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Akida vision edge learning
This tutorial demonstrates the Akida NSoC edge learning capabilities using its built-in learning algorithm. It focuses on an image classification example, where an existing Akida network is re-trained to be able to classify images from 4 new classes.
Just a few samples (few-shot learning) of the new classes are sufficient to augment the Akida model with extra classes, while preserving high accuracy.
Please refer to the keyword spotting (KWS) tutorial for edge learning documentation, parameters fine tuning and steps details.
1. Dataset preparation
from akida import FullyConnected
import tensorflow_datasets as tfds
# Retrieve TensorFlow `coil100 <https://www.tensorflow.org/datasets/catalog/coil100>`__
# dataset
ds, ds_info = tfds.load('coil100:2.*.*', split='train', with_info=True)
print(ds_info.description)
Downloading and preparing dataset 124.63 MiB (download: 124.63 MiB, generated: 124.74 MiB, total: 249.37 MiB) to /root/tensorflow_datasets/coil100/2.0.0...
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Dataset coil100 downloaded and prepared to /root/tensorflow_datasets/coil100/2.0.0. Subsequent calls will reuse this data.
The dataset contains 7200 color images of 100 objects
(72 images per object). The objects have a wide variety of complex geometric and reflectance characteristics.
The objects were placed on a motorized turntable against a black background.
The turntable was rotated through 360 degrees to vary object pose with respect to a fxed color camera.
Images of the objects were taken at pose intervals of   5 degrees.This corresponds to
72 poses per object
# Select the 4 cup objects that will be used as new classes
object_ids = [15, 17, 24, 42]
object_dict = {k: [] for k in object_ids}
for data in ds:
object_id = data['object_id'].numpy()
if object_id in object_dict.keys():
object_dict[object_id].append(data['image'].numpy())
# Display one image per selected object
f, axarr = plt.subplots(1, len(object_dict))
for k in object_dict:
axarr[i].axis('off')
axarr[i].imshow(object_dict[k][0])
axarr[i].set_title(k, fontsize=10)
2. Prepare Akida model for learning
from akida_models import akidanet_edge_imagenet_pretrained
# Load a pre-trained model
model_keras = akidanet_edge_imagenet_pretrained()
# Convert it to akida
model_ak = convert(model_keras)
Downloading data from http://data.brainchip.com/models/akidanet_edge/akidanet_imagenet_224_alpha_50_edge_iq8_wq4_aq4.h5.
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# Replace the last layer by a classification layer
num_classes = len(object_dict)
num_neurons_per_class = 1
num_weights = 350
units=num_classes * num_neurons_per_class,
model_ak.add(layer_fc)
model_ak.compile(optimizer=AkidaUnsupervised(num_weights=num_weights,
num_classes=num_classes,
learning_competition=0.1))
Input shape    Output shape  Sequences  Layers
[224, 224, 3]  [1, 1, 4]     1          16
Layer (type)                 Output shape    Kernel shape
============= SW/conv_0-akida_edge_layer (Software) ============
conv_0 (InputConv.)          [112, 112, 16]  (3, 3, 3, 16)
conv_1 (Conv.)               [112, 112, 32]  (3, 3, 16, 32)
conv_2 (Conv.)               [56, 56, 64]    (3, 3, 32, 64)
separable_4 (Sep.Conv.)      [28, 28, 128]   (3, 3, 64, 1)
(1, 1, 64, 128)
separable_5 (Sep.Conv.)      [28, 28, 128]   (3, 3, 128, 1)
(1, 1, 128, 128)
separable_10 (Sep.Conv.)     [14, 14, 256]   (3, 3, 256, 1)
separable_12 (Sep.Conv.)     [7, 7, 512]     (3, 3, 256, 1)
spike_generator (Sep.Conv.)  [1, 1, 2048]    (3, 3, 512, 1)
(1, 1, 512, 2048)
akida_edge_layer (Fully.)    [1, 1, 4]       (1, 1, 2048, 4)
Learning Summary
Learning Layer    # Input Conn.  # Weights
akida_edge_layer  2048           350
3. Edge learning with Akida
from tensorflow.image import resize_with_crop_or_pad
from time import time
# Learn objects in num_shots shot(s)
num_shots = 1
for i in range(len(object_ids)):
start = time()
train_images = object_dict[object_ids[i]][:num_shots]
for image in train_images:
padded_image = resize_with_crop_or_pad(image, 224, 224)
model_ak.fit(np.expand_dims(padded_image, axis=0), i)
end = time()
print(f'Learned object {object_ids[i]} (class {i}) with \
{len(train_images)} sample(s) in {end-start:.2f}s')
Learned object 15 (class 0) with             1 sample(s) in 0.12s
import statistics as stat
# Check accuracy against remaining samples
accuracy = []
test_images = object_dict[object_ids[i]][num_shots:]
predictions = np.zeros(len(test_images))
for j in range(len(test_images)):
padded_image = resize_with_crop_or_pad(test_images[j], 224, 224)
predictions[j] = model_ak.predict_classes(np.expand_dims(padded_image,
axis=0),
num_classes=num_classes)
accuracy.append(100 * np.sum(predictions == i) / len(test_images))
print(f'Accuracy testing object {object_ids[i]} (class {i}) with \
{len(test_images)} sample(s): {accuracy[i]:.2f}%')
mean_accuracy = stat.mean(accuracy)
print(f'Mean accuracy: {mean_accuracy:.2f}%')
# For non-regression purpose
assert mean_accuracy > 94
Accuracy testing object 15 (class 0) with             71 sample(s): 100.00%
Accuracy testing object 17 (class 1) with             71 sample(s): 92.96%
Mean accuracy: 94.37%
Total running time of the script: ( 1 minutes 24.284 seconds)
Download Python source code: plot_0_edge_learning_vision.py
Download Jupyter notebook: plot_0_edge_learning_vision.ipynb


I'm currently working on recreating the Wii controller in 3D CAD, as part of my research for the course Evolutionary Product Development. The level of detail is intended to be high: an exploded view of all the components will be produced, stripping down the entire product to its basic elements. It is turning out to be quite a bit of work, but at the same time it is quite rewarding. I hope to be able to put up renders of it soon.


The school has an improvement plan, which outlines the priorities for development for governors and staff. See below for a summary of our priorities for this academic year.
The following reports give you information on the total amount of EYPP (Early Year Pupil Premium) that we received for the last year (April 2016- July 2017) and the predicted amount for this year (September 2017-July 2018). The first report also demonstrates the areas that we spent the money on and the impact of this spend.
If you would like a detailed copy of any of the above documents please contact Clare Francis, Admin Officer.


Has the Xbox 360 been successfully modified? This is the question that\'s been on the modding community\'s mind since InfinityMods.com claimed to have a functioning modchip in-hand. Is it true? In this article, we look at the time-line of everything we know about the I.C.E. modchip, and include an interview with Team I.C.E.
What does I.C.E. stand for? When is the expected ship date for the chip (early Feb., by the way). If you have doubts about the I.C.E. modchip, then this article certainly won\'t put them to rest, but we help keep you informed.
People talk about photo-realistic environments, but we rarely come close to seeing it. Well, at least from a distance, it\'s pretty clear that Project Gotham Racing 3 on the Xbox 360 comes very, very close. Evilgamerz.com has posted some photos comparing in-game locations to their real-life counterparts, and the result is very cool. We only wish we had thought of doing it first. While we\'re not savvy enough to know exactly where each one of these locations are (besides being in Japan), it\'s clear that PGR3 shows them off with near photo-realistic accuracy. Very impressive.
The website for the Xbox 360 modchip known as LiThIuM I.C.E. went live in the early hours of January 7th, 2006. While there\'s nothing there yet to cast much additional light on the chip or its creators, one comment on the site does include a date: January 31st, 2006. Is this the release date, or an extension of the two-week pre-order date mentioned on InfinityMods.com? It\'s hard to say. The site also includes information on the chip\'s development time-line, and reseller policies. We\'re all holding our breaths waiting for the site to finish launching, and we\'ll keep you posted.
InfinityMods.com claims to have a 360 modchip in hand, and will most likely have it available for purchase within 2 weeks. But what do they really mean by that? Turns out, the statement on their front page is somewhat misleading, since another line, deeper into their website, says, \"Preorders to be accepted within approx 2 weeks.\" So the question isn\'t whether or not there is an Xbox 360 chip, but whether or not you\'d be wise to throw in your money on a preorder for a chip you know nothing about. We take a look at all the information we have (which is admittedly very little) and attempt to make an educated guess about the legitimacy of this claim. Does InfinityMods really have a 360 chip?
Hot on Xbox Live this week is a free demo of Fight Night Round 3, EA\'s highly anticipated boxing title. Fight Night Round 3 has gotten a lot of press lately as a PS3 launch title, and the demos EA have shown us are incredible. So how does the Xbox 360 version compare to the teasers we\'ve seen for PS3? Pretty much the same. The graphics are amazing and the action looks like it holds up nicely, given the limited demo. Check out Tristan\'s preview, and then go download it to your Xbox 360!


On a scale from 0-10, how likely are you to recommend John Queenan to a friend?
He [Dr. Queenan] answered our questions as a doctor but also included his personal opinion when asked. He was responsive to our wants during our cycles as well...He is knowledgeable and trustworthy. He is strong in his convictions related to fertility treatment but is open to hearing your thoughts and ideas. He has a calmness about him that benefits the clients he interacts with...With unexplained infertility, we went with very "classic" treatment approaches using the least amount of medication possible. Dr Q is very conservative with his use of medications.
He's [Dr John Queenan] pretty good about introducing himself, tries to be conversational and resorts to a jokey humor that is distracting. His procedures tend to be more painful than with other doctors. That is to say I think he could be more gentle...Did a couple cycles because the first batch of donor eggs was a failure. They required a mock cycle to get the treatment right. Resulted in adding a thyroid medication for the real cycle. They always claimed they had to follow the protocols required by the egg bank which made me think they sometimes couldn't change things even if they wanted to.
Dr Queenan is a great RE but if you don't fit into his plan he doesn't offer many alternatives. He basically gave up on us. After a few unsuccessful cycles he told me I needed a gestational carrier and that it would be too expensive for us.... I went to this practice for 5 years and nurses still didn't know my name..... Every time I did a cycle there were errors with my plan. One time I took the wrong dose of meds because it was wrong in my plan. One time my plan got mailed to the wrong address! They said I must have moved, which of course I didn't.


