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Home > 15th INTERNATIONAL ISKO CONFERENCE > 15th INTERNATIONAL ISKO CONFERENCE > Subtheme 1 – Foundations and methods for Knowledge Organization > Almeida
EPISTEMIC LOCI: LINGUISTIC AND CRITICAL META-METHODOLOGY IN KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION
Tatiana de Almeida, Gustavo Silva Saldanha
1 Introduction: from loci to epistemic loci
How is it possible to recognize the role of culture for the epistemological-historical foundation of the Knowledge Organization (KO)? Can we understand the historical presence of cultural elements in remote KO building sources? These concerns arise in the face of questions central to an epistemology of KO, summarized below:
a) The contemporary emergence of social and political debate in KO practices demonstrates the need for approaches, methods and concepts to understand the cultural dynamics of society;
b) The construction of social and critical approaches to social problems, such as the case of the approach of disqualification Antonio García Gutiérrez (2011, 2003).
c) The revision of historical epistemological approaches that contributed to this foundation, as in the case of the review of Ranganathan's work (Saldanha, 2014).
The research finds the approach of culture as marked by the epistemological and historical construction of representational practices of language. We find a remote metametodological experience of the KO. Specifically we recognize in Emanuele Tesauro (1670) a metametodological orientation plan, which demonstrates the relevance of the production in KO.
With Tesauro (1670) we find the dynamic of crossing the approaches between the line of analytical and discursive comprehension (a reading of Aristotle's Organon, and Aristotle's Rhetoric / Poetic), including the loci, rhetorical method linked to the themes of common objects of ethics, epistemology and other branches of knowledge from Aristotle.
The loci approach, in this way, is not new in Information Science and in KO. It can be found, for example, in the classification of knowledge in Conrad Gesner (Araújo, 2017), in baroque thinking in the organization of knowledge (Almeida, Crippa, 2009) and in the contemporary reflection of the KO itself, as seen in García Gutiérrez (2011).
Under the scope of the presented perspectives, we propose to systematize some of the existing methodologies in the CB with the objective of demonstrating the places occupied by KO currently. In this sense, the purpose of the text is anchored in the relationship between KO methodology and the construction of thought in KO, responding by a reflexive metametodological movement.
2 Epistemic loci as a metamethodological approach to KO
The approach here understood as epistemic loci seeks to reposition the concept in a given discursive dynamics, which reveals its actions as a result of a collective social data, in a given space, in a given time. It is, in a general way, to understand the environments of formation, sedimentation, dispersion and appropriation of the concepts.
The epistemic places depart, in the rhetorical sense, from the demarcation of the tropes, forms of fixation of the language and its configuration in verbal signs. In the Foucaultian definition, it is the primordial function of the language, in dialogue with the grammar:
[...] Rhetoric, which deals with figures and tropes, that is, how language is spatialized in verbal signs; […]. Rhetoric defines the spatiality of representation, as it is born with language […] (Foucault, 2002, p. 116).
The notion of "space (s)" or "place (s)" has a constraint on the structure of language: it is a question of identifying the modes of fixation, in space-time, of a given speech, concept, approach, method - or simply, according to the Foucaultian lexicon, the "spatiality of language". This is what we seek from the constitution of the present object of study: the tropes that demarcate the KO today (an approach already pointed out by Tesauro (1670).
In this way, the processes of contextualization that mark the discursive approaches are not based only on and for the language itself. Discourses are positioned, that is, situated in a space-time historicized by a set of social determinations.
3 From methodological practices to metamethodological study in KO
Based on the previous propositions, we will appropriate the concept of metametodology in order to analyze the KO through its own processes and theories.
The epistemic loci ask themselves about discursive questions such as who speaks, where they speak, when they speak, to whom they speak (all of them are treated here as "places" where "common places" are consolidated in language, or discursive spaces).
These conceptual demands and their approaches receive a deep tradition of methodological demarcation from the so-called "discourse analyzes". The aim of the study, before embarking on the debate on the effects of discursiveness from recent theorizations on discourses, as in Michel Pêcheux, seeks to retake presuppositions of rhetoric itself in another meta-methodological plane, as Tesauro (1670) had already observed.
4 Final remarks: an linguistic and critical epistemic metamethodology
The premises for the construction of the epistemic loci are structured in a philosophy of language, central to the development of a critical and discursive approach of the KO, from Tesauro (1670) to García Gutiérrez (2011).
In the discursive way, we recognize the existence of a contemporary work front, involved with the approximation between discourse analysis and KO theories. In general, the notion of social indexation tends to embrace such approaches. In our case, it is about recovering the rhetorical thinking of the tropes and rethinking the appropriation of the notion of commonplaces in a broad critical-discursive plane.
We are, however, attentive to the epistemological-historical point of view of Emanuele Tesauro, already influenced by the Aristotelian view, as well as in current epistemological approaches, as anticipations in Rafael Capurro and García Gutiérrez. Two paths have been trodden here and they follow their course. The convergence of the two metametodological dimensions will be responsible for a critical-historical understanding.
We can see how the discursive approaches of the KO have an epistemological and historical root linked to the study of the loci. In the same way, we can say that political and social questions, as well as the critical approach to sciences and their classification (an epistemological critique), find in the theory of common places a clear power of argumentation and historical revision. In other words, from the notion of loci, we construct here another metametodological category for the reflection of science, and of the epistemology of the KO itself, namely epistemic loci.


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Q: Adding VC++ to Eclipse toolchain I want to write a program to link with binaries already created with VC++.  What are the steps to add a toolchain for VC++ in Eclipse?  Has anyone tried it successfully?  If so, does the debugger still work?

A: There is a toolchain implementation for VC++. The build plugin is called org.eclipse.cdt.msw.build, and there is a set of debugger plugins called org.eclipse.cdt.msw.debug.*. I think the build integration works, but the debugger integration still needs some work before it is usable.
Doug Schaefer on the CDT team has blogged about this several times, and has been running the Wascana project for some time to this end. Unfortunately, he's no longer working actively on Wascana.
If you wanted to put in some effort in bringing the VC++ toolchain and debug support closer to working condition, it would be very appreciated. I know that there are many people who would like to have that (myself included).
(The cdt-dev list can surely help you with further help and pointers.)

