METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRIGGERING RADIO BEARER RELEASE BY A RELAY UE (USER EQUIPMENT) IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM - ASUSTeK Computer Inc.
A method and apparatus for triggering radio bearer release by a relay UE in a wireless communication system are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes the relay UE connects with an eNB. The method also includes the relay UE establishes a PDN connection for supporting traffic relaying. The method further includes the relay UE establishes a layer-2 link with a remote UE. In addition, the method includes the relay UE creates a radio bearer between the relay UE and the eNB for forwarding data packets between the remote UE and a PDN corresponding to the PDN connection. Furthermore, the method includes the relay UE sends a NAS message to the eNB if a failure of the layer-2 link is detected. And the method includes the relay UE receives a RRC message indicating release of the radio bearer in response to transmission of the NAS message from the eNB.
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1. A method for triggering radio bearer release by a relay user equipment (UE), comprising: the relay UE connects with an evolved Node-B (eNB); the relay UE establishes a Packet Data Network (PDN) connection for supporting traffic relaying; the relay UE establishes a layer-2 link with a remote UE; the relay UE creates a radio bearer between the relay UE and the eNB for forwarding data packets between the remote UE and a PDN corresponding to the PDN connection; and the relay UE sends a non-access stratum (NAS) message to the eNB if a failure of the layer-2 link is detected.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the PDN connection is established between the relay UE and a PDN gateway (PDN GW).
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer-2 link is identified by a combination of a layer-2 identity of the relay UE and a layer-2 identity of the remote UE.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the layer-2 identity of the relay UE is a ProSe (Proximity-based Service) Relay UE identity.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the ProSe Relay UE identity is associated with a Relay Service Code.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the Relay Service Code identifies a connectivity service the relay UE provides to the remote UE, and the Relay Service Code is associated with the PDN connection.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the NAS message is used to trigger release of a dedicated Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer mapped to the radio bearer.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the relay UE releases the radio bear before sending the NAS message, or releases the radio bear after sending the NAS message and receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message indicating release of the radio bearer in response to transmission of the NAS message from the eNB.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the relay UE creates the radio bearer after receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message including configuration of the radio bearer from the eNB.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the failure of the layer-2 link means layer-2 link maintenance over PC5 procedure in the relay UE considers the remote UE is not in ProSe (Proximity-based Service) communication range of the relay UE.
11. A relay User Equipment (UE) for triggering radio bearer, comprising: a control circuit; a processor installed in the control circuit; and a memory installed in the control circuit and operatively coupled to the processor; wherein the processor is configured to execute a program code stored in the memory to enable the relay UE to: connect with an evolved Node-B (eNB); establish a Packet Data Network (PDN) connection for supporting traffic relaying; establish a layer-2 link with a remote UE; create a radio bearer between the relay UE and the eNB for forwarding data packets between the remote UE and a PDN corresponding to the PDN connection; and send a non-access stratum (NAS) message to the eNB if a failure of the layer-2 link is detected.
12. The relay UE of claim 11, wherein the PDN connection is established between the relay UE and a PDN gateway (PDN GW).
13. The relay UE of claim 11, wherein the layer-2 link is identified by a combination of a layer-2 identity of the relay UE and a layer-2 identity of the remote UE.
14. The relay UE of claim 13, wherein the layer-2 identity of the relay UE is a ProSe (Proximity-based Service) Relay UE identity.
15. The relay UE of claim 14, wherein the ProSe Relay UE identity is associated with a Relay Service Code.
16. The relay UE of claim 15, wherein the Relay Service Code identifies a connectivity service the relay UE provides to the remote UE, and the Relay Service Code is associated with the PDN connection.
17. The relay UE of claim 11, wherein the NAS message is used to trigger release of a dedicated Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer mapped to the radio bearer.
18. The relay UE of claim 11, wherein the relay UE releases the radio bear before sending the NAS message, or releases the radio bear after sending the NAS message and receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message indicating release of the radio bearer in response to transmission of the NAS message from the eNB.
19. The relay UE of claim 11, wherein the relay UE creates the radio bearer after receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message including configuration of the radio bearer from the eNB.
20. The relay UE of claim 11, wherein the failure of the layer-2 link means layer-2 link maintenance over PC5 procedure in the relay UE considers the remote UE is not in ProSe (Proximity-based Service) communication range of the relay UE.
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/215,398 filed on Sep. 8, 2015, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
This disclosure generally relates to wireless communication networks, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for triggering radio bearer release by a relay UE (User Equipment) in a wireless communication system.
With the rapid rise in demand for communication of large amounts of data to and from mobile communication devices, traditional mobile voice communication networks are evolving into networks that communicate with Internet Protocol (IP) data packets. Such IP data packet communication can provide users of mobile communication devices with voice over IP, multimedia, multicast and on-demand communication services.
An exemplary network structure is an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). The E-UTRAN system can provide high data throughput in order to realize the above-noted voice over IP and multimedia services. A new radio technology for the next generation (e.g., 5G) is currently being discussed by the 3GPP standards organization. Accordingly, changes to the current body of 3GPP standard are currently being submitted and considered to evolve and finalize the 3GPP standard.
A method and apparatus for triggering radio bearer release by a relay UE in a wireless communication system are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes the relay UE connects with an evolved Node-B (eNB). The method also includes the relay UE establishes a Packet Data Network (PDN) connection for supporting traffic relaying. The method further includes the relay UE establishes a layer-2 link with a remote UE. In addition, the method includes the relay UE creates a radio bearer between the relay UE and the eNB for forwarding data packets between the remote UE and a PDN corresponding to the PDN connection. Furthermore, the method includes the relay UE sends a non-access stratum (NAS) message to the eNB if a failure of the layer-2 link is detected. And the method includes the relay UE receives a radio resource control (RRC) message indicating release of the radio bearer in response to transmission of the NAS message from the eNB.
FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a wireless communication system according to one exemplary embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a transmitter system (also known as access network) and a receiver system (also known as user equipment or UE) according to one exemplary embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of a communication system according to one exemplary embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of the program code of FIG. 3 according to one exemplary embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a reproduction of FIG. 4.4.3-1 of 3GPP TS 23.303 v13.0.0.
FIG. 6 is a reproduction of FIG. 5.1.2.2-1 of 3GPP TS 23.303 v13.0.0.
FIG. 7 is a reproduction of FIG. 6.1.1.1-1 of 3GPP TR 23.713 v.1.5.0.
FIG. 8 is a reproduction of FIG. 6.1.2.2.1.1 of 3GPP TR 23.713 v1.5.0.
FIG. 9 is a reproduction of FIG. 6.1.2.2.2.1 of 3GPP TR 23.713 v1.5.0.
FIG. 10 is a reproduction of FIG. 7.1.1.2.1 of 3GPP TR 23.713 v1.5.0.
FIG. 11 is a reproduction of FIG. 7.1.2.1.1 of 3GPP TR 23.713 v1.5.0.
FIG. 12 is a reproduction of FIG. 7.1.2.4.1 of 3GPP TR 23.713 v1.5.0.
FIG. 13 is a reproduction of FIG. 7.2.2.1 of 3GPP TR 23.713 v1.5.0.
FIG. 14 is a message sequence chart according to one exemplary.
The exemplary wireless communication systems and devices described below employ a wireless communication system, supporting a broadcast service. Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be based on code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) wireless access, 3GPP LTE-A or LTE-Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced), 3GPP2 UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband), WiMax, or some other modulation techniques.
In particular, the exemplary wireless communication systems devices described below may be designed to support the wireless technology discussed in the various documents, including: "DOCOMO 5G White Paper" by NTT Docomo, Inc. and METIS Deliverable D2.4, "Proposed solutions for new radio access". Furthermore, the exemplary wireless communication systems devices described below may be designed to support one or more standards such as the standard offered by a consortium named "3rd Generation Partnership Project" referred to herein as 3GPP, including: TS 23.303 v13.0.0, "Proximity-based services (ProSe)"; TR 23.713 v1.5.0, "Study on extended architecture enhancements to support for proximity-based services"; TS 36.300 v12.5.0, "E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Overall description"; GSMA™-VoLTE Service Description and Implementation Guidelines Version 1.1 (26 Mar. 2014); TS 36.331 v12.5.0, "E-UTRAN Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol specification". The standards and documents listed above are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
FIG. 1 shows a multiple access wireless communication system according to one embodiment of the invention. An access network 100 (AN) includes multiple antenna groups, one including 104 and 106, another including 108 and 110, and an additional including 112 and 114. In FIG. 1, only two antennas are shown for each antenna group, however, more or fewer antennas may be utilized for each antenna group. Access terminal 116 (AT) is in communication with antennas 112 and 114, where antennas 112 and 114 transmit information to access terminal 116 over forward link 120 and receive information from access terminal 116 over reverse link 118. Access terminal (AT) 122 is in communication with antennas 106 and 108, where antennas 106 and 108 transmit information to access terminal (AT) 122 over forward link 126 and receive information from access terminal (AT) 122 over reverse link 124. In a FDD system, communication links 118, 120, 124 and 126 may use different frequency for communication. For example, forward link 120 may use a different frequency then that used by reverse link 118.
Each group of antennas and/or the area in which they are designed to communicate is often referred to as a sector of the access network. In the embodiment, antenna groups each are designed to communicate to access terminals in a sector of the areas covered by access network 100.
In communication over forward links 120 and 126, the transmitting antennas of access network 100 may utilize beamforming in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of forward links for the different access terminals 116 and 122. Also, an access network using beamforming to transmit to access terminals scattered randomly through its coverage causes less interference to access terminals in neighboring cells than an access network transmitting through a single antenna to all its access terminals.
An access network (AN) may be a fixed station or base station used for communicating with the terminals and may also be referred to as an access point, a Node B, a base station, an enhanced base station, an evolved Node B (eNB), or some other terminology. An access terminal (AT) may also be called user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, terminal, access terminal or some other terminology.
FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of an embodiment of a transmitter system 210 (also known as the access network) and a receiver system 250 (also known as access terminal (AT) or user equipment (UE)) in a MIMO system 200. At the transmitter system 210, traffic data for a number of data streams is provided from a data source 212 to a transmit (TX) data processor 214.
In one embodiment, each data stream is transmitted over a respective transmit antenna. TX data processor 214 formats, codes, and interleaves the traffic data for each data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected for that data stream to provide coded data.
The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed with pilot data using OFDM techniques. The pilot data is typically a known data pattern that is processed in a known manner and may be used at the receiver system to estimate the channel response. The multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream is then modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., BPSK, QPSK, M-PSK, or M-QAM) selected for that data stream to provide modulation symbols. The data rate, coding, and modulation for each data stream may be determined by instructions performed by processor 230.
The modulation symbols for all data streams are then provided to a TX MIMO processor 220, which may further process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). TX MIMO processor 220 then provides NT modulation symbol streams to NT transmitters (TMTR) 222a through 222t. In certain embodiments, TX MIMO processor 220 applies beamforming weights to the symbols of the data streams and to the antenna from which the symbol is being transmitted.
Each transmitter 222 receives and processes a respective symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and upconverts) the analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the MIMO channel. NT modulated signals from transmitters 222a through 222t are then transmitted from NT antennas 224a through 224t, respectively.
At receiver system 250, the transmitted modulated signals are received by NR antennas 252a through 252r and the received signal from each antenna 252 is provided to a respective receiver (RCVR) 254a through 254r. Each receiver 254 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and downconverts) a respective received signal, digitizes the conditioned signal to provide samples, and further processes the samples to provide a corresponding "received" symbol stream.
A processor 270 periodically determines which pre-coding matrix to use (discussed below). Processor 270 formulates a reverse link message comprising a matrix index portion and a rank value portion.
The reverse link message may comprise various types of information regarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. The reverse link message is then processed by a TX data processor 238, which also receives traffic data for a number of data streams from a data source 236, modulated by a modulator 280, conditioned by transmitters 254a through 254r, and transmitted back to transmitter system 210.
