text:
"""Test for tensor2robot.layers.mdn."""

from absl.testing import parameterized
import numpy as np
from tensor2robot.layers import mdn
import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
import tensorflow_probability as tfp

class MDNTest(tf.test.TestCase, parameterized.TestCase):

  def test_get_mixture_distribution(self):
    sample_size = 10
    num_alphas = 5
    batch_shape = (4, 2)
    alphas = tf.random.normal(batch_shape + (num_alphas,))
    mus = tf.random.normal(batch_shape + (sample_size * num_alphas,))
    sigmas = tf.random.normal(batch_shape + (sample_size * num_alphas,))
    params = tf.concat([alphas, mus, sigmas], -1)
    output_mean_np = np.random.normal(size=(sample_size,))
    gm = mdn.get_mixture_distribution(
        params, num_alphas, sample_size, output_mean=output_mean_np)
    self.assertEqual(gm.batch_shape, batch_shape)
    self.assertEqual(gm.event_shape, sample_size)

    # Check that the component means were translated by output_mean_np.
    component_means = gm.components_distribution.mean()
    with self.test_session() as sess:
      # Note: must get values from the same session run, since params will be
      # randomized across separate session runs.
      component_means_np, mus_np = sess.run([component_means, mus])
      mus_np = np.reshape(mus_np, component_means_np.shape)
      self.assertAllClose(component_means_np, mus_np + output_mean_np)

  @parameterized.parameters((True,), (False,))
  def test_predict_mdn_params(self, condition_sigmas):
    sample_size = 10
    num_alphas = 5
    inputs = tf.random.normal((2, 16))
    with tf.variable_scope('test_scope'):
      dist_params = mdn.predict_mdn_params(
          inputs, num_alphas, sample_size, condition_sigmas=condition_sigmas)
    expected_num_params = num_alphas * (1 + 2 * sample_size)
    self.assertEqual(dist_params.shape.as_list(), [2, expected_num_params])

    gm = mdn.get_mixture_distribution(dist_params, num_alphas, sample_size)
    stddev = gm.components_distribution.stddev()
    with self.test_session() as sess:
      sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
      stddev_np = sess.run(stddev)
      if condition_sigmas:
        # Standard deviations should vary with input.
        self.assertNotAllClose(stddev_np[0], stddev_np[1])
      else:
        # Standard deviations should *not* vary with input.
        self.assertAllClose(stddev_np[0], stddev_np[1])

  def test_gaussian_mixture_approximate_mode(self):
    sample_size = 10
    num_alphas = 5
    # Manually set alphas to 1 in zero-th column and 0 elsewhere, making the
    # first component the most likely.
    alphas = tf.one_hot(2 * [0], num_alphas)
    mus = tf.random.normal((2, num_alphas, sample_size))
    sigmas = tf.ones_like(mus)
    mix_dist = tfp.distributions.Categorical(logits=alphas)
    comp_dist = tfp.distributions.MultivariateNormalDiag(
        loc=mus, scale_diag=sigmas)
    gm = tfp.distributions.MixtureSameFamily(
        mixture_distribution=mix_dist, components_distribution=comp_dist)
    approximate_mode = mdn.gaussian_mixture_approximate_mode(gm)
    with self.test_session() as sess:
      approximate_mode_np, mus_np = sess.run([approximate_mode, mus])
      # The approximate mode should be the mean of the zero-th (most likely)
      # component.
      self.assertAllClose(approximate_mode_np, mus_np[:, 0, :])

if __name__ == '__main__':
  tf.test.main()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


From Ann Arbor, take I-94 West to Baker Rd. (Exit 167).
Take a right onto Baker Rd. (North) and continue to Marshall Rd. (It's the first cross street you'll come to and its approximately 2/10ths of a mile from the highway exit).
Take a right onto Marshall Rd. (East) to the first drive on the left (It's marked by three red posts that you can drive between). Once past the posts, turn right until the end of the parking lot.


There is more CO2 in the atmosphere today than there has been for 3 million years. Back then, during the middle of the Pliocene Epoch, CO2 levels reached an estimated 415 parts per million. It was a warmer, wetter world, where forests could grow in the Arctic where tundra grows now.
To a certain extent, Earth's climate has always changed. The difference today is that it is changing faster than ever before. And humanity wields enormous power to influence the planet's future—so much that some scholars have taken to calling this age the Anthropocene, or the Epoch of Man.
The science is simple: Carbon dioxide (CO2) traps sunlight. Normally, when sunlight hits the Earth's surface, a fair amount of it bounces back into space. But carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases absorb infrared light, keeping it trapped in the lower atmosphere. There it simmers, warming the planet below.
Much of the CO2 in the atmosphere today got there from human activities. Before the Industrial Revolution, CO2 concentrations were roughly 280 parts per million. Now they have reached 398 ppm and are rapidly approaching the 400 mark. Worldwide, the decade from 2001 to 2010 was the warmest decade on record since thermometer-based measurements began.
If we continue on our current course, global average temperatures could rise anywhere from 2 to 11.5 °F (1.1 to 6.4 °C) by the end of the century, according to the International Panel on Climate Change. But not all places would feel the strain equally. In the U.S., the state of Alaska has warmed twice as fast on average as the rest of the country. Meanwhile, as more intense hurricanes are likely to pummel the east coast, states in the southwest are expected to suffer harsher droughts.
The videos here explore climate change from the angle of two critical ecosystems: our forests and our wetlands. Forests soak up as much as one-third of the CO2 from fossil fuel emissions. Soils store even more carbon than plants, and ecologists suspect they might have an unexpected ally—earthworms. Wetlands protect the coasts from hurricanes, floods and other extreme weather that may accelerate over the next century. But sea level rise threatens their survival.
Smithsonian ecologists discovered that, by itself, CO2 spurs most plants to grow better. But as climate change advances, they will have to contend with droughts, higher temperatures and rising waters. None of these changes are expected to work in their favor. While these ecosystems offer us some protection for now, the question remains: for how long?


