text:
A review of Alindarka's Children from the New York Review of Books which discusses the power of language and literature against the backdrop of political unrest in Belarus.
Jaroslaw Anders, New York Review of Books, issue for 10 June 2021
In the months following its disputed presidential election last August, Belarus—often referred to as 'the last dictatorship in Europe'—was the scene of enormous protests. The election predictably confirmed the continuation of authoritarian rule by the country's first and only president, Alexander Lukashenka, who has remained in power since 1994. Many of the protests were organized and carried out predominantly by women, including the now exiled pro-democracy leader Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, who had run against Lukashenka after her husband, Sergei Tikhanovsky, was barred from doing so and imprisoned. Despite the rigorously nonviolent character of the demonstrations, they were met with police brutality. Thousands of people have been arrested and there were hundreds of reports of torture and other forms of mistreatment.
The events in Belarus stunned international observers. Under Lukashenka the country has had the reputation of being a passive, compliant society, with civic activism and democratic aspirations limited to a small group of 'professional' dissidents. But there has long been a surprising amount of social energy despite the country's seemingly monolithic authoritarianism. When I visited in 2015, I was immediately reminded of the twofold reality of my youth in Communist Poland in the 1970s. On the surface were carefully preserved Communist symbols, the sense of constant surveillance, crude propaganda, and dreary state media. Down below, scores of people were involved in independent art and literary scenes, passionate political discussions, and civic activities conducted defiantly without the required government permission: a whole alternative society quietly self-organizing.
As was the case in Central and Eastern European countries during the revolutions of the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Belarusian literary community is today in the forefront of the pro-democratic movement. Practically every writer of note has registered support for the opposition, including the Nobel laureate Svetlana Alexievich—the chairperson of the Belarusian PEN Center and a member of the opposition Coordination Council—who, like many other prominent leaders, has had to leave the country. This is hardly unusual in a part of the world where, at least since the Romantic era, literature has played an important part in public debates, and writers have often doubled as moral authorities and political guides of their nations.
As in other small countries in the region, the Belarusian national idea—the concept of a distinct Belarusian history, culture, and language—began in explorations of local folklore, myths, and dialects by mid-nineteenth-century poets and ethnographers. In the 1980s, just before Belarusian independence from the Soviet Union, several prominent writers were among the founders of the first democratic political party, the Popular Front, whose candidate, Zianon Pazniak, ran unsuccessfully against Lukashenka in 1994. (The election was generally considered fair and free, the first and last such election in independent Belarus. Shortly afterward Lukashenka started to consolidate power and dismantle democratic institutions.)
Under the Lukashenka regime, despite mostly unfavorable political and economic circumstances, independent Belarusian literature continues to flourish. Much of it is written in the Belarusian language, which may sound like a tautology, except that the language has a minority status in the country. Closely related to Russian and Ukrainian but also showing considerable similarities to Polish, it was declared the sole national language of Belarus in the 1994 Constitution. In 1995 Lukashenka, who often denigrates it as a 'poor language' inferior to Russian, called a referendum that restored Russian to equal status with Belarusian while making it de facto dominant in official communications. As a result, over the past few decades speaking and writing in Belarusian have become forms of protest against the Lukashenka regime.
For most Belarusian writers Belarusian is not their first language, as many of them grew up in Russian-speaking families. Modern literary Belarusian is relatively young—its grammar was codified only in the early twentieth century—and it is still evolving, developing new registers, expanding into new spheres of social reality. Some Belarusian writers say that it is exactly its freshness and malleability that gives them the sort of artistic freedom they do not find in Russian.
Unfortunately, very little is known about this rich Belarusian literary life in the West, especially in the English-speaking world. In the United States Belarusian writing is rarely translated and hardly studied in our Slavic departments. Vasil Bykau's war novels, written in Belarusian, have been available in English since the 1960s (some in bowdlerized Soviet editions). In recent years, there were several translations of books by Svetlana Alexievich, who writes in Russian. American readers might also have chanced upon work by the popular fiction writer, commentator, and scholar Victor Martinovich, whose political thriller Paranoia was translated from Russian in 2013; or by the excellent bilingual (in Belarusian and English, neither of them her first language) poet Valzhyna Mort, whose most recent book of poems, Music for the Dead and Resurrected, was written in English and came out last fall.
The rest is mainly a scatter of translations of individual poems or fragments of prose in small poetry magazines and online publications.
The newest addition to this literature in English is Alindarka's Children, a dark fantasy by one of Belarus's most original contemporary writers, Alhierd Bacharevič. It opens with a scene that is simultaneously idyllic and menacing. Two children, a sister and brother, are frolicking in the woods and gorging themselves on bilberries. But a voice in the brother's head, or coming from 'the smooth swaying of pine trees,' or maybe from something in those tasty berries, warns him of danger. The girl's name is Losya and the boy's is Lochchik, which sounds almost like 'aviator' in Belarusian. They have just been rescued by their father and his lover, Katsya, from a prison-like institution called the Camp, in which the obsessive Doctor tries to cure children of what he considers a speech defect called Mova that prevents them from properly pronouncing the sounds of the official language, Yazyk. Since yazyk and mova mean 'language' in Russian and Belarusian, respectively, we can guess that Yazyk stands for Russian and Mova for Belarusian, and the task of the Camp is to brainwash young Belarusians into forgetting their native tongue and their national identity.
Surprisingly, the children are less than thrilled about being liberated. They miss the tablets they were given in the Camp, which enhanced their memory and intellectual abilities. They never liked their visits to the Doctor's examination room, but miss the institution's good food. And unless you were as oblivious as their campmate Tolik, you could avoid the sadistic 'troop leaders' and their elaborate punishments.
Losya and Lochchik's reluctance to embrace their regained freedom may also have something to do with the fact that the father had been conducting a linguistic-pedagogical experiment of his own. Religiously devoted to Mova, he seems to be trying to raise Losya as the first true native speaker. Since her infancy, he had forbidden her to utter a word in Yazyk, and everyone at school thought she was mute. For the father's nosy neighbors and for a young, attractive school psychologist, this amounted to mistreatment. The psychologist had seen Losya's scribblings in Mova and was sure the girl feared and despised her father.
Lochchik was not part of the father's experiment, because Lochchik does not really exist—at least not in the way that Losya does. When authorities, summoned by the psychologist, arrived at the father's apartment to "save" Losya, the boy was found on the balcony, having emerged just then like a golem from a lump of clay bestowed on the father by a Jewish peddler. When both children were being shipped to the Camp, Losya seemed to accept his presence as perfectly natural, although doubts about his origins troubled her occasionally.
Unwilling to accompany her father to a hideout in the countryside once he has reclaimed her from the Camp, Losya steals his old German road atlas and decides to go to 'Bremen,' one of the places where, her father used to tell her, life is as it should be. Eluding the Doctor's zombie-like messengers and their father's chaotic, half-hearted attempts to find them and bring them home, the children try to escape from the woods and get 'on the map,' where the real world presumably begins.
The children's predicament brings us to the core of what can be called the Belarusian dilemma. The country, in a constant drift between cultures, languages, and identities, suffers from a case of invisibility. Its peculiar history makes it particularly hard for outsiders—and a good many Belarusians—to decipher. Its territory, initially home to a constellation of East Slavic tribes, had by the thirteenth century been absorbed into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which in 1385 united with the Roman Catholic Kingdom of Poland. After the dual Polish–Lithuanian state was partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, the former Grand Duchy fell to Moscow. Between the two world wars part of the Belarusian lands fell under Polish control, with the rest eventually becoming the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. After both parts were 'liberated' from the Germans during World War II, the formerly Polish-controlled lands were incorporated into Soviet Belarus; the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 led to the creation of the Republic of Belarus.
It can be argued that because of those historical and political vicissitudes (which seem far from finished), Belarus is still a work in progress, still in search of itself and its place among European nations. Even writers who seem to steer away from national or political subjects must tackle this problem in one way or another.
Bacharevič was born in 1975 in Minsk and grew up in the Shabany district, a typical Soviet development of identical apartment blocks in a decrepit part of the city. Bacharevič's family was Russian-speaking, and his given name is Aleg. He later took his nom de plume from Algirdas, one of the warrior rulers of medieval Lithuania.
He attended a local high school that, like practically all Belarusian schools at the time and most today, was entirely Russophone (Belarusian was taught as a foreign language). Switching his primary language to Belarusian was Bacharevič's first act of rebellion. For the young people of his generation the language was less an expression of nationalistic feelings and more an expression of group identity. It was definitely not the language of their parents, teachers, official media, or government.
After graduating from high school in 1992, Bacharevič joined the philological department of the Belarusian Pedagogical University. While studying to become a schoolteacher (which he had no intention of becoming), he watched the sudden if short-lived eruption of political, intellectual, and artistic energy in the early 1990s. 'Walls were covered with political leaflets and slogans,' he writes in his 2018 autobiography, My Nineties. 'Next to class schedules hang posters of various political parties…. And nobody tore them down. Freedom!' In step with the spirit of the times, the future author started his career as a punk-rock musician. He was also a cofounder of a performance-poetry group known as Bum-Bam-Lit that combined serious poetry with wild pranks and aesthetic épatage.