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Islamization of Knowledge
Communication and Human Development
Information Technology and Library Science
Religion and Islamic Studies
Taha Jabir Al Alwani
Omar H. Kasule
Jurnal Pendidikan Islam
Innovatio
Islamic Education Movement: Recent History and Objectives
Islamic Education Movement, which is otherwise widely known as the Movement for the Islamization of Knowledge, as a new phenomenon started its journey sometimes in 1977-1978. A group of scholars thought that the educational system in the Muslim World is not fulfilling the needs of the Muslim countries and that it should be thoroughly revised and updated. In this backdrop, the first Islamic Educational World Conference was held in Makkah in 1977 in which more than 300 academicians, scholars and intellectuals participated. The first Conference made certain significant recommendations for the Islamization of Knowledge. Later more such Conferences were held in other parts of the world in which Ulama, academicians, scholars and intellectuals of various countries joined.
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You can't discuss chart music today without Ed Sheeran's name cropping up - having made epic and memorable music for years now, this gifted songwriter and musician manages to produce something for everyone. Being primarily an acoustic player, Ed appreciates the hard work that can go into quality guitar production and Martin certainly are the company to deliver. The Martin Ed Sheeran Divide Signature Edition Electro Acoustic Guitar builds on the strengths of its 2 predecessors and adds a refreshed design to compliment the "Divide" album visage.
As you would expect from Martin, the Martin Ed Sheeran Divide Signature employs some premium wood to achieve the dynamic and responsive sound that you will love to hear. A solid sitka spruce top provides plenty of top end snap and projection and is complete with a decorative division sign.
The back and sides of the Ed Sheeran Divide Signature Edition Electro Acoustic Guitar are crafted using Koa high pressure laminate. This is a particularly popular wood for those wanting a compact size guitar but are in need of a full bodied sound.
The Ed Sheeran Divide Signature Edition Electro Acoustic utilises a 'low oval' shape birch neck, enhancing comfort and adding to the compact feel of the body. This is adorned with a richlite fingerboard containing a total of 20 frets (14 clear) and blue plastic 'Divide' positional inlays that match the large blue divide sign and Martin logo on the headstock.
The Martin Ed Sheeran Divide Signature utilises a compact yet powerful Fishman Sonitone pickup system. This piezo based pickup clearly translates vibrations of the spruce soundboard into clear signal to be sent to any amplification and recording equipment. The Sonitone also gives you control over volume, contour and phase to "shape" the sound to your liking.
Other key components that all add up to the superb performance of this compact and powerful guitar include a Richlite belly style bridge and a 16" Radius/Compensated/Black Tusq saddle. This works symbiotically with the black ping tuners (complete with small knobs) to produce a pure and resonant sustain as well as exceptionally solid tuning over long performances.
The Martin Ed Sheeran Divide Signature Edition Electro Acoustic is an incredibly capable guitar that you are going to want to keep in pristine condition so to help you with this, a padded gig bag is included with every purchase. Now is your chance to own the exact same specification of guitar that Ed uses on stage, all whilst giving a helping hand to a UK charity.
Please note: We also stock this as a left handed version.
Fingerboard Width At Nut 1-11/16"
Fingerboard Width At 12th Fret 2-1/16"
Bridge String Spacing 2 1/8"


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Resonance FAQS
Spectrometer and Light Source Accessories
Pumping Systems for Lamps and Spectrometers
24-W RF-Powered LIght Sources
VUV Krypton Light Source (KrLM-LQD12)
VUV Krypton Light Source (KrLM-L)
VUV Lyman Alpha Light Source (HHeLM-L)
b. Controlling the heater on the Hydrogen lamp to change spectral output
High Power 250 nm exposure system
One can operate the VM Series Spectrometers by pumping through the entrance slit thus eliminating the cost of a pumping system for observing a source of VUV radiation in a lab system that has a pumping station. This can be done using the 2.75 inch CF attached to the entrance slit. One can also isolate the spectrometer with a window and pump from the back of the main housing. It is also possible to purge the spectrometer with Nitrogen, Argon or Helium if the window approach is used.
A pumping station we have used for many of our systems is the Pfeiffer HiCube™ ECO Dry Pumping Station available in the US for $6,995 from Kurt Lesker and others. We have not found any less expensive systems that include high vacuum pump, dry backing pump and electronics. It is entirely suitable for high vacuum work in the VUV with Resonance monochromators, spectrometers and light sources.
A minimal system for operating the VM series spectrometers would include a vacuum gauge for the 1000 mb to 10-9 mb range like the KJLC 392 Series Wide-Range Combination Gauges which costs $1,033 from Kurt Lesker and vacuum connections. A typical setup is shown below:
The following VUV spectrum was created with the Resonance EUV flow lamp and VM92 with the VMCCDPh CCD detector.
Brochure with General Information
Dec 10, 2016 Topic: target distance
It is specified that the maximum distance from target is 12" (which is too far for us) and the minimum is 4". Is this distance adjustable by us or does it need to be set in factory?
The distance can be adjusted by yourself. These lamps are made to order, so a shorter tube length can be created if needed.
In the quote, a 2.75" C/F flange is also specified for this lamp. Could you also tell me the meaning of this? If it is to fit with our vacuum chamber, a 6" C/F flange is required.
And finally, we would like to know how the beam shape looks like. Is this radiation constant within the 45 degrees cone you describe?
As you can see from the figures below the intensity drops as the axial angle increases. This fall off is determined by the geometry of the lamp. The D2 lamp has a narrower angle of illumination because the plasma is more condensed away from the window. The Kr is wider because the plasma extends up to the window.
Dec 16, 2016 Topic: Eye Safety
Because we want to purchase one of your Krypton lamp, we also would like to purchase VUV protection glasses for safety purposes but they seem to be difficult to find.
By any chance, do you have the contact of a company that can provide this kind of equipment?
Our Kr lamps have VUV emission at 116 and 124 nm and visible emission above 420 nm with little else. The 116 and 124 nm light is absorbed by air and does not pose an eye hazard. The radiation >420 is weak in comparison to room lighting and also is well below any eye hazard thresholds. The light from the lamps is incoherent and thus is not a high intensity beam like a laser so the usual concerns with lasers are not relevant.
Additionally the glass in normal glasses or the plastic in safety glasses will absorb the VUV even more effectively than air so if regulations are a concern any safety glasses will work.
Jan. 18, 2016 Topic: Intensity of Kr and Xe lamps
Preamble: A simple test for VUV output is to sniff the front of the lamp while it is operational. The power outputs are on the order of milliwatts which is enough to create an ozone smell. Eye protection should be worn but the VUV output is completely absorbed in a few mm of air so there is little danger.
1) I tried the Ozone "experiment" and actually I feel that I smell more ozone (smell like bleach, pool) with the two lamps that aren't actually working (D2Ar and XeE lamps) compared to the other lamps (KrL and XeL lamps).
If what you smell is Ozone the lamps are emitting VUV. This smell should not be there when the lamps show no plasma (e. g. power off). If it is there may be some breakdown in the electronics which would smell like Ozone.
2) Is there another way to test the functioning of the lamps?
If you can take the VUV detector off of your vacuum system try moving the lamp from 10 mm (away from the lamp window) to less than 1 mm while observing the current. If you see a big increase the lamp is emitting VUV.
Another test would be to position the lamp 2 to 5 mm from the window and direct a stream of Argon or Nitrogen between the lamp and the detector. The only way the signal can increase would be with VUV.
3) Did you receive the pictures of the lamps with the serial numbers?
Yes and one lamp was built in 1990 and the other in 1998.
4) I also read that a problem with VUV light sources is that the need to be re-calibrated with time since their spectra may undergo variations due to changes in gas composition and/or transparency of the windows. Do you think it could be possible with the lamps?
It is possible that the lamp bulbs may have changed since the oldest is 27 years old. I have no idea how much they were used although they were full intensity in 2000 when we re-calibrated them. See the data below:
5) Is there a way that you could check that?
Yes, if you send them back we can re-bulb or re-calibrate the lamps. Do you wish a quote?
Before you send them back could run the lamps with the power supplies provided and take pictures with a digital camera at several different exposure levels so we can get an idea of the quality of the gas
1) Can you give me any information about the expected lifetime of this source?
MInimum of 300 hours for the bulb.
2) We would potentially be interested in modulating the output. Can you tell me anything about the nature of the modulation? What is maximum modulation speed and what is the maximum extinction of the radiation when a modulation is applied?
All lamps systems now come with modulation. The lamp switches off when a 3 to 6V signal is applied to the modulation input. Modulation is usually used in a phase sensitive detector in order to remove background at other frequencies. We usually use 100 to 200 hz although a hydrogen lamp can modulate up to 1 kHz.
3) It says that it can be operated as an optically thin source which presumably means it will only be emitting Lyman alpha radiation. However, can you quantify the amount of other wavelengths present? I am assuming there will always be a small amount of radiation at longer wavelengths.
Yes we can measure the total out of band radiation.
4) I read that the device has a NIST traceable calibration. What sort of accuracy can we expect?
Approximately 10 % accuracy
5) Do you see any problem with the device operating in 100 Gauss magnetic fields?
Wow. I really do not know. Is it possible to shield with Mu metal?
6) Will any support electronics be required that are not mentioned on the quotation?
No. You can use the input modulation signal to synchronize.
1) You said the bulb has a lifetime of 300 hours. If the bulb burns out, can it be replaced or does the entire unit need to be replaced? If the former, how much would a replacement bulb cost?
Replacement bulb cost is approximately 500 and you can replace it, although we can also do it and re-calibrate in the unit.
2) You specified that you can measure the out of band radiation. But can you give me some idea now of how much power will be out of band? My main concern is that we may need to use a detector which has some sensitivity at visible wavelengths (down by a few orders of magnitude probably). If the out of band radiation is comparable to the Lyman alpha (or larger) then we may have a calibration issue. If the total out of band radiation is 1 order of magnitude less than the Lyman alpha power then I think there is no issue. Does that seem like a reasonable assumption?
Can you tell me what detector you will use? Typically we see > 60% absorption of Lyman Alpha with a filament driven H atom source with a CsI diode sensitive to from 113 to 170 nm. This includes out of band radiation plus imperfect overlap between lamp ly alpha and H atoms at 350 to 400 K.
3) Probably it will be possible to shield the magnetic fields. I am not concerned about about the electronics in that level of magnetic field. There are lots of electronic devices within that area. However, it may be that the discharge has some issues. In any case, we will work around that.
There might be some Zeeman effect and Hall currents which may have an effect on the exciter. However Kilogauss is usually the threshold for Zeeman.
Jan. 23, 2017 Topic: Multiple wavelength lamps for UHV applications for material testing
We are looking to add a VUV source to our surface science setup. We would like to enquire about your electrodeless atomic line light sources. To begin with we want to look at Ly-alpha, and so need a hydrogen lamp, but it is possible that we would like to branch out and look at other wavelength regions.
1 Are your lamps compatible with different types of gases, or are they made specifically for one?
There are three options to change the output of a single lamp:
a. Purchase a lamp with replacement bulb with other gases. This is most easily done with Kr (116.5 nm and 123.6 nm) and Xe 147 nm. However you would have to remove the lamp from the vacuum chamber to change the bulbs.
Purchase a hydrogen lamp which is calibrated to run at different internal heater temperatures. At low heater temperatures the lamp output is primarily Lyman Alpha and at higher temperatures the main output is between 130 and 170 n with a continuum between 170 and 300 nm. Refer to pages 9 and 10 in the following link
http://www.resonance.on.ca/index_htm_files/24WRF-PoweredLightSourcesBrochure.pdf
c. Purchase a flow lamp with a magnesium Fluoride window. With an Argon flow you will get a peak around 129 nm (113 to 145 nm). With Krypton you will get the 116.5 nm and 123.6 hm. And with Xenon you will get the 147 nm. This is the lowest up-front cost but it would require a pumping station and gas supplies which would likely make the start up costs higher than the a. or b. options.
2. Also, do all three types listed on your website fit standard CF flanges, and are they UHV compatible?
Yes, we do have CF flanges but the lamps usually have viton O ring seals between the lamp tubes and metal bodies. People have used them on systems below 10-7 torr and we have operated them in the 10-8 torr range. Also one system we made with similar seals operated down to 2 x 10-10 torr. However viton is technically not UHV.
3. Is it possible to control the wavelength output on any of your sources, to get both a broadband and narrowband emission?
Yes that can be done with the hydrogen light source.
4. Finally, we would like to ask for a quote on any of the series -L, -LQD12, and -LHP compatible with CF mounting on a UHV system.
See above. It would be helpful if you could tell us your vacuum requirement in torr and or max allowable helium leak rate before I quote. If viton is not allowed we might make a re-entrant tube with a UHV window flange which can be purged.
I am very interested in lamps with high fluences (between 50 and 100 mW/cm2) at wavelengths ~250 nm, and possibly as low as possible fluences around 300 nm.
I saw on your website that you have Xe Flash Lamps and LED kits. What do you think could best achieve the experimental criteria I just mentioned?
Could you also mention what kind of equipment would be needed to run these lamps and include all of them in two quotes: one quote concerning Xe Flash Lamp and the other about the LED kit at 250 nm?
Off hand I'd say the most cost effective way to achieve those fluences is a low pressure mercury lamp in a reflective enclosure. Those fluence levels are way outside of the power levels of the 250 nm LEDs which are much much less efficient than LEDs at 390 nm. The Xenon lamp would also work but it is not as cost effective.
The ratio of 254 to 300 nm radiation would be on the order of 50 to 1 without filtering the 254. The emission is primarily concentrated in specific lines so a narrow band filter between the lines might be used to reduce interference if that was the objective.
We built a chip treatment system for 30 to 70 samples about 1 cm 2 (with intensity levels of 200 mW/cm2).
Q1: Can you give me an idea of the size and shape of the target surfaces and if you need to expose them or measure them?
This system is cooled by attached fans and runs off of normal AC power with a total power of 500 W. The sample exposure rack slides into the tube.
Variations of this system could be used to look at fluorescence and or phosphorescence.
Optical filters on the spectrometer that cut off below 2xx nm would reduce the interference from the lamp.