Turning to FIG. 3, this figure shows an alternative simplified functional block diagram of a communication device according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 3, the communication device 300 in a wireless communication system can be utilized for realizing the UEs (or ATs) 116 and 122 in FIG. 1 or the base station (or AN) 100 in FIG. 1, and the wireless communications system is preferably the LTE system. The communication device 300 may include an input device 302, an output device 304, a control circuit 306, a central processing unit (CPU) 308, a memory 310, a program code 312, and a transceiver 314. The control circuit 306 executes the program code 312 in the memory 310 through the CPU 308, thereby controlling an operation of the communications device 300. The communications device 300 can receive signals input by a user through the input device 302, such as a keyboard or keypad, and can output images and sounds through the output device 304, such as a monitor or speakers. The transceiver 314 is used to receive and transmit wireless signals, delivering received signals to the control circuit 306, and outputting signals generated by the control circuit 306 wirelessly. The communication device 300 in a wireless communication system can also be utilized for realizing the AN 100 in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of the program code 312 shown in FIG. 3 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the program code 312 includes an application layer 400, a Layer 3 portion 402, and a Layer 2 portion 404, and is coupled to a Layer 1 portion 406. The Layer 3 portion 402 generally performs radio resource control. The Layer 2 portion 404 generally performs link control. The Layer 1 portion 406 generally performs physical connections.
The ProSe UE-to-Network Relay entity provides the functionality to support connectivity to "unicast" services for Remote UEs that are not "served by E-UTRAN" (see FIG. 4.4.3-1).
The ProSe UE-to-Network Relay shall relay unicast traffic (UL and DL) between the Remote UE and the network. The ProSe UE-to-Network Relay shall provide generic function that can relay any type of traffic that is relevant for public safety communication.
NOTE 1: There is no support for relaying eMBMS traffic from Uu interface to PC5 in this release of the specification.
NOTE 2: The IP Address preservation is not supported when the Remote UE moves out of the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay coverage.
Communication over PC5 reference point is connectionless.
ProSe Bearers are bi-directional. IP packets passed to the radio layers on a given ProSe bearer will be transmitted by the physical layer with the associated L2 destination address. IP packets passed up from the radio layers on the same ProSe bearer will have been received over the air addressed to the same L2 destination.
ProSe Direct discovery following Model A or Model B can be used in order to allow the Remote UE to discover ProSe UE-to-Network Relay(s) in proximity.
ProSe Direct discovery that can be used in order to allow the Remote UE to discover L2 address of the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay to be used by the Remote UE for IP address allocation and user plane traffic corresponding to a specific PDN connection supported by the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay.
Act as an "announcing" or "discoveree" UE on the PC5 reference point supporting direct discovery.
Act as a default router to the Remote UEs forwarding IP packets between the UE-ProSe UE-to-Network Relay point-to-point link and the corresponding PDN connection.
Handle Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement messages as defined in IETF RFC 4861.
Act as DHCPv4 Server and stateless DHCPv6 Relay Agent.
Act as a NAT if IPv4 is used replacing the locally assigned IPv4 address of the Remote UE with its own.
Map the L2 link ID used by the Remote UE as Destination Layer-2 ID to the corresponding PDN connection supported by the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay.
NOTE: The aspects of the radio layers for the PC5 reference point are defined in RAN specifications.
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for the user plane (GTP-U): This protocol tunnels user data between eNodeB and the S-GW as well as between the S-GW and the P-GW in the backbone network. GTP shall encapsulate all end user IP packets.
MME controls the user plane tunnel establishment and establishes User Plane Bearers between eNodeB and S-GW.
LTE-Uu: The radio protocols of E-UTRAN between the UE and the eNodeB are not specified in TS 36.300 .
PC5-U: The radio protocols of E-UTRAN between the UE and the UE-to-Network Relay are specified in this Release.
Editor's Note: Access Stratum stack to be reviewed and finally decided in RAN WGs.
Model A uses a single discovery protocol message (Announcement).
Model B uses two discovery protocol messages (Solicitation and Response).
Public Safety discovery for ProSe UE-Network Relay discovery and Group Member discovery uses the PC5-D protocol stack that is depicted in FIG. 6.1.1.1-1.
Additional information not directly used for discovery can be also advertised using Discovery Transport, like relayed TMGIs, the ECGI of the service cell, in a single or separate discovery messages of type "Relay Discovery Additional Information".
Determination is needed regarding within the ProSe Communication which user(s) are in ProSe Communication range at any given time (shortly referred to as "Group Member Discovery").
Message type: Announcement (Model A) or Solicitation/Response (Model B), Relay Discovery Additional Information (Model A).
Discovery type: indicates whether this is UE-to-Network Relay Discovery, Group Member Discovery or UE-to-UE Relay Discovery.
ProSe Relay UE ID: link layer identifier that is used for direct communication and is associated with a Relay Service Code.
Announcer info: provides information about the announcing user.
Relay Service Code: parameter identifying a connectivity service the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay provides to Public Safety applications. The Relay Service Codes are configured in a ProSe UE-to-Network relay for advertisement. Additionally, the Relay Service Code also identifies authorized users the ProSe UE-to-Network relay would offer service to, and may select the related security policies or information e.g. necessary for authentication and authorization between the Remote UE and the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay (e.g. a Relay Service Code for relays for police members only would be different than a Relay Service code for relays for Fire Fighters only, even though potentially they provided connectivity to same APN e.g. to support Internet Access). The definition of values of the Relay Service Code are out of scope of ProSe specification.
Radio Layer Information: contains information about the radio layer information, e.g. radio conditions between the eNB and the UE-to-Network Relay, to assist the Remote UE selecting the proper UE-to-Network Relay.
Editor's Note: The details of Radio Layer Information parameters are to be identified and if agreed then to be defined by RAN WGs.
NOTE 1: A ProSe Relay UE ID should be uniquely associated with a Relay Service Code.
NOTE 2: ProSe Relay UE ID in the announcement message does not imply that the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay has established the indicated connectivity to the network.
Discoverer info: provides information about the discoverer user.
Relay Service Code: information about connectivity that the discoverer UE is interested in. The Relay Service Codes are configured in the Prose Remote UEs interested in related connectivity services.
ProSe UE ID: link layer identifier of the discoverer that is used for direct communication (Model B).
NOTE 3: It is up to stage 3 specifications how the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay indicates in the response message which Relay Service Code it can support.
NOTE 4: a ProSe Relay UE ID should be uniquely associated with a Relay Service Code.
NOTE 5: ProSe Relay UE ID in the response message does not imply that the ProSe UE-to-Network Relay has established the indicated connectivity to the network.
Discoveree info: provides information about the discoveree.
ProSe UE ID: link layer identifier that is used for subsequent direct communication.
Source ProSe UE ID: link layer identifier of the source UE that is used for subsequent direct communication.
Target Info: provides information about the targeted discoverees (single user or group).
ProSe UE ID: link layer identifier that is used for direct communication.
Announcer/Discoverer info: provides information about the announcing or discoverer user.
Remote User Info: provides information about the user of a Remote UE.
Discoveree info (Model B): provides information about the discoveree.
ProSe Layer-2 Group ID: link layer identifier of the group that transmits the MBMS traffic corresponding to the TMGI.
the EGCI that the ProSe UE-Network Relay is camped on and one or more advertised TMGIs and their corresponding ProSe Layer-2 Group IDs up to the maximum allowed message size.
The following parameters have a fixed size of maximum 64 bits: Announcer Info, Discoverer Info, Discoveree Info and Target Info. The definition of these parameters is out of ProSe scope.
NOTE 6: The size of these parameters is to be reviewed during Stage 3 work.
NOTE 7: Any mapping between application layer user identifiers of larger size to the fixed size of Announcer/Discoverer/Discoveree Info or Target Info is out of ProSe scope.
The Announcer Info, Discoverer Info and Discoveree Info refer to the same parameter that takes on a different name depending on the Public Safety Discovery message. It is provided to the UE during provisioning time (e.g. similar to how ProSe Layer-2 Groups are provisioned in Rel-12).
The Relay Service Code(s) are provided to the UE and ProSe UE-to-Network Relay during provisioning time (e.g. similar to how ProSe Layer-2 Groups are provisioned in Rel-12). It is assumed that the remote UEs are provisioned in advance with the Relay Service Codes corresponding to the ProSe UE-Network Relays they are allowed to access.
Provisioning in the ME from the Direct Provisioning Function (DPF).
Provisioning in the ME from a 3rd party public safety provider application server (e.g. GCS AS as in TS 23.468 ). If UE receives the same set of data from AS that has been previously provided by DPF then UE uses the data set provided by AS.
The Target Info parameter is not provisioned in the UE. It is provided by the application layer in the UE (e.g. manually selected by the user from a contacts list).
Depicted in FIG. 6.1.2.2.1.1 is the procedure for Relay discovery Model A.
Depicted in FIG. 6.1.2.2.2.1 is the procedure for Relay discovery Model B.
Editor's note: This clause is intended to document the agreed architecture solution for one-to-one ProSe Direct Communication.
Editor's note: General description, assumptions, and principles of the solution.
ProSe direct communication one-to-one is realised by establishing a secure layer-2 link over PC5 between two UEs.
Each UE has a Layer-2 ID for unicast communication that is included in the Source Layer-2 ID field of every frame that it sends on the layer-2 link and in the Destination Layer-2 ID of every frame that it receives on the layer-2 link.
NOTE: Conflicts between Destination Layer-2 ID for unicast and one-to-many communication will be resolved by RAN2 WG.
The UE needs to ensure that the Layer-2 ID for unicast communication is at least locally unique. So the UE should be prepared to handle Layer-2 ID conflicts with adjacent UEs using unspecified mechanisms (e.g. self-assign a new Layer-2 ID for unicast communication when a conflict is detected).
The layer-2 link for ProSe direct communication one-to-one is identified by the combination of the Layer-2 IDs of the two UEs. This means that the UE can engage in multiple layer-2 links for ProSe direct communication one-to-one using the same Layer-2 ID.
A PC5 Signalling Protocol is used for control plane signalling over PC5. The PC5 Signalling Protocol stack is illustrated in FIG. 7.1.1.2.1. The SDU Type field (3 bits) in the PDCP header is used to discriminate between IP, ARP and "PC5 Signalling Protocol".
Editor's note: The use of PC5 Signalling Protocol as described in this clause is a working assumption and needs to be reconfirmed.
PC5 Signalling Protocol messages may be sent on a unicast Destination Layer-2 ID.
1:1 ProSe Communication: Direct Communication Request message (Step 1 in FIG. 7.1.2.1.1), potentially including the subsequent messages.
Cell ID announcement procedure: defined in clause 7.2.2.3, and specifically Cell ID Announcement Request/Response messages.
Editor's note: Describes the high-level operation, procedures and information flows for the solution.
Establishment of a secure layer-2 link over PC5.
Layer-2 link maintenance over PC5.
Layer-2 link release over PC5.
Depicted in FIG. 7.1.2.1.1 is the procedure for establishment of secure layer-2 link over PC5. The message includes the User Info-1 parameter that is used to assert the identity of the UE-1's user. UEs engaged in isolated (non-relay) one to one communication may negotiate the link-local address to be used for subsequent communication.
NOTE 1: The link initiator (UE-1) needs to know the Layer-2 ID of the peer (UE-2) in order to perform step 1. As an example, the link initiator may learn the Layer-2 ID of the peer by executing a discovery procedure first or by having participated in ProSe one-to-many communication including the peer.
NOTE 2: "Secure layer-2 link" implies at least mutual authentication between the two users. Whether bearer level confidentiality or integrity protection over PC5 is mandatory or not is in SA3 scope.
2. UE-2 initiates the procedure for mutual authentication. As part of this step UE-2 includes the User Info-2 parameter that is used to assert the identity of the UE-2's user. The successful completion of the authentication procedure indicates the establishment of the secure layer-2 link over PC5. UE 2 checks whether it supports the link local address of IP version indicated in step 1. If it supports, UE 2 responds a Direct Communication Response (link-local address of UE 2) message.
Editor's note: It is FFS whether User Info parameter used in this procedure is the same as the Announcer/Discoverer/Discoveree Info parameter used in the Public Safety Discovery procedures. It depends on the asserted identity that will be defined in the security procedures in SA3.
DHCP based IP address configuration for assignment of IPv4 address.
IPv6 Stateless Address auto configuration specified in RFC 4862  for assignment of IPv6 prefix.
One of the two UEs acts as DHCP server or IPv6 default router.
In the ProSe UE-NW Relay case the relay acts as DHCP server or IPv6 default router for all Remote UEs that connect to it over a secure layer-2 link over PC5, detail procedures are described in clause 7.2.2.1.
UEs engaging in isolated (non-relay) one-to-one communication may also use link-local addresses. UE auto-configures link-local address using procedures as defined in RFC 4862 in case of IPv6 and in RFC 3927 in case of IPv4.
The PC5 Signalling Protocol shall support keep-alive functionality that is used to detect that when the UEs are not in ProSe Communication range, so that they can proceed with implicit layer-2 link release.
NOTE: It is left to Stage 3 to determine how and when the keep alive messages are used.
Depicted in FIG. 7.1.2.4.1 is layer-2 link release procedure over PC5. This procedure can be also used to release the layer-2 link between the Remote UE and the UE-to-Network Relay, initiated by either the Remote UE or the Relay e.g. due to temporary loss of connectivity to the network, battery running low of the relay, etc.
1. UE-1 sends a Disconnect Request message to UE-2 in order to release the layer-2 link and deletes all context data associated with.
2. Upon reception of the Disconnect Request message UE-2 responds with a Disconnect Response message and deletes all context data associated with the layer-2 link.
PC5 Signalling Protocol and procedures.
Additional mechanisms for IP address assignment.
It is FFS whether the Direct Communication Request message (step 1 in FIG. 7.1.2.1.1) and the authentication messages (step 2 in FIG. 7.1.2.1.1) belong to the same or different protocols. Resolution: PC5 signalling protocol is used for both Direct Communication Request message and authentication messages.
It is FFS whether there is a need for other mechanisms for IP address assignment (e.g. to assist service continuity between the direct path and the infrastructure path between the two UEs, or for the case of an isolated (i.e. non-relay) one-to-one communication).
Resolution: service continuity between the direct path and the infrastructure path is not supported.
It is FFS whether one-to-one communication requires real-time network authorisation when the two UEs are in coverage.
It is FFS how Layer-2 ID for unicast communication is assigned to the UE, whether the same Layer-2 ID can be used for multiple layer-2 links for one-to-one communication and whether the same Layer-2 ID can be used for Source Layer-2 ID of both one-to-one and one-to-many communication. This FFS applies to both cases when bearer level security as defined by TS 33.303 is used and when it is not.
Layer-2 ID for unicast communication is provided to the UE during provisioning time according to the provisioning options described in clause 6.1.2.1.
