text:
188 F. 2d 744 - Lenox v. Landers
188 F2d 744 Lenox v. Landers
LANDERS.
No. 229.
Docket 21955.
United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.
Argued April 4, 1951.
Decided April 30, 1951.
Paul Kolisch, of New York City (J. Pierre Kolisch, of New York City, on the brief), for plaintiff-appellant.
Harry C. Bierman, of New York City, for defendant-appellee.
Before L. HAND, AUGUSTUS N. HAND and CLARK, Circuit Judges.
CLARK, Circuit Judge.
In his brief on appeal from Judge Byers' reasoned decision against his patent, D.C.E. D.N.Y., 94 F.Supp. 460, plaintiff gives the following succinct statement of the background and effect of the claimed invention:
"The invention has to do with spools for silk ribbons and the like, and its essential feature is a peculiarly constructed metal clamp for holding a paper traverse tube of a spool to the spool head, also made of paper.
"The most convenient way of using spools in the ribbon business is to buy them in disassembled or knockdown condition, the heads stacked separately from the traverse tubes, because shipping and storing completed spools takes up too much space. The ribbon is wound on the traverse and then a head is fastened to either end of the traverse to complete the assembly of the spool. Lenox invented a new clamp for fastening the head to the traverse.
"Prior to the Lenox invention, paper heads were fastened to the paper traverse by glue, rivets, nails, staples or some other means which required special tools to assemble the spool (App., p. 4a).1 The old way of fastening was not only slow and expensive, but unsatisfactory in that the heads were likely to come off, or the spool parts or ribbon became damaged in the assembling process.
"Lenox spent about three years, and all his money, to devise a clamp with which an unskilled worker in a ribbon factory could quickly assemble sturdy spools without the use of special tools, glue, cement, etc. (App., p. 7a). Finally in 1945 he succeeded in producing experimental models and in April, 1947 the commercial device described in the patent (App., p. 7a). The Lenox spools gained widespread recognition in the trade as evidenced by the fivefold increase in Lenox's sales during the past three years (App., p. 10a)."
This clear exposition does show that, however useful the patented device may have been, it is a simple structure. It consists of a shallow metal ring, of which the smaller side is secured to the paper head of the spool by a bead and the larger side, containing a circular flange, is inserted into the paper traverse tube and locked there by the flange. The patent — which is No. 2,434,363, issued to the plaintiff on January 13, 1948 — describes the metal cylinder or clamp as consisting of two sleeves, the smaller with its bead against the head, the larger joined to this and forming a stiff backing for the paper around the perforation of the head, but having as its chief function the attachment to the traverse by means of an upturned flange of circular contour. So, as plaintiff says, the important inventive feature of the metal clamp is the flange in the free end of the larger sleeve. The diameter of the flange must be carefully fashioned to be slightly, but only slightly, greater than that of the traverse, so that it is forced in by blow of the fist or mallet, without tearing the tube and thereafter holds tightly.
In practice, the manufacturers ship the metal clamps already beaded to the heads, and the ribbon cutters assemble them on the paper traverses on which lengths of ribbon have been wound. The formation of each spool is completed by adding a head in the same way to the other end of the traverse. Imitation amounting to infringement seems reasonably clear — the defendant offered no oral testimony — and we turn at once to the question of validity.
The prior art relating to patents for improvements in spools appears to have been rather crowded. We can discard those patents which do not come close to the device we have here. Left are several which deal with devices for holding the head on to the traverse through a series of teeth or spurs. In the old patent of Buedingen, No. 668,974, in 1901, the parts were held in the spindle by forming "indentations or projections extending outwardly and into the material of the spindle." In Clark No. 1,542,611, 1925, the head was held to the core by a piece of soft sheet metal containing lugs armed with "lateral projections or teeth." In Laveau No. 1,999,765, 1935, there were two rows of teeth, re-entrant so as to be forced into the traverse to hold against extraction. So the Hamilton British patent No. 278,217 of 1927 has "spikes." As Judge Byers said, the difference between a circle of teeth or spurs or spikes, for interior engagement of a tube, from a circular flange for the same purpose, "would be theoretical only," and "the step from spurs engaging at `discreet points,' to a flange engaging at all points, does not seem to be of such intrinsic magnitude as to involve patentable invention." 94 F.Supp. 460, 463, 464. Plaintiff asserts that teeth would score the inside of the traverse as they entered. So the flange would mark the traverse if pressure was exerted to separate it from the tube. But since the spools are made to be discarded after a single use, it is difficult to see what difference any of this makes. Finally Sobota, No. 2,049,334, 1936, uses not teeth, but a "corrugated surface 18 effectively frictionally engaging and to some extent penetrating the bore wall of the tube 10."
We therefore agree with Judge Byers that this device does not show the novelty required under the present high standard of patentability. Jungersen v. Ostby & Barton Co., 335 U.S. 560, 69 S.Ct. 269, 93 L.Ed. 235; Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147, 71 S.Ct. 127; Crest Specialty v. Trager, 71 S.Ct. 733; Merit Mfg. Co. v. Hero Mfg. Co., 2 Cir., 185 F.2d 350; Paramount Industries v. Solar Products Corp., 2 Cir., 186 F.2d 999.
Judgment affirmed.
The reference citations are to testimony of the plaintiff Lenox


If you're at all interested in how I went about creating anything on this site, I encourage you to take a look on github. The documentation could definitely be better—and it's on my laundry list of things to do now that it's finally launched—but you should be able to work your way around just fine if you're at all familiar with WordPress.
The only IE I'm officially supporting with this site/theme is IE9. All the others are just given the option to install ChromeFrame. Maybe I'll work on that.. But probably not.
Any and all feedback/questions are welcome. Oh, and I wrote this post on the WordPress iPad app, so let's hope nothing breaks.
how do you do the "Notify me" Checkboxes on Comment-form? I Cant find it in the Theme Files from GitHub. Can you say it to me? I will use the same for my own blog.


text:
Q: I need xlsx writer to make relative path hyperlinks to local files Goal: To have a hyperlink in an xlsx that can open a local pdf file via a relative path.
I can use the module to do it via an absolute path generated by os.getcwd()... but I need to take the xlsx, move it to a new directory (along with the pdfs) and not break the links encoded in the xlsx with write_url().  I cannot run the code in the destination directory (which would make this problem disappear), I have to run it on a local machine to produce the xlsx with all it's links, then move it to the new dir so that other users can see and use the links (to the pdfs which will all be moved along with the xlsx).
Unknown:
How "NETWORK" mentioned in the external file url section of the docs works.  It is really talking about another xlsx file, not a different type of file, so maybe it won't work at all.
(docs link: https://xlsxwriter.readthedocs.io/worksheet.html?highlight=write_url#worksheet-write-url )
Excerpt:

Links to network files are also supported. Network files normally begin with two back slashes as >follows \NETWORK\etc. In order to generate this in a single or double quoted string you will >have to escape the backslashes, '\\NETWORK\etc' or use a raw string r'\NETWORK\etc'.
Alternatively, you can avoid most of these quoting problems by using forward slashes. These are >translated internally to backslashes:

worksheet.write_url('A14', "external:c:/temp/foo.xlsx")

worksheet.write_url('A15', 'external://NETWORK/share/foo.xlsx')

write_url(row, col, url[, cell_format[, string[, tip]]])

Write a hyperlink to a worksheet cell.
Parameters:    row (int) – The cell row (zero indexed). col (int) – The
cell column (zero indexed). url (string) – Hyperlink url. cell_format
(Format) – Optional Format object. Defaults to the Excel hyperlink
style. string (string) – An optional display string for the hyperlink.
tip (string) – An optional tooltip.

A: SOLUTION: use relative paths in the in write_url().
So - excel hyperlinks can be relative or absolute.  You can provide it either and it will handle adjudication automatically.  If relative, then excel will find the path to itself upon clicking the hyperlink, and then will modify a given relative path, or just use the given absolute path.
Example
foo.xlsx is located at C:\Desktop\folder\
bar.pdf  is located at C:\Desktop\folder\folder2\
set the hyperlink address in write_url() to open bar.pdf as:  'folder2\bar.pdf'
When you click on the hyperlink in foo.xlsx, excel will determine the path to foo.xlsx (no matter where it is, even if you move it after you run the code to construct the hyperlinks), and then attempt to find the relative path supplied.
So imagine after making foo.xlsx (and its hyperlinks by using write_url() ), you put the contents of folder folder on the desktop and delete folder folder.
Now,
foo.xlsx lives at C:\Desktop
bar.pdf  lives at C:\Destkop\folder2
You then open the xlsx and click the hyperlink.
Excel will determine the xlsx is at C:\Desktop and will attempt to find bar.pdf at C:\Desktop\folder2\bar.pdf