text:
How to Write a History of Video Game Warfare
A journalist has assembled the first chronology of the largest war yet fought on the Internet—the Great War of EVE Online.
Robinson Meyer
EVE Online / CCP Games / Andrew Groen
Imagine the Star Wars universe is real, and you live in it.
You have lived in it, every day, for the past 13 years. You're the captain of a nimble fighter, working for money or sheer thrill; or you operate a modest mining ship, plying your trade in the nearest asteroid belt. For all that time, you have been scraping by in the final frontier—evading pirates, settling scores, and enduring the Machiavellian rise and fall of space empires. Sometimes you even pledge allegiance to a warlord.
For the more than 500,000 people who play EVE Online, this isn't a fantasy. It's real life. EVE Online is a massive multiplayer online game—a single environment shared by thousands of players, like World of Warcraft or Second Life—that has been in continual operation since 2003. It contains all the set pieces of space opera—moons, distant outposts, mighty dreadnoughts—but it is no ordinary video game. In fact, it is like little else on the Internet in its ability to mirror the functioning complexity of the real world.
The world of EVE, called New Eden, has devoted salesmen, ruthless technocrats, tactful diplomats, and fanatical propagandists—and, unlike most other games, almost every character, no matter how high or lowly ranked, is a real person. These thousands of players vie to support their organization and the philosophy it promulgates. And in the latter half of the 2000s, those people engaged in an enormous conflict: The Great EVE War.
That war, and the extraordinary video game that contains it, now have their first history, Empires of EVE. Andrew Groen, a journalist who's written for Wired and Penny Arcade Report, spent the last 18 months piecing together a detailed chronology of the conflict and its three great participants. It was released this week—just in time for a new major conflict in EVE, possibly the largest to occur since the events Groen documented.
"EVE is the most real place that we've ever created on the Internet," Groen told me. I'm not sure he's wrong. Last month, we spoke about what makes EVE so emotionally important to its players and what it can tell us about the world beyond the game.This interview has been edited and condensed for the sake of clarity.
Robinson Meyer: Are you an EVE Online player? Is that how you learned of the events in the book, or did you hear about it by other means?
Andrew Groen: No, I've never actually been an EVE Online player, even when I was writing the book. I got to know EVE because when you're just in the games community, when you follow games as a niche medium, you tend to hear these tip-of-the-iceberg tales about what goes on in EVE. Whispers get around of this battle that had 4,000 players in it, or this incredible Ponzi scheme someone ran that duped 10,000 people throughout the game's history.
So a couple of years ago, I was thinking, what are the areas of video games that aren't being serviced by journalists? And the number one thing that came out was EVE Online. And I set out to see whether anyone had ever written a definitive history of what had gone down in EVE Online, and it turned out no one had ever done it before.
When I started out, I didn't know for sure that EVE was a game that had things like causation in it, where one event necessarily precipitates the next event. That's not true in any other video game ever made. If you're in World of Warcraft, and your guild is the first to kill a raid boss, that doesn't have consequences on the rest of the world. It doesn't change anything. The raid boss still re-spawns 24 hours later. If you die during a raid, all of your stuff comes back as soon as you resurrect.
But resources within EVE are finite. And the ability to collect those resources, and to build those resources into fleets, and armadas, and local economies—that ability is finite. So when one alliance defeats another alliance or takes over their territory, that has consequences for the power balance of the rest of the game.
EVE Online / CCP Games
Meyer: Can you give me a sense of what the world of the game is like? Like, is there finite territory in EVE, as well—when you look at the end of the star maps, are you looking at the end of space?
Groen: Basically, yeah. The way that EVE works is it's sort of a globular cluster of stars, and all of the stars in that cluster are connected by stargates. You travel between stars only through those stargates. You wouldn't be able to travel beyond the bounds of this particular star cluster, which is 7,800 stars total. There's about 3,500 that can be conquered by the players.
Meyer: So half of space is tightly controlled, and the other half is open to conquering?
Groen: At the center of this globular cluster is a place called Empire Space, which is where the "lore" empires hold sway. The game's fictional groups with all the non-player characters and AIs and things like that, they control that area of the game. That's where you spawn into the game right when you start out playing EVE Online.
But as you get farther out, the level of law enforcement decreases. And as you get into the middling outer areas, that's where pirates roam. There's looser, Wild West-style law restrictions. Then, as you get even further out from that, those are the lawless territories referred to as "nullsec." That's where any player group can show up and plant their flag in a star system and say, "This is our system. We make the laws. We are the ones who are able to exploit its mineral wealth."
A community map of New Eden from 2013. The "claimed" areas of nullsec are marked with different colors. (Courtesy Andrew Groen)
Meyer: You said this is the only game with causality. Is it the only game you could write a history of? Are their other games that have a large, shared universe, where most of the antagonism is happening between players, and not between players and AIs?
Groen: There's two things that make EVE Online really special. The first is that causality, where there's finite resources and when something is destroyed in EVE, it's gone forever. If you form an alliance of 5,000 people and you build this grand war armada of battleships, and then that fleet is destroyed, it never comes back. You are permanently weakened as a result of that. And that's one of the ways that EVE Online is very different from any other game: Things don't come back. It's unforgiving in that regard.
The second is that it's a single-server universe. If you're familiar with games like World of Warcraft, they have 200 servers around the world, and each server is this carbon copy of the game universe. The South Koreans play on their carbon copy of the server, and the Russians have their carbon copy.
EVE Online is one server—or, well, it's two servers. One for the Chinese and one for the rest of the world, for complicated reasons. The history that we're talking about now is the history of the entire world playing in one shared game space. That makes EVE really, really special. It means you have these entire areas of the game where you will go into them and you can't speak the language. You can't negotiate with certain player groups within EVE because they only speak Russian or they only speak Swedish. You wind up with these fantastically complex governments that actually have translators and diplomats to go between these different cultures. That's the level that a lot of these in-game groups have reached once they get up to 10,000—I think the largest one is close to 25,000 people.
There's a terrific story about one of the most famous diplomats in EVE. He was a guy named Vile Rat, and he worked for the Goon Swarm alliance. [But in person,] he worked for the U.S. State Department as an IT expert for diplomats.
It turns into a tragic story, because he was one of the guys killed in Benghazi, in the attack on Libya. It's an incredibly poignant moment in the history of EVE. Everybody had heard of his exploits, and some of the things he had been able to negotiate, and some of the spy stuff he had been involved in, and when he died, there were memorials all over EVE, mourning the loss of this player.
Meyer: How many of the alliances that you wrote about still exist? How fast is turnover in the game, and are there relative eras of stability between these empires in nullsec? Or are people more or less always at war?
Groen: I think to an extent, people are always fighting a little bit. But there are times when wars will break out that will make you realize, oh no, we weren't actually at war during that period, this is what a total war looks like in EVE Online.
Probably the climax of the book that I wrote is this era known as the Great War. I think of it as a World War I-style tangle of treaties, where everyone in the game gets dragged into this huge conflict that probably included over 50,000 people. It took about two years to fully resolve.
So there is relatively quick turnover when you compare it to real-world governments, or something like that, but when you compare it to a video game, these are very stable organizations. A lot of them last for five years or longer. The chief character alliance that I follow throughout most of the book was in power from 2004 to late 2009, so that's a pretty stable group.
Meyer: In the intro to the book, you write about how this concept of "sovereignty" was introduced in 2004 into nullsec space. It let player groups become permanent owners of stars or areas of space. And then, some time after that concept takes hold, you have a huge, huge war. Was a war like this doomed to happen from the start? In other words, as you saw something like the modern nation-state spread everywhere, did you also see problems follow that? Because all of a sudden, there's borders and competition and other attributes that tend to force organizations into conflict.
Groen: It did introduce that political squabbling, as people quibble over borders. But at the same time, when they introduced that concept, there's some stability to that. In the past, everybody would still try to conquer areas of space, and they would still succeed to some degree. But there was never a delineated line where you could say: This is our space, and this is your space, and you stay out of ours and into yours. Instead it was very informal. It was just like, "We are the toughest road gang on this stretch of highway, so we own it."
I think there was some stability from sovereignty, because it allowed a lot of these governments to form. Now [EVE] doesn't have to be just about military might anymore—now you need people to run the spreadsheets, now you need people to keep track of everything. When you officially own a piece of space, you can then rent that space to somebody else to let them exploit its mineral wealth. It probably ratcheted down some of the conflict and introduced stability.
Meyer: So what followed sovereignty was technocratic order. Once some borders got hashed out, and some alliances broke down, you can have universe bureaucrats come in and actually run some things.
Groen: That's about the size of it. And I think around that time, you start to see some of these alliances form that aren't as much about combat specifically, but gain strength through strength of arms rather than pure ability as pilots or fleet commanders.
Later in the book, there's an organization called Ascendant Frontier, which really wasn't that good at fighting at all. They had a pretty weak military. But they were so good at construction, and logistics, and building these huge armadas of ships, that when their ships got destroyed, it didn't even matter. They would just go get three more.
So I think sovereignty allowed unique types of player alliances to form, which turned it less from a game about one-off battles into these systems where you're watching huge, top-to-bottom logistics operations be in place, behind the battles, to reinforce the lines. And then to run those, you need very impressive leaders, who are going to give speeches to rally the workers to continue building ships or go out on the front lines of a fight that is relatively futile. And that was fascinating.
Meyer: I wondered whether it was actually uplifting or inspiring watching this. Does it create a sense that it's a harsh, Hobbesian world, and you better pick your alliances well? Or like, even if you're doomed by birth to live in this weaker alliance, you should give your all to it, because at least it's romantic?
Groen: That's certainly something you see in these leadership speeches. Leaders will know they have the short end of the stick and they're in the weak position. And to prevent that from becoming a cascading problem—where all of your pilots realize things are looking a little grim, so they just get their stuff and leave as quickly as possible—what you'll end up seeing is leaders giving these inspiring speeches. They'll villainize the other side as the evil empire.
And that's what you have to do: You have to give your pilots something to believe in. At the end of the day, no one is doomed to work for any alliance. They can, at any time, pick up their bag and leave. So inspiration and morale become these huge resources for these organizations, and that's fun, because it means propaganda starts to matter. I have examples of these wonderful propaganda speeches, where the leaders of these alliances start talking like they're Winston Churchill. And you get the very real sense they believe it.
Meyer: And does it retain that fun? Does it, overall, feel more like a collective human storytelling practice, and not people engaging in sad, fake war with other people for trumped-up reasons?
Groen: In the era of EVE that I write about, what makes it fun, and what makes it worth reading about, is that people believe in it. They're not giving these leadership speeches with tongue-in-cheek sarcasm, where they seem to know they're roleplaying. They believe so heavily in this virtual world and the mission that they're on, and they believe so heavily in the innate evilness of their enemies.
Meyer: What are those missions? What is something that's worth dying for—or at least sacrificing many hours of playing time for—in EVE?
Groen: The organization that I was talking about earlier, Ascendant Frontier, they had carved out an area of space in the south. They got a little too big for their britches, I think, and they ended up crafting the first Titan-class ship in EVE, which is basically the atomic bomb of EVE. Their neighboring alliance, this fascistic, aggressive alliance known as Band of Brothers, got very upset about that. And their leaders started spouting this narrative about how Ascendant Frontier must be taken down.
So Ascendant Frontier has to fight back. They're witnessing this very militaristic organization coming into their borders and trying to shut down the way that they like to play the game, the way that they believe this game should be played, and that inspires this patriotic sense of duty in a lot of people.