RESIDENTIAL and/or COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY - 9.7 acres located on the eastern edge of Bent Creek Subdivision between Watson Road and I-55 (at the end of Ridge Road) * Two adjacent parcels * Parcel 1 is on the western side of the property closest to Watson Rd. it is 6.36 acres, parcel # 151020015006000000, zoned R2 * Parcel 2 is on the eastern side of the property closest to I-55. It is 3.34 acres, parcel # 151020003006000000, zoned R-2, C-1 and C-2 * Plats available for viewing * Both parcels total 9.7 acres * Ideal for Residential single family, duplexes, multi-family, and a portion is commercial use such as daycare, church, etc. NOTE: For any portion of the acreage currently zoned R-2 (Single Family Residential), re-zoning would be required to develop as Duplexes and Multi-Family Units * Great opportunity for development!


Mark-Taylor Cos. is working on several multifamily construction projects while it also turns its eye toward acquisitions this year.
Chris Brozina, recently promoted to CEO, said the Scottsdale-based company has four luxury apartment projects under construction, with 1,628 units totaling $338 million in development costs.
That's in addition to a 262-unit project totaling $58 million in construction costs completed in December in north Scottsdale. Units range between 1,000 and 2,000 square feet and are priced from the $1,500s to the $3,400s per unit.
Mark-Taylor Cos. finished construction of this 262-unit San Portales luxury apartment community near Scottsdale and Pinnacle Peak roads in December 2018. That Class A project totaled $58 million in development costs.


text:
SDLTouchType *SDLTouchType_BEGIN = nil;
SDLTouchType *SDLTouchType_MOVE = nil;
SDLTouchType *SDLTouchType_END = nil;

NSArray *SDLTouchType_values = nil;

@implementation SDLTouchType

+ (SDLTouchType *)valueOf:(NSString *)value {
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            return item;
        }
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    return nil;
}

+ (NSArray *)values {
    if (SDLTouchType_values == nil) {
        SDLTouchType_values = @[
            SDLTouchType.BEGIN,
            SDLTouchType.MOVE,
            SDLTouchType.END,
        ];
    }
    return SDLTouchType_values;
}

+ (SDLTouchType *)BEGIN {
    if (SDLTouchType_BEGIN == nil) {
        SDLTouchType_BEGIN = [[SDLTouchType alloc] initWithValue:@"BEGIN"];
    }
    return SDLTouchType_BEGIN;
}

+ (SDLTouchType *)MOVE {
    if (SDLTouchType_MOVE == nil) {
        SDLTouchType_MOVE = [[SDLTouchType alloc] initWithValue:@"MOVE"];
    }
    return SDLTouchType_MOVE;
}

+ (SDLTouchType *)END {
    if (SDLTouchType_END == nil) {
        SDLTouchType_END = [[SDLTouchType alloc] initWithValue:@"END"];
    }
    return SDLTouchType_END;
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Archive for the 'communion' Tag
2: Druid and Christian — Elemental Sacraments Leave a comment
[Part 1|2|3|4|5]
In the previous post I wrote: "In sacrament rather than creed lies one potent meeting-place for Druid and Christian". It's this junction that I'll continue to explore here.
What's a sacrament? A means of perceiving the sacred. Though every culture has them, in the West our access points to the holy can feel few and far between, even more precious because of their rarity. Of course we've trimmed and peeled many of them away ourselves — some too soon, others well after their expiration dates.
Fire worship among the Yi people in Kunming, China. Xinhua News.
Nonetheless, as a doorway, sacrament itself isn't holy, except by association. It acquires a secondary patina of holiness that makes up part of the uplift we can experience when we turn its way, if it's still working. For it can indeed be profaned, though the underlying sacred reality it points to is immune to human tampering. That reality wouldn't be worth much, after all, if we could trample it in the mud. (And we do our share of trampling. One of the more startling instances comes from Quebecois French, which intentionally repurposes Catholic vocabulary for profanity — including the word sacrament itself.)
Hence, when "the barbarians are at the gates", they (we) can destroy things of beauty, reverence and spiritual power, but the reality that gave them birth remains untouched. It will burst forth again in new forms and guises to open the eyes and the hearts of people yet unborn.
Will it? We certainly say and believe such things. Are they merely a kind of whistling in the dark?
One test lies in sacraments themselves. Many of them may receive scant acknowledgement in a given culture. Yet who among us who has deeply loved another person doubts that there is a sacrament made manifest? We can and do sentimentalize it, in part to avoid its sacramental power.
Other examples abound, instances that many cultures hedge about with rituals of word and action. A meal shared with others, a birth, a death, a "first" in a young life: first love, first kill, first sexual experience, first assumption of other adult roles and responsibilities. The fact that in so-called secular cultures we still institutionalize and legalize such things as drinking alcohol, driving cars, voting, joining the military, merely confirms a spiritual fact — awkwardly, perhaps, and blindly groping for its deeper truth, no doubt. That we confer grades of status by age attests to our discomfort with other criteria — ones that require wisdom, vision, insight. It's easier to grant status mechanically, by the calendar, than to search a heart.
A sacrament, then, because it's "an outward and visible sign of an inward and invisible grace" as the 5th century St. Augustine perceived, acknowledges something that already exists. We don't create it, though we allow it to take shape and form, to have an impact, because we make room for it in our lives. (There seems to be a Minimum Sacramental Quotient, an MSQ, in every life: we're all born, eat, and die, even if we shy away from, and struggle to avoid, every other divine intrusion on our human busy-ness.) We can midwife the sacred, and catalyze and welcome it, then, or resist it, but only up to a point. Grace is gratia, gift — and ample reason for gratitude.
When Druids initiate a new Bard, something happens that allows a sacrament that outward manifestation. When a Christian experiences the presence of God in prayer or Communion, the connection with the sacred moves from inner potential to outer expression. We can sense it, often, with our physical bodies. Or in the words of one of the repeating songs from Beauty and the Beast, "There's something there that wasn't there before". Lacking other means of access, many people experience sacraments, or at least a sacramental flavor, in the "profane" world of Hollywood and the entertainment "industry". So let's be more profane, not less: pro-fane, standing near a fane or shrine, rubbing shoulders with gods and spirits outside, if not in the fane, or making a fane of our bodies and lives.
One common friction-point in midwifing a sacrament is means. "What's your fane?" Deny another's access-points to the sacred by discrediting their sacraments, and you attempt to own and control and box in what is not, in the end, wholly subject to human will. Extra ecclesiam nulla salus, "No salvation outside the Church", just doesn't work for many people any more. (Not to mention that sometimes what you're looking for isn't salvation but something else entirely.)
There's a Pagan movement towards what has been critiqued as "inflation", and a Christian one that has been likewise critiqued as "deflation", of the human self. Pagans appear to deify, and Christians to abase, the self, Both meta-techniques strive to open the doors to the sacred by removing obstacles to sacraments. And making a proper container for what is holy can be a deal of work. Latter-day solutions like "spiritual-but-not-religious" attempt to bypass the need for containers altogether, but they offer their own problems, and containers tend to creep back in.
Samhain. Hallowed Evening. Masses, rituals for the Dead-who-live. Calling out their names, those who have passed in the previous year. Hear them named around the evening fire.
"Look in the mirror, Ancestor. The veil is always thin."
"What we have received, we pass on."
"What do you bring from the Otherworld? And what can we offer you?"
"Assist me to erect the ancient altar at which in days past all worshipped, the great altar of all things" run the words of one Pagan rite.
Introibo ad altare Dei, intones the Catholic priest, using the words from Psalm 42:4. "I will go into the altar of God".
"Look at the shape of the altar; it is your own consciousness", says one of the Wise.
Can we see here the faint outlines of a shared set of sacraments for Christian Druids and Druid Christians? What links followers of Grail, Cross and Star, who long to extend what each does best, sacramental elements, elemental sacraments in the broader sense of components, basic parts, building materials for the Door that is always open, the "Door without a Key"? Jesus says "I stand at the door and knock", and Merlin waves and beckons from the other side. Earth and water, air and fire, blood and mistletoe, wine and breath, we bring you to our altars.
In our awkward groping ways, we all stumble on and into sacraments. For those looking to learn from these two neighboring traditions, ones with Trees at their centers, maybe one of the first sacraments to celebrate is humility with each other, humilis, an attitude and approach close to the earth, humus. "Earth my body, fire my spirit …"
Images: Fire worship; "Living water".
Posted 27 October 2017 by adruidway in Beauty and the Beast, communion, Druidry, four elements, Jesus and Druidry, profane, sacraments, Samhain, Samhuinne, St. Augustine
Tagged with communion, Druidry, four elements, Jesus and Druidry, profane, sacrament, Samhain, Samhuinn, St. Augustine
Recall, Remembrance, Anamnesis — Druid & Christian Theme 8 Leave a comment
[Themes |1| |2| |3| |4| |5| |6| |7| |8| 9|]
"It is the hour of recall" — OBOD ritual.
"Do this in remembrance of me" (Luke 22:20).
anamnesis (Greek ἀνάμνησις; English an-am-NEE-sis) 1) the Platonic principle that people retain knowledge from past lives and that our present learning involves a recollection of that past knowledge. 2) the Christian principle of recalling the events of Christ's sacrificial death in the words and actions of the liturgy, especially during Communion or the Eucharist*.
One way into the Greek word that may serve as a link between Druid and Christian practice is the English borrowed word amnesia, literally "forgetting". An-amnesis is its opposite: "unforgetting, recall, recollection, remembrance, memorial action". And I'm going on from there for a moment and, at least for the purposes of this post, forming the adjective anamnetic "having to do with ritual remembrance".
Druidry and Christianity both acknowledge the importance of anamnesis. Anamnetic deeds depend for their effect on both ritual and memory — actions intended to evoke a sacred event or time. Perform the ritual and bring to mind the holy. Sacrifice is "making sacred", and we only "know" the sacred because in some way we re-cognize it: we know it again. Anamnetic acts acknowledge that even the best memory fades, so they recharge it with symbolic words and deeds.
At the "hour of recall" in OBOD ritual, we're reminded that the rite is both timeless and bound by time. Its effect comes in part through memory: "let memory hold what the eye and ear have gained". We're also reminded that the apparent world and the inner world may overlap, but they're not the same. Ritual sets aside a space for the inner and the sacred, acknowledges it, increases the overlap, and then reverses all those actions in the farewell, in order to safely restore the participants to the profane, mundane, "real" world of everyday life. (Because trying to function here while still in ritual consciousness is dangerous. We're "spacey" and attentive to other things, not traffic lights, the blender's sharp blades, those three steps down, our co-worker's question, the toddler who darts into the intersection just ahead.)
I take part in a ritual, and its effects follow in time and memory. Likewise in Christianity, depending on how the word "this" is understood, whether once during the annual Passover (the setting where he spoke the words), or at every meal, or something in between, Christ commands his followers to "do this … in remembrance of me" — in a word, to practice anamnesis. "Proclaim the Lord's death till he come again".
A sacred meal shared with others is among the best kinds of fellowship. It's an anamnetic act common to many traditions and cultures as a sign of religious faith, because it also expresses friendly hospitality and generosity. These acts of giving and giving back are inherently sacred. We can choose to recognize this by ritualizing them, or by foregoing the opportunity they offer.
How much of human consciousness, after all, is memory? How do we sustain the transformative power of any event we choose to value, except through recalling it, naming it, celebrating it, re-enacting it in order to vivify it and make it real again in some way in the present? "What is remembered, lives".
Thus we celebrate anniversaries, birthdays, historical events, and so on. We tell stories of the living and of the ancestors. We even make up fictions the rest of the time, in order to remind ourselves what life is like, in case we lose sight of its shape and nature. And when we enter the mythic realm, the question to ask is not "Is it true? Did it really happen?" but "What truth does it teach? What holy thing does it help us remember?" When we com-memorate something, we remember it together.
And what we value, we dramatize. Greek theater began as religious worship: "Until the Hellenistic period [roughly 320 to 30 BCE], all tragedies were unique pieces written in honour of Dionysus and played only once, so that today we primarily have the pieces that were still remembered well enough to have been repeated when the repetition of old tragedies became fashionable …" notes the Wikipedia entry on the theater of ancient Greece. Until later times, the theater was a sacred precinct. Weapons were banned, and actors were masked because their human identities, at least during the performance, was subsumed under the characters, often gods or heroes, whom they portrayed.
coastal Louisiana, Gulf Coast Gathering — photo courtesy Julie Babin
What might all this mean for possible Druid and Christian convergences? Ritual is grounded in theater, in a dramatic portrayal of the memorable. "Let us remember the holy" is one piece of common ground where both can stand. Accepting that no one "owns" the holy is another. Why this is should be obvious, though it's sometimes ignored in claims of "my god(s) and your god(s)". But sacred energy continually bursts free of limiting containers, and seeks new forms that refresh and rekindle and feed the spirit. if anything, it's very much the other way around: the holy owns us. Sometimes it simply breaks through and claims us. You and I have no say in the matter. Other times, we may.
Old or new, liturgies can move us, but they are no substitute for direct contact with the sacred. We need no idolatry of rite placed above spiritual reality. The word's not the thing it names. Much as I love words, I love the silences of the Great Mystery more. "Be still, and know …" counsels Psalm 46. Because there is that ability within us all that's able to do this — to be still and come in contact with the holy. It's our human birthright, and has nothing to do with belief.
Paradoxically (and what would many things amount to, without a touch of paradox?), old ways can come closer to Spirit than newer ones. "Stand at the crossroads and look; ask for the ancient paths, ask where the good way is, and walk in it, and you will find rest for your souls".** The Hebrew prophet Jeremiah says these words, looking back at ways already old in his time. Pagan and Christian can find more to share than either may often imagine — in silence, in ritual, in remembrance.
*Like anamnesis, eucharist derives from Greek — in this case, from eucharistia "thanksgiving, gratitude". Modern Greek still uses a related word (changed a little in pronunciation) to say "thank you": ευχαριστώ [ehf-khah-ree-STOH]
**Jeremiah 6:16. The prophet gives these words to God to say.
Posted 11 May 2017 by adruidway in communion, Druidry, eucharist, holy, Jesus and Druidry, memory, ritual, theater
Tagged with communion, Druidry, eucharist, Jesus and Druidry, memory, ritual