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home News 'I don&...
'I don't have a happy ending': Venezuela's misery is deepening — and spilling over its borders
Christopher Woody, Business Insider US
A Colombian soldier guards the border with Venezuela in Cucuta, Colombia, February 9, 2018.
REUTERS/Javier Andres Rojas
Venezuela's economic, political, and social turmoil is deepening.
Those crises have spurred massive waves of migration, as Venezuelans leave to look for relief.
Countries in the region are trying to adjust to the influx – and prepare for what's next in Venezuela.
Venezuela's deepening turmoil has spurred mass migration to the rest of the region, and now countries straining to deal with arriving migrants are taking steps to address the influx.
On February 8 in Cucuta, a border city that has become a hub for migrants, Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos announced stricter migration controls and the deployment 3,000 security personnel to control hundreds of crossing points along the countries' 1,370-mile shared border.
A new migration unit will also patrol public areas where displaced Venezuelans gather, help them get oriented, and address problems related to their arrival and the precarious conditions they face, like prostitution. Venezuelans in the country will be required to register with Colombian officials.
"Colombia has never lived a situation like the one we are encountering today," Santos said. Colombian immigration officials say there are nearly 600,000 Venezuelans in the country – double the number six months ago. Venezuelan groups and officials in border cities say it could be higher.
"This is a tragedy," Santos added. "I want to repeat to President Maduro – this is the result of your policies. It is not the fault of Colombians, and it's the result of your refusal to receive humanitarian aid."
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos greets police officers during a meeting with regional authorities in Cucuta, Colombia, February 8, 2018.
REUTERS/Carlos Eduardo Ramirez
Venezuela's economy continues to unravel. Inflation is expected to hit 13,000% this year. Rampant shortages leave store empty, and many hospitals are ill-equipped to treat even basic problems. Malnutrition is rising, and some parents who are unable to feed their children have turned them over to orphanages. Violence is pervasive, and security forces have been accused of extrajudicial killings and other abuses.
Despite broad unpopularity, President Nicolas Maduro is expected to retain power in a April 22 election under conditions the US and others say are stacked against the opposition.
Emigration from Venezuela has moved in waves over the past two decades. That movement has intensified in recent years, and the exodus now draws from a broad segment of the population.
Polling in late 2016 and early 2017 found 35.3% of Venezuelans wanted to leave in the next three years – nearly triple the 12% who said the same in 2014. A December poll by a Venezuelan firm found 40% of respondents wanted to leave.
A Venezuelan woman and her child sit in a gym-turned-shelter for Venezuelans, in the Caimbe neighborhood in Boa Vista in Brazil's Roraima state, November 17, 2017.
There are now large Venezuelan expatriate communities in Argentina, Chile, and Brazil. A border crossing in southern Colombia saw the number of Venezuelans going to Ecuador surge from 32,000 in 2016 to 231,000 in 2017.
An International Organization for Migration report found more than 629,000 Venezuelans living in nine major South American cities in 2017 – up from just 85,000 in 2015.
But Colombia has borne the brunt of the movement. During the latter half of 2017, the number of Venezuelans living there jumped 62% – some 50,000 have already arrived there this year.
"Venezuela … I wouldn't wish it on even my worst enemy," Luis Alfredo Rivas, a 32-year-old Venezuelan told El Nuevo Herald just after he arrived in Bogota earlier this month. "My plan is to be here, to work and to move ahead if I can, to bring my family over, too, to get them out of that hell."
'I don't have a happy ending'
Venezuela took in more than a million Colombians during a the latter country's half-century civil conflict, and Colombia is now struggling to care for Venezuelans as it nurtures a nascent peace and deals with ongoing security challenges – all while managing a weak economy.
"Venezuela was very generous to Colombia when Colombians went in search of a better life," Santos said in Cucuta. "We should also be generous to Venezuela." He asked his countrymen to avoid hostility, but Venezuelans' growing presence has been a source of frustration.
Colombian police officers stand in front of people queueing to try to cross into Colombia from Venezuela through Simon Bolivar international bridge in Cucuta, Colombia, January 24, 2018.
REUTERS/Carlos Garcia Rawlins
"We also have a problem within our population, because we almost have a two-digit unemployment figure," Maria Isabel Nieto Jaramillo, Colombia's consul general in New York City, said during an event at the Proskauer law firm this month. "We had a situation with our own [countrymen] not wanting many of the Venezuelans to come to [our] country and being hostile."
Some Venezuelan professionals have found jobs, but many there illegally are unable to obtain official status allowing them to work. Some live on the streets and work for scant pay in the informal economy.
"They have increased unemployment and they have taken jobs at lower wages," Mauricio Franco, who leads Cucuta's response to the migration, told The Wall Street Journal. "We don't have opportunities for them."
"It is a fact that the Venezuelans are taking jobs [from] Colombians," Nieto Jaramillo said. But, she added, the government and civil-society groups have had success informing Colombians of the situation Venezuelans face.
"It's showing that these people that are coming … are people that are in need," she added. "It's more like a humanitarian way of looking at it."
"We're taking the Venezuelans that are very poor people. We're taking them to shelters, because we don't want … the Colombian citizens of those places to feel that they're being … overwhelmed," Nieto Jaramillo said. "It's an ongoing crisis at the moment, so I don't have a happy ending, but still, we're working on it."
'This is a humanitarian drama'
Carolina Centeno, right, sits next to her family and their belongings, as they sleep in a sport center where a community of homeless Venezuelan migrants stays, in Cucuta, Colombia, January 24, 2018.
Colombia is not alone in its efforts to deal with an influx of Venezuelans.
Brazilian Defense Minister Raul Jungmann, speaking in the northern border state of Roraima last week, said his government would send more troops to the area, relocate tens of thousands of Venezuelans to other parts of Brazil, and take a census of the Venezuelans who have resettled there.
Venezuelans in Roraima have put considerable strain on hospitals and social services and angered locals, especially in the capital, Boa Vista, where the mayor says 40,000 Venezuelans have relocated, many living on the streets.
Early on February 8, two gasoline bombs were thrown into houses in the city where Venezuelan migrants were sleeping. The attack gave a 3-year-old girl second-degree burns and injured her parents. Days earlier, a woman in the same neighborhood was burned in a similar attack.
"This is a humanitarian drama. The Venezuelans are being expelled from their country by hunger and the lack of jobs and medicine," Jungmann said after meeting with local officials.
In Peru, which said last year it would issue more permits for Venezuelans to work and study there, a Venezuelan migrant selling pastries on a public bus came to blows with a Peruvian man who said Venezuelans fleeing their country were like "rats."
'What happens when Maduro falls?'
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos and US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson at a joint news conference in Bogota, Colombia, February 6, 2018.
REUTERS/Jaime Saldarriaga
Colombia and Venezuela have had contentious relations in recent years, and Maduro has shuttered the border several times since 2015 to crack down on crime and ward off what he claimed was interference from Colombia.
Suggestions by President Donald Trump and other US officials of military action, both internal and external, against Maduro have also drawn rebuke, and Venezuelan officials have recently warned of a looming invasion by Colombia.
Bogota called those fears "ridiculous." It has also contracted international lending agencies about setting up a financial rescue plan for Venezuela if Maduro leaves power.
"What happens when Maduro falls? We should not improvise. There should be a plan because Venezuela will require financial support," Colombian Finance Minister Mauricio Cardenas told Reuters this week, estimating Venezuela would need about $60 billion in loans under a new government and economic policies.
During a visit to Colombia last week, US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said he was "heartbroken" to see the conditions faced by Venezuelans and added that the US could redirect humanitarian funds meant for Venezuela to Colombia.
"Our ability to provide that aid to Venezuela has not been easy because of the situation, so we're going to look at what we have available, and some of that may be redirected to serve Venezuelans … in Colombia," Tillerson said on February 6. "We'll be in consultation with the president and his team as to whether what we are able to do would be useful. And we recognize that it is putting a burden on Colombia as well."
Colombia Peace
Venezuela crisis
Venezuelan economy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Playing with kites is a classic activity- but we don't always have them handy when the winds decide to start blowing. No worries, though! Plastic bags do the trick in a pinch and my kids love them just as much as the real deal.
All you have to do t make these kites is tie a length of the embroidery floss to the handles of the bag. Try not to make it too long, as these kites are better for catching low drag wind than they are at actually flying up in the air.
My kids played with these bags for at least 3o minutes straight. Then they took a quick break and went right back to it an hour later. It was ADDICTIVE.
Ways to extend the activity: Ask children which direction the wind is blowing. Help them to see that the bag kite flies best when they run against the wind!
Are you ready to try this out with your kids? Snap a few pictures (or video!), post them on Instagram, and tag @munchkins_and_moms so I can enjoy it with you!
This is actually super smart! We bought a cheap kite at Walmart last year and it broke almost immediately. My son could care less if the kite he was flying was made from a plastic bag or was bought at the store. Thanks!!
Right?!?I mean real kites are fun and all, but my kids are so happy (and active) with this that I haven't even gotten a real one yet!


