L2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 93 || July 20 || Dodgers || 7–5 || Wisler (4–1)  || Liberatore (2–2) || Johnson (7)  || 24,072 || 44–49 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 94 || July 21 || Dodgers || 4–3 || Wood (7–6)  || Tsao (1–1)  || Johnson (8) || 33,816  || 45–49 || W2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 95 || July 22 || Dodgers || 1–3 || Bolsinger (5–3)  ||  Teherán (6–5)   || Jansen (17) || 24,112 || 45–50 ||  L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 96 || July 24 || @ Cardinals || 2–4 || Cooney (1–0)  || Banuelos (1–2)  || Siegrist (5) || 44,778  || 45–51 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 97 || July 25 || @ Cardinals || 0–1|| Martinez (11–4) || Miller (5–7)  || Choate (1)  || 45,862 || 45–52 || L3
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 98 || July 26 || @ Cardinals || 3–2 || Wisler (5–1)  || Wacha (11–4)  || Johnson (9) || 44,780 || 46–52 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 99 || July 27 || @ Orioles || 1–2 (11) || Brach (4–2)  || Avilán (2–4)  || — || 26,256 || 46–53 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 100 || July 28 || @ Orioles || 3–7 || Jiménez (8–6) || Teherán (6–5) || — || 28,592 || 46–54 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 101 || July 29 || @ Orioles || 0–2 || Tillman (8–7) ||  Foltynewicz (3–3)  || Britton (26) || 29,238 || 46–55 || L3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 102 || July 30 || @ Phillies || 1–4 || Harang (5–11) || Miller (5–8) || Giles (2) || 21,706 || 46–56 || L4
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 103 || July 31 || @ Phillies || 3–9 || Buchanan (2–5) ||  Perez (4–1) || — || 29,290 || 46–57 || L5
|-

|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 104 || August 1 || @ Phillies || 2–12 || Nola (2–1) || Wisler (5–2) || — || 25,523 || 46–58 || L6
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 105 || August 2 || @ Phillies || 6–2 || Teherán (7–6) || Morgan (2–3) || — || 24,361 || 47–58 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 106 || August 3 || Giants || 9–8 (12) || Vizcaíno (2–0) || Vogelsong (7–7) || — || 23,428 || 48–58 || W2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 107 || August 4 || Giants || 3–8 || Affeldt (1–2) || Aardsma (0–1) || — || 18,411 || 48–59 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 108 || August 5 || Giants || 1–6 || Bumgarner (12–6) ||  Perez (4–2) || — || 17,444 || 48–60 || L2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 109 || August 6 || Marlins || 9–8 || McKirahan (10) || Morris (33) || Vizcaíno (1) || 18,548 || 49–60 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 110 || August 7 || Marlins || 6–3 || Detwiler (1–5) || Flores (0–1) || Vizcaíno (2) || 22,769 || 50–60 || W2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 111 || August 8 || Marlins || 7–2 || Foltynewicz (4–3) ||  Koehler (89) || — || 42,544 || 51–60 || W3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 112 || August 9 || Marlins || 1–4 || Hand (2–2) || Miller (5–9) || Ramos (18) || 24,610 || 51–61 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 113 || August 11 || @ Rays || 0–2 || Ramírez (9–4) || Perez (4–2) || Cedeño (1) || 15,506 || 51–62 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 114 || August 12 || @ Rays || 6–9 || Colomé (5–4) || Marksberry (0–1) || Boxberger (29) || 16,337 || 51–63 || L3
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 115 || August 14 || D-backs || 3–2 || Teherán (8–6) || Ray (3–8) || Vizcaíno (3) || 31,917 || 52–63 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 116 || August 15 || D-backs || 4–8 || Corbin (3–3) || Foltynewicz (4–4) || — || 29,624 || 52–64 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 117 || August 16 || D-backs || 2–1 (10) || Aardsma (1–1) || Hernandez (0–3) || — || 20,840 || 53–64 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 118 || August 17 || @ Padres || 3–5 || Rea (2–0) || Perez (4–4) || Kimbrel (34) || 23,716 || 53–65 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 119 || August 18 || @ Padres || 0–9 || Shields (9–5) || Wisler (5–3) || — || 28,395 || 53–66 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 120 || August 19 || @ Padres || 2–3 || Kelley (2–2) || Marksberry (0–2) || Kimbrel (35) || 20,732 || 53–67 || L3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 121 || August 20 || @ Cubs || 1–7 || Arrieta (15–6) || Foltynewicz (4–5) || — || 34,633 || 53–68 || L4
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 122 || August 21 || @ Cubs || 3–5 || Motte (8–1) || Miller (5–10) || Rondón (22) || 39,211 || 53–69 || L5
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 123 || August 22 || @ Cubs || 7–9 || Strop (2–6) || Jackson (2–2) || Rondón (23) || 41,196 || 53–70 || L6
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 124 || August 23 || @ Cubs || 3–9 || Hammel (7–5) || Wisler (5–4) || — || 39,581 || 53–71 || L7
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 125 || August 24 || Rockies || 5–3 || Teherán (9–6) || de la Rosa (7–6) || Vizcaíno (4) || 13,920 || 54–71 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 126 || August 25 || Rockies || 1–5 || Bettis (6–4) || Foltynewicz (4–6) || — || 13,863 || 54–72 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 127 || August 26 || Rockies || 3–6 || Castro (1–0) || Miller (5–11) || Axford (18) || 18,328 || 54–73 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 128 || August 28 || Yankees || 4–15 || Tanaka (10–6) || Perez (4–5) || — || 35,546 || 54–74 || L3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 129 || August 29 || Yankees || 1–3 || Severino (2–2) || Wisler (5–5) || Miller (28) || 49,243 || 54–75 || L4
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 130 || August 30 || Yankees || 6–20 || Eovaldi (14–2) || Teherán (9–6) || — || 33,093 || 54–76 || L5
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 131 || August 31 || Marlins || 0–4 || Narveson (2–1) || Miller (5–12) || — || 12,916 || 54–77 || L6
|-