The same Layer-2 ID can be used for multiple layer-2 links for one-to-one communication. The same Layer-2 ID can be used for Source Layer-2 ID of both one-to-one and one-to-many communication. Whether and how bearer layer security is applied is in SA3 scope.
The Layer-2 ID can also be self-assigned by the UE (e.g. to avoid Layer-2 ID conflict with adjacent UEs, or for ProSe UE-to-Network Relay operation).
The Layer-2 ID used as the Source Layer-2 ID in one-to-one ProSe Direct Communication frames sent from UE-1 to UE-2 is used as the Destination Layer-2 ID in the frames sent from UE-2 to UE-1.
The PC5 transport for signalling and user plane should follow the same per packet priority treatment defined in clause 7.5.1.
The ProSe UE-Network Relay may attach to the network (if not already attached) and establish a PDN connection that can be used for relaying of traffic to/from Remote UEs.
1. The ProSe UE-Network Relay performs initial E-UTRAN Attach (if not already attached) and/or establishes a PDN connection for relaying (if no appropriate PDN connection for this relaying exists). In case of IPv6, the ProSe UE-Network Relay obtains IPv6 prefix via prefix delegation function from the network as defined in TS 23.401 .
2. The Remote UE performs discovery of a ProSe UE-Network Relay using Model A or Model B discovery. The details of this procedure are described in clause 6.
3. The Remote UE selects a ProSe UE-Network Relay and establishes a connection for One-to-One Communication. The details of this procedure are described in clause 7.1.
NOTE 1: Whether the authentication of the Remote UE involves the EPC will be decided by SA WG3.
4. When IPv6 is used on PC5 the Remote UE performs IPv6 Stateless Address auto-configuration, the Remote UE shall send a Router Solicitation message (step 4a) to the network using as Destination Layer-2 ID the Layer-2 ID of the Relay in order to solicit a Router Advertisement message (step 4b) as specified in IETF RFC 4862 . The Router Advertisement messages shall contain the assigned IPv6 prefix. After the Remote UE receives the Router Advertisement message, it constructs a full IPv6 address via IPv6 Stateless Address auto-configuration in accordance with IETF RFC 4862 . However, the Remote UE shall not use any identifiers defined in TS 23.003  as the basis for generating the interface identifier. For privacy, the Remote UE may change the interface identifier used to generate the full IPv6 address, as defined in TS 23.221  without involving the network. The Remote UE shall use the auto-configured IPv6 address while sending packets.
5. When IPv4 is used on PC5 the Remote UE uses DHCPv4 . The Remote UE shall send DHCPv4 Discovery (step 5a) message using as Destination Layer-2 ID the Layer-2 ID of the Relay. The ProSe UE-Network Relay acting as a DHCPv4 Server sends the DHCPv4 Offer (step 5b) with the assigned Remote UE IPv4 address. When the Remote UE receives the lease offer, it sends a DHCP REQUEST message containing the received IPv4 address (step 5c). The ProSe UE-Network Relay acting as DHCPv4 server sends a DHCPACK message to the Remote UE (step 5d) including the lease duration and any other configuration information that the client might have requested. On receiving the DHCPACK message, the Remote UE completes the TCP/IP configuration process.
NOTE 2: The DHCPv4 client may skip the DHCPv4 Discovery phase, and send DHCPv4 Request message in broadcast as the first message in accordance with the DHCPv4 renewal process.
A Relay UE supporting eMBMS traffic may transmit multiple discovery messages that contain ECGI and/or the TMGIs.
The triggering of TMGI advertisement, ECGI advertisement and establishment of the ProSe one-to-one communications links are based on the PC5 Signalling Protocol introduced in section 7.1.1.2.
The Relay selection and reselection procedure needs to consider both the upper layer discovery information defined in clause 6.1.2.1 and the radio layer information that will be defined by RAN. The interactions between these considerations at different layers are implementation specific. The ProSe Function shall be able to configure the Remote UE with a set of radio layer selection criteria for using the radio layer information in UE-to-Network Relay selection. Relay reselection when required is performed using relay selection procedure.
NOTE: The radio level information and radio layer selection criteria will be specified by RAN WGs. Relay selection/reselection may need to be evaluated based on RAN2 work.
ProSe UE-Network Relay procedure based on what is defined in the sub-clause 7.2.2.1 should proceed to the normative work except authentication part which would be done by SA3 WG. The solution for multicast/broadcast traffic support using IP multicast on relay described in clause 7.2.2.4 is not considered for specification in Rel-13.
An EPS bearer/E-RAB is the level of granularity for bearer level QoS control in the EPC/E-UTRAN. That is, SDFs mapped to the same EPS bearer receive the same bearer level packet forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling policy, queue management policy, rate shaping policy, RLC configuration, etc.) .
One EPS bearer/E-RAB is established when the UE connects to a PDN, and that remains established throughout the lifetime of the PDN connection to provide the UE with always-on IP connectivity to that PDN. That bearer is referred to as the default bearer. Any additional EPS bearer/E-RAB that is established to the same PDN is referred to as a dedicated bearer. The initial bearer level QoS parameter values of the default bearer are assigned by the network, based on subscription data. The decision to establish or modify a dedicated bearer can only be taken by the EPC, and the bearer level QoS parameter values are always assigned by the EPC. An EPS bearer/E-RAB is referred to as a GBR bearer if dedicated network resources related to a Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) value that is associated with the EPS bearer/E-RAB are permanently allocated (e.g. by an admission control function in the eNodeB) at bearer establishment/modification. Otherwise, an EPS bearer/E-RAB is referred to as a Non-GBR bearer. A dedicated bearer can either be a GBR or a Non-GBR bearer while a default bearer shall be a Non-GBR bearer.
An ULTFT in the UE binds an SDF to an EPS bearer in the uplink direction. Multiple SDFs can be multiplexed onto the same EPS bearer by including multiple uplink packet filters in the ULTFT.
A DL TFT in the PDN GW binds an SDF to an EPS bearer in the downlink direction. Multiple SDFs can be multiplexed onto the same EPS bearer by including multiple downlink packet filters in the DL TFT.
An E-RAB transports the packets of an EPS bearer between the UE and the EPC. When an E-RAB exists, there is a one-to-one mapping between this E-RAB and an EPS bearer.
A data radio bearer transports the packets of an EPS bearer between a UE and one or more eNB(s). When a data radio bearer exists, there is a one-to-one mapping between this data radio bearer and the EPS bearer/E-RAB.
A UE stores a mapping between an uplink packet filter and a data radio bearer to create the binding between an SDF and a data radio bearer in the uplink.
A PDN GW stores a mapping between a downlink packet filter and an S5/S8a bearer to create the binding between an SDF and an S5/S8a bearer in the downlink.
An eNB stores a one-to-one mapping between a data radio bearer and an S1 bearer to create the binding between a data radio bearer and an S1 bearer in both the uplink and downlink.
A Serving GW stores a one-to-one mapping between an S1 bearer and an S5/S8a bearer to create the binding between an S1 bearer and an S5/S8a bearer in both the uplink and downlink.
According to the VoLTE (Voice over LTE) voice call establishment and clearing procedures specified in the GSMA™-VoLTE Service Description and Implementation Guidelines Version 1.1 (26 Mar. 2014), establishment and release of the dedicated EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer for VoLTE are triggered by SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) signalling between the UE and the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) network. In case of UE-to-Network Relay, they are supposed to be triggered by SIP signalling between the Remote UE and the IMS network, wherein the SIP signalling is forwarded via the relay UE.
Therefore, if the layer-2 link between the remote UE and the relay UE is released (e.g., due to layer-2 link failure or relay reselection), the remote UE may not be able to initiate the clearing procedure to release the dedicated EPS bearer for VoLTE. In this situation, the dedicated EPS bearer will remain after the layer-2 link failure/release. So it would be beneficial in terms of resource efficiency for the relay UE to send a notification or request to the eNB (evolved Node B) for triggering release of the dedicated EPS bearer or the radio bearer). The notification or request could be a non-access stratum (NAS) message, wherein the NAS comprises protocols between UE and the core network that are not terminated in the UTRAN/E-UTRAN as defined in 3GPP TR 21.905. The eNB then forwards this NAS message to the core network so that the core network can initiate an EPS bearer context deactivation procedure as specified in 3GPP TS 24.301 v11.5.0.
FIG. 14 shows a message sequence chart according to one exemplary embodiment. As shown in step 1405 of FIG. 14, the relay UE establishes a RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection with the eNB. In step 1410, the relay UE then establishes a PDN (Packet Data Network) connection with a PDN GW (Packet Data Network Gateway), wherein the PDN GW connects with a PDN. During the PDN connection establishment, a default EPS bearer is created for the PDN connection (e.g. for SIP signaling transmissions).
In one embodiment, the PDN connection is established between the relay UE and a PDN gateway (PDN GW).
In step 1415, the remote UE establishes a layer-2 link with the relay UE after the remote UE discovers the relay UE based on the Relay Service Code included in a discovery message broadcast by the relay UE.
In one embodiment, the layer-2 link is identified by a combination of a layer-2 identity of the relay UE and a layer-2 identity of the remote UE. Furthermore, a frame could be transmitted over the layer-2 link and could include the layer-2 identity of the relay UE and the layer-2 identity of the remote UE. In addition, the layer-2 identity of the relay UE could be a ProSe Relay UE identity, and the ProSe Relay UE identity could be associated with a Relay Service Code. In one embodiment, the Relay Service Code identifies a connectivity service the relay UE provides to the remote UE, and/or is associated with the PDN connection.
In step 1420, the relay UE creates a radio bearer between the relay UE and the eNB for forwarding data packets between the remote UE and a PDN corresponding to the PDN connection. In one embodiment, the relay UE could create the radio bearer after receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message including configuration of the radio bearer from the eNB. The radio bearer could be mapped to a dedicated EPS bearer. The dedicated EPS bearer is established between the relay UE and a PDN GW connected with the PDN. In one embodiment, the dedicated EPS bearer is created during a session initiation procedure performed by upper layers of the remote UE. The PDN GW initiates the establishment of the dedicated EPS bearer based on SIP signaling sent by the remote UE. The SIP signaling is transmitted via the default EPS bearer established in step 1410. In addition, the relay UE could be in a RRC_CONNECTED state or in coverage of the eNB. Furthermore, the remote UE could be in coverage of the eNB or out of coverage of the eNB.
In one embodiment, the relay UE could send the notification or request, such as a NAS message (step 1435) to the eNB if the relay UE detects a layer-2 link failure (step 1430) or if the relay UE receives from the remote UE a Disconnect Request or a message indicating relay reselection. Furthermore, the relay UE could send the notification or request (step 1435) if no other remote UE links to the PDN connection or if no other remote UE shares the radio bearer. The notification or request could include an identity of the radio bearer or an identity of the dedicated EPS bearer.
In one embodiment, the failure of the layer-2 link could mean that layer-2 link maintenance over PC5 procedure in the relay UE (as discussed in 3GPP TR 23.713 v1.5.0) considers the remote UE is not in ProSe (Proximity-based Service) communication range of the relay UE.
In one embodiment, the relay UE could release the concerned radio bearer (step 1445) before sending the notification or request (step 1435). Alternatively, the relay UE could send the notification or request first (step 1435) and then release the concerned radio bear (step 1445) after receiving a RRC message (e.g., RRC Connection Reconfiguration) indicating release of the radio bearer from the eNB (step 1440).
Referring back to FIGS. 3 and 4, in one exemplary embodiment from the perspective of a relay UE, the device 300 includes a program code 312 stored in the memory 310. The CPU 308 could execute program code 312 to enable the relay UE (i) to connects with an evolved eNB, (ii) to establish a PDN connection for supporting traffic relaying, (iii) to establish a layer-2 link with a remote UE, (iv) to create a radio bearer between the relay UE and the eNB for forwarding data packets between the remote UE and a PDN corresponding to the PDN connection, (v) to send a notification or request (e.g., a NAS message) to the eNB if a failure of the layer-2 link is detected, and (vi) to receive a radio resource control (RRC) message indicating release of the radio bearer from the eNB. Furthermore, the CPU 308 can execute the program code 312 to perform all of the above-described actions and steps or others described herein.
Various aspects of the disclosure have been described above. It should be apparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosed herein is merely representative. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein may be implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented or such a method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. As an example of some of the above concepts, in some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on pulse repetition frequencies. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on pulse position or offsets. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on time hopping sequences. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on pulse repetition frequencies, pulse positions or offsets, and time hopping sequences.
Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware (e.g., a digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two, which may be designed using source coding or some other technique), various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions (which may be referred to herein, for convenience, as "software" or a "software module"), or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
In addition, the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit ("IC"), an access terminal, or an access point. The IC may comprise a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, electrical components, optical components, mechanical components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructions that reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module (e.g., including executable instructions and related data) and other data may reside in a data memory such as RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of computer-readable storage medium known in the art. A sample storage medium may be coupled to a machine such as, for example, a computer/processor (which may be referred to herein, for convenience, as a "processor") such the processor can read information (e.g., code) from and write information to the storage medium. A sample storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in user equipment. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in user equipment. Moreover, in some aspects any suitable computer-program product may comprise a computer-readable medium comprising codes relating to one or more of the aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects a computer program product may comprise packaging materials.
While the invention has been described in connection with various aspects, it will be understood that the invention is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses or adaptation of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention, and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within the known and customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains.