text:
Pages with citations having redundant parameters, Articles with German language external links, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica that may need Attribution,
Animals in religion
Fossil range: Ordovician–Recent
A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium, seen swimming among schools of other fish
The ornate red lionfish as seen from a head-on view
(unranked) Craniata
Included groups
†Armoured fish
Ray-finned fish
Lobe-finned fishes
Excluded groups
A fish is any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups. Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature.[1][2] Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., gulpers and anglerfish). At 32,000 species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates.[3]
Fish are an important resource worldwide, especially as food. Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries (see fishing) or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean (see aquaculture). They are also caught by recreational fishers, kept as pets, raised by fishkeepers, and exhibited in public aquaria. Fish have had a role in culture through the ages, serving as deities, religious symbols, and as the subjects of art, books and movies.
Because the term "fish" is defined negatively, and excludes the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) which descend from within the same ancestry, it is paraphyletic, and is not considered a proper grouping in systematic biology. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.
The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although they lacked a true spine, they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts. Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators. The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period, after which many (such as sharks) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods.
See also: prehistoric fish
File:Ancestors.gif
File:Dunkleosteus BW.jpg
Fish do not represent a monophyletic group, and therefore the "evolution of fish" is not studied as a single event.[5]
Proliferation of fish was apparently due to the hinged jaw, because jawless fish left very few descendants.[6] Lampreys may approximate pre-jawed fish. The first jaws are found in Placodermi fossils. It is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force, improved respiration, or a combination of factors.
Fish may have evolved from a creature similar to a coral-like Sea squirt, whose larvae resemble primitive fish in important ways. The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood (as some sea squirts do today), although perhaps the reverse is the case.
Fish are a paraphyletic group: that is, any clade containing all fish also contains the tetrapods, which are not fish. For this reason, groups such as the "Class Pisces" seen in older reference works are no longer used in formal classifications.
Traditional classification divide fish into three extant classes, and with extinct forms sometimes classified within the tree, sometimes as their own classes:[7][8]
Class Agnatha (jawless fish)
Subclass Cyclostomata (hagfish and lampreys)
Subclass Ostracodermi (armoured jawless fish) †
Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)
Subclass Holocephali (chimaeras and extinct relatives)
Class Placodermi (armoured fish) †
Class Acanthodii ("spiny sharks", sometimes classified under bony fishes)†
Class Osteichthyes (bony fish)
Subclass Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes)
Subclass Sarcopterygii (fleshy finned fishes, ancestors of tetrapods)
The above scheme is the one most commonly encountered in non-specialist and general works. Many of the above groups are paraphyletic, in that they have given rise to successive groups: Agnathans are ancestral to Chondrichthyes, who again have given rise to Acanthodiians, the ancestors of Osteichthyes. With the arrival of phylogenetic nomenclature, the fishes has been split up into a more detailed scheme, with the following major groups:
Class Myxini (hagfish)
Class Pteraspidomorphi † (early jawless fish)
Class Thelodonti †
Class Anaspida †
Class Petromyzontida or Hyperoartia
Petromyzontidae (lampreys)
Class Conodonta (conodonts) †
Class Cephalaspidomorphi † (early jawless fish)
(unranked) Galeaspida †
(unranked) Pituriaspida †
(unranked) Osteostraci †
Infraphylum Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
Class Placodermi † (armoured fish)
Class Acanthodii † (spiny sharks)
Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish)
Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
Subclass Chondrostei
Order Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes)
Order Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs).
Infraclass Holostei (gars and bowfins)
Infraclass Teleostei (many orders of common fish)
Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
Subclass Actinistia (coelacanths)
Subclass Dipnoi (lungfish)
† – indicates extinct taxon
Some palaeontologists contend that because Conodonta are chordates, they are primitive fish. For a fuller treatment of this taxonomy, see the vertebrate article.
The position of hagfish in the phylum chordata is not settled. Phylogenetic research in 1998 and 1999 supported the idea that the hagfish and the lampreys form a natural group, the Cyclostomata, that is a sister group of the Gnathostomata.[9][10]
The various fish groups account for more than half of vertebrate species. There are almost 28,000 known extant species, of which almost 27,000 are bony fish, with 970 sharks, rays, and chimeras and about 108 hagfish and lampreys.[11] A third of these species fall within the nine largest families; from largest to smallest, these families are Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Cichlidae, Characidae, Loricariidae, Balitoridae, Serranidae, Labridae, and Scorpaenidae. About 64 families are monotypic, containing only one species. The final total of extant species may grow to exceed 32,500.[12]
Diversity of fish
File:Leafydragon.jpg
Main article: Diversity of fish
The term "fish" most precisely describes any non-tetrapod craniate (i.e. an animal with a skull and in most cases a backbone) that has gills throughout life and whose limbs, if any, are in the shape of fins.[13] Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals, fish are not a single clade but a paraphyletic collection of taxa, including hagfishes, lampreys, sharks and rays, ray-finned fish, coelacanths, and lungfish.[14][15] Indeed, lungfish and coelacanths are closer relatives of tetrapods (such as mammals, birds, amphibians, etc.) than of other fish such as ray-finned fish or sharks, so the last common ancestor of all fish is also an ancestor to tetrapods. As paraphyletic groups are no longer recognised in modern systematic biology, the use of the term "fish" as a biological group must be avoided.
Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as "fish" are not fish in the sense given above; examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish. In earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction – sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles, even hippopotamuses, as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish.[16] However, according the definition above, all mammals, including cetaceans like whales and dolphins, are not fish. In some contexts, especially in aquaculture, the true fish are referred to as finfish (or fin fish) to distinguish them from these other animals.
A typical fish is ectothermic, has a streamlined body for rapid swimming, extracts oxygen from water using gills or uses an accessory breathing organ to breathe atmospheric oxygen, has two sets of paired fins, usually one or two (rarely three) dorsal fins, an anal fin, and a tail fin, has jaws, has skin that is usually covered with scales, and lays eggs.
Each criterion has exceptions. Tuna, swordfish, and some species of sharks show some warm-blooded adaptations—they can heat their bodies significantly above ambient water temperature.[14] Streamlining and swimming performance varies from fish such as tuna, salmon, and jacks that can cover 10–20 body-lengths per second to species such as eels and rays that swim no more than 0.5 body-lengths per second.[14] Many groups of freshwater fish extract oxygen from the air as well as from the water using a variety of different structures. Lungfish have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods, gouramis have a structure called the labyrinth organ that performs a similar function, while many catfish, such as Corydoras extract oxygen via the intestine or stomach.[17] Body shape and the arrangement of the fins is highly variable, covering such seemingly un-fishlike forms as seahorses, pufferfish, anglerfish, and gulpers. Similarly, the surface of the skin may be naked (as in moray eels), or covered with scales of a variety of different types usually defined as placoid (typical of sharks and rays), cosmoid (fossil lungfish and coelacanths), ganoid (various fossil fish but also living gars and bichirs), cycloid, and ctenoid (these last two are found on most bony fish).[18] There are even fish that live mostly on land. Mudskippers feed and interact with one another on mudflats and go underwater to hide in their burrows.[19] The catfish Phreatobius cisternarum lives in underground, phreatic habitats, and a relative lives in waterlogged leaf litter.[20][21]
Fish range in size from the huge 16-metre (52 ft) whale shark to the tiny 8-millimetre (0.3 in) stout infantfish.
Fish species diversity is roughly divided equally between marine (oceanic) and freshwater ecosystems. Coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific constitute the center of diversity for marine fishes, whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical rainforests, especially the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong basins. More than 5,600 fish species inhabit Neotropical freshwaters alone, such that Neotropical fishes represent about 10% of all vertebrate species on the Earth.
Main article: Fish anatomy
File:Lampanyctodes hectoris (Hector's lanternfish)2.png
Most fish exchange gases using gills on either side of the pharynx. Gills consist of threadlike structures called filaments. Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills. In some fish, capillary blood flows in the opposite direction to the water, causing countercurrent exchange. The gills push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Some fish, like sharks and lampreys, possess multiple gill openings. However, bony fish have a single gill opening on each side. This opening is hidden beneath a protective bony cover called an operculum.
Juvenile bichirs have external gills, a very primitive feature that they share with larval amphibians.
Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended time periods. Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly. The buccal cavity of the electric eel may breathe air. Catfish of the families Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, and Scoloplacidae absorb air through their digestive tracts.[22] Lungfish, with the exception of the Australian lungfish, and bichirs have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills. Gar and bowfin have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way. Loaches, trahiras, and many catfish breathe by passing air through the gut. Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin (similar to frogs). A number of fish have evolved so-called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air. Labyrinth fish (such as gouramis and bettas) have a labyrinth organ above the gills that performs this function. A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function, most notably snakeheads, pikeheads, and the Clariidae catfish family.
Breathing air is primarily of use to fish that inhabit shallow, seasonally variable waters where the water's oxygen concentration may seasonally decline. Fish dependent solely on dissolved oxygen, such as perch and cichlids, quickly suffocate, while air-breathers survive for much longer, in some cases in water that is little more than wet mud. At the most extreme, some air-breathing fish are able to survive in damp burrows for weeks without water, entering a state of aestivation (summertime hibernation) until water returns.
File:Tuna Gills in Situ 01.jpg
Air breathing fish can be divided into obligate air breathers and facultative air breathers. Obligate air breathers, such as the African lungfish, must breathe air periodically or they suffocate. Facultative air breathers, such as the catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, only breathe air if they need to and will otherwise rely on their gills for oxygen. Most air breathing fish are facultative air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising to the surface and the fitness cost of exposure to surface predators.[22]
Fish have a closed-loop circulatory system. The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body. In most fish, the heart consists of four parts, including two chambers and an entrance and exit.[23] The first part is the sinus venosus, a thin-walled sac that collects blood from the fish's veins before allowing it to flow to the second part, the atrium, which is a large muscular chamber. The atrium serves as a one-way antechamber, sends blood to the third part, ventricle. The ventricle is another thick-walled, muscular chamber and it pumps the blood, first to the fourth part, bulbus arteriosus, a large tube, and then out of the heart. The bulbus arteriosus connects to the aorta, through which blood flows to the gills for oxygenation.
Jaws allow fish to eat a wide variety of food, including plants and other organisms. Fish ingest food through the mouth and break it down in the esophagus. In the stomach, food is further digested and, in many fish, processed in finger-shaped pouches called pyloric caeca, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients. Organs such as the liver and pancreas add enzymes and various chemicals as the food moves through the digestive tract. The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption.
As with many aquatic animals, most fish release their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. Some of the wastes diffuse through the gills. Blood wastes are filtered by the kidneys.
Saltwater fish tend to lose water because of osmosis. Their kidneys return water to the body. The reverse happens in freshwater fish: they tend to gain water osmotically. Their kidneys produce dilute urine for excretion. Some fish have specially adapted kidneys that vary in function, allowing them to move from freshwater to saltwater.
Main article: Scale (zoology)#Fish scales
The scales of fish originate from the mesoderm (skin); they may be similar in structure to teeth.
Sensory and nervous system
File:Fish brain.png
Fish typically have quite small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates, typically one-fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal.[24] However, some fish have relatively large brains, most notably mormyrids and sharks, which have brains about as massive relative to body weight as birds and marsupials.[25]
Fish brains are divided into several regions. At the front are the olfactory lobes, a pair of structures that receive and process signals from the nostrils via the two olfactory nerves.[24] The olfactory lobes are very large in fish that hunt primarily by smell, such as hagfish, sharks, and catfish. Behind the olfactory lobes is the two-lobed telencephalon, the structural equivalent to the cerebrum in higher vertebrates. In fish the telencephalon is concerned mostly with olfaction.[24] Together these structures form the forebrain.
Connecting the forebrain to the midbrain is the diencephalon (in the diagram, this structure is below the optic lobes and consequently not visible). The diencephalon performs functions associated with hormones and homeostasis.[24] The pineal body lies just above the diencephalon. This structure detects light, maintains circadian rhythms, and controls color changes.[24]
The midbrain or mesencephalon contains the two optic lobes. These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as rainbow trout and cichlids.[24]
The hindbrain or metencephalon is particularly involved in swimming and balance.[24] The cerebellum is a single-lobed structure that is typically the biggest part of the brain.[24] Hagfish and lampreys have relatively small cerebellae, while the mormyrid cerebellum is massive and apparently involved in their electrical sense.[24]
The brain stem or myelencephalon is the brain's posterior.[24] As well as controlling some muscles and body organs, in bony fish at least, the brain stem governs respiration and osmoregulation.[24]
Sense organs
Most fish possess highly developed sense organs. Nearly all daylight fish have color vision that is at least as good as a human's (see vision in fishes). Many fish also have chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Although they have ears, many fish may not hear very well. Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system, which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey.[26] Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have organs that detect weak electric currents on the order of millivolt.[27] Other fish, like the South American electric fishes Gymnotiformes, can produce weak electric currents, which they use in navigation and social communication.
Fish orient themselves using landmarks and may use mental maps based on multiple landmarks or symbols. Fish behavior in mazes reveals that they possess spatial memory and visual discrimination.[28]
Main article: Vision in fishes
Vision is an important sensory system for most species of fish. Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens. Their retinas generally have both rod cells and cone cells (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species have colour vision. Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light. Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots.[29] Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment, for example deep sea fishes have eyes suited to the dark environment.
Main article: Hearing in fishes
Hearing is an important sensory system for most species of fish. Fish sense sound using their lateral lines and their ears.
Capacity for pain
Further information: Pain in fish
Experiments done by William Tavolga provide evidence that fish have pain and fear responses. For instance, in Tavolga's experiments, toadfish grunted when electrically shocked and over time they came to grunt at the mere sight of an electrode.[30]
In 2003, Scottish scientists at the University of Edinburgh and the Roslin Institute concluded that rainbow trout exhibit behaviors often associated with pain in other animals. Bee venom and acetic acid injected into the lips resulted in fish rocking their bodies and rubbing their lips along the sides and floors of their tanks, which the researchers concluded were attempts to relieve pain, similar to what mammals would do.[31][32][33] Neurons fired in a pattern resembling human neuronal patterns.[33]
Professor James D. Rose of the University of Wyoming claimed the study was flawed since it did not provide proof that fish possess "conscious awareness, particularly a kind of awareness that is meaningfully like ours".[34] Rose argues that since fish brains are so different from human brains, fish are probably not conscious in the manner humans are, so that reactions similar to human reactions to pain instead have other causes. Rose had published a study a year earlier arguing that fish cannot feel pain because their brains lack a neocortex.[35] However, animal behaviorist Temple Grandin argues that fish could still have consciousness without a neocortex because "different species can use different brain structures and systems to handle the same functions."[33]
Animal welfare advocates raise concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling. Some countries, such as Germany have banned specific types of fishing, and the British RSPCA now formally prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish.[36]
Main article: Fish locomotion
File:Swim bladder.jpg
Most fish move by alternately contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body. As each curve reaches the back fin, backward force is applied to the water, and in conjunction with the fins, moves the fish forward. The fish's fins function like an airplane's flaps. Fins also increase the tail's surface area, increasing speed. The streamlined body of the fish decreases the amount of friction from the water. Since body tissue is denser than water, fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink. Many bony fish have an internal organ called a swim bladder that adjusts their buoyancy through manipulation of gases.
A 3-tonne (3.0-long-ton; 3.3-short-ton) great white shark off Isla Guadalupe
Homeothermy
Although most fish are exclusively ectothermic, there are exceptions.
Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures. Endothermic teleosts (bony fish) are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the billfishes, tunas, and one species of "primitive" mackerel (Gasterochisma melampus). All sharks in the family Lamnidae – shortfin mako, long fin mako, white, porbeagle, and salmon shark – are endothermic, and evidence suggests the trait exists in family Alopiidae (thresher sharks). The degree of endothermy varies from the billfish, which warm only their eyes and brain, to bluefin tuna and porbeagle sharks who maintain body temperatures elevated in excess of 20 °C above ambient water temperatures.[37] See also gigantothermy. Endothermy, though metabolically costly, is thought to provide advantages such as increased muscle strength, higher rates of central nervous system processing, and higher rates of digestion.
Further information: Spawn (biology)
File:Torskens indre organer.jpg
Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused.[38] There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness.
In terms of spermatogonia distribution, the structure of teleosts testes has two types: in the most common, spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules, while in Atherinomorph fish they are confined to the distal portion of these structures. Fish can present cystic or semi-cystic spermatogenesis in relation to the release phase of germ cells in cysts to the seminiferous tubules lumen.[38]
Fish ovaries may be of three types: gymnovarian, secondary gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the first type, the oocytes are released directly into the coelomic cavity and then enter the ostium, then through the oviduct and are eliminated. Secondary gymnovarian ovaries shed ova into the coelom from which they go directly into the oviduct. In the third type, the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the oviduct.[39] Gymnovaries are the primitive condition found in lungfish, sturgeon, and bowfin. Cystovaries characterize most teleosts, where the ovary lumen has continuity with the oviduct.[38] Secondary gymnovaries are found in salmonids and a few other teleosts.
Oogonia development in teleosts fish varies according to the group, and the determination of oogenesis dynamics allows the understanding of maturation and fertilization processes. Changes in the nucleus, ooplasm, and the surrounding layers characterize the oocyte maturation process.[38]
Postovulatory follicles are structures formed after oocyte release; they do not have endocrine function, present a wide irregular lumen, and are rapidly reabsorbed in a process involving the apoptosis of follicular cells. A degenerative process called follicular atresia reabsorbs vitellogenic oocytes not spawned. This process can also occur, but less frequently, in oocytes in other development stages.[38]
Some fish are hermaphrodites, having both testes and ovaries either at different phases in their life cycle or, as in hamlets, have them simultaneously.
Reproductive method