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Army Chief General Bipin Rawat to visit J&K today
Agrarian Crises and Farmers Suicide.
Written by Akhilesh Dhar & Shivani Pachori on 14th May 2019
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The decision to join politics -Is it ethical for Shah Faesal? 10th January 2019
"We would rather blame it on the British who robbed India of its resources, but, even after 71 years of Independence; we have failed to provide basic facilities like water and electricity to the poor farmers forget about helping them with money during the phase of failed crop".
India, the world's largest democracy and extensive agrarian country with around 70% of its people depending directly or indirectly upon agriculture and it contributes to 16-17% of the GDP. India is a luminary land for agriculturist with highest production of Cotton, Sugar, Jute and 2nd largest producer of rice after China. With such great achievement of country comes the bitter reality which can neither be ignored nor it should be i.e., suicides of farmers. There has been a history of farmers doing suicide in our nation for various reasons which still exist. However, the reasons have changed with the passage of time but farmers suicide statistical scenario remains uninterrupted. There is no contradiction that menace of farmer's suicide exists and runs counter to the yearings of reaping benefits of our demographic divident. Even our democratically elected governments that desires to represent world's largest democracy where more than half of the population is depending on farming, agriculture has been ignored at a precipitous cost to farmer's lives.
Before the independence of our country problems such as high taxes, debt traps, and unethical and illegal policies of money lenders used to be the main reason of farmer's suicide which drifted to government policies, personal issues, family problems, public mental health, loans, etc in 21st century. But with time the graph of such incidences have decreased from 19th century to 21st century. There was a hike in suicides between 1850-1940 where the rate accelerated to 79 suicides per lakh in Central provinces and 37 per lakh in southern provinces. We have National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) who keeps an eye on such cases of our nation. In 2014, the NCRB of India reported 5,650 farmer suicides. In recent years maximum number of suicides were committed in year 2004 i.e., 18241 farmers. When seen statistically among all the suicides in country, 11.2% of them are done by farmers.
Usually it is seen that suicide by farmers is not because of just one reason. It is often motivated by 3-4 reasons. A few causes of suicides which have appeared in recent years are use of genetically modified seed which costs more than twice of that of normal seed. Another reason is the use of lower quantity pesticides due to less investments producing a decreased yeild. According to the various reports, top 5 states in farmer's suicide are :-
When seen it was found that 76% of the total suicide of farmers were from these 5 states out of 29. It is also found that number of deaths in southern states is 10 times than that of northern states. Between 2009-2016 , 23000 farmers committed suicide in Maharashtra which backs it as the leading state in suffering farmers. NCRB data suggests that in 2474 suicides out of the studied 3000 farmer suicides in 2015 the victims had unpaid loans from regional banks. This is intelligible symptom for drawing correlations between the two. Whether or not the banks had been harassing them, however, is a long-drawn debate and needs more specific verifiable evidence. Moreover, a shift away from usual trend also revealed that of the loans taken by these farmers, only 9.8% were loans from money-lenders. Thus the pressure or muscle-power of money-lenders could be far from being a major driving force, as is otherwise perceived. Another source of strong linkages between farmer suicides and indebtedness is reflected from the spread of the two. While Maharashtra had 1293 suicides for indebtedness, Karnataka had 946. Note that both these states saw one of the highest prevalences of farmer suicides as well as indebtedness.
There was a hike in suicide cases of farmers in 2009 after which strict plans and actions were taken which resulted in 10% decrease of such cases in country with 14% decrease of them in Maharashtra which continued to decrease upto 21% in 2015 i.e., from 22 to 17 farmers each day in just Maharashtra, which is still not a less number yet less than what it was before. If an analysis is made for a decade than there is a declination of 32% from 2007-2016. According to Hindustan Times, which said "The farmers' suicides get so much attention, but for the widows it's a living death every day. She has nothing, she can do nothing, and she is treated as little more than a slave by even her own family."
This news draws attention towards the aftermaths faced by the family of the farmers who has committed suicide and especially the wife. Those reasons which once urged the farmer to commit suicide are laid upon the wife who bares the consequences and certainly gets no repentance of the wrong happened with her. Wife being the pillar of family battles with state moneylenders, inlaws and communities for her rights and family. Several times they are even excluded from society and abused because of their weak conditions. They unlike their husbands do not have an option to quit as they have responsibility of their children and rest of the family yet few cases nearly 500 in numbers have been seen in 2014 of suicides of widows of farmers who have committed suicide.
Here's the brief solution that could help in improving the state of farmers:-
The dependency of agriculture on nature should be reduced. This calls for effective management of water during seasons of good monsoons. Prevention of crop failure should be the primary aim of the Government. In most cases, it is not the lack of water but the lack of proper management on the government's part that causes water shortage. A simple example for this is the case of the farmers in the Penna delta of Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh. Inspite of the availability of ample water for a second crop, the government decided against permitting the second crop, in view of proposed repairs and upgradation to the reservoirs. The proposal would result in draining of precious water into the sea which could be used to the benefit of the farmers. It was only after several agitations by the farmers' organizations that the Government relented and allowed the second crop. Water management should be made more effective through inter- state co-operation on water resources, where surplus water from perennial rivers can be diverted to those regions facing drought, as it is always seen in India, where in state there is severe drought, another state has to face worst floods, such regional imbalances can be managed by effective utilization of water resources throughout the country. Moreover, government should made institutional finance available to every farmer is another important solution to save to the farmers from debt traps of money lenders. Where institutional finance is available, it should be made easily accessible to the poorest farmers. This calls for removing of elaborate formalities and procedures for obtaining the loans. Farmers need to be advised and guided on economical methods of cultivation which would save finances for them. The technological advancement in agriculture should be passed down to the small farmers. We must urge government to come up with pro-active solutions and the nation has to realize that farmers' suicides are not minor issues happening in remote parts of a few states, it is a reflection of the true state of the basis of our economy.
Farming is a profession of hope. If you ate today, thank a FARMER.
Akhilesh Dhar & Shivani Pachori
abhisheksaindane07gmailcom
It takes courage and a lot of research to write on such a topic, well done both Akhilesh and Shivani.
A day after ICJ verdict, Pak to grant consular access to Kulbushan Jadhav