I got this recipe from an old neighbor when we lived outside of Pittsburgh over 10 years ago. I loved it when she had us over for a cook-out and stumbled across it the other day.
It was just as amazing as I remembered! I actually "tripled" the recipe because I had 3 packages of chicken tenders so I would have lots of leftovers for lunches this week.
Mix all of the above ingredients in a gallon size zip loc bag.
Add chicken tenders to the marinade.
These Soy-Lime-Garlic Marinated Chicken Tenders are packed with robust flavors for a healthy meal.
Your Soy Lime Garlic Marinated Chicken Tenders will be delicious! Hope you have a great weekend and thank you so much for sharing with Full Plate Thursday!
This looks so simple and so delicious!
I love lime with my chicken, so I am sure this is a winner. Delish!! Have a great week!
Thanks for the recipe. I'm not sure I would have thought to add quite so much garlic, so it will be something for me to try.
I want to try all of these they all look delightful. Hope you have a wonderful day!
This sounds completely delicious to me! YUM!
These look so, so yummy Sherri! Love the flavor combinations and that the chicken is grilled. Perfect for leftovers to toss on a salad. Thanks for sharing. found at the dedicated house make it pretty monday. Have a great week!


The Personnel Support Facility located in Tooele, Utah, was a project to erect a modular facility including a break room, lunch room and men's and women's showers and restrooms. Brahma was the general contractor on this project, responsible for the mechanical and civil work.
Our scope of work for the project included the installation of the modular break and lunch room facility, and the modular showers and restrooms for both a men's and women's facility. We installed a new 1800-foot sewage pump system, water line and power line to all facilities along with a new medium voltage power system. Along with the new modular facilities, we also constructed a 15,000 square foot temporary road base and gravel parking facilities.
Brahma had onsite experience with the facilities and an excellent safety record. We had the ability to operate under a self-performing contractor status, allowing us to handle all of our own permits and inspections in house. Our self-performing ability utilized unparalleled project management abilities allowing for a cost-effective and highly regulated project. We were given self-performing contracting status by URS and at the time were the only contractor to successfully hold that status.