Over 97% of all known fish are oviparous,[40] that is, the eggs develop outside the mother's body. Examples of oviparous fish include salmon, goldfish, cichlids, tuna, and eels. In the majority of these species, fertilisation takes place outside the mother's body, with the male and female fish shedding their gametes into the surrounding water. However, a few oviparous fish practice internal fertilization, with the male using some sort of intromittent organ to deliver sperm into the genital opening of the female, most notably the oviparous sharks, such as the horn shark, and oviparous rays, such as skates. In these cases, the male is equipped with a pair of modified pelvic fins known as claspers.
Marine fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column. The eggs have an average diameter of 1 millimetre (0.039 in).
Oeufs002b,57.png
Egg of lamprey
Egg of catshark (mermaids' purse)
Egg of bullhead shark
Egg of chimaera
File:Fishegg A.Slotwinski TAFI.jpg
The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called larvae. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large yolk sac (for nourishment) and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed metamorphosis) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on zooplankton prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae.
In ovoviviparous fish the eggs develop inside the mother's body after internal fertilization but receive little or no nourishment directly from the mother, depending instead on the yolk. Each embryo develops in its own egg. Familiar examples of ovoviviparous fish include guppies, angel sharks, and coelacanths.
Some species of fish are viviparous. In such species the mother retains the eggs and nourishes the embryos. Typically, viviparous fish have a structure analogous to the placenta seen in mammals connecting the mother's blood supply with that of the embryo. Examples of viviparous fish include the surf-perches, splitfins, and lemon shark. Some viviparous fish exhibit oophagy, in which the developing embryos eat other eggs produced by the mother. This has been observed primarily among sharks, such as the shortfin mako and porbeagle, but is known for a few bony fish as well, such as the halfbeak Nomorhamphus ebrardtii.[41] Intrauterine cannibalism is an even more unusual mode of vivipary, in which the largest embryos eat weaker and smaller siblings. This behavior is also most commonly found among sharks, such as the grey nurse shark, but has also been reported for Nomorhamphus ebrardtii.[41]
Aquarists commonly refer to ovoviviparous and viviparous fish as livebearers.
Immune organs vary by type of fish.[42] In the jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish), true lymphoid organs are absent. These fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce immune cells. For example, erythrocytes, macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney (or pronephros) and some areas of the gut (where granulocytes mature.) They resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish. Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) have a more advanced immune system. They have three specialized organs that are unique to chondrichthyes; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissue similar to mammalian bone) that surround the gonads, the Leydig's organ within the walls of their esophagus, and a spiral valve in their intestine. These organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells). They also possess an identifiable thymus and a well-developed spleen (their most important immune organ) where various lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages develop and are stored. Chondrostean fish (sturgeons, paddlefish and bichirs) possess a major site for the production of granulocytes within a mass that is associated with the meninges (membranes surrounding the central nervous system.) Their heart is frequently covered with tissue that contains lymphocytes, reticular cells and a small number of macrophages. The chondrostean kidney is an important hemopoietic organ; where erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages develop.
Like chondrostean fish, the major immune tissues of bony fish (or teleostei) include the kidney (especially the anterior kidney), which houses many different immune cells.[43] In addition, teleost fish possess a thymus, spleen and scattered immune areas within mucosal tissues (e.g. in the skin, gills, gut and gonads). Much like the mammalian immune system, teleost erythrocytes, neutrophils and granulocytes are believed to reside in the spleen whereas lymphocytes are the major cell type found in the thymus.[44][45] In 2006, a lymphatic system similar to that in mammals was described in one species of teleost fish, the zebrafish. Although not confirmed as yet, this system presumably will be where naive (unstimulated) T cells accumulate while waiting to encounter an antigen.[46]
Main article: Fish diseases and parasites
Like other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. To prevent disease they have a variety of defenses. Non-specific defenses include the skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps and inhibits the growth of microorganisms. If pathogens breach these defenses, fish can develop an inflammatory response that increases blood flow to the infected region and delivers white blood cells that attempt to destroy pathogens. Specific defenses respond to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, i.e., an immune response.[47] In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and also with ornamental fish, for example furunculosis vaccines in farmed salmon and koi herpes virus in koi.[48][49]
Some species use cleaner fish to remove external parasites. The best known of these are the Bluestreak cleaner wrasses of the genus Labroides found on coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These small fish maintain so-called "cleaning stations" where other fish congregate and perform specific movements to attract the attention of the cleaners.[50] Cleaning behaviors have been observed in a number of fish groups, including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus, Etroplus maculatus, the cleaner, and the much larger Etroplus suratensis.[51]
The 2006 IUCN Red List names 1,173 fish species that are threatened with extinction.[52] Included are species such as Atlantic cod,[53] Devil's Hole pupfish,[54] coelacanths,[55] and great white sharks.[56] Because fish live underwater they are more difficult to study than terrestrial animals and plants, and information about fish populations is often lacking. However, freshwater fish seem particularly threatened because they often live in relatively small water bodies. For example, the Devil's Hole pupfish occupies only a single 3 by 6 metres (10 by 20 ft) pool.[57]
File:Whale shark Georgia aquarium.jpg
Main article: Overfishing
Overfishing is a major threat to edible fish such as cod and tuna.[58][59] Overfishing eventually causes population (known as stock) collapse because the survivors cannot produce enough young to replace those removed. Such commercial extinction does not mean that the species is extinct, merely that it can no longer sustain a fishery.
One well-studied example of fishery collapse is the Pacific sardine Sadinops sagax caerulues fishery off the California coast. From a 1937 peak of 790,000 long tons (800,000 t) the catch steadily declined to only 24,000 long tons (24,000 t) in 1968, after which the fishery was no longer economically viable.[60]
The main tension between fisheries science and the fishing industry is that the two groups have different views on the resiliency of fisheries to intensive fishing. In places such as Scotland, Newfoundland, and Alaska the fishing industry is a major employer, so governments are predisposed to support it.[61][62] On the other hand, scientists and conservationists push for stringent protection, warning that many stocks could be wiped out within fifty years.[63][64]
See also: Environmental effects of fishing
A key stress on both freshwater and marine ecosystems is habitat degradation including water pollution, the building of dams, removal of water for use by humans, and the introduction of exotic species.[65] An example of a fish that has become endangered because of habitat change is the pallid sturgeon, a North American freshwater fish that lives in rivers damaged by human activity.[66]
Introduction of non-native species has occurred in many habitats. One of the best studied examples is the introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria in the 1960s. Nile perch gradually exterminated the lake's 500 endemic cichlid species. Some of them survive now in captive breeding programmes, but others are probably extinct.[67] Carp, snakeheads,[68] tilapia, European perch, brown trout, rainbow trout, and sea lampreys are other examples of fish that have caused problems by being introduced into alien environments.
Importance to humans
File:Matsya painting.jpg
File:Narva vapp.svg
File:Benno of Meissen.jpg
Aquarium collecting
Main article: Fishkeeping#Conservation_and_Science
Economic importance
Main article: Fish as food
Main article: Fishkeeping
In the Book of Jonah a "great fish" swallowed Jonah the Prophet. Legends of half-human, half-fish mermaids have featured in stories like those of Hans Christian Andersen and movies like Splash (See Merman, Mermaid).
Among the deities said to take the form of a fish are Ika-Roa of the Polynesians, Dagon of various ancient Semitic peoples, the shark-gods of Hawaiʻi and Matsya of the Hindus. The astrological symbol Pisces is based on a constellation of the same name, but there is also a second fish constellation in the night sky, Piscis Austrinus.
Fish have been used figuratively in many different ways, for example the ichthys used by early Christians to identify themselves, through to the fish as a symbol of fertility among Bengalis.[69]
Fish feature prominently in art and literature, in movies such as Finding Nemo and books such as The Old Man and the Sea. Large fish, particularly sharks, have frequently been the subject of horror movies and thrillers, most notably the novel Jaws, which spawned a series of films of the same name that in turn inspired similar films or parodies such as Shark Tale, Snakehead Terror, and Piranha.
File:Republic of China Flags.jpg
In the semiotic of Ashtamangala (buddhist symbolism) the golden fish (Sanskrit: Matsya), represents the state of fearless suspension in samsara, perceived as the harmless ocean, referred to as 'buddha-eyes' or 'rigpa-sight'. The fish symbolizes the auspiciousness of all living beings in a state of fearlessness without danger of drowning in the Samsaric Ocean of Suffering, and migrating from teaching to teaching freely and spontaneously just as fish swim.
They have religious significance in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist traditions but also in Christianity who is first signified by the sign of the fish, and especially referring to feeding the multitude in the desert. In the dhamma of Buddha the fish symbolize happiness as they have complete freedom of movement in the water. They represent fertility and abundance. Often drawn in the form of carp which are regarded in the Orient as sacred on account of their elegant beauty, size and life-span.[3]
The name of the Canadian city of Coquitlam, British Columbia is derived from Kwikwetlem, which is said to be derived from a Coast Salish term meaning "little red fish".[70]
Shoal or school?
Main article: Shoaling and schooling
File:School of Pterocaesio chrysozona in Papua New Guinea 1.jpg
A random assemblage of fish merely using some localised resource such as food or nesting sites is known simply as an aggregation. When fish come together in an interactive, social grouping, then they may be forming either a shoal or a school depending on the degree of organisation. A shoal is a loosely organised group where each fish swims and forages independently but is attracted to other members of the group and adjusts its behaviour, such as swimming speed, so that it remains close to the other members of the group. Schools of fish are much more tightly organised, synchronising their swimming so that all fish move at the same speed and in the same direction. Shoaling and schooling behaviour is believed to provide a variety of advantages.[71]
Cichlids congregating at lekking sites form an aggregation.
Many minnows and characins form shoals.
Anchovies, herrings and silversides are classic examples of schooling fish.
While school and shoal have different meanings within biology, they are often treated as synonyms by non-specialists, with speakers of British English using "shoal" to describe any grouping of fish, while speakers of American English often using "school" just as loosely.
Fish or fishes?
Though often used interchangeably, these words have different meanings. Fish is used either as singular noun or to describe a group of specimens from a single species. Fishes describes a group of different species.[14]
Fish portal
For a topical guide to sharks, see Outline of sharks
Angling (sport fishing)
Fish anatomy
Fish development
Fishing (fishing for food)
List of fish common names
List of fish families
Marine vertebrates
Otolith (Bone used for determining the age of a fish)
Walking fish
^ Goldman, K.J. (1997). "Regulation of body temperature in the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias". Journal of Comparative Physiology. B Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology. 167 (6): 423–429. doi:10.1007/s003600050092. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ Carey, F.G.; Lawson, K.D. (1.). "Temperature regulation in free-swimming bluefin tuna". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 44 (2): 375–392. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(73)90490-8. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help); Check date values in: |date=, |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
^ FishBase: February 2011 Update. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
^ Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever, smh.com.au
^ G. Lecointre & H. Le Guyader, 2007, The Tree of Life: A Phylogenetic Classification, Harvard University Press Reference Library
^ Classification of the Chordates Evolution, ecology and biodiversity 05-1116-3, University of Winnipeg. Retrieved 7 April 2007. Template:Wayback
^ Romer, A.S. & T.S. Parsons. 1977. The Vertebrate Body. 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. (6th ed. 1985)
^ Benton, M. J. (1998) The quality of the fossil record of vertebrates. Pp. 269–303, in Donovan, S. K. and Paul, C. R. C. (eds), The adequacy of the fossil record, Fig. 2. Wiley, New York, 312 pp.
^ Shigehiro Kuraku, Daisuke Hoshiyama, Kazutaka Katoh, Hiroshi Suga, Takashi Miyata (1999) Monophyly of Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA–Coded Genes J Mol Evol (1999) 49:729–735
^ J. Mallatt, J. Sullivan (1998) 28S and 18S rDNA sequences support the monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes Molecular Biology and Evolution V 15, Issue 12, pp 1706–1718
^ Nelson 2006, pp. 4–5
^ Nelson 2006, p. 3
^ a b c d Helfman, Collette & Facey 1997, p. 3
^ Tree of life web project – Chordates.
^ Jr.Cleveland P Hickman, Larry S. Roberts, Allan L. Larson: Integrated Principles of Zoology, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, 2001, ISBN 0-07-290961-7
^ Helfman, Collette & Facey 1997, pp. 53–57
^ Template:FishBase species
^ Planet Catfish. "Cat-eLog: Heptapteridae: Phreatobius: Phreatobius sp. (1)". Planet Catfish. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
^ a b "Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes" (PDF). Copeia (3): 663–675. 1998. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
^ Setaro, John F. (1999). Circulatory System. Microsoft Encarta 99.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Helfman, Collette & Facey 1997, pp. 48–49
^ Helfman, Collette & Facey 1997, p. 191
^ Orr, James (1999). Fish. Microsoft Encarta 99. ISBN 0-8114-2346-8.
^ Albert, J.S., and W.G.R. Crampton. 2005. Electroreception and electrogenesis. pp. 431–472 in The Physiology of Fishes, 3rd Edition. D.H. Evans and J.B. Claiborne (eds.). CRC Press.
^ Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences. "Appropriate maze methodology to study learning in fish" (PDF). Retrieved 28 May 2009.
^ N. A. Campbell and J. B. Reece (2005). Biology, Seventh Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California.
^ Dunayer, Joan, "Fish: Sensitivity Beyond the Captor's Grasp," The Animals' Agenda, July/August 1991, pp. 12–18
^ Vantressa Brown, "Fish Feel Pain, British Researchers Say," Agence France-Presse, 1 May 2003This link is dead.
^ Kirby, Alex (30 April 2003). "Fish do feel pain, scientists say". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2983045.stm. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^ a b c Grandin, Temple; Johnson, Catherine (2005). Animals in Translation. New York, New York: Scribner. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-7432-4769-8. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
^ "Rose, J.D. 2003. A Critique of the paper: "Do fish have nociceptors: Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system"" (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2011.
^ James D. Rose, Do Fish Feel Pain?, 2002. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
^ Leake, J. "Anglers to Face RSPCA Check," The Sunday Times – Britain, 14 March 2004
^ Block BA and Finnerty JR (1993) "Endothermy in fishes: a phylogenetic analysis of constraints, predispositions, and selection pressures" Environmental Biology of Fishes, 40 (3): 283–302. doi:10.1007/BF00002518
^ a b c d e Guimaraes-Cruz, Rodrigo J., Rodrigo J.; Santos, José E. dos; Santos, Gilmar B. (July/Sept. 2005). "Gonadal structure and gametogenesis of Loricaria lentiginosa Isbrücker (Pisces, Teleostei, Siluriformes)". Rev. Bras. Zool. 22 (3): 556–564. ISSN 0101-8175. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000300005. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Brito, M.F.G.; Bazzoli, N. (2003). "Reproduction of the surubim catfish (Pisces, Pimelodidae) in the São Francisco River, Pirapora Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 55 (5): 624–633. ISSN 0102-0935. doi:10.1590/S0102-09352003000500018. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
^ Peter Scott: Livebearing Fishes, p. 13. Tetra Press 1997. ISBN 1-56465-193-2
^ a b Meisner, A & Burns, J: Viviparity in the Halfbeak Genera Dermogenys and Nomorhamphus (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae). Journal of Morphology 234, pp. 295–317, 1997
^ A.G. Zapata, A. Chiba and A. Vara. Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. In: The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen and Environment. Fish Immunology Series. (eds. G. Iwama and T.Nakanishi,), New York, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 1–55.
^ D.P. Anderson. Fish Immunology. (S.F. Snieszko and H.R. Axelrod, eds), Hong Kong: TFH Publications, Inc. Ltd., 1977.
^ S. Chilmonczyk. The thymus in fish: development and possible function in the immune response. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, Volume 2, 1992, pp. 181–200.
^ J.D. Hansen and A.G. Zapata. Lymphocyte development in fish and amphibians. Immunological Reviews, Volume 166, 1998, pp. 199–220.
^ Kucher et al.,. Development of the zebrafish lymphatic system requires VegFc signalling. Current Biology, Volume 16, 2006, pp. 1244–1248.
^ R. C. Cipriano (2001), Furunculosis And Other Diseases Caused By Aeromonas salmonicida. Fish Disease Leaflet 66. U.S. Department of the Interior.[1]
^ K H Hartman et al. (2004), Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Disease. Fact Sheet VM-149. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.[2]
^ Richard L. Wyman and Jack A. Ward (1972). A Cleaning Symbiosis between the Cichlid Fishes Etroplus maculatus and Etroplus suratensis. I. Description and Possible Evolution. Copeia, Vol. 1972, No. 4, pp. 834–838.
^ "Table 1: Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2004)". iucnredlist.org. Archived from the original on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
^ "Gadus morhua (Atlantic Cod)". Iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
^ "Cyprinodon diabolis (Devils Hole Pupfish)". Iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
^ "Latimeria chalumnae (Coelacanth, Gombessa)". Iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
^ "Carcharodon carcharias (Great White Shark)". Iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
^ Helfman, Collette & Facey 1997, pp. 449–450
^ "Call to halt cod 'over-fishing'". BBC News. 5 January 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/6234881.stm. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
^ "Tuna groups tackle overfishing". BBC News. 26 January 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6301187.stm. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
^ "UK 'must shield fishing industry'". BBC News. 3 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6112352.stm. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
^ "EU fish quota deal hammered out". BBC News. 21 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6197433.stm. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
^ "Ocean study predicts the collapse of all seafood fisheries by 2050". Retrieved 13 January 2006.
^ "Atlantic bluefin tuna could soon be commercially extinct". Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
^ "Threatened and Endangered Species: Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus Fact Sheet". Retrieved 18 January 2006.
^ Spinney, Laura (4 August 2005). "The little fish fight back". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,,1541613,00.html. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
^ "Stop That Fish!". The Washington Post. 3 July 2002. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16439-2002Jul2.html. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
^ Jaffrey, M.: A Taste of India, Atheneum, p 148, 1988, ISBN 0-689-70726-6
^ Kwikwetlem First Nation: History & Culture Retrieved on 5 March 2009
^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 375, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
Helfman, D.; Collette, B.; Facey (1997). The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-86542-256-7. More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help)
Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DH and Bowen BW (2009) The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2494-2
Moyle, PB and Cech, JJ (2003) Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology. 5th Ed, Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-13-100847-2
Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Fish or Actinopterygii or
Marine aquarium fish
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Freshwater_aquarium_fish
Look up http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/fish in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
40x40px Wikispecies has information related to: http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii
ANGFA – Illustrated database of freshwater fishes of Australia and New Guinea
Fischinfos.de – Illustrated database of the freshwater fishes of Germany (German)
FishBase online – Comprehensive database with information on over 29,000 fish species
Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center – Data outlet for fisheries and aquaculture research center in the central US
Philippines Fishes – Database with thousands of Philippine Fishes photographed in natural habitat
The Native Fish Conservancy – Conservation and study of North American freshwater fishes
United Nation – Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Fish and seafood utilization
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Digital collection of freshwater and marine fish images
12px Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Fish". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Template:Diversity of fish
Template:Link GA
Retrieved from "https://allbirdsoftheworld.fandom.com/wiki/Fish?oldid=28618"
Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters
Articles with German language external links
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica that may need Attribution