|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 132 || September 1 || Marlins || 1–7 || Nicolino (3–2) || Banuelos (1–3) || — || 16,386 || 54–78 || L7
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 133 || September 2 || Marlins || 3–7 || Conley (3–1) || Perez (4–6) || — || 17,949 || 54–79 || L8
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 134 || September 3 || @ Nationals || 1–15 || Zimmermann (12–8) || Wisler (5–6) || — || 28,627 || 54–80 || L9
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 135 || September 4 || @ Nationals || 2–5 (10) || Papelbon (3–1) || Marksberry (0–3) || — || 23,536 || 54–81 || L10
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 136 || September 5 || @ Nationals || 2–8 || Gonzalez (10–7) || Miller (5–13) || — || 28,646 || 54–82 || L11
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 137 || September 6 || @ Nationals || 4–8 || Rivero (2–1) || Banuelos (1–4) || — || 29,281 || 54–83 || L12
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 138 || September 7 || @ Phillies || 7–2 || Perez (5–6) || Harang (5–15) || — || 15,125 || 55–83 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 139 || September 8 || @ Phillies || 0–5 || Nola (6–2) || Weber (0–1) || Giles (12) || 15,610 || 55–84 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 140 || September 9 || @ Phillies || 8–1 || Teherán (10–6) || Buchanan (2–8) || — || 15,241 || 56–84 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 141 || September 10 || Mets || 2–7 || Colón (2–0) || Miller (5–14) || — || 22,640 || 56–85 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 142 || September 11 || Mets || 1–5 || Matz (3–0) || Wisler (5–7) || — || 23,216 || 56–86 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 143 || September 12 || Mets || 4–6 || Clippard (4–4) || Vizcaíno (2–1) ||  Familia (40) || 27,380 || 56–87 || L3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 144 || September 13 || Mets || 7–10 (10) || Parnell (2–3) || Jackson (2–3) || Reed (4) || 23,786 || 56–88 || L4
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 145 || September 15 || Blue Jays || 3–2 || Vizcaíno (3–1) || Sanchez (7–6) || — || 16,399 || 57–88 || W1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 146 || September 16 || Blue Jays || 1–9 || Price (16–5) || Miller (5–15) || — || 15,178 || 57–89 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 147 || September 17 || Blue Jays || 0–5 || Estrada (13–8) || Wisler (5–8) || — || 19,367 || 57–90 || L2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 148 || September 18 || Phillies || 2–1 || Perez (6–6) || Morgan (5–7) || Vizcaíno (5) || 22,525 || 58–90 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 149 || September 19 || Phillies || 2–1 || Jackson (3–3) || Williams (4–11) || Vizcaíno (6) || 24,855 || 59–90 || W2
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 150 || September 20 || Phillies || 2–1 || Moylan (1–0) || García (3–6) || — || 23,723 || 60–90 || W3
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 151 || September 21 || @ Mets || 0–4 || Niese (9–10) || Miller (5–16) || — || 26,362 || 60–91 || L1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 152 || September 22 || @ Mets || 6–2 || Wisler (6–8) || Verrett (1–2) || — || 26,227 || 61–91 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 153 || September 23 || @ Mets || 6–3 || Jackson (4–3) || Familia (2–2) || Vizcaíno (7) || 28,931 || 62–91 || W2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 154 || September 25 || @ Marlins || 11–12 || Fernández (6–0) || Weber (0–1) || Ramos (30) || 24,626 || 62–92 || L1
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 155 || September 26 || @ Marlins || 2–6 || Nicolino (4–4) || Teherán (10–9) || — || 24,449 || 62–93 || L2
|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 156 || September 27 || @ Marlins || 5–9 || Koehler (11–14) ||  Miller (5–16) || — || 27,702 || 62–94 || L3
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 157 || September 29 || Nationals || 2–1 || Wisler (7–8) || Roark (4–7) || Vizcaíno (8) || 15,272 || 63–94 || W1
|- bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 158 || September 30 || Nationals || 2–0 || Pérez (7–6) || Zimmermann (13–10) || Vizcaíno (9) || 13,860 || 64–94 || W2
|-

|- bgcolor="ffbbbb"
| 159 || October 1 || Nationals || 0–3 || Strasburg (11–7) || Weber (0–3) || Rivero (1) || 37,790 || 64–95 || L1
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
| 160 || October 2 || Cardinals || 4–0 || Teherán (11–8) || García (10–6) || — || 24,481 || 65–95 || W1
|- bgcolor=cccccc
| || October 3 || Cardinals || colspan=4| Postponed (rain); rescheduled for October 4 || || ||
|- bgcolor=ccfcc
| 161 || October 4 || Cardinals || 6–0 || Miller (6–17) || Lackey (13–10) || — ||  || 66–95 || W2
|- bgcolor=ccfcc
| 162 || October 4 || Cardinals || 2–0 || Wisler (8–8) || Lynn (12–11) || Jackson (1) || 31,441 || 67–95 || W3
|-

|-
| Legend:       = Win       = Loss       = PostponementBold = Braves team member

Roster

Farm system

References

External links

2015 Atlanta Braves season at Baseball Reference
2015 Atlanta Braves season Official Site

Atlanta Braves seasons
Atlanta Braves
2015 in sports in Georgia (U.S. state)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Celebrating the 2021 NBA Finals Champion Milwaukee Bucks
Welcome to the Sho Reading Celebrating the 2021 NBA Finals Champion Milwaukee Bucks 4 minutes Next Enjoying Exhibition
By Evan Saacks Jul 22, 2021
The Milwaukee Bucks are NBA Champions. This shouldn't be a surprise if you've been watching the last few seasons. They are led by one of the best basketball players we've ever seen, have a collection of supporting All-Stars and role players and one of the winningest active coaches in the league. They weren't an underdog in any way.
But man, it was damn fun to watch them win.
Exactly 50 years after Lew Alcindor and Oscar Robertson combined for 57 points to sweep the Washington Bullets, Giannis Antetokounmpo scored 50 to help the Bucks edge out the Phoenix Suns in Game 6. After losing their third straight Game 1 and falling into and 0-2 deficit for the second time, the Bucks rattled off four straight wins after falling short of the Finals as the 1 seed the last two seasons. Again, this shouldn't be an upset. Now let's talk about Giannis Antetokounmpo.
Giannis' resume at 26-years-old is INSANE:
• 2x NBA MVP
• 5x NBA All-Star
• 3x All-NBA 1st Team
• 2x All-NBA 2nd Team
• 2020 NBA DPOY
• 3x All-NBA 1st Team Defense
• $230M contract
And now 50 points, 14 rebounds & 5 blocks to win an NBA Title & Finals MVP.
Legendary. pic.twitter.com/h9vxMhwviK
— Joe Pompliano (@JoePompliano) July 21, 2021
For a back-to-back MVP, a lot of people still seemed to doubt Giannis. In December he signed an extension to remain in Milwaukee rather than join a stronger team that would likely guarantee a championship. He struggled with free throws throughout the playoffs and became a target for opposing arenas. How did he respond? By averaging 35 point in the Finals, scoring more than 40 points three out of six times including 50 in the closeout game, and making 17 of 19 free throws in Game 6. He was unanimously named Finals MVP. It doesn't matter that he's not a knockdown three-point shooter and plays unconventionally. He is 1 of 1 in the history of basketball. We should be grateful we get to watch him.
But this team was far from a one-man show. The other two of this Big 3 are Khris Middleton, one of the league's best shooters, and Jrue Holiday, one of the league's best on-ball defenders. Between Antetokounmpo, Middleton and Holiday, there isn't a skill on the basketball court that can't be done. But these three weren't enough. Winning this championship still required dominant rebounding by Brook Lopez, tough defense from P.J. Tucker, consistent shooting from Pat Connaughton and pure, unbridled tenacity from Bobby Portis. The Bucks weren't just a group of talented players, they were a well-built team. Every guy brought something different to the table and when it all mattered these guys showed up.
For as fitting a champion as they seem, the Bucks were so close to going home empty-handed a month ago. The epic 7-game second round series against the title-favorite Brooklyn Nets was already going to be talked about for years. Now that its narrow victor was able to complete their quest for the Larry O'Brien Trophy, the duel will be etched in the history of this sport forever.
In the Take-fied age of modern sports, some will add "buts" to this championship. The Nets, Lakers and Clippers had injuries, the upstart Suns weren't a worthy Finals opponent, COVID-19 impacted the season, but none of that matters. Every team suited up for the 2020-21 season. The Milwauke Bucks hoisted the trophy in the end. This banner will fly forever and these fans and 15 players deserve to celebrate that forever. We as basketball fans should too.
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Dr. Corinne Koehn received her Ph.D. from the University of Victoria in 1995. She has taught undergraduate courses in education and psychology, and graduate courses in counseling. She has worked as a practitioner in the counseling field for over 30 years. She is a registered psychologist with the British Columbia College of Psychologists and holds membership with the Canadian Psychological Association. Some of her current research interests include alcohol and drug misuse, childhood sexual abuse, family violence, women's mental health, hope, and counselor education.
Dr. Wagner is an Associate Professor in the School of Health Sciences at the University of Northern British Columbia, in Prince George. Her research focus is occupational mental health, especially as it relates to disability management, occupational stress, trauma and family-work interface. She has published more than 20 peer-reviewed articles and chapters on occupational mental health. In addition to her research, teaching and service, Dr. Wagner maintains a small clinical practice. Her practice provides general psychological assessment for both children and adults and provides specific local expertise for issues of occupational mental health, especially workplace related traumatic stress.