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Home › Blog › Advocacy › Delving Deeper into Discrimination Law
Delving Deeper into Discrimination Law
Posted in Advocacy and Latest News on May 26th, 2014
One of the goals of the 2011 Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS was the elimination of stigma and discrimination against people living with and affected by HIV through promotion of laws and policies that ensure the full realisation of all human rights and fundamental freedoms. Discrimination Law is one of the formal legal mechanisms that aims to eliminate HIV discrimination and stigma.
The key piece of discrimination legislation in Queensland is the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 which not only provides protection against unlawful discrimination but also sexual harassment, vilification, victimisation and unlawful requests for information. PLHIV are afforded protection under Discrimination Law as HIV is classified as an impairment which is a listed attribute. The law recognises two forms of discrimination; direct and indirect. If you wish to make a claim for discrimination, it must be made within a year of the discrimination unless there are reasonable grounds for the delay.
Direct Discrimination
There are 3 elements to prove a direct discrimination claim. The person who believes they have been discriminated against must show:
An attribute that is covered by the Anti-Discrimination Act (HIV is classified as an impairment which is one of the 16 attributes which are protected)
That they have been treated less favourable than someone without the attribute and that the attribute is a substantial reason for the treatment
The discrimination must have occurred in an area of activity covered by the Act which are activities relating to:
Work and work related
Superannuation and insurance
Disposal of land (eg. the sale of a property)
Club membership and affairs
Administration of state laws and programs
Members of local government/authority
Indirect discrimination is where a particular situation appears to be the same for everyone, but in fact discriminates against people with HIV. Indirect discrimination is a little harder to spot out than direct discrimination and is usually the form most encountered by PLHIV. As it is not clear-cut and is dependent on a myriad of different factors, it often goes by un-noticed.
There are 4 elements which must be met for a successful indirect discrimination claim and include where a person imposes or proposes to impose:
A term, condition or requirement
That a person with an attribute (HIV) can't comply with, and
That a higher proportion of people without the attribute can comply with, and
That is not reasonable.
A term includes a policy, condition, requirement, rule or practice which appears fair as it applies to everyone equally but a closer look shows that certain people with an attribute are disadvantaged. Whether a term in unreasonable depends on the circumstances of the case; including:
a) The consequences of failure to comply with the term, and
b) The cost of alternative terms; and
c) The financial circumstances of the person who imposes, or propose to impose, the term.
Can certain discrimination be lawful?
Some situations that would considered discriminatory fall under 'exemptions' under the Act.
The reasoning given for these is for the balancing of societal needs and the protection of vulnerable populations.
The exemptions under the Act include:
a) Welfare measures (such as pensioner and student travel discounts)
b) Equal opportunity measures
c) Workplace health and safety
d) Public health
e) Genuine Occupational Requirement (person applying or doing a job must meet certain requirements which are essential for that position)
f) Education single sex or religious schools
g) Exemptions granted by the Tribunal (a person or company can apply for a 5 year exemption to do something that would otherwise be unlawful under the Act)
Unlawful requests for information
A closely related protection for PLHIV under the Anti-Discrimination Act is the prohibition against asking unnecessary questions.
A person cannot ask for information that could lead to discrimination. The most common situations where unnecessary questions are asked are in job interviews and looking for rental accommodation.
A person can ask what seems to be an unnecessary question if they can prove that it is relevant to the particular situation. Often, people believe they need to know your HIV status when in fact they do not.
If you believe you have been subjected to HIV-related discrimination you can speak to the Advocacy Officer at QPP at squigley@qpp.org.au/ 07 3013 5555 or contact the Anti-Discrimination Commission directly on 1300 130 670.
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Вере́бьинский мост — мост через Веребьинский овраг и реку Веребья вблизи станции Веребье на Николаевской железной дороге (Санкт-Петербург — Москва). На момент открытия — самый высокий и длинный железнодорожный мост в России. Построен по проекту Д. И. Журавского в 1851 году. Имеет 9 пролётов, построен из дерева, с железными стяжками.

История

На построенной в 1851 году Петербург-Московской железной дороге максимальные уклоны в сторону Москвы составляли 5 ‰, лишь в одном месте трассы уклон превышал это значение. Из-за особенности рельефа местности на участке от Мстинского моста в направлении Москвы был устроен подъём длиной 15,5 км с уклоном в 7,8 ‰. Часть этого подъёма проходила через образованный речкой Веребьей глубокий овраг. Через овраг было решено строить мост, ввиду его меньшей стоимости по сравнению с насыпью.