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Unto The End
Unto the End announcement trailer reveals a '2D cinematic combat-adventure'
By Andy Chalk published 15 June 17
A tale of revenge that echoes Another World.
We saw a lot of games during E3—seriously, a lot of them—but one that went largely overlooked is the "2D cinematic combat-adventure" from 2 Ton Studios and Digital Uppercut called Unto the End. It's "a journey of loss and vengeance," as it's described on Steam, "told through unforgiving encounters, skillful combat, and stark moments of beauty."
Unto the End, "on the surface," is a tale of revenge about a father who was unable to protect his family from an attack by a "savage beast," designer Stephen Danton explained. "But that's just the setup. What we really want to shine is the narrative that only the player's actions can craft." To accomplish that, players will be able to sneak, hide, run away, intimidate, or "humble" opponents they encounter, "and carve a unique path through the game."
Unto the End is inspired by games like Punch-Out!!, Inside, Bushido Blade, and For Honor, and promises a "pure and rewarding single-player experience" built around "sword-based tactical combat with unique battles and multifaceted opponents." There will be obstacles like traps to overcome, and the environment itself will be an "ever-present challenge" as well.
"When we're out in nature there's this really interesting experience where, especially in this age of technology, you can focus on what's around you. Things slow down and you become super-aware of the trees, wind, ground underfoot, your breathing. It's a meditation of sorts," Danton said. "That's what we're trying to create with Unto the End. It's rather reductive in its design. No HUD, leveling, gold, skill trees, etc. ... They get in the way of the kind of experience we want to create."
I was initially taken by Unto the End's striking visual style, which conjures a sort of Another World meets Vikings ambiance, but the approach to design sounds awfully intriguing too. The combat is obviously going to be central to the experience, but if it works out then I suspect I'll enjoy the game even more for other reasons.
Unto the End is currently scheduled for release sometime in 2018. Find out more at 2tonstudios.com, and dig into some screens below.


text:
About Wessex
Travel to Wessex
Wessex is the land of King Arthur and King Alfred, of Jane Austen and Thomas Hardy, of Bath and Stonehenge. It was the birthplace of England and England's heritage remains very much part of the Wessex way of life.
It is a land of beautiful countryside, historic market towns and ancient villages, geographically not far west of London, but in every other way very far from the pressure, pace and congestion of the urban world. Its people have the time to be friendly and visitors the time to touch and feel its heritage.
© all rights reserved Destination Wessex. [Copyright & Disclaimer] [Cookies] [Sitemap]


U.S.A. Yiddish Newspaper, 1960. First Edition. newspaper. SALE Original B/W Pen and Ink Satiric Drawing of Four Hasidim Rabbis Playing Cards over a Yiddish Newspaper The Daily Forward. A Yiddish Socialist Newspaper. Very Good+ condition Framed Original Penned Art by anonymous artist over original Yiddish Newspaper page. Very Good condition.The newspaper mentions Chicago. Near Fine .


Otherwise I must say I didn't think it would become such a one sided contest. France had a couple of players that did some good line breaks and runs but they didn't feel anywhere near as structured or tactical as England.
Well England took France apart. I wish @Freefaller was still around .
On the bright side for France, Penaud looks great, a true talent (notwithstanding being fooled by Jonny May, who's having a serious renaissance).
Lawes answered critics that say he just bullies fly halves....takes some serious power to single-handedly smash Basteraud and all his pies backwards.
Curry had a massive game, Billy as well. Not totally sold on Wilson but he fills the 'grafter' 6 role that Robshaw used to quite well.
I don't think any team would fancy facing them, pace and power to burn.
Really impressed with the fitness levels the last couple of weeks, haven't let the intensity drop.
I get the impression that Eddie Jones has demonstrated to everyone in training that he's not putting up with another 2018 .
The ITV commentator said something like 'if you're wondering where Dylan Hartley is...'; well are we wondering? How can he walk back into this team?
I do hope EJ has a plan B because playing that game plan against the Welsh back three will already be making Gatland and Shaun Edwards smile and thinking "gotcha". Saying that though England played what was in front of them yesterday and did a good job (that flattered them a bit thanks to woeful French game management ) I just wish they'd kept they're foot on the French throats in that second half because an AB team would of kept smashing that French side into next week.
The important part of the law is the "probable" bit and the the part that commentators and pundits always get wrong as they keep insisting it's foul play when a certain try is going to be scored, it was very probable that had Ashton been able to gather the ball or kick it further forward with no illegal interference he would of scored so Nigel Owens interpreted the law correctly. He constantly, throughout the game demonstrated why he is the still the best referee in the World as he as a complete empathy for the game and the way it is being played.
Well that was an enjoyable Sunday of rugby. I do like the balance of the loose forwards, it's probably the best it's been in years. Although Billy V is a big risk, Hughes is ok if the team is on top but I'm less convinced he can turn the match unlike billy. The second row is any 2 of 4 but lets hope Eddie continues to dispel the idea that Lawes or Itoje are blindside cover, maybe in the Premiership not at international.
Slade looks great and I really thought he deserved a run years ago I think the balance of Manu and Slade is good and Daly at 15 and Slade at 13 provides distribution options other than Farrell. Daly is on fire and genuinely approaching World Class. The other big change for me is that England are playing what's in front of them rather than slavish devotion to the plan, which I guess is easy when you're playing well. But Ashton is an immeasurably better player in a team that acts based on opportunity and looks more like the player he did when Flood was flyhalf.
I'm expecting Wales to step up because they always play their best against England but it will need to be something special based on their last 2 performances.
Agreed on another great England performance! We got lucky on the penalty try, because I think Ashton over ran the ball before the Frenchman played him... yellow card certainly, but not a penalty try for me. Also lucky on Farrell's try... I don't think the French player would have got to the ball, but May definitely held him back... if the roles were reversed and the French had scored, I would have been shouting at the TV.
Otherwise, everyone in white was awesome. The backs are well balanced and playing what is infront of them. The kicking game is awesome, and France didn't help themselves with their back three all playing out of position; but when everyone in our back line except Manu can kick so well, it is very hard for the opposition to defend... the back field is a big space... fall back early and Manu runs at you, stay short and Farrell kicks behind, start deep and move forward to deal with Manu and then Slade kicks behind, and that's not even considering the back three pushing good kicks through and having immense pace to follow-up.
The pack is looking very powerful and balanced. I think Wilson had a blinder, and is certainly top pick at 6 right now. @mid_gen I really rate Underhill, but he doesn't have the weight for blindside... that position is more like a second No.8 than a second No.7 in the modern professional game.
Losing Mako for the rest of the Six Nations is a massive blow and a proper game changer for Wales vs England, he's been leading the tight defence and has been the main, short, one out ball carrier.
Mako is a huge loss, but I'm hoping that the cover is good enough when surrounded by all the other first choice players, however, an injury to another key players would really set alarm bells ringing for the Wales game.
Ellis Genge can make up for Mako's ball carrying and skill set in the loose. I would argue that Genge, George and Sinckler are the most dynamic front row in the world at the moment, but their relative international inexperience might cause too much attempted flair and a lack of composure in tight situations at the highest level. Genge and Sinckler are prone to being wound up by the opposition which is problematic when penalties and sin bins result. Moon, Cowan-Dickie and Cole on the bench provide excellent cover too, so there is still depth in the squad.
Mako is an extremely seasoned international player and will be a great loss to the team. Defensively he's been an absolute animal of late and appears to have reduced his penalty count too. I hope he recovers quickly!
At least we've got the two best front rows out of the way. Scotland and Italy aren't much threat in the tight, and Wales...well, Genge, George and Sinckler arent going to be having any nightmares.
I think the Welsh front row is a little underrated, they are technically sound and with Jaco Peyper in control of the whistle anything could happen particularly with the AWJ factor.
Looking like a possibility that Itoje could be fit (could also be mind games from Mitchell ) for the Wales game.
No matter what England's form is, I get nervous against any top tier team... always feels like England can be awesome or awful, and I rarely feel like they offer assured consistency. Just look at 2017-2018... unbeaten for 2017, then tanked in the 2018 Six Nations.
Moon starting over Genge is probably the only choice I'm not happy with. The rest is generally arguable, but looks fine to me. If we continue to play to the same intensity, I'm confident of a win. But if the Welsh chop us down before we get going, it could get messy.
Wales have selected Anscombe over Biggar which I know quite a few Welsh fans are not happy about. I suspect Moon has been picked ahead of Genge as it doesn't always pay to have two hotheads on the field in that Cauldron, what with Sinckler at Tighthead.
Confirmed that Eddie's kept the roof open on the Principality.
Genge and Sink seem to keep their heads pretty well in my mind. They wind up others something rotten, but don't tend to be too problematic themselves. Even Sink against France was because he'd just received a smack in the face from the Frenchman.


