text:
VIROLOGY| October 01 2013
CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIAN POXVIRUS IN ANNA'S HUMMINGBIRD (CALYPTE ANNA) IN CALIFORNIA, USA
Loreto A. Godoy;
Loreto A. Godoy
1 Wildlife and Ecology Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, 258 CCAH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
Lisa S. Dalbeck;
Lisa S. Dalbeck
Lisa A. Tell;
Lisa A. Tell
2 Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
Leslie W. Woods;
Leslie W. Woods
3 California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, West Health Science Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA
Rita R. Colwell;
Rita R. Colwell
4 The Hummingbird Monitoring Network, PO Box 115, Patagonia, Arizona 85624, USA
Barbara Robinson;
Barbara Robinson
Susan M. Wethington;
Susan M. Wethington
Anneke Moresco;
Anneke Moresco
5 Lindsay Wildlife Museum, Denver Zoo, 2300 Steele Street, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA
Peter R. Woolcock;
Peter R. Woolcock
Holly B. Ernest
Holly B. Ernest 7
6 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
7 Corresponding author (email: hbernest@ucdavis.edu)
J Wildl Dis (2013) 49 (4): 978–985.
https://doi.org/10.7589/2012-09-230
Loreto A. Godoy, Lisa S. Dalbeck, Lisa A. Tell, Leslie W. Woods, Rita R. Colwell, Barbara Robinson, Susan M. Wethington, Anneke Moresco, Peter R. Woolcock, Holly B. Ernest; CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIAN POXVIRUS IN ANNA'S HUMMINGBIRD (CALYPTE ANNA) IN CALIFORNIA, USA. J Wildl Dis 1 October 2013; 49 (4): 978–985. doi: https://doi.org/10.7589/2012-09-230
Avian poxvirus (genus Avipoxvirus, family Poxviridae) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that may be transmitted to birds by arthropod vectors or mucosal membrane contact with infectious particles. We characterized the infection in Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna; n = 5 birds, n = 9 lesions) by conducting diagnostic tests on skin lesions that were visually similar to avian poxvirus lesions in other bird species. Skin lesions were single or multiple, dry and firm, pink to yellow, with scabs on the surface, and located at the base of the bill, wings, or legs. Microscopically, the lesions were characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and necrosis with ballooning degeneration, and intracytoplasmic inclusions (Bollinger bodies) in keratinocytes. The 4b core gene sequence of avian poxvirus was detected by PCR in samples prepared from lesions. Nucleotide sequences were 75–94% similar to the sequences of other published avian poxvirus sequences. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Anna's Hummingbird poxvirus sequence was distinguished as a unique subclade showing similarities with sequences isolated from Ostrich (Struthio camelus), Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), falcons (Falco spp.), Black-browed Albatross (Diomedea melanophris), Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) and White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). To our knowledge this is the first published report of definitive laboratory diagnosis of avian poxvirus in a hummingbird. Our results advance the science of disease ecology in hummingbirds, providing management information for banders, wildlife rehabilitators, and avian biologists.
Anna's Hummingbird, avian poxvirus, California, Calypte anna, Poxviridae, skin lesions, Trochilidae
Avian poxviruses (genus Avipoxvirus, family Poxviridae) have a worldwide distribution affecting at least 3% of bird species (Bolte et al., 1999; Tripathy et al., 2000). Infections are characterized by two main disease syndromes: a diphtheritic and a cutaneous form. The diphtheritic form, commonly fatal, follows inhalation of virus and involves mucous membranes of the oral cavity, pharynx, and trachea (Tripathy and Reed, 2003). The cutaneous form is characterized by nodular lesions usually involving unfeathered areas near the eyes, feet, or legs (Hansen 1999). Commonly, the pathogen is transmitted by biting arthropods (vector-borne mechanical transmission; van Riper and Forrester, 2007). Direct contact between infected and susceptible birds and exposure to contaminated objects (fomites) are also potential sources of infection in domestic and free-ranging birds (van Riper and Forrester, 2007). Although less common, aerosol transmission has been also reported (Mete et al., 2001), especially under confinement situations such as aviaries or rehabilitation centers (van Riper and Forrester, 2007).
In domestic poultry, the disease is associated with significant economic losses because of increased mortality and decreased production. In free-ranging birds, mortality rates associated with avian poxvirus vary depending on species susceptibility; however, in most bird families infections are described as mild and rarely resulting in mortality (van Riper and Forrester, 2007). Nevertheless, lesions associated with avian pox infection may predispose birds to predation, secondary infections, behavioral changes (e.g., change in call patterns), and reduction in reproductive success (Kleindorfer and Dudaniec, 2006; Laiolo et al., 2007). Immunologically naïve island bird populations have been shown to be more severely impacted and have higher prevalence of the disease than mainland species (van Riper and Forrester, 2007; Zylberberg at al., 2012). For example, avian pox has been implicated as a major contributor to the decline of endemic bird species in the Hawaiian Islands (van Riper et al., 2002).
Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna; family Trochilidae) is a medium-sized hummingbird with a breeding range centered primarily in California, USA. It feeds on insects and nectar from a wide range of cultivated urban and suburban plants and from artificial feeders (Clark and Russell, 2012). After the main nesting season (December to May) many individuals migrate; however, the nature of the migration is unclear: some move to higher altitudes and others migrate long distances to the south and east (Wethington and Russell, 2003). Some individuals remain resident in western North America, but more evidence is needed to establish whether the same individuals are present year round (Clark and Russell, 2012). Information about the presence and effects of infectious diseases in Anna's Hummingbird and in hummingbirds in general is scarce (Godoy et al., in press). Wart-like lesions (crusted and deformed feet and bills, here called "avian pox–like syndrome") have been observed in individuals of the species captured at hummingbird banding stations in western North America during the last 3 yr (Colwell, 2011). Bleitz (1957) described wart-like lesions similar to our recent observations in Anna's Hummingbirds as "foot pox" but no prevalence, numbers of afflicted birds, or definitive laboratory diagnosis of a pathogen were presented. Colwell (2011) evaluated leg injuries in banded female Anna's Hummingbirds and reported avian pox–like lesions on the legs and bill and around the eyes in 11 individuals captured during 2004; however, diagnostic tests were not conducted and syndrome prevalence was not determined.
Our goals were to 1) determine whether there was definitive evidence of avian poxvirus in tissues of Anna's Hummingbirds with avian pox–like syndrome by a) amplifying a diagnostic segment of the gene encoding the avian poxvirus 4b core protein using PCR or b) identifying the presence of viral particles using direct electron microscopy or histopathology; and 2) compare phylogenetic relationships of the hummingbird avian poxvirus with other published DNA sequences from avian poxvirus. To our knowledge, this is the first published detailed characterization of this virus in Anna's Hummingbird and in the family Trochilidae.
As part of research to evaluate disease occurrence in hummingbirds, five carcasses with external lesions compatible with avian poxvirus (van Riper and Forrester, 2007) were selected for this study. Hummingbird carcasses were donated from the Lindsay Wildlife Museum Hospital (LWM) in Walnut Creek, California, the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (California West Nile virus dead bird surveillance program), and hummingbird banders (birds found dead; Table 1). Injured or ill hummingbirds were presented by the public to LWM for rehabilitation but many failed to survive because of the severity of their injuries. These samples were stored (frozen or refrigerated) until analysis.
Individual identification (ID), date, and location where samples were collected, age, and sex of California Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna) carcasses that were included in this study of avian poxvirus infection in California, USA. Location of the lesions on the carcass and diagnostic tests performed are included.a
Two of the five affected carcasses were submitted for histopathology. Sections of dermatologic lesions, feathered skin, trachea, esophagus, heart, bone marrow, bifurcation of the trachea, liver, skeletal muscle, intestine, heart, brain, beak, kidney, lungs, and spinal column were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 4 µm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examination. A small portion of crust lesion from the three other birds was removed and crushed with 2% phosphotungstate (PTA) for direct electron microscopic evaluation. Approximately 2 µL of the PTA-crust mix was applied to a mesh copper grid coated with Formvar (Ted Pella, Inc., Redding, California, USA) and backed with evaporated carbon. Samples were directly imaged with a Zeiss 906E transmission electron microscope (Carl Zeiss Inc., Peabody, Massachusetts, USA) at 100 KV accelerating voltage.
For viral DNA extraction and PCR, approximately 20 mg of exudate/tissue from external avian pox–like syndrome lesions (five birds, nine lesions; Table 1) were excised from hummingbird carcasses. Viral DNA was extracted using QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, California, USA) according to manufacturer's instructions. A segment of the gene encoding the fowl poxvirus 4b core protein was amplified using primers P1 forward, CAGCAGGTGCTAAACAACAA, and P2 reverse, CGGTAGCTTAACGCCGAATA (Lee and Lee, 1997). The PCR reaction was carried out in a MyCycler™ thermal cycler (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, USA) at initial denaturation of 95 C for 5 min; 40 cycles of 95 C for 30 sec, 50 C for 30 sec, and 72 C for 1 min; and a final extension at 72 C for 7 min (Brower et al., 2010). The PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel and visualized under ultraviolet illumination. Amplicons of the expected size of 578 base pairs (bp) were excised from the gel and purified using a QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). Purified DNA was sequenced at UC Davis DNA Sequencing Facility (University of California, Davis, California, USA). At least two DNA extractions and two PCRs per extraction for each specimen were performed.
Nucleotide sequences were aligned and manipulated in Sequencher® version 5.0 sequence analysis software (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), then queried using the National Center for Biotechnology Information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and GenBank® database. Nucleotides sequences of other avian poxviruses were compared with the Anna's Hummingbird consensus sequence. Multiple alignments were carried out using CLUSTAL_X 2 (Larkin et al., 2007). To ascertain phylogenetic relationships among the avian poxvirus strains infecting Anna's Hummingbirds and other bird species, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Jukes-Cantor genetic distance model, neighbor-joining method, and tree resampling using the bootstrap method and 1,000 replicates with a support threshold of 80% as implemented in Geneious Pro v5.6 (Drummond et al., 2012). The tree was rooted to Molluscum contagiosum sequence (GenBank accession U60315) as previously described (Jarmin et al., 2006).
Lesions presented in the five hummingbirds (Table 1) varied from <1 to 5 mm and were dry and firm, pink to yellow, and with scabs on the surface (Fig. 1). Postmortem gross examination and necropsy was performed on two of the affected birds. Microscopically, the lesions were characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and multifocal superficial necrosis. Epithelial cells in affected regions were swollen (ballooning degeneration); many had empty large round vacuoles in the cytoplasm and some had eosinophilic inclusions (Bollinger bodies, Fig. 2). Yeast and bacterial cocci were multifocally evident within hyperkeratotic layers of keratin in the bill lesion of one of the sampled birds (ID 33409). There were no lesions in any of the other tissues examined except the liver of one bird (ID 33406), which presented very mild portal hepatitis. Direct electron microscopic examination of negatively stained preparations of the lesions in three birds demonstrated oval, brick-shaped viral particles with an intricate outer membrane that were 221–271 nm (average 253 nm) by 281–336 nm (average 307 nm; Fig. 3), a result that is compatible with avian poxvirus.
Photograph of adult male Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna) captured at a banding station in Scotts Valley, Santa Cruz County, California, USA, showing wart-like avian poxvirus lesions on the bill.
Epithelial proliferation with hyperkeratosis and intralesional epithelial cytoplasmic inclusions (Bollinger bodies) and bacteria from bill of Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna; ID 33406) in California, USA. Bar = 20 µm.
Poxvirus particles from skin lesions (leg) in Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) from California, USA, showing an intricate outer membrane and irregular spread-out surface. Bar = 100 µm.