In the intro chapter, I talk a little bit about how if you're Russian in EVE, and your alliance is the only major Russian player group, you have to fight for that group. Because if that group falls apart, there's nowhere else to go. There's no one else to play with. You want to play with people who are Russian, you want to play with other Russians, so what are you going to do if the Russian identity in EVE Online gets destroyed? A lot of people are basically kind of fighting for their right to play the game.
Meyer: When empires get tied to nationalities, or it sounds like really to languages, do you see their rise, or their failure, get tied to the success or failure of the language-speaking actual nation states?
Groen: To an extent, you do see that, just because there aren't a lot of alliances that come from relatively poorer nations. Those nations never started playing EVE in the first place. But if an alliance has made a footprint in EVE like the Russians, I doubt you'd be able to notice a diminishing Russian presence inside EVE because the ruble is falling or something like that.
Meyer: Although data scientists, I think, could have a lot of fun.
Groen: Oh man, speaking of that, I met these two guys from the University of Ghent who created a computer model that shows what happens to economic prices in certain parts of EVE, depending on whether or not there are battles going on nearby.
In these areas where a lot of ships are being destroyed, you would expect to see the price of materials skyrocket, because everyone's trying to build new ships and new fleets. But what they found was that, in areas where a lot of ships are being destroyed, the prices go through the floor, because everyone in that region of space starts liquidating everything. There's an invading alliance coming, and they're trying to get their stuff out the door as fast as possible, to make sure their stuff doesn't get taken or conquered. They said this is similar to what you see in the real world. In pre-war Germany, the price of gold dropped through the floor because everyone was trying to liquidate their belongings and get out of the country. …
EVE is the most real place that we've ever created on the Internet. And that is borne out in these war stories. And it's borne out because these people who—you find this over and over again—who don't view this as fictional. They don't view it as a game. They view it as a very real part of their lives, and a very real part of their accomplishments as people.
There was one quote that a guy who—I can't imagine this quote in anything but a deep southern Georgia drawl, because that was how he talked—he said, "this wasn't a game for us. This was our home. They were our enemies. We hated them—and not in a virtual way. We hated them." This dude is telling me that they reviled their enemies. There's something very real in how people respond to [EVE], which blends the line between what we consider to be a virtual and a real space.
Meyer: Did you see the politics in EVE reflecting global political ideologies? Do you see battles happening in these empires, disputes, over how things should be taxed or how free should trade be, for instance?
Groen: I don't think you would find conflicts about things as small as how taxes should be structured—usually what kicks it off is that someone is using a star system across their borders. But you do see things that are ideologically inspired, and it usually comes down to how you should treat the game.
Meyer: What are two conflicting philosophies of gameplay?
Groen: The main organization I talk about in the book, the Band of Brothers—it's hard to decide whether they're more of a communist organization or more of a fascist organization, because they literally confiscated all of their members' goods when they are accepted as a member of Band of Brothers. And the leader of that alliance would control them and tell them where to go.
Goon propaganda (Andrew Groen)
The main conflict in the second half of the book is between them and an organization called Goonswarm—or rather their parent alliance, an organization called Red Swarm Federation. The goons are from SomethingAwful.com, and they're very, I'd say, Internet jovial. They like to troll, they like to take people down a notch who were taking themselves too seriously. They came into EVE and one of the first things they saw was this organization taking itself incredibly seriously. And they started to mock and poke that sleeping giant. That's where one of the biggest wars in EVE's history kicks off. It becomes this unstoppable conflict, just sort of a boulder-rolling-down-the-hill sort of thing.
Meyer: And that was the organization that Vile Rat was a part of?
Groen: Yeah, he was a goon. It's one of those things that you find when you start looking at EVE Online for long enough—the people who play, and the people who succeed at the game, are genuinely brilliant. When you talk to the leaders who run these organizations, you'll ask them casually while a call is wrapping up, so what do you do for a living? And this one woman said, oh, I run a nuclear reactor up in Portland. Another guy was like, oh, I run an international shipping and logistics company.
I know for sure—no one will tell me who it is because it's kind of a secret—but I do know that, somewhere out there, there is a corporation in EVE that is run exclusively by Fortune 500 CEOs.
Meyer: How do you put together a history of a world where the first draft is all propaganda?
Groen: It's kind of a classic historical problem. A lot of times, when people lose wars, and when leaders lose their organizations, they quit the game. Part of the reason why EVE can be so shrouded in propaganda is that those players do go away, and then they no longer maintain their stature in the community or the credibility to tell the history of what happened to them and their organizations. In EVE, you very much have a winners-write-history sort of problem.
The way you counter that is by doing the journalistic legwork to go back and find those people who played the game 10 years ago, or 15 years ago, and get their side of the story. And find their old documents and old resources that they were using to document their history. I think I interviewed about 70 people for this book. I'm sure you sympathize with the difficulty of finding a source when all you know about them is the alias with which they played a video game 12 years ago.
Meyer: Is there any game record of what these battles look like?
Groen: Not perfect ones, and mostly it's only from post-2007. There's a website called Dot Lan, that has certain types of records. It'll tell you how many ships were destroyed in a system on a certain date, or it'll tell you when a certain alliance conquered which star systems. So you can find a lot of little data points which, if you know what to look for, you can paint into a larger picture of what was happening at the time.
Meyer: Were there journalists, or, like, truth-finders, wandering around in-game?
Groen: Not specifically. It's very rare to find journalists who can get into these organizations and gain their trust and still remain impartial. A lot of people who were writing down accounts were incredibly partial. I include one or two of them in the book, just to show, here's how completely over the top these people viewed themselves.
Meyer: Did doing all this research make you want to play the game, like it made you really want to get into it? Or was writing the book all the exposure you needed?
One of Groen's favorite propaganda posters
Groen: It took me a little while to understand this, but I think that I was playing EVE while I was doing this research. I was just playing it in a way that no one had ever done before. This was my niche in the community, this was how I contributed to the community. I don't fly my spaceship through the darkness of EVE Online, and go past the stars and whatnot, but EVE is the only game I've found where it does feel like you can play the game without ever logging in.
And that has been borne out by some of the leaders in the game's history—they're so busy running their alliances, they don't have time to log in and actually play the game. So they don't. They're playing the game through Google Docs, spreadsheets, IRC channels. They're holding meetings with all the other leaders; they're having diplomatic conferences in chat rooms.
Meyer: Do they need to maintain embodiment in the game at all? Did leaders need to maintain an avatar in the world of stars and fighters in order to govern?
Groen: No, there are people who have just stopped logging in. They met with their lieutenants outside the game, and those lieutenants were their presence in the game. The leader of Goonswarm is famous for never really logging in anymore. I think it's been years since he logged in.
Meyer: Do different tactical strategies emerge at all?
Groen: You definitely start to see different philosophies arise. Leaders start to figure out that they don't have to fight their enemies. And if they don't, they can start to chip away at their enemies' morale because those players have showed up to fight. They've showed up to participate in a battle. So if you don't give them that battle, if you don't show up unless you absolutely have to—in the community they would call it "blueballsing" the enemy fleet. These players have showed up, they've given up six hours of their Saturday, and they didn't even get to fight. And that has profound implications for the morale of a fleet, how well they'll listen to their commanders, and whether you can get those players to show up next time.
Meyer: So the tactic here is to act like there will be a battle and then not show up?
Groen: You basically don't want to give them anything fun. Deny them fun at any cost. If they show up to destroy one of your starbases, don't defend it. Let them show up and shoot at the starbase and slowly destroy it over the course of three hours. It's kind of ruthless in that regard: "We're just not going to play the game."
Meyer: So it sounds like one of the key resources here, and one of the things being fought over, is boredom.
Groen: Oh yeah, absolutely. Something that I found formed very early on in EVE was the understanding among certain leaders was that people will follow you, even if they don't believe in what you believe in, simply because you're giving them something to believe in. You're giving them a reason to play this game. You're giving them a narrative to unite behind, and that's fun. It's far more fun to crusade against the evil empire than it is to show up and shoot lasers at spaceships.
One of the things that I think was being fought over in the Great War was the ability to form narratives like this. The organization of Band of Brothers was very, very serious. They had this Winston Churchill vibe going on, where they want to stand on the stump and give a massive war speech and announce their invasion in the character of space dictator. The goons, on the other hand, are jocular. They don't hold to that sort of thing. By the end of the book, when the Goons win and take over, a lot of that stuff falls by the wayside. They bring a lingua franca to EVE that is, "You should not take this too seriously."
Meyer: You said it was the realest place online that has ever been made. It feels like all the things that people got excited about with Second Life, or any of those previous virtual worlds, actually exists here.
Groen: Second Life was hyped to bring out the personal ideal of a virtual space, while EVE actually brings out the collective ideal of a virtual space. What happens when humans are able to coordinate in groups of tens of thousands inside a virtual space? It hits on the same theme.
This is what I want people to understand and take away from the whole thing. Not just that this was some weird thing that happened in a video game, but that this was a really notable part of the history of the Internet. It's one of the first times we can point to something and see an ideologically fueled conflict taking place on the Internet between tens of thousands of networked individuals. These wars and these battles are probably the largest conflicts in the history of the Internet. There's something deeply exciting and fascinating about that—what wars actually look like when you fight them online. It is, in a weird way, a harbinger of maybe how things may work in the future.
Robinson Meyer is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he covers climate change and technology.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Some stains are tougher to get rid of than others, but it's always worth reading up on how to remove the most stubborn stains rather than simply bidding well to your favourite garments or furniture items. Stains can occur for many reasons, including slips, careless eating, spillages and much more. Whatever the nature of your stain is, you may well be able to remove it if you're prepared to invest the time and effort into doing so.
You have a much bigger chance of removing your stain if you act quickly. If you are planning on using a stain removing product, find a small area of the garment and check for colourfastness. If this doesn't seem to be a problem, it's time to start beating the stain. Many stains occur when red wine is spilt. You will need a dry-cleaning solvent to attack a red wine stain if it has occurred on dry clean only fabric, but if you're treating washable fabric, you can pre-treat it with a laundry stain remover before washing it as you normally would.
One of the most effective ways to remove grass strains is to use a stain stick. Stain sticks are rich in enzymes and can stop the stains from setting into the material. Once you have applied the stick to the stain, you can blot it into the stain. Chocolate can be very problematic, but solutions are available. You will need to wait for it to harden before you apply treatment. Once this occurs, you can remove it gently with a knife or spoon and attack the stain with a dry-cleaning stain and blot it with your finger. You then need to rinse the stain with warm water. Repeat the steps if you need to until you have achieved the desired result.
Blood stains need to be treated quickly so they don't set. You can flush cold water over them and blot them with the tips of your fingers. If this doesn't work, you can use a dry-cleaning solvent or a laundry stain remover if the fabric is washable. To attack a coffee stain, saturate it with a laundry stain remover and wash it in water. A liquid dishwashing detergent may be sufficient if the remover is not available. Believe it or not, you can remove ink with hairspray. Put a clean cloth underneath the stain and let the spray soak into the stain for a few moments. Blot the stain with a different clean cloth, repeating the steps as much as necessary before cleaning the garment as normal.
When you retrieve items from the washing machine, check to see if the stain is gone. You may wish to rewash them if the stain is still visible when the garments are dry. Don't use a tumble dryer until the stain is gone as the heat from your machine can cause the stain to set in, making it irremovable.
At Adept, we can assist you if you require professional cleaning services. Call 0800 0432 018 or send a message to info@adeptcleaning.co.uk to find out more. Alternatively, use the contact form on the site.