As Bacharevič remembers in My Nineties, his generation, growing up in the fascinating, chaotic, and soon disheartening first decade of independence, was a typical 'in-between' generation: 'Between Russian-speaking friends and the Belarusian language. Between the desire to run away and the need to do something right here. Between "no future for you" and "Belarus in Europe!"' They were looking toward the West, especially Berlin, soon to become a mecca for Belarusian bohemians, but their rebellion was also a response to the general post-Soviet sense of disorientation. They read, or at least read about, Derrida, Lacan, and Foucault and lived in their very own postmodern moment with a distinctly Belarusian flavor. Indeed, with its mixture of Soviet and Western cultural artifacts, and conflicting historical narratives, Belarus in the 1990s must have appeared like 'God's postmodern project,' to quote Valancin Akudovič, a Belarusian philosopher who influenced the generation of the 1970s.
Now in his mid-forties, Bacharevič is the author of eighteen books (eight of them translated into other languages), which include fiction, memoirs, and essays. His loud, anarchistic years behind him, he is known as a maverick of Belarusian letters, scoffing at literary hierarchies, factions, awards, and every kind of groupthink.
Bacharevič's books challenge historical myths, ideologies, and national pieties. As he states in My Nineties, he rejects any concept of Belarusian identity that does not include 'the wonderful and tragic diversity of my unique and unhappy fatherland.' In 2017 he published a monumental nine-hundred-page novel (composed of six tangentially connected novellas), The Dogs of Europe, which takes place in the near future—when the Russian 'Reich' stretches over much of Asia, Belarusians seem to live in a state of feudal servitude (though with obligatory cell phones), a mad Belarusian nationalist rules over an island (in fact, a toxic dump) somewhere in the Mediterranean, in 'liberal' Europe writing poetry is considered an amusing mental condition, and the darker demons of the European past are again tugging at their chains.
Alindarka's Children was published in Belarus in 2014. Alindarka is not a character in Bacharevič's novel but the protagonist of a nineteenth-century poem, 'Things Will Be Bad' by Frańcišak Bahuševič, considered the father of Belarusian literature. In the poem—which Bacharevič weaves through his book—Alindarka is a poor, illiterate Belarusian peasant whose non-name (alindarka is a corruption of z kalindarka, 'from the calendar') and unclear legal status (he is an 'undocumented' orphan) are the cause of endless troubles and eventually land him in a Russian jail. The characters in Bacharevič's novel, it seems, and perhaps all Belarusians, are his symbolic descendants.
Bacharevič's murky if occasionally hilarious novel takes place on several levels of unreality. The story of the children's peregrinations through the woods is told as a mock-macabre Hansel and Gretel fairy tale. Some of their adventures resemble bizarre reenactments of familiar Belarusian literary tropes and national myths—a forced peasant wedding, a belief in the mystical powers of the Belarusian landscape, the endless remembrance of the nation's wartime ordeals. The Doctor's Camp is an Orwellian utopia, in which people are enslaved presumably to help them attain a higher form of freedom. The novel's world outside the woods, in which the children's father spends most of his time, and which the Doctor visits to lobby for resources and political support, is often grotesque but much more rooted in present-day Belarusian reality. Nearly all that happens there—the abuse by the authorities, the suspiciousness and hostility permeating human relations, the gratuitous malice toward everybody who stands out, the sadness and ugliness of the surroundings—can be found in today's Belarus. Those different domains occasionally blend together, or characters float from one to another.
All of the main characters display a peculiar duality. The Doctor, the mad scientist of the story, is a despicable person, yet he treats his wards, especially Losya and Lochchik, with genuine tenderness. He seems honestly to believe that by promoting Yazyk—the language of power and order, but also, as he reminds himself, of 'great books of a great literature'—he is lifting people to a higher level of humanity. The father, the brave defender of Mova and the Belarusian identity, is clearly an idealist and a victim of the system. But we see his selfless passion decay into a madness that engulfs not only him but also the women who become his allies—his wife (Losya's mother) and Katsya, who succumb to their own bizarre fixations.
The Doctor and the father never meet, but they seem almost mirror images of each other. Their fight over the children may symbolize the fight of the two political concepts battling for the souls of today's Belarusians: one looking up to Russia with its power and allegedly superior culture, and the other worshiping the idealized but ill-defined Belarusian national essence. Both men reject Belarusian complexity, and their clashing beliefs leave very little room for real life. The Doctor feels safe only at his Camp in the middle of the woods. The father, a graduate of a philology department, drives a cab, drinks, and hides from the world.
The deepest enigma concerns the two children wandering through the woods, falling into traps, living through true or imagined nightmares. When alone, they talk to each other in Mova, but they also show a measure of respect for Yazyk. They are naive and innocent, but sometimes speak with the wisdom of sages and the cynicism of grown-ups. They see runic symbols in traffic signs and believe their berry-stained T-shirts contain hieroglyphs that need to be decoded.
Lochchik seems to possess magical powers and acts as his sister's servant and protector, but he has no past and no personality of his own. Losya, the unquestionable leader of the duo, bears little resemblance to the frightened, submissive daughter who cowered in her father's apartment. The two suspect they may not be entirely real, but rather apparitions in dire need of incorporation. 'Where are we?' asks Losya. 'And even more important, who are we?' Perhaps they are the spirits of true freedom, of the wondrous irrationality and unpredictability of life that has been forgotten, or abandoned, by adults pledged to their competing orthodoxies.
The reader has the impression of peeking into the Belarusian subconscious, full of mirages of the past, vague visions of a yet unfulfilled future, and an oppressive sense of living, in the father's words, 'east of culture and north of history.' At the end, the father's world collapses and he perishes, abandoned by his faith and his dreams. The Doctor continues to 'treat' his patients, apparently with little success. Lochchik, having saved his sister one last time, returns to the inanimate state from which he had emerged. And Losya, on the brink of surrender, reaches her Bremen. Is it a happy ending, of sorts? In the last scene we see her still rebellious and defiant, sticking out her tongue at the artificial civility of her new home. There's no rainbow at the end of the dark road. But at least there's a chance to be a naughty girl.
The translators of Alindarka's Children, Jim Dingley and Petra Reid, faced a formidable challenge. Most of the novel is written in literary Belarusian, but there are frequent passages in Russian, in nonstandard forms of both languages, and in a Russian-Belarusian mix known as trasianka (chaff). Dingley and Reid made a bold decision to render the book in two separate, if related, languages: standard English and Scots. Reid, the Scots translator, says in a preface that she does not speak Scots, and her rendition of it is "both variable and fabricated," deriving from a variety of linguistic and literary sources. She hints at parallels between the parts played by the Belarusian and Scots languages in their respective national movements.
In Alindarka's Children, Belarusian dialogues, internal monologues, reminiscences, and fragments of the father's journal are all in Scots, while the voice of the novel's narrator (originally in Belarusian) and the Russian passages are in English. This approach adds a layer of difficulty that does not exist in the original. Bacharevič wrote the novel for Belarusian readers, who, being almost without exception bilingual, can read the Russian sections with ease. For the average English reader, getting through rather extensive and important dialogue and narrative passages in Scots is not impossible, but it will require some effort and perhaps the use of the online resource Dictionaries of the Scots Language. The translators provide helpful footnotes and a glossary of more difficult Scots words.
Dingley and Reid realize, of course, that no Belarusian character could say something like 'Whaur's yon bestie? Yon pudgie wan!' Therefore, Losya becomes Alicia, and Lochchik becomes Avi (short for 'aviator,' but the Jewish name must be the translators' hint at the boy's origin). The father is renamed Faither. Instead of Yazyk and Mova, we get the Lingo and the Leid. But some of the characters keep their Slavic names, and the settings and situations are unmistakably Eastern European. So where are we, exactly? In Belarus, in Scotland, or in both at once?
Dingley and Reid embrace those inconsistencies. After all, Bacharevič's novel is a fable. His characters fight with ghouls and can drive cars by willpower alone. Why not make it even stranger and throw some Scottish oddness into the mix? They even underscore the 'Scots dimension' by inserting into Bacharevič's text numerous fragments of Scottish poetry. Those additions give the book the feel of a melancholy Scottish ballad, which is not exactly the mood of Bacharevič's work. What we get is a book that is both a translation and a collage—an independent, multilingual literary work.
It is an ingenious response to the novel's polyphony and a tribute to the Scottish language that echoes the tribute Bacharevič pays to the Belarusian tongue. It remains to be seen how well it serves the more pragmatic purpose of introducing Bacharevič to the general English-reading public. Virginie Symaniec, the editor and publisher of the French translation, said in an interview that, faced with the same problem, she decided against using Breton, Basque, or Occitan as a substitute for Belarusian. She worked with the translator Alena Lapatniova to diversify the French to preserve the polyphonic effect, but to keep it fully comprehensible for a Francophone reader without the knowledge of regional languages.
Let us hope that the Dingley-Reid translation will attract not only fans of the Scottish Leid or readers interested in linguistic peripheries. Though a fantasy, Alindarka's Children presents a relevant insight into today's Belarus and captures the depths of frustration, grief, and resolve that have been building up for decades under the deceptively placid surface of Belarusian life.
The latest protesters' battle cry, Ukhodzi! (Go away!), is obviously aimed at the man at the top. But it also resounds with impatience about the sheer anachronism of their lives, the narrowness of their choices, the rigidity of the ideological roles available to them (conformist, dissident, internal or external émigré), their own fears, former passivity, and many compromises and self-denials—the whole distorted, claustrophobic world that Bacharevič evokes in his novel. Losya-Alicia makes one think of the thousands of intrepid Belarusians who are struggling today to break out of the political nightmare—to leave the troubled woods and get on the map.
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text:
#include <af/array.h>
#include <af/defines.h>
#include <af/arith.h>
#include <af/data.h>
#include <common/ArrayInfo.hpp>
#include <optypes.hpp>
#include <implicit.hpp>
#include <common/err_common.hpp>
#include <handle.hpp>
#include <backend.hpp>
#include <sparse_handle.hpp>
#include <sparse.hpp>