I was hoping to give you a full preview of Monday's sale items, but the misty gray skies have made it difficult to photograph anything with bits of color... but burlap and oatmeal linen are always easy to shoot. So, here are a few items you'll see in my shop along with that "big boy bucket" you admired yesterday. The dimensions for that biggie will be included in the shop listing... so if you have a burlap bucket pattern, I think you'll be able to figure out just how to make this large size, too.You can always e-mail me for help.
Now, I'm off to eat, bake and sauce all those apples... I'm sure I'll have some helpers!
They beautiful! I love the look of the burlap.
I just love the burlap buckets, especially the ones with the handles. I think they would make a great container for a toddlers' blocks. The purse, too cute. Maya so creative.
I so LOVE the bucket with scissors on the outside. Do you have any for sale? I didn't see any in your shop when I looked today after your shop update.
So sorry, Jenn. It sold earlier today. I'll be making more.
I have been wanting to make some things out of burlap, but am having a hard time finding it. Where do you get your burlap from?
I get all of my bags from our locale coffee bean roasters for a small fee. Check out your nearby coffee house and ask where they do their roasting. Good luck!


With no firm evidence available, it is interesting to speculate on why both Jakob and Friedrich Ludwig would leave Germany and why they chose Australia as their destination. We have heard that both boys were sent to Australia to avoid military service against relations, presumably in France. Both boys left Germany independent of each other, with Friedrich Ludwig's departure being after his eighteenth birthday. It is probable that Jakob also left at the same age some twelve months earlier. The age of eighteen is thought to have been the age for military service but whether that service was compulsory or not is not known.
We may presume that the family provided the money for fares as these costs wold have been considerable. Archive records indicate that Friedrich Ludwig was not an assisted immigrant under the Immigration Act and for a boy to have saved enough for such a journey, from wages, seems unlikely. It is odd though that despite the ongoing tensions in Europe, the war with Austria in 1866 and with France in 1870, no other sons were despatched nor any elect to migrate freely.
The departure of the boys in the early part of the 1850's was coincidental to the heavy European migration of the time following the discovery of gold in 1851. The vast majority of gold seekers disembarked in Melbourne for the riches of the Ballarat fields, but Friedrich Ludwig chose Sydney. He spent five years in Sydney before he ventured to the goldfields, hardly indicative of one whose prime reason for migration might have been gold fever. More likely Australia was chosen because of the favourable reports about Australia received from German settlers in South Australia who had migrated there throughout the 1840's. This large group had established farming and mining activities which were to impact greatly on the wealth and stability of the young colony.
So far nothing has been uncovered to tell us exactly when Jakob left Germany nor his activities prior to his marriage in 1877. We can, though, imagine that both boys must have had mixed emotions as they turned their backs on their parents in Frankfurt to commence their long journeys. The first leg of the journey would perhaps have been a coach trip through the heartland of Germany, north to Hanover and on to Hamburg. Steam trains were introduced to Germany in 1835 but is unlikely that the rail system of 1854 would have been extensive enough to cover to 300 or so miles between Frankfurt and Hamburg.
The port city would have been vastly different in shipping activity from Frankfurt with one on the Main River supporting barge type vessels and the other on the Elbe serving as a major seaport with tall ships. Locating the vessel at the docks is likely to have been tinged with excitement while walking up the gangway, prior to sailing, was probably performed with apprehension. The vessel chosen for the journey of Friedrich Ludwig was the "William Oswald", a 600 ton German craft with a crew of 16.
This vessel was almost certainly of timber construction, probably three-masted and accommodated twenty one passengers on that journey. It is not known if cargo was carried on the outward leg but almost certainly would have been carried on the return journey. The repeal of contentious sections of the Navigation Act in 1849 permitted foreign vessels to leave Australia laden, thereby assisting in reducing the passage costs on the outward leg.
The trip down the Elbe and out into the winter of the North Sea was to be the last time Friedrich Ludwig would see his homeland while the members of his family would remain only as a memory. His journey may have followed the "Great Circle Route" favoured in the 1850's, sailing far south of the Cape of Good Hope to Sydney and returning via Cape Horn. The sailing date of the William Oswald is not known, but an average journey at the time was 120 days. It arrived in Sydney on 11th April 1855 and is therefore likely to have embarked in early December. Allowing for the journey from Frankfurt to Hamburg it can be estimated that Friedrich Ludwig departed his home on or about his eighteenth birthday, the 24th November 1854.
Another migration of equal importance, and essential to our family history was that of Catherine Ellen Neil from County Cork, Ireland who was to become the wife of Friedrich Ludwig. Sadly, almost nothing is known of her prior to her marriage and the few clues to her origin are vague.
All noted passengers on the vessel were young ladies, perhaps encouraged to come to Australia to ease the imbalance of males and females exacerbated by the influx of single male gold diggers. Such encouragement continued for many years and it was not until after the First World War that the equation of one female to one male in Australia was reached. Throughout this early period assisted passages were offered to single ladies and in many cases jobs were provided on arrival.
Although it is most likely that this Catherine Neil was the one to marry Friedrich Ludwig, small anomalies to the information on the shipping list are evident on the death certificate for Catherine Ellen Neil. At her death in September 1919 she is given as aged 83 years, in the colony for 64 years and born in Evergreen, County Cork. Those figures would indicate that her year of arrival was more likely to be 1855 as she would have been aged 19 in that year. Her father's name is given as John Neil rather than Dennis.
It seems odd that she would settle and gain employment in Sydney if she was a farm servant, not electing to go to Goulburn and a possible farm life with her sponsoring brother. Her marriage in June 1857 seems a brief time from arrival to marriage and no references to her brother Dennis are noted other than the shipping notes. Neither her father nor her brothers name, Dennis, was assigned to her children but her first named son was called John which identifies to the John Neil shown on her death certificate and the name of her husband's father, Johann.
Search for her history has been hampered by the inability to locate either Millcoves or Evergreen in County Cork. It is possible that both locations had names of British origin and they may have reverted to their original Irish place names after the Republic was declared in 1949. Irish government birth records did not commence until 1854 and church records before that year would require knowledge of the correct parish or church.
It can be assumed that a number of Irish ladies of the name Ellen or Catherine Neil migrated to Australia last century and perhaps an alternate could be considered. For example, an Ellen Neil, a paying passenger on the ship Beatrice of Boston (777 tons), departed from Liverpool and arrived in Sydney on 30th April 1855, 19 days after the arrival from Hamburg of the William Oswald. This arrival date sits better with her period of settlement, courtship and marriage in 1857 and there may be a possibility that she was not a Catholic. Louie's wife married and was buried under Protestant rites and her children were christened also as Protestants. It may be wondered if an Irish Catholic girl would have relinquished her faith to that degree.