Short-term memory loss is one of the most noticeable signs of Alzheimer's disease. But the disease process usually begins before symptoms are noticed. To assess someone's risk of becoming one of the more than 5 million Americans with Alzheimer's, it's helpful to understand the risk factors that increase the odds of developing the condition.
What is Alzheimer's, and who's at risk?
Although certain basic lifestyle changes can help delay the onset of the disease in some people, the exact cause of Alzheimer's disease isn't yet understood. Alzheimer's is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder: Normal brain cell function is gradually destroyed, leading to irreversible declines in memory, cognition, and behavior. But what causes things to go awry remains unknown. It may be that Alzheimer's has several causes or that the interplay between genetic makeup and certain risk factors determines who's affected.
The following questions are based on the known risk factors for Alzheimer's. See how many apply to your family (or to you, to assess your risk of eventually developing the disease).
1. How old is he or she?
Why age matters: Age is the most significant established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. One in 7 people over age 71 has some form of dementia, and 2.4 million of these have Alzheimer's, according to the latest National Institutes of Health data. The percentage of people with Alzheimer's rises from just 2.3 percent of those ages 71 to 79 to 18 percent of those ages 80 to 89, and 29.7 percent of those 90 or older. Some estimates say as many as half of all people over age 85 have Alzheimer's disease.
The total number of people with the disease doubles with every five-year age jump after age 65.
2. Is it a he or a she?
Why gender matters: Because women live longer than men, on average, and Alzheimer's disease risk rises with age, more women than men develop it. In addition, some research indicates that a lack of estrogen after menopause may contribute to the fact that, overall, slightly more women are affected. Taking hormone-replacement therapy has not been shown to protect against Alzheimer's.
Vascular dementia is more common in men than women, probably because more men develop contributing factors such as hypertension and vascular problems.
3. Have any of his or her parents or siblings had Alzheimer's?
Why family history matters: People with a family history of Alzheimer's are more likely to develop the disease. The risk is thought to rise with each relative who had it.
It's unknown, though, exactly how much of this association is due to genetic factors and how much is due to shared lifestyle factors. Most experts believe that some combination of the two is responsible. Even when an immediate family member has the disease, however, your increased risk is only slightly higher than if your family had no history of dementia.
Up to 80 percent of Alzheimer's risk may have a genetic component, according to a 2006 study of more than 12,000 Swedish twin sets -- a greater influence than was previously thought. But having a relative with the disease does not doom a person to a similar fate; even among identical twins, when one male twin had it, almost half of the time the other twin did not. (Among female twins, the other twin developed Alzheimer's 60 percent of the time, a difference researchers attributed to the fact that women generally live longer than men.) If Alzheimer's were solely genetic, both twins would have developed the disease, and at about the same time.
So far, only two types of genetic tests for Alzheimer's exist, and neither of these blood tests is currently recommended for routine use.
One kind of genetic test identifies a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease but doesn't guarantee whether or not he'll develop the condition. Everyone inherits a form of the apolipoprotein (APOE) gene from each parent. Apolipoprotein helps carry cholesterol in the blood. Its three most common forms are APOE-e2, APOE-e3, and APOE-e4. Those who have two copies of APOE-e4 seem to be at the highest risk of getting Alzheimer's and of developing symptoms earlier in life. Having one copy of APOE-e4 also elevates the risk. Only about 15 percent of people carry the APOE-e4 form.
It's thought that APOE is only one of many genes involved in the disease process. For instance, while it's considered a strong risk factor, the APOE-e4 gene shows up in only about 40 percent of all people with Alzheimer's disease. Identifying other genes that may be involved is a focus of ongoing research. The National Institute on Aging is conducting an Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Study, which is currently recruiting sibling pairs. These pairs must both have developed Alzheimer's after age 60 and must have a third family member with or without the disease who's willing to undergo cognitive tests and blood sampling.
A second type of existing genetic test for Alzheimer's disease can predict with certainty who develops one rare form of the disease. This is early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, which strikes between the ages of 30 and 65 and stretches through multiple generations. It accounts for less than 5 percent of all cases.
Why smoking matters: Evidence is growing that smoking raises the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease by as much as 50 percent. In late 2007, Dutch researchers who tracked almost 7,000 people age 55 or older for 7 years reported that current smokers were more likely to develop dementia than people who had never smoked or had quit. Interestingly, the effect was more pronounced for people who did not have the APOE-e4 gene (the type known to be most vulnerable to the disease). Smoking didn't raise the already elevated risk of Alzheimer's in those who had the APOE-e4 gene.
It's thought that smoking damages the cardiovascular system and causes oxidative stress, both conditions that are associated with Alzheimer's.
You may have heard that smoking protects against dementia -- which is a myth. This persistent idea grew out of flawed studies and because fewer people with Alzheimer's were smokers. But in fact smokers, tend to have shorter life spans and are less likely to live to the advanced ages at which Alzheimer's most often strikes.
5. Does he or she have diabetes?
Why diabetes matters: People with type 2 diabetes have at least double the risk of developing Alzheimer's compared with people without diabetes. The risk was 65 percent higher for diabetics in 2006 data from the ongoing Religious Orders Study of priests and nuns. Some studies have found that the higher the blood sugar levels, the higher the dementia risk.
High blood sugar may cause vascular problems. It's known that diabetes can cause cardiovascular problems and strokes; reduced blood flow to the brain may cause small-vessel damage there that leads to vascular dementia (a type of dementia that can appear with Alzheimer's).
Insulin resistance leads to inflammation that can damage the brain. Insulin resistance occurs in diabetics when their cells can't use insulin properly to move glucose from the blood to be used for cell energy. The pancreas then makes extra insulin to compensate, which builds up in the blood and creates inflammation, which damages brain cells.
Insulin resistance in the brain disrupts the proper formation of neuron connections. The autopsied brains of people with Alzheimer's always show amyloid plaques, clumps of the protein beta amyloid, which ruin brain cell connections. It's been discovered that this substance destroys the brain cells' receptors for insulin, which is used by the brain to make new memories. This results in dementia and memory loss.
As evidence of a clear biochemical link between the two conditions grows more compelling, some are calling Alzheimer's disease "type 3 diabetes."
There's also a likely genetic link between diabetes and Alzheimer's. People with diabetes who also have the APOE-e4 gene (the type that places a carrier at highest risk for Alzheimer's) were two-and-a-half times more likely to develop the disease, according to a 2008 National Institute on Aging study.
6. Does he or she have a history of being overweight?
Why weight matters: Being overweight or obese as measured by body mass index is well associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. Men with the leanest body mass index (BMI) in their late 40's and mid-50's were the least likely to develop Alzheimer's in a 20-year study of more than 7,000 Swedes; those who were heaviest were most likely. This same study also later found that women who were overweight at 70 were more likely to develop Alzheimer's in the next 10 to 18 years.
People who are overweight are more likely to have related health problems that are also linked to Alzheimer's, such as hypertension, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.
A related risk factor is if someone was previously overweight but has had unexplained weight loss recently. Weight loss associated with dementia may begin six to ten years before other symptoms become obvious. Research isn't clear whether this is because of declining ability to prepare meals or is a function of the disease process.
Why head injury matters: Prior head injury -- even years earlier -- is linked with a greater risk of developing Alzheimer's, though it's not clear why. That's not to say that any youthful bump will lead to Alzheimer's. The injury itself isn't thought to directly cause the disease, although it may hasten the process. But the more severe the trauma, the greater the risk of developing Alzheimer's, according to a large study of World War II veterans. The most concerning are thought to be falls with head injuries that occur later in life.
8. Was he or she a college graduate?
Why education matters: People with lower education levels are more often affected by Alzheimer's disease. Researchers theorize that longer education helps the brain develop stronger, denser, more complex connections between brain cells, creating more cognitive reserve. This positions the brain to be better able to withstand the abnormal stresses associated with Alzheimer's disease and compensate for the changes that occur.
9. Does he or she consume a balanced, low-fat, vitamin-rich diet?
B vitamins: People who are folate (B-9) deficient may run triple the risk of developing dementia, according to recent South Korean data. Previous research showed vitamin B-12 to be protective.
Vitamin E: Those who consume the highest dietary amounts of this antioxidant have a lower incidence of Alzheimer's. Vitamin E supplements have not been shown to have the same protective effect.
Vitamin C: Another antioxidant, vitamin C, seems to have a protective effect in certain people, though possibly only in dietary form. Antioxidants counter the effects of oxidative stress, which is linked to nerve cell damage and death. Over-the-counter vitamin C supplements did not reduce Alzheimer's risk in a recent study of 2,969 people 65 and older.
10. Does he or she exercise regularly?
Why exercise matters: Regular exercise reduced the risk of dementia by as much as 40 percent in a 2006 study of nearly 2,000 people age 65 and older. This was the first study to factor in one's pre-existing physical condition. And those most frail at the start of the study showed the greatest protection against dementia if they exercised. The threshold that made a difference: physical activity for at least 15 minutes, three times a week. Exercise both lowers the risk of obesity and cardiovascular conditions linked to Alzheimer's and reduces the risk of developing dementia.
11. Does he or she engage in mentally stimulating activities?
At lower risk: Varied, frequent "brain workouts"
Why mental stimulation matters: Just as physical activity exercises the body, "cognitive activity" exercises the brain. Numerous studies now support the "use it or lose it" idea that mental workouts lower the risk of dementia. For example, participants in the Religious Orders study who attended museums, worked puzzles, and read newspapers were 47 percent less likely to develop Alzheimer's after four years than those who did such activities less frequently.
Brain-stretching activities can't prevent Alzheimer's, but they help the brain better withstand the physical changes associated with it. What's key: The stimulation should be ongoing.
12. Is he or she socially stimulated?
Why social stimulation matters: Isolation is a risk factor for developing dementia, probably because there's less opportunity for mental stimulation. But a surprising 2007 study also found that people who were around others but felt lonely (emotional isolation) were also at higher risk for Alzheimer's. This sense of loneliness wasn't a result of the disease (as is often the case with depression) but a clear precursor.
Paula Spencer Scott, Caring.com contributing editor Paula Spencer Scott, contributing editor, is the author of Surviving Alzheimer's. A Met Life Foundation Journalists in Aging fellow, she writes extensively about health and caregiving; four of her family members have had dementia.