#include <arith.hpp>
#include <logic.hpp>
#include <sparse_arith.hpp>

using namespace detail;
using af::dim4;

template<typename T, af_op_t op>
static inline af_array arithOp(const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs,
                               const dim4 &odims)
{
    af_array res = getHandle(arithOp<T, op>(castArray<T>(lhs), castArray<T>(rhs), odims));
    return res;
}

template<typename T, af_op_t op>
static inline af_array arithSparseDenseOp(const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs,
                                          const bool reverse)
{
    if(op == af_add_t || op == af_sub_t)
        return getHandle(arithOpD<T, op>(castSparse<T>(lhs), castArray<T>(rhs), reverse));
    else if(op == af_mul_t || op == af_div_t)
        return getHandle(arithOpS<T, op>(castSparse<T>(lhs), castArray<T>(rhs), reverse));

}

template<af_op_t op>
static af_err af_arith(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    try {
        const ArrayInfo& linfo = getInfo(lhs);
        const ArrayInfo& rinfo = getInfo(rhs);

        dim4 odims = getOutDims(linfo.dims(), rinfo.dims(), batchMode);

        const af_dtype otype = implicit(linfo.getType(), rinfo.getType());
        af_array res;
        switch (otype) {
        case f32: res = arithOp<float  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case f64: res = arithOp<double , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case c32: res = arithOp<cfloat , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case c64: res = arithOp<cdouble, op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s32: res = arithOp<int    , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u32: res = arithOp<uint   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u8 : res = arithOp<uchar  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case b8 : res = arithOp<char   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s64: res = arithOp<intl   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u64: res = arithOp<uintl  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s16: res = arithOp<short  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u16: res = arithOp<ushort , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        default: TYPE_ERROR(0, otype);
        }

        std::swap(*out, res);
    }
    CATCHALL;
    return AF_SUCCESS;
}

template<af_op_t op>
static af_err af_arith_real(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    try {

        const ArrayInfo& linfo = getInfo(lhs);
        const ArrayInfo& rinfo = getInfo(rhs);

        dim4 odims = getOutDims(linfo.dims(), rinfo.dims(), batchMode);

        const af_dtype otype = implicit(linfo.getType(), rinfo.getType());
        af_array res;
        switch (otype) {
        case f32: res = arithOp<float  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case f64: res = arithOp<double , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s32: res = arithOp<int    , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u32: res = arithOp<uint   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u8 : res = arithOp<uchar  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case b8 : res = arithOp<char   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s64: res = arithOp<intl   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u64: res = arithOp<uintl  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s16: res = arithOp<short  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u16: res = arithOp<ushort , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        default: TYPE_ERROR(0, otype);
        }

        std::swap(*out, res);
    }
    CATCHALL;
    return AF_SUCCESS;
}

//template<af_op_t op>
//static af_err af_arith_sparse(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs)
//{
//    try {
//        SparseArrayBase linfo = getSparseArrayBase(lhs);
//        SparseArrayBase rinfo = getSparseArrayBase(rhs);
//
//        dim4 odims = getOutDims(linfo.dims(), rinfo.dims(), batchMode);
//
//        const af_dtype otype = implicit(linfo.getType(), rinfo.getType());
//        af_array res;
//        switch (otype) {
//        case f32: res = arithOp<float  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
//        case f64: res = arithOp<double , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
//        case c32: res = arithOp<cfloat , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
//        case c64: res = arithOp<cdouble, op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
//        default: TYPE_ERROR(0, otype);
//        }
//
//        std::swap(*out, res);
//    }
//    CATCHALL;
//    return AF_SUCCESS;
//}

template<af_op_t op>
static af_err af_arith_sparse_dense(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs,
                                    const bool reverse = false)
{
    using namespace common;
    try {
        SparseArrayBase linfo = getSparseArrayBase(lhs);
        ArrayInfo       rinfo = getInfo(rhs);

        const af_dtype otype = implicit(linfo.getType(), rinfo.getType());
        af_array res;
        switch (otype) {
        case f32: res = arithSparseDenseOp<float  , op>(lhs, rhs, reverse); break;
        case f64: res = arithSparseDenseOp<double , op>(lhs, rhs, reverse); break;
        case c32: res = arithSparseDenseOp<cfloat , op>(lhs, rhs, reverse); break;
        case c64: res = arithSparseDenseOp<cdouble, op>(lhs, rhs, reverse); break;
        default: TYPE_ERROR(0, otype);
        }

        std::swap(*out, res);
    }
    CATCHALL;
    return AF_SUCCESS;
}

af_err af_add(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    // Check if inputs are sparse
    ArrayInfo linfo = getInfo(lhs, false, true);
    ArrayInfo rinfo = getInfo(rhs, false, true);

    if(linfo.isSparse() && rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return AF_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED; //af_arith_sparse<af_add_t>(out, lhs, rhs);
    } else if(linfo.isSparse() && !rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return af_arith_sparse_dense<af_add_t>(out, lhs, rhs);
    } else if(!linfo.isSparse() && rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return af_arith_sparse_dense<af_add_t>(out, rhs, lhs, true); // dense should be rhs
    } else {
        return af_arith<af_add_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
    }
}

af_err af_mul(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    // Check if inputs are sparse
    ArrayInfo linfo = getInfo(lhs, false, true);
    ArrayInfo rinfo = getInfo(rhs, false, true);

    if(linfo.isSparse() && rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return AF_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED; //af_arith_sparse<af_mul_t>(out, lhs, rhs);
    } else if(linfo.isSparse() && !rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return af_arith_sparse_dense<af_mul_t>(out, lhs, rhs);
    } else if(!linfo.isSparse() && rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return af_arith_sparse_dense<af_mul_t>(out, rhs, lhs, true); // dense should be rhs
    } else {
        return af_arith<af_mul_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
    }
}

af_err af_sub(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    // Check if inputs are sparse
    ArrayInfo linfo = getInfo(lhs, false, true);
    ArrayInfo rinfo = getInfo(rhs, false, true);

    if(linfo.isSparse() && rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return AF_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED; //af_arith_sparse<af_sub_t>(out, lhs, rhs);
    } else if(linfo.isSparse() && !rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return af_arith_sparse_dense<af_sub_t>(out, lhs, rhs);
    } else if(!linfo.isSparse() && rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return af_arith_sparse_dense<af_sub_t>(out, rhs, lhs, true); // dense should be rhs
    } else {
        return af_arith<af_sub_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
    }
}

af_err af_div(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    // Check if inputs are sparse
    ArrayInfo linfo = getInfo(lhs, false, true);
    ArrayInfo rinfo = getInfo(rhs, false, true);