Мост был построен по проекту Д. И. Журавского и имел 9 пролётов с деревянными фермами длиной 49,7 м, покоящихся на 8 деревянных опорах с каменным основанием и 7 каменных береговых арок по 6,4 м. Высота от воды до уровня железнодорожного пути — 50 м.

12 февраля 1852 года произошла катастрофа. Со станции Веребье самопроизвольно под уклон двинулось несколько товарных вагонов и столкнулись со встречным составом, погибло 5 человек. После того, как на близком по конструкции к Веребьинскому, Мстинском мосту 27 октября 1869 года произошёл пожар, прервавший движение на 4 месяца, техническая инспекторская комиссия в октябре 1874 года признала мост и «Веребьинский подъём» «крайне стеснительным для эксплуатации дороги».

В конце 1850-х гг. рост грузоперевозок привёл к росту веса поездов, и , а позднее ввести первые в Европе паровозы типа 0-4-0.

С 1868 года на железной дороге началась замена деревянных мостов металлическими. Вместо перестройки Веребьинского моста было решено построить обходной путь, чтобы уменьшить крутизну подъёма. На пересечении с Веребьей, на трассе обхода была сооружена земляная дамба высотой до 43 м с каменной трубой, отверстием 6 м для пропуска воды реки, уклон пути уменьшался до 6 ‰. 14 сентября 1881 года открылся «Обход Веребьинского подъёма», а Веребьинский мост был заброшен. Тогда же возникли железнодорожные станции (остановочные пункты) Веребье и Оксочи. Так на изображении прямолинейного пути Петербург — Москва на карте появилась дуга, вызвавшая появление байки о том, что якобы император Николай I, прочертив на карте линию будущей Петербург-Московской железной дороги, наткнулся на приложенный к линейке палец и на прямой линии получился изгиб, построенный затем строителями на местности.

В конце 1990-х годов было принято решение о спрямлении участка железной дороги, что позволило бы сократить путь на 5 км и избежать снижения скорости поездов. Строительство нового моста началось 15 февраля 2001 года, генподрядчиком выступила «Балтийская строительная компания», причём работы велись круглосуточно. Новый мост общей длиной 536 м (длина пролёта 55 м) и высотой 53 м был открыт для движения 26 октября того же года. Бывший обходной участок железной дороги длиной 17 км и находившиеся на нём станции Оксочи и Веребье были демонтированы к 2008 году, но на трассе бывшего полотна частично сохранились бывшие опоры контактной сети и протянутые на них кабельные линии.

Галерея

Источники архивные
 РГИА, ф. 258, оп. 9, д. 1803. «О проведении обводной ветви между станциями Бурга и Торбино для устранения затруднений в движении поездов по Николаевской железной дороге». 1875 г.
 РГИА, ф. 446, оп. 28, д. 2. «Об открытии Веребьинского обходного пути на Николаевской ж. д.» Доклад № 167. 17 сентября 1881 г.
 РГИА, ф. 1152, оп. 11, д. 409. «О продаже земель упразднённой Веребьинской линии Николаевской железной дороги». Выс. утв. 26 ноября 1890 г.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 А. С. Никольский, Легенды и явь Веребьинского обхода, Журнал «Железнодорожный курьер», № 1,2 за 1995 г.
 В.Турченко, С. Харебов Веребьинский обход (заброшенная легенда), Сайт журнала «Семафор», № 1(5) за август 2003 г.
 Веребьевский обход, статья на сайте «Союз-Гранит»

Железнодорожные мосты России
Мосты Новгородской области
Появились в 1851 году в России
Деревянные мосты
Санкт-Петербургское отделение Октябрьской железной дороги
1851 год на железнодорожном транспорте

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Here's What School Was Like In America Back In 1776
Dan Abendschein,
Marketplace.org
Jul. 3, 2014, 7:17 PM
On-the-job training ruled. Learning was all about apprenticeships back then, according to Paula Fass, a history professor at UC- Berkeley. Blacksmiths, brewers, printers and other tradesmen learned their crafts on the job. Women learned most of their skills--spinning, cooking, sewing, at home. "In our school-centered obsession we forget that learning used to take place in a much more broad-based way,"says Fass.
Only white men were formally educated. While some white men never received much formal education, almost nobody else received any. Girls were sometimes educated, but they didn't go to college. Blacks were mostly forbidden to learn to read and write, and Native Americans were not part of the colonial education system. They relied mainly on oral histories to pass down lessons and traditions.
Classroom, what classroom? Actual schools were found mainly in cities and large towns. For most other people, education meant a tutor teaching a small group of people in someone's home or a common building. And the school year was more like a school season: usually about 13 weeks, says USC historian Carole Shammas. That meant that there was almost no such thing as a professional teacher.
Books were few and far between. There were no public libraries in the country in 1776. The biggest book collections were at colleges. Books were so expensive that getting a large enough collection to provide a serious education was one of the biggest barriers to founding a college. When Harvard was founded in 1636, it had a collection of about 1,000 books, which was considered an enormous amount at the time, according to Paula Fass.
Writing joined the other R's. Teaching students to read was a lot easier than teaching writing, and writing was not necessary in a lot of professions. So many students learned just to read and do math. By 1776, teaching writing was becoming much more common.
No papers, pens, or pencils. Most students worked on slates--mini-chalkboards that allowed students to erase their work and keep at it until they got it right. Paper was expensive, so it was not commonly used, which also meant pens were not often used. Pencils had not yet been invented.
Read the original article on Marketplace.org. Copyright 2019. Follow Marketplace.org on Twitter.
More: Marketplace Marketplace.org Schools Education


I can't tell you how to see your world……I can invite you to see your world…..
inquiry for today~ check in…..just this……check in……how are you?
What is attitude anyway? Attitude is the climate of our lives. A fish doesn't know what water is because it sees and experiences everything through the medium of water. Like a fish in water, we swim in the medium of our attitudes.
Or maybe attitude is character: WE are this or that sort of person. We are kind, generous, animated, quiet, fearful, grouchy, stingy, nice, not very nice, relaxed, anxious. We think life is good, people are good. Or we think life is a struggle and people are not to be trusted. And so on. Few of us have the time or capacity for deep self-reflection, and even if we did, the more we looked, the more confused we'd get. It's hard to see ourselves accurately. Our attitudes distort the picture.
The perfection of generosity confronts and softens our basic attitudes. To practice it is to appreciate the natural abundance of being, the inherent generosity of time and space, and the ongoing unfolding of life. These are exquisite gifts. Life itself is generous. Life is always making more life. Life is abundant and expansive, never stingy or small-minded. It keeps on going, bubbling up and expanding wherever it has a chance.
The practice of the perfection of generosity eventually effects a basic attitude shift toward the recognition that we are living creatures who share in life's great abundance, freedom, and energy. So we always have possibilities. We always find a way, no matter how or what, to further our life. We just have to figure out how to stop getting in our own way. This is where the intentional practice of the perfection of generosity helps.


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Francis Morgan Oyodélé Thompson (Londres, 30 de juliol de 1958), més conegut com a Daley Thompson, fou un decatleta campió olímpic i mundial, a més de rècord del món de la prova.

Biografia
Fill de pare nigerià i mare escocesa, Daley Thompson va créixer a la ciuatat de Londres. Començà practicant el futbol i les curses de velocitat, però es passà al decatló, on es convertiria en un dels més destacats de tots els temps. Les seves marques, juntament amb el seu caràcter bromista i de vegades polèmic, el van convertir en un personatge molt popular i van revitalitzar la prova del decatló per al gran públic. El 1983 Thompson fou nomenat Oficial de l'Orde de l'Imperi Britànic i ascendit a Comandant l'any 2000.