text:
Droit au Droit
Right to Law
«Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world...» Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
« The clearest way to show what the rule of law means to us in everyday life is to recall what has happened when there is no rule of law», Dwight D. Eisenhower
« L'un des plus grands freins opposés aux délits, c'est non pas la rigueur des peines, mais leur infaillibilité », Cesare Beccaria
« The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons », Fiodor Dostoievski
« Ho sempre considerato la sfera del diritto e quella della politica come due facce della stessa medaglia. Il mondo delle regole e il mondo del potere: il potere che crea le regole, le regole che trasformano il potere di fatto in un potere di diritto », Norberto Bobbio
« L'état qui engendre la règle est différent de celui que la règle engendre », Friedrich Nietzsche
Our Mission and Priorities
Both in the EU Member States and in other countries all over the world, civil and criminal justice systems face immense challenges in providing equal protection under the law, access to a fair legal process, adequate legal representation and information about legal rights and opportunities.
DAD objectives are to provide an enhanced institutional and policy capacity for a successful European integration process, especially in the area of justice and home affairs; to promote, support and monitor institutional reform to improve the transparency, fairness, accountability and efficiency of judicial systems by strengthening the rule of law and advancing human rights for all. Our aim is to foster policy development through interdisciplinary dialogue and partnership between public institutions, academia and social actors on key issues that will shape the future legal landscape.
We focus on developing innovative pathways to improve the quality of justice for vulnerable or marginalised groups, strengthening the voices of reform-minded prosecutors, and promoting greater understanding of the civil and criminal systems. We encourage collaboration among key justice stakeholders and support projects and organizations, promoting access to justice, human rights and the rule of law through legal and policy advocacy, empirical research and education, and piloting of effective practices.
Suspects and Accused in the EU
Around nine million people are the subject of criminal justice proceedings every year in the EU. At the same time, a significant share of those suspected or accused of criminal offences are not found guilty and are never convicted.
Despite the obligation of criminal justice authorities to strictly observe the presumption of innocence, suspects and accused are always subject to certain restrictions and consequences during the criminal proceedings, most of which affect their personal and social sphere. All of these restrictions (such as remand measures or restrainig orders) have their legitimate purpose sbut can have certain negative consequences for suspects and accused: loss of job or income, additional expenses, loss of social benefits, worsened relations with family and community, etc.
Defendants such as people with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities are also exposed to a major level of vulnerability when they to come into sight of the law-enforcement and justice authorities, which might hinder their equal treatment.
Beyond its solemnity, justice remains after all an exercise, a system, a "voice", carried out, crafted or built and expressed by humans with a correspondent level of fallibility. Be it for the defendant possibly involved in a crime or misdemeanour, the police officer arresting him/her, the lawyer trying to defend his/her rights, the public prosecutor building his/her culpability on grounds he/she retains reliable or the judge making its verdict by weaving the pros and cons and according to its own perceived rationale of the reconstructive criminal tale.
Of course, justice should take its due course and impunity is not an option. However, all safeguards should be guaranteed to make sure rights of suspects and accused are fully respected and the criminal proceedings carried out against them are fair, also in the light of their specific condition, vulnerability or disability.
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Het Rijksdaggebouw (Duits: Reichstagsgebäude), is het Duitse parlementsgebouw in de hoofdstad Berlijn aan het Plein van de Republiek (Platz der Republik). Het huidige gebouw dateert van 1894. Tot 1933 zetelde hier de Rijksdag, een voorganger van het huidige parlement, de Bondsdag. Het gebouw heeft vanaf het begin van de 20e eeuw de teloorgang meegemaakt van respectievelijk het Duitse keizerrijk, de Weimarrepubliek en het 'Derde Rijk'. De naam van het gebouw wordt ook wel afgekort tot Rijksdag (Duits: Reichstag).