    if(linfo.isSparse() && rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return AF_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED; //af_arith_sparse<af_div_t>(out, lhs, rhs);
    } else if(linfo.isSparse() && !rinfo.isSparse()) {
        return af_arith_sparse_dense<af_div_t>(out, lhs, rhs);
    } else if(!linfo.isSparse() && rinfo.isSparse()) {
        // Division by sparse is currently not allowed - for convinence of
        // dealing with division by 0
        // return af_arith_sparse_dense<af_div_t>(out, rhs, lhs, true); // dense should be rhs
        return AF_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
    } else {
        return af_arith<af_div_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
    }
}

af_err af_maxof(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_arith<af_max_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_minof(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_arith<af_min_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_rem(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_arith_real<af_rem_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_mod(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_arith_real<af_mod_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_pow(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    try {
        const ArrayInfo& linfo = getInfo(lhs);
        const ArrayInfo& rinfo = getInfo(rhs);
        if (rinfo.isComplex()) {
            af_array log_lhs, log_res;
            af_array res;
            AF_CHECK(af_log(&log_lhs, lhs));
            AF_CHECK(af_mul(&log_res, log_lhs, rhs, batchMode));
            AF_CHECK(af_exp(&res, log_res));
            AF_CHECK(af_release_array(log_lhs));
            AF_CHECK(af_release_array(log_res));
            std::swap(*out, res);
            return AF_SUCCESS;
        } else if (linfo.isComplex()) {
            af_array mag, angle;
            af_array mag_res, angle_res;
            af_array real_res, imag_res, cplx_res;
            af_array res;
            AF_CHECK(af_abs(&mag, lhs));
            AF_CHECK(af_arg(&angle, lhs));
            AF_CHECK(af_pow(&mag_res, mag, rhs, batchMode));
            AF_CHECK(af_mul(&angle_res, angle, rhs, batchMode));
            AF_CHECK(af_cos(&real_res, angle_res));
            AF_CHECK(af_sin(&imag_res, angle_res));
            AF_CHECK(af_cplx2(&cplx_res, real_res, imag_res, batchMode));
            AF_CHECK(af_mul(&res, mag_res, cplx_res, batchMode));
            AF_CHECK(af_release_array(mag));
            AF_CHECK(af_release_array(angle));
            AF_CHECK(af_release_array(mag_res));
            AF_CHECK(af_release_array(angle_res));
            AF_CHECK(af_release_array(real_res));
            AF_CHECK(af_release_array(imag_res));
            AF_CHECK(af_release_array(cplx_res));
            std::swap(*out, res);
            return AF_SUCCESS;
        }
    } CATCHALL;

    return af_arith_real<af_pow_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_root(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    try {
        const ArrayInfo& linfo = getInfo(lhs);
        const ArrayInfo& rinfo = getInfo(rhs);
        if (linfo.isComplex() || rinfo.isComplex()) {
            af_array log_lhs, log_res;
            af_array res;
            AF_CHECK(af_log(&log_lhs, lhs));
            AF_CHECK(af_div(&log_res, log_lhs, rhs, batchMode));
            AF_CHECK(af_exp(&res, log_res));
            std::swap(*out, res);
            return AF_SUCCESS;
        }

        af_array one;
        AF_CHECK(af_constant(&one, 1, linfo.ndims(), linfo.dims().get(), linfo.getType()));

        af_array inv_lhs;
        AF_CHECK(af_div(&inv_lhs, one, lhs, batchMode));

        AF_CHECK(af_arith_real<af_pow_t>(out, rhs, inv_lhs, batchMode));

        AF_CHECK(af_release_array(one));
        AF_CHECK(af_release_array(inv_lhs));

    } CATCHALL;

    return AF_SUCCESS;
}

af_err af_atan2(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    try {

        const af_dtype type = implicit(lhs, rhs);

        if (type != f32 && type != f64) {
            AF_ERROR("Only floating point arrays are supported for atan2 ",
                     AF_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
        }

        const ArrayInfo& linfo = getInfo(lhs);
        const ArrayInfo& rinfo = getInfo(rhs);

        dim4 odims = getOutDims(linfo.dims(), rinfo.dims(), batchMode);

        af_array res;
        switch (type) {
        case f32: res = arithOp<float , af_atan2_t>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case f64: res = arithOp<double, af_atan2_t>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        default: TYPE_ERROR(0, type);
        }

        std::swap(*out, res);
    }
    CATCHALL;
    return AF_SUCCESS;
}

af_err af_hypot(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    try {

        const af_dtype type = implicit(lhs, rhs);

        if (type != f32 && type != f64) {
            AF_ERROR("Only floating point arrays are supported for hypot ",
                     AF_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
        }

        const ArrayInfo& linfo = getInfo(lhs);
        const ArrayInfo& rinfo = getInfo(rhs);

        dim4 odims = getOutDims(linfo.dims(), rinfo.dims(), batchMode);

        af_array res;
        switch (type) {
        case f32: res = arithOp<float , af_hypot_t>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case f64: res = arithOp<double, af_hypot_t>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        default: TYPE_ERROR(0, type);
        }

        std::swap(*out, res);
    }
    CATCHALL;
    return AF_SUCCESS;
}

template<typename T, af_op_t op>
static inline af_array logicOp(const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const dim4 &odims)
{
    af_array res = getHandle(logicOp<T, op>(castArray<T>(lhs), castArray<T>(rhs), odims));
    return res;
}

template<af_op_t op>
static af_err af_logic(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    try {
        const af_dtype type = implicit(lhs, rhs);

        const ArrayInfo& linfo = getInfo(lhs);
        const ArrayInfo& rinfo = getInfo(rhs);

        dim4 odims = getOutDims(linfo.dims(), rinfo.dims(), batchMode);

        af_array res;
        switch (type) {
        case f32: res = logicOp<float  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case f64: res = logicOp<double , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case c32: res = logicOp<cfloat , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case c64: res = logicOp<cdouble, op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s32: res = logicOp<int    , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u32: res = logicOp<uint   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u8 : res = logicOp<uchar  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case b8 : res = logicOp<char   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s64: res = logicOp<intl   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u64: res = logicOp<uintl  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s16: res = logicOp<short  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u16: res = logicOp<ushort , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        default: TYPE_ERROR(0, type);
        }

        std::swap(*out, res);
    }
    CATCHALL;
    return AF_SUCCESS;
}

af_err af_eq(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_logic<af_eq_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_neq(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_logic<af_neq_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_gt(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_logic<af_gt_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_ge(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_logic<af_ge_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_lt(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_logic<af_lt_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_le(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_logic<af_le_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_and(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_logic<af_and_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_or(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_logic<af_or_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

template<typename T, af_op_t op>
static inline af_array bitOp(const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const dim4 &odims)
{
    af_array res = getHandle(bitOp<T, op>(castArray<T>(lhs), castArray<T>(rhs), odims));
    return res;
}

template<af_op_t op>
static af_err af_bitwise(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    try {
        const af_dtype type = implicit(lhs, rhs);

        const ArrayInfo& linfo = getInfo(lhs);
        const ArrayInfo& rinfo = getInfo(rhs);

        dim4 odims = getOutDims(linfo.dims(), rinfo.dims(), batchMode);

        if(odims.ndims() == 0) {
            return af_create_handle(out, 0, nullptr, type);
        }

        af_array res;
        switch (type) {
        case s32: res = bitOp<int    , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u32: res = bitOp<uint   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u8 : res = bitOp<uchar  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case b8 : res = bitOp<char   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s64: res = bitOp<intl   , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u64: res = bitOp<uintl  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case s16: res = bitOp<short  , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        case u16: res = bitOp<ushort , op>(lhs, rhs, odims); break;
        default: TYPE_ERROR(0, type);
        }

        std::swap(*out, res);
    }
    CATCHALL;
    return AF_SUCCESS;
}

af_err af_bitand(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_bitwise<af_bitand_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_bitor(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_bitwise<af_bitor_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_bitxor(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_bitwise<af_bitxor_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_bitshiftl(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_bitwise<af_bitshiftl_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

af_err af_bitshiftr(af_array *out, const af_array lhs, const af_array rhs, const bool batchMode)
{
    return af_bitwise<af_bitshiftr_t>(out, lhs, rhs, batchMode);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Differentiation of a circle As a discus thrower is spinning counterclockwise to throw a discus, the discus travels along the path given by the circle $x^2+y^2=4$. If the discus is released at the point $(\sqrt2,\sqrt2)$ and travels along a path tangent to the circle at the point of release for a total of $200$ feet, where does the discus land? Give the $(x,y)$-coordinates.
I have no idea where to begin! :(

A: Hints: Calculus is actually unnecessary to solve this question. [If you must, then use implicit differentiation to find the slope of the tangent line at the given point.] Here's an outline to solve the problem via pre-calculus knowledge:

*

*Find the slope $m_r$ of the radius connecting the center to the point of tangency.