Subject: Rollerskating, making a comeback?
There is a rollerskating rink, reopening in Australia.
Subject: Re: Rollerskating, making a comeback?
But. all the rinks I went to (back in the day) are gone!
Our rink got stomped on buy hot shot kids with rollerblades and eventually went bankrupt. I use to love roller skating and still have skates.
Here in New Jersey, the girlfriend of one on my buddies insists that rollerskating is making a comeback. But I think it may just be popular in her little rollerskating enthusiast circle.
we have several rollerskating rinks around here.
Wouldn't have a clue about roller skating rinks around here - back when I was a teen ice skating was all the rage! There are at least two in my area - one newish one - and the other one has been going for almost 30 years!
I tell them to go get some and meet me up sometime in the park. It's easy and it's really fun to be a little retro when you exercise.
I'm 16 and I didn't even know what roller skates were untill recently. I'm just a teen who wears a hat backwards/to the side, so I guess I don't know much about things that were popular in the past. I like to skateboard, a few months ago when I was skateboarding an older person asked me how come kids don't use roller skates any more...I said you mean roller blades, I use those sometimes. (I thought those words were interchangable) He said no not roller blades, rollar skates, and explained the difference. I said wow, I didn't even know about those. Then a few weeks later I seen someone with roller skates, that was the first time I seen them. They don't have any roller rinks in my town in Iowa. They have an ice rink and a skate park, which are cool for me.


Landscape 10 cross stitch pattern... This counted cross stitch pattern of a Canadian landscape with beautiful flowers in the foreground and a green lake and mountains in the background was created from a photograph. Only full cross stitches are used in this pattern.


For the third time this year, major snow, rain, and ice storms are expected to cause significant flooding and complications on Massachusetts's roadways.
As Massachusetts is expecting another significant storm this week, bringing 6-20 inches of wet snow MassDOT is doing everything it can to prepare citizens and roadways for the impact and aftermath.
MassDOT is able to deploy up to 700 personal to cover over 15,000 lane miles for snow and ice removal throughout the Commonwealth. They are well prepared with approximately 4,200 pieces of snow and ice removal equipment, including 1,300 plow and spreaders, 2,100 plows, and 460 front-end loaders. The department has planned out deployment of snow equipment, and roads are being pretreated with brine and Magnesium Chloride to make snow and ice removal easier.
Closing roads and transit systems for extended periods of time this afternoon and evening is a big possibility in preparation for the upcoming storm and MassDOT urges commuters to be prepared.
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority expects Wednesday and Thursday's storm to impact most transportation, including the subway and commuter rails. MBTA crews are re-stocking on fuel, sand/salt mixes, as well as re-inspecting infrastructure like switches, signals and gates, and snow plows.
The agency released a statement saying it was canceling nightly shuttles between North Quincy and Braintree as well as canceling a public meeting in Somerville due to the forecast.
Again, MassDOT personnel and government employees are urging citizens to stay off the road as much as possible, especially on Wednesday night when the storm will be the heaviest. If drivers must go out, MassDOT advises them to lower their speed, allow themselves extra travel time, and "don't crowd the plow," an ongoing message for the motorist to stay behind snow removal equipment.
MassDOT advises drivers to always wear seatbelts, minimize distractions and dial 511 before heading out on the roadway to hear real-time traffic conditions.


Templeton Middle School will recognize the contributions of American veterans Nov. 5 beginning at 8:30 a.m. at its 10th annual Veterans' Day Program.
U.S. Marine Major Jeff Anderson will provide the Veterans' Address. Anderson spent five years in active duty and seven years in the reserves. He was deployed to Desert Shield, Desert Storm and Somalia Operation Restore Hope. He is the brother of Templeton seventh grade science teacher Laura Jennaro.
A ceremonial color guard from the Marine Recruitment Office in Brookfield will post and retire the colors and will lay wreaths to honor soldiers who became prisoners of war or missing in action. Guest veterans who attend the program will be individually introduced and their military service recognized.
– The Patriotic Essay Contest winner will read his or her essay.
Music teacher Jaye Mier is coordinating a video production that will feature photos of military personnel and veterans who are related to Templeton students. The video will play continuously in the school lobby during the week of Nov. 1 and will be featured during the ceremony.


text:
Thomas Chaloner war ein englischer Naturforscher des 16. Jahrhunderts.

Er stammte aus einer Familie von Staatsmännern. Sein Vater John Chaloner war Staatssekretär für Irland unter Königin Elizabeth I. Sein Cousin war der Hofbeamte (Gouverneur des Hofes von Prinz Henry, dem Sohn von James I.) Thomas Chaloner  (1561–1615), mit dem er häufig verwechselt wird.

Als Naturforscher befasste er sich mit den Vorkommen von Kupfer und Alaun, nach denen er in Irland prospektierte. 1584 veröffentlichte er in London A Short Discourse of the most rare Vertue of Nitre, ein Buch das seiner Zeit voraus war. Er nahm gewisse Pflanzen als Anhaltspunkt für das Vorkommen von Alaun im Boden an, darunter auch auf dem Besitz seines Cousins Thomas Chaloner in Yorkshire (im heutigen Gebiet Redcar and Cleveland). Darauf machte sich sein Cousin an die Ausbeute der Vorkommen.

Einzelnachweise

Naturforscher
Brite
Geboren im 16. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 16. oder 17. Jahrhundert
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home Markets Phoenix Spree Deutschland in share buyback on strong sales
© Bruder Jakob - Fotolia.com
Phoenix Spree Deutschland in share buyback on strong sales
by Charles Kingston
German real estate prices increasingly deemed 'unacceptable'
Optimistic mood at Expo Real 2019
London-listed Berlin residential specialist Phoenix Spree Deutschland is buying back 10% of its own shares to take advantage of a weaker share price and a stronger financial position after it locked in a new loan agreement in September.
Along with most of its peers with substantial exposure to the Berlin residential market, Phoenix Spree saw its share price dive over the summer as the Berlin Senate's plans to radically cap rent increases in the German capital took shape. The share price has lost about a quarter of its value between the Senate announcing its plans and last week's enactment of the new regulations.
The company has admitted that further growth in rental income would be difficult to achieve. However, it said it was well-placed to respond to the regulatory changes, with a new flexible condominium strategy, along with a new agreement with Accentro Real Estate AG, a leading German condominium sales platform, which should accelerate condominium sales over the next two years.
This involves splitting its buildings into individual condos which can be sold, similar to becoming the freeholder in a block of leasehold apartments. This gives the company the flexibility to exit from individual apartments if the market is just not there, said the company's fund manager Mike Hilton.
'We are expecting that one of the results from rent control will be an increase in owner occupiers,' said Hilton. 'Just 15% of people in Berlin own and we expect that to increase because of the limited choice in the rental market. With mortgage rates as low as they are it is cheaper to buy than rent.'
Hilton said it was looking again at 'the commuter area that will benefit from the trend of a shortage in housing' caused by rent controls, although the company had previously quit buying outside the city to concentrate on buying properties in Berlin itself.
Although property transactions had dropped in response to the new law, Hilton said he did not anticipate a 'correction' in prices believing low levels of debt meant this was 'not a distressed market'.
On the financing front, in September Phoenix Spree completed a new €240m term loan facility with Natixis Pfandbriefbank. The loan comprises two tranches, the first for €190m and the other for €50m, and is intended to improve Phoenix Spree's loan-to-value (LTV), to bring it closer to the company's stated goal in the listing prospectus, the firm said.
The €190m tranche covers debts of around €119m, with a seven-year, interest-only loan. Following drawdown, the company's LTV will increase from 28.6% to 39.2%, while the overall cost of financing will decrease from 2.19% to 2.13%. The weighted average financing term remains unchanged at around 7 years. The remainder of the facility serves to pursue other market opportunities, Phoenix Spree said.
Phoenix Spree said: "The completion of a new €240 million term loan on improved terms provides additional liquidity to take advantage of opportunities arising from market disruption caused by changes to the rent laws, as well as weaknesses in the share price."
The company said liquidity was also boosted by a rise in condominium sales, ahead of its book value at the end of the interim period.
Phoenix Spree said the average price per square metre was €4,685, 22% higher than the June 30th book value. A total of 10 units have been sold for an aggregate price of €3.8 million, which was also 52% higher than the €2.5 million it secured from four condominium sales in the first half.
Chairman Robert Hingley said, "Our ability to convert units to be sold at a premium to book value underpins the strategic optionality and value within the portfolio. We are also pleased that our refinancing has allowed us to take advantage quickly of the share price weakness and start buying back shares at a significant discount to net asset value."
Natixis Pfandbriefbank Accentro Real Estate AG Robert Hingley Phoenix Spree Mike Hilton
Copyright 2020 REFIRE Ltd.


Real Estate Errors and Omissions Insurance (E&O) covers real estate professionals for possible claims made while performing a professional service not covered by general liability insurance. This insurance is generally purchased by agents and brokers, and is written to cover sales, leasing, property managers/landlords, inspectors, appraisers and other real estate professionals.
Real estate professionals build their business on trust. Often, the money exchanged in transactions is significant. This sometimes leads to legal claims for real or imagined errors or omissions of certain duties. Here are five common claims made against real estate professionals, followed by a few examples.
In fraud claims, the plaintiff must show that the real estate professional acted with the intention of defrauding, misrepresenting or deceiving them. This action caused harm to the client. It can be affirmative, such as lying to a client, or by omission, where important information is not shared. For example, an agent who knew about termites or property damage in a building and didn't disclose it to the client has committed fraud.
This legal claim alleges that a real estate professional did not fulfill their promise in a contract with a client. Real estate agents aren't typically sued under breach of contract on the sales contract because they aren't the buyer or seller. However, they can be sued for violating the broker's agreement or another contract that's directly between them and their client.
A property owner for a building rented an apartment to a young man. The young man immediately disturbs the peace by playing loud music and throwing parties late every night. After numerous warnings, the man is evicted, and the former tenant sues the property manager and owner for breach of contract claiming the lease didn't have a clause pertaining to noise.
This is a subset of the breach of contract claim. A real estate agent with a fiduciary responsibility to the client has to represent the client's best interest over their own. This can sometimes result in a lower commission or payout. For example, a breach of duty claim might involve an agent who fails to disclose significant details about a property. This can include pending liens on a property that the agent or broker knew about.
For example, an inspector misses a crack in the chimney, and the home is damaged by water infiltration. The homeowner's file a breach of duty, stating that the inspector failed to complete the inspection.
This is a common civil court claim that states the real estate professional failed to fulfill a duty to the plaintiff. As a result, the plaintiff suffered harm. In the real estate world, the duty is usually in a contract. In contrast, it can also be a duty of care that the real estate agent should have performed given his fiduciary relationship with the client. This claim isn't based on intent but states that the real estate agent should have known about a defect or other issue. For example, an appraiser overestimated a building's value, so the owner's property tax increases.
Dual agency refers to deals where the same agent or firm represents both sides of a transaction. This is highly unusual and, if intentional, requires a disclosure signed by both parties.
These are just some of the reasons real estate professionals need additional insurance coverage in addition to general liability insurance.


Use a public hosting service and include the URL in the e-mail.
> POSTs a login (username + password + special token) to the login form.
> It is a very simplified test.
> on JMeter 2.5.1 I get throughput of 79.5.
> this a bunch of times to be sure that I wasn't just seeing an anomaly.
> significantly faster than JMeter 2.5.1.
Do you use HTTP or HTTPS?
Do both GET and POST show elapsed time increases?
There have been some fixes to HC4 since 2.5.1.
> Can you provide details of these issues please?
>> response time is over 2000 ms. PF attached the screenshot.


Rafi Bohic from France is set to fight against Chadd Collins from Australia on 26th of December 2017 at Lumpinee Boxing Stadium. Unfortunately, due to a viral infection which stopped Chadd from training over the past few days before the event against Rafi has been called off.
A Thai fighter Simanoot Sor Sarinya took place on the card against Rafi Bohic. Monday, 25th of December official weigh-in both fighters weighed under the 147lb weight limit. Rafi hit the scales at 145lbs. while Simanoot hit the scales at 144.4lbs.
On December 26, Rafi won the Lumpinee Welterweight Title belt against Simanoot on points. Another history made in Muay Thai, this is the second time that a foreign representative of Singpatong Sitnumnoi Gym won the prestige Lumpinee title belt in Bangkok, Thailand.
Tuesday, 20th June 2017- Rafi Bohic made a new history in his Muay Thai career in Thailand, as he became the New Welterweight Champion in Lumpinee boxing stadium by beating a Thai boxer Pongsiri PK Saenchai on points.
Last year in September and October, Rafi fought Pongsiri twice for the title belt in Lumpinee but lose the two title bouts, yesterday Rafi had tremendous victory by winning one of the prestigious title belt of the world in the sports of Muay Thai.
Every Muay Thai boxers dream to win a title belt in the biggest stadium in Thailand like Lumpinee and Rajadamnern.
Rafi Bohic is the third French Muay Thai earned a title belt in Lumpinee, followed by Damien Almos in 2012 and Morad Sari in 1991.
It was an incredible fight to Mr. Numnoi and to all the trainers of Singpatong who always dedicate their passion in teaching Muay Thai to our fighters.
Congratulations to our New welterweight lumpinee champion Rafi Bohic.
Friday, 13th of May in SUK PETCH NUMNOI FIGHT at Ramintra Lumpinee Stadium. Team Singpatong got three straight wins on the event. The first four-fight on the fight card aired live by Thai TV Channel NOW26, and Rafi Singpatong bout aired in the last set of the match. You can watch the video here NOW26.
Fighters do sprint and shadow boxing every morning, sparring and clinching sessions every afternoon and finally all their hard work in training pay-off.
French Nak Muay Rafi Bohic faced Yodrwut from Kaowkri Gym last night. Both fighters showed impressive techniques. In the fourth round, both fighters started throwing a hard kick and Rafi landed a hard kick to Yodrwut that make him knock-out in the fourth round.


Olympia Ski Bill= all of us criminals?
From http://uwire.com/2011/03/23/bill-could-restrict-skiing-in-washington/ I don't see a problem with ski resorts being able to keep people out of areas that they determine to be hazardous. If people don't want to be told to stay out of an area then they can go into the back country and make their own decisions about what slopes are safe or not. Wasn't there just recently some kid at Stevens that went into a closed area and was killed by an avy?
Top Ten Climbing Movies To Own?
I think I've seen all the well known ones I like listed already but would add the 1956 film "The Mountain". I don't know what it is about the movie but I really like it.
That's awesome. Not nearly as embarrassing but this last winter I was skiing at schweitzer and was practicing turning 180 degrees, skiing backwards for a bit, and then flipping back around. One turn I managed to hit the latch on my AT bindings holding my heel in place and suddenly I was going downhill free-heeling one foot trying to clip it back on while some random person was videotaping me. I must have looked like some unholy flailing mess shooting down the slope backwards flailing at my boot. What was that about tree wells?
The void areas around trees and rocks can be caused by the rock or tree being heated by the sun. The object absorbs the energy and radiates it through its mass, melting nearby snow. I've seen some large hollows around boulders as well as trees. Like Dave.A said, they can get big; I punched into one and was over my head. Fortunately it was consolidated snow/ice and didn't cave in on me and I was able to get out eventually, but it was hard. Ever since then I avoid trees and boulders early season like the plague.
I actually find the joke quite gay.
All hail JosephH, destroyer of WI routes!
It would help if you told people where you live and what gear you actually have.
Were there any mimes nearby?
Tough cams: new digital camera catagory? Thoughts?
I think anyone could appreciate a tougher camera, though I personally don't plan on spending any extra money on them. I have a slim little cybershot and I bought a padded little case for it with a shoulder strap, that is very small as a package. I've wiped out skiing, landing right on it, taken it cragging, backpacking, dropped it, etc... and my camera always gets protected by the case, which I think was $20. So with a $80 camera and $20 case I feel pretty comfortable in my camera holding up to anything but water. I guess if you take pictures around water, or drop things regularly it would be worth the extra money. For me though I'll stick with being cheap, and hope that eventually the technology gets tougher over time without having to pay too much of a premium for it. I also notice a lot of '*' on its list of claims.
I was looking around at the debris. I'm pretty confident that we could lift the majority of the ledge back, especially since the force of the blast broke it into smaller pieces. The presence of two bolt anchors above the ledge, and large tree anchors on the ground, is advantageous. I have 100m of static line and about 50 meters of 1'' tubular webbing left over from a previous spelunking hobby. I'd be willing to donate it to the cause. We'd probably need another 100m of static, and a couple guys on the ground to haul. What sort of epoxy would be best? There would be pieces missing, but I'm pretty confident we could glue most of the big pieces back onto the ledge. It *is* flat, after all. I'll donate beer and whiskey, let me know the preferred brands.
Anyone have any first hand conditions on Hood? Leaving this afternoon to do Leuthold Wednesday.
I snowshoed in from that point last year and it was about half a day to cold springs, just FYI. Definitely doable if you have the time on your trip.
How much winter backpacking have you done? If you've never camped on snow before you should at the very least find a snowfield and camp on it. Little things like extra fuel consumption and how to setup a tent on snow that collapses under your weight quickly become evident and allow you to plan better. You can also use the time to practice snow/glacier travel, crevasse rescue, etc... Adams is a good place to practice. Pack up to lunch counter and you can practice self arresting on the slope to the false summit where the run out would just be to your camp, practice placing some snow anchors, etc... If no one in your group has much alpine experience I would recommend going as a group to do Adams and then Baker before doing Rainier. Also needtoclimb's mention of whiteouts is a good point. As an avid backpacker I'm assuming you've been locked in my clouds or fog up high at some point to the point that navigation was impossible, and maybe their isn't really a trail. Now imagine being someplace that you can't just lay down and wait it out or pitch camp. You need to make sure you can navigate in a whiteout. You mention Freedom of the Hills, but maybe you should also look at Alpine Climbing: Techniques to take you higher. It will give you some additional technical explanations as well as snippets of experience, and has a section on navigating in whiteouts.
I don't have any experience climbing with someone that has cystic fibrosis, but since one of the predominant symptoms is difficulty breathing due to lung infections, I would be cautious. Take your time acclimating, plan plenty of time, have a flexible schedule, and have the necessary first aid and ability to summon more help if needed. It might not be a bad idea to purchase SAR insurance depending on the health of the person and the likelihood of an onset of acute respiratory distress necessitating evac. Dunno what to say beyond that. It is a tough decision that you two will have to weigh carefully.
Even if the snow has melted on the road to the trailhead the FS won't have cleared the fallen trees, so unless you want to do chainsaw work you will have about a 8-9 miles approach to the trailhead, which is assuming you can drive to the first large fallen tree, assuming no more have fallen recently.


In a large bowl, mix the eggs with the pepper and the fresh and dried herbs.
Add the chopped pork, fully cooked bacon flakes, garlic, celery, onion, bread crumbs and cheese. Mix well.
Form meatballs of about 30 g each and place on a lightly oiled baking sheet.
Wrap each meatball with half a bacon strip and secure with a toothpick.
Bake meatballs 18 to 20 minutes or until they reach an internal temperature of 80° C (175° F).
Transfer meatballs to a plate and remove the excess fat.
Remove toothpicks and garnish with chopped basil and parsley when ready to serve.


text:
The Upper Silesian Ethnographic Park () is an open-air museum in Chorzów, Poland. It is referred to as a , stemming from the first open-air museum of its kind, the Skansen in Stockholm, Sweden. The area of the park is 25 hectare.

The museum presents a range of agricultural buildings from all over Silesia. Amongst those are cottages from the Beskids, farmsteads from the Pszczyna region, a wooden church from Nieboczowy dating from the 18th century, and a large number of buildings and artifacts from Istebna in Cieszyn Silesia.

External links
 Homepage of the park

Open-air museums in Poland
Buildings and structures in Chorzów
Museums in Silesian Voivodeship


text:
Q: Send Django Email User Register Confirmation with with custom header name I want to send Django email confirmation email, it shows the admin added email address (that we configure in settings.py) as the header of the newly arrived email, but I want to change it to something else my personal Header Title, like The Google Team, I want to replace my email as others showing in the picture.
https://prnt.sc/1mo2xeo

A: You can use "YOUR NAME <abc@domain.com>" as the email address you send from_email.
from django.core.mail import EmailMessage
email = EmailMessage()
email.subject = 'subject'
email.body = 'message'
email.from_email = 'YOUR NAME <abc@domain.com>'
email.to = ['to@domain.com']
email.send()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Local author uses personal experience to create children's book
by Wendy Turrell
Local author Mary E. Ciesa and Richfield illustrator Kristina Tartara collaborated to create the recently released children's book "Spiros the Soup-Eating Dinosaur," which will be featured along the Bath Community Park StoryWalk® Trail during the month of December. The whimsical book tells the tale of an ailing dinosaur whose earth-shaking coughs and sneezes can only be cured when local villagers cook him a healing dose of Greek Avgolemono soup.
"Spiros the Soup-Eating Dinosaur" is Ciesa's second book. Her first, "Dina Prima the Ballerina," was made into a ballet and performed by the Wayne Center Ballet Company in 2015. Ciesa drew on her Greek heritage and personal experiences with COVID-19 as her inspiration for "Spiros the Soup-Eating Dinosaur."
As a child, her parents made Avgolemono soup for her and her sisters when they were ill, and they all learned the family recipe. Spiros was the name of Ciesa's beloved grandfather, who loved the soup. Ciesa lost both her mother and a family friend to COVID-19 in the past year, and dedicated the story to them.
Ciesa also has a professional connection with the pandemic, as a nurse practitioner at Comprehensive Internal Medicine in Wooster, where she and her staff saw over 3,000 patients last year, many presenting with initial stages of COVID-19.
"While most people were home and off the roads, I was driving to Wooster and, along with my 'super-hero' nurses who came to work every day, was always trying to help those that were sick and in need of care," Ciesa said.
Ciesa was a long-time resident of Bath, before moving to Copley two years ago. She holds dual masters degrees as an adult primary care nurse practitioner and a maternal-child clinical nurse specialist. When she was a student at Kent State University, she also completed a semester of work in the English department to study children's writing. Ciesa said she writes every day, usually early in the morning before leaving for her nursing practice.
Kristina Tartara is currently illustrating her tenth book. Ciesa explained the two women are members of the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators, and they met at a conference of the Northern Ohio Chapter. "We share similar Greek backgrounds. … I called her one day, sent her the manuscript, she liked it, and felt she could illustrate it," said Ciesa.
Writing in the midst of the pandemic, Ciesa and Tartara collaborated via Zoom and phone calls. "It was magical to see it come alive on paper," Ciesa recalled. The Avgolemono soup recipe is included in the book.
Early Childhood Librarian Jessica Ellis, of the Fairlawn-Bath Branch Library, said starting on Dec. 5, the library will have a "Take-It Make-It" craft of a paper bag dinosaur puppet and the paper hat that Spiros the dinosaur wears in the book. The crafts are only available at the Fairlawn-Bath Branch for kids to take home, for as long as supplies last.
Ellis said the Fairlawn-Bath Branch had done the StoryWalk® for about ten years at temporary locations, until moving to the Bath Community Park, 1615 N. Cleveland Massillon Rd., in May 2019. A different children's book with mounted pages is displayed along the trail each month, except for January and February.
The StoryWalk® Project was created by Ann Ferguson of Montpelier, Vermont, and developed in collaboration with the Kellogg-Hubbard Library. StoryWalk® is a registered service mark owned by Ferguson.
"This has been a wonderful collaboration with the Bath Parks," said Ellis. "We believe the trail is very well attended every month based on positive feedback."
Ellis also said the library likes to coordinate an event every October with Bath's "Fall Into Nature" event at the Bath Nature Preserve. "It ties in with the library because we are part of the community, and we are there to represent our organization while supporting this event," she said.
"Spiros the Soup-Eating Dinosaur" can be checked out at the Akron Summit County Library and its branches. Ciesa said it is also available from Amazon, Barnes and Noble, and Ingram Sparks. More information about StoryWalk® and all library events is available at akronlibrary.org. ∞
Featured Photo: Author Mary Ciesa drew on inspiration from her personal experiences with family to write the book. Photo submitted.
Police arrest suspect involved in gun store robbery
Revere Community C.A.R.E.
Revere Council of PTAs
Revere Power Pack Fundraiser
CVCC students sponsor wreaths for Wreaths Across America


text:
\section{Introduction}
It is now well established that a black hole is uniquely characterized by its mass $M$, charge $Q$ and angular momentum $J$. The exterior solution for a rotating charged black hole is given the Kerr-Newman metric while that for the uncharged one is given by Kerr geometry. Further, if the black hole is charged but non-rotating, then the solution is Reissner-Nordstr\"om metric, while for uncharged case the black hole is represented by the Schwarzschild geometry.

Recently Ruffini~\cite{ruffini} and Preparata, Ruffini and Xue~\cite{preparata} discussed a special region just outside the horizon of charged black holes where the electric field goes beyond its classical limit. This is a situation where effects of vacuum fluctuations should be considered. When the electromagnetic field exceeds the Heisenber-Euler~\cite{HE} critical value for $e^+ e^-$ pair production, in a very short time of the order $\sim \mathcal{O}(\hbar/mc^2)$, a very large number of $e^+e^-$ pair is created there. This reaches in thermodynamic equilibrium with a photon gas. The period of overcritical state is of approximately $10^7$~s.~\cite{preparata}. The dissipation occurs through a process involving the \textit{dyadosphere} of a black hole.

 Taking into account the one-loop correction due to QED to the first order of approximation the space time geometry has the form
\begin{equation}\label{metric}
 \text{d} s^2 = -f(r) \text{d} t^2 + \bgfrac{\text{d} r^2}{f(r)} + r^2\left( \text{d} \theta + \sin^2 \theta \text{d} \phi^2\right),
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}\label{fr}
 f(r) = 1 - \frac{2M}{r} + \frac{Q^2}{r^2} - \frac{\sigma Q^4}{5r^6}.
\end{equation}
$\sigma$ is a coupling constant. The metric reduces to usual charged non-rotating RN metric in the limit $\sigma=0$.

Preparata, Ruffini and Xue~\cite{preparata} discussed some inequalities which must be satisfied during the forming process of a dyadosphere of a black hole. The authors put forward a theoretical model on the concept of dyadosphere explaining Gamma-Ray-Bursts phenomenon. Lorenci et. al.~\cite{lorenci} discussed the expression for the bending of light in the dyadosphere of the charged black hole.

In this paper we study the motion of test particle in the field of the dyadosphere of a black hole. The procedure outlined by Rahaman~\cite{farook} is followed here. In Sec.~\ref{HJ} we discuss both static and nonstatic cases for charged and uncharged test particle~\cite{farook}. Sec.~\ref{teststatic} will discuss the motion of test particles in static equilibrium while Sec.~\ref{testnonequi} will describe the motion of test particles in non equilibrium state. We discuss the wave  equation for a massless scalar wave in Sec.~\ref{waveeqn} to split and solve  the radial and angular equations. Absence of superradiance is expectedly observed in this case. Finally in Sec.~\ref{lagrangian}   geodesics of dyadosphere metric using Lagrangian technique is discussed.

\section{Trajectory of Test Particle through Hamilton- Jacobi Formalism}\label{HJ}

We first consider a test particle with mass $m$ and charge $e$ moving in the modified gravitational field of a RN black hole due to the presence of a dyadosphere (henceforth called \textit{dyadosphere field}). The Hamilton Jacobi equation for the test particle is given by~\cite{landau}
\begin{equation}\label{eqHJ}
 g^{ik} \left( \tfrac{S}{x^i} + e A_i \right) \left( \tfrac{S}{x^k} + e A_k \right) +m^2 =0,
\end{equation}
where $g_{ik}$  is the  background geometry, i.e. the metric~\eqref{metric} and
\begin{equation}
 A_i = \frac{Q \text{d} t}{r} \longrightarrow \text{gauge potential.}
\end{equation}

$S$ is the  usual Hamilton's characteristic function.

For the metric~\eqref{metric} the explicit form of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is given by~\cite{farook}
\begin{equation}
-\frac{1}{f} \left( \tfrac{S}{t} + \frac{e Q}{r} \right)^2 + f \left( \tfrac{S}{r} \right)^2 + \frac{1}{r^2}\left( \tfrac{S}{\theta}\right)^2 + \frac{1}{r^2 \sin^2 \theta} \left( \tfrac{S}{Q} \right)^2 + m^2 =0.
\end{equation}

 To solve this partial differential equation, an ansatz is proposed~\cite{farook}.

\begin{equation}\label{ansatz}
 S(t,r,\theta,\phi) = -E.t + S_1(r) + S_2(\theta) + \mathbf{J. \phi}.
\end{equation}

This will enable us to separate the variables.  $E$ and $J$ are identified as the energy and angular momentum of the particle. The substitution of this ansatz in the previous equation yields

\begin{equation}\label{sej}
 \begin{array}{lll}
\tfrac{S}{t} = -E, &  & \tfrac{S}{r} = \tfrac{S_1}{r}, \\[.3cm]
\tfrac{S}{\theta} = \tfrac{S_2}{\theta}, &  & \tfrac{S}{Q} = J.
\end{array}
\end{equation}

Substituting we obtain the following equations

\begin{equation}
 -\frac{1}{f} \left( -E+ \frac{eQ}{r} \right)^2 + \left( \tfrac{S_1}{r}\right)^2 + \frac{1}{r^2} \left(\tfrac{S_2}{\theta} \right)^2 + \frac{1}{r^2\sin^2 \theta} J^2 +m^2 =0,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
 -\frac{r^2}{f}\left( E - \frac{eQ}{r} \right)^2 + fr^2 \left( \tfrac{S_1}{r} \right)^2 + \left( \tfrac{S_2}{\theta}\right)^2 + m^2r^2 +\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta} J^2 =0.
 \end{equation}

Now,
\begin{equation}
 -\frac{r^2}{f}\left( E - \frac{eQ}{r} \right)^2 + fr^2 \left( \tfrac{S_1}{r} \right)^2 +m^2r^2 = -p^2,
\end{equation}
giving
 \begin{equation}
 \left( \tfrac{S_1}{r} \right)^2 = \frac{\left(E - \frac{eQ}{r}\right)^2}{f^2} - \frac{m^2}{f} - \frac{p^2}{r^2f}.
\end{equation}

With all these, we find the following solutions for the functions $S_1(r)$ and $S_2(\theta)$ as
\begin{equation}
 S_1(r) = \epsilon \int{\left[ \frac{\left(E - \frac{eQ}{r} \right)^2}{f^2} - \frac{m^2}{f} \frac{p^2}{fr^2} \right]^{1/2} \text{d} r },
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
 S_2(\theta) = \epsilon \int \left[ p^2 - J^2 \csc^2\theta \right]^{1/2} \text{d}\theta,
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon =\pm 1$.

To determine the trajectory of the particle through Hamiltonian Jacobi method, we consider~\cite{farook}
\begin{equation}
 \tfrac{S}{E} = \text{constant}, \qquad \tfrac{S}{J} = \text{constant}, \qquad \tfrac{S}{P} = \text{constant}.
\end{equation}

Without any loss of generality the constants may be considered to be zero. Then, from Eq.~\eqref{ansatz} we obtain
\begin{equation}
\tfrac{S}{E} = -t
\end{equation}
which gives
\begin{equation}\label{tsoln}
 t= \epsilon \int{ \frac{1}{f^2} \left(E - \frac{eQ}{r}\right) \left[ \frac{1}{f^2}\left(E-\frac{eQ}{r}\right)^2 -\frac{m^2}{f} - \frac{p^2}{fr^2} \right]^{-1/2} \text{d} r},
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{phisoln}
 \phi = \epsilon \int \left( J \csc^2\theta \right) \left[ p^2 - J^2 \csc^2 \theta\right]^{1/2} \text{d} \theta,
\end{equation}
and,
\begin{equation}
 \cos^{-1}\left( \frac{\cos \theta}{\nu}\right) = \int \frac{1}{fr^2} \left[ \frac{1}{f^2} \left(E-\frac{eQ}{r^2}\right)^2 -\frac{m^2}{f} - \frac{p^2}{fr^2}\right]^{1/2} \text{d} r,
\end{equation}
where $\nu^2 = 1- \bgfrac{J^2}{p^2}$.

The Radial velocity is particle is obtained from Eq.~\eqref{tsoln}
\begin{equation}\label{radvel}
 \frac{\text{d} r}{\text{d} t} = f^2\left(E - \frac{eQ}{r^2}\right)^{-1} \left[ \frac{1}{f^2} \left(E-\frac{eQ}{r} \right)^2 - \frac{m^2}{f} - \frac{p^2}{fr^2} \right].
\end{equation}

The turning point of the particle is $\bgfrac{\text{d} r}{\text{d} t} =0$ and the potential curves are
\begin{equation}
 \left(E-\frac{eQ}{r} \right)^2 - m^2f - \frac{p^2}{r^2}f =0.
\end{equation}

Solving
\[E= \frac{eQ}{r} + \sqrt{f} \left( m^2 + \frac{p^2}{r^2} \right)^{1/2} \]
The effective potential is given by
\[ V(r) = \frac{E}{m} = \frac{eQ}{mr} + \sqrt{f(r)} \left( 1+\frac{p^2}{m^2r^2} \right)^{1/2} \]
as an explicitly function of $r$ only. A representative curve is given below (Fig.~\ref{figveff1}). We have considered the specific charge of the particle $e/m=1$, and $p/m=1.5$ and $\sigma=0.5$ for convenience. This is a plot for a extremal case where $Q=M$. We set them to unity.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\input veff1.tex
\end{center}
\caption{$V(r)$ for $e/m = 1$, $Q=M=1$, $\sigma=0.5$ and $p/m = 1.5$}\label{figveff1}
\end{figure}
Different curves may be drawn depending upon different values of the parameter.
We give another plot where $M=1.5$ but $Q=0.5$ (Fig.~\ref{figveff2}).
\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \begin{center}
  \input{veff2.tex}
 \end{center}
\caption{$V(r)$ for $e/m = 1$, $Q=0.5$, $M=1.5$, $\sigma=0.5$ and $p/m = 1.5$}\label{figveff2}
\end{figure}

In a stationary system, $E$ and so $V(r)$ must have an extremal value. Hence the value of $r$ for which the energy attains its extremal value is given by the solution of
\[\frac{\text{d} V}{\text{d} r} =0. \]
This gives
\begin{equation}
- \frac{eQ}{mr^2} + \frac{1}{2\sqrt{f}}\left(1 + \frac{p^2}{m^2r^2}\right)^{1/2}\tfrac{f}{r} -  \sqrt{f} \left(1+\frac{p^2}{m^2r^2}\right)^{-1/2} \frac{p^2}{m^2r^3} =0.
\end{equation}

We obtain
\[
\frac{eQ}{mr^2}f^{1/2}\left( 1+ \frac{p^2}{m^2r^2} \right)^{1/2} = \frac{1}{2} \left(1 + \frac{p^2}{m^2r^2} \right) \tfrac{f}{r} - f\frac{p^2}{m^2r^3}.\]

With the expression of $f(r)$ the equation becomes
\begin{equation}\label{eqgeneral}
\begin{split}
\frac{eQ}{m}\left( 1-\frac{2M}{r}+\right. & \left. \frac{Q^2}{r^2} - \frac{\sigma Q^4}{5 r^6}\right)^{1/2} \left( 1 + \frac{p^2}{m^2r^2} \right)^{1/2} =  \\
 &\left(M - \frac{Q^2}{r} + \frac{3}{5}\frac{\sigma Q^4}{r^5} \right) \left(1 + \frac{p^2}{m^2r^2} \right) - \frac{p^2}{m^2 r} \left( 1 - \frac{2M}{r} + \frac{Q^2}{r^2} - \frac{\sigma Q^4}{5r^6} \right).
 \end{split}
\end{equation}
This expression is used in further discussions below.

\section{Test particle in Static Equilibrium}\label{teststatic}
In static equilibrium, momentum $p$ in Eq.~\eqref{eqgeneral} must be zero. So, the value of $r$ for which potential will be an extremal is given by
\[
\frac{eQ}{m} \left( 1 - \frac{2M}{r} + \frac{Q^2}{r^2} - \frac{\sigma Q^4}{5r^6} \right)^{1/2} = M - \frac{Q^2}{r}+ \frac{3}{5}\frac{\sigma Q^4}{r^5}
\]
Simplifying and arranging
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\left(M^2 - \frac{e^2Q^2}{m^2} \right) r^{10}& - 2MQ^2\left(1-\frac{e^2}{m^2}\right)r^9+ \left(1-\frac{e^2}{m^2}\right)Q^4r^8 \\
&+\frac{6}{5} M\sigma Q^4r^5 - \frac{\sigma Q^6}{5} \left(1-\frac{e^2}{m^2}\right) r^4 + \frac{9}{25} \sigma^2 Q^8 =0
\end{split}
\end{equation}

This is a 10th order equation in $r$. If $\bgfrac{e^2}{m^2}>\bgfrac{M^2}{Q^2}$, then the last term is negative, i.e at least one positive root exists. If on the other hand, $\bgfrac{e^2}{m^2}=\bgfrac{M^2}{Q^2}$, then the above equation reduces to a ninth degree equation with negative last term implying that a real positive root exists. In other words, the particle will be trapped by the dyadosphere field.

Note that if the particle is of unit specific charge, $e/m=1$ then the equation becomes

\begin{equation}
 \left(M^2 - Q^2\right) r^{10} + \frac{6}{5×}M\sigma Q^4 r^5 + \frac{9}{25×}\sigma^2Q^8=0,
\end{equation}
i.e. for an extremal RN field, the equation becomes a 5th degree equation on $r$.
The function is plotted below (Fig.~\ref{figr10}). Again we demonstrate the nature of the function with $M=1$, $e/m=0.5$, $Q=0.7$ and $\sigma=0.5$. The function is monotonically increasing outside the range specified.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \begin{center}
  \input{r10.tex}
 \end{center}
\caption{$M=1$, $e/m=0.5$, $Q=0.7$ and $\sigma = 0.5$}\label{figr10}
\end{figure}

\section{Test particle in Non equilibrium state, $p\neq0$}\label{testnonequi}

\subsection{Case I -- Uncharged test particle $(e=0)$}
We first discuss the case of uncharged test particle $e=0$. In the nonequilibrium case, $p\neq 0$. The expression~\eqref{eqgeneral} becomes
\begin{equation}\label{noneqe0}
 \left(M -\frac{Q^2}{r} + \frac{3}{5}\frac{\sigma Q^4}{r^5}\right)\left(1+\frac{p^2}{m^2r^2}\right)=\frac{p^2}{m^2r} \left( 1 -\frac{2M}{r} + \frac{Q^2}{r^2} - \frac{\sigma Q^4}{5 r^6}\right)
\end{equation}

Simplifying and rearranging we obtain an algebraic equation of degree 7.
\begin{equation}
Mr^7 - \left( Q^2 + \frac{p^2}{m^2} \right) r^6 + 3 \frac{p^2}{m^2}M r^5 -   2\frac{p^2}{m62} Q^2r^4
  + \frac{3}{5} \sigma Q^4 r^2 + \frac{4}{5} \sigma Q^4 \frac{p^2}{m^2} =0
\end{equation}

Since there are four  changes of sign in the above equation, then by Descartes rule of signs, the equation can have 4 positive roots.