text:
Pictures: Duke at Virginia Tech
Oct 28, 2017 | 9:49 PM
Photos from the Duke-Virginia Tech football game on Oct. 28, 2017 in Blacksburg.
Pictures: 2016 Virginia Tech football
Pictures: The Battle at Bristol
Sights from the Virginia Tech-Tennessee football game on Sept. 10, 2016 at Bristol Motor Speedway.
Pictures: 2016 Fab 15 football recruits
Pictures: NBA MVP Steph Curry
Pictures: Virginia Tech introduces Whit Babcock as its new athletic director
Photos: 2013 Sun Bowl football game
Pictures: Virginia Tech's Erick Green
PICTURES: North Carolina 72, Virginia Tech 60
PICTURES: Virginia Tech 17, Virginia 14

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dnsmasq is a lightweight DNS forwarder and DHCP server. A vulnerability has been found that may allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code on servers or home routers running dnsmasq  with the TFTP service   enabled (--enable-tfp). This service is not enabled by default on most distributions; in particular it is not enabled by default on OpenWRT or DD-WRT. Chances of successful exploitation increase when a long directory prefix is used for TFTP. Code will be executed with the privileges of the user running dnsmasq, which is normally a non-privileged one.
Additionally there is a potential DoS attack to the TFTP service by exploiting a null-pointer dereference vulnerability.
If the TFTP service is enabled and patching is not available immediately, a valid workaround is to filter TFTP for untrusted hosts in the network (such as the Internet). This is the default configuration when enabling TFTP on most home routers.
Patches are already available from the software author. Most distributions should release updates for binary packages soon.
The heap-overflow vulnerability (CVE-2009-2957) was discovered during Bugweek 2009 by Pablo Jorge and Alberto Soliño from the team "Los Herederos de Don Pablo" of Core Security Technologies.
The null-pointer dereference (CVE-2009-2958) was reported to the author of dnsmasq independently by an uncredited code auditor. It was merged with this advisory for user's convenience.
First let's focus on the overflow vulnerability. The tftp_request calls strncat on daemon->namebuff, which has a predefined size of MAXDNAME bytes (defaulting to 1025).
This may cause a heap overflow because daemon->namebuff may already contain data, namely the configured daemon->tftp_prefix passed to the daemon via a configuration file.
The default prefix is /var/tftpd, but if a longer prefix is used, arbitrary code execution may be possible.
Sending the string resulting from the execution of the following python snippet to a vulnerable server, with a long enough directory prefix configured, should crash the daemon.
The problem exists because the guard of the first if includes the result of opt = next(&p, end) as part of the check. If this returns NULL, the guard will fail and in the next if strcasecmp(opt, "tsize") will derrefence the null-pointer.
2009-08-20: Core Security Technologies notifies Simon Kelley of the vulnerability, including technical details of the vulnerability in an advisory draft.
2009-08-21: Simon Kelley acknowledges the vulnerability and confirms to be working on a patch. He also informs that he is aware that most home router distributions have tftp turned off by default, and firewalled, and suggests this should be mentioned on the advisory. Simon also mentions that a NULL-pointer dereference bug has also been discovered on that code, and suggests merging both bugs in the same advisory. Monday 31/08 is accepted as a possible release date for this advisory, and help is offered in contacting package maintainers of dnsmasq for most operating systems.
2009-08-21: Core changes the advisory draft to accommodate Simon's suggestions. About the NULL-pointer dereference, Core mentions the terms it thinks appropriate for the bug to be merged into this advisory, and details how this would affect the following procedures, such as asking for a CVE/Bugtraq ID.
2009-08-23: Simon Kelley contacts Core back, saying that the terms for the null-pointer derrefence bug to be included in the advisory are ok. He also mentions that the finder of this bug prefers to remain uncredited in this advisory. Details are sent by him about the new bug so that the advisory draft can be updated to include it.
2009-08-23: Core asks for proper CVE and Bugtraq ID numbers, specifying it believes each vulnerability reported in this advisory should be assigned its own.
2009-08-23: Vincent Danen, from Red Hat's Security Response Team contacts Core in order to discuss both vulnerabilities by a secure communications channel, and offers its help in obtaining proper CVE numbers, specifying they also believe a separate number should be assigned to each vulnerability.
2009-08-23: Core replies to Vincent Danen by sending its gpg key. Core also mentions separate CVE numbers have already been asked.
2009-08-23: Core replies to Simon Kelley, including a new advisory draft with both bugs merged.
2009-08-23: Core receives proper CVE and Bugtraq ID numbers for both bugs, and sends them to Red Hat and Simon Kelley.
2009-08-31: The advisory CORE-2009-0820 is published.


Wear Extensions or traditional braids six to eight weeks for a fresh look. In five to seven months original hair begins to form dreadlocks underneath extensions.
Although, it is good practice to wash hair twice a week, human or synthetic hairpieces do not grow. Too much water could cause frizz. To prevent over use of washing to treat your roots and original hair, shampoo once a month. A hair net is optional. Hair nets provide a more manageable shampoo experience.
Gather the braids into four sections. Plait each section. Place rubber bands at tips. This holds ends together. Apply shampoo to roots. Rinse with warm water. Extract excess lather squeezing each plaited section in a twisting motion. Follow product instructions for conditioning.
Blow-drying is a fast conventional method; however, braids can air dry perfectly fine in hot weather. To achieve ultra luster apply oil sheen.
La sortie sera le mode de rejeter les personnes dans vos manteaux The North Face Soldes et porter des vestes et de regarder encore plus à la modeManteau North Face. Il ya tellement de styles différents, de couleurs et aux fabricants de Veste North Face créer l'ouest en cuir. Gilet en cuir styles vont de vestes North Face Homme en cuir pour couper pauvres vestes dames costume d'affaires avec un pantalon assorti. Couleurs, ou devrais-je dire que les colorants pour le cuir phénoménalNorth Face Femme, tout le reste du noir au blanc traditionnel, la pleine mesure de l'arc en ciel.
Do you wanna know where have the discount North Face Sale online? i know a good outlet where sale the cheap North Face Women and discount but good quality North Face Men.anyway, i hope you can pay more attention on the North Face Greenland jackets.
In England, many of beautiful lady like wear the Coast Dress when they join a wedding party.Coast Dresses UK are more fashion and popular in worldwide.At this Coast Outlet, there are many of different styles of Coast Allure Maxi Dress for sale, hope you like them.
Ken Griffey, Jr. Was Air Yeezy Glow in The Dark one of the greatest able baseball players of avant-garde times. His acceptance was so key to the approval of the Seattle Mariners new amphitheater that it is sometimes referred to as the abode that Griffey built. He is aswell angry to a actual acknowledged band of griffey shoes by Nike frequently referred to as Griffey cleats.
Usage of the chat block can be confusing. Originally a block was a stud, array of a spike, that was absorbed to the sole of a shoe for bigger achievement on quick stops and turns. It still agency this, but it can aswell Nike Air Yeezys accredit to a shoe with cleats. ken griffey jr shoes can be had with or after cleats. This commodity is about both kinds of baseball shoes associated with Ken Griffey, Jr.
Griffey began developing his band of shoes with Nike about ten years ago. These failing shoes accept a acceptability for getting awfully comfortable. They use Nike Air technology in the soles to accommodate above cushioning compared to accepted shoes.
Nike's accepted artefact band includes the Nike Swingman Remix RB Boys' Baseball Cleat. The ken griffey sneakers have bigger lockdown acknowledgment to its chip abate strap. The high allocation is constructed leather. Its ride is ashen by the abounding breadth Phylone midsole. They aswell advertise a amount of added Griffey shoes. Beyond the accepted Nike Griffeys Shoes artefact line, there is a huge Griffey baseball shoe marketplace. Ebay is an archetype of a abode area abounding Griffey shoes can be found. New and acclimated are both for sale, for a abundant beyond amount of choices than is currently for auction by Nike. If you accept the money and the inclination, you can even acquisition shoes with Ken Griffey, Jr.'s autograph. Those are not cheap!
Of advance with auctions on New Griffeys 2012 eBay and added online purchasing, the aphorism has to be admonition emptor, let the client beware. Be abiding to adjustment a admeasurement that fits the advised wearer. Carefully apprehend any advice about shipment costs, action of the shoes, and so forth.
The Griffey cleats and baseball shoes assume to accept a amount of fans. There are web sites that explain why they are such acceptable shoes. There are others that accept links Griffey Shoes to sellers of the shoes.