*Since radii are perpendicular to tangents in a circle, the slope of the tangent line is $m$, the negative reciprocal of $m_r$.

*Using the slope-point formula, the equation of the tangent line is:
$$
y - \sqrt 2 = m(x - \sqrt 2) \tag 1
$$

*Recall that the equation for the circle centred at the point of tangency with radius $200$ is given by:
$$
(x - \sqrt 2)^2 + (y - \sqrt 2)^2 = 200^2 \tag 2
$$

*Solve the system of equations consisting of $(1)$ and $(2)$. You will get two intersection points; be sure to use the point that is in the counterclockwise direction.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Kim K addresses the claims that she has turned her back on Caitlyn Jenner
by Sarah Long
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Michael Wright/WENN
Rumors have been flying about the Kardashian sisters' strained relationship with Caitlyn Jenner this week, but it turns out the reported drama just isn't true. At least not for one sister.
Related story Reality TV Dating Shows Almost Never Show Women Who Don't Want Kids. That Has to Change.
A source claims that Kim, Khloé and Kourtney have "turned their backs" on Jenner and "there's not a lot of love for Caitlyn," according to Us Weekly via InTouch.
But reps for Kim are saying that the information just isn't true and that she remains supportive of Jenner, according to Britain's Mirror.
More: Rob Kardashian shows support for Kourtney but not Caitlyn in recent post (photo)
The root of the alleged tension between the Kardashian sisters and Jenner dates back to Jenner's famous Vanity Fair cover story, in which she came out as a transgender woman and also had some not-so-nice things to say about Kim, Khloé and Kourtney's mother, Kris Jenner.
"Vanity Fair was the start of the downfall," the Us Weekly source said. "It came out and they looked like idiots, they first saw the article on Twitter!"
Another source added, "The Kardashians were furious when they realized she took jabs at Kris, a lot of times she wasn't very nice. They are so incensed that they may be done with Caitlyn for good" and "Caitlyn has this aura around her that she is better than them… The bad blood has led to a cease in communication."
More: Caitlyn Jenner's son makes a rude comment about their family's past
The fact that the sisters haven't been photographed with Jenner for several weeks doesn't help quiet the rumors. They last posted photos together while celebrating younger sister Kylie Jenner's 18th birthday.
A post shared by Kim Kardashian West (@kimkardashian)
Kim also confronted Jenner about her harsh words about the family on Jenner's show, I Am Cait, which shows that there are, at the very least, hurt feelings.
While the video demonstrates that bad blood of some sort does, indeed, exist, just because the girls have stuck up for themselves as well as their mother and asked for clarification about what Jenner has said in the media doesn't mean they have "turned their backs" on Caitlyn.
More: Kris Jenner disputes Caitlyn's version of their breakup
It's also totally possible that all of this drama is completely fabricated, considering the sources of all the information.
celebrity families
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Hey Utah Freebs! Wanted to pop in quickly to tell you about a giveaway that's going on RIGHT NOW on my Facebook page! Season 11 of Studio 5 is kicking off this week, and yours truly is one of their kickoff experts. The best part? The kickoff show (filmed Thursday Sept 1) will be in front of a live studio audience! Rumor has it it's a super fun experience, I can't wait to be part of it! So excited, in fact, I asked them if I could bring some Freebs along – so I've got TWO tickets to give away!
Like THIS FB POST and leave a comment with your favorite color.
The giveaway ends 8/30 (Tuesday) at midnight. One winner will win 2 tickets, and be chosen at random and will be announced first thing Wednesday morning, then the show films Thursday 10:30.
I'm so excited to see you, it's going to be a blast! GOOD LUCK!
The reality of our dreams.
Free druzy jewelry from Cents of Style!


Washington State Governor Jay Inslee launched the Maritime Blue strategy early last month at the Port of Seattle. The first of its kind in the United States, the strategy aims to make Washington State the leader in the maritime industry by 2050.
The Port of Seattle was one of the first coastal areas to support the Governor's plan. The port will invest nearly $3 million in workforce development in 2019 for apprenticeship training, retention and to support the growth of women and minorities in the industry. Maritime Blue commissioners also approved funding to bring shore power to the cruise berth and Terminal 5 at Pier 66.
Compared to maritime industries in other states, the Washington Maritime Blue strategy will be able to take advantage of world-class communication technology and the sustainable tech sectors to carry out the innovative projects in the plan. One of the first projects of the initiative is a Maritime Innovation Center at Pier 66. The center will aid in research, development and commercialization of technology.
Washington State's maritime industry consists of cargo logistics, commercial fishing, shipbuilding, passenger ferries, military defense, recreational boating and ocean science technologies. The blue economy also contributes more than$30 billion in economic revenue and employs nearly 70 thousand people.
The Maritime Blue strategy will do wonder's for Washington's blue economy, with an ugly side effect. The maritime industry is widely regarded as one of the most dangerous lines of work in the United States. With more people expected to work in the industry, there is likely to be an increase in maritime accidents.
Accidents sustained aboard a vessel are more severe than other workplace injuries. Take slipping and falling for example. Typically, this type of accident will not cause any serious injuries, but if it happens aboard a vessel, it has the potential to be deadly. Slipping and falling on a vessel could result in broken bones, being crushed by heavy equipment and falling overboard.
This is just an example of one fairly common accident that can injure maritime workers. Any accident aboard a vessel has the potential to cause detrimental injuries. Contact Anderson Carey Williams & Neidzwski, PLLC if you or someone you love was injured in a maritime accident.


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Northern Ireland GPs to refer patients for yoga or cookery instead of medication
The new 'social prescribing' project could see patients referred for yoga, cookery or befriending schemes
A new project where GPs will refer patients for a spot of yoga or a cookery class rather than prescribing medication could "transform" the health service, one of Northern Ireland's top civil servants has said.
The new project is to get under way in 60 GP practices across Northern Ireland and will see patients referred for community-based activities such as "arts, group learning, counselling sessions, cookery, befriending schemes, healthy lifestyle support, sports and yoga", the Department of Health has said.
Permanent Secretary, Richard Pengelly, believes the new project known as 'social prescribing' could help transform the health service.
The department is pointing to similar projects in Bristol and Rotherham, where there was a reduction in inpatient admissions, A&E attendances and outpatient appointments.
The Northern Ireland version will run over the course of the next three years, in 60 GP practices, and is expected to cover around 4,000 adults.
Mr Pengelly said: "It is a sad fact that the more disadvantaged people's circumstances are, the worse their health is likely to be.
"It is a huge challenge for government to narrow the health gap between the most and the least deprived areas so everyone in society has an equal chance of experiencing good health and well-being."
He added: "The extent to which we have control of our lives, have good social connections and live in healthy, safe neighbourhoods, are all important influences on good physical and mental health. Those who find themselves excluded from society, discriminated against, or lacking power and control through living in poverty, can be the least likely to access and benefit from traditional services, despite often having the worst health and greatest need.
"Social prescribing recognises the role that our voluntary and community sector partners and crucially clients and service users have to play in improving health and well-being outcomes.
"We wish this project the very best of success. GPs can refer patients to take part in community activities which will reduce their isolation and dependence on medication whilst reducing pressures on GPs and other healthcare professionals.
"I'm sure this programme will have a positive impact on many people who engage with it over the next few years and I look forward to watching its development."
The new 'social prescribing' project will run in conjunction with a similar version in Scotland.
These are the top 10 names given to baby boys in Northern Ireland in 2018


Sony Entertainment Television's Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi is witnessing some interesting twists in it's upcoming episodes. Khatri's entry in the past episodes is creating waves in the storyline. His faceoff with Sonakshi's has been quite an excellent one.
There's been a mystery right from the beginning of the series about Ishwari and Khatri's relationship with a matter he is trying to hide from everyone including Dev. Sonakshi's is trying to hide this from Dev even so as to solve it herself taking help from Jatin.
Khatri has already warned Sonakshi to stay away from him. He tells her that it's between Ishwari and him and Sona doesn't need to know the secrets. He goes on that she has committed a heinous crime in her youth and has destroyed the happiness of a sweet family. Sonakshi's is shocked to hear this but he doesn't unfold the mystery. So what's the mystery after all?
Next articleIshita and Roshini's mom MAJOR confrontation in Star Plus' Yeh Hai Mohabbatein!