Which home workouts and exercise classes are best?
Post kids (which are now toddlers!) I've been carrying around a little extra belly fat that's been really hard to shift. But of course, trying to find time to exercise while running around after the kids hasn't been easy, though I have managed to go for walks with the buggy and an errant toddler on a trike. I came across the Ezyfit exercises at home workouts site. It's just what I needed – a bit of a kick start and a push in the right direction to try and nail that post-pregnancy belly fat. There were actually some free programs available once I'd signed up.
I filled out the health questionnaire and within a couple of days got a personalized program of exercises I can do while the kids are in bed. I said I had a Swiss ball so they've included some exercises using that.
So good being able to do exercises at home as I'm really not a gym person and couldn't see how I could find time and juggle kids to do something during the day when they are constantly at my coat tails. The exercise videos were helpful in showing me how to do these new sit ups.
I checked my body mass index obviously needs a little sharpening! I'm aiming to try and fit in some of the exercise classes next week. Also there is actually a real person behind it – I even got some input from the "virtual personal trainer" and found it was a real human who seemed motivating. Worth a try.
© Copyright Christchurch Business Review 2019.


text:
Joseph C. Borelli
Annadale, Arden Heights, Bay Terrace, Charleston, Eltingville, Great Kills, Greenridge, Heartland Village, Huguenot, New Springville, Pleasant Plains, Prince's Bay, Richmond Valley, Rossville, Tottenville, Woodrow
BORELLI & PARENTS FILE EMERGENCY ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE FOR APRELIMINARY INJUNCTION TO OPEN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Joe Borelli | November 21, 2020
Council Member Joseph Borelli, along with Staten Island parents of public school students, announced that as a result of Mayor de Blasio's decision to close public schools, filed an emergency order to show cause for a preliminary injunction seeking the re-opening of public schools. This emergency order to show cause was filed in the Southern District of New York on Friday, November 20, 2020. This is in addition to the class action lawsuit filed on October 21, 2020 in Richmond County Supreme Court.
"Mayor de Blasio and Chancellor Carranza have continued to fail our children time and time again. Even though they had 6 months to prepare for this school year, they failed to do so and our children are forced to pay the price." said Council Member Joseph Borelli. "Remote learning has proven to be a failure and now they have taken the extra step of closing the schools completely. This is utterly irresponsible and unacceptable."
"Our children belong in school. Remote learning is a disservice to our children and places unmanageable burdens on their parents." said attorney Mark Fonte.
"The decision to close NYC schools again is outrageous. The NYS Constitution states that all children should be afforded a quality education!" said attorney Lou Gelormino. "It's quite obvious to anyone with school age children that online learning is in no way providing a quality education. We are requesting an immediate injunction from the courts to open the NYC school system."
"Governor Cuomo said just two days ago that 'the infection rates in the schools are very low and the infections are not coming from the schools.' The seven day infection rate average for NYC remains at 2.5% according to forward.ny.gov." said attorney James Mermigis. "According to the Governor, New York State has the fourth lowest infection rate in the country. Why are we closing our schools? This is just another example of the random and arbitrary decisions that are being made in Albany and City Hall. But now, we are hurting our children and this incompetence at the top is unacceptable."
The Plaintiffs are represented by attorneys Mark Fonte, Lou Gelormino, and James Mermigis. If you are a parent of a public school student and are interested in joining the lawsuit, please visit parenyc.com. You may also contact Council Member Borelli's counsel Michael Tannousis at 1-718-984-5151 or via email at mtannousis@council.nyc.gov.
Initiatives and Issues
2955 Veterans Road West, Suite 2
250 Broadway, 1551
borelli@council.nyc.gov
Subscribe to receive community event info and important updates via email.
COBA Rally for Safer Jails
https://youtu.be/mdvhky6gl1g