Newark's Prudential Center is putting the Garden State on the map, globally. The venue has unveiled the largest, in-arena, center-hung scoreboard in the world. It weighs in at 88,401 pounds, equivalent to 2,562.35 Stanley Cups and 9,584.9 square feet, almost four stories tall containing 29,610,024 SMD pixels.
It was created by Trans-Lux to support and enhance the fan experience at Prudential Center, which is unparalleled in size and scope to any other indoor arena in the world today. The total square footage of the new scoreboard is 9,584.9; making it 3.67 times as large as the average square footage of a single-family home in the northeast U.S. (2,613 square feet). One of the four main screens on the new scoreboard is equivalent to nine main screens in Prudential Center's previous scoreboard. The scoreboard was manufactured in the U.S. via Trans-Lux's plant in St. Louis, Missouri; the structural frame was fabricated in Burlington, New Jersey.
"The New Jersey Devils, Prudential Center, and the family of properties in Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment portfolio pride themselves on thinking big, innovating and staying ahead of the curve," said Hugh Weber, President of Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment and the New Jersey Devils and Prudential Center.


text:
Flower Families
A Happy Families Game
Christine Berrie
Introduce the Tulip to its relative the Toad Lily, or reunite the Iris family by pairing the Freesia with its siblings – the Crocus and the Gladiolus.
Collect illustrated cards of 52 garden flowers, group the individual flowers into their botanical families to form complete sets of four and lay them before your opponent to win!
Based on Happy Families, this fun and educational game comes with a booklet describing the features of the different flower families and will delight players of all ages.
Christine Berrie is a Glasgow-based illustrator who has studied at the Glasgow School of Art and Royal College of Art, London. Her work has been exhibited at the Pentagram Gallery, the DesignersBlock: Illustrate Festival and the AOI Images Exhibition. Her clients include The Guardian, The New York Times, Time Out and Penguin Books.
cards in box with lid


14.  What Speed Should I Use with My Modem?
this speed will drop still lower.
speed limits (and settable speeds).
might try to choose a DTE speed exactly the same as the modem speed.
14.2.  Where do I Set Speed ?
someone is dialing in.  You can't set the DCE modem-to-modem speed.
option.  In any case the high speed will work OK.
(38.4k), 6 (19.2k), 12 (9.6k), 24 (4.8k), 48 (2.4k), 96 (1.2k), etc.
hardware only a "divisor" (a positive integer).  This "divisor"
115.2k will result in divisor 1 and will actually give you 230.4k.
run at 460.8k then the actual speed would be quadruple what you set.
use illustrated above (with spd_cust).
communication program can't set, then it's not quite as easy as above.
each  bit to determine if it's a 1 or a 0.
lower so long as it's above the modem speed.


Extreme prompt service, in the convenience of my own home. Also very approachable and helpful when explaining results and answering my questions.
I have found the personal service to be first class. Sleepright are professional, personal and have made a difference to my quality of life.
Great communication. Continued advice and help.
To be able to receive a product as prompt and utilizing the Afterpay arrangement was very impressive, and I would recommend the service to others.
Very impressed with speed of delivery. Did not have to go without part for long.
Buying only those pieces of equipment I needed was a great help. Sleep Right saved me a lot of money and I appreciate it. Good service.
Very Helpful, answered all my questions, and they are still being helpful to this day.
Got questions? Call us any time!


text:
Born in 1966, Canadian ice hockey players, Halifax Citadels players,
Milwaukee Admirals (IHL) players
Peoria Rivermen players
St. Louis Blues draft picks
St. Louis Blues players
Wisconsin Badgers players
Steve Tuttle
Steve Tuttle (born January 5, 1966 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a retired Canadian hockey right wing who played for parts of three seasons (1988-1991) for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, scoring a total of 28 goals and 28 assists in his career.
Tuttle was a standout played with the University of Wisconsin from 1984-88 where he was a perennial all-star. The Blues drafted him 113th overall in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft.
He played the better part of three seasons for the Blues but his ice time fell when Cliff Ronning, Dan Quinn, and Geoff Courtnall joined the Blues in 1991-92.
He was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning in 1992, spending time with their International Hockey League affiliate, the Peoria Rivermen. In 1993, without playing a single game for the Lightning, he was traded to the Quebec Nordiques, playing for their IHL affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals.
He retired in 1998.
Tuttle is best remembered for being the player whose skate accidentally slashed the throat of Clint Malarchuk during a 1989 game against the Buffalo Sabres.
Steve Tuttle's career stats at The Internet Hockey Database
Retrieved from "https://icehockey.fandom.com/wiki/Steve_Tuttle?oldid=266895"
Halifax Citadels players


I've republished them here so that you can cry/laugh/point/giggle/shout (remove unapplicable) at them. I think they provide a bit of a peek into what was going on "back then". I also find it interesting to see what has changed and even more what hasn't changed. I guess this is where I say "enjoy".
I was <FRAMED>, I didn't do it!
Wacom Artpad - usable or not?
High5 Award - Excellence in Photoshop?


YSS is seeking part-time Youth Recovery Specialists for our Mason City addiction treatment residential facility. Mature and responsible professionals are needed to promote a clean and sober lifestyle and commitment to lifelong recovery, supervise clients, manage medications, complete paperwork timely and accurately, and handle crisis situations calmly and appropriately as necessary.
A high school diploma and one year of human service related experience is required.
Recovering applicants must have a minimum of two years of continuous sobriety to be considered for this position.
Must have a valid driver's license and adequate insurance coverage in accordance with YSS policy.
A Bachelor's degree in social work, education or related field is preferred.
All applicants are required to complete an online application.


text:
Costa Rica Continues to Take Action to Fight Climate Change
Costa Rica Lifestyle, Costa Rica Real Estate
Around the world, more people are becoming concerned about climate change and the effect it has on the environment. Costa Rica may be known for its pristine beaches and lush jungles, but it also happens to be one of the most sustainable countries in the world. The largest provider of electricity in the country operates almost completely on hydropower and is able to operate for months without the need to burn any fossil fuels. Even though Costa Rica makes hardly any contributions to global climate change, this small country in Central America is one of the most hardworking countries in the world when it comes to attempting to limit greenhouse gases.
The country has actually set a goal of becoming carbon-neutral, and is even considering a vehicle carbon tax as part of a plan to eliminate high-polluting vehicles. While many other countries in the world, including Australia, continue to churn out CO2 at aggressive levels, Costa Rica embarked on a commitment to conservation decades ago. Today, the Costa Rican government has embraced a number of environmental causes.
Home to a population of approximately 5 million people, many of whom are poor, Costa Rica depends heavily on agriculture, primarily for exports of sugar, coffee, and bananas. But another industry is rapidly burgeoning in the country: eco-tourism. Visitors from around the world are flocking to Costa Rica to take advantage of the opportunity to see the rainforests. However, erratic rainfall levels and rising temperatures are now threatening everything from agricultural crops to the tourism industry.
A History of Demonstrating Commitment to Change
In the mid-2000s, the small country decided to take action and began to take aggressive steps toward battling climate change. Over the years, Costa Rica has demonstrated the ability and willingness to take a number of bold moves in an effort to do whatever is deemed best for the country. Whether it was abolishing the military in the 1940s to building an unrivaled network of wildlands and parks, Costa Rica is more than able to tap civic pride to accomplish goals.
In 2007, the country announced plans to reduce net carbon output to zero. Fortunate to have abundant amounts of clean energy, Costa Rica now reports that more than half of its electricity is generated by hydropower. The country is also able to rely on geothermal energy as well as wind and solar energy.
Even so, while Costa Rica had hoped to reach a carbon-neutral goal by 2021, it now looks as though that will not be possible, due largely to lower-than-expected levels of carbon being stored in the forests, and a rising number of vehicles. Despite the disappointing news, Costa Rica is making the most of its resources, and already developing plans to create a massive commuter train, as well as considering implementing a carbon tax for older vehicles. As the country is quick to point out, Costa Rica is one of the most beautiful places in the world, and needs to be protected.