PCR amplification of the 4b core poxvirus gene sequence was successful in four of five individuals (Table 1), resulting in products that averaged 575 bp (GenBank accession JX418296). All nucleotide sequences were identical. The BLAST search and comparison of other avian poxvirus published sequences in GenBank with Anna's Hummingbird poxvirus showed 75–94% similarity; however, no perfectly matching sequences were found. The avian poxvirus gene amplified from lesions of Anna's Hummingbirds clustered in clade A of the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 4) according to the phylogenetic classification reported previously (Jarmin et al., 2006). The Anna's Hummingbird avian poxvirus sequence did not cluster in any previously reported subclade, yet it showed high sequence similarity with avian poxviruses from species in subclade A2 (Ostrich [Struthio camelus], 94.3%, and Wild Turkey [Meleagris gallopavo], 94.1%) and in subclade A3 (falcon [Falco spp.], 94%, and Black-browed Albatross [Diomedea melanophris], 93.5%). The sequence also showed high similarity with Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura, 93%) and White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla, 94.3%), species that were not previously reported in a specific subclade (Fig. 4).
Neighbor-joining tree for avian pox sequences (4b core protein gene) constructed using the Jukes-Cantor genetic distance model. Numbers indicate bootstrap support (>80%). GenBank accession numbers are noted in parentheses. Avian clades A to C as in Jarmin et al. (2006) are shown. Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna) avian poxvirus sequence is in bold.
To our knowledge, this is the first report of laboratory-diagnosed avian poxvirus infection in a hummingbird. The lesions on featherless parts of the legs, feet, and face were consistent with the cutaneous form of the poxvirus infection described in other bird species (van Riper and Forrester, 2007). In the birds we necropsied, there were no lesions compatible with the diphtheritic ("wet" internal) form of avian pox. However, we did not test and evaluate the wet form, and future studies should be considered to examine whether this form occurs in hummingbirds. In our study, two of five birds had lesions on the wings (humeral and radial-metacarpal regions). Lesions on the wings have been observed in other free-ranging bird species (McClure, 1989; Gortazar et al., 2002; Medina et al., 2004); however, wing lesions seem to be less commonly reported than those on legs and around eyes and bill. On histopathology of our cases, eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions were consistent with Bollinger bodies, and ultrastructural morphology was consistent with avian poxvirus (Tripathy and Reed, 2003).
In four of five tested hummingbirds we detected the avian poxvirus 4b core gene sequence by PCR. The hummingbird sequence clustered within clade A according to the phylogenetic classification proposed by Jarmin et al. (2006), yet our analysis did not place it in an existing subclade. Similar results have been shown for sequences isolated from other free-ranging bird species (Adams et al., 2005; Saito et al., 2009) and lead us to hypothesize that the Anna's Hummingbird sequence could comprise a new subclade within clade A. Additional characterization (antigenic, biologic, and genetic) is needed to determine if this sequence is a novel species in the genus of avian poxviruses and to determine if the Anna's Hummingbird pox variant descended from avian pox of sympatric bird species (e.g., Western Scrub Jay [Aphelocoma californica], House Finch [Haemorhous mexicanus]). Because of the inability to detect viral DNA from one of the hummingbirds with microscopic lesions compatible with avian poxvirus infection (Bollinger bodies), we recommend that more than one method of diagnosis be used to identify avian poxvirus. This is particularly important when the available volume of lesion sample is small, as is the case of the Trochilidae, birds that often weigh <5 g.
It is not clear if Anna's Hummingbirds are the predominant hummingbird host of the avian poxvirus identified in this study. Although cross-species transmission may occur (Thiel et al., 2005; Jarmin et al., 2006), host specificity of avian poxvirus can occur in free-ranging birds (Giddens et al., 1971; Cox, 1980). To date, the Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri) is the only other hummingbird species sympatric with Anna's Hummingbird that has been anecdotally reported with avian pox–like lesions in the United States (B. Robinson, unpubl. data). Nonetheless, there have been few intensive capture and examination (banding) studies to evaluate health and disease in hummingbirds.
Morbidity and mortality rates associated with avian pox infection in any hummingbird species are unknown. Severe lesions (periocular, around bill, and on feet and legs) have been associated with the avian pox–like syndrome in Anna's Hummingbird; however, no laboratory tests were conducted to definitively diagnose the causative agent (Colwell, 2011). In field studies (unpubl. data), we have observed severe avian pox–like syndrome lesions in Anna's Hummingbirds, including those occluding eyes, wart-like encrusted lesions around the bill that would probably impact ability to eat, and leg and foot lesions likely to affect perching. We expect that these pathologies would lower survivorship and reproduction by reducing ability to forage, evade predators, and conduct the complex behavioral interactions that hummingbirds employ as mating rituals. Avian poxvirus infection in other species can cause severe injuries, including blinding due to severe eyelid lesions in gallinaceous birds (Forrester and Spalding, 2003), epithelial necrosis and sloughing that can lead to loss of toes and feet (van Riper et al., 2002) and severe debilitation affecting flight and sight (Docherty et al., 1991).
Under natural conditions, most hummingbirds are typically territorial birds living primarily solitary lives (Buskirk, 1976; Hilton and Miller, 2003). They depend on flowering resources that are unlikely to act as a source of avian poxvirus infection. Urbanization and the resulting increase in exotic flowers and bird feeding stations have been correlated with higher density and diversity of hummingbirds in urban and suburban areas (Arizmendi et al., 2007; Clark and Russell, 2012). Increased hummingbird density might enhance the transmission of avian poxviruses, as has been suggested for other bird species (van Riper and Forrester, 2007). The presence of cultivated exotic flowers and hummingbird feeders has been associated with changes in Anna's Hummingbird geographic distribution in North America (Clark and Russell, 2012). Bird feeders could increase the fomite risk of pathogen transmission, as has been shown for other bird species (Hartup et al., 1998; Robb et al., 2008). Finally, anthropogenic environmental changes may also modify movement patterns of birds and vectors (particularly insects), increasing disease exposure (Daszak et al., 2001; Altizer et al., 2011). Deforestation and climate change have altered hummingbird distribution or shifted patterns of movement in several locations through the Americas (Hill et al., 1998; Hadley and Betts, 2009; Tingley et al., 2012).
Our findings advance the knowledge of diseases in the hummingbird family and provide a foundation for next steps in research to elucidate the impact of avian poxvirus infection in hummingbirds. This provides information to rehabilitation centers and banding stations where pathogen transmission and disease prevalence can be decreased by instituting proper preventive measures. Further research is needed to assess the individual- and population-level impacts, as well as the prevalence and virulence of this pathogen in hummingbirds.
We thank volunteers and personnel from the Lindsay Museum Wildlife Hospital, wildlife rehabilitation centers, and Hummingbird Monitoring Network banding stations who helped us to collect samples and data. Special thanks to F. Cigel and K. Kurth from the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, R. Nordhausen and F. Giannitti from the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, T. Tucker from the San Diego Zoo, and N. Anderson from the Wildlife Health Center at UC Davis for supplying samples and technical support. Valuable advice was provided by N. Pedersen, H. Liu, F. O. Mardones, and B. Hoar. The study was supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (L.A.G.), UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Graduate Student Support Program (L.A.G.), a UC Davis Wildlife Health Center fellowship (L.A.G.), and grants from the US Fish and Wildlife Service (H.B.E.), Academic Senate at UC Davis (H.B.E.), and the Western Hummingbird Partnership (H.B.E.).
Sleeman
Phylogenetic analysis of avian poxviruses among free-ranging birds of Virginia
Avian Dis
Altizer
Animal migration and infectious disease risk
Arizmendi
Monterrubio-Solis
Flores-Moreno
Lopez-Saut
Effect of the presence of nectar feeders on the breeding success of Salvia mexicana and Salvia fulgenes in a suburban park near Mexico City
Biol Conserv
Bleitz
Treatment of foot pox at a feeding and trapping station
Meurer
Kaleta
Avian host spectrum of avipoxviruses
Avian Pathol
Brower
Cigel
Toohey-Kurt
Beak necrosis in Hungarian Partridges (Perdix perdix) associated with beak-bits and avian poxvirus infection
Buskirk
Social systems in a tropical forest avifauna
Am Nat
Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna)
The birds of North America online. A. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/226/articles/introduction. Accessed July 2013
Leg injuries observed in banded female Anna's Hummingbirds (Calypte anna) in central California
N Am Bird Banders
Avian pox infection in a Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)
J Wildl Dis
Daszak
Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife
Acta Trop
Docherty
Flickinger
Isolation of poxvirus from debilitating cutaneous lesions of four immature grackles (Quiscalus sp.)
Heled
Kearse
Markowitz
, et al.
Genius v5.6, http://www.geneious.com/. Accessed March 2012.
Parasites and diseases of wild birds in Florida
pp.
Giddens
WEJ
Swango
JDJ
Farner
Dolowy
Canary pox in sparrows and canaries (Fringillidae) and in weavers (Ploceidae): Pathology and host specificity of the virus
Vet Pathol
Godoy
Hummingbird health: Pathogens and disease conditions in the family Trochilidae. J Ornithol
Gortazar
Millan
Hofle
Buenestado
Pathology of avian pox in wild Red-legged Partridges (Alectoris rufa) in Spain
Ann N Y Acad Sci
Tropical deforestation alters hummingbird movement patterns
Biol Lett
Field manual of wildlife diseases
Franson
USGS, National Wildlife Health Center
Hartup
Kollias
Risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in House Finches
Recent change in the winter distribution of Rufous Hummingbird
. Jr,
Annual survival and recruitment in a Ruby-throated Hummingbird population, excluding the effect of transient individuals
Jarmin
Manvell
Avipoxvirus phylogenetics: Identification of a PCR length polymorphism that discriminates between the two major clades
J Gen Virol
Kleindorfer
Dudaniec
Increasing prevalence of avian poxvirus in Darwin's Finches and its effect on male pairing success
J Avian Biol
Laiolo
Tella
Distress calls reflect poxvirus infection in Lesser Short-toed Lark (Calandrella rufescens)
Behav Ecol
Blackshields
McGettigan
McWilliam
Wilm
Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0
Application of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of fowl poxvirus infection
J Virol Methods
Epizootic lesions of House Finches in Ventura County California USA
J Field Ornithol
Avian pox in White-tailed Laurel Pigeons from the Canary Islands
Dorrestein
Atypical poxvirus lesions in two Galapagos Doves (Nesopelia g. galapagoensis)
Robb
Bearhop
Food for thought: Supplementary feeding as a driver of ecological change in avian populations
Front Ecol Environ
Fukushi
Masegi
Avian poxvirus infection in a White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Japan
Tirape
Cedeno
Uzcategui
Characterization of canarypox-like viruses infecting endemic birds in the Galapagos Islands
Beissinger
The push and pull of climate change causes heterogeneous shift in avian elevational ranges
Glob Change Biol
Tripathy
Diseases of poultry, 11th Ed.
Glisson
Fadly
McDougal
Swayne
Iowa State University Press
Schnitzlein
Zuba
Characterization of poxviruses from forest birds in Hawaii
van Riper
Infectious diseases of wild birds
Blackwell Publishing Professional
, III
Epizootiology and effect of avian pox on Hawaiian forest birds
Wethington
The seasonal distribution and abundance of hummingbirds in oak woodland and riparian communities in southeastern Arizona
Zylberberg
Klasing
Wikelski
Increasing avian pox prevalence varies by species, and with immune function in Galapagos finches
†This work is dedicated to Loreto Godoy and her passion for hummingbirds. A young Chilean veterinarian with a promising career as a conservation ecologist, she died in June 2013, a week after receiving her PhD. She is survived by her husband and two daughters.
Wildlife Disease Association 2013
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDRATED LIME ON THE SCAVENGING OF FERAL SWINE (SUS SCROFA) CARCASSES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGING CARCASS-BASED TRANSMISSION OF AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS
Courtney F. Bowden, James Grinolds, Gregory Franckowiak, Lorna McCallister, Joseph Halseth, Matthew Cleland, Travis Guerrant, Michael Bodenchuk, Robert Miknis, Michael C. Marlow, Vienna R. Brown
Fatal Systemic Haemosporidiosis in a Free-ranging Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)
Deborah L. A. Chong, Brittany McHale, Kayla B. Garrett, Michael J. Yabsley
Tacheng Tick Virus 1 and Songling Virus Infection in Great Gerbils (Rhombomys opimus) in Northwestern China
Na Ji, Nan Wang, Gang Liu, Shanshan Zhao, Zhiqiang Liu, Wenbo Tan, Shiyi Wang, Jinjiang Sheng, Fengshi Li, Yuanzhi Wang
Disease Surveillance of Cougars (Puma concolor) in Utah, USA
Annette Roug, Kristin Engebretsen, Arnaud van Wettere, Julie K. Young
Trypanosoma cruzi Survey in Poached Pichis (Zaedyus pichiy; Mammalia, Cingulata) from Mendoza, Argentina
Melisa E. Morales, Catalina Muñoz-San Martín, Pedro E. Cattan, Mariella Superina