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Don't Expect All Destiny 2 Zones To Be Nearly as Big as the European Dead Zone
By Alessio Palumbo
One of the biggest complaints gamers directed at Bungie's Destiny was that the zones turned out to be very small. A huge disappointment, especially after the developer had teased exploration as one of the main tenets of the game. Many speculated that having to support PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, with their limited amount of RAM, could probably be the cause of this particular issue.
Early rumors and leaks suggested that Destiny 2 zones would be much bigger, with many more activities to do in the open world. While the latter part seems to be true, with new content types like Adventures and Lost Sectors announced by Bungie during the gameplay premiere, the actual Destiny 2 zones won't all be that large.
Related Bungie Explains How Destiny 2's New Finishing Moves Will Work
During the gameplay premiere, Project Lead Mark Noseworthy stated that the European Dead Zone would be "huge" and bigger by "a factor of two" when compared to any other zones they've built. That said, the other three zones (Io, Nessus and Titan) won't be nearly as big, as revealed by World Director Steve Cotton in an interview with Glixel.
I like Nessus the best. You're not going to get to it until later in the campaign, but it's probably my favorite. European Dead Zone is really good. It has more to do. It's the biggest by far. It's got lots of Lost Sectors, lots of dungeons, lots of just hidden little nooks and things to find. Nessus is going to take you into places a lot more – like what you were talking about with the Vault of Glass. They're all very different.
There's a very good explanation for this. It's a well-known fact that the European Dead Zone was originally meant to be introduced in the first game before Bungie decided to cut it, so it's been worked on for several years now.
With the other areas smaller "by far", it doesn't seem like Destiny 2 will quite deliver that open world feeling even in this sequel. We'll know for sure when the game launches for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on September 8th, with a PC version coming later.
Destiny 2 Jumps to Steam, Gets Free-to-Play Version; Shadowkeep Pre-Orders Now Open
Nathan Birch • Jun 6, 2019
Destiny 2: Shadowkeep Expansion Leaks, Game Rumored to be Google Stadia Bound
Destiny 2 "Season of Opulence" Adds the 6-Player Menagerie Mode, a New Raid, and More
Nathan Birch • May 28, 2019
Sony Opposed Bungie's Wish to Enable Cross-Platform Characters in Destiny 2
Alessio Palumbo • Apr 15, 2019
Destiny 3 Will Cater More To The Hardcore Audience; To Release In 2020 On PS5 And Xbox Scarlett – Rumor
Francesco De Meo • Apr 4, 2019


Skatepunkers: Antillectual release video for "Europe, This Is Your Final Countdown"
Antillectual release video for "Europe, This Is Your Final Countdown"
Dutch melodic punk rock act Antillectual have premiered a new music video for the song "Europe, This Is Your Final Countdown". The song's taken from their new album 'ENGAGE!' which was released this July.


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You are here: Home / orop news / OROP and 7th Pay Commission will not strain government's fiscal position :Minister of State for Finance Jayant Sinha
OROP and 7th Pay Commission will not strain government's fiscal position :Minister of State for Finance Jayant Sinha
Implementation of One Rank One Pension (OROP) and an increase in salary bill due to 7th Pay Commission will not strain government's fiscal position, Minister of State for Finance Jayant Sinha said on Monday.
"I think we are in a very good shape as far as fiscal management is concerned. That was appreciated by all economists," he said while interacting with reporters after a meeting of economists which was chaired by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley at NITI Aayog.
He made it clear that the government's fiscal position is strong enough to bear the impact of OROP and implementation of 7th Pay Commission.
OROP is likely to result in an outgo of Rs 8,000-10,000 crore this fiscal.
The pre-Budget meeting discussed various issues, including agriculture productivity, job creation and fiscal expenditure. "We had some of India's most eminent economists and commentators there. Obviously, it is very early in the cycle to start the consultation. But we felt that if there were good ideas, we could incorporate them even in this fiscal year. Obviously, for the preparation of the current budget, we could begin the work on that right now," he said.
"It was very good interaction and we look forward to incorporating much of this for this fiscal year as well as coming fiscal."
There were several topics that came up, Mr Sinha said, adding that "one very important topic that we spent time on is agriculture and what we could do to increase productivity in agriculture".
The meeting also dwelt at length on fiscal expenditure and how to ensure fiscal expenditure, particularly public investment, could be as productive as possible.
"Third major area that we spoke about is obviously the financial sector… more credit for agriculture, MSMEs and what could we do further to strengthen our banks. The final area that we also spent time on is how to ensure we are able to create more jobs for young people, whether it is in the manufacturing sector or the service sector," he said.
NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Arvind Panagariya, Chief Economic Adviser Arvind Subramanian and Reserve Bank Deputy Governor Urjit Patel were also present.
Source : NDTV
Filed Under: orop news July 29, 2016 By Leave a Comment


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PURCHASING LAND
"Silicon Valley of Aerospace-Mojave, CA" NewSpace Startups Taking Off
by Pacific States Land Co.
Antelope Valley, Mojave
It's incredible to think that within 50 years of the first moon landing, space flight might be accessible to the (deep-pocketed) masses. It's even more incredible to think that if that happens, it will largely be thanks to some big-dreaming entrepreneurs and rocket scientists in the town of Mojave, 90 miles northeast of Los Angeles.
Jennifer Alsever reports in the March 2017 issue of Fortune Magazine on the burgeoning "NewSpace" industry, which includes 17 companies at the Mojave Air and Space Port. Mojave's location—remote, yet still easily accessible from Los Angeles—and military history make it ideal for companies that are doing everything from building tiny "nanosatellites" to rockets for human spaceflight.
Why are NewSpace startups taking off? It's partly because of advances that make it cheaper and easier to build satellites and rockets. It's also thanks to massive investments from billionaires like Jeff Bezos, Richard Branson, and Elon Musk, all of whom are working towards missions to the moon or Mars. Alsever notes "Mojave has become an oasis of billionaires, scientists, vendors, and service providers."
Check out some of the current plans and projects happening at Mojave Air and Space Port:
• Virgin Galactic: building and testing propulsion systems and a suborbital spaceship
• Vulcan Aerospace: completing its Stratolaunch airplane
• XCOR and Masten Space Systems: assembling light, reusable, cost-effective launch vehicles
• Moon Express: planning its maiden (unmanned) moon voyage this year
• Interorbital Systems: launching over 100 satellites this year with its modular rocket and using that rocket to get to the moon
The Greater Antelope Valley Economic Alliance Recent News & Findings
The Greater Antelope Valley Economic Alliance recently released its 2017 Roundtable Report on economic growth and trends in the region. Here are some of the highlights.
• The Palmdale Animal Care Center won a Building Excellence Shaping Tomorrow Award from the Southern California Chapter of the American Public Works Association.
• Antelope Valley Transit Authority launched an app (myStop) to provide customers with real-time bus location information.
Kern County
• The Board of Supervisors approved the Tejon Ranch development, a new city at the foot of the Grapevine, expected to create 10,000 jobs.
• A Visitor's Center was created to cater to the outdoor enthusiasts who flock to the area.
• The city was awarded an $846,000 planning grant for developing the Fremont Valley Integrated Water Management Plan.
• Lancaster is seeing a surge in commercial and residential development, with five housing tracts in development and several new commercial and business projects.
• Industries of all kinds are expanding and hiring in Lancaster—everything from manufacturing and aerospace to medical and restaurants.
• The California High Speed Rail Project is moving forward and getting closer to connecting Palmdale to Burbank Airport.
• Northrop Grumman Corporation is expanding at the Air Force Plant 42 and adding 700 jobs.
• Virgin Galactic is continuing with plans for "space tourism" with an updated rocket and its first taxi test.
• Work to modernize K Street into a second Main Street is beginning, with new solar-powered streetlights and other improvements.
• Stratolaunch Systems at the Mojave Air and Space Port is building an aircraft to launch vehicles into low-earth orbit.
• Rosamond Community Services District is going beyond providing clean water to the community; it's working on several other improvement projects and community services
Whether you want all the adrenaline or some peace and quiet outdoors, Kern County is the ultimate destination, as outlined in the recent Market Overview report released by Kern EDC. There's a reason it's known as a mecca for outdoor enthusiasts, with activities from sky-diving and rock climbing to golfing and bird watching. The Wind Wolves Preserve offers birding hikes and outdoor movie watching. Kern County takes advantage of its great weather with festivals for every taste: bluegrass to Celtic music, craft beer to wine.
…And Much More in Kern County
Kern County has a lot of things going for it and it's poised to grow, with strong public/private partnerships, strong community colleges, and collective dream to keep the region moving forward. Its aerospace programs are leading the industry from military developments to civilian spaceflight.
It's also a leader in both oil and renewable energy—Kern is the second-highest oil-producing county in the nation and the petroleum industry is a significant economic driver. But it's also one of the best places for the renewable energy sector, including wind, sun, geothermal heat, hydroelectric power, and biomass. Companies like BHE Renewables and Terra-Gen are leading the way in renewable energy production.
Antelope Valley Mojave
Pacific States Land Co.
Antelope Valley Poppies Are Blooming!
Antelope Valley Holiday Events Guide 2018
Outdoor Recreation in Antelope Valley: A Guide to Jawbone Canyon
Renewable Energy and Antelope Valley: A Perfect Combination
Antelope Valley Summer Events Guide
Planes Find a Final Resting Place at Mojave Air and Space Port
2423 Camino del Rio S. #203 San Diego, CA 92108
Email: info@pacificstatesland.com
Pacific States Land Co is dedicated to helping you find the right parcel of land and investment for you. With locations in Antelope Valley and more, we will work hard to help you find the right fit.
BRE No. 00323719 © Copyright 2019. Pacific States Land Company