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agendas, alternatives, and public policies kingdon
(2003) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies by John W. Kingdon, 1995, HarperCollinsCollege edition, in English - 2nd ed. What makes an idea's time come? r I -o Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies Second Edition 191cfw_;*' John W. John Kingdon attempts to answer very difficult questions in his work "Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies." Despite critiques of his work being theoretically shaky, the work has retained a prominent place in the policy literature, garnering hundreds of citations since its publication. Book Notes – Agendas, Alternative, and Public Policies. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Price: $10.95 paper Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies by JOHN W. KINGDON and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.co.uk. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making by Deborah Stone Paperback $74.71 Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Updated in a new 2nd edition, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies has been reissued in this Longman Classics edition, featuring a new epilogue: Health Care Reform from Clinton to Obama. Kingdon's landmark work on agenda setting and policy formation is drawn from interview conducted with people in and around the U.S. federal government, and from case studies, government documents, party platforms, press coverage, and public opinion surveys. ... Kingdon describes a 'policy window' as similar to a 'launch window' for space rockets – there are specific windows of time in which the rocket can launch, and if it misses the window, it has to wait for the next one. However to keep this movement in the right track there is need of policies and procedures but these also seek modifications… Longman is proud to announce that Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. What people are saying - Write a review. Discuss tactics that policy practitioners use within each of the three streams to increase the odds that a specific issue will be placed on decision agendas.signment: Kingdon: Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies; Resources Edwards, H. R., & Hoefer, R. (2010). John W. Kingdon. Agendas, alternatives and public policies, John W. Kingdon, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1984, 240 pp. HarperCollins College Publishers, Jan 1, 1995 - Policy sciences. Summary: John W. Kingdon, "Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, Update Edition, with an Epilogue on Health Care (2nd Edition)" 2011 This book gave me a useful perspective and frameworks to analyze the process of public policy making. Are … Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Kingdon's Three Stream Policy Window Model World is changing fast with the growing developments in the technological, social and cultural contexts, so the success of organizations depend upon their movement parallel to these developments. While other works examine how policy issues are decided, Kingdon's book was the first to consider how issues got to be issues. This text remains the authoritative work on agenda setting and policy formation. Longman is proud to announce that Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies has been reissued in this Longman Classics edition, featuring a new epilogue: Health Care Reform from Clinton to Obama. Comparing the Clinton administration in 1993 with the Obama administration in 2009 and 2010, Kingdon analyses how agenda setting, actors, and alternatives affect public policy. 3 Reviews. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley Longman Inc., Boston. Agendas, alternatives and public policies, John W. Kingdon, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1984, 240 pp. Little, Brown, 1984 - Policy sciences - 240 pages. Firstly, submit a 2- to 3-page paper evaluating the accuracy of the Kingdon model in policymaking. *Kingdon's multiple streams model offers a theoretical framework for analyzing and emphasizing the process of problem definition, agenda setting, and selection of policy alternatives. has been reissued in this Longman Classics edition, featuring a new epilogue: Health Care Reform from Clinton to Obama. What makes people in and around government attend to some subjects and not to others? First published in 1984, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies was reissued in 1995 and most recently, in 2011, in a Longman Classics edition, featuring a new epilogue: Health Care Reform from Clinton to Obama. This chapter examines John Kingdon's book Agendas, Alternatives, and American Public Policy, considered an alternative to the more technocratic existing theories of policy-making. Scholars must also make more explicit, elaborate, and thorough use of Cohen, March and Olsen's 'garbage can' model of decision making. 3 Reviews. Buy Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, Update Edition, with an Epilogue on Health Care (Longman Classics in Political Science) 2 by Kingdon, John (ISBN: 9780205000869) from Amazon's Book Store. SOCW 6361 Week 5 Assignment – Kingdon: Agendas, Alternatives, And Public Policies June 30, 2020 / in Uncategorized / by Grace Wanjiru Agenda building is often the first step in your policy … John kingdon agendas alternatives and public policies pdf, Request PDF on ResearchGate | On Jan 1, , Evelyn Brodkin and others published Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policy. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies by John W. Kingdon, 2003, Longman edition, in English - 2nd ed. Kingdon J W 1984 Agendas alternatives and public policies Boston Little Brown from AA 1 As we will argue later, voluntarism is an attribute of policy entrepreneurs, as defined by John Kingdon ( ). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies By John W. Kingdon Instead of looking at how particular programs get put in place or how political decisions are made, Kindgon focuses on how issues come to the attention of government in the first place. - Volume 5 Issue 2 - Anthony King Agendas, alternatives, and public policies Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. John W. Kingdon. John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, Boston: Little, Brown, 1984, xi + 240 pp., $9.95. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies by John W. Kingdon Abstract and Keywords This chapter examines John Kingdon's book Agendas, Alternatives, and American Public Policy, considered an alternative to the more technocratic existing theories of ... Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies John W. Kingdon Snippet view - 1984. Buy Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies 2 by Kingdon, John W. (ISBN: 9780673523891) from Amazon's Book Store. Longman is proud to announce that Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies has been reissued in this Longman Classics edition, featuring a new epilogue: Health Care Reform from Clinton to Obama. From inside the book . ... Agendas, alternatives, and public policies by Kingdon, John W. Publication date 1995 Topics Political planning, Policy sciences Publisher New York : HarperCollinsCollege Collection Kingdon, J.W. Elevating an idea on the policy agenda requires investments in more than one element and in the ways that the elements can complement one another. In short, Kingdon explores how ideas become policy in his 1994 award-winning book. Scholarly influence. 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Updated by Nick Kellet on Nov 13, 2015
Nick Kellet
Listly Curator
Shyam Subramanyan
46 items 5 followers 0 votes 86 views
29+ Listicles Posts. Join the debate: love, hate, fad or trend?
Listly by Nick Kellet
Top nine things you need to know about 'listicles'
1 On the internet, more and more articles are written as lists. They are known as listicles. You've seen the kind of thing. Thirteen Surprising Bathroom Habits Of Tech Innovators. Twenty-three Ways You Should Definitely Not Attempt To Dance. Eleven Tips For A Hot Funeral Selfie.
5 Reasons Listicles Are Here to Stay, and Why That's OK
Lists are everywhere. They're the bread and butter of sites like Cracked and BuzzFeed, and regular content or sporadic filler at dozens more. (Yes, even WIRED.) From the multimedia gallery to the humble top 10, list-format articles - listicles - are rapidly becoming the lingua franca of new-media journalism.
10 Paragraphs About Lists You Need in Your Life Right Now
Recently, a close friend sent me an e-mail with the subject line "Things I've Noticed As I Get Older." The ten numbered observations ranged from the mundane (politics is getting stupider) to the poignant (the distant melancholy of Facebook's News Feed, with its dispatches from lives that were once, and now no longer, close to one's own).
3 Reasons Cracked.com Is the Only Site That Gets Listicles Right
August finally arrived for real on Tuesday, when BuzzFeed announced the ne plus ultra of Internet time-wastes. The ListiClock, sponsored by Pepsi Next, coughs up a listicle every time the earth revolves one-fifth of a mile. This morning, when I let the clock into my life, I was offered links to "13 Best Cute Print Ads of the...
In Defense Of Listicles
Ever feel like you suffer from listicle-induced Attention Deficit Disorder? Does it seem that whenever you come across a listicle (list + article) a compulsory sensation overtakes you and you cannot help but click and read on? "Ten Fascinating Facts about Ferrets." "15 Tips and Tricks to Outsmart Everyone at the Theme Park."
The 3 Key Types of BuzzFeed Lists To Learn Before You Die
"Yeah, I think probably people shy away from 20," BuzzFeed's Jack Shepherd told me over the phone. "Twenty feels real weird." We were talking about lists, of course. Not listicles - Shepherd says, with some exceptions, listicles are not what BuzzFeed does: "A listicle, to me, is the lowest version of the art form.
The listicle as literary form
The University of Chicago Magazine (ISSN-0041-9508) is published bimonthly by the University of Chicago in cooperation with the Alumni Association, 5555 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637. Published continuously since 1907.
Listicle Distribution
Amplify Your Media Plan with a Listicle Combining a numbered list, intriguing pictures and carefully-crafted words (including a headline that just can't be
2014: The Year of Listicles
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9 things you must know about listicles
The internet has made it so you and I can't handle a bunch of things. Chief among these are large blocks of text. On the web, we want pictures, videos, anything that is quick, easy and can be digested without a taxing amount of focus.
A listicle featuring eight reasons I hate listicles
We are living in the age of the list. Thoughtful reporting and intelligent discussion are being processed into bite-sized chunks of information with all the intellectual value of a Chicken McNugget meal. BuzzFeed and its imitators have made the list into the most successful content form on the internet, to the ...
The Power of Listicles and How To Make Yours Better
Journalists have known it for years and they've become a staple of headline writers and bloggers in recent years. But what's the science behind the listicle's remarkable success? For the uninitiated, listicle is a derived from the words list and article.
How to Write a Listicle
How to Write a Listicle. A listicle refers to a combination of the words "list" and "article" and refers to an article that is written as a list. It's common in many blog articles and it's also frequently found in lighter journalistic...
War, Peace, and Listicles: Leo Tolstoy on Money, Fame, and Writing for the Wrong Reasons
by Maria Popova A lament on being "self-confident and self-satisfied as only those can be who are quite holy or who do not know what holiness is." Celebrated as a titan of literature, Leo Tolstoy (September 9, 1828 - November 20, 1910) wasn't always a man of timeless wisdom on how to live well and immutable insight on what makes great art.
DailyTekk Takes "Listicles" To The Next Level For Charity
What difference can one guy make in the world without being rich? I'm about to find out. Starting today on DailyTekk I'm going to try something that seems a little crazy-even to myself. Every weekday from February 17 until March 14 I will produce a new top fifty list ( click here for the full list as the days progress).
Spokesmama: Listicles: 10 Ways You Show Love
It's that time of the week again: Listicles. Time to put on the thinking cap & come up with a list of 10 ways you show love (this week's topic was chosen by Ashlee).
BuzzFeed Listicles Start to Pop in Video
A few months ago, we asked the question, "Can the BuzzFeed listicle model translate to video?"-given its lack of user control and interruptive pre-roll ads. Well, it looks like BuzzFeed, with the help of viral video expert Ze Frank, is onto something.
Manipulative headlines and listicles: Upworthy and Buzzfeed are reshaping the internet
"Upworthy rankles some journalists partly because, even as it innocently coos Web readers with tender headlines, the repetitiveness of its style suggests a rather cynical ploy to lasso cheap attention rather than fully engage an audience hunting anything more than a dopamine rush."
Why Listicles Are Here to Stay
Listicles, or articles in list form, have been around for decades. Traditional magazines like Cosmopolitan have had them on their cover for years (aka: "10 Sexiest Things To Do With Your Man Tonight!") But the resurgence of the listicle online really found its home on BuzzFeed.
The Listicle Era
Lists aren't new, but thanks in large part to BuzzFeed, we are living in the Big Listicle Era. Most online publications - yes, Digiday is not immune - have now at least tried the "listicle" article format in one way or another.
Content Marketing: 3 Tips for Effectively Using "Listicles"
The "listicle," a slang term for content presented as a series of bullet points, steps, tips, facts, quotes, or pictures, is nothing new. Newspapers and magazines have been publishing Top 10 articles and similar fodder for ages. However, lately listmania seems to have overtaken digital media, too.
The Science Behind the Popularity of Listicles
Ranked lists are a mainstay of digital content publishing and can be found on most sites-from independent blogs to global media sites. For years, content publishers and online marketers have used ranked lists to drive traffic to their websites.
5 Reasons Why List-based Articles are so Popular
If you Google "25 ways", you'll get a nice list of life-changing content, including: 25 Ways to Wear a Scarf (this is actually a video, but it's funny) 25 Ways To Up Your Ponytail 25 Ways to Show You're a Man 25 ways to kill Yoshi (WTH!?)
Listicle Living: Why Millennials Engage with How-To Lists
Many of the articles Millennials post online lately are in listicle-format. Real titles range from: "10 Of The Most Unhealthy Relationship Practices," "6 Things I Regret Doing When I was 22" and "6 Indignities Every Cat Lover Must Face." These lists are essentially guides on how to deal with life. From maximizing closet space to significant other best practices, topics for how-to lists are as endless as the struggles of life. So why are Millennials so engaged with these lists?
Top 3 Reasons to Love Listicles
So, in that vein, here are my top three reasons to love listicles:
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How could I tell whether it is safe to kite in the Lake.
It has been +10 degree C in Aberta the for the last 3 days?
Ask the ice fishermen. 3" of good ice = safe.
ice spud costs about $20. It's been 40F here for about 4 days, (that's 4C) dug a hole with my ice spud and measured 16.5 inches (that's 42 cm).
It's not going to melt in a week here even if it goes up to 70f (20c).
When you spud through ice you also get a feel for how weak or strong the ice is, if it's crumbly and foamy or strong and blue.
you are further north than me I can't imagine you have less than 40 cm of ice right now but you have to spud it to make sure.
joe cheng wrote: How could I tell whether it is safe to kite in the Lake.
There is no way, after 3 days of +10°C any spring, stream and/or river could have seriously compromised the ice from below and you would never know it till you break through.
Once things start to melt I stay off the lakes.
You could test the ice in one spot and move 10' and break through.
so if you fall in it's easy to pull yourself out. You should be able to buy these at the same store you get the ice spud at. You can also wear a wetsuit under your jacket and pants if you are worried about falling in. When you fall in remember to swim back the way you came in, because that ice was holding you previously you can't be sure about the other edge.
Thanks for the great advise. May be a good idea and safe to head fo the rockies. Will go to Lake Louis tomorrow.
Will update the condition there.
good luck. I ride down to about 4 inches in the spring in michigan so we have about one more week of snow kiting here. In the winter I will ride 2 or 3 inches of ice but the spring ice is softer than nice hard winter ice.
Here's a link to our ice safety page. It's mandatory reading for our clients and full of some pretty good information as well as links to other ice info sources.
If you're riding ice you should have an ice screw. Primary use is securing your kite but secondary is checking ice thickness. 7" is the best all round size and good for gauging ice thickness. If you go to the hilt and hit water it's less that 7".