Arthritis Care UK, Understanding Arthritis Booklet.
Arthritis Care UK, Osteoarthritis, Available athttp://www.arthritiscare.org.uk/AboutArthritis/Conditions/Osteoarthritis.
European Action Towards Better Musculoskeletal Health.A Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Musculoskeletal conditions for the Healthcare Practitioner and Policy Maker.A Bone and Joint Decade Report 2005.
Arthritis Care UK, Living with Osteoarthritis Booklet.November 2009.
Osteoarthritis.Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia.U.S.National Library of Medicine.National Institutes of Health.http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000423.htm.
National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions.Osteoarthritis: national clinical guideline for care and management in adults.London:Royal College of Physicians, 2008.Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/CG059fullguideline.
Jordan KM, et all.EULAR recommendations 2003: an evidence based approcah to the management of knee osteoarthritis:Report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Rheum Dis, 2003; 62:1145−1155.Available at:http://ard.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/62/12/1145.
The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Guideline for the non-surgical management of hip and knee osteoarthritis.July 2009.Available at:http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/cp117-hip-knee-osteoarthritis.pdf.
Arthritis Care UK.Understanding Arthritis Booklet.June 2009.
Arthritis Care UK.Living with Osteoarthritis Booklet.November 2009.
Arthritis Care UK.Living with Rheumatoid Arthritis Booklet.April 2010.