An Expansion module for Summer Storm.
The body hung limply from the roadside apple tree, as General Buford and his staff rode by. "Well, gentlemen," Buford noted grimly," I guess that's one more report that General Lee will have to do without!"
The Gettysburg Campaign remains a source of endless interest to both historian and wargamer, in part for the many ways in which small acts of fate worked to shape the course of larger events. THE DEVIL'S TO PAY explores a little known, but quite plausible, alternate chain of events turning on one such small incident.
Longstreet's scout Harrison ends up swinging from an apple tree, festooned with one of John Buford's famous 'let him hang for 7 days' notes. Bereft of the knowledge that the AoP is NORTH of the Potomac and hot in pursuit, General Lee simply continues as before for a few days longer, with his 3 Corps following the orders that he had already historically given them. Ewell attacks the Harrisburg defenses, which fall after a day or so. The bridges are burned, but with the shallow water and fords, the city itself is taken a couple of days later (helped by Jenkins' taking of the Rockville RR bridge to the north). However, the Pa Reserves (Crawford's Division) have been rushed north from the Washington defenses, and with their help Couch has drawn a defensive line along the Swatara Creek, a few miles to the east of Harrisburg. Early moves north from York along the Harrisburg Pike, which follows the river from York Haven. Hill, and then Longstreet follow Ewell down the Cumberland Valley (to the NE) towards the Pennsylvania capitol. By July 2nd, the Confederate Army is badly strung out; Ewell has two of his Divisions (Rodes & Johnson) across the Susquehanna, with the third (Early) holding the West Shore. Hill is a couple of miles west in Mechanicsburg/Shiremanstown with Anderson's Division, while Heth and Pender's Divisions are ranged to the south holding the wide 'gap' at Dillsburg. Longstreet has two Divisions in Carlisle (Hood's & McLaw's), while Pickett is still a few miles to the west guarding the ever-lengthening supply line running south to Virginia. Jenkins' coup de main has resulted in the immense Union supply base at Harrisburg being captured almost intact, and every wagon that makes it west over the shallow ford means another day of supplies for the ANVA in the fall and winter to come.
With the Confederates now further to the north, the AoP continues to move forward on the Gettysburg/Hanover/Manchester line it had reached by June 30th. By the evening of July 2nd, Buford's Cavalry is skirmishing with Heth's troops in the Franklintown area. Reynolds has passed Petersburg (York Springs) and is moving forward with the I & XI Corps, with Sickles' III Corps and Merritt's Reserve cavalry Brigade in position to threaten the Mt. Holly Gap a few miles to the west, on the direct route between Gettysburg and Carlisle. Spurred on by the fall of Harrisburg, the rest of the Army of the Potomac is steadily marching north as well, it's concentration greatly aided by the convergence of all the main roads north at Dillsburg. The Union intelligence arm has been working overtime, and General Meade has been handed an opportunity bigger than that which faced McClellan at Frederick nearly a year before. The Confederate Army is stretched over 20 miles, from west of Carlisle to east of the Susquehanna; if he can get the Army of the Potomac through the gap at Dillsburg in force before Lee can concentrate, he will split the ANVA in two with a good chance of cutting the bulk of it off, 100 miles north of the Potomac.
Stuart has continued to bounce off of the right flank of the marching Union Army, and has finally followed Early over York Mountain and back into contact. Lee now knows the true danger of his position, and hurriedly orders Ewell to get his troops back across the river while the rest of the Army rushes to reinforce the troops holding the vital gap. Apprised of the situation, Couch endeavors to maintain contact, using Crawford's veteran troops to slow Ewell's withdrawal as much as possible.
Essentially, this scenario is very similar to the Battle of South Mountain in '62, except that the 'gap' is far wider and less defensible and the stakes, if anything, are even higher! A desperate defense/attack, coupled with wildly variable reinforcements should make for a game with quite a bit of replay value! The Union player must mount a furious attack with his arriving troops, regardless of casualties, knowing that he has a chance to strike a war-winning blow. The Confederate player must form a desperate, collapsing defense on several fronts, while trying to extricate both Ewell's troops and as many supplies as possible from his foothold on the east shore of the Susquehanna.
Full color 22 x 34 tactical map covering the critical gap at Dillsburg, Pennsylvania.
Identical 8 1/2 x 11 Op/Maps covering the battle area, as well as the operational area surrounding it.
16 Pages booklet detailing the scenario set-up and conditions, as well as a 'historical' article giving the background leading up to the battle.