In France, you can choose between 11 really fun caravans to spend your honeymoon in. Don't turn your nose up at this idea straight away. These aren't the caravans you find just anywhere. They are all so colorful and fun, and there's plenty of room. As they are vintage, they are perfect for couples who love eras gone by and want to feel like they're in one!
Canada is famous for many things, but people taking honeymoons here isn't usually one of them. That being said, it can be a great place for the right couple to spend theirs! There are snowy trails to take, as well as a snowboard park. There's even a romantic gondola, and casinos!
You don't hear of many people heading to Kenya for their honeymoon, but these people have probably never heard of giraffe manor. It's a small guesthouse, located on an estate absolutely surrounded by beautiful giraffes! Who wouldn't want to gaze at these beautiful animals all day long? They are very friendly – some will even greet you by popping their heads through the window!
If you have always dreamed of seeing the Northern Lights, then this is the perfect opportunity to do just that, while staying in a beautiful glass igloo! You don't have to go during the northern lights, but it's bound to make your honeymoon even more special. You can also watch the stars as you fall asleep with your partner!
If you love action and being in the wilderness, you should get yourself to Queenstown. You can bungee jump together, hike, and take plenty of nature tours. You should probably avoid going around Christmas time, but other than that, you're good to go!
Taking a safari in Africa could be just the thing for you if you're an animal and adventure lover. Places like Thanda Safari offer luxury lodges and meaningful experiences that you'll remember for a lifetime!
The lake hotel in India is the perfect place for couples who want to get away from it all for a while. Each room offers luxurious views, all of which convey a different mood depending on your needs. It's surrounded by a beautiful lake of course, which adds to the magical effect of the hotel. The antiques and luxury embellishments make you feel like royalty, while the location might just make you feel like you're on another planet for a while!
Which of these unique honeymoons will you choose? Do you have any ideas to add?


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<title>EventsHandler (Alternet Libs 1.0 API)</title>
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ml.alternet.parser

Interface EventsHandler

All Known Subinterfaces:

Builder<T>, DataHandler<T>, Handler

All Known Implementing Classes:

HandlerAccumulator, HandlerBuffer, NodeBuilder, SysoutHandler, TokensCollector, TreeHandler, ValueBuilder

public interface EventsHandler

Events receiver when a grammar is parsing an input.

Author:

Philippe Poulard

Nested Class Summary

Nested Classes

Modifier and Type
Interface and Description

static class
EventsHandler.NumberValue

A number as the token value.

static class
EventsHandler.RuleEnd

Event fired when a rule ends ; indicates whether
 the rule was fulfilled or not.

static class
EventsHandler.RuleEvent<R extends Grammar.Rule>

When a rule or token is matched while parsing.

static class
EventsHandler.RuleStart

Event fired when a rule starts.

static class
EventsHandler.StringValue

A string as the token value.

static class
EventsHandler.TokenValue<T>

A wrapper of a parsed value, the token that creates it,
 and the position where the value was found when
 available.

Method Summary

All Methods Instance Methods Abstract Methods Default Methods

Modifier and Type
Method and Description

default Handler
asHandler()

Return this event receiver as a rewindable handler.

void
receive(EventsHandler.RuleEnd ruleEnd)

Receive a rule end event, even for a rule that was
 annotated with Grammar.Fragment : the handler has
 to check the state of the token value to process
 it properly.

void
receive(EventsHandler.RuleStart ruleStart)

Receive a rule start event, even for a rule that was
 annotated with Grammar.Fragment : the handler has
 to check the state of the token value to process
 it properly.

void
receive(EventsHandler.TokenValue<?> value)

Receive a token value, even for a token that was
 annotated with Grammar.Fragment : the handler has
 to check the state of the token value to process
 it properly.

Method Detail

receive

void receive(EventsHandler.TokenValue<?> value)

Receive a token value, even for a token that was
 annotated with Grammar.Fragment : the handler has
 to check the state of the token value to process
 it properly.

Parameters:

value - The token value

receive

void receive(EventsHandler.RuleStart ruleStart)

Receive a rule start event, even for a rule that was
 annotated with Grammar.Fragment : the handler has
 to check the state of the token value to process
 it properly.

Parameters:

ruleStart - The rule start event

receive

void receive(EventsHandler.RuleEnd ruleEnd)

Receive a rule end event, even for a rule that was
 annotated with Grammar.Fragment : the handler has
 to check the state of the token value to process
 it properly.

Parameters:

ruleEnd - The rule end event

asHandler

default Handler asHandler()

Return this event receiver as a rewindable handler.

Returns:

A handler with rewindable capabilities.

See Also:

Rewindable

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text:
Video Review: Jack Reacher: Never Go Back
Home / Video Review: Jack Reacher: Never Go Back
By Keith November 3, 2017 Movie ReviewBlog Post
Why do people who make action films believe they need to be mindless entertainment? Why do they think that all we need and want are fist fights, car chases, gun battles, and big explosions? Those are staples of the genre. They need to exist in action films in the same way that kisses need to exist in romance or the game-winning touchdown need to exist in sports movies. Action films, by their nature, are formulaic. Often the writers are just connecting the dots between fist fights and car chases, but that rarely produce a satisfying film. There are two ways for an action film to stand out. Either those fist fights and car chases and gun battles need to be really spectacular and original, or the lines that connect the dots need to tell a meaningful story. Jack Reacher: Never Go Back fails to do either.
Edward Zwick directed Jack Reacher: Never Go Back. Along with Richard Wenk and Marshal Herskovitz, he wrote the screenplay. It's based on the Lee Child's novel by the same name. This is Tom Cruise's second outing as Jack Reacher, but since Child has written twenty-two Reacher novels, I suspect it won't be his last.
Jack Reacher heads to Washington D.C. with the hopes of having a date with Susan Turner, a woman he has talked to several times on the phone but has never met. When he arrives in D.C., he learns she's in jail for espionage. Accused of murder, he's also arrested. After he and Turner break out of jail, they strive to clear their names and expose the real culprits. This predictable, cliché-filled story is the weakest element of the movie. Left alone, it would've made a bad movie, but strong performances made Jack Reacher: Never Go Back better than it deserved to be.
Tom Cruise plays Jack Reacher, and Codie Smulders plays Major Susan Turner. Since I believe Smulders' Agent Hill adds a lot to The Avengers movies, I loved seeing her in something new. But since she played the same type of character–military woman–it wasn't much of a reach. Still I award her as best actor, because what I liked best about Jack Reacher: Never Go Back came from her. Turner is every bit as tough as Reacher. In a very real way, she's a female version of the titular character. She kept up with him punch-for-punch, foot chase after foot chase, and shot after shot. I love that the female lead wasn't just a pretty face for the hero to seduce and rescue. I hate the damsel-in-distress cliché, and Susan Turner is too strong to ever be in distress.
Codie Smulders as Major Susan Turner
But the filmmakers did give us a damsel-in-distress in the character of Samantha (Danika Yarosh), a teenaged girl who may or may not be Reacher's daughter. They got so many things right with Susan Turner, but they ruined it with Samantha. She exists only to be the damsel-in-distress. They made her street smart, which is a type of strength, so she wasn't entirely helpless, but what Samantha added to the story was less than what she took from it. I don't blame Yarosh, who played Samantha in a convincing manner, but I blame the writers who gave the character neither depth nor motivation.
Jack Reacher: Never Go Back is both an action film and a detective story. As an action movie, I was disappointed in the set pieces. They felt rushed and unimaginative. As a detective story, it brought nothing fresh to the genre. In truth, I hated the story. Yes, the accusations of murder and espionage that began the movie were false, but by the end, both Reacher and Turner had committed several crimes that should've landed them in prison for a long time. So the story felt contrived and unbelievable. It didn't have to be that way. With only a few minor changes, they could've had the good guys fight the bad guys in a more realistic plot, and that would've been more satisfying.
The filmmakers attempted to develop a theme about the fate of veterans. For the first time since the end of Vietnam, we live in an America with a large population of returning soldiers who facing the challenge of returning to civilian life. So it's an important theme to develop, a relevant theme, and it would've elevated Jack Reacher: Never Go Back from mindless entertainment to meaningful action film. Unfortunately, they failed to give the theme the attention it deserves. I think of that as an opportunity cost. The runtime they gave to Samantha could've been better spent developing this theme.
Jack Reacher: Never Go Back is an average action film. I've seen worst–much worst–but I've also seen better–much better. If you are an action-movie addict, or a fan of Lee Child, you'll probably like this movie more than I did. Plus I think it is a good movie to watch when you want mindless entertainment. We all have those moods. But if you want more substance, even in a genre movie, then look elsewhere.
Video Review: Slow West (2015)
Video Review: Swordfish (2001)


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text:
Share this Story: First COVID-19 vaccine tested in the U.S. shows promise in data from 8 people
First COVID-19 vaccine tested in the U.S. shows promise in data from 8 people
Julie Steenhuysen and Saumya Joseph
Early data from Moderna Inc's COVID-19 vaccine, the first to be tested in the United States, showed that it produced protective antibodies in a small group of healthy volunteers, the company said on Monday.
The data comes from eight people who took part in a 45-subject safety trial that kicked off in March. The Moderna vaccine is one of more than 100 under development intended to protect against the novel coronavirus that has infected more than 4.7 million people globally and killed over 315,000.
First COVID-19 vaccine tested in the U.S. shows promise in data from 8 people Back to video
Overall, the study showed the vaccine was safe and all study participants produced antibodies against the virus.
An analysis of the response in the eight individuals showed that those who received a 100 microgram dose and a 25 microgram dose had levels of protective antibodies to fend of the virus that exceeded those found in the blood of people who recovered from COVID-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus.
The news, issued in a release by the U.S. biotechnology company, lifted shares of Moderna more than 22% and helped drive the broader stock market higher.
"These are significant findings but it is a Phase 1 clinical trial that only included eight people. It was designed for safety. Not for efficacy," said Dr. Amesh Adalja, in infectious disease expert at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security who was not involved in the study.
The very early data offers a glimmer of hope for a vaccine among the most advanced in development.
Adalja said many glitches can occur between now and the time this vaccine is tested for efficacy in thousands of people. "What we do see is encouraging," he said.
Scientists are trying to understand what level of antibodies will ultimately prove protective against the novel coronavirus, and how long that protection will last.
Moderna said the vaccine appeared to show a dose response, meaning that people who the 100 mcg dose produced more antibodies than people who got the lower dose.
The vaccine has gotten the green light to start the second stage of human testing. Last week, U.S. regulators gave the vaccine "fast-track" status to speed up the regulatory review.
In the Phase II, or midstage, trial designed to further test effectiveness and find the optimal dose, Moderna said it will drop plans to test a 250 mcg dose and test a 50 mcg dose instead.
Reducing the dose required to produce immunity could help spare the amount of vaccine required in each shot, meaning the company could ultimately produce more of the vaccine.
MAXIMIZING NUMBER OF DOSES
"In the context of a pandemic, we expect demand to far outstrip supply and the lower the dose the more people we expect to be able to protect," said Chief Medical Officer Tal Zaks.
The U.S. government in April placed a big bet on Moderna, backing its vaccine with $483 million from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
The company said that grant will enable it to supply millions of doses per month in 2020 and, with further investments, tens of million a month in 2021 if the vaccine proves successful.
In May, Moderna stuck a 10-year strategic collaboration with Lonza Group that over time will allow the manufacture of up to 1 billion doses a year.
"We are investing to scale up manufacturing so we can maximize the number of doses we can produce to help protect as many people as we can from SARS-CoV-2," Moderna Chief Executive Officer Stéphane Bancel said, using the official name for the new virus.
Moderna said it expects to start a larger late-stage, or Phase III, trial in July.
There are currently no approved treatments or vaccines for COVID-19, and experts predict a safe and effective vaccine could take 12 to 18 months to develop. The most notable side effects reported from the early testing of Moderna's vaccine were three participants with "flu-like" symptoms following a second shot of the highest dose. The company said it believed the symptoms were an indirect measure of a strong immune response.
(Reporting by Julie Steenhuysen and Saumya Sibi Joseph, Ankur Banerjee Manas Mishra in Bengaluru; Editing by Paul Simao and Bill Berkrot)


text:
Q: route doesn't work in mvc I have this Action Method:
 public virtual ActionResult NewsByCategory(int code)
    {...}

and I have Two Routers like this :
routes.MapRoute("lang",
   "{lang}/{controller}/{action}/{id}",
   new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },
   new[] { "CMS.mvcApp.Controllers" });

routes.MapRoute("langCode",
  "{lang}/{controller}/{action}/{code}",
  new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", code = UrlParameter.Optional },
  new[] { "CMS.mvcApp.Controllers" });

And I have the below Request :
locallhost:3354//En/News/NewsByCategory/12345

I am getting This Error :

The parameters dictionary contains a null entry for parameter 'code' of non-nullable type 'System.Int32' for method 'System.Web.Mvc.ActionResult NewsByCategory(Int32)' in 'CMS.mvcApp.Controllers.NewsController'. An optional parameter must be a reference type, a nullable type, or be declared as an optional parameter

Why doesn't it work ?

A: MVC is using the first route which you declared in your route.config
files. MVC works in such a way that as soon as it finds any matching
routes it won't look for next declared route in your config. So you
should always add most specific route on the top of the list and most
generic route in bottom of the list.
You can also use the constraints for the parameter type.
http://www.asp.net/mvc/overview/older-versions-1/controllers-and-routing/creating-a-route-constraint-cs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Eka Software solution is leading provider of commodity trading and riskmanagement (CTRM) solutions to global commodity markets covering Agri commodities, Metals and Mining and Energy. Our products and services help companies that buy, sell or trade commodities manage the challenges of volatile markets and 24x7 global operations more efficiently.
Eka is derived from the word "EKAM", which means 'unified' or 'integrated' in Sanskrit, the ancient Indian language. It signifies our organizational intent to provide a single-platform solution for managing trade and risk across commodities, industry verticals and business segments. Today, Eka is a 250+member strong teamthat caters to clients across a cross-section of commodities, segments and sizes from offices in Australia, India, UK, and USA.
An entrepreneur and former commodity trader, Manav is the driving force behind Eka's innovative product portfolio and is responsible for its global business strategy and growth. Employing his in-depth knowledge of commodity markets and insights into the shortfalls of the technology that prevailed, Manav founded Eka in the year 2004. Since incorporation, Manav has worked towards his vision of creating a world-class Indian Software Product Company which provides an End-to-End Commodity Platform for global physical commodity markets.
He graduated as an engineer from REC (Regional Engineering College) Jalandhar, and followed this by an MBA from IIFT (Indian Institute of Foreign Trade), Delhi. He was recently awarded the Star Entrepreneur Award for 2008-09 at the 2nd Indira International India Innovation Summit.
1. Eka.Agriculture is an End to End Agri- commodity Supply Chain solution to facilitate trade, operations and risk management right from the farm to the marketplace. Eka. Agriculture manages Origination, Sourcing, Logistics, Processing, Distribution and Sales across coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton, Grains, Edible oils, Oilseeds and other Agri-based businesses.
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text:
Rock County
Former Wisconsin Lt. Gov. and current Wisconsin Republican Gubernatorial Candidate Rebecca Kleefisch was among the speakers at the July 10, 2021 Republican Party of Dane County picnic, held at Carriage Hills Estates Park.
Chris Mertes/File
Republican gubernatorial candidate Tim Michels speaks during the State GOP Convention on May 21, 2022, in Middleton, Wis. The two front-runners in Wisconsin's Republican primary race for governor are going after one another over gas prices, marking a more negative shift in the race less than five weeks before the Aug. 9 primary. Former Lt. Gov. Rebecca Kleefisch attacked rival Tim Michels by name for the first time in a television ad Wednesday, July 6 2022 where she bemoans high gas prices as she fills up her minivan.
Ebony Cox — member, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel
The Capitol Report
Kevin Nicholson's departure makes it Tim Michels v. Rebecca Kleefisch for GOP governor nomination
By WisPolitics.com
Kevin Nicholson's departure from the governor's race essentially means it's a two-person contest for the GOP nomination in August.
The Aug. 9 primary pits former Lt. Gov. Rebecca Kleefisch against wealthy construction executive Tim Michels.
Nicholson in early July announced the suspension of his campaign, saying he didn't want to attack his rivals to win the Republican nomination.
Nicholson said he assessed the state of the primary race and came to the conclusion that "the only path forward for our campaign is attacking the other candidates in the race on the airwaves and running a very negative campaign."
Nicholson was a distant third in the GOP gubernatorial primary field, according to the most recent Marquette University Law School Poll. Twenty-seven percent of Republicans who planned to vote in the GOP primary backed Michels, while 26 percent supported Kleefisch.
Nicholson was at 10 percent.
"While our team has the capability to do that, that is not something I want to do – nor do I believe that it would be good for the party to do so," Nicholson said of going negative. "This election is too important for our state and our movement."
Nicholson, who lost a race for the GOP U.S. Senate nomination in 2018, has struggled to gain traction since Michels joined the field. They have similar profiles as veterans with business backgrounds. Each has also sought to run as an outsider. Pundits' first reaction: Michels will gain from Nicholson's departure.
Nicholson's decision came five weeks out from the primary. Though he is suspending his campaign, he will still appear on the Aug. 9 ballot.
Nicholson said he doesn't plan to endorse anyone ahead of the GOP primary, which also includes Rep. Tim Ramthun, R-Campbellsport.
Nicholson isn't closing the door on another bid for public office.
Nicholson, a business consultant and former Marine, told conservative radio host Mark Belling he planned to take time to reflect and was looking forward to spending time with his wife and kids.
Nicholson said he will also never stop caring about the state and nation.
"You've got to stand up and try and do the right thing. How does that manifest in the future? I don't know exactly," Nicholson said.
Nicholson hasn't put up a meaningful paid media campaign in recent weeks, though the PAC Fighting for Wisconsin supporting him last month reported spending $950,000 on a media buy.
Nicholson told Belling that Michels' major personal resources put him in the position that the only option going forward was to go negative, and he didn't want to do that.
Still, Nicholson has taken shots at both Kleefisch and Michels. After reports that Kleefisch planned to use strategies such as ballot harvesting in the election, Nicholson said anyone who supports the idea is "as dumb as a bag of hammers."
Both Kleefisch and Michels praised Nicholson after he dropped out of the race and vowed to contend for his supporters.
State Dem Party spokeswoman Hannah Menchhoff said Nicholson's departure "only means that there is one less radical Republican in the gubernatorial primary."
For more, visit wispolitics.com
The Capitol Report, produced by WisPolitics.com — a nonpartisan, Madison-based news service that specializes in coverage of government and politics — provides a weekly analysis of issues being debated in Wisconsin state government. It is underwritten by the WNA and produced exclusively for its members. WisPolitics.com President Jeff Mayers is a former editor and reporter for the Associated Press and a former political writer for the Wisconsin State Journal.
WisPolitics website
Social_feed
August 9 Primary
Kevin Nicholson
Tim Michels
Rebecca Kleefisch
Jeff Mayers
Milton to explore redoing Madison Avenue during water main project
Milton's Rhythm and Booms fireworks show goes on despite storm
Historical Milton Musings: Ellery Burdick legacy lives on through historic photos, scrapbooks
Milton July 4 parade cancelled due to coming storms


text:
Yosief Zeratsion (born 17 May 1990) is an Eritrean football goalkeeper. He has played for the Eritrea national football team.

International career
Zeratsion played in the 2009 CECAFA Cup in Kenya. He appeared in each group match, including the opening goalless draw with Zimbabwe, the 2–1 group match defeat to Rwanda, and the 3–1 group match win against Somalia.

References

Living people
1990 births
Eritrean footballers
Eritrea international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Asmara

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Convert object to array with map with typings in TS I'm trying to convert an object of values coming from Firebase to a typed array of values:
const snapshot = await db.teams().once('value');
const teams: Array<ITeam> = Object.entries(snapshot.val()).map(
    ([id, { identifier, name }]): ITeam => {
        return { identifier, name, id };
    }
);

Types are modelled like following:
export interface ITeam extends ITeamEntry {
    id: string;
}

export interface ITeamEntry {
    identifier: string;
    name: string;
}

But I'm getting errors like:
Property 'identifier' does not exist on type 'unknown'.
Property 'name' does not exist on type 'unknown'.

I'm not sure how to fix this.

A: val is probably an object with unknown properties. To be able to access the properties you will probably need to assert val to Record<string, ITeam>
const teams: Array<ITeam> = Object.entries(snapshot.val() as Record<string, ITeam>).map(
    ([id, { identifier, name }]): ITeam => {
        return { identifier, name, id };
    }
);