text:
What is an exact duplicate on Photo.SE?
More and more I see questions getting closed, or getting a lot of closed votes, when in my mind they are not exact duplicates. I'd like to avoid specific examples here, more interested in general philosophy rather than arguing about specific questions.
In my mind, an exact duplicate is just that. Not the exact wording of course, but the same question where the same answer applies. Not a similar question, or a subset of another question but effectively the same question. One that could easily be found by a search of the site and immediately recognized as duplicate.
As Jeff says
One thing I want to be clear about, though, is that duplication is not necessarily bad. Quite the contrary — some duplication is desirable. There's often benefit to having multiple subtle variants of a question around, as people tend to ask and search using completely different words, and the better our coverage, the better odds people can find the answer they're looking for. And isn't that, really, the whole point of this exercise?
Furthermore, it's OK for duplicate questions to have duplicate answers. While you could argue that the duplicate questions could all be merged into one question with a "master" set of answers, this is kind of irritating from the perspective of the user looking for an answer. Put yourself in their shoes. Instead of finding
Duplicate Question — Duplicate Answer
They have to deal with finding:
Duplicate Question — [closed as duplicate of Question] click here to see answers
"subtle variants of a question" doesn't sound like what we allow here - we seem to me to do is look for the slightest connection with another answer and flag it as "possible duplicate".
There are a few types of questions I often see getting a lot of close votes here lately:
Simple question (with a simple answer) where there is a more general question with longer, involved answers
Sure, the long involved answers will provide enough information, if absorbed, to answer the simple question, but that doesn't make them a duplicate. We should in fact encourage simple questions with simple answers. A recent example was someone asking if shutter speed and film speed were the same thing, related, or independent of each other. That got a lot of close votes as a duplicate of the epic "what is the exposure triangle" question. No one should have to try to read 16 paragraphs of information to get what is effectively a yes/no answer to a simple question.
As Joel says:
For example, if a user asks, "What does the IP address 128.0.1.1/24 mean?" it's OK to close that as a duplicate of a more general question like "What do IP addresses of the form a.b.c.d/e mean?" But it's not OK to close it as a duplicate of a twenty-seven page guide to netmasks. That's the moral equivalent of saying "RTFM."
So again, just because another answer (to a different question!) does include the answer to a simpler question, being a superset of the needed answer doesn't make it a duplicate.
Simple questions where there is a similar question
These are hard, and I know it's a gray area. But to me, most of these types of questions are often not duplicates, but are often flagged as such:
Compare lens A vs lens B (Canon) where there is already a Nikon question on the equivalent lenses. There are distinct differences between specific lenses of different manufacturers. The Canon 50mm 1.4 may have horribly slow AF, and the Nikon soft in the corners. Sure there are general principles if they're comparing a prime lens vs kit zoom, but the offerings do differ between brands, and if they are asking a specific question about Canon, I don't feel we have the right to force them to generalize their question if it's Canon they want information on.
"Compare lens A vs lens B", where there is already a "Compare lens A vs lens C". No comment, but this happens a lot. Should we allow every conceivable combination of lens shopping questions? No comment there either. But A vs B is clearly not A vs C.
"Is f/4 lens with IS or f/2.8 lens better for sports?" when there is an existing question "Is ... or ... better for travel?" (or wildlife or portraits...). Surely not a duplicate, as different genres of photography have different requirements. And this allows people who are more experienced in wildlife or portraits to write specific answers for those genres. Trying to lump everything together is I think the opposite of what we should be doing. If I search on Canon 70-200mm f/2.8 and see a number of questions about various genres, and comparing it to a variety of other lenses, I'd rather see all those questions and read through them, rather than have one general question which doesn't really address the specific angle I was after
Jeff again:
There are similar questions, yes, and so-called "exact" duplicates do happen, but they are kind of rare in my experience. It's far more common to have many subtle variations of a question.
"Subtle variations" again. So are we sometimes being overzealous about closing questions? I think so. I think it discourages new people having their questions closed, and I think having a smaller set of questions discourages people from adding more answers if there are already 6 answers, one accepted. If a new question allowed, with a slightly different slant, it gives other people the chance to add their experience, where it is more relevant than on the more general "duplicate".
Questions where a poorly worded question already exists
Here we can edit the original question to make it better but I think we should simply allow a new, better question.
I think we should use a higher bar for determining a question is a duplicate. And I think if you find a related question, it's valuable to add that in a comment, but mark it as "related" rather than "possible duplicate".
MikeW♦MikeW
possible duplicate - meta.stackexchange.com/questions/38375/… – MikeW♦ Apr 9 '13 at 20:48
We do have a tendency to shut down on "similar" here, but I think you're making a good case that we should ease up on that a bit. – John Cavan Apr 9 '13 at 22:55
I found PhotoSE less than six weeks ago, so a very new user. Even so, I've noticed it too. The first comment to a new question is so very often starting with words "possible duplicate.." and of course the link that follows is often helpful, but the closing of the said question as duplicate often is not so helpful. – Esa Paulasto Apr 9 '13 at 23:44
One thing I've noticed: the close votes review system seems to include questions where there isn't an actual vote to mark as duplicate, just another question mentioned in a comment. This can have the effect of escalating comments like "This other question has some related info..." into close votes. Presumably this is by design. – mattdm Apr 10 '13 at 11:32
Aha. That may explain a lot then. It seems a lot come up for close votes that don't seem necessary. – MikeW♦ Apr 10 '13 at 11:46
Just an example (which you wanted to avoid) of someone's hurry to make the first comment starting with words "possible duplicate". Question about 18% grey and I think the "possible duplicate" is not even near the other one. (Ok, the 18% grey is mentioned..) Why is it so important to get first comment out with words "possible duplicate"? No reputation granted for those comments, so why the rush? – Esa Paulasto Apr 12 '13 at 6:58
To be fair, that question is really two questions. The second part is how to make your own grey card (in PS) and the linked question is on that exact topic. Chills is a mod, so he maybe didn't want to close as duplicate, but just point out that it's partially covered. I don't know if he's literally typed that comment in, or flagged it, still not entirely sure how that all works. – MikeW♦ Apr 12 '13 at 8:50
Also, I think that the quotes on one side of what Jeff Atwood is saying in your post above totally remove what he's saying from the context. He also says "Let me be clear — too much question duplication is bad. Absolutely. You'll get no argument whatsoever from me on that." – mattdm Apr 14 '13 at 2:22
Well, to be fair, we're not likely to give _any_ room to duplication, so we may swing to the extreme on the other direction. At any rate, this has been one of the more valuable discussions on Meta that I've seen, so I'm quite happy. – John Cavan Apr 14 '13 at 2:30
Another case: confused questions which ask several different things at once, most or all of which are already answered.
Often this attracts replies which cover one aspect. Or, it attracts big omnibus answers which are hard to vote on (because they may cover one aspect better or worse). The end result is a Q/A which just clutters the site. Future visitors who wonder about some portion of the question end up with a lot to wade through. Basically this is the failure of bb-style discussion forums for Q&A, brought here.
I have been voting to close these as duplicates of the primary question and adding links to other questions. But I guess I could also be convinced that Not A Real Question, Too Localized, or Not Constructive would be better, maybe often with a suggestion that Chat is a good place to take a wide range of topics.
137k33 gold badges3737 silver badges6464 bronze badges
Yes, or have them split it into 3 questions, then close each of those as duplicates :) – MikeW♦ Apr 13 '13 at 21:57
In today's example, the linked question is almost 3 years old. At some point, I think it's good to let new questions come to the fore again. The points from Jeff Attwood fit this one almost to a T and, even better, has resulted in an answer that ties a lot of things together. – John Cavan Apr 14 '13 at 1:07
To me, a primary reason this site is better than a traditional web forum is that older posts can stay relevant, useful, and updated. Sure, sometimes things get so out of date that it's better to start afresh, but overall I think we should strive for lasting knowledge. – mattdm Apr 14 '13 at 2:20
The age, though, is bound to effect how people view it. 3 years is an eternity on the Internet and pretty close to that for technology in general. Also, we have a very high rate of duplicate, I think, and that either means we're of limited long-term value or we're just a little too aggressive on what a duplicate is. I think it's the latter. If there's a sniff of it being the same, we shut it down and I've been as guilty of that as any. I just think we should reconsider that a bit. – John Cavan Apr 14 '13 at 2:27
Let's take today's version of the lens question as an example, shall we? It boiled down to "I'm shooting things that move, and I'll be hand-holding, so is f/2.8 with IS better, or f/1.4 without?" Brand and focal length don't matter in the slightest, nor does the lensmaker's image stabilization efficiency. If f/2.8 can take the right picture at all, then f/1.4 is the wrong aperture; the lens's extra speed is moot. It's even less of a concern if you need to shoot at f/5.6 for adequate depth of field. And IS of any description won't make up for subject motion. All of this has been covered before (more than once), even if it didn't specifically mention Canon-brand 24mm lenses. And it really doesn't matter that the asker didn't want to hear any fundamental and inescapable truths.
At some point, we need to require people to make some inferences. What applies to lenses mounted on a Nikon often also apply to Canon, Pentax, Sony, Olympus and Hasselblad, for that matter. And yes, it is okay to edit both questions and answers to cover the general case when the specific is ridiculously specific (such as being brand-specific when the principles apply globally). There are already far too many "gear" questions on the site (probably because we're mostly tech-heads who've drifted in from other stacks and can't help ourselves), and I'd have no problem at all with a Great Purge (or at least a Great Merge). And maybe we can make the site about photography instead of about cameras.
I'm with you on the gear (and a bunch of those "what is this effect" for the same effect questions), but there is a tendency towards some assumptions that I think newbies to photography aren't really going to get. It's a fine line I suppose. – John Cavan Apr 10 '13 at 0:20
all not-tech-heads, raise your hand! _o/ here as an example of one that did not drift in from another stack and who is interested in psychology and human behaviour in general. – Esa Paulasto Apr 10 '13 at 0:22
You are referring to this question, and I completely agree. It is a generic question that mentions Canon, but is completely generic. – MikeW♦ Apr 10 '13 at 0:23
What triggered my question was this where there is much more to the question that lens A vs lens B, because a) brand may matter and more importantly b) there are future lens purchases that may affect the initial lens purchase. – MikeW♦ Apr 10 '13 at 0:26
I don't know of too many people (besides myself) who would be content with a 50mm/1.8 as their only lens, @MikeW. But the principles still generalize across brands. – user2719 Apr 10 '13 at 0:33
@EsaPaulasto -- if it's any consolation, I wound up in tech after losing my shirt (and several shirts I'd borrowed as well) as a pro photographer and ruining a perfectly good hobby (which I initially got into to collect references for painting). Never, ever set up a studio at the beginning of a major recession in a city that's about to lose all of its regional corporate headquarters. And if you have to do that, try not to buy any gear that's obsolete in two weeks. (Being an earlier digital prepress adopter in Halifax in the early '90s was, in retrospect, a mistake.) – user2719 Apr 10 '13 at 0:40
Great to have a painter in PhotoSE. Do we have a GTKY tag that I just saw mentioned in another Stack? oh but why I ask, I'll just go to main and search for it. Cya. – Esa Paulasto Apr 10 '13 at 1:19
Meh. There is nothing magical about either Canon or Nikon's slower 50mm or their kit lens. I stand by the statement (and the quest asker agrees) that the earlier question covers it. – mattdm Apr 10 '13 at 2:24
On that second question that @MikeW listed, why shouldn't it be closed and merged? The original question could be updated to reflect a more generic question that isn't so brand specific. – John Cavan Apr 10 '13 at 2:54
@JohnCavan There is a more generic one - photo.stackexchange.com/questions/16404/… - the Nikon one has answers specific to the Nikon lens, while the answers to the most recent question are specific to Canon (e.g. the 50mm 1.8 as very slow AF). The Q askers also have different criteria: one says he'll mainly shoot portrait, nothing moving fast, low budget, no stated intention to buy any other lenses in the near future – MikeW♦ Apr 10 '13 at 3:39
The other states the intention to buy either an 18-135 or a 55-250. Obviously 18-135 is less sensible if he's chosen the 18-55. All the answers talk to the secondary choices of 18-135 or 55-250. Is that too localized? Yeah probably, but far from a duplicate. – MikeW♦ Apr 10 '13 at 3:40
Which is why I really didn't want to get on a tangent about a specific question. We could argue each of these all day. Just pointing out that the intention of SE sites it to allow for duplicates, and let's not stretch things too far to avoid duplicates. If you think you have to alter another question to make it more generic so it fits with another question, then it's simply not a duplicate IMO – MikeW♦ Apr 10 '13 at 3:42
Speaking of tangents into specific questions :) I also agree that the exposure one shouldn't be closed as a duplicate of the exposure triangle thread, but I think largely because I hijacked that one with my terminology agenda. I don't think it would hurt to have a new "What are the main camera settings which control exposure?" question where the terminology/pedagogical argument would be left aside. Then, some exposure questions might still be duplicates of that, or at least "read this first and if that doesn't clear it up...." – mattdm Apr 10 '13 at 14:49
I think that it's important to consider the generalized question when considering if something is a duplicate. Taking the typical Lens A vs Lens B scenario. Often it is something like Aperture vs IS in which case that is a general answer to a generalized question of IS vs Aperture and brand and even lens specific details don't matter if it is just that simple.
On a slightly more complex version of the same question however, there may be a reason why something specific to that particular lens or combination of lenses can't be quantified in a generally correct way. In this case, the question would not be a duplicate since the question can not be further generalized and thus a general answer is insufficient to answer it fully.
It's a tricky judgement call to make and I tend to avoid voting to close a question unless I know the answer well enough to be certain that it is in fact a duplicate. If not, we can always come back around to it after someone who does know the answer about the particular situation chimes in and if it is in fact generalizable, we can always close as duplicate at that point.
Perhaps the other thing we should try to do when we see this happening is to revisit the previous question and try to pull out the generalized question as opposed to an apparently equipment specific question that may be less obviously the answer. This would also (hopefully) reduce the number of duplicates asked in the first place.
I think there are three common cases of duplicates.
The first is the case where we already really do have awesome content on the question being asked. It's often the case that the new question is a straight-up duplicate, or even if the questions might not be identical, it's often the case that one of the other answers actually completely nails it. I don't think the automatic "possible duplicate" comment wording is as nice as it should be, but overall I think the process actually works pretty well here. We don't have a problem with moderators aggressively closing a question, so it actually takes a little bit of time, during which the question-asker can take a look at the information and see if it is helpful, and if not edit the question to better reflect the difference.
The second is basically "what focal length should I use..." lens recommendations. This maybe is a subset of the first, but here, we get the same question for different brands and even for different models, even though really the principles are the same. In this case, I feel pretty strongly that we're not really helping people by encouraging an illusion that there's a big brand difference in, for example, a cheap 50mm vs. the kit lens for baby photos.
And finally, there's the never ending stream of "Zoom lens A vs Zoom Lens B". Here, there really is a brand difference, and a price level difference, and a use-case difference. The worst case of these is when someone is in the grip of decision paralysis and has a list of half a dozen candidates with pros and cons for each and wants us to make a decision; these are probably best just closed as not constructive. But let's it's the more straightforward case of this 70-200mm vs that one. There are still a huge number of combinations, and I don't think exploring every possible permutation is really in the spirit of "multiple subtle variants" referred to above. That makes sense for people trying to understand crop factor, focal length, and sensor size; or even this recent think about how digital sensor ISO works. It makes even more sense when the question is about composition or style. For this, the Canon EF 70-200mm f/2.8L IS II USM is going to be the same no matter which other contender is in the list. So, I'd rather have one per-brand answer for different ranges of lenses where the answer is comprehensive. I tried to do that for Pentax primes at Which prime lens for Pentax APS-C?. This is a long answer, but it's not a case of "simple question (with a simple answer) where there is a more general question with longer, involved answers", because the A vs. B question isn't really "simple" — it's just phrased in an over-simplistic way.
Perhaps some of us could write blog posts that we can reference? A buyer's guide of sorts? – MikeW♦ Apr 11 '13 at 1:36
There should be buyer's guides around the internet, then why is it that people don't find those, or why they don't trust those? They want to ask for advice from the site that looks to be the most reliable, trustworthy and no-nonsense place they can find. PhotoSE comes up in Google and it looks just the right place. That's what draws in the questions. – Esa Paulasto Apr 13 '13 at 15:49
@esa That, and they just want to be told what to buy without having to think. – mattdm Apr 13 '13 at 15:57
This site is for discussion about Photography Stack Exchange. You must have an account there to participate.
Please change automatic duplicate comment to be more polite
What is the reasonable time to accept an answer?
Should legal questions related to photography be discussed on this site
Duplicate shallow-DOF questions…
How can we handle orphaned questions?
If the answers to a specific question also satisfies the answer to a generic form of the question what to do?
What value does the [troubleshooting] tag have?
Are we merging questions that are significantly different?
What to do with out-of-date Flickr questions?
Canonical Questions and Answers
Should I ask multiple near-duplicate questions per distributor/brand?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Princess Charlotte to start nursery school in London!
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have announced that Princess Charlotte will start nursery in January. William and Kate – currently pregnant with her third child – will send two-year-old Charlotte to Willcocks Nursery School, close to their Kensington Palace home.


text:
GALE - GUMMER
GALE, Roger (North Thanet)
Freelance consultant on media and presentation to Omni 2010 (Glasgow); PR company. (Up to £5,000)
3. Clients
Of Omni 2010 (Glasgow):
TMA; PR company.
24-29 April 2004, to Macedonia as an International Election Observer. Flight and accommodation funded by the National Endowment for Democracy. (Registered 5 May 2004)
4-7 July 2004, to the Republic of Cyprus at the invitation of the House of Representatives, to attend meetings with the UK High Commissioner, the President of the Republic, the Speaker of the House, leaders of the Opposition and Civic Leaders. All expenses paid by Friends of Cyprus. (Registered 6 September 2004)
8-11 October 2004, to Cyprus to take part in the memorial service in Morphou and to visit the Head of State and other party leaders in the Republic of Cyprus. Air fare and accommodation provided by the Morphou Municipality. (Registered 11 January 2005)
A barn in France.
GALLOWAY, George (Glasgow Kelvin)
Finjan Ltd.; a media company.
Regular column in the Mail on Sunday. (£85,000-£90,000)
Twice-monthly column in The Morning Star (unpaid).
GAPES, Mike (Ilford South)
GARDINER, Barry (Brent North)
Sponsorship of my Constituency Reports by the Asian Marketing Group.
GARNIER, Edward (Harborough)
Private practice at the Bar.
10-11 September 2004, to Gibraltar, flights and accommodation paid for by the Government of Gibraltar. (Registered 18 October 2004)
16-24 October 2004, to Hong Kong, flights and accommodation paid for by the Government of Hong Kong. (Registered 18 October 2004)
GEORGE, Andrew (St. Ives)
Income from books published by Patten Press, Cornwall. (Up to £5,000)
GEORGE, Rt. Hon. Bruce (Walsall South)
27-30 June 2004, to Brussels accompanied by my wife as guests of the International Security Management Association (ISMA) to receive their Distinguished Achievement Award. I received an inscribed Steuben Glass Eagle and a cash gift. Our Eurostar economy class travel expenses and three nights' accommodation were paid for by ISMA. (Registered 17 August 2004)
22-27 October 2004, to Georgia, to participate in a series of meetings at the Georgian Parliament organised by the International Association of Business and Parliament. My economy class airfare and hotel accommodation was paid by the organisation. (Registered 12 November 2004)
GERRARD, Neil (Walthamstow)
I am a member of the Commission of Inquiry which was established by the joint Middle East Councils of the Conservative, Liberal Democrat and Labour Parties to inquire into the status of the Palestinian refugees under United Nations Resolution 194. The Commission undertakes visits to the region to take evidence and meet with academics and international lawyer and publishes its findings. Donations of more than £1000 towards the funding of the Commission have been received from:
Mr A Qattan
The Council of Arab Ambassadors in London
The Al Maktum Foundation.
GIBB, Nick (Bognor Regis and Littlehampton)
GIBSON, Dr. Ian (Norwich North)
Regular articles on science policy in the British Association for Advancement of Science Journal. (Up to £5,000)
11-14 June 2004, to Portugal as a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Football Team, with travel, accommodation and hospitality provided by McDonalds, and football facilities and hospitality by the Portuguese Parliament. (Registered 14 July 2004)
18-23 September 2004, to Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Ramallah, to see the work of Medical Aid for Palestinians, a charitable organisation who paid the costs of the visit. (Registered 25 January 2005)
GIDLEY, Sandra (Romsey)
Pharmacist - not currently practising.
GILDERNEW, Michelle (Fermanagh and South Tyrone)
Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly.
GILL, Parmjit Singh (Leicester South)
Elected councillor on Leicester City Council.
GILLAN, Cheryl (Chesham and Amersham)
Consultant on marketing to Pannell Kerr Forster, chartered accountants. (£10,001-£15,000)
15 April 2004, BA provided me with upgrade from Business Class to First Class on outward flight to Uganda made in my capacity as International Treasurer of the CPA attending the Annual Meeting. I was accompanied by my husband who was upgraded from economy to Business Class on the outward journey and return on 26 April. (Registered 12 May 2004)
GILROY, Linda (Plymouth Sutton)
30 September-5 October 2004, to Kazakhstan. Accommodation paid for by the Parliament of Kazakhstan Travel paid for by the Consolidated Construction International Company (CCC) and British Gas (BG). (Registered 16 November 2004)
GODSIFF, Roger (Birmingham, Sparkbrook and Small Heath)
26 June-2 July 2004, to Botswana at the invitation of the Botswana Government as part of an all-party visit to investigate issues of interest to the UK in Botswana. All travel, accommodation and subsistence was paid for by the Botswana Government. (Registered 9 July 2004)
18-25 September 2004, to Vietnam as a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Vietnam Group. The in-country costs were met by the National Assembly of Vietnam. (Air fares were met by IPU with a contribution from the British Council.) (Registered 1 October 2004)
GOGGINS, Paul (Wythenshawe and Sale East)
GOODMAN, Paul (Wycombe)
GRAY, James (North Wiltshire)
GRAYLING, Chris (Epsom and Ewell)
Reception sponsored by Toyota in my constituency in June 2004. (Registered 2 August 2004)
My constituency association received a donation of the use of a box at Epsom Downs Racecourse for a day from the Racecourse as an auction prize at my Conservative Association Annual Dinner. (Registered 10 January 2005)
My constituency association received sponsorship of a fund-raising dinner from Le Raj restaurant, Epsom Downs. (Registered 4 February 2005)
Two courtesy passes for Epsom Racecourse provided by United Racecourses.
October 2004, to Botswana to see and discuss the issues facing the country, including AIDS, its economic prospects and the future of the Bushmen of the Kalahari, funded by the Government of Botswana. (Registered 15 November 2004)
Two terraced houses in Wimbledon, from which rental income is received.
GREEN, Damian (Ashford)
Fee for writing a paper for the European Media Forum, as part of a project on the Review of Public Service Broadcasting. (Registered 12 July 2004)
20-22 May 2004, to Portugal, to address the Annual Convention of the Road Haulage Association. Travel and accommodation for my wife and me were provided by the Road Haulage Association. (Registered 26 August 2004)
17-20 January 2005, to Moldova, as Vice-Chairman of the John Smith Memorial Trust. Travel and accommodation provided by the Trust. (Registered 27 January 2005)
GREEN, Matthew (Ludlow)
GREENWAY, John (Ryedale)
Stewart Title Insurance Company (UK) Ltd.
Chairman of Skills Active Trading Ltd (formerly Register of Industry Professionals Limited), which manages the Register of Exercise Professionals.
President of the Institute of Insurance Brokers. (£10,001-£15,000)
Parliamentary Adviser to the incentives industry supported by:
The Institute of Sales Promotion. (Up to £5,000)
The British Promotional Merchandising Association. (Up to £5,000)
The Incentive Travel and Meetings Association. (Up to £5,000)
Reed Exhibitions Ltd. in respect of the Incentive World Exhibition. (Up to £5,000)
Business consultant to Smart and Cook Group Ltd.
Fee, travel and accommodation from IMEX for chairing the annual politicians tourism forum in Frankfurt, Germany, 11-14 May 2004. (Registered 20 May 2004)
As Chairman of the Register of Exercise Professionals I receive complimentary membership of Living Well and Next Generation health clubs.
15-18 February 2005, to Las Vegas to speak at a Bank of America conference on casino investment. Accommodation and travel paid for by the organisers. (Registered 21 March 2005)
Trustee of the National Playing Fields Association (NPFA) (unremunerated).
GRIEVE, Dominic (Beaconsfield)
Ex-member of Lloyds' reinsured into Equitas and a member of NACDE, a Names Action Group.
House in West Kensington, London, generating rental income.
I am part-owner of building land in France.
(b) Rio Tinto
Taylor Woodrow
GRIFFITHS, Jane (Reading East)
GRIFFITHS, Nigel (Edinburgh South)
Donation from UCATT (Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians) for the purpose of promoting my constituency advice sessions. (Registered 15 March 2005)
My constituency high street office in South Edinburgh.
I am the founder of the Unsung Heroes' Award Scheme, which acknowledges worthy contributions to the community from unsung heroes nominated by constituents. The awards scheme, including prizes and promotion, is sponsored by Mrs I Hunter, a constituent, and Mr William Sullivan, a local businessman.
GRIFFITHS, Win (Bridgend)
GROGAN, John (Selby)
I write a column for The Morning Advertiser every five weeks (£250 per article). (Up to £5,000)
I write a column four times a year for Eagleye, the in-house magazine for Enterprise Inns (£200 for each article) (Up to £5,000).
4-7 April 2004, to Qatar, to attend Qatari Conference on Democracy and Free Trade on behalf of the Inter Parliamentary Union. Travel and accommodation provided by the Government of the State of Qatar. (Registered 15 April 2004)
17-20 June 2004, to India to attend a conference on global security and terrorism, organised by Strategic Foresight Group (an Indian think tank) and sponsored by Essar Shipping Ltd of India, who paid for my return flight from London to Delhi and three nights' accommodation. (Registered 16 August 2004)
GUMMER, Rt. Hon. John Selwyn (Suffolk Coastal)
Chairman, Sancroft International Ltd.; consultants in corporate responsibility, environment, and of its subsidiary Earthcare Products Ltd.
Chairman, Veolia (formerly Vivendi UK); water companies.
Chairman (non-executive), Valpak Ltd.; not-for-profit organisation for compliance with packaging waste directive.
Kidde PLC (non-executive); fire prevention.
Chairman of the Association of Independent Financial Advisers; a representative trade organisation.
Sovereign Reversions Limited (non-executive); home reversions.
Articles in: Catholic Herald, Country Life, Estates Gazette, High Life, Planning, Evening Standard. I also chair conferences. The subjects in both cases are usually property, sustainable development and religious issues. The commitments arise largely from my previous profession of journalism and all payments go to Sancroft which provides research staff, information services, and all other facilities. Currently Sancroft would expect about £60,000 in payments, in respect of which I would receive some £20,000 in fees and dividends.
Chairman of the Association of Independent Financial Advisers.
A residential and commercial property in London SW1, owned by the family.
(a) Sancroft International Ltd.
Prepared 11 April 2005


This very FUNNY VIDEO will make you laugh and also teach you a very important moral lesson.
After watching this video, don't forget to drop the moral lesson you've learnt from this video.
Do what u can ?
hey Mark what is the song's name which was played when that man(the one you insulted)enter to the classroom.


To get the best Medicare Supplement insurance in Atlanta, LA, it is important to compare your options. Our website enables you to do that quickly and efficiently. Simply enter your Zip at the top and click Compare Options button. You will be taken to a page with a list of the best insurance carriers in your Winn area. We recommend comparing quotes from at least 3 companies before settling on a coverage. This way you can make sure you are not overpaying on your Medigap premium.
This type of insurance can be obtained by doing three simple things. First of all, you are going to want to find companies that offer it. You can find them by getting quotes from companies that allow you to put your information in so that they can send it to insurance providers that sell Atlanta Medigap policies. You will receive the quotes within a few days and then it's up to you to make the right choice. The second thing that you need to do is evaluate the quotes that you do receive. Some of them will cover virtually everything. However, the best ones are going to be a little more expensive. If you can afford to do so, the coverage that will make it virtually impossible for you to ever pay another medical bill are the ones that you want to get. Finally, you need to contact that company and get set up with their policy. The sooner that you do this the better. You never know when an emergency will strike and you could end up in an emergency room which can literally cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. With the proper Medigap insurance in place, this supplemental insurance will take away all of your worries about how much it's going to cost to go to the doctor. Just find one or two of these businesses that will submit your information to the many different Medigap providers and you can sign up for an affordable Medicare supplemental insurance policy.
There are obviously going to be some policies that are going to surpass others. For example, there are many that are very affordable but only cover a portion of the possible bills that you may receive. Others will be several hundred dollars a month, but you will not have to pay for anything, not even a deductible, and this is probably what you will want to get. Several companies will offer these full coverage Medigap policies. Simply choose one that has an affordable rate. You can also read reviews online of the different companies that offer these Atlanta, Louisiana Medicare supplemental insurance policies and select one based upon what other people have said.
With the recent economy in so significantly trouble and so several individuals losing positions, wellness insurance coverage is much more crucial than at any time. Wellness insurance is not just a individual or family members matter, it is a matter of national discourse. Use this data to learn far more about health insurance coverage in your existence.
When analyzing health insurance coverage protection, get the time to compare quotes on the variety of strategy you require. The expenses associated with insurance will selection broadly in between companies. Performing some research on what is lined vs. value of protection can preserve a great deal of funds and time, must the want arise.
When getting car insurance policy, you can keep fees down by naming your wife or husband, if you have one, as a driver on the policy. Many insurance coverage firms will 1st offer you a discount for a blended policy rather than holding two individual procedures for the same household. Furthermore, marriage is observed as a stabilizing effect that reduces your chance.
Get to know the 3 major types of health insurance policies guidelines: the HMO, the POS, and the PPO. Study these 3 kinds to find out how their coverage, coverage prices and packages vary. Use this information to determine out which one would be greatest for you and your household.
Get out overall health insurance policy to protect your self from economic ruin. If you just take unwell you may possibly have to depart your occupation and with no a standard income medical charges could very easily bankrupt you. Just be certain to analysis any wellness insurance policies strategy entirely before you signal anything at all so you are mindful of which health situations it addresses.
Just take out overall health insurance to protect your self in opposition to monetary damage. If you just take ill you may possibly have to leave your task and with no a typical cash flow health care expenses could simply bankrupt you. Just be positive to research any wellness insurance coverage strategy totally before you signal everything so you are informed of which health conditions it addresses.
Make certain your health insurance is not currently being "grandfathered" in. Some organizations do not have to offer the new adjustments needed by regulation, because they have been in company for a really lengthy time, or they know someone higher up. If your policy is 1 of these, start off looking for a new company.
If you are used at any task in the place, take complete advantage of your employer's insurance coverage coverage. Because of the not too long ago passed health care legislation, every employer now has to offer insurance coverage to personnel. It might be a little bit costly, but it truly is far far more affordable to go through your employer for coverage.
Prior to finalizing a offer with a certain company, be positive to read some buyer critiques about them. There are many websites on the internet that permit buyers to make problems about products or customer services and this is true of insurance policy vendors as effectively. If you have noticed that they have a lot of grievances, it could be time to discover an additional alternative.
No matter of what well being insurance policy you at the moment have, possibly by means of your employer, the federal government or non-public insurance policies, it is crucial to stay on best of present wellness insurance policy information. It is important to discover a wellness insurance policies organization that has the protection you want at a cost you can pay for.


text:
Q: PHP Form Data Validation is not working Hi I'm trying to do a form with data validation before writing into database. But im not sure why the data validation is not working. Below is my codes
filename: bookoffer.php

$NameErr = $EmailErr = $DescriptionErr = "";
//$Name = $Email = $Description;

        if (isset($_POST['Submit']))
            {
       $errors = array();
            if (empty($_POST['Name']))
                {
                $NameErr = "**Name is required**";
                }
                else
                    {
                        $Name = ($_POST['Name']);
                        //check if name only contain letter and white space
                        if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z ]*$/",$Name))
                            {
                            $NameErr = "**Only letters and white space allowed**";
                            }
                    }

        if (empty($_POST['Email']))
        {
            $EmailErr = "**Email is required**";
        }
        else
            {
                $Email = ($_POST['Email']);;
                //check if e-mail address is well-formed
                if (!filter_var($Email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL))
                    {
                    $EmailErr = "**Invalid email format**";
                    }
            }

        if (empty($_POST['Description']))
        {
            $Description = "**Description is required**";
        }
        else
            {
            $Description = ($_POST['Description']);
            }

     }
    //if(count($errors)==0)

        include 'database_connect.php';  //make database connection

        $Name = $_POST['Name'];
        $Email = $_POST['Email'];
        $Description = $_POST['Description'];

        $sql = "INSERT INTO books_offer (Name, Email, Description) values ('$Name', '$Email', '$Description')";
        $redirect = true;
        header('Location: Thank_you.php');
        mysqli_query($conn, $sql) or die (mysqli_error($conn));
        mysqli_close($conn);

?>

Here is the html file which is calling for bookoffer.php
<!DOCTYPE HTML>

Please Offer Your Book

        <form id="bookoffer" method="post" action="bookoffer.php" >

 *required field.

            Name* <input type="text" name="Name" >
             <?php echo $NameErr;?>

            Email* <input type="text" name="Email" >
             <?php echo $EmailErr;?>

            Description*<textarea name ="Description" rows="5" cols="40" ></textarea>
             <?php echo $DescriptionErr;?>

                <input type="submit" name="submit_form" value="Submit" />
        </form>

A: You're not populating your $errors array so the if statement you've commented out will always be true. You are storing your errors in individual variables. One option would be to change
$errors = array();

to
$errors = false;

then, when you are setting the error variables add a line to each one to set $errors to true, one example,
if (empty($_POST['Name']))
{
   $NameErr = "**Name is required**";
   $errors = true; // this line added
}

You can now update your commented out if statement to
if ($errors) {

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Oakdale Ridge Hunt Club (ORHC) is nestled amongst 1000 quiet acres, just 42 minutes from the Twin Cities. ORHC is a family owned and operated business that provides you game bird hunting at its BEST! ORHC offers each hunter a way of not coming home empty handed. Hunters are provided the comfort of stress-free hunting, and great field availability, all to themselves. ORHC operates on a membership basis. One person from each hunting party is required to be a member, but guests are always welcome! ORHC's season runs from the beginning of September to April, six days a week. ORHC is closed on Monday's and Holidays.
Hunters are given a private area to hunt at their own pace. The clubhouse is available before and after each hunt, where hunters can relax, grab a bite to eat or a beverage.


Online Shopping is fairly latest thing nowadays. We buy everything from food to digital tools online ghostbed vs leesa reddit. However, when it involves buying a product like a cushion that we are also made use of to head to the shop and also buy, we have the tendency to be reluctant in some cases. This could be rather warranted because a bed mattress is a fairly a significant buy and returning such a product can be a hassle if you occur to earn a mistake with your selection. Below are some of the important things that you should know before you buy mattress online.
Are you looking for mattress sales to give your bed a new life? It is great to understand that mattress sales are getting much more and also a lot more frequent. Whereas in customer's perspective – mattress sales come with unmatched cost savings and also purchasers looking for budget plan items even, occasionally locate it possible to make a better and also high quality acquisition.
In our view, it is not important to wind up with a substandard purchase for saving some bucks. Hundreds of study' s have actually currently concluded that sleep is extremely essential to our physical and mental health and also health and wellbeing. Hence, you have to be very cautious while buying anything from mattress sales. Fortunately talking, there is no brain surgery entailed in any way. Maintain on your own stick with the trusted vendors either online or on the conventional market, as well as that's all. Relied on names generally do not place their name as well as service in jeopardy for producing even more by offering bad or obsolete items.
Well, never buy an unsuitable mattress even if it is being supplied at a cost much minimal than its routine cost. Continue as well as leave this for others. As an individual every person picks up from his/her experience. In case if you are not still sure concerning just what is mosting likely to function much better for you compared to you can always choose FREE ghostbed vs leesa redditassessment possibilities being offered right here and also there. Those who currently are enduring from rest conditions or are facing chronic pains need to constantly talk to their orthopedic or a professional as an easy modification in your rest equipment or sleep behaviors sometimes can bring wonderful alleviation. As an example consider soft cushions. These sort of cushions fits those that such as to sleep on their sides. Hundreds of vendors are making and also marketing solid cushion on the market. These mattresses are known to be much better for sleepers that want to sleep on their back or stomach.
Once again, you have to deal very meticulously below as it is a matter of your rest or sleep loss. Trying something new for a couple of days as well as particularly when products are supplied with free trials, is not a negative idea.
The memory foam mattress comes on the top as they are the most popular ones. These mattresses supply a long life expectancy, they are offered at a competitive cost, and their toughness scores are way far better than their counterparts. You can call it either innerspring cushion or springtime bed mattress straight.
Since you know acquiring a cushion online will certainly not make you regret at the end, let's see the important things you can do it make your decision as far better as feasible. To begin with, it is exceptionally vital that you are clearly knowledgeable about the type of item you are trying to find. Everybody has their very own design of sleeping. There are cushions which are better for back sleepers compared to side sleepers. There are some which would certainly deal with someone with a stiff back better. Know exactly what you are going for, and after that begin browsing for the cushion that would certainly match all your requirements. Or else, you are likely to obtain distracted by all the options you will certainly see and also wind up acquiring something that plainly does not match you, your needs or your way of life.
As pointed out above as well, among the greatest advantages of on-line buying is the access to countless user testimonials. If the individuals are validated, the opportunities are that they would review more the weaknesses of a product that its excellent factors– this is all-natural for us humans and it terrific for you as a brand-new customer to weed out the products that do not suit you. Read at the very least 20 reviews by previous individuals before you make the last choice. The more evaluations you can review the better. There are uncommon possibilities that an item is a great deal far better compared to exactly what it has been explained by the customers, yet the majority of the time if the testimonials are reputable, it would certainly offer you an excellent insight right into the experience of using the bed mattress that you can not obtain from anywhere else.
Online Shopping is rather latest thing nowadays. We buy everything from food to electronic devices online ghostbed vs leesa reddit. Nevertheless, when it pertains to acquiring a product like a bed mattress that we are as well utilized to head to the shop as well as get, we have the tendency to be hesitant sometimes. This could be rather warranted considering that a bed mattress is a rather a substantial buy as well as returning such an item could be a hassle if you occur making a blunder with your option. Right here are some of things that you have to recognize prior to you buy mattress online.
Are you searching for mattress sales to offer your bed a new life? Well, the bed mattress market is everything about uncomplicated things stood for in rather ghostbed vs leesa redditcomplex way. It is excellent to know that mattress sales are getting extra as well as extra constant. Some of the top manufacturers provide routine bargains on normal as well as limited time items. These mattress sales are ideal for everybody. For vendors, these sales bring a great deal of advertising and some fast capital. Whereas in consumer's point of view – mattress sales come with unmatched savings and also buyers looking for spending plan items also, in some cases find it possible to earn a much better and top quality purchase. Being a consumer and also particularly the one who is out on a really crucial objective of getting a cushion ghostbed vs leesa reddit – you need to maintain on your own stick to some principals. Constantly, think prior to you click the "order" button as today' s advertising and marketing strategies are type of traps. Complying with are a couple of, general guidelines for people that are regarding to acquire bed linens items.
In our view, it is not important to end up with a substandard acquisition for conserving some dollars. Hundreds of research' s have actually currently wrapped up that sleep is really crucial to our physical as well as mental wellness as well as health and wellbeing. Hence, you need to be very careful while acquiring anything from mattress sales. Fortunately speaking, there is no brain surgery included whatsoever. Keep yourself stick to the relied on suppliers either online or on the conventional market, and that's all. Relied on names usually do not put their name as well as organisation at risk for yielding even more by marketing poor or obsolete products.
Well, never ever acquire an unsuitable cushion just since it is being provided at a rate much lower than its routine cost. Continue and also leave this one for others. As a specific everybody discovers from his/her experience. In case if you are not still certain regarding exactly what is going to work much better for you than you can always go for FREE ghostbed vs leesa redditconsultation chances being provided here as well as there. Those that currently are struggling with rest conditions or are dealing with chronic aches ought to always speak with their orthopedic or an expert as a simple change in your rest equipment or sleep routines in some cases can bring great alleviation. As an instance take into consideration soft cushions. These kind of bed mattress matches those who like to rest on their sides. Hundreds of suppliers are making and offering firm cushion on the market. These bed mattress are understood to be much better for sleepers that want to rest on their back or tummy.
Once more, you need to deal really thoroughly below as it is a matter of your rest or sleep loss. We are not here to discourage minor ones in business. Remaining lined up with considerable brand names could constantly be taken into consideration as a safe means to go. Heavyweights made all their fame and magnificence by investing substantial initiatives and also resources. Attempting something brand-new for a couple of days and also especially when products are offered with free tests, is not a negative idea.
The memory foam cushion comes on the leading as they are the most popular ones. These cushions provide a long life expectancy, they are readily available at a competitive cost, as well as their longevity ratings are way much better compared to their equivalents. You could call it either innerspring bed mattress or spring mattress straight.
Since you recognize purchasing a mattress online will certainly not make you regret at the end, allow's see the things you could do it make your choice as better as feasible. To start with, it is extremely essential that you are clearly knowledgeable about the sort of item you are searching for. Everyone has their very own style of sleeping. There are cushions which are much better for back sleepers compared to side sleepers. After that there are some which would deal with somebody with a rigid back much better. Know exactly just what you are opting for, and after that begin surfing for the mattress that would match all your needs. Or else, you are likely to obtain distracted by all the options you will certainly see and also end up buying something that clearly does not fit you, your needs or your way of living.
As stated over as well, among the largest advantages of online buying is the accessibility to countless customer evaluations. If the individuals are validated, the opportunities are that they would talk about much more the weak points of an item that its great factors– this is all-natural for us human beings as well as it great for you as a brand-new purchaser to extract the products that do not fit you. Review a minimum of 20 evaluations by previous individuals before you make the last decision. The even more evaluations you can review the much better. There are unusual opportunities that an item is a whole lot better compared to exactly what it has actually been described by the users, however a lot of the time if the evaluations are qualified, it would certainly offer you a fantastic understanding into the experience of utilizing the bed mattress that you can not receive from anywhere else.
Online Shopping is quite popular nowadays. We get every little thing from food to electronic tools online ghostbed vs leesa reddit. Nonetheless, when it involves acquiring an item like a bed mattress that we are too made use of to head to the store and also acquire, we have the tendency to be reluctant in some cases. This could be somewhat warranted given that a mattress is a rather a significant buy as well as returning such a product can be a trouble if you take place to earn a mistake with your option. Below are several of the points that you require to understand prior to you buy mattress online.
Are you seeking mattress sales to provide your bed a brand-new life? Well, the mattress industry is all regarding straightforward things represented in fairly ghostbed vs leesa redditdifficult fashion. It is good to know that mattress sales are obtaining much more and also more frequent. Some of the leading makers supply regular offers on routine and also minimal time products. These mattress sales are best for everybody. For vendors, these sales bring a great deal of advertising and some fast capital. Whereas in customer's perspective – mattress sales feature unequaled savings as well as buyers seeking budget plan products even, often locate it feasible to earn a better and top quality purchase. Being a customer and also particularly the one who is out on an extremely important goal of acquiring a bed mattress ghostbed vs leesa reddit – you ought to keep on your own stick to some principals. Constantly, think prior to you click the "order" switch as today' s advertising and marketing techniques are kind of catches. Adhering to are a few, general standards for individuals that will purchase bedding items.
In our sight, it is not wise to wind up with an inferior acquisition for saving some dollars. Hundreds of research study' s have actually already wrapped up that rest is vitally essential to our physical as well as emotional health and wellness and wellbeing. Therefore, you need to be extremely cautious while acquiring anything from mattress sales. Luckily speaking, there is no rocket scientific research included at all. Maintain on your own stick with the trusted suppliers either online or on the standard market, which's all. Trusted names generally do not put their name and company in jeopardy for producing even more by offering inadequate or outdated items.
Well, never ever acquire an improper bed mattress simply since it is being provided at a rate a lot lower compared to its regular price. These kind of cushions fits those that like to sleep on their sides. These mattresses are known to be much better for sleepers that like to rest on their back or stomach.
Again, you have to deal extremely meticulously here as it is an issue of your rest or insomnia. Attempting something new for a pair of days as well as particularly when items are offered with free tests, is not a negative suggestion.
Well, by kind we could categorize them into 3 various teams. The memory foam mattress begins the leading as they are one of the most popular ones. These mattresses offer a long lifespan, they are available at an affordable rate, as well as their toughness ratings are way far better than their counterparts. ghostbed vs leesa reddit The second type of bed mattress we wish to mention here is called Latex Foam. They are also preferred in offline and on-line markets. You can discover latex foam's natural and synthetic versions. In many cases, they come consisting of on a poly foam base whereas their core contains several latex layers to give sleepers with more convenience. Below comes the third and also the last main kind of bed mattress. You can call it either innerspring bed mattress or springtime cushion straight. These were really typical in the USA as well as Europe. The innerspring cushions come equipped with mechanical springs to provide the customer with sort of a lift. Nevertheless, today's generation has actually started disliking innerspring bed mattress. All of us recognize, our behaviors are altering with the flow of time. Being constituents of an internet-based society, we now have brand-new concerns to address, as well as our lifestyle is bringing adjustments in our sleep practices.
Now that you understand getting a cushion online will certainly not make you regret at the end, let's see the things you can do it make your choice as far better as feasible. There are mattresses which are much better for back sleepers than side sleepers. Know exactly just what you are going for, as well as after that start searching for the bed mattress that would match all your demands.
As mentioned over too, among the greatest benefits of on-line buying is the accessibility to thousands of individual testimonials. If the individuals are validated, the possibilities are that they would discuss extra the weak points of a product that its assets– this is natural for us humans and it fantastic for you as a brand-new customer to weed out the products that do not fit you. Review at least 20 reviews by previous individuals prior to you make the decision. The even more evaluations you can check out the better. There are unusual opportunities that a product is a great deal far better than exactly what it has been defined by the users, yet the majority of the time if the reviews are credible, it would certainly provide you a terrific understanding into the experience of utilizing the bed mattress that you could not obtain from anywhere else.


text:
Home Find a new game How Word Games Are Beneficial For Kids
Find a new game
How Word Games Are Beneficial For Kids
Word games help increase mental performance since they trigger portions of the brain that handle speech and word-finding, which compels the mind to use, work, and be busier. Word games might be pretty addictive. Several people love puzzles. Just how are word games advantageous to the brains? These activities retain us engaged by getting us to "extend" our beliefs. Unlike timed tasks, which provide us with another type of struggle, word games, puzzles and other types of games catch our attention, convince us to produce new relations, and also provide us with the opportunity to think out of our mind box.
Word Games are highly beneficial.
If you plan your crossword and word search puzzles and publish them or encourage using suitable mobile programs, kiddies of all ages may profit significantly from playing with games. Word games like hangman, word search, and crosswords perhaps assist with punctuation and enhance the rate at which a child works. Other benefits consist of a boosted working memory, an elongated language, and improved problem-solving abilities. Word-game programs may also be perfect for kiddies who like any contest since they ordinarily possess a competitive element for those who see that the players compete against a timer or contrary to other users from throughout the world.
Choose the Best Game App Programs
With the new programs being developed each day around the world, it's frequently difficult to distinguish between the ones that can be conducive to educational growth and work like only a dumb yet fun hobby. As a teacher, it's crucial to sift through the masses of all programs to come across the ones who have the maximum insightful price. If you use a PC, notebook, or mobile apparatus, there's guaranteed to be a program that'll assist your students in a minimum of one field of learning.
Listed below are just a few of the best word games on the market:
Word Beach can be a fun and enlightening word puzzle game acceptable for kids and adults alike. The several mini-games perhaps not merely make an effort to boost an individual's language but enhance their spelling of the ordinary and odd words. Even though puzzles begin super simple, they can rise in difficulty when you make your path throughout the many fun-filled and challenging levels. Word Beach could be downloaded for both i-OS along with Android apparatus.
Word Cookies This hot program puts a modern spin on the timeless Wordsearch games which were adored for centuries. The port is also visually appealing and user-friendly and features a large amount of added features, making it particularly appealing to younger players. You only swipe connect alphabet cookies onto a pan to words. You could even make more coins by simply filling a cookie jar together with additional words. The video game is absolutely free to download Windows, i-OS, and Android apparatus even though in-app purchases are all readily available to unlock additional capabilities.
Rackword This is a completely free real-time word game that lets you play online with friends and different players. The plan is always to employ your word skills to control your opponent. Rackword additionally provides you with the chance to choose players to compete for wordsmithing supremacy. And ah! It got a range of power-ups, community features, and also added barriers too. Word games really are as educational as they have been interesting. While nothing prevents you from playing with traditional pencil-and-paper games along with the pupils, embracing new technology can only take their game playing into the following. The time is as short as 30 minutes per a little more time than two minutes each twist, so, you don't have to wait around too long for the competitor to play with their own turn. Additionally, players can team facing their actual individual competitors in a set of just two since multi-players might be surpassed around 4 to form a game 2 vs 2. This video game is totally free to play on the internet or through an android mobile phone.
Alphabear is actually a casino game that's similar to Scrabble, albeit with the addition of adorable beats. From the game, you want to spell out words by selecting letters onto a grid. Bears can look whenever you utilize letters that can be adjacent together. The more letters you use in a specific field, the more points you get and the greater the tolerance. If you really do well enough you may win a keep of one's personal. The program is free to download from the Google Play Store and i-OS AppStore and carries quite a few in-app purchases to improve the gaming experience. The word game is as enlightening as they are attractive. While nothing stops you from playing conservative pencil-and-paper games together with the students, adopting new technology may simply take their game playing to the next degree. As the net and cellular phones might be beneficial tools for development and learning, you may be concerned about exactly what your kids do on the web when you keep a watchful eye on these.
Previous articlePulsar Heavy-Duty Generator, Insignia Massage Chair, Star Wars Action Figures, Holy Stone Drone, Greenworks Outdoor Power Tools, and More
Next articleTop 5 Best Pc Games Under 2Gb Ram
Top 10 BEST Wii Games!
Last Of US TV Show Creators Explain Huge Change From The Game
Top 10 Free VR Games 2021
DF Direct Weekly: Xbox's Developer Direct was the best games show in years
Fixing LAG ON ANY ROBLOX GAME! (Remove 60 FPS CAP) FPS UNLOCKER!


Size: 192 sq ft.; Balcony: 53 sq ft.
Amenities: Two lower beds that convert to one queen-sized bed floor-to-ceiling sliding glass doors opening to a private verandah sitting area with sofa private bathroom with shower 100% Egyptian cotton linens premium mattress luxurious duvet plush pillow shams stylish Euro pillows sitting area with sofa 32" LCD TV direct-dial telephone and voicemail thermostat-controlled air-conditioning individual safe and hairdryer. Guests in AquaClass enjoy unlimited access to the AquaSpa relaxation room Persian Garden spa concierge plush Frette robe and slippers complimentary daily hors doeuvers bottled water and selection of juices and teas special programming and wellness classes and Blu- the AquaClass exclusive specialty restaurant.


text:
World TB Day 2016
This year, the Department of Health and its partners celebrated the World TB Day Celebration on March 29, 2016 with the theme, "Sama-samang hanapin, gamutin at pagalingin lahat: End TB!" The commemoration highlighted collaborative partnership among its stakeholders — government agencies, civil societies, people organizations, non-state actors, hospitals, and schools. The spearheading organization, the Philippine Coalition Against Tuberculosis (PhilCAT), worked together with its partners like Culion Foundation, Inc. (CFI) to make this year's celebration a success. In his keynote message, Dr. Vicente Y. Belizario, Jr., Undersecretary of the Department of Health, emphasized that "...to end TB in the Philippines means a stronger collaborative partnership... ang pagsamasama ng lahat ang nagpapalakas ng pwersa laban sa TB..." The activity also featured a DUB-SMASHED TB Contest where CFI's entry earned a consolation prize. The said event was participated in by CFI's Executive Director, Program Manager, HRA Officer, Project Manager, and Resource Mobilization Officer. An intermission song was rendered by the Center for Community Transformation Choir, a partner of CFI.
Written and posted by: Ian Christopher Rocha (1 April 2016)


ZXing (pronounced "zebra crossing") is an open-source, multi-format 1D/2D barcode image processing library implemented in Java, with ports to other languages.
AppBrain analyzes Android apps and games on Google Play and finds the apps that contain Google ZXing. We provide free statistics on which apps and games are using these libraries, and a full list of apps can be purchased for a small fee.
Using the stats below, you can answer questions like "Who's using google zxing", "Which apps are a showcase for google zxing", and "How popular is this library?".
The "related libraries" gives a good overview which code is frequently used together with google zxing. These libraries may, for instance, work well together, or may be competitors to google zxing.
To keep others updated about Google ZXing and its use in Android apps, we offer a widget that you can embed into your website. Click to preview the widget.
Get a great insight in the most downloaded apps that contain Google ZXing. For $250 you can buy a CSV file that can be imported into all the main spreadsheet and analysis tools.