text:
Please log in to review this movie.
Please rate the movie
Midhun Ben Thomas (Dilseben)
"Gripping thriller which will cater to only a niche audience!!!"
With the World Cup & exams in full swing, the films has been far & few in the last fortnight or so. Actually the last Bollywood film that I had watched was "Dum Laga Ke Haisa", which was pretty good though I haven't written the review for it. This week saw the release of "NH10" which has Anushka Sharma donning the role of a producer for the first time. It has been showcased as a road movie & the promos promises it to be an edge of the seat thriller. So has Anushka invested her money wisely???
Meera (Anushka Sharma) & Arjun (Neil Bhoopalam) are happily married couples settled in Gurgaon who decides to take a break from their high profile jobs to usher in Meera's birthday over the weekend at a private villa. They set off on their trip at a leisurely pace until they stop over at a dhaba for some refreshments. There they witness a couple being mercilessly thrashed by a bunch of hoodlums, who incidentally seemed to be led by the girl's brother. Arjun tries to intervene & placate the situation but to no avail as he gets slapped in the process before the gang leaves the scene with the couple in their grasp. Meera & Arjun resumes their journey, but on the way they witness the gang's vehicle & much to her displeasure he follows them. So what were the gang going to do to the couple & can Arjun save them from further torture???
After the critically acclaimed "Manorama Six Feet Under" which released in 2007, Navdeep Singh is back with his latest venture which yet again proves his credentials. The script by Sudip Sharma is undoubtedly inspired from "Eden Lake" & it has been Indianised quite impressively by bringing in the angle of honour killing. Navdeep gives us an ample view of the vast expanses of lawlessness & male dominated terrains still prevalent in many parts of the nation. Both the halves keeps us engaged & gives us a lump in the throat, when we realise that incidents like honour killing does exist in our society. All the technical aspects were spot on be it Jabeen Merchant's sharp editing, Arvind Kannabiran's impressive visuals or the BGM by Karan Gour which was in sync with the mood of the movie.
Anushka Sharma was fantastic as the protagonist as her body language, expressions (oscillating from helplessness to nerves of steel) made the character so impactful. It wouldnt be prudent to proclaim that she is presently in pole position to sweep the awards. Neil Bhoopalam has done a fine job while Darshan Kumar does evoke a chill in our spines. The rest of the cast have done an equally praise worthy job & Navdeep needs to be appreciated for his apt choice of actors. A special word of mention for Deepti Naval who sizzled in a guest role as the village sarpanch.
Verdict: The film is undoubtedly one of the best thrillers in recent times but it's going to appeal only to a niche audience. Since the investment is peanuts when compared to many of the other movies, I believe it wouldn't burn Anushka's fingers. In short, if you are ready for a dark thriller...this is surely an apt choice!!!
Regards...Ben
September 18, 16
Tejas Nair
Released just over a week after the controversial and incorrectly named documentary "India's Daughter" flocked the media, NH10 is a social commentary that neither inspires nor deciphers.
A couple (Sharma & Bhoopalam) witness an aggressive incident of honor killing during a holiday trip. Abashing causes the ubiquitous male ego to splutter, and what follows is a serious commentary on crime in a morally corrupt rural India. Basically, the film is a chronicle about attacks and harassment against women that start from the core (national interiors) and spreads to the urbane neighborhood. It is surprising to learn that superstitional crime is spearheaded by a matriarch and that women are not at only the receiving end, but are even a part of it. It will be wise to conclude that Gandhi's ahimsa (violence) is the best way to look at the ongoing mishappenings around us, even if it means letting your ego go and sustain mental suffering.
The terrorizing experience when an ordinary person gets embroiled in crime is greatly captured. But Mr Singh's amateur direction is evident throughout the narration. Suspense is created solely with the help of manipulative score and good photography. And while the themes are interesting, the screenplay may repel its sensitive audience. Which means, the intensity of crime elements will not be suitable for a person who enters the hall expecting typical Bollywood.
Neil Bhoopalam is the new Arjun Rampal, with a wooden face, version 2. Anushka Sharma definitely steals the limelight, and I have to say she strikes the right chord with her maiden production (only if she had paid more attention to the originality and closure of the script). Deepti Naval's brief role was like Anil Kapoor's forgotten one in Mission: Impossible 4 (2011).
Alas, the chronicle is narrated of a world which is a mixture of reality and artificiality. Since the beginning, the screenplay tries inventive ways to base its construction, but eventually falters. How else can one explain the procuring of firearm for women's safety as a way of disentanglement? And the film continues to work itself on fool's ideas. There is some more sermoning on the caste system in India, but it takes you nowhere. While the ugly side of India is captured well with obscene inscriptions behind restroom doors and decrepit walls that we often see in trains and elsewhere, the film loses traction when it turns into a revenge drama, hoping to provide a solution I told you about.
It, thus ends up in an abyss of illogic and mindless pudding. And the aftermath is left to us, perhaps to increase our misery already pumped up by the highly uncomfortable watch.
BOTTOMLINE: Advocating criminality in the name of women empowerment is ridiculous and an incorrect way of tackling the subject, and for that matter, NH10 does only that. Thus, while the film is a gripping thriller per se, it shouldn't be taken seriously, and thankfully for the way it is made, it most probably will not. 5/10.
Bindu Cherungath
NH 10, a thriller film by Navdeep Singh. Just last month we saw badlapur of Varun Dhawan and here is Anushka's badlapur story – NH 10. A great performance by Anushka. This is also a debut of Anushka as a producer. This movie is not a light-hearted entertaining movie, but definitely, it is going to touch your heart. It might leave you disturbed, make you wonder, why all these has to happen at all. Every now and then when we flip newspapers in the morning, the newspaper tells the story of honour killings in our country. Honour killing is a brutal act. I often think, how can one's own parents or a sibling can be reason of their murder. We as a society say that we are progressive, but is it really so? What progressiveness we are speaking about, we are still stuck in dualism: either-or, win-lose, me-you, us-them. I say that I adore my religion, but I have no space to accept others' religion. So much engrossed in 'me-ness' and 'me-right-attitude' that we are not able to look at other's right. In this 21st century also, we have so many honour killings in our country, just because one chooses his or her life partner going against the wishes of parents or so called societal norms/ traditions. NH 10 is a film, which shows, how a couple accidentally becomes witness to an honour killing and then what follows form the story.
Anushka plays the role of Meera, a high profile corporate executive, and wife of Arjun (Neel Bhoopalam – Serial 24 fame – Arjun's profession is not clear but appears to be influential). Initial frames of the movie shows Meera and Arjun attending a high profile party. Meera has to leave the party due to urgent office work – a product launch, and is attacked by a group of men but survives the same. Arjun get a licensed gun for Meera (with the influence of his friendship with DIG officer) hoping that this is good for Meera's self-defense. Meera is traumatized after the incident. Arjun understands her trauma and wants to take her for a holiday on her birthday.
And that is how, the story of NH 10 begin. Arjun and Meera start their getaway trip by road from Gurgaon – National Highway 10. Arjun has booked a private villa for them. When they stop at a road side dhaba for some food, they witness a young girl and her husband being picked up by a bunch of goons. Arjun tries to intervene, and stops the man clutching girl's hair, but is told that she is his sister. Arjun persists and gets slapped by the girl's brother Satbir (Darshan Kumar – Mary Kom movie fame). Enraged Arjun chases them in spite of Meera asking him not to do so, absolutely unaware of the danger which lies ahead. Arjun just wanted to teach the villagers a lesson.
What happens thereafter? How Arjun and Meera's journey for relaxation turn out to be tumultuous and turbulent? What happens to them, when they become witness to this young couple's honour killing? How do they respond, when they find themselves in the middle of a land where they find the misfit between percption & reality


West Coast Netting offers many other products for amusement parks and custom facilities. One such product that we manufacture often is a handrail net. These nets are ideal for walk areas or rail-type applications that require a little extra style or appearance. Our handrail nets can be made from our knotted or woven netting as well as our custom handmade manila and polyester nets. If you don't require a full net, a rope lashing can provide a nice accent to your project. How about padding for your climbing areas? We manufacture vinyl-covered pads for almost any custom application.


text:
Students at West Thames College to benefit from healthy eating training initiative
15-Apr-2016 | SSP News Release
West Thames College is the latest to take part in a new charity initiative funded by SSP, a leading operator of food and beverage brands in travel locations worldwide. The programme, called Let's Get Cooking, has been designed to educate young people in the UK about the benefits of good nutrition as they move into further education. It is run by the Children's Food Trust, a national charity that has the aim of encouraging children to eat well.
SSP's funding is enabling the charity to establish Let's Get Cooking clubs in 10 further education colleges in the Greater London area. 16-18 year olds in each college attend four sessions, learning how to cook simple and healthy meals, how to budget for food, and how to use leftovers and avoid waste. During the first year of the project, around 1,000 students are expected to benefit from this training in the essentials of cookery and healthy eating. As well as helping the young people develop these new skills, the programme gives students the opportunity to meet people from SSP and learn more about the food service industry.
Maggie Sims, the Children's Food Trust's Head of Cookery, says: "We're thrilled to have this opportunity to take healthy cooking skills to young people just as they fly the nest. College is such an exciting and busy time and looking after yourself can sometimes be pushed to the back of the queue – so this is a really important time for knowing how to cook and eat well on a tight budget."
SSP UK CEO Simon Smith added: "At SSP we recognise the importance of a balanced diet and how important it is for young people to build an understanding of this at an early age. As part of our commitment to support the local communities in which we operate, we are delighted to be working with the Children's Food Trust on this inspiring new programme."


Branding the company as a family business can not only build family cohesion but it also helps to enhance customer loyalty. Research shows that consumers believe family companies make products they can trust and are more committed to their communities. It's this cohesion of the family unit and its relationships with customers, partners, and employees that builds a remarkable brand. The family isn't simply building a business to sell. They are building a business to grow through the generations.
68% say their family strongly identifies with the company — it is part of who they are.
64% say it helps them differentiate themselves from their competitors.
64% say it improves the reputation of the company with customers.
From Nike's "swoosh" symbol to Starbucks' twin-tailed mermaid or siren, the world's largest companies take great care of their logos. For most people the logos of such firms immediately connect our minds to the business in question, without the need to see its name. This type of instant recognition is the Holy Grail for a business.
But at the same time, people assess a brand just not on the strength of its logo, but on the quality of their product or service. A logo won't allow a company to build a respected brand on its own.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub