text:
Анапе́ро віргінський (Chordeiles minor) — вид дрімлюгоподібних птахів родини дрімлюгових (Caprimulgidae). Гніздиться в Північній Америці, зимує в Південній Америці.

Опис
Довжина птаха становить 22-24 см, розмах крил 53-68 см, вага 65-98 г. Самці мають переважно чорнувато-сіре забарвлення, самиці бурі. Спина і груди поцятковані каштановими, сірими і білуватими плямками. Нижня частина тіла білувата, поцяткована темними смужками. На горлі у самців вузька біла смуга, у самиць вона охриста. Крила вузькі, загострені, з широкою білою смугою, помітною в польоті. Хвіст роздвоєний, темний, у самців на ньому є поперечна біла смуга. Линяти птахи починають у вересні, в місцях зимівлі, і завершують у січні-лютому.

Представники підвидів C. m. minor і C. m. chapmani мають темне забарвлення, представники підвиду C. m. sennetti — світле, решта займають проміжне становище. Представники підвиду C. m. henryi вирізняються тим, що пера на верхній частині тіла у них мають світлі, охристі або каштанові края.

Вокалізація
Крик — характерний гугнявий "пінт" або "бінт", що повторюється кілька разів, найчастіше його можна почути в сутінках, через 30-45 хвилин після заходу сонця. Під час сезону розмноження вокалізація самців віргінського анаперо включає також крик "аук, аук, аук". що нагадує кумкання жаб.

Підвиди

Виділяють дев'ять підвидів:
 C. m. minor (Forster, JR, 1771) — від південно-східної Аляски до острова Ванкувер, Британської Колумбії, Мінесоти і Індіани та до Вірджінії, Північної Кароліни, Джорджії і Оклахоми;
 C. m. hesperis Grinnell, 1905 — південно-західна Канада (Британська Колумбія і Альберта), внутрішні райони на заході США (Вашингтон, Монтана, Невада, внутрішні райони Каліфорнії, Юта, крайня північ Колорадо, захід Вайомінга);
 C. m. sennetti Coues, 1888 — північ Великих Рівнин (від сходу Монтани, півдня Саскачевану і Манітоби на південь до Північної Дакоти, Вайомінгу і Айови);
 C. m. howelli Oberholser, 1914 — захід центральної частини США (від північного Техасу, західної Оклахоми і Канзасу до Колорадо, північно-східної Юти і Вайомінгу);
 C. m. henryi Cassin, 1855 — південний захід США і північ центральної Мексики (від південно-східної Юти і південного заходу Колорадо через нагір'я західного Техасу, Аризони і Нью-Мексико до східної Сонори, Чіуауа і Дуранго);
 C. m. aserriensis Cherrie, 1896 — від півдня центрального Техасу до півночно-східної Мексики;
 C. m. chapmani Coues, 1888 — південний схід США (від південно-східного Канзасу до сходу Північної Кароліни і на південь до південного сходу Техасу і півдня Флориди);
 C. m. neotropicalis Selander & Alvarez del Toro, 1955 — схід і південь Мексики;
 C. m. panamensis Eisenmann, 1962 — від Белізу і Гондурасу до Панами.

Антильський анаперо раніше вважався конспецифічним з віргінським анаперо, однак був визнаний окремим видом.

Поширення і екологія
Віргінські анаперо гніздяться в Канаді, США, на високогір'ях Мексики, локально в Центральній Америці. Взимку вони мігрують до Південної Америки, досягаючи Аргентини. Віргінські анаперо живуть в різноманітних природних середовищах: в лісах, пустелях і напівпустелях, на луках, в сухих чагарникових заростях, рідколіссях і саванах, на полях, пасовищах, морських узбережжях, в парках і садах. Зустрічаються на висоті до 2500 м над рівнем моря. Вони є одними з небагатьох видів птахів, що заселяють нещодавно постраждалі від пожеж ліси, після чого їх чисельність там поступово, протягом років або десятиліть, зменшується.

Під час міграції віргінські анаперо долають від 2500 до 6800 км. Вони мігрують і вдень і вночі, утворюючи неорганізовані зграї, які можуть нараховувати до кількох тисяч птахів. Повертатися на північ вони починають наприкінці лютого, а останні птахи досягають місць гніздування лише в середині червня. Міграція на південь починається в середні липня і завершується на початку жовтня. На міграції віргінські анаперо трапляються на Карибах, бродячих птахів спостерігали на заході Європи, зокрема у Великій Британії, Ірландії і Португалії.

Поведінка
Віргінські анаперо ведуть присмерковий спосіб життя, найбільш активні ввечері та на світанку. Зустрічаються переважно поодинці. Живляться комахами, яких ловлять в польоті. На півночі ареалу були помічені випадки, коли пролітаючи над водоймою, віргінські анаперо в польоті пили воду, однак зазвичай вони отримують вологу з комах. Швидкість польоту віргінських анаперо становить 23,4 км/год.

Віргінські анаперо гніздяться в період з середини березня до початку жовтня. Зазвичай за сезон вилуплюється лише один виводок, іноді два. Відкладають яйця просто на голу землю, серед каміння. В кладці 2 яйця вагою 6-7 г, які відкладаються протягом 1-2 днів. Насиджують їх переважно самиці, іноді їх підміняють самці. Насідна пляма є лише у самиці. Пташенята починають літати на 18 день після вилуплення, на 25-30 день вони стають самостійними. На 52 день молоді птахи приєднуються до згрй і потенційно є готовими до міграції.

Збереження
МСОП класифікує цей вид як такий, що не потребує особливого заходу зі збереження. За оцінками дослідників, популяція віргінських анаперо становить 23 мільйонів птахів. Популяція поступово скорочується через знищення природного середовища.

Примітки

Дрімлюгові
Птахи, описані 1771
Птахи Північної Америки
Птахи Південної Америки

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Morgan's Comics – Welcome to the Nerd Sanctuary!
Morgan's Comics – The first female-owned comic book shop in Western North Carolina!
Click here to go to our Facebook page to view other events that are going on in store!
Our Nerd Sanctuary will be at Asheville Comic Con!
Thanks to WLOS for featuring our Nerd Sanctuary!
Visit WLOS at https://wlos.com/news/local/woman-comic-store-owner-welcomes-all-nerds-in-west-asheville to read the story!


text:
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
We only understand a sliver of how the brain works, but we do know that it often learns through trial and error. We're rewarded when we do good things and punished when we do the wrong ones; that's how we figure out how to live. Reinforcement Learning puts computational power behind that exact process and lets us model it with software.
What Is Reinforcement Learning?
The easiest mental model to aid in understanding Reinforcement Learning (RL) is as a video game, which coincidentally is one of the most popular applications of RL algorithms. In a typical video game, you might have:
An agent (the player) who moves around doing stuff
An action that the agent takes (moves upward one space, sells cloak)
A reward that the agent acquires (coins, killing other players, etc.)
An environment that the agent exists in (a map, a room)
A state that the agent currently exists in (on a particular square of a map, part of a room)
A goal of your agent getting as many rewards as possible
These literally are the exact building blocks of Reinforcement Learning (maybe Machine Learning is just a game?). In RL, we guide an agent through an environment, state by state, by issuing a reward every time the agent does the right thing. If you've heard the term Markov Decision Process thrown around, it pretty much describes this exact setting.
For a visual aid, you can think of a mouse in a maze:
Source: Machine Learning for Humans
If you were navigating the maze yourself and your goal was to collect as many rewards as possible (the water droplets and cheese), what would you do? At each state (position in the maze), you'd calculate what steps you need to take to reach the rewards near you. If there are 3 rewards on your right and 1 on your left, you'd go right.
This is how Reinforcement Learning works. At each state, the agent makes an educated calculation about all of the possible actions (left, right, up, down, you name it) and takes the action that'll yield the best result. After completing this process a few times, you'd imagine that our mouse might know the maze pretty well.
But how exactly do you decide what the "best result" is?
Decision Making in Reinforcement Learning
There are 2 broad approaches for how you can teach your agent to make the right decisions in a Reinforcement Learning environment.
Policy learning is best understood as a set of very detailed directions – it tells the agent exactly what to do at each state. A part of a policy might look something like: "if you approach an enemy and the enemy is stronger than you, turn backwards." If you think of a policy as a function, it only has one input: the state. But knowing in advance what your policy should be isn't easy, and requires deep knowledge of the complex function that maps state to goal.
There's been some very interesting research in applying Deep Learning to learn policies for Reinforcement Learning scenarios. Andrej Karpathy implemented a neural net to teach an agent how to play the classic game of pong. This shouldn't surprise us, since neural nets can be very good at approximating complicated functions.
Q-Learning / Value Functions
Another way of guiding our agent is not by explicitly telling her what to do at each point, but by giving her a framework to make her own decisions. Unlike policy learning, Q-Learning takes two inputs – state and action – and returns a value for each pair. If you're at an intersection, Q-learning will tell you the expected value of each action your agent could take (left, right, etc.).
One of the quirks of Q-Learning is that it doesn't just estimate the immediate value of taking an action in a given state: it also adds in all of the potential future value that could be had if you take the specified action. For readers familiar with corporate finance, Q-Learning is sort of like a discounted cash flow analysis – it takes all potential future value into account when determining the current value of an action (or asset). In fact, Q-Learning even uses a discount-factor to model the fact that rewards in the future are worth less than rewards now.
Policy Learning and Q-Learning are the two mainstays of how to guide an agent in Reinforcement Learning, but a bunch of new approaches have been using Deep Learning to combine the two or attempt other creative solutions. DeepMind published a paper about using neural nets (called Deep Q Networks) to approximate Q-Learning functions, and achieved impressive results. A few years later, they pioneered a method called A3C that combined Q-Learning and Policy Learning approaches.
Adding neural nets into anything can make it sound complicated. Just remember that all of these learning approaches have a simple goal: to effectively guide your agent through the environment and acquire the most rewards. That's it.
Practical Applications of Reinforcement Learning
While the concepts supporting Reinforcement Learning have been around for decades, unfortunately it's rarely implemented in practice today in business contexts. There are a number of reasons for that (see the challenges section below), but they all follow a similar thread: Reinforcement Learning struggles to efficiently beat out other algorithms for well defined tasks.
Most of the practical application of Reinforcement Learning in the past decade has been in the realm of video games. Cutting edge Reinforcement Learning algorithms have achieved impressive results in classic and modern games, often beating out their human counterparts by a significant margin.
This graph is from the above mentioned DQN paper by DeepMind. For more than half the games tested, their agent was able to outperform human benchmarks, often by more than double the skill level. For certain games though, their algorithms weren't even close to human performance.
The other major area where RL has seen some practical success is in robotics and industrial automation. Robots can easily be understood as agents in an environment, and Reinforcement Learning has been shown to be a feasible teaching solution. Google has also made progress using Reinforcement Learning to cut down costs in their data centers.
Healthcare and education are also promising areas for Reinforcement Learning, but most of the work is purely academic at this point.
Challenges With Implementing Reinforcement Learning
While extremely promising, Reinforcement Learning is notoriously difficult to implement in practice.
Source: Alex Irpan
The first issue is data: Reinforcement Learning typically requires a ton of training data to reach accuracy levels that other algorithms can get to more efficiently. RainbowDQN (from the most recent DeepMind paper) requires 18 Million frames of Atari gameplay to train properly, or about 83 hours of play time. A human can pick up the game much faster than that. This issue seems to hold across disciplines (like learning a running gait).
Another challenge in implementing Reinforcement Learning is the domain-specificity problem. Reinforcement Learning is a general algorithm, in that it should theoretically work for all different types of problems. But most of those problems have a domain-specific solution that will work better than RL, like online trajectory optimization for MuJuCo robots. There's always a tradeoff between scope and intensity.
Finally, the most pressing issue with Reinforcement Learning as it currently stands is the design of the reward function (recall Q-Learning and Policy Learning). If the algorithm designers are the ones setting up rewards, then model results are extremely subjective to the bias of the designers. Even when set up properly, Reinforcement Learning has this clever way of finding ways around what you want it to do and getting stuck in local optima.
With so much cutting edge research focused on advancing Reinforcement Learning, expect some of these kinks to get ironed out over time.
Frameworks and Packages
RL-Glue – "RL-Glue (Reinforcement Learning Glue) provides a standard interface that allows you to connect reinforcement learning agents, environments, and experiment programs together, even if they are written in different languages."
Gym (OpenAI) – "Gym is a toolkit for developing and comparing reinforcement learning algorithms. It supports teaching agents everything from walking to playing games like Pong or Pinball."
RL4J (DL4J) – "RL4J is a reinforcement learning framework integrated with deeplearning4j and released under an Apache 2.0 open-source license."
TensorForce (Reinforce.io) – "A TensorFlow library for applied reinforcement learning."
Machine Learning for Humans, Part 5: Reinforcement Learning (Machine Learning for Humans) – "In reinforcement learning (RL) there's no answer key, but your reinforcement learning agent still has to decide how to act to perform its task. In the absence of existing training data, the agent learns from experience. It collects the training examples ("this action was good, that action was bad") through trial-and-error as it attempts its task, with the goal of maximizing long-term reward."
An Introduction to Reinforcement Learning (freeCodeCamp) – "Reinforcement learning is an important type of Machine Learning where an agent learn how to behave in a environment by performing actions and seeing the results. In recent years, we've seen a lot of improvements in this fascinating area of research. In this series of articles, we will focus on learning the different architectures used today to solve Reinforcement Learning problems."
A Beginner's Guide to Deep Reinforcement Learning (DL4J) – "Reinforcement learning refers to goal-oriented algorithms, which learn how to attain a complex objective (goal) or maximize along a particular dimension over many steps; for example, maximize the points won in a game over many moves. They can start from a blank slate, and under the right conditions they achieve superhuman performance. Like a child incentivized by spankings and candy, these algorithms are penalized when they make the wrong decisions and rewarded when they make the right ones – this is reinforcement."
Deep Reinforcement Learning (DeepMind) – "Humans excel at solving a wide variety of challenging problems, from low-level motor control through to high-level cognitive tasks. Our goal at DeepMind is to create artificial agents that can achieve a similar level of performance and generality. Like a human, our agents learn for themselves to achieve successful strategies that lead to the greatest long-term rewards."
Lessons Learned Reproducing a Deep Reinforcement Learning Paper (Amid Fish) – "I've seen a few recommendations that reproducing papers is a good way of levelling up machine learning skills, and I decided this could be an interesting one to try with. It was indeed a super fun project, and I'm happy to have tackled it – but looking back, I realise it wasn't exactly the experience I thought it would be. If you're thinking about reproducing papers too, here are some notes on what surprised me about working with deep RL."
Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm (13 authors!) – "In this paper, we generalise this approach into a single AlphaZero algorithm that can achieve, tabula rasa, superhuman performance in many challenging domains. Starting from random play, and given no domain knowledge except the game rules, AlphaZero achieved within 24 hours a superhuman level of play in the games of chess and shogi (Japanese chess) as well as Go, and convincingly defeated a world-champion program in each case."
Deep Reinforcement Learning: An Overview (Li) – "We give an overview of recent exciting achievements of deep reinforcement learning (RL). We discuss six core elements, six important mechanisms, and twelve applications. We start with background of machine learning, deep learning and reinforcement learning. Next we discuss core RL elements, including value function, in particular, Deep Q-Network (DQN), policy, reward, model, planning, and exploration."
Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning (DeepMind) – "We present the first deep learning model to successfully learn control policies directly from high-dimensional sensory input using reinforcement learning. The model is a convolutional neural network, trained with a variant of Q-learning, whose input is raw pixels and whose output is a value function estimating future rewards. We apply our method to seven Atari 2600 games from the Arcade Learning Environment, with no adjustment of the architecture or learning algorithm. We find that it outperforms all previous approaches on six of the games and surpasses a human expert on three of them."
Human-Level Control Through Deep Reinforcement Learning (DeepMind) – "The theory of reinforcement learning provides a normative account, deeply rooted in psychological and neuroscientific perspectives on animal behaviour, of how agents may optimize their control of an environment. To use reinforcement learning successfully in situations approaching real-world complexity, however, agents are confronted with a difficult task: they must derive efficient representations of the environment from high-dimensional sensory inputs, and use these to generalize past experience to new situations."
Reinforcement Learning (Udacity, Georgia Tech) – "You should take this course if you have an interest in machine learning and the desire to engage with it from a theoretical perspective. Through a combination of classic papers and more recent work, you will explore automated decision-making from a computer-science perspective. You will examine efficient algorithms, where they exist, for single-agent and multi-agent planning as well as approaches to learning near-optimal decisions from experience. At the end of the course, you will replicate a result from a published paper in reinforcement learning."
CS234: Reinforcement Learning (Stanford) – "To realize the dreams and impact of AI requires autonomous systems that learn to make good decisions. Reinforcement learning is one powerful paradigm for doing so, and it is relevant to an enormous range of tasks, including robotics, game playing, consumer modeling and healthcare. This class will provide a solid introduction to the field of reinforcement learning and students will learn about the core challenges and approaches, including generalization and exploration."
CS 294: Deep Reinforcement Learning, Fall 2017 (Berkeley) – "This course will assume some familiarity with reinforcement learning, numerical optimization and machine learning. Students who are not familiar with the concepts below are encouraged to brush up using the references provided right below this list. We'll review this material in class, but it will be rather cursory."
Advanced AI: Deep Reinforcement Learning in Python (Udemy) – "This course is all about the application of deep learning and neural networks to reinforcement learning. If you've taken my first reinforcement learning class, then you know that reinforcement learning is on the bleeding edge of what we can do with AI. Specifically, the combination of deep learning with reinforcement learning has led to AlphaGo beating a world champion in the strategy game Go, it has led to self-driving cars, and it has led to machines that can play video games at a superhuman level."
Simple Beginner's Guide to Reinforcement Learning & Its Implementation (Analytics Vidhya) – "Today, we will explore Reinforcement Learning – a goal-oriented learning based on interaction with environment. Reinforcement Learning is said to be the hope of true artificial intelligence. And it is rightly said so, because the potential that Reinforcement Learning possesses is immense."
Simple Reinforcement Learning with Tensorflow Part 0: Q-Learning with Tables and Neural Networks (Arthur Juliani) – "For this tutorial in my Reinforcement Learning series, we are going to be exploring a family of RL algorithms called Q-Learning algorithms. These are a little different than the policy-based algorithms that will be looked at in the the following tutorials (Parts 1–3). Instead of starting with a complex and unwieldy deep neural network, we will begin by implementing a simple lookup-table version of the algorithm, and then show how to implement a neural-network equivalent using Tensorflow."
A Tutorial for Reinforcement Learning (Abhijit Gosavi) – "The tutorial is written for those who would like an introduction to reinforcement learning (RL). The aim is to provide an intuitive presentation of the ideas rather than concentrate on the deeper mathematics underlying the topic."
Justin Gage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Signal Origin is a superior company specialize in high-quality D-Sub connectors. We make mainly D-Sub related connectors and parts and we stay focused on what we do.The Signal Origin was established in Dongguan in the south part of China in 2008. Our factory covered area more than 25000 square meters. Until now, Signal Origin has set-up it's own design department, research & development team, and sales network. We have more than 700 staffs, which include 60 engineers & skilled workers, 12 R&D staff, and fully semi-automatic production lines. With 9 years history in connector industry, Signal Origin contribute all the passion & responsibility to provide the best D-Sub connector.
Signal Origin manufactures more than 300 variants of different connectors such as Standard and High density D-Sub Connectors, Combination power D-sub Connectors, Combination Coaxial D-Sub Connectors, IP68 waterproof D-Sub Connectors, Circular Connectors, D-sub contacts and hoods.


text:
Report on the Demographic Situation in Canada
Latest release in The Daily
Contact Demography Division
View the most recent version.
Information identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please "contact us" to request a format other than those available.
This page has been archived on the Web.
Age: Age at last birthday, in years.
Allophones: Persons whose mother tongue is neither English nor French.
Baby boom: Period following World War II, from 1946 to 1965. This period is characterised by a high number of births.
Base population or starting population: Population at the beginning of a period used as a reference or starting point for a population projection exercise or for a new cycle of population estimates.
Censal estimate: The population enumerated in the census, adjusted for net undercoverage. This population is used as the base population for postcensal population estimates, to which the components of population growth are added (or subtracted).
Census agglomeration (CA): Geographic area formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A census agglomeration must have a core population of at least 10,000, without being a Census metropolitan area (CMA). To be included in the CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core as measured by commuting flows derived from census place of work data.
Census coverage:
Undercoverage: Number of persons who should have been enumerated but were not.
Overcoverage: Number of persons who should not have been counted in the census or who were counted more than once.
Net undercoverage: Difference between undercoverage and overcoverage.
Census division (CD): Group of neighbouring municipalities joined together for the purposes of regional planning and managing common services (such as police or ambulance services). These groupings are established under laws in effect in certain provinces of Canada. For example, a census division might correspond to a county, to a municipalité régionale de comté or a regional district. In other provinces and the territories where laws do not provide for such areas, Statistics Canada defines equivalent areas for statistical reporting purposes in cooperation with these provinces and territories.
Census family: Refers to a married couple (with or without children of either or both spouses), a couple living common-law (with or without children of either or both partners) or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one child living in the same dwelling. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. "Children" in a census family include grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present.
Census family structure: Refers to the classification of census families into married couples (with or without children of either or both spouses), common-law couples (with or without children of either or both partners), and lone-parent families by sex of parent. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. 'Children' in a census family include grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present.
Census metropolitan area (CMA): Geographic area formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. To be included in the CMA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core as measured by commuting flows derived from census place of work data.
Census subdivision (CSD): Area that is a municipality or an area that is deemed to be equivalent to a municipality for statistical reporting purposes (e.g., as an Indian reserve or an unorganized territory). Municipal status is defined by laws in effect in each province and territory in Canada.
Census year: Period from July 1st of a given year to June 30th of the next year.
Children in census family: Refer to blood, step- or adopted sons and daughters (regardless of age or marital status) who are living in the same dwelling as their parent(s), as well as grandchildren in households where there are no parents present. Sons and daughters who are living with their spouse or common-law partner, or with one or more of their own children, are not considered to be members of the census family of their parent(s), even if they are living in the same dwelling. In addition, those sons and daughters who do not live in the same dwelling as their parent(s) are not considered members of the census family of their parent(s). Sons and daughters pursuing studies or having a summer job and returning to live with their parent(s) through the year are considered as members of the census family of their parent(s).
Civil year, calendar year or year (when not specified): Period from January 1st to December 31st of a given year.
Cohort: Represents a group of persons who have experienced a specific demographic event during a given period which can be a year. For example, the married cohort of 1966 consists of the number of persons who married in 1966. Persons born within a specific year could also be referred to as a generation.
Cohort component method: Method used for population estimates or projections which uses the components of demographic change and a base population as the input. The phrase "cohort component" is usually restricted to methods projecting the future evolution of cohorts by age and sex, as opposed to other methods such as microsimulation that also use components of population growth but where individuals' demographic destiny is projected.
Common-law union: Union consisting of opposite or same-sex persons living together as a couple, without being legally married.
Components of population growth: Factors underlying population growth and changes in its age structure. They are: births, deaths, immigration, emigration, net non-permanent residents and, for regions in a given territory, internal migration. The population estimates program also distinguishes returning emigrants, net temporarily emigration and residual.
Demographic dependency ratio: Number of persons aged 14 years or under and 65 years or over per persons aged between 15 and 64 years.
Demography: Study of human population related to its reproduction process through births, deaths and migratory movements. Demography investigates the state of the population, the different demographic components and the relationships between them.
Early neonatal mortality: Mortality in the first week after birth. It is a part of infant mortality.
Economic region (ER): An economic region (ER) is a grouping of complete census divisions (CDs) (with one exception in Ontario) created as a standard geographic unit for analysis of regional economic activity.
Emigrant: Canadian citizen or landed immigrant who left Canada to settle permanently in another country.
Emigration: Departures of Canadian citizens or landed immigrants in Canada to another country that implies a change in the usual place of residence. Emigration can either be permanent or temporary.
Enumerated population: The population of an area according to an official census.
Error of closure: Difference between the postcensal estimate and the population adjusted for net undercoverage according to a census for the same date. This error can be expressed either in numbers or percentage (divided by total population).
Fertility: Demographic phenomena in relation with live births which can be considered from the point of view of women, the couple and occasionally men. Fertility is also one of the components of population growth.
Generation: Persons born within a given period. In demography, a generation usually refers to the sum of all persons born in a given year. The 2006 generation represents people born between January 1st and December 31st 2006.
Immigrant: Refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. A landed immigrant/permanent resident is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants are either Canadian citizens by naturalization (the citizenship process) or permanent residents (landed immigrants) under Canadian legislation. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada.
Immigration: Sum of all entries into Canada of landed immigrants from other countries, involving a change in usual place of residence.
Immigration rate: Number of immigrants divided by the size of the host population during a given period.
Infant mortality: Mortality of children less than one year old.
Intensity: Frequency of occurrence of an event among members of a given cohort.
Intercensal: The period between two censuses.
Internal migration: Sum of all movements of persons within Canada's geographical boundaries, involving a change in usual place of residence.
International migration: Sum of all movements between Canada and a foreign country which involve a change in the usual place of residence. In the population estimates and projections programs, a distinction is made with regard to immigrants, emigrants, returning emigrants, net temporary emigration and net non-permanent residents.
Interprovincial migration: Sum of all movements from one province or territory to another, involving a change in the usual place of residence.
Legal marital status: Refers to the marital status of the person under the law (e.g., single, married, widowed). All persons aged less than 15 are considered as single.
Married (and not separated): This category includes persons whose opposite- or same-sex spouse is living, unless the couple is separated or a divorce has been obtained. Also included are persons in civil unions.
Widowed (including living common law): This category includes persons who have lost their legally-married spouse through death and have not remarried. Those who live with a common-law partner are included in this category.
Separated (including living common law): This category includes persons currently legally married but who are no longer living with their spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and have not obtained a divorce. Those who live with a common-law partner are included in this category.
Divorced (including living common law): This category includes persons who have obtained a legal divorce and have not remarried. Those who live with a common-law partner are included in this category.
Single (including living common law): This category includes persons who have never married (including all persons less than 15 years of age). It also includes persons whose marriage has been legally annulled who were single before the annulled marriage and who have not remarried. Those who live with a common-law partner are included in this category.
Life expectancy: A statistical measure derived from the life table indicating the average number of years of life remaining for a population at a specific age, if the individuals comprising that population would experience the age-specific mortality rates observed in a given year, throughout their lives.
Life table: A description of the extinction, age by age, of a synthetic cohort of individuals according to the mortality rates observed a given year.
Lone-parent family: A father or mother, with no married spouse or common-law partner present, living in a dwelling with one or more children.
Marital status: Refers to whether or not a person aged 15 or over is living in a common-law union as well as the legal marital status of those who are not living in a common-law union.
Living common law: This category includes persons who are living with a person of the opposite sex or of the same sex as a couple but who are not legally married to that person. It includes situations where the members of such a couple are living apart temporarily because of illness, work or school.
Widowed (not living common law): This category includes persons who have lost their legally-married spouse through death and who have not remarried. Those who live with a common-law partner are not included in this category.
Separated (not living common law): This category includes persons currently legally married but who are no longer living with their spouse (for any reason other than illness, work or school) and have not obtained a divorce. Those who live with a common-law partner are not included in this category.
Divorced (not living common law): This category includes persons who have obtained a legal divorce and have not remarried. Those who live with a common-law partner are not included in this category.
Single (not living common law): This category includes persons who have never married (including all persons less than 15 years of age). It also includes persons whose marriage has been legally annulled who were single before the annulled marriage and who have not remarried. Those who live with a common-law partner are not included in this category.
Mean age: The mean age of a population is the average age of all its members.
Median age: Age "x" that divides a population in two groups of the same population size, one group being older than age "x" and the other group being younger than age "x".
Metropolitan influence zone: Category assigned to a municipality not included in either a census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA). A municipality is assigned to one of four categories depending on the percentage of its resident employed labour force who commute to work in the core of any census metropolitan area or census agglomeration.
Microsimulation: Unlike population estimates and projections done using the cohort component method, microsimulation simulates the demographic destiny of individuals one by one. The method is based on multiple random drawing at the individual level rather than on aggregated data applied at the population group level.
Migration: Geographic movements of persons of a given population, involving a change in usual place of residence.
Migratory flows: Refers to the movement of persons from one geographical area to another (often involves a change in usual residence from one region to another). Some flows result in an increase in population for a specific area (e.g. immigration, return emigration, inflows of non-permanent residents and internal migrants), while others result in a decrease in population (e.g. emigration, outflows of non-permanent residents and internal migrants).
Migratory increase: Variation in the population counts over a given period resulting from the difference in the number of in-migrants that settle within a given geographic area and the number of out-migrants from the same geographic area.
Natural increase: Variation in the population counts over a given period resulting from the difference between births and deaths.
Neonatal mortality: Mortality in the first month after birth. It is a part of infant mortality.
Net emigration or total emigration: Number of emigrants minus the number of returning emigrants plus net temporary emigration.
Net internal migration: Sum of subprovincial and interprovincial net migrations.
Net international migration: Variation obtained according to the following formula: (Immigrants + returning emigrants + net non-permanent residents) – (emigrants + net temporary emigration).
Net interprovincial migration: Difference between in-migrants and out-migrants for a given province or territory.
Net migration: For a given region and period of time, difference between immigration and emigration or difference between in and out-migrants.
Net non-permanent residents: Variation in the number of non-permanent residents between two dates.
Net subprovincial migration: Difference between in-migrants and out-migrants for a given subprovincial region.
Net temporary emigration: Variation in the number of temporary emigrants between two dates.
Net total migration: Sum of international and internal net migrations.
Non-permanent residents: Persons from another country who stay legally and temporarily in Canada as the owners of a Work or Study Permit, or who are refugee claimants, and any family members living in Canada with them.
Parity: Birth order of children.
Person temporarily abroad: Canadian citizen or landed immigrant who left Canada to settle temporarily in a foreign country (temporary emigrant).
Person-year: Total number of years lived in a given status by the individuals who make up the population in a given period of time, usually a year.
Population: Estimated population and population according to the census are both defined as being the number of Canadians whose usual place of residence is in that area, regardless of where they happened to be on Census Day. Also included are any Canadians staying in a dwelling in that area on Census Day and having no usual place of residence elsewhere in Canada, as well as those considered non-permanent residents.
Population aging: Demographic phenomenon involving an increase in the proportion of elderly persons in a given population.
Population estimates: Population counts, geographic distribution and demographic characteristics at a different reference date than the census.
Postcensal: Population estimates produced by using data from the most recent census adjusted for net census undercoverage and estimates of the components of demographic change since that last census. Those postcensal estimates can either be preliminary, revised or definitive.
Intercensal: Population estimates derived by using postcensal estimates and data from the census counts (adjusted for net undercoverage) preceding and following the year in question.
Population growth: Variation, either positive or negative, in a population size over a given period of time, usually one year. Population growth can also be calculated by summing natural and migratory increases.
Population projections: Exercise that aims to produce a number of possible future trends of the population, based on a base population and a set of assumptions related to population or socioeconomic components. Projections can be computed using the cohort component method or by microsimulation. Population projections are not predictions.
Population pyramids: Bar chart that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex.
Post-neonatal mortality:Mortality between the ages of one month and one year. It is a part of infant mortality.
Precocity error: Difference between the preliminary and final estimate divided by the total population of the relevant geographical area. It can be calculated for both population estimates and for each component of population growth.
Probability: Ratio of the events that occurred in a given period of time to the individuals present at the beginning of the period.
Projection scenario: Set of different assumptions used to compute a population projection.
Proportion ever married: Measure of the prevalence of marriage in a generation or a synthetic cohort. It is usually equivalent to the proportion remaining single at an age such as 50 after which first marriages are rare.
Rate: Refers to the ratio of the number of events (births, deaths, migrations, etc.) that occurred in a population over a given period to the average population during that period. Crude rates are rates computed for an entire population. Specific rates are rates computed for a specific subgroup. Thus, rates can be age-specific, sex-specific, etc.
Replacement level: Average number of births per woman necessary to assure the long-term replacement of a population for a given mortality level in the absence of migration. Currently, the replacement level in Canada is about 2.1 children per woman.
Residual: Difference between population growth as measured by population estimates of two consecutive years and the sum of the components. This difference results from the distribution of the error of closure between years within quinquennial period.
Returning emigrant: Canadian citizen or landed immigrant who previously emigrated from Canada and who has returned to settle permanently in Canada.
Reverse Record Check (RRC): One of the surveys designed to estimate census coverage errors. The RRC provides an independent estimates of census undercoverage.
Sex ratio: Ratio of males to females in a given population. Generally this ratio is expressed as an index, where the number of females serves as the base, equalling 100.
Standardisation: Mathematical procedure designed to adjust rates so it is possible to compare different populations regardless of their respective age structure.
Subprovincial migration: Sum of all movements from one region to another within the same province or territory involving a permanent change of usual residence.
Survival ratio: Probability of a survivor of exact age x to survive at least to age x+a. It is the complement to 1 of the probability of dying.
Synthetic cohort: "Hypothetical" cohort comprised of data from actual cohorts that are present, at different ages, in a given year.
Tempo: Distribution over time, within a cohort or a generation, of demographic events corresponding to the phenomenon being analysed.
Total divorce rate:Proportion of marriages that would finish in divorce before the 25th anniversary according to the divorce conditions of a given year. It is the result of the sum of the divorce rates by length of marriage expressed per 10,000 population.
Total fertility rate: Sum of age-specific fertility rates during a given year. It indicates the average number of children that a generation of women would have if, over the course of their reproductive life, they experienced the age-specific fertility rates observed during the year considered.
Total first marriage rate:Proportion of males or females marrying before their 50th birthday according to nuptiality conditions in a given year. It is the result of the sum of the rates by age at first marriage observed a given year.
Vital Statistics: Includes all the demographic events (births, deaths, marriages and divorces) for which there exists a legal requirement to inform the Provincial or Territorial Registrar's Office.


Exercise. Ugh. Such a love hate relationship we have developed over my life thus far.
When depressed, it is the last thing I want to do. And the thing I most need. It can be so hard to break the cycle of feeling blah by doing something that is not always fun and exhausting in the short-term, even if it produces energizing results in the long term.
Happy One Year, Coherent with Coffee!
The Tooth; and Nothing but the Tooth.
Thanks for checking out our site. Please follow and share if you like what you read today! May your coffee stay full, friends.


text:
Walking Tour Spotlight – Gracious Gables!
Posted: June 26, 2019 by extremehistory in Uncategorized
Travel back in time on Willson Avenue!
The Extreme History Project's Gracious Gables walking tour, which explores Bozeman's Bon Ton Historic District, offers more than a lesson in architecture. Much more. Spend an hour on a Sunday afternoon and come away with a deeper appreciation of the events and people who first saw opportunity in the beautiful Gallatin valley.
The Bon Ton District was Bozeman's most fashionable neighborhood between 1880 and 1930. Men who came west for gold or to make a new life after the Civil War made fortunes in real estate, banking, beef, retail and politics. When W.W. Alderson platted his homestead south of Main Street, he planned for Central Avenue (now Willson) to be a grand boulevard, with beautiful houses on either side. That's why the neighborhood is known as the Bon Ton District, which in the 19th Century meant "the finest." Over the years doctors, bankers, politicians, college presidents and several sons of the city's original founders lived here.
The Chisholm Family on Porch of Residence in Bozeman, Montana. Left to right, back row: Oliver Perry Chisholm (1843-1912), Sarah Alice Chisholm, Sarah Jane Bishop Chisholm (1846-1905); front row, left to right: Charles B. Chisholm (1874-1945), Oliver Perry Chisholm, II (1883-1967). House is located at 319 S. Willson. Photograph Courtesy of the Museum of the Rockies
Their homes reflected their wealth and status. Although the district is predominately Queen Anne or Colonial Revival, home owners often combined styles to make their homes unique. From the highly ornamented, pink Queen Anne home built by Bozeman's first sheriff to the simplicity of the townhouse designed by local architect Fred Willson for the founder of the Flying D Ranch, no two houses are similar.
The stories of the residents are as impressive as the homes. These people were doers who founded businesses and touched lives in ways that are still relevant today. Kindness? Think about Julia Martin who served Thanksgiving dinner to the "loose women" at Montana College for over 37 years. Politics? Consider the political career of Nelson Story Junior, son of Bozeman's first millionaire or Belle McDonald, daughter of former slaves, who lobbied the state legislature while working as a live-in domestic.
Julia Martin House. Photograph Courtesy of the Museum of the Rockies
These are just a few remarkable stories housed in the Bon Ton District. Theirs were lives of visible success and painful loss. Take a tour to learn more about those who had significant influence on Bozeman and Montana in its early years.
For tour dates and times and to register click here!
Extreme History Project Bus Tours!
Walking Tour Spotlight – Spirits, Suds, and Saloons: Bozeman's Drinking History


1908. Herrick wrote realistic social novels about the conflict between professional and personal values in American capitalistic society. The Master of the Inn begins: It was a plain brick house, three full stories, with four broad chimneys, and overhanging eaves. The tradition was that it had been a colonial tavern-a dot among the fir-covered northern hills on the climbing post-road into Canada. The village scattered along the road below the inn was called Albany-and soon forgotten when the railroad sought an opening through a valley less rugged, eight miles to the west. Due to the age and scarcity of the original we reproduced, some pages may be spotty or faded.


The Ontario Branch of CWRA began operating informally in the early 1970s, conducting conferences and workshops and in 1991 the Ontario Branch was officially incorporated. The aims of the Ontario Branch mirror those of the Canadian Water Resources Association as a whole, while the Branch may focus on regional or local issues. The Ontario Branch membership consists of nearly 200 individuals, partnerships, and other legal entities.
Operations of the Branch are managed by a board composed of not less than ten directors, who are elected at the annual meeting by the members. All provincial directors are CWRA members. Each director is elected to hold office for a period of one year. The directors are responsible for the election/appointment of officers and committees.
The CWRA Ontario Branch Mentorship Program is intended to provide value to newer members of the CWRA, increase professional engagement in water management activities and in CWRA activities, and build long term connections among members of CWRA.
Click the link below to learn more about the program, schedule and to apply.
Canadian Water Summit and Canadian Water Resources Association (CWRA) are excited to announce Water Week at Blue, a collaboration of two of the nation's premier water events with leading expert keynote speakers, conference sessions, technical workshops, industry awards, and many networking opportunities.
At the beginning of the week, CWRA will host its 72nd National Conference and AGM with the theme "Shared Water, Competing Ethics: Collaboration in Water Management" followed by the 10th annual Canadian Water Summit which will explore "Progress, Prosperity, and Partnerships: Driving Innovation in the Blue Economy".
Sign Up For Our Ontario Branch Newsletter!
The Ontario Branch of CWRA offers a variety of opportunities for people to become engaged and involved in water resource management in Ontario. If you are curious about CWRA, subscribe to our newsletter and attend one of our numerous events to meet other CWRA members. If you want more involvement there may be opportunities to become a Director or volunteer at future events. For more information please contact one of the Executive Committee members.
To stay up to date with the latest events, please subscribe (below) to our monthly electronic newsletter.
Membership to the CWRA is not required, but to receive the full benefit of CWRA offerings – including event discounts – we encourage everyone to join up.
Stay up to date with the latest events, please subscribe (below) to our monthly electronic newsletter.
The primary goal of the Toronto SYP Chapter is to provide a space for students and young professionals involved in water resources to pursue their interests, network, and interact with professionals informally as well as through the CWRA Mentorship Program.


text:
Home / Classical Music / Orchestral / Enescu: Ouverture de concert & Symphony No. 3
Enescu: Ouverture de concert & Symphony No. 3
Ondine is pleased to announce the second CD of an Enescu cycle with the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra under the baton of its former artistic director Hannu Lintu. For this release the Ouverture de concert sur des thèmes dans le caractère populaire roumain Op. 32 and the Symphony No. 3 Op. 21 were recorded, featuring the Tampere Philharmonic Choir in the third symphony. The first release (ODE 1196-2), featuring Symphony No. 2 Op. 17 and the Chamber Symphony Op. 33, was highly praised by the critics and nominated for the Gramophone Awards 2013.
ODE 1197-2
Conductor Lintu, Hannu
Orchestra Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra
1 Concert Overture on popular Romanian Themes in A M 00:09:12 Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra Lintu, Hannu
2 Symphony No. 3 in C Major, Op. 21: I. Moderato, un 00:16:17 Tampere Philharmonic Choir Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra Lintu, Hannu
3 Symphony No. 3 in C Major, Op. 21: II. Vivace, ma 00:13:35 Lintu, Hannu Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra Tampere Philharmonic Choir
4 Symphony No. 3 in C Major, Op. 21: III. Lento, ma 00:16:17 Lintu, Hannu Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra Tampere Philharmonic Choir
If you like Enescu: Ouverture de concert & Symphony No. 3, please tell your friends! You can easily share this page directly on Facebook, Twitter and via e-mail below.
Enescu: Symphonie concertante, Op. 8 & Symphony No. 1, Op. 13
Messiaen: Turangalîla-symphonie
Pulkkis: Tales of Joy, Passion and Love
Panufnik, A.: Sinfonia Di Sfere / Heroic Overture / Sinfonia Sacra
KAIPAINEN, J.: Symphony No. 3 / Bassoon Concerto ODE 1089-2 11/28/2002 $15.29 ($16.99)
Few in stock Buy +
Corigliano, J.: Phantasmagoria Suite / To Music / Fantasia On an Ostinato / 3 Hallucinations ODE 1058-2 4/3/2001 $15.29 ($16.99)
Salmenhaara, E.: Suomi-Finland / La Fille En Mini-Jupe / Adagietto / Le Bateau Ivre ODE 1031-2 4/30/2000 $15.29 ($16.99)
Sibelius: Karelia - Press Celebrations Music ODE 913-2 5/4/1994 $15.29 ($16.99)
Sibelius, J.: Classic Sibelius ODE 871-2 4/24/1992 $15.29 ($16.99)
Englund, E.: Symphonies Nos. 3 and 7 ODE 833-2 12/29/1990 $15.29 ($16.99)


text:
Kandis Wedding
How Todd Knew Kandi was the One
Todd opens up to Kandi's father about how he knew he wanted to marry Kandi.
More Season 1 / Episode 2
Show Highlight How Todd Knew Kandi was the One
Show Highlight Todd: "I'm Warning You Now"
Words of Wisdom from Momma Joyce
Extended Momma Joyce Interviews
Preview "You Don't Talk to Me!"
Preview Who Took Out a Restraining Order?
Todd on His Relationship with Kandi's Dad
Kandi's Caught in the Middle
@Kandi
Kandi is a Grammy Award-winning singer/songwriter, entrepreneur and restaurateur who resides in Atlanta with her 16-year-old daughter, Riley, two-year-old son Ace, 23-year-old stepdaughter Kaela and husband, Todd Tucker.
Always busy and in high demand, Kandi shows no signs of slowing down. Between opening another OLG restaurant, launching a risqué burlesque show, touring the country with her group Xscape, and debuting her Kandi Koated cosmetics line, Kandi is busy, booked and loving it. With Ace now old enough to attend school, Kandi and Todd consider expanding their family again, but will Kandi be able to juggle a busy schedule that just keeps getting busier?
@Todd167
Based in Atlanta, Todd Tucker has made a name for himself in the entertainment industry having worked on music videos, live television, news programming, reality shows, and the creation of his own company Tucker Productions LLC. More recently, Todd joined forces with fiancé Kandi Burruss to produce the stage play, "A Mother's Love," loosely based on Kandi's life. Viewers have seen Todd and Kandi's relationship develop on the The Real Housewives of Atlanta and now, the couple pursues the next chapter in their life – planning their dream wedding and trying to merge their families seamlessly before they reach the altar.


text:
Kate Lethbridge-Stewart
TV Review: DOCTOR WHO – Series 9 Premiere – "The Magician's Apprentice" and "The Witch's Familiar"
By SEAN ELLIOTT 10/10/2015
Stars: Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Michelle Gomez Writer: Steven Moffat Director: Hettie Macdonald Original Telecast: September 19th & 26th, 2014 Network: BBC America The first season of DOCTOR WHO where a new regeneration of The Doctor is introduced is always a bit of a dicey phase. The Doctor is never really who is he is going to be with his new face, and you kind of have to get around all of the more unstable parts of his personality post regeneration. Having said that I did enjoy Peter Capaldi's first season as the new 12th Doctor. The writing wasn't completely […]Read On »
TV Review: DOCTOR WHO – Series 8 Finale Part 2 – "Death in Heaven"
Stars: Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman Writer: Steven Moffat Director: Rachel Talalay Original Telecast: November 8, 2014 Network: BBC America Once again I find myself faced with writing a review of DOCTOR WHO and having to drop all kinds of spoilers to do an effective job. I usually shy away from spoilers, but I just have so many questions buzzing around in my head after "Death in Heaven" that I have to bring up things that we game changing, or even just confusing in this season's finale. Again, let's just start with Danny Pink (Sam Anderson) is dead. Still dead that […]Read On »
(The Ballad of) SHARKNADO music video


text:
Q: How to avoid the new in-app purchase bottom sheet from pushing up entire app In recent Android update, Google has changed their in-app purchase UI.
We use
// BillingClient mBillingClient;
mBillingClient.launchBillingFlow

to launch in-app purchase flow.
Previously, when we launch their in-app purchase flow, a dialog is displayed at the center of screen.
Now, for recent Android update, Google has changed the in-app purchase flow, to show a bottom sheet.
However, this creates and undesired behavior. When bottom sheet is shown,

*

*Top status bar will be hide

*Since top status bar is hide, there will be an extra space. As a result, my app is being pushed up. This creates an unpleasant user experience.

Please see the screenshots.
Before showing in-app purchase bottom sheet

After showing in-app purchase bottom sheet. The app is "pushed up". Status bar is gone

Any idea how we can avoid the new in-app purchase bottom sheet from pushing up entire app?

A: Here's my solution for the above issues.
<style name="Theme.JStock.FitSystemWindows.Light" parent="@style/Theme.JStock.Base.Light">
    <item name="android:fitsSystemWindows">true</item>
</style>

The key is to apply android:fitsSystemWindows as true.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Kenyatta Jones, an offensive lineman who played four NFL seasons in New England and Washington, has died at the age of 39. Jones' mother told the Tampa Bay Times that her son died of cardiac arrest. A 2001 fourth-round draft pick of the Patriots, Jones played his college football for a South Florida program that was just getting started in the 1990s, and he was the first player drafted from South Florida. Just a fun-loving guy, man, like a gentle giant, his South Florida Basketball Jerseys Custom teammate Keith Williams told the Tampa Bay Times. But on that field, he took care of business. The 6-foot-3, 307-pound Jones played a total of 21 NFL games.
When I was a kid, I played catcher and center field. In Puerto Rico, you always played a doubleheader, so I played a game in center field and the next one as a catcher. One day after batting practice I was playing third base and someone hit a line drive, which hit my eye.
A better run-blocker than a pass-protector, Tomlinson is part of a Niners offensive line that includes veteran bookend Joe Staley, 2016 first-round guard Josh Garnett and 2018 first-round right tackle Mike McGlinchey.
One of the things that helped me a lot was talking about that pressure with the press. It wasn't that I loved to talk about it, but I got it off my chest. I always said, If I make an error, it's no big deal. I just move forward. I think that's why I did so well against San Francisco. When I started to say there was no pressure, I started to believe it.
As of right now, none of those camps will feature former Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Dez Bryant, who remains unsigned since being released in April.
The Phillies also have interest in Beltre, sources say, as much for his professionalism as his production. The Phils have the youngest Cheap Authentic NFL Jerseys group of position players in the Majors, and team officials see long-term value in Beltre's influence on an emerging core. Plus, the recent injury to J.P. Crawford has opened up more at-bats on the infield.
Price : The acquisition cost for a 39-year-old vs. a 25-year-old would be vastly different for the Phillies. Beltre could help now at the expense of a mid-level prospect. Machado would cost top-tier talent, with no guarantee he would actually re-sign. According to Jon Heyman of FRS Baseball, the Rangers have already gauged Beltre's interest in waving his no-trade clause to join a contender before his contract runs out at the end of 2018.
FOX didn't get the commentator it wanted when Peyton Manning turned down the opportunity to call Thursday Night Football games. But the network has now finalized its broadcasting team, and it's a supersized version of what it airs on Sundays.
Rosenthal left six years ago for a job with the NFL. As a card-carrying full-blooded Italian, my reaction to his decision to leave was to pretend that he never existed.
More recently, a thaw has occurred. Last Saturday, thanks to the free-flowing wine at the wedding of PFT Live executive predictor Matt Casey, we hung out for a while, and I decided in the midst of a semi-drunken stupor to invite him to appear on the podcast.
It's shocking, Young said, via Cam Inman of the Bay Area News Group, especially in context for what it feels like to be there and the guys that you surround yourself with and the meaning it has personally and just for the team and the respect of all the people that got you there. . . . The relationship with the Hall of Fame for him has been difficult, because they delayed his time getting in. I'm sure there's resentment and scar tissue about it, but I beg him to reconsider.
Young thinks that Owens could be creating a lasting scar.
The damage to the relationship could be permanent, Young said. You don't want that. So I beg him to reconsider because the longevity of all the people that want to respect him and that he should respect as well. Forget about, 'I'm Basketball Jerseys For Sale mad at the voters, I'm mad at the system.' The damage that could be done by not going could overwhelm him over a period of time.
But here's the reality: Those who dislike Owens will always find a reason to justify their feelings. If he changes his mind and shows up, the critics will find a way to bash him for it. If he apologizes, they'll find a way to say it Cheap Authentic Soccer Jerseys wasn't sufficiently genuine.
Goff in his second season broke out under coach Sean McVay, but he still needs to iron out much of his game in order to go from good to great.
Mannion and Allen are your average No. 2s and No. 3s with limited upside.
The Broncos made a big upgrade from Siemian to Keenum, and in doing so, they took a QB battle out of the equation. Years ago, Keenum was Best Cheap Jerseys From China signed as an undrafted free agent thanks to his West Coast offense potential when Gary Kubiak was in Houston. Lynch might develop better without the burden of pressure to start. Kelly is someone to watch in his second camp.
Going through the draft process to obtain vital feedback before returning for another season would make sense. We'll leave Nevada in the top 10, assuming the members of the trio make the decision to play college basketball in 2018-19. Since they're all transfers with four years of collegiate experience, however, their departure is a real threat.
Tom Izzo's program has endured turnover as well as any in the country during his tenure. Even when the personnel changes, the Spartans maintain the same approach, crashing the offensive glass and dominating the paint.
If sophomore Nick Ward returns, the Spartans will again possess one of the most significant big men in the Big Ten and a guard in Cassius Winston (12.6 PPG, 49.7 percent from beyond the arc) to lead the squad.
You can't replace Jaren Jackson Jr. and Miles Bridges. They're unique talents. Marcus Bingham, a 6-9, ESPN 100 big man, would complement Ward, Xavier Tillman and Kenny Goins to form a strong frontcourt and back a Big Ten contender.
While it's a stretch to assume that third-round picks will start immediately, Atlanta first drafted Deadrin Senat of South Florida on Day 2 to attempt to solve its problem. If nothing else, it had a body it could play at the position. Post-draft, the team signed Terrell McClain, who is now on his third Cheap Barcelona Jerseys team in three years.
Come September, it would be an upset if those two were not the top nose tackles on the team's depth chart. McClain, who was released by Washington just one year into a four-year contract, may even be the team's starter.
There were some who wondered if Raiders quarterback Derek Carr and head coach Jon Gruden would make for a poor fit because of Gruden's aggressive coaching style, but Carr says all has gone well thus far.
Carr said Tuesday that anyone who was a fly on the wall in a room with the two men would find they are "eerily similar" and joked that no one should assume he can't handle hearing the F-word because they haven't heard him say it. Carr also noted that he's played for other football coaches, so the idea that he hasn't been exposed to strong attitudes and language is a silly one.
In 2014, he helped open the Joe Namath Neurological Research Center in Jupiter with the doctors who helped him. Now, he is trying to get the FDA to approve HBOT as a treatment Cheap Baseball Jerseys China for neurological issues.
Some of these [problems] may not need to go in that direction with surgery or drugs, Namath said. This is an alternative. It's an additional process to help him. I'm convinced. I know it works. My heart and soul are behind it. But I know from the last five years this is a tedious process, trying to convince and get the approval [from the FDA]. We need to help people more with traumatic brain injuries.
That's the obvious football-related takeaway from the bizarre story from Philadelphia regarding 76ers President of Basketball Operations Bryan Colangelo's use of five — FIVE! — phony Twitter accounts for the purpose of saying things about players, coaches, etc. that he could never say in his own name.
Colangelo, despite the very real possibility that he'd eventually be caught (which was borne out by the fact that he was), now faces the very real possibility that he'll be fired. Which makes fascinating the very real possibility that folks covering the NFL will begin swarming social media and working sources for any evidence that prominent NFL figures (or, gulp, media members) have been doing the same.


Kinetik Springbox 2 | Square One Distribution, The company behind your favorite watersports brands - Ronix, Radar, Eight.3 and Wakesurf Shaper.
This Kinetik features the exact same core, profile, and rocker as the Flexbox 1, but has totally different pressure points with Springbox 2. A more rigid mid-section was designed so a rider can rock into a press – then once locked in – a softer end tip/tail section creates the ability to move side to side or just exaggerate the angle of a press and get more spring to their ollie off the water or a feature.


text:
Arts, Paintings, Surf Art, Interior Design
THE TEACHER
ART WORKS & PAINTINGS
RASSEGNA INTERNAZIONALE DI MURALISMO
CARNEVAL 2013
VOYAGER SHOP
MUNICIPALITY OF LIMA
MURALS, PRIVATE RESIDENCE
Born at Sassari in 1973 where he went to the Istituto d'Arte. He specialized in Sculpture at the Academy of Fine Art of Bologna and Sassari, where in 2001-2002 he taught Sculpture Techniques. He collaborates with the sculptor Pinuccio Sciola, the artist Vittorio Calvi and Angelo Pilloni. His work is presented in many different public and private galleries in Italy and abroad. Recently some of his paintings have been used to stage a TV-Show called 'Rocky Point' produced by Warner Bros, and shot on the north shore of Oahu in Hawaii, and exhibited in the most important international Surf Art Show in San Paulo of Brazil.
The characteristic works of Vincenzo Ganadu's repertoire bring to the mind his native land and the enthusiasm of young people for nature. His artistic formation has matured with studies orientated towards the valorisation of his potential attitudes towards painting and sculpture.
The expressive means of Vincenzo Ganadu feel the effects of the composition. In his paintings we are in front of a game, brilliantly resolved between informal and figurative, as one can admire in the suggestive images bound to the world of surfing.
The stupefying wave that rises, in the middle of the agitated sea, offers to the young artist chromatic structures well designed within a rich geometry of counterpoints, of tones which accentuate the colour contrast of full effect.
Vincenzo Ganadu inserts the human figure on these backgrounds using short strokes, creating a vivid emotion, which is a determining factor. The incisive gesture of the man, balancing on his surfboard in the middle of the waves, animates and moves the observer because of the rapid touch of the colours made by the brush, without contour lines.
His research is not only psychological or formal, but is a spontaneous source of his artistic personality: tension, explosions, force of instant vitality and burning dynamic felicity are strong characteristics of his works.
VIDEO: The Making of Surf Art
All Rights Reserved © 2019 Ganadu Art
Original Surf Art Paintings, Limited Edition Prints.
Email: ganaduart@gmail.com


Two years ago, a Yale Law School student published what became an influential paper about how antitrust law should apply to one of America's superstar technology companies, which don't fit the conventional mold of Standard Oil monopolists.
Now, another academic paper from a former advertising technology executive and Yale law graduate is arguing that Facebook Inc. abuses its power. Titled in part "The Antitrust Case Against Facebook," its author, Dina Srinivasan, offers a deeply researched analysis of Facebook's pattern of backtracking on the user data collection that allowed the company to become a star. Once Facebook was powerful and popular, Srinivasan says, it was able to overrun objections about its data-harvesting practices.
The paper was published this week in the Berkeley Business Law Journal from the University of California, and I read a version that has been online for two weeks.
I'll leave it to legal experts to assess the validity of Srinivasan's antitrust analysis. I was drawn in by her selective, although not inaccurate, reading of Facebook's history of increasing boldness in harvesting information for the purpose of tailoring ads.
In Facebook's early years, Srinivasan says, Facebook competed against once-popular social networks like MySpace in part by pitching itself as protective of people's privacy. But once Facebook became an indispensable tool of digital life, it gained the power to reverse promises it had made not to gather certain types of information on people's online activity.
Her piece is a reminder that Facebook's practice of gathering digital dossiers for commercial purposes didn't happen at all once but as a slow creep that overwhelmed — or waited out — objections that Facebook was misleading the public or undermining people's privacy. This history remains relevant as Facebook is working on linking its multiple internet hangouts in a way that is likely to generate yet more user data for itself.
In one particularly compelling example from Srinivasan, she focuses on Facebook's "like" and "share" buttons. The company started to introduce the features in 2010, and now they're on millions of websites. Many Facebook users don't know it,(1) but those bits of software code enable the company to collect information as people roam non-Facebook websites — whether or not people click them.
Initially, Facebook told partners and the public that it wasn't tracking people's web surfing, nor would it use that information for personalized advertising. The company's initial statements about what information it was collecting and when were not entirely correct, but Srinivasan argues that Facebook was at least cautious about such practices. There were enough competitive social network alternatives that there was blowback each time the company overreached in the types of information it wanted to gather or how it would broadcast people's actions online.
To Srinivasan, this was part of Facebook's pattern of bait-and-switch tactics surrounding data harvesting. It grew so popular, she says, the company could eventually change the rules.
I was struck by the common thread between Facebook's recent data privacy scandals, Srinivasan's reading of Facebook history and the conclusions from Germany's antitrust authority. People wary of Facebook now face an unappealing choice between pervasive surveillance by a powerful company or pulling out of a bedrock tool of modern life. And it didn't get that way by accident.
(1) Bloomberg is a member of Digital Content Next, the trade association that conducted this survey on Facebook users' expectations.


text:
Arsenal must pay a fee ´closer to Grealish than for Antony´ to sign Shakhtar Donetsk star Mudryk
SoccerNews in English Premier League 28 Dec 2022
Arsenal must pay close to £100million (€113.2m) to sign Shakhtar Donetsk winger Mykhaylo Mudryk, according to the club's vice director Carlo Nicolini.
The Ukraine international has garnered interest from Europe's top clubs following his impressive Champions League displays, recording three goals and two assists in six appearances.
Mudryk is also Shakhtar's top scorer in the Ukrainian Premier League this season with seven goals, while no player in the league has registered more assists (seven).
Premier League leaders Arsenal have reportedly had an initial bid rejected for the 21-year-old, who recently stated he was a fan of head coach Mikel Arteta's style of play and followed their results.
Nicolini confirmed negotiations with the Gunners were ongoing, but suggested they would require an offer close to triple figures to complete the deal.
That would potentially mean breaking the record fee for a transfer involving a player moving to a Premier League club, which was set when Jack Grealish left Aston Villa for Manchester City in 2021 (£100million).
It would also be the most expensive such transfer this season after Antony's £82million-move (€95m) to Manchester United from Ajax.
"I confirm that Arsenal is one of the most active teams," Nicolini told Calcio Mercato. "When there is an interested company, we ask: 'Make a proposal and when we have it in hand we start to negotiate.'
"As we have always said, to deal with Mudryk, you need an important offer. Arsenal may have made such an offer, but there is negotiation.
"Players were sold that the clubs wanted to sell and that we consider no stronger than Mudryk with a valuation of around £100million, so we consider no less than £60million.
"I am not the one to make the figure, I have no particular indications from the company, but the director has said that we need an important offer closer to Grealish than for Antony. If the cash figure is £40million, it is not even taken into account."
Categories English Premier League


text:
Q: Ruby on Rails / ActiveRecord: How Can I (Elegantly) Retrieve Data from Multiple Tables? It's rather trivial to retrieve data from multiple tables that are related through foreign keys using raw SQL. I can do, for example:
SELECT title, domestic_sales
FROM movies
  JOIN boxoffice
    ON movies.id = boxoffice.movie_id;

This would give me a table with two colums: title and domestic_sales, where the data in the first column comes from the table movies and the data in the second column comes from the table boxoffice.
How can I do this in Rails using Ruby code? I can, of course, get the same result if I use raw SQL. So, I could do the following:
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(<<-SQL)
SELECT title, domestic_sales
FROM movies
  JOIN boxoffice
    ON movies.id = boxoffice.movie_id;
SQL

This would give me a PG::Result object with the data I want. But this is super inelegant. I would like to be able to get this information without using raw SQL.
So, this is the first thing that comes to mind is:
Movie.select(:name, :domestic_sales).joins(:box_office)

The problem, however, is that the aforementioned line of code returns a bunch of Movie objects. Since the Movie class doesn't have the domestic_sales attribute, I don't get access to that information.
The next thing I thought was to use a loop. So, I could do something like:
Movie.joins(:box_office).to_a.map do |m|
    {name: m.name, rating: m.box_office.domestic_sales}
end

This gives me exactly the data I want. But it costs n + 1 SQL queries, which is not good. I should be able to get this with just one query...
So: How can I retrieve the data I want without using raw SQL and without using loops that cost multiple queries?

A: SELECT title, domestic_sales
FROM movies
  JOIN boxoffice
    ON movies.id = boxoffice.movie_id;

translated to ActiveRecord would look like this
Movie
  .select(:title, :domestice_sales)
  .joins("boxoffice ON movies.id = boxoffice.movie_id")

When you have proper associations defined in your models you would would be able to write:
Movie
  .select(:title, :domestice_sales)
  .joins(:boxoffices)

And when you do not need an instance of ActiveRecord and would be fine with a nested array, you can even write:
Movie
  .joins(:boxoffices)
  .pluck(:title, :domestice_sales)

A: Try this way.
Movie.joins(:box_office).pluck(:title, :domestic_sales)


text:
Adventure Travel Gear Fitness & Nutrition Skills Camping Photos Contests
Image Via: juancat via Adobe Photostock
Best Designated Camping in Alaska
Emily Heeb
Explore the USA > Camping
Alaska - the most rugged of the 50 United States. Maybe it is just because it was born with such natural splendor that it has retained it for so long or maybe it's just because it is separated from the bulk by Canada. Regardless, campers eager for crystal clear fresh air and thirsting for adventure will find what they seek in Alaska. Between hiking in forests so large one could lose their way and never find it again to climbing on ancient glaciers, Alaska is the last beacon for explorers.
Brushkana Campground
Quick Camp Site Info
# of Sites Price: Comforts: Availability:
22 sites $12/night
RVs allowed Running water
Flush toilets
Hot showers No Reservations
Park Brochure: Click here
Although campers may feel like a shaken martini when travelling up the Denali Highway to the campground, the breath-taking views and vast landscapes make it worthwhile. While small, Brushkana is one of Alaska's more modern campgrounds. Visitors have access to all the amenities as well as to a decent hunk of the surrounding Denali National Park. Set up by the Brushkana Creek, some campers have the privilege of being right up on the water where river fish hook like they are a dime a dozen. Those who trace the creek's waters will be led to berry patches where they have a chance of seeing some of Alaska's more dangerous wildlife like bears, moose and foxes. For those that don't want to potentially encounter a bear, they can head downstream where the creek becomes a rugged, rocky boulder field that is perfect for a day of climbing.
Since Alaska generally keeps their campground small, campers will have the same benefits that they will get in Brushkana, the sites are all gorgeously spaced and it's likely they won't see anyone until a ranger comes to collect the camping fee each morning.
Exit Glacier Campground
Kenai Fjords National Park
12 wilderness sites Free
No RVs allowed Running water
No showers No Reservations
Credit: ricktravel via Adobe Photostock
Kenai Fjords National Park sits on the edge of the Kenai Peninsula where the last ice age lingers still. Nearly 40 glaciers flow through the park from Harding Icefield, the most famous attraction in Kenai Fjords. Wildlife thrives in the icy waters in the park, making it an excellent place to fish, but has also attracted a number of predators. The native Alutiiq people once relied on the fish stores in the area, but they have long since move on. Today, most visitors that don't come to fish come to bear witness to the ever-shrinking glaciers, a very real testament to the changing climate.
Although Kenai Fjord National Park has some cabins, it only has one campground. Exit Glacier Campground is free to use, but lacks many modern amenities. However, those who manage to snag one of the twelve spots are rewarded with striking views around every corner. The campground is reasonably far from the glaciers, so visitors will be fairly warm in the summer. However, July and August is when the campground fills up early, so show up and claim a spot ahead of time.
Dyea Campground
Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park
RVs allowed No water
Pit toilets
Originally, the prospect of gold brought people up here, but today something else draws folks up to the Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park. Visitors come to learn about the men and women who sold everything they had in the world in order to chase the prospect of striking it rich. Visitors can tour museums that commemorate their sacrifices, trek the very trails that gold fools used to walk and enjoy the remnants of historic boomtowns. While it is not home to some of the most striking wilderness in Alaska, the history of the region does its fair share to keep visitors entertained. The park is especially good for families as the younger set can learn all about the gold mining process in interactive exhibits.
The Dyea Campground is located nearby the park's biggest hiking attraction, the Chilkoot Trail as well as the historic town of Dyea. While visitors can walk right in and camp almost anytime during the year, they should be aware that they do close in times of extreme snowfall. Set in thick forest, visitors will be protected from the wind, but alas, they will also be set away from all that Alaskan scenery.
Granite Creek Campground
19 sites $14 for campers
Open June through September
Granite Creek is captivating in its beauty. Surrounded by the Kenai Mountains in a valley of wildflowers and spruce, this little campground sits just one hour south of Anchorage and remains one of the few campgrounds that has been maintained for both tent and RV use without sacrificing any of its natural allure. Campers at Granite Creek are treated to campsites that are graciously spaced along its namesake. Granite Creek is less of a gently trickling little creek, though, and more of a roaring glacier-fed river. As the waters are a bit rougher in the creek, fishing in the area is considered so-so. However, many campers come to bike the paved trail along the highway and meander the banks of the creek to pick raspberries or get a chance to spot mountain goats, snowshoe hares and moose.
Brooks Camp
No designated sites, but rather, capacity for 60 in the designated area. $6-$12 for campers
No showers Reservations available
Katmai National Park was originally created to protect the volcanically ravaged region that surrounded Mount Katmai, called the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. However, from the devastation, green has long sprouted anew, but the area is still a hub of volcanic activity. While visitors may find sport hiking around Mount Katmai, the area is also famed for its lengthy 9,000 years of human history. Some preserved spots can still be found, but the bulk of Katmai's history lies in its interpretive center. Fishermen in the park can enjoy Katmai's extensive salmon stocks, but they will have to compete for it with a large brown bear population.
Brooks Camp Campground is the only developed camping area in Katmai National Park. Located less than a mile from Naknek Lake, visitors will have quick access to fishing and boating. Those concerned about the brown bears will be able to sleep safe known that from June through September (the peak season) an electric fence around the campground will be turned on to keep them at bay.
Is camping in Alaska part of your summer plans?
Let us know - comment below or tweet us
Related content on ExploretheUSA
Hiking the Exit Glacier and Harding Ice Field in Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska
The Exit Glacier is one of the thirty-five glaciers that flow through the extensive Harding Ice Field and the only area of Kenai Fjords National...
Plan your next great adventure with explore!
Off the beaten path locations, tips and tricks, interviews with intrepid explorers and more.
Plan your next great adventure
Top Secret Outdoor Adventure Locations
How-to Videos & Articles
Interviews with Known Explorers
Trail Adventures by Bike or Boot on Florida's Adventure Coast
Hit Florida's mossy trails and paved paths to see the state's natural beauty 365 days a year.
How to Tread Lightly While Adventuring in the Florida Keys
If you love a place, you make sure your impact doesn't outlast your visit
California's High Sierra: Waterfalls, Hot Springs and the Mountains In-Between
We probably shouldn't have underestimated Yosemite," I say as we cross the quaking foot bridge that spans a swollen Nevada...
Martin County: Hidden Jewel on Florida's Treasure Coast
The sorbet sky and setting sun turns the calm waters gold and casts the palm-lined beach in silhouette.
New York: Check In To St. Lawrence County's Cozy Cabin Vibes to Chill Out This Winter
When it comes to winter, there are two types of people: those who prefer to hunker down in a cabin,
How to Purify Drinking Water (Without a Filter)
Beware those OTHER pathogens—because wearing a mask won't protect you from Beaver Fever.
More Information Contact Us Advertise With Us
Copyright © My Passion Media. All rights reserved
PO Box 57096 East Hastings, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5K 5G6, 1-888-924-7524
Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use & Privacy Policy XML Sitemap 0.34s
index: 0.13s
Load Exit Intent: 0.15s
Load Socials: 0.15s
Format Links: 0.21s
Page Finished: 0.34s


I'll admit it. I keep graham crackers in the house for two reasons. First, I have them to make s'mores in front of the fireplace. Second, to spread frosting or peanut butter over them as a quick sugar fix! But these fun crackers are for more than s'mores.
Graham crackers were named for the 19th century champion of wholemeal wheat (graham) flour and vegetarianism in general, Sylvester Graham. Graham crackers are whole wheat crackers sweetened with honey or molasses and were invented by Graham in 1829. But what we really think of when they are mentioned are the yummy desserts that can be made with them! Here are two of my favorites!
Combine the blueberries, cranberries, lavender flowers, and sugar. Mix well and pour into an 8 x 8-inch baking pan.
Combine the crushed crackers, brown sugar, melted butter, and sliced almonds. Crumble over the top of the filling.
Bake for 20 to 25 minutes, or until the filling is bubbly. Cool at least 15 minutes before serving.
To prepare the crust, stir the crumbs, sugar and melted butter in a medium-size bowl. Press the mixture over the bottom and up the sides of a 9-inch springform pan.
To prepare the filling, combine the lime juice and water in a small saucepan; sprinkle the gelatin over the top. Let the mixture stand for 5 minutes to soften. Stir the sugar, eggs and lime rind into the pan. Cook, stirring, over medium heat until almost boiling, about 7 minutes or until an instant-read thermometer registers 160 degrees F.; do not boil. Remove from the heat.
Beat the butter and cream cheese in a large bowl until well mixed, about 1 minute. Gradually beat in the lime mixture until well blended. Refrigerate, stirring occasionally, until the mixture thickens enough to mound slightly when dropped from a spoon, about 45 minutes.
Beat the chilled cream in a small chilled bowl until stiff peaks form. Fold into the lime mixture. Pour into a prepared crust. Cover; refrigerate until firm, 3 to 4 hours.
Run a thin knife around inside of the pan to the loosen sides; remove the sides of the pan. Garnish with whipped cream and lime slices if desired. Store in the refrigerator.
Note: For authentic Key lime flavor, use Key limes, which are more aromatic and citrusy than the commonly available, larger Persian limes.


Do I need to filter my drinking water?
What issues can a home water filter address?
What should I know before purchasing a home water filter or treatment device?
What types of certified filters are on the market?
What is the difference between a point-of-use filter and a point-of-entry filter?
Where can I buy a filter?
Do showerhead filters remove chloramine?
I'm immuno-compromised. What filter should I use to remove Cryptosporidium?
How much do filters generally cost?
What should I do if my filter keeps clogging?
Are there alternatives to filtration?
The Portland Water Bureau delivers high quality water that meets or exceeds all state and federal drinking water regulations. Filtration is typically not required, however, you may have a taste preference, health condition, or a water quality issue caused by your home plumbing that filtration can address.
Lead removal. While lead is rarely found in our source waters and there are no known lead service lines in Portland's distribution system, lead can be found in the plumbing inside some homes and businesses. Lead in household plumbing can dissolve into drinking water when it sits in the pipes for several hours. A lead-certified filter will remove lead.
Taste and odor preference. Some customers prefer the taste and smell of filtered water, or they may have old iron pipes in their home that impact the taste of their water.
Chlorine sensitivity. Customers with a chloramine (chlorine + ammonia) sensitivity may prefer to filter their drinking water or install a showerhead that removes chloramine.
Cryptosporidium cyst removal. Customers who are immune compromised may be advised by their health care provider to filter their water to remove Cryptosporidium cysts. More information in the Cryptosporidium filters section below.
Many filtration systems use carbon, charcoal, or a blend of filter media to remove contaminants when water flows through the filter media. Depending on the type of filter, contaminants either get trapped in the pores of the filter or they adhere/absorb to the surface of the filter media. For Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems, the water is usually treated with a pre-filter, a carbon filter, an RO membrane, and a post-filter.
Determine what you want a treatment device to do, such as remove tastes and odors, or remove contaminants, such as lead. To determine if your home plumbing contains lead, request a free lead-in-water test kit online at www.leadline.org. To learn more about Portland's water quality, view our Annual Drinking Water Quality Report and Triannual Water Quality Reports.
When selecting a filter, it is important to know that not all filters are the same. Read the packaging carefully and only purchase certified filters.
NSF/ANSI Standard 42: Filters with this certification change the aesthetics of the water and reduce non-health related contaminants. The contaminants reduced will vary by filter.
NSF/ANSI Standard 53: Filters with this certification reduce contaminants that are harmful to health. The contaminants reduced will vary by filter.
NSF/ANSI Standard 58: This certification applies to Reverse Osmosis treatment systems.
NSF/ANSI Standard 177: This certification applies to showerhead filtration systems, for the reduction of free chlorine.
Do not rely on the NSF/ANSI certification alone. Make sure the packaging specifically lists the contaminant you wish to reduce. For example, you may find two filters that are both NSF/ANSI 53 certified, but only one of them may have been certified for lead reduction.
A variety of filters exist to meet your needs. These include pour-through pitchers/carafes, faucet mount filters, counter top or under sink filters, showerhead filters, and refrigerator filters.
Point-of-use (POU) filters treat water only where/when you need it, such as at your kitchen sink or refrigerator. POU filters are often more economical, but if you wish to treat water at multiple locations in the home, you will need to buy a filter for each location. POU filters are a good choice when you want to remove contaminants that originate in your home plumbing, such as lead.
Point-of-entry (POE) filters treat all water that enters the home, including toilet water, bath water, laundry water, and in some cases water at outside spigots. POE filters may be more expensive, and will not address issues in the plumbing that are located after the filter, such as lead solder. If you have a POE filter that removes chlorine and sodium hydroxide, you are removing the disinfectant and pH adjustment in the water. This could lead to bacterial growth and corrosion of home plumbing.
Filters are available for purchase online and at hardware stores, grocery stores, and other retailers.
The NSF/ANSI Standard 177 is for showerheads that claim to reduce free chlorine. Since Portland uses chloramine (chlorine + ammonia) and not free chlorine, filters with the NSF/ANSI 177 standard may not work effectively. Some certified showerheads on the market with granular activated carbon claim to also reduce chloramine. Customers may have success with vitamin C showerhead filters, but these are not certified.
NSF/ANSI 53 or 58 certified filters that also include the language "cyst reduction" or "cyst removal".
Filters with an "absolute" pore size of 1 micron or smaller. If the package only states "nominal" pore size of 1 micron, then it may not remove all Cryptosporidium.
Because filter cartridges collect Cryptosporidium, it is recommended that they are replaced by a person that is not immuno-compromised while wearing gloves. Follow the manufacturer's recommended filter cartridge replacement schedule. Lear more about crypto and home water filtration at the CDC's Filtering Tap Water page.
If filters are not replaced according to the manufacturer's guidelines, you run the risk of it no longer performing as designed. For example, a filter designed to remove 99% percent of lead can only do so for a specific volume of water. Unmaintained filters can also harbor bacteria. Many filters have a device that indicates when to change the filter.
Certified water filters start around $20 dollars, with replacement filters being less expensive than the initial device. Filtration pitchers and faucet mount filters generally cost less than filters that are plumbed in below a sink. Reverse osmosis systems are more expensive than carbon filtration systems. When choosing a filter, consider filter replacement costs and only purchase a system that you are willing to maintain.
Many filters will have lower flow as they near the end of their lifespan, indicating that they need to be replaced. Portland's drinking water is unfiltered, so filters may not last as long as they would in a filtered water system. Also, if you have older iron pipes, corrosion particulates may cause your filter to clog prematurely. If clogging is frequent, call the Portland Water Bureau Water Line at 503-823-7525.
If you have lead in your plumbing, run your water for 30 seconds to 2 minutes to flush the lead out if the water has not been used for several hours or overnight. Flushing your faucet will also address taste and odor issues if you have older iron pipes. To remove chlorine taste and odor, add slices of lemon to a pitcher of water, as the ascorbic acid (vitamin C) will help dechlorinate the water. Boiling water can also reduce chlorine levels, however you should not boil water to remove lead. Bringing water to a rolling boil for 1 minute will also disable Cryptosporidium cysts.
Visit our Water Quality FAQ or contact the Portland Water Bureau Water Quality Line at 503-823-7525, Monday through Friday, 8:30 am to 4:30 pm, or email WBWaterLine@portlandoregon.gov.


This day long event will highlight the key lessons which the URBACT II and URBACT III and ESPON 2007-2013 and new ESPON 2014-2020 programmes hold for the project of developing 2nd tier cities in Ireland.
Now is an opportune moment to examine the balancing of economic growth in Ireland by stimulating development in the country's 2nd tier cities (cities outside of Dublin which have populations in excess of 50,000). With reference to the insights and findings of the EU ERDF URBACT and ESPON programmes, we will consider the assets these cities have, the opportunities for growth which exist and how to realise these opportunities, and the challenges which these cities face now and will face if they are to enjoy a further development stimulus and share the fruits of that growth with their hinterlands.