Carrera esportiva
Debutà en els Jocs Olímpics en Montreal 1976. Encara que era molt jove, va acabar en la divuitena posició. El 1978 va començar a destacar internacionalment en proclamar-se campió de la Commonwealth i segon d'Europa.

Va arribar als Jocs Olímpics de Moscou 1980 després d'un any lesionat. Malgrat que el boicot va restar competitivitat a la prova, Thompson tenia ja el rècord del món aconseguit aquell mateix any. La victòria olímpica, juntament amb les del campionats del món (en la seva primera edició), d'Europa i la Commonwealth el van convertir en un decatleta pràcticament imbatible. No obstant això, Jürgen Hingsen va superar el seu rècord del món el 1983.

Els dos decatletes europeus van disputar una competició molt disputada a Los Angeles. Després de set proves molt disputades, Thompson es va assegurar la medalla d'or amb el salt amb perxa i el llançament de javelina. Amb els 1.500 m per disputar, el britànic necessitava córrer per sota de 4:34.98. Quan semblava que ho podia aconseguir, va quedar-se a tan sols dues centèsimes de segon, pel que es va quedar a un punt del rècord. Però una revisió de la foto-finish del 100 m tanques va rebaixar el seu temps a 13.33, el que li donava el punt necessari per a igualar la marca de Jürgen Hingsen. Dos anys després, les puntuacions del decatló foren canviades, el que li donà una estratosfèrica marca de 8.847 punts. Aquest rècord mundial va durar vuit anys, fins que Dan O'Brien el superà en 1992, i l'olímpic vint, fins a la marca de Roman Šebrle en Atenes.

Al Campionat Mundial de Roma 1987 Thompson va quedar en una decebedora novena posició. Fins llavors portava dotze victòries consecutives, des de 1979. Després d'una lesió, va participar a Seül el 1988. Va quedar en quarta posició, però ja mai més no va apropar-se al seu nivell anterior, fins a la seva retirada el 1992.

Enllaços externs

  www.olympic.org - Daley Thompson
  www.sports-reference.com - Daley Thompson

Atletes londinencs
Atletes anglesos
Decatletes
Medallistes olímpics britànics
Esportistes britànics als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1976
Medallistes britànics als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1980
Medallistes als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1984
Esportistes britànics als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1984
Esportistes britànics als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1988
Comandants de l'Orde de l'Imperi Britànic


text:
'Walking' molecule superstructures could assist develop neurons for regenerative medicine
By Carlos 25 marzo, 2021 Sin categoría No Comments
By exploring the latest printable biomaterial which may mimic properties of mind tissue, Northwestern University researchers at the moment are closer to establishing a system capable of msn nursing administration dealing with these conditions utilizing regenerative medication.A critical ingredient https://www.capstonepaper.net/ to your discovery is a capability to management the self-assembly procedures of molecules within the fabric, enabling the scientists to change the framework and functions with the solutions in the nanoscale on the scale of visible functions. The laboratory of Samuel I. Stupp printed a 2018 paper inside the journal Science which confirmed that elements could be built with very highly dynamic molecules programmed to migrate above extensive distances and self-organize to sort bigger, "superstructured" bundles of nanofibers.
Now, a investigate group led by Stupp has demonstrated that these superstructures can boost neuron growth, a crucial locating which could have implications for mobile transplantation tactics for neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disorder, combined with spinal cord injuries."This would be the to start with illustration in which we've been able to acquire the phenomenon of molecular reshuffling we documented in 2018 and harness it for an software in regenerative drugs," stated Stupp, the guide author relating to the study and the director of Northwestern's Simpson Querrey Institute. "We might also use constructs in the new biomaterial to help discover therapies and have an understanding of pathologies."A pioneer of supramolecular self-assembly, Stupp is additionally the Board of Trustees Professor of Elements Science and Engineering, Chemistry, Medication and Biomedical Engineering and holds appointments inside of the Weinberg Higher education of Arts and Sciences, the McCormick Faculty of Engineering as well as the Feinberg School of medication.
The new materials is constructed by mixing two liquids that speedily turn out to be rigid as the outcome of interactions acknowledged in chemistry as host-guest complexes that mimic key-lock interactions among proteins, and likewise as the consequence for the focus of those interactions in micron-scale areas by way of a extensive scale migration of "walking molecules."The agile molecules include a distance countless moments larger sized than them selves so as to band collectively into large superstructures. In the microscopic scale, this migration leads to a metamorphosis in framework from what appears like an uncooked chunk of ramen noodles into ropelike bundles."Typical biomaterials utilized in drugs like polymer hydrogels please don't contain the capabilities to allow molecules to self-assemble and go about within these assemblies," reported Tristan Clemons, a analysis associate with the Stupp lab and co-first creator on the paper with Alexandra Edelbrock, a previous graduate student inside the group. "This phenomenon is exclusive towards systems now we have developed here."
Furthermore, given that the dynamic molecules shift to kind superstructures, massive pores open up that let cells to penetrate and communicate with bioactive alerts which can be integrated into the biomaterials.Curiously, the mechanical forces https://dentistry.osu.edu/ of 3D printing disrupt the host-guest interactions with the superstructures and induce the material to move, however it can speedily solidify into any macroscopic form simply because the interactions are restored spontaneously by self-assembly. This also permits the 3D printing of constructions with distinctive levels that harbor several types of neural cells to be able to study their interactions.


[Change this to a more general discussion of what I'm doing with different sidebar widgets on different pages and other ways this site is growing/can grow as a CMS; eventually move most of this into a sub page About This Site] This has been designated my home page via Settings > Reading > Front page displays radio button in the Dashboard. My biggest current challenge in WordPress right now is setting up the RSS feed in the PHP to syndicate my blog entries and not this main page how to create different sidebar sets for different parent pages and their children removing some of the RSS chiclet language in the header.php (?) file and replacing it with change text size ones.