Bouw
Het gebouw is in een eclectische stijl ontworpen door de Frankfurter architect Paul Wallot. Voorheen stond op dezelfde locatie het Raczyńskipaleis, dat in 1884 werd gesloopt om plaats te maken voor de nieuwbouw van de Rijksdag. De bouw begon in 1884 en werd in 1894 voltooid. De tekst Dem Deutschen Volke ("Voor het Duitse volk") op de voorgevel werd door keizer Wilhelm II aanvankelijk afgewezen en kon pas in 1916 alsnog worden aangebracht. De bronzen letters zijn ontworpen door Peter Behrens.

Brand en herbouw

Het gebouw is in de Rijksdagbrand van 1933 zwaar beschadigd geraakt. Deze brand was (hoogstwaarschijnlijk) aangestoken. De Nederlandse communist Marinus van der Lubbe werd als dader opgepakt, vervolgd en geëxecuteerd, maar er wordt nog steeds betwist of hij de brand heeft gesticht, en als dit wel zo was, of hij hierbij is geholpen. Hoe dan ook, deze brand kwam Hitler bijzonder goed uit: in reactie op de brand werd door hem de noodtoestand uitgeroepen, waarna de nazipartij van Hitler de macht kon overnemen.

Na de brand volgden enige herstelwerkzaamheden en werden er de eerstvolgende jaren propagandafilms vertoond. De machteloze Rijksdag vergaderde voortaan in de zogenaamde "Kroll Oper".

In de loop van de oorlog werd de kraamafdeling van de nabijgelegen Charité naar de Rijksdag verplaatst, met als resultaat de geboorte van enkele honderden Berlijners in de Rijksdag. Zodoende vermeldt tot op heden menig Berlijnse geboorteakte als geboorteplaats "Berlin - Reichstagsgebäude".

De Georgische sergeant Meliton Kantaria liet op 2 mei 1945 de Sovjet-Russische vlag wapperen op de Reichstag als symbool voor de overwinning op het naziregime. Er is zwaar om het gebouw gevochten, aangezien beide strijdende partijen er een symbool van de macht over Duitsland in zagen. De veel vertoonde foto's en filmbeelden van de bestorming door Russische troepen en het hijsen van de rode Sovjetvlag zijn enige dagen later in scène gezet, maar geven een impressie.

Koude Oorlog
Tijdens de Koude Oorlog werd het zwaar beschadigde gebouw - dat nu in West-Berlijn ligt, vlak tegen de Berlijnse Muur - opnieuw gerestaureerd en gemoderniseerd. Het stond echter niet langer model voor één Duitsland, maar symboliseerde meer een verdeeld land met een verdeelde hoofdstad. Vanuit de veronderstelling dat de Duitse tweedeling nog decennia zou duren, werd in 1971 besloten het gebouw niet meer te gebruiken voor politieke doeleinden en kreeg het de functie van Duits Historisch Instituut toebedeeld.

Na de hereniging
Toen in oktober 1990 Oost- en West-Duitsland herenigd werden, vergrootte dit de ambitie om de Reichstag opnieuw te gebruiken als onderdak voor het parlement. Na een jaar slaagde men in deze opzet en sinds 1999, na een jarenlange periode van verbouwingen, werd het parlement van het herenigde Duitsland definitief van Bonn naar Berlijn overgebracht. Voorafgaand aan de grote verbouwing die vooral vanaf 1995 plaats vond, werd het gebouw in dat zelfde jaar volledig ingepakt door de kunstenaar Christo.

Aan het gebouw vonden ingrijpende architectonische aanpassingen plaats, ontworpen door architect Norman Foster, met de constructie van een transparante koepel op het midden van het dak. Vanaf het dak van het gebouw kan men door deze koepel de vloer van de hoofdetage en daarmee ook het vergaderende parlement zien. De transparantie ervan vormt als het ware een metafoor voor de werking van de democratie. Een deel van de Russische graffiti en kogelgaten uit 1945 is achter plexiglas geconserveerd. De combinatie van oude en nieuwe architectuur wordt gezien als een voorbeeld van post-modernisme in de architectuur.

Voor de westingang van het gebouw wappert de Vlag van de Eenheid, een grote versie van de vlag van Duitsland. In het gebouw vinden niet alleen vergaderingen plaats van de Bondsdag, maar ook herdenkingen zoals jaarlijks van de Kristallnacht.

Bouwwerk in Berlijn
Parlements- of congresgebouw
Mitte (district van Berlijn)


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crime/law
Survivors or Victims?
Andrew Messamore and Pamela Paxton on September 21, 2020
The #MeToo movement that began in 2017 has reignited a long debate about how to name people who have had traumatic experiences. Do we call individuals who have experienced war, cancer, crime, or sexual violence "victims"? Or should we call them "survivor," as recent activists like #MeToo founder Tarana Burke have advocated?
Strong arguments can be raised for both sides. In the sexual violence debate, advocates of "survivor" argue the term places women at the center of their own narrative of recovery and growth. Defenders of victim language, meanwhile, argue that victim better describes the harm and seriousness of violence against women and identifies the source of violence in systemic misogyny and cultures of patriarchy.
Unfortunately, while there has been much debate about the use of these terms, there has been little documentation of how service and advocacy organizations that work with individuals who have experienced trauma actually use these terms. Understanding the use of survivor and victim is important because it tells us what these terms to mean in practice and where barriers to change are.
We sought to remedy this problem in a recent paper published in Social Currents. We used data from nonprofit mission statements to track language change among 3,756 nonprofits that once talked about victims in the 1990s. We found, in general, that relatively few organizations adopted survivor as a way to talk about trauma even as some organizations have moved away from talking about victims. However, we also found that, increasingly, organizations that focus on issues related to women tend to use victim and survivor interchangeably. In contrast, organizations that do not work with women appear be moving away from both terms.
These findings contradict the way we usually think about "survivor" and "victim" as opposing terms. Does this mean that survivor and victim are becoming the "extremely reduced form" through which women are able to enter the public sphere? Or does it mean that feminist service providers are avoiding binary thinking? These questions, as well as questions about the strategic, linguistic, and contextual reasons that organizations choose victim- or survivor-based language give advocates and scholars of language plenty to re-examine.
Andrew Messamore is a PhD student in the Department of Sociology at the University of Texas at Austin. Andrew studies changing modes of local organizing at work and in neighborhoods and how the ways people associate shapes community, public discourse, and economic inequality in the United States.
Pamela Paxton is the Linda K. George and John Wilson Professor of Sociology at The University of Texas at Austin. With Melanie Hughes and Tiffany Barnes, she is the co-author of the 2020 book, Women, Politics, and Power: A Global Perspective.
Officer Friendly's Adventures in Wonderland
Daniel Gascón on September 16, 2020
Many of us know the Officer Friendly story. He epitomizes liberal police virtues. He seeks the public's respect and willing cooperation to follow the law, and he preserves their favor with lawful enforcement.
Norman Rockwell's The Runaway, 1958
The Officer Friendly story also inspired contemporary reforms that seek and preserve public favor, including what most people know as Community Policing. Norman Rockwell's iconic painting is an idealized depiction of this narrative. Officer Friendly sits in full uniform. His blue shirt contrasts sharply with the black boots, gun, and small ticket book that blend together below the lunch counter. He is a paternalistic guardian. The officer's eyes are fixed on the boy next to him. The lunch counter operator surveying the scene seems to smirk. All of them do, in fact. And all of them are White. The original was painted from the White perspective and highlighted the harmonious relationship between the officer and the boy. But for some it may be easy to imagine a different depiction: a hostile relationship between a boy of color and an officer in the 1950s and a friendly one between a White boy and an officer now.
Desmond Devlin (Writer) and Richard Williams's (Artist) The Militarization of the Police Department, a painting parody of Rockwell's The Runaway, 2014
The parody of Rockwell's painting offers us a visceral depiction of contemporary urban policing. Both pictures depict different historical eras and demonstrate how police have changed. Officer Unfriendly is anonymous, of unknown race, and presumably male. He is prepared for battle, armed with several weapons that extend beyond his imposing frame. Officer Unfriendly is outfitted in tactical military gear with "POLICE" stamped across his back. The images also differ in their depictions of the boy's race and his relationship to the officer. Officer Unfriendly appears more punitive than paternalistic. He looms over the Black boy sitting on the adjacent stool and peers at him through a tear gas mask. The boy and White lunch counter operator back away in fright. All of the tenderness in the original have given way to hostility in this parody.
Inspired by the critical race tradition, my new project "Officer Friendly's Adventures in Wonderland: A Counter-Story of Race Riots, Police Reform, and Liberalism" employs composite counter-storytelling to narrate the experiences of young men of color in their explosive encounters with police. Counter-stories force dominant groups to see the world through the "Other's" (non-White person's) eyes, thereby challenging their preconceptions. I document the evolution of police-community relations in the last eighty years, and I reflect on the interrupted career of our protagonist, Officer Friendly. He worked with the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) for several stints primarily between the 1940s and 1990s.
My story focuses on Los Angeles, a city renowned for its police force and riot history. This story is richly informed by ethnographic field data and is further supplemented with archival and secondary historical data. It complicates the nature of so-called race riots, highlights how Officer Friendly was repeatedly evoked in the wake of these incidents, and reveals the pressures on LAPD officials to favor increasingly unfriendly police tactics. More broadly, the story of Officer Friendly's embattled career raises serious questions about how to achieve racial justice. This work builds on my recently published coauthored book, The Limits of Community Policing, and can shape future critical race scholarship and historical and contemporary studies of police-community relations.
Daniel Gascón is an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Massachusetts Boston. For more on his latest work, follow him on Twitter.
What's Trending? Towns Getting "Tanked"
Ryan Larson on November 13, 2019
Modern policing is often characterized by quasi-militaristic tendencies, from "wars" on drugs and crime to its use armored vehicles and automatic weapons. The Department of Defense 1033 Program, which provides military equipment slated for storage to law enforcement agencies, is a popular way that police and sheriff's departments acquire military gear. According to data from the Defense Logistics Agency, acquisitions of military equipment by state and local law enforcement sharply rose to a peak in 2016, and then have declined in recent years. But what explains participation in the DOD's program? Which police departments acquire the most military equipment?
In a recent study published in Criminology, David Ramey and Trent Steidley investigate whether law enforcement agencies participated in the program and how much gear they acquired using 1033 program participation and U.S. Census and American Community Survey data. They find that participation in the 1033 — but not the value of gear acquired — is greater in areas of higher violent arrests. They also find that, after controlling for crime rates and other factors, higher local Black and Hispanic populations correlate with higher levels of participation and greater value acquired.
Las Vegas Metropolitan Police SWAT, Photo by Tomás Del Coro, Flickr CC
However, these racial patterns are not linear. Agencies operating in areas with very small and very large minority populations have low probabilities of program participation, but agencies that serve a more diverse community are most likely to obtain military equipment through the 1033 program. For those that do participate, increases in minority populations correlated with higher dollar values of equipment acquired, with each subsequent increase garnering even more gear than the last (an exponential increase). In other words, program participation increases in response to racial demographics up to an extent, but once an agency decides to participate, the value of military equipment requested dramatically increases as minority populations increase.
Trends in police militarization highlight two patterns. Law enforcement agencies respond to increasing crime rates with police militarization, possibly in an attempt to deter further crime. In contrast, the racial effects found in this study follow a "minority threat" model, as military acquisitions correspond to the presence of racial minority groups. This research illustrates how race, net of the crime rates in an area, can pattern not only where police operate, but how they operate.
Ryan Larson is a graduate student from the Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities. He studies crime, punishment, and quantitative methodology. He is a member of the Graduate Editorial Board of The Society Pages.
Do Flyers have a Social Life?
Daniel Gascón on November 1, 2019
Community-police advisory board bowing their heads in prayer
We bowed our heads in prayer to mourn yet another loss. It was the third murder in a week. The police captain called a meeting together to develop collaborative alternatives to enforcement so the mostly Black and Latino civilian volunteers could get more involved in promoting crime control. Lakeside, where I was conducting research, is in the heart of South LA's "Black Belt". The neighborhood is characterized by high rates of gang crime and violence, extreme poverty, widespread resentment toward police and is the site of the most destructive riots in US history. "We have to take our community back!" one meeting participant said as his voice cracked from the tears and frustration welling up inside him. Agreeing that something had to be done, the captain broke us into groups to spitball ideas. One popular idea was to canvass the affected neighborhood. Volunteers would pass out business cards and encourage residents to call with information about the shooting.
The cards that we handed out door-to-door were simple—bold lettering against a light background, the organization's name and phone number, and a promise to protect anonymity—but they could also be socially impactful. Until then I was focused solely on power struggles in "community policing," a post-riot policy that calls for greater civilian participation in law enforcement. Calling 9-1-1 is perhaps the clearest example of civilians "coproducing" social order. And canvassing with these cards only reinforced just how crucial civilian involvement is for law enforcement; their information and the lack thereof can directly shape case outcomes.
Then I started looking more closely at the cards and flyers that police and civilians passed around at community meetings. Visual rhetoricians look at textual and/or visual data and pick apart the "blocks of meaning" that authors arrange when composing documents such as flyers. Composition is a rhetorical act; its intention is to convince an audience. We can interpret these blocks on two registers, the presented and the suggested. The author presents a woman being robbed by an anonymous figure and frightened as a result. They explain how we, the audience, can change our daily routines to minimize our chances of being victimized and give us police contact information. Sociologist David Garland helps us see the suggested elements. He might point to this as an example of the new role of police as a key socializing institution, reflected here in the evocation of a specific outlook. Fear of crime today is at an all-time high; so high, in fact, that it far exceeds the realities of crime victimization in the US. This flyer gives us the sense, however, that crime is everywhere, every day, and that we ought to fulfill our civic responsibility to defend the community.
Drawing on over two years of ethnographic fieldwork and nearly two hundred documents, my new project, The Social Life of Flyers, seeks to understand what these artifacts do in community policing. Specifically, I seek to better understand the nature of flyers—their presented and suggested elements—and their bureaucratic functions beyond canvassing. My findings will reveal how police restrict rather than amplify civilian power in collaborative crime control. This work builds on my recently published coauthored book, The Limits of Community Policing, and can shape future ethnographic studies, research on police bureaucracy, and the craft of visual sociology.
Daniel Gascón is an assistant
professor of sociology at the University of Massachusetts Boston. For more on
his latest work, follow him on Twitter.
Crowding Out Crime
Evan Stewart on July 18, 2019
Buzzfeed News recently ran a story about reputation management companies using fake online personas to help their clients cover up convictions for fraud. These firms buy up domains and create personal websites for a crowd of fake professionals (stock photo headshots and all) who share the same name as the client. The idea is that search results for the client's name will return these websites instead, hiding any news about white collar crime.
In a sea of profiles with the same name, how do you vet a new hire? Image source: anon617, Flickr CC
This is a fascinating response to a big trend in criminal justice where private companies are hosting mugshots, criminal histories, and other personal information online. Sociologist Sarah Lageson studies these sites, and her research shows that these databases are often unregulated, inaccurate, and hard to correct. The result is more inequality as people struggle to fix their digital history and often have to pay private firms to clean up these records. This makes it harder to get a job, or even just to move into a new neighborhood.
The Buzzfeed story shows how this pattern flips for wealthy clients, whose money goes toward making information about their past difficult to find and difficult to trust. Beyond the criminal justice world, this is an important point about the sociology of deception and "fake news." The goal is not necessarily to fool people with outright deception, but to create just enough uncertainty so that it isn't worth the effort to figure out whether the information you have is correct. The time and money that come with social class make it easier to navigate uncertainty, and we need to talk about how those class inequalities can also create a motive to keep things complicated in public policy, the legal system, and other large bureaucracies.
The Social Side of Sales
Evan Stewart on April 30, 2019
As summer approaches and ads for part-time student work start popping up all over campus, it is a good time to talk about the sociology of sales. The Annex podcast recently ran a segment on multi-level marketing (MLM) organizations, and I just finished the binge-worthy podcast series The Dream, which follows the history of these companies and the lives of people who sell their products.
Photo Credit: Retrogasm, Flickr CC
Sometimes called direct sales or network marketing, these organizations offer part time, independent work selling everything from handbags to health supplements. The tricky part is that many of these groups spend more time encouraging people to recruit friends and family to sell, rather than moving products through traditional retail markets. People draw on their nearby social networks to make sales and earn bonuses, often by hosting parties or meeting in small groups.
You might have seen pitches for one of these groups at your local coffee shop or campus. Some MLMs get busted for using this model to build illegal pyramid schemes, while other direct sales companies claim to follow the law by providing employee protections.
Photo Credit: Neo_II, Flickr CC
MLMs are a rich example for all kinds of sociology. You could do an entire Introduction to Sociology class branching out from this case alone! Here are a few examples that The Dream inspired for me (find episodes here):
Economic sociologists can talk about the rise of precarious labor and the gig economy—conditions where more people feel like they need to be entrepreneurs just to survive. MLMs are particularly good at using these social conditions for recruitment.
Sociologists of gender will have a lot to say about how these groups recruit women, targeting our gendered assumptions about who needs part-time, flexible work and who is best suited to do the emotional work of sales. Pair readings with Episode 2: "Women's Work."
I've seen a fair number of MLM pitches in coffee shops and accidentally walked into a few in college. Watching these pitches is a masterclass in symbolic interactionism, and students can see how people build rapport with each other through face work and sales parties as rituals. Pair with Episode 3: "Do you party?"
Many of these companies are either religiously-affiliated or lean on religious claims to inspire and motivate recruits. Sociologists of religion and culture can do a lot with the history of the New Thought movement. Pair The Protestant Ethic with Episode 4: "The Mind is a Fertile Field."
Political sociologists can use the history of how these groups get around regulation to talk about corporate influence in the political world and how elites coordinate. Sociologists of Law will also love the conversation about legitimacy, especially how direct sales organizations learned to distinguish themselves from "clearly illegal pyramid schemes." Pair with Episode 7: "Lazy, Stupid, Greedy or Dead."
This is a great focus topic for the social sciences, both because it touches on so many trends in the US culture and economy, and because college students and recent graduates are often a target market for many of these groups.
Package Pirates & The Rules of the Gift
Evan Stewart on December 17, 2018
The rise of online shopping at the holiday season highlights some pretty Grinchy behavior. Local news and home security companies have been trumpeting market research about so-called "porch pirates" swiping deliveries before people can get home from work or school to bring them inside.
Most of the current solutions for package security aren't that great. If you don't feel comfortable trusting Amazon or some other company to remotely run your door locks for deliveries (or if you live in an apartment building without a fancy mailroom), getting packages can be a gamble unless you can route them to a secure delivery site. If someone wants to send you a gift with all the warm intentions of a classic Christmas tradition, their surprise could end up costing everyone a lot more time, money, and stress.
That friction between the idea of the gift and the gift itself is a great example of sociological theory at work. Pierre Bourdieu wrote about gift exchanges throughout his work, especially the idea that giving a gift has a "double truth." People want to show kindness and generosity, expecting nothing in return, but gifts are still exchanged in relationships. That exchange implicitly demands some things: your thanks, your continued commitment to the relationship, and often a different gift at a different time. This seems like a contradiction, but both things can be true because there are different styles of gift-giving tied to time and place. Exchange too quickly and you look like you're trying to tie up a relationship and move on. Respond too slowly, and it looks like you have forgotten your loved ones.
To betray one's haste to be free of an obligation one has incurred, and thus to reveal too overtly one's desire to pay off services rendered or gifts received, so as to be quits, is to denounce the initial gift…It is all a question of style, which means in this case timing and choice of occasion, for the same act-giving, giving in return, offering one's services, paying a visit, etc. – can have completely different meanings at different times, coming as it may at the right or the wrong moment… (Outline of a Theory of Practice, 1977, Pp. 5-6)
Package pirates put a whole new strain on our relationships at special occasions. Now, if someone mails you a gift, accepting it gracefully might also mean being responsible for its security. What happens if your apartment has said they will not be liable for packages delivered, or your work schedule may not get you home in time to receive them? Do you sound ungrateful if you complain about these things or ask not to receive gifts?
On the other hand, it might also become much more rude to send someone a holiday surprise without a heads up first. It is also important to ask ourselves whether we are putting the idea of sending a gift ahead of the actual experience of our loved ones receiving it.
This time of year, we often say "it's the thought that counts." If that's true, we might have to think carefully about some of the social norms for sending gifts until the shipping industry can catch up.Evan Stewart is an assistant professor of sociology at University of Massachusetts Boston. You can follow him on Twitter.
"Uncomfortable with Cages": When Framing Fails
By now, you've probably heard about the family separation and detention policies at the U.S. border. The facts are horrifying.
Recent media coverage has led to a flurry of outrage and debate about the origins of this policy. It is a lot to take in, but this case also got me thinking about an important lesson from sociology for following politics in 2018: we're not powerless in the face of "fake news."
Photo Credit: Fibonacci Blue, Flickr CC
Political sociologists talk a lot about framing—the way movements and leaders select different interpretations of an issue to define and promote their position. Frames are powerful interpretive tools, and sociologists have shown how framing matters for everything from welfare reform and nuclear power advocacy to pro-life and labor movements.
One of the big assumptions in framing theory is that leaders coordinate. There might be competition to establish a message at first, but actors on the same side have to get together fairly quickly to present a clean, easy to understand "package" of ideas to people in order to make political change.
The trick is that it is easy to get cynical about framing, to think that only powerful people get to define the terms of debate. We assume that a slick, well-funded media campaign will win out, and any counter-frames will get pushed to the side. But the recent uproar over boarder separation policies shows how framing can be a very messy process. Over just a few days, these are a few of the frames coming from administration officials and border authorities:
We don't have a border separation policy
We had to do something, and it's the Democrats' fault
We have to enforce the "law," it's biblical
Those things that look like cages aren't really cages
Ok, we'd just rather you not use the word "cage"
No, these aren't cages, @SteveDoocy says. The authorities simply "built walls out of chain-link fences." Yes, that's a real quote from Fox just now. pic.twitter.com/7oVQ6oE85x
— Brian Stelter (@brianstelter) June 18, 2018
We don't know how this issue is going to turn out, but many of these frames have been met with skepticism, more outrage, and plenty of counter-evidence. Calling out these frames alone is not enough; it will take mobilization, activism, lobbying, and legislation to change these policies. Nevertheless, this is an important reminder that framing is a social process, and, especially in an age of social media, it is easier than ever to disrupt a political narrative before it has the chance to get organized.Evan Stewart is an assistant professor of sociology at University of Massachusetts Boston. You can follow him on Twitter.