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Q: $G$-composition length of representation I do not understand what is meant by $G$-composition length. The textbook I'm using - The Local Langlands for GL(2) - makes the following statement.
Let $\chi=\chi_1 \otimes \chi_2$ be a character of the maximal non-split torus $T$ of $G=GL_2(F)$ where $F$ is a non-Archemidean local field of characteristic $0$. Inflate $\chi$ to the Borel subgroup $B$, and form its smooth induction $(\Sigma,X)=\text{Ind}_B^G \chi$. If $(\Sigma,X)$ is reducible, then $X$ has $G$-composition length $2$. One composition factor of $X$ has dimension 1, the other has infinite dimension.
The following I know so far. There is a canonical map $\alpha_\chi:\text{Ind}_B^G \chi \rightarrow \mathbb{C}, f \mapsto f(1);$ we set $V=\ker \alpha_\chi$. This space carries a representation of $B$. It's known that $X/V$ is isomorphic to the $T$-representation $(\chi,\mathbb{C})$. The space $V(N)$ is a linear subspace of $V$ spanned by elements of the form $v-\Sigma(n)v,\ v\in V, n \in N.$ It's known $V/V(N)$ is isomorphic to the $T$-representation $(\chi^\omega \otimes \delta_B^{-1},\mathbb{C})$, where $\chi^\omega(t)=\chi(\omega t\omega)$ for the permutation matrix $\omega=\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}$, and $\delta_B$ is the module of $B$. Furthermore, we prove $V(N)$ is irreducible as a representation of a subgroup of $B$, so irreducible as a representation of $B$.
Am I to understand the following then: we have the inclusions $X \supset V \supset V(N)$ as representations of $B$. There are no (non-trivial) $B$-subspaces of $V(N)$ by irreduciblity so the chain of inclusions stops there. Would one say $X$ has a $B$-composition length of $2$ or $3$? And do the composition factors refer to $V$ and $V(N)$, or $X/V$ and $V/V(N)$.
Lastly, how does one pass from $B$-composition length to $G$-composition length since neither $V$ nor $V(N)$ are representations of $G$.

A: This is explained in these notes of Murnaghan (just search for "length"). The general statement is that principal series representations have length at most the order of the Weyl group. In your case the Weyl group has length 2, so any reducible principal series representation must have a composition series of length exactly two. The key idea is to look at Jacquet modules.

A: What I have found:
In general, given a ring $R$ and a $R$-module $V$, a finite composition series of $V$ of length $N-1$ consists of a filtration
\begin{equation*}
0=V_1\subset V_2 \subset \dots \subset V_{N-1} \subset V_N = V
\end{equation*}
where $V_i/V_{i-1}$ is simple for each $i$. The quotients $V_i/V_{i-1}$ are referred to as the composition factors.
Thus, $X \supset V \supset V(N) \supset 0$ is a $B$-composition series of length $3.$ Two composition factors - $X/V$ and $V/V(N)$ -  are of dimension 1; the other $V(N)/0$ is of infinite dimension.


Contract 220 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) has involved the construction of two 7.35 metre I.D rail tunnels between Stratford London and Kings Cross, in a joint venture with Nishimatsu, Cementation and Skanska (NCSJV).
After being part of the bid team VVB were appointed by NCSJV on a target cost basis to project manage the electrical requirements of the job, from fi rst plans through to the handover to the M&E contractors.
Being responsible for electrical safety on the project.
Providing the Senior Authorised, Authorised and Competent Persons for the project.
Being responsible for the implementation of the HV safety rules and documentation, including the issue of HV safety documents such as Switching Schedules, Permits To Work, Sanctions For Test and Limitations Of Access.
Liaison with the management team on the day-to-day running and forward planning of the project.
Design, installation, commissioning, maintenance, testing, fault finding and repair of the temporary 11kV and 415 volt sub-stations and electrical distribution schemes.
Design, installation, commissioning, maintenance, testing, fault finding and repair of the telephone, radio, CCTV (via leaky feeder), and environmental monitoring systems.
Building, commissioning and running the two PLC controlled, 11kV supplied 7.35 metre ID Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM's).
Installation and maintenance tunnel lighting schemes, including emergency lighting.
Installing and maintaining all surface and underground plant, including, 15kM of remote scada controlled conveyors, gantry cranes and pumping systems.
Looking after the project offi ces, stores canteens etc.
Implementing and carrying out plant maintenance schemes in line with manufacturers and legislative (16th Edition etc) requirements.
Ensuring the JV complied electrically with the clients quality plan.
Client has resulted in minimum disruption to the project, and considerably assisted in the project being delivered within budget.
VVB have been part of the senior management team for the duration of the project and with our diligent proven approach have now been asked by the project director to undertake the management of the whole of the four 200 series contracts (C220, C230, C240 and C250) through to completion of the next phase of the contract.