text:
The Reasons Why Tribulus Is a Potent Sexual Enhancer – Does Size Matter? | A Blog for Men's Health
The Reasons Why Tribulus Is a Potent Sexual Enhancer
men's health Sexual Health
Can You Still Have Kids If You Have Low Testosterone?
Sound Advice & Coping Strategies for Those Experiencing Nicotine Withdrawals
The Things About Semen That You Didn't Know, But Were Afraid to Ask
The Root Causes of Infertility In Men
The Best Solution for Erectile Dysfunction finally Revealed!
The Dangers of Chlamydia and The reality of Who is most at risk from contracting it
What is an aphrodisiac?
Tribulus terrestris L. is seen as developing in subtropical regions around the globe. It is normally known as Gokhru having a place with the family Zygophyllaceae, generally dispersed all through India. The products of T. terrestris L. have been utilized in customary Chinese drug for the treatment of eye inconvenience, edema, stomach expansion, emanation, mor-offer leucorrhea, sexual brokenness and veiling. Roots and organic products are valuable in stiffness, heaps, renal and vesical calculi, menorrhagia,
Tribulus terrestris L. is seen as developing in subtropical regions around the globe. It is normally known as Gokhru having a place with the family Zygophyllaceae, generally dispersed all through India. The products of T. terrestris L. have been utilized in customary Chinese drug for the treatment of eye inconvenience, edema, stomach expansion, emanation, mor-offer leucorrhea, sexual brokenness and veiling. Roots and organic products are valuable in stiffness, heaps, renal and vesical calculi, menorrhagia, impotency, untimely discharge, general shortcoming and so forth. The natural products, blossoms and leaves are appeared in Figures 1 and 2. It is an exceptionally intense diuretic and tonic medication (Selvam, 2008). The steroidal saponin consti-tuents got from T. terrestris display antimicrobial and cytotoxic impacts (Bedir et al., 2002; Protich et al., 1983; Chu et al., 2003; Li et al., 2002). The phytochemical examination of the aeronautical pieces of T. terrestris of has brought about the segregation of the novel furostanol saponin 1, named tribol, together with the known spirostanol saponins 2 and 3 and sitosterol glucoside (Conrad et al., 2004). A HPLC-ELSD-ESI-MS strategy has been produced for the investigation of the steroidal saponins in the elevated pieces of T. terrestris (De Combarieu et al., 2003). Saponins from T. terrestris (STT) apply its cytotoxic impact
For men who wish they were only somewhat greater or only a degree better in bed, sex upgrade supplements offer a ton of guarantee. Nonetheless, not all male improvement pills can really give you the sort of advantages or results that you're envisioning you would get.
Luckily, there are sure sex improvement supplements that are really powerful in improving men's room execution. What's more, the greater part of those powerful ones are the enhancements that contain Tribulus terrestris.
#1 Great For Boosting Your Testosterone Levels
With regards to your exhibition, regardless of whether in bed or during athletic occasions, your testosterone levels will decide if you'll convey a remarkable execution or a dreary one.
Also, if it's sexual presentation that we're discussing, you can't bear to have testosterone levels that are subnormal. That is in such a case that they are, you'll endure a great deal of negative outcomes, and a diminished moxie isn't the most exceedingly terrible of them.
Low testosterone levels mean your hormonal and physical ability to accomplish penile distension will be disabled. Also the way that your sperm generation, just as the ordinary improvement of your sperm, will likewise be contrarily influenced. Obviously, in case you're not delivering enough sperm, you won't have a great deal of semen when you discharge.
This fair implies when your degrees of testosterone are path underneath the satisfactory range, your sexual working and your regenerative wellbeing will likewise endure. What's more, this is the reason when you take an enhancement for sexual upgrade, you should ensure that it contains Tribulus terrestris.
Caltrop, cut vine, or demon's eyelashes, as Tribulus terrestris is regularly called, is deductively known to truly assist men with low testosterone level issues. One examination on Tribulus terrestris distributed in 2016, for example, included men with incomplete androgen insufficiency, which means these men had lacking testosterone levels.
Before a quarter of a year's over of supplementation with Tribulus terrestris, the men had demonstrated fundamentally expanded free and all out testosterone levels. What's far and away superior is that they additionally experienced extraordinary upgrades in their erectile capacity.
provocative temptation
Tribulus terrestris is so extraordinary for boosting male sexual execution in view of its beneficial outcomes on your testosterone levels. In any case, later logical investigations show this isn't the main motivation behind why Tribulus terrestris can help improve your erectile capacity.
Researchers had the option to set up that Tribulus terrestris likewise advances the unwinding of the smooth muscles in the corpora cavernosa. These smooth muscles, as a matter of course, are contracted, which makes your penis limp. The unwinding of these smooth muscles is a significant advance in the mind boggling procedure of penile erection.
Most men think an erection is very basic. You get sexual incitement, regardless of whether visual, material, or sound-related, and afterward your penis just consequently goes erect. In truth, there are a great deal of things that need to occur before you get a hard-on.
For one, if your corpora cavernosa smooth muscles don't unwind, blood won't stream into them. What's more, you realize that if blood doesn't hurry into your penile erectile tissues, no erection will occur by any means.
To put it plainly, Tribulus terrestris causes you accomplish an erection by encouraging the unwinding of those exceedingly significant corpora cavernosa smooth muscles. That is another significant motivation behind why you should just utilize a sex improvement supplement that contains Tribulus terrestris.
#3 Amazing At Improving Your Sperm Quality And Quantity
Obviously, your sexual and conceptive capacities are complicatedly integrated. Without a doubt, men who are barren may state that they're ready to appreciate incredible sex fine and dandy. However, all things considered, when you're not delivering enough sperm, that can make your semen slim and watery.
How much sperm you produce may not influence your capacity to accomplish erections, however it will most likely influence the nature of your climaxes. On the off chance that you haven't generally pondered it, have a go at looking at how a lot of joy you determine when you discharge watery semen versus the extraordinary joy you feel when you're discharging so a lot of semen and your climaxes last more.
Interestingly, Tribulus terrestris is a superb natural solution for men who are battling with issues about their ripeness. Tribulus terrestris has been appeared, through different logical investigations, to incredibly improve sperm creation, in this way raising your sperm check.
What's shockingly better, Tribulus terrestris really contains a ton of cell reinforcements. Also, these cancer prevention agents help secure the nature of your sperm. For example, men who take Tribulus terrestris supplements as a rule have higher sperm motility, better sperm morphology, and higher sperm reasonability.
Tribulus Terrestris Is Absolutely Healthful
Since Tribulus terrestris is pressed with cancer prevention agents, this magnificent herb really has a great deal of medical advantages. Obviously, most men use Tribulus terrestris for its testosterone-boosting and drive improving impacts, however the herb is entirely used to decrease expanding and for keeping up a sound urinary tract.
tribulus terrestris bloom and bulb
There's likewise proof that Tribulus terrestris has heart-defensive and hostile to diabetic properties, just as against stress and against nervousness impacts. Saponins, a gathering of cell reinforcements found in Tribulus terrestris, has likewise been appeared to help individuals with hypertension.
For men taking part in athletic exercises, Tribulus terrestris is likewise useful in improving force yield and in creating expanded bulk. Truth be told, you may have just observed a huge amount of athletic execution supplements that additionally use Tribulus terrestris as a functioning fixing.
Regardless of whether you need sex upgrade enhancements to assist you with managing a diminished drive or you need to encounter what it resembles when your erect penis is greater and firmer than how it generally is, you can't turn out badly with a sex improvement supplement that contains Tribulus terrestris.
Restorative USES T. terrestris has been utilized as a diuretic, tonic and sexual enhancer, urinary issue, hyperuricccemia, feebleness. Tribulus has been appeared to upgrade sexual conduct in a creature model. T. terrestris has for some time been a constituent in tonics in Ayurveda drug, where in it is utilized as a sexual enhancer, likewise utilized diuretic and nervine in tonic, where as in Unani medication to restrain the arrangement of kidney stone. T. terrestris contains three gatherings of dynamic phytochemicals: Dioscin, protodioscin, diosgenin and comparable. These substances have impact on sexual execution and may treat different sexual issue, they control sexual vitality level and quality by expanding the level of free testosterone level for men and they influence pregnenolone, progesterone and estrogen. The hormone adjusting impacts of Bulgarian T. terrestris for ladies makes this herb reasonable for premenstrual disorder and menopausal disorder (Protich et al., 1983; Huang et al., 2003). Sterols like betasitosterols or shame substances. These shield the prostate from growing and in mix with the X steroidal saponins, shield the prostate from malignancy. Steroidal saponins as of now alluded to as X steroidal saponins (Sun et al., 2003). These X steroidal saponins influence the total insusceptible framework (Toshkov et al., 1985). They have been shown to have hostile to bacterial and against viral impacts. Bulgarian T. terrestris might be utilized inside and remotely to treat herpes, and infection diseases, for example, flu and the basic virus. T. terristris was seen as a rich wellspring of calcium (Duhan et al., 1992). Studies have indicated an over half increment in testo-sterone levels when taking the Tribulus herb thinks about show that it works very well when stacked with DHEA and androstenedione. It builds testosterone levels in an alternate manner, nonetheless, than either DHEA or andro do. Rather than being a testosterone antecedent, it prompts the generation of the LH. At the point when LH levels are expanded, the common creation of testosterone likewise increments. LH is a hormone that likewise manages sex drive. T. terrestris builds sperm consider well as motility levels when it is taken for 30 days. This is a decent supplement for people to build their sex drive. Most specialists prescribe exploring different avenues regarding 750 to 1,250 mg for each day, Akram et al. 3603 isolated among suppers. A critical advantage of Tribulus is the incitement of hormone generation to a decent level, without over animating the emission of hormones. T. terrestris works by invigorating the foremost pituitary organ to discharge LH, which is liable for animating the testicles to create testosterone. W hen researchers started concentrating the corrective intensity of Tribulus, they found that it essentially raises the degree of a few hormones: Testosterone Luteinizing Hormone; Follicle animating hormone (FSH) and estradiol. A critical advantage of Tribulus is the stimuration on human guys and exploratory creatures are notable (Tomova et al., 1978). The pain relieving impact of T. terrestris concentrate and examination of gastric ulcerogenicity of the concentrate with indomethacine in creature tests T. terrestris has been utilized in customary medication for soothing rheumatic agony and as a pain relieving plant for quite a while. In this examination the pain relieving impact of methanolic concentrate of this plant on male pale skinned person mice was assessed by formalin and tail flick test. Extraction of the products of the plant was finished by two unique techniques (suxheletion and permeation) with methanol 80%. The permeated concentrate was infused intraperitoneally in mice at 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. The outcomes demonstrated that a portion of 100 mg/kg of permeated remove had the most noteworthy critical pain relieving impact contrasted with the benchmark group (P < 0.01) in formalin and tail flick test. There is no noteworthy distinction in the pain relieving impact of suxheleted and permeated extricate. The pain relieving impact of the concentrate was lower than morphine, 2.5 mg/kg in the two tests, and higher than ASA 300 mg/kg in constant period of torment in formalin tests (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of creature with naloxone didn't change the absense of pain initiated by the plant remove in the two tests, thusly the contribution of narcotic receptor in the pain relieving impact of this plant was barred. The aftereffects of ulcerogenic thinks about demonstrate that the gastric ulcerogenecity of plant separate is lower than the indomethacin in the rodent's stomach. It can in this manner be reasoned that T. terrestris separate has an appropriate pain relieving impact and further investigations are required to deliver an increasingly viable result of this plant to fill in for customary pain relieving drugs (Heidari et al., 2007). An epic furostanol saponin from T.terrestris of Bulgarian birthplace The phytochemical examination of the aeronautical pieces of T. terrestris of Bulgarian root has brought about the disengagement of the novel furostanol saponin 1, named tribol, together with the known spirostanol Saponins 2 and 3 and sitosterol glucoside. The structure of tribol was resolved as (25R)- furost-5(6)- ene-3β,16,26-triol-3-O-
3604 J. Medications. Plant. Res. α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- [α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-glucopyranoside (1) by otherworldly examination, including broad 1D and 2D-NMR tests (Conrad J). The hormonal impacts of T. terrestris and its job in the administration of male erectile brokenness – an assessment utilizing primates, hare and rodent Effects of T. terrestris (TT) on hormonal discharge were assessed in primates, hare and rodent to assess its helpfulness in the administration of erectile brokenness (ED) (Adaikan et al., 2000). TT separate was directed intravenously, as a bolus portion of 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg, in primates for intense investigation. Bunnies and typical rodents were treated with 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg of TT extricate orally for about two months, for interminable examination. Furthermore, mutilated rodents were dealt with either with testosterone cypionate (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously; every other week for about two months) or TT orally (5 mg/kg day by day for about two months). Blood tests were investigated for testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone(DHT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels utilizing radioimmunoassay. In primates, the increments in testosterone (T) (52%), DHT (31%) and DHEAS (29%) at 7.5 mg/kg were measurably critical. In hares, both testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone were expanded contrasted with control, be that as it may, just the increments in DHT (by 30 and 32% at 5 and 10 mg/kg) were factually noteworthy. In maimed rodents, increments in T levels by 51 and 25% were seen with T and TT extricate regard tively that were factually noteworthy. TT expands a portion of the sex hormones, perhaps because of the nearness of protodioscin in the concentrate. TT might be helpful in mellow to direct instances of erectile brokenness (Kalamegam et al., 1988). Testosterone enhancer T. terrestris is a testosterone enhancer. T. terrestris saponins seem to tie with the receptors of the nerve center that recognize sex hormones. It to some degree obstructs the receptors prompting the nerve center confusing the body's sex hormone levels as being lower than they truly seem to be. The nerve center sign to begin the creation of LH. At the point when LH levels are expanded, the characteristic generation of testosterone additionally builds (Sun et al., 2003). LH is a hormone that additionally manages sex drive (Milanov et al., 1985). Compelling portion Effective dosages utilized in clinical settings are 750 to 1500 mg for every day. Exchange Gokhru, a significant herb generally utilized in the people drug of numerous nations for various purposes. The products of the plant T. terrestris has been appeared to show diuretic, (Sangeeta et al., 1994) hostile to urolithiatic, (Anand et al., 1994) CNS energizer, (Prakash et al., 1985) antimicrobial, (Dhar et al., 1968) antifungal exercises in rodents, (Zhang et al., 2006) cancer prevention agent and antihyperten-sive action in rodent heart (Ojha et al., 2006; Phillips et al., 2006). T. terrestris contains biologiacally – rich mixes as steroids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and unsaturated acids, which are associated with advancing various physiological reactions (Yan et al., 1996). Thimation. The leaves increment the menstrual stream, fix gonorrhea. The organic products are helpful in urinary grievances, excruciating micturation and feebleness. The organic products are likewise used to treat hacks, scabies and anexemia. The roots are said to be stomachic, canapé, diuretic and carminative. It has likewise been utilized as medication in India, South Africa, and Japan. Some steroidal saponins have recently been separated from this plant as the dynamic parts (Milanov et al., 1985). End The plant T. terrestris has been utilized since hundreds of years in Unani arrangement of Medicine. It has been utilized in the treatment of sexual issue. T. terrestris has additionally been utilized in customary prescription for alleviating rheumatic agony and as a pain relieving plant for quite a while. It is inferred that T. terrestris has pain relieving, diuretic and uricosuric impacts.
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Gonorrhea – Fact and Fiction