text:
define([
	'dojo/node!istanbul/lib/collector',
	'dojo/node!istanbul/lib/report/lcovonly'
], function (Collector, Reporter) {
	function LcovReporter(config) {
		config = config || {};

		this._collector = new Collector();
		this._reporter = new Reporter({
			file: config.filename,
			watermarks: config.watermarks
		});
	}

	LcovReporter.prototype.coverage = function (sessionId, coverage) {
		this._collector.add(coverage);
	};

	LcovReporter.prototype.runEnd = function () {
		this._reporter.writeReport(this._collector, true);
	};

	return LcovReporter;
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Rachel Brougham - Don't fear Ebola, fear paranoia
(231) 439-9348 - rbrougham@petoskeynews.com
Editor's note: According to the Associated Press, Craig Spencer, a New York City doctor and member of Doctors Without Borders, was diagnosed with Ebola on Thursday. He recently returned to the U.S. from a mission in Guinea where he worked directly with Ebola patients. At least three people he had contact with in recent days have been placed in isolation. This column was published prior to the announcement of Spencer's diagnosis.
A coworker told me a joke the other day.
"Want to hear a joke about Ebola," he asked.
"You won't get it," he said.
We were talking about the spread of the virus. Not so much the spread as in how it has killed thousands in parts of Africa, but how paranoia and overreaction of the disease has spread here in the United States. If you've listened to some media outlets or read some headlines over the last couple weeks, you'd think there was an out-of-control outbreak of Ebola in this country.
The reality is, to date, there have been eight confirmed cases of the Ebola in the United States. Each one, the patient was either infected in West Africa and traveled to the U.S., or had contact with Thomas Duncan, the African national who is the only fatality of the disease thus far in this country. So unless you recently returned from an infected African nation or had direct contact with Duncan, you're chances of getting the virus are minuscule.
However, since the 24-hour news cycle needs something to talk about and get you all riled up, they keep talking about it — using fear to sell stories. And the misinformation is just scaring Americans.
According to a poll from the Kaiser Family Foundation, 45 percent of Americans are concerned that they or a family member will contract Ebola. The poll also found that a majority — 63 percent — are worried that the U.S. will see a large number of Ebola cases in the next year.
Still don't think people are overreacting? Consider these Ebola related stories that recently made headlines.
— Rick Wiles, a Christian radio broadcaster, said on his program that Ebola "could solve America's problems with atheism, homosexuality, sexual promiscuity, pornography and abortion." "(It) may be the great attitude adjustment that I believe is coming," he said.
— A Dallas lab worker isolated herself in her cabin during a cruise because she may have possibly handled Duncan's clinical specimen. She doesn't have Ebola.
— In response to the lab worker on the cruise, public schools in Moore, Okla., asked students and faculty who just happened to be on the same cruise not to come to school.
— Navarro College which is about 60 miles from Dallas, sent out rejection letters to some applicants from Nigeria because the country had a few Ebola cases. "With sincere regret, I must report that Navarro College is not able to offer you acceptance for the Spring 2015 term," the letter read. "Unfortunately, Navarro College is not accepting international students from countries with confirmed Ebola cases." The World Health Organization declared Nigeria Ebola-free this week.
— A woman who got off a shuttle bus in the Pentagon parking lot earlier this month vomited. A hazmat team responded, the area was cordoned off, military officials going to a Marine Corps ceremony were temporarily quarantined and the woman was put into isolation. Guess what? She didn't have Ebola.
— In Maine, a teacher was put on 21 days' leave which is the incubation period for Ebola. Why? She went to Dallas for an education conference and stayed at a hotel 10 miles from the hospital where Duncan died of the disease.
— A principal in Mississippi went to Africa for his brother's funeral. Upon his return, he was put on paid vacation because parents freaked out once they learned about the trip and pulled their kids out of school. The principal went to Zambia, a country with zero reported Ebola cases.
The Ebola virus doesn't live long outside the body. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ultraviolet rays from the sun can kill it, as does heat, bleach and plain soap and water. It is carried in warm body fluids such as vomit, blood and feces and it has to get into the body to infect you. It does not soak through the skin — it must get in through the nose, mouth, eyes or through a cut or by a needle.
So while you can rightfully critique our country's response to Ebola, your chance of getting it is still quite slim.
If you still need something to worry about, worry about the flu. From 1976 through 2007, flu-related causes killed between 3,000 and 49,000 people in the U.S. Lost among the Ebola headlines last week — Michigan already confirmed its first influenza cases of the season.
Assistant editor Rachel Brougham writes about a number of topics in this column which runs each Friday. Email her at rbrougham@petoskeynews.com. Follow her on Twitter: @RachelBrougham.


Authorities in the central city of Da Nang are inspecting recent transactions of prime waterfront real estate on suspicion that Chinese investors have been accumulating land with the help of Vietnamese nationals.
Huynh Duc Tho, chairman of Da Nang People's Committee, confirmed the inspection is being carried out, after one of his subordinates raised the issue at a meeting on Thursday.
Nguyen Dieu, director of the city's environment department, on Thursday said he has alerted investment officials to "suspicious" cases and asked them to trace the money spent on those recent purchases of beachfront property.
He did not say how many dubious purchases have been made, but said that it is a security concern when foreign investors take over many property projects, including homes and hotels, in coastal districts.
It is not clear at this point what the exact problems are with these transactions, but there have been allegations that Chinese investors asked Vietnamese nationals to help them buy real estate, under the Vietnamese' names, to avoid attention.
Phan Huu Thang, vice chairman of Vietnam Association of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, said Vietnam's investment law is now more open to foreign investors, and there is no good reason why Chinese investors should choose to hide their identity.
He urged Da Nang's authorities to tighten their control over coastal real estate transactions, especially when foreigners are involved.
He warned that it will be "extremely dangerous if Vietnam loses its coastal land."
Economist Le Dang Doanh said licensed property projects that may affect national security should be cancelled.
Those foreign investors who dubiously covered up their identities in transactions must be punished, Doanh added.


The beauty and reflectivity of a Mechanical Polished Concrete floor, combined with unparalleled durability, have made it one of the leading flooring selection for the retail and the commercial facilities across Australia and different parts of the world.
PCS Mechanical Polished Concrete is the perfect option for the industrial building where extreme floor strength is required. As the concrete is chemically hardened and mechanically polished, the floor is free of coating although sealed with a high grade penetrating sealer.
The Husqvarna HiPERFLOOR polished concrete system, is currently recognised world wide as one of the most advanced system. It requires a certified contractor, specific machinery, chemicals, diamond tools and process. Because of its uncompromised quality control , it offers unmatched consistency. At completion of any project, if prior requested, a specialized Husqvarna employee will, if all requisites are satisfied, hand over to the customer a specific written certification. Polished Concrete Specialist are Perth's first HiPERFLOOR Husqvarna certified applicators. Polished Concrete Perth Specialists lengthy experience in the Mechanical Polished Concrete system, combined with Husqvarna's finest products and process, will give you the best and most consistent result.
Originally from the terrazzo industry, Andrew Negovetic founded Polished Concrete Specialists (PCS) Perth in 1997, when polished concrete was still a new concept to the world market. PCS have since serviced the Perth metropolitan and regional markets catering to the residential, commercial and industrial sectors.
We are passionate about continually seeking new techniques and equipment to improve the process and finished product. The team have attended seminars locally, interstate and overseas. Constantly researching and testing new ways to achieve the best results, ensuring your floor performs to the highest standard.
After 16 years in the industry, Polished Concrete Perth are proud to unveil a new logo. We thank you for your ongoing support.


MINNEAPOLIS - Those in Minnesota who say they don't believe in Santa may want to check in with the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD is responsible for keeping the airspace safe in North America, and every Christmas Eve, its radar spots Santa racing around the world and dropping off tons of gifts.
So how does he get all that work done in just one night? Lt. Stacey Knott, who works with NORAD, says it's a matter of physics.
"And we've asked him about that. And Santa kind of is in a different kind of time plane, and so the time is a little different for him. And that's how he is able to get all around the world in just that little bit of time."
Lt. Knott says Santa usually begins his rounds in the Eastern hemisphere, and when he arrives in North America, NORAD's fighter jets intercept him to wish him a safe journey.
Lt. Knott says preparations are already in place for the 'intercept' over North America.
"We are going up and meeting him with our fighter aircraft to make sure that he travels safely across our country, and then kind of tipping the wings to him, to say 'hello' from our jets."
For Minnesota children who track Santa on the Web, or by phone, on Christmas Eve, Lt. Knott has some advice.
"You've got to get to bed and got to get to sleep before Santa arrives in your neighborhood, or else he won't stop at your house right away. He'll try to come back later when you are asleep, but he won't come right then."
Lt. Knott says she's seen the sleigh on radar...but has she seen Santa in person?
"I haven't. I haven't. I'm always making sure I'm in bed and asleep so I'll get my presents. So I haven't seen him, but I thought one time I heard some jingling, and maybe some little reindeer hooves on the roof."
She says every year on Christmas Eve, more than 1200 uniformed personnel and civilians volunteer their time to answer thousands of phone calls and e-mails that pour in from around the world.
Based on information gathered during more than 50 years of tracking him, NORAD officials say they believe Santa is alive in the hearts and minds of people in Minnesota and throughout the world.
To track Santa yourself, go to noradsanta.org, or call 1-877-HI NORAD.


Pamper your pup with a soft and warm Dog Harness Hoodie from GOOBY!
The Fleece Vest Hoodie Dog Harness by Gooby in Black is soft and warm, making your pup cozy and comfortable while providing a secure harness. This sleeveless dog hoodie also includes an O-ring for leash attachment. Not ideal for heavy pullers on leash. It's a great option for chilly days when you don't want to fuss with getting a leash on under or over clothes, just attach and go, and stay warm!


text:
Published: May 10, 2019 Words: Victoria Dele	Post navigation
Kim Kardashian and Kanye West's Surrogate Goes Into Labor
Disney's Aladdin remake shares new clip of A Whole New World scene
When is Father's Day in 2019? Here's why some countries celebrate dads on a different date to the UK
By Natalie Keegan, The Sun
FATHER'S DAY is one of those dates in the year you really don't want to forget – but it can prove annoyingly hard to keep track of, because the date changes every year.
It's almost time to celebrate our mums in 2019 with Mothering Sunday just weeks away – but when is the special day for dads falling in 2019? Let's take a look…
When is Father's Day and why do we celebrate it?
Each year in the UK Father's Day takes place on the third Sunday of June – which falls on June 16 in 2019.
According to one tale, Father's Day first began because of a woman named Grace Golden Clayton from Fairmount, West Virginia. An orphan, Grace lobbied her local Methodist ministers for a church service to honour fathers in 1908.
The story goes that she was inspired to do this after a mining disaster killed 362 local men. Their deaths orphaned more than 1,000 children and Grace wanted to pay tribute to the children's dead fathers – as well as her own.
Another story involves the daughter of a civil war veteran, Sonora Smart Dodd, from Arkansas.
While listening to a sermon for Mother's Day, Sonora became convinced of the need to celebrate dads too.
She then campaigned to her religious leaders for a special service dedicated to fathers.
In 1966, President Johnson designated that the third Sunday in June should be Father's Day.
Six years later, Father's Day was made a permanent national holiday in the US when, in 1972, President Richard Nixon signed it into law.
Photo by Naassom Azevedo on Unsplash
Why is the date of Father's Day different in other countries?
While countries including the UK, Ireland, US, France, Cyprus, South Africa, Netherlands, Greece, Japan, Canada and Saudi Arabia celebrate Father's Day every June, others have the day on a completely different date.
Instead, Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand celebrate their dads in September.
Many people believe that the celebration date is different in the southern hemisphere because June is their autumn, rather than their spring, and the day can be marketed better in the spring season.
And in Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal and Croatia it's in March.
For Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia and Iceland, Father's Day celebrations are held on the second Sunday of November – and in Bulgaria it's on the same day as Boxing Day, December 26.
The dates usually correspond to each country's culture and traditions.
While there may be many different dates dedicated to dads across the globe, one thing is for certain, they all celebrate the same thing – fantastic fathers.


text:
Lozenets (bulgariska: Лозенец) är ett distrikt i Bulgarien.   Det ligger i kommunen Obsjtina Tsarevo och regionen Burgas, i den östra delen av landet,  km öster om huvudstaden Sofia.

I omgivningarna runt Lozenets  Runt Lozenets är det glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer.  Klimatet i området är tempererat. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är augusti, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är februari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är oktober, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är augusti, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Indelningar i Burgas (region)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hello and Happy Mondayish, O Peeps of Teh 'Noise.
Some of us will be half on and half off this week, I know, on account of the United States of Kerblooey holidaze and opportunistic take-offingness. But hey - stop by when you have a minute and by all means share a little bit of your world in the gallery.


text:
Q: I installed SpaCy with Anaconda but how do I add the models I use Spyder with Anaconda. SpaCy is a standard module and installs just fine. But there is no standard way to add the models.
Simply putting them in the spacy/data directory as is suggested on some sites does not work.
It results in the following error:

FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/Users/username/anaconda/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/spacy/data/en_core_web_sm/en_core_web_sm-2.1.0a0/parser/tok2vec_model'

A: What worked for me was the now considered "standard way":

Step 1 : Install spacy Run the below command in Anaconda Prompt (Run
as administrator)
conda install -c conda-forge spacy
Step 2 : Install language model
python -m spacy download en # default English model (~50MB)
python -m spacy download en_core_web_md # larger English model (~1GB)

In my case just the default small one (50mb) was fine.
Source:
copy-paste from here


A native of Joliet, Illinois, John Ferak returned to his roots in 2017 to become the editor/reporter for the Joliet Patch. He previously spent five years with the Wisconsin Investigative Team for USA TODAY NETWORK and nine years in Nebraska at the Omaha World-Herald newspaper.
He is an authority on wrongful arrest and conviction cases. His 2016 book for WildBlue Press, FAILURE OF JUSTICE, chronicled the nation's largest wrongful conviction case. His first book, BLOODY LIES, told the story about a CSI director who went to prison for planting blood in high-profile Nebraska murder cases.
Ferak's fifth true-crime book, WRECKING CREW: Demolishing The Case Against Steven Avery, was published through Colorado-based WildBlue Press on November 20, 2018.


source code and creat flow charts of function calls?
>source code and creat flow charts of function calls?
for DOS and limited to 8 char indentifiers, and I have no source code :(.
are supposed to license it for $15.
1. Flow Chart Programs and Source Code scanners.
5. Anyone know about Flow chart Control?
6. experiences with flow-chart generators??
8. Help, Flow Chart Generator?
9. WWW Descriptions of Flow Charts, etc.


As the largest city on the west coast of the Big Island, Kailua-Kona is a lively town with a rich history, breath-taking scenery and bountiful island spirit. Known as "Kona" to the locals, the community once served as the capital of the kingdom of Hawaii and the home of King Kamehameha I. Today, the area's historic locations and rich cultural opportunities make Kailua-Kona an integral part of the islands. Residents enjoy oceanfront or ocean-view homes, a variety of shopping options, a tightly knit community and almost 300 days of sun each year. Situated amid farms growing the renowned Kona coffee beans, the town also offers easy access to some of the world's best java. With plenty of space for you to create your own oasis in a stunning setting, Kailua-Kona is a wonderful place to make a new home and enjoy the spirit of the islands. Learn more about the homes for sale in the Kailua-Kona area.
If you're looking for real estate in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, look no further than Century 21 All Islands. Contact a realtor today to learn more about homes for sale in Kailua-Kona.