Hyderabad may be called a foodie's heaven, hands down. It is bound to bring food fans from all around the globe where a local delicacy becomes the face of the city. But not only the biryani, Hyderabad is also well-known for an array of pleasing desserts. Come, let us investigate the sugary treats of Hyderabad.
The historic city of Hyderabad, was the seat of government during the rule of Nizams and matches other important cities like Chennai and Delhi in relation to its own historic monuments. The Mughals likewise ruled the city and therefore, carries a different appeal that could be viewed in its cuisine and culture. Hyderabad is extremely well-known all across the nation for serving the Andhra cuisine that is delightful, including its basic yet yummy Biryani. Alongside the local delicacies, the eateries in Hyderabad are known for offering exciting array of sweet dishes. The local desserts are pleasing although the principal dishes carry their particular appeal. Subsequently its huge lineup of desserts can set you in great predicament if you are having a sumptuous buffet in Hyderabad. If you're planning to try this flavoury wonders, planning a weekend would be perfect. To get back you can easily find Hyderabad to Delhi flights or train to Bangalore.
Every year a large number of tourists visit Hyderabad to see it's exciting monuments such as the Charminar, however in addition, there are equivalent variety of people that simply visit to entice their taste buds with its alluring cuisine. There are a few really funny ones which may be located here should you talk about the sweet dishes of Hyderabad. Ashrafi and Badam Ki Jali, is among the very savored sweet dish in the city. This sugary treat consists of almonds (badam), sugar and milk cream, which is combined as a batter and either frozen or baked in geometrically shaped utensils. Is prepared likewise and has a touch of saffron. Both the things are popular among the children due to their distinct shapes and contours, so, giving a pleasure approach.
Pootharekulu or paper Sweet, will really take you by surprise. This sweet treat, which seems like a folded tissue paper is prepared from a batter composed of rice flour and jaggery. The batter stuffed with few more crumbles of jaggery is evenly distributed on a pan and slow cooked to make it. Powdered sugar is scattered throughout the dish after folding them into wrappings. The best thing about Pootharekulu is that it does not gets rancid fast and can be kept in fridges for more than a month.
Gil e firdaus or Payasam is just another well-known delicacy from the Telugu culture and is prepared mainly during holidays. There are varieties of Payasam such as rawa payasam, semia payasam, and parippu payasam which makes for a yummy evening bite. Made from a mix of coconut, jaggery and vermicelli milk, this sweet dish is an important dish during temple rites and could be located being doled out as prasadam. Arisa is just another popular sweet dish which can be prepared at home. Its preparation is an important part of Andhra breakfasts and resembles that to a parantha. Gavvalu is just another yummy treat that is produced of milk and rice flour. The dough is formed into rectangular block and fried in oil. Following the oil dries up, it is dipped into hot, melted jaggery, where the sweetener soaks. Gavvalu is a road delicacy that is well-known and you'll be able to locate food booths selling it in every other corner of the city.


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