A new report from crypto data startup Messari estimates that the true market capitalization and circulating supply of the digital asset XRP is markedly less than what data sources currently present.
As depicted on data providers like CoinMarketCap as well as Ripple – the distributed ledger tech company closely linked to the digital asset – XRP's circulating supply is pegged at roughly 41 billion tokens. But in its report, Messari posits that of that figure, 19.2 billion XRP "may be illiquid or subject to significant selling restrictions" tied to daily trading volume, including "at least 6.7 billion XRP" held by Ripple co-founder Jed McCaleb that are subject to an agreement between him and Ripple.
In addition, Messari said that it believes that the circulation figure includes 5.9 billion XRP pledged by Ripple co-founder to a nonprofit entity called RippleWorks, an amount that it contended hasn't been delivered. As well, Messari identified 2.5 billion XRP held by RippleWorks that are also subject to daily selling restrictions.
All told, these factors have led to the market cap of XRP being "likely overstated" by more than $6 billion, according to Messari's reasoning.
The report notes that it sought input from Ripple and RippleWorks before the report's publication but hadn't heard from the company, which Messari contended results in questions about how the restrictions work in practice.
"Ripple has not shared the methodology or reference exchange data it uses to calculate trading volume for XRP, a critical data point that drives selling restrictions. More than 99% of XRP trading volume appears to come from overseas exchanges, many of which have been suspected of wash trading," the report states.
On Thursday, Ripple released its Q4 report, noting that average daily XRP volume was $585.7 million. The firm sold $88.88 million programatically – an increase compared to its third-quarter figure of $65.27 million – and $40.15 million in "institutional direct sales," representing a decrease from Q3's $98.06 million.
Editor's Note: A previous version of this report linked to a 2014 agreement between Jed McCaleb and Ripple regarding McCaleb's XRP holdings. The link has been updated to reflect information about a superseding agreement.