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Senate panel to review CIA programs under Bush
Senate committee will reportedly review CIA policies under Bush administration
Senate aide says review process is expected to take up to a year
Bush officials had said suspected terrorists were not tortured during interrogations
Next Article in Politics »
WASHINGTON (CNN) -- The Senate Intelligence Committee is preparing a review of the CIA's controversial interrogation programs under the Bush White House, a Senate Democratic aide told CNN.
CIA Chief Leon Panetta says he does not plan to use coercive interrogation techniques on terrorist detainees.
The committee would look at how the agency carried out interrogation tactics and whether they provided useful information, the aide said. The review could be announced as early as Friday.
"The intention is not to find evil-doers or lawbreakers," according to the aide, but "the information will go where it goes." It was not immediately clear whether committee Republicans were on board with the review.
President Barack Obama issued an executive order in January that calls for a review of the Bush administration's controversial interrogation program to see whether any of the harsh techniques used should be retained.
The "enhanced interrogation techniques" included waterboarding, a method that simulates drowning and is considered torture by the new administration and around the world.
Any Senate review is likely to look into the CIA's detention program and secret prisons, the aide said. At this point, no public hearings are planned. The review process is expected to take up to a year, according to the aide.
CIA Chief Leon Panetta said Wednesday that he cannot envision any circumstance in which he would consider asking the president for permission to use a coercive interrogation technique on a terrorist detainee.
Senate confirms Panetta as CIA director
Panetta said he would cooperate with any congressional reviews or inquiries.
"If those committees are seeking information in these areas, we'll cooperate with them," Panetta said Wednesday. "I think that we have a responsibility to be transparent on these issues and to provide them that information."
"I would not support, obviously, an investigation or a prosecution of those individuals" involved in the interrogation program, Panetta said. "They did their job. They did it pursuant to the guidance that was provided them, whether you agreed or disagreed with it."
The Bush administration repeatedly insisted that suspected terrorists were not tortured during their interrogations. Then-President George Bush said in 2006 that top al Qaeda suspects had been held in secret prisons overseas and subjected to "alternative" interrogation methods, which he called "tough" but legal.
Former CIA chief Michael Hayden admitted last year that the agency had used waterboarding on three detainees while they were in U.S. custody.
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1st COVID vaccines should go to health care workers, nursing homes, panel says
by: Nexstar Media Wire and The Associated Press
NEW YORK (AP) – Health care workers and nursing home residents should be at the front of the line when the first coronavirus vaccine shots become available, an influential government advisory panel said Tuesday.
The panel voted 13-1 to recommend those groups get priority in the first days of any coming vaccination program, when doses are expected to be very limited. The two groups encompass about 24 million people out of a U.S. population of about 330 million.
Later this month, the Food and Drug Administration will consider authorizing emergency use of two vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna. Current estimates project that no more than 20 million doses of each vaccine will be available by the end of 2020. And each product requires two doses. As a result, the shots will be rationed in the early stages.
Pfizer chooses 4 states for pilot vaccine delivery program
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices will meet again at some point to decide who should be next in line. Among the possibilities: teachers, police, firefighters and workers in other essential fields such as food production and transportation; the elderly; and people with underlying medical conditions.
Tuesday's action merely designated who should get shots first if a safe and effective vaccine becomes available. The panel did not endorse any particular vaccine. Panel members are waiting to hear FDA's evaluation and to see more safety and efficacy data before endorsing any particular product.
Experts say the vaccine will probably not become widely available in the U.S. until the spring.
The panel of outside scientific experts, created in 1964, makes recommendations to the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, who almost always approves them. It normally has 15 voting members, but one seat is vacant.
The recommendations are not binding, but for decades they have been widely heeded by doctors, and they have determined the scope and funding of U.S. vaccination programs.
It will be up to state authorities whether to follow the guidance. It will also be left to them to make further, more detailed decisions if necessary — for example, whether to put emergency room doctors and nurses ahead of other health care workers if vaccine supplies are low.
The outbreak in the U.S. has killed nearly 270,000 people and caused more than 13.5 million confirmed infections, with deaths, hospitalizations and cases rocketing in recent weeks.
As the virtual meeting got underway, panel member Dr. Beth Bell of the University of Washington noted that on average, one person is dying of COVID-19 per minute in the U.S. right now, "so I guess we are acting none too soon."
About 3 million people are living in nursing homes, long-term chronic care hospitals, and other U.S. long-term care facilities. Those patients and the staff members who care for them have accounted for 6% of the nation's coronavirus cases and a staggering 39% of the deaths, CDC officials say.
Despite the heavy toll, some board members at Tuesday's meeting said they hesitated to include such patients in the first group getting shots. They wanted more information about the safety and effectiveness of new vaccines on the fragile people living in such facilities. Some noted research that suggested that if the staff at such facilities are fully vaccinated, that would likely have a greater impact of stopping spread of the virus in those places.
Officials: Oklahoma's COVID-19 deaths surpass 1,750
But committee members were unanimous in voicing support for vaccinating health care workers — about 21 million people, according to CDC officials.
That broad category includes medical staff who care for — or come in contact with — patients in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and doctor's offices. It also includes home health care workers and paramedics. Depending on how state officials apply the panel's recommendations, it could also encompass janitorial staff, food service employees and medical records clerks.
The government estimates people working in health care account for 12% of U.S. COVID-19 cases but only about 0.5% of deaths. Experts say it's imperative to keep health care workers on their feet so they can administer the shots and tend to the booming number of infected Americans.
For months, members of the immunization panel had said they wouldn't take a vote until the FDA approved a vaccine. That is customary procedure for the panel, with some exceptions, such as during a flu outbreak in 2009. But late last week, the group suddenly scheduled an emergency meeting for Tuesday.
The panel's chairman, Dr. Jose Romero, said the decision stemmed from a realization that the states are facing a Friday deadline to place initial orders for the Pfizer vaccine and determine where they should be delivered. The committee decided to meet now to give state and local officials guidance, he said.
But some panel members and other experts had also grown concerned by comments from Trump administration officials that suggested differing vaccine priorities.
Dr. Deborah Birx of the White House coronavirus task force said in a meeting with CDC officials last month that people 65 and older should go to the head of the line, according to a federal official who was not authorized to discuss the matter and spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity.
Then last week U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar stressed that ultimately governors will decide who in their states gets the shots. Vice President Mike Pence echoed that view.
The comments churned up long-standing concerns during the Trump administration that vaccination decisions would be dictated by political concerns instead of science.
Asked whether Azar's comment played a role in the scheduling of the meeting, Romero said; "We don't live in a bubble. We know what he said. But that wasn't the primary reason this is being done."
US panel votes in favor to provide healthcare personnel and long-term care residents first COVID-19 vaccine shots
Jason Schwartz, a professor of health policy at the Yale School of Public Health, said it makes sense for the panel to take the unusual step of getting its recommendation out first.
"Without that formal recommendation, it does create a void from which states could go off in all sorts of different directions," said Schwartz, who is not on the panel.
HHS officials have said they will distribute initial doses to states based on population, and it's possible or even likely that some states won't receive enough to cover all of their health care workers and nursing home residents.
CDC officials said they are optimistic such shortages would last only a few weeks.
Still, governors and local officials may have to decide which health care workers or which regions get shots first, Schwartz said.
"It's up to states to figure out the more granular detail," he said.
Continued Coronavirus Coverage
Local / 7 mins ago
Standby lists, signing up as a couple: Persistent vaccine questions addressed by OSDH
by Cassandra Sweetman / Jan 19, 2021
OKLAHOMA CITY (KFOR) - On Tuesday, the Oklahoma State Health Department Deputy Commissioner answered some persistent or unanswered questions surrounding the vaccine rollout.
To start, Deputy Commissioner Keith Reed addressed a question that has continued to pop up, saying if a person has had COVID-19, they should still get the vaccine.
WASHINGTON (KFOR) – As President Donald Trump entered the final year of his term last January, the U.S. recorded its first confirmed case of COVID-19. Not to worry, Trump insisted, his administration had the virus "totally under control."
Now, in his final hours in office, after a year of presidential denials of reality and responsibility, the pandemic's U.S. death toll has eclipsed 400,000. And the loss of lives is accelerating.
State officials frustrated with lack of vaccine supply
by Brent Skarky / Jan 19, 2021
OKLAHOMA CITY (KFOR) – Oklahoma continues to roll out COVID-19 vaccines. Officials say close to a quarter of a million Oklahomans have at least gotten their first shot. But many more are waiting and frustration is growing for citizens, as well as Oklahoma State Department of Health officials.
"Yeah, I'm frustrated. We are able to use all the tool that we kinda set up, we had in the tool box," said Deputy State Health Commissioner Keith Reed. We are not able to use those, we don't have inventory to do so; if we were able to do so, I know we would have a lot more appointments available to Oklahomans. I know that's what they want and it's what we want too."
EXCLUSIVE: 'The system failed us' – Family disappointed in EMSA ambulance delay


The second half to the cooking face off. All the biggest eaters in fiction are judging again this time the winner of part 1 will be competing in part 2 against these guys: Brock (Pokemon) vs Hunter X Hunter casts vs Nerima Daikon Brothers vs Rin Okumura (Blue Exorcist) vs Shokugeki no Soma vs Yumeiro Pâtissière vs Yakitate!! Japan vs Yumeiro Pâtissière SP Professional vs Cooking Master Boy vs Kitchen Princess vs Koufuku Graffiti vs Mister Ajikko vs Antique Bakery vs Working!! vs Gourmet Girl Graffiti vs Ben-To vs Tetsuya Kuroko vs Silver Spoon vs Ristorante Paradiso vs Bartender vs Cooking Papa vs Wakako-Zake vs JK Meshi! vs Oishinbo vs Fighting Foodons vs Yoshimori Sumimura (Kekkaishi) who makes the best dish you decide?


- NATURAL TEXTURE AND APPEARANCE: The Emsco Group Virgin Mary Statue has a natural texture and resembles real sandstone. Its sandy, yellowish-brown color is simple and classy, making it a perfect decoration for any homeowner lawn. If you feel like adding a touch of holiness to your household, this conversational piece can be placed in a garden or an altar where you pray or meditate.
- DURABLE RESIN CONSTRUCTION: This Virgin Mary statue is manufactured from a durable resin to replicate a stone statue at an affordable price. It's lightweight and extremely durable. After installation, the statue can be filled with gravel or sand to add weight and stability. Its sturdiness ensures its stability in any environment, even in severe weather conditions.
- LIGHTWEIGHT: This sculpture is made of a type of resin that displays both durability and lightweight properties. At 34" in height, it weighs only 6 pounds, so you can conveniently move it around your patio or garden without any backbreaking lifting!
- ENHANCES ANY LANDSCAPE PROJECT: One way to enhance landscapes and exteriors is to decorate them. It's not just the beautiful plants and stones that make up a good landscape - statues are also great exterior decorations. This Virgin Mary Statue comes in two different designs - Sand and Granite. Either of the two colors make a beautiful addition to any garden, patio, or landscape project.
- VARIOUS STATUES AND DESIGNS: Emsco Group offers a complete statuary line with many options of figurines and sculptures. It isn't hard to find a design to fit the individuality of any home or commercial property. In addition to garden statues, Emsco Group also offers a full range of landscape rocks to help hide unsightly structures and add personality to your lawn or garden!