\subsection{Case II, Charged particle $(e \neq 0)$}
In case of charged particle $e\neq 0$ and the Eq.~\eqref{eqgeneral} becomes
\begin{equation}
 \begin{split}
\left( M - \frac{Q^2}{r} + \frac{3}{5} \frac{\sigma Q^4}{r^5} \right)& \left(1 + \frac{p^2}{m^2r^2} \right) - \frac{p^2}{m^2 r} \left( 1 - \frac{2M}{r} + \frac{Q^2}{r^2} - \frac{\sigma Q^4}{5 r^6} \right)\\
& - \frac{eQ}{m} \left( 1 -\frac{2M}{r} + \frac{Q^2}{r^2} - \frac{\sigma Q^4}{5 r^6} \right)^{1/2} \left( 1 + \frac{p^2}{m^2r^2} \right)^{1/2}=0.
\end{split}
\end{equation}

This is an equation of degree 14 in $r$. When explicitly written this expression contains 60 terms. In terms of descending power of $r$ it reduces to

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
 \left( M^2 - \frac{e^2Q^2}{m^2}\right)& r^{14}  - 2M \left(Q^2 + \frac{p^2}{m^2} - \frac{e^2Q^2}{m^2} \right)r^{13}  \\
& +\frac{p^2}{m^2}\left(2M^2+4M+\frac{m^2}{p^2}Q^4 -2Q^2 +\frac{p^2}{m^2} -\frac{e^2Q^2}{m^2} \right) r^{12} \\
& \ldots + 0 \times r + \frac{8}{5}\frac{p^4}{m^4} \sigma^2 Q^8 =0
\end{split}
\end{equation}

In this case too, if the specific charge of the test particle $e/m$ is greater than $M/Q$ then the last term is negative, i.e. at least one positive root exists. If on the other hand $\bgfrac{e}{m} = \bgfrac{M}{Q}$, then the above equation reduces to a 13 degree equation. with negative last term if $M^2 - Q^2 - \bgfrac{p^2}{m^2} >0$ implying the existence of  a real positive root. In these cases the particle will be trapped by the dyadosphere.

\section{Solution of massless Scalar Wave Equation in Dyadosphere metric}\label{waveeqn}
In this section we shall analysis the scalar wave equation for dyadosphere geometry following Brill et. al~\cite{brill} who first showed that variables can be separated for Kerr geometry. (We consider massless scalar field here; extension to massive field is straightforward and devoid of any further conclusion.)
The wave equation for a massless particle is given by
\begin{equation}
 g^{-1/2} \tfrac{}{x^\mu} \left( g^{1/2} g^{\mu\nu} \tfrac{}{x^\nu} \right) \chi  =0
\end{equation}

Here $g_\mu\nu$ is given by Eq.~\eqref{metric}. If we now put all the values we obtain the following equation
\begin{equation}
 -\frac{r^4 \sin\theta}{\Delta}\frac{\partial^2 \chi}{\partial t^2} + \sin \theta \tfrac{}{r}\left(\Delta \tfrac{\chi}{r}\right) + \tfrac{}{\theta}\left( \sin\theta \tfrac{}{\theta} \right)\chi + \frac{1}{\sin\theta}\frac{\partial^2 \chi}{\partial \phi^2}=0
\end{equation}

Where $\Delta = r^2 -2Mr+Q^2 - \bgfrac{\sigma Q^4}{5 r^4}$.

This equation be solved by separation of variable with the ansatz
\begin{equation}\label{chi}
 \chi = e^{-i\omega t} e^{im\phi} R(r) \Theta(\theta)
\end{equation}

Putting this in the wave equation we obtain
\[
\frac{r^4 \sin \theta}{\Delta}\omega^2 \chi +  \frac{\sin \theta}{R}  \tfrac{}{r}\left(\Delta \tfrac{R}{r}\right) \chi
+ \frac{1}{\Theta} \tfrac{}{\theta}\left(\sin\theta\tfrac{\Theta}{\theta} \right) \chi- \frac{m^2}{\sin\theta} \chi =0
\]

Thus the variables can be easily separated. The radial equation reduces to

\begin{equation}\label{radial}
\Delta \tfrac{}{r}\left( \Delta \tfrac{R}{r} \right) + (r^4 \omega^2 - \Delta \lambda)R=0
\end{equation}

The angular part becomes
\begin{equation}
 \frac{1}{\sin\theta}\tfrac{}{\theta} \left(\sin\theta\tfrac{\Theta}{\theta}\right) - \frac{m^2}{\sin^2\theta}\Theta + \lambda \Theta =0
\end{equation}

With a substitution $x=\cos\theta$, the equation becomes

\begin{equation}
 (1-x^2)\frac{\text{d}^2 \Theta}{\text{d} x^2} - 2x \frac{\text{d} \Theta}{\text{d} x} - \left( \frac{m^2}{1-x^2} - \lambda \right) \Theta=0
\end{equation}

If we now write $\lambda = l(l+1)$ and demand that $l$ takes only integer values then the equation
\begin{equation}\label{angular}
 (1-x^2)\frac{\text{d}^2 \Theta}{\text{d} x^2} - 2x \frac{\text{d} \Theta}{\text{d} x} + \left(  l(l+1) - \frac{m^2}{1-x^2}  \right) \Theta=0
\end{equation}
is Associated Legendre equation and the solution is give by the associated Legendre polynomial $ P^m_l(x)$ and is expressed as
\begin{equation}
\Theta^m_l(\cos\theta) = P^m_l(x) = \frac{(-1)^m}{2^l l!}\left( 1-x^2 \right)^{m/2} \frac{\text{d}^{l+m}}{\text{d} x^{l+m}} \left(x^2-1\right)^l.
\end{equation}

\subsection{The Radial Equation: Absence of Superradiance}
Superradiance is the wave analogue for the Penrose process on Black Hole. If a bosonic or fermionic wave is incident upon a black hole, normally the reflected wave carries less energy than the incident wave. But under certain condition the transmitted wave, absorbed by the black hole carries negative energy into the black hole making the reflexion coefficient for the wave greater than unity. This means that the reflected wave will carry more energy than the incident wave. This phenomenon is called superradiance by Misner~\cite{dewitt} and also analyzed by Zel'dovich and Starobinsky~\cite{zeldovich,starobinsky}. Through this process energy can be extracted from a black hole in expense of its angular momentum. The condition is given by~\cite{wald}

\begin{equation}
 0<\omega<m\Omega_H,
\end{equation}
 where $\Omega_H$ is the angular velocity of the horizon~\cite{dewitt}.
Chandrasekhar~\cite{chandra} has analyzed the phenomenon for Kerr geometry in characteristic details and  showed that this occurs only for incident waves of integral spins, i.e., for scalar, electromagnetic waves and gravitational cases. He showed its absence for the fermionic waves, i.e. Dirac wave or neutrino waves. Basak and Majumdar discussed this phenomenon for acoustic analogue of Kerr Black Hole~\cite{bm1,bm2}.
Clearly for a non-rotating black hole superradiance should be absent as we demonstrate precisely in this case of dyadosphere geometry.

The radial equation is given by
\begin{equation}
 \Delta \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d} r}\left( \Delta \frac{\text{d} R}{\text{d} r} \right) + \left( \omega^2 r^4 - l(l+1)\Delta\right)R=0.
\end{equation}

Let us introduce the familiar \ensuremath{r^*}  coordinate (the tortoise coordinate) defined by
\[
\frac{\text{d}\ensuremath{r^*} }{\text{d} r} = \frac{r^2}{\Delta},
\]
thus giving
\[
\Delta \frac{\text{d} }{\text{d} r} = r^2 \frac{\text{d} }{\text{d} \ensuremath{r^*} }.
\]

Note that though the variable \ensuremath{r^*}  is defined in the same manner as in Schwarzschild or in Kerr metric, in this case the variable is non-integrable. Still the basic purpose is satisfied, the coordinate spans over the real line and pushes the horizon to minus infinity.

The introduction of another function $u(r) = rR$ reduces the radial equation in a more   familiar form
\begin{equation}
\frac{\text{d}^2 u}{\text{d} {\ensuremath{r^*} } ^2} - \left[ \frac{4}{5}\sigma Q^4 \frac{\Delta}{r^{10}} - \frac{2 \Delta^2}{r^6} - \frac{ 2\Delta M}{r^5} + (2 + l(l+1))\frac{\Delta}{r^4} - \omega^2\right] u = 0.
\end{equation}

Thus a potential barrier remains where

\begin{equation}
V(r) = \frac{4}{5}\sigma Q^4 \frac{\Delta}{r^{10}} - \frac{2 \Delta^2}{r^6} - \frac{ 2\Delta M}{r^5} + (2 + l(l+1))\frac{\Delta}{r^4} - \omega^2.
\end{equation}

At horizon ($\Delta \rightarrow 0$), the radial equation becomes
\begin{equation}
 \frac{\text{d}^2 u_H}{\text{d} {\ensuremath{r^*} }^2} + \omega^2 u_H =0,
\end{equation}
with $V(r) = -\omega^2$.

Now asymptotically, $r \rightarrow \infty$. The equation has the same form as in the previous case
\begin{equation}
 \frac{\text{d}^2 u_\infty}{\text{d} {\ensuremath{r^*} }^2} + \omega^2 u_\infty =0.
\end{equation}

Thus $u_H = u_\infty$, where $u_H$ is the radial solution at horizon and $u_\infty$ is the solution at $\infty$. This equality shows that for a dyadosphere metric there is \textit{no phenomenon of superradiance for an incident massless scalar field}. This is expected as dyadosphere geometry is nonrotating.

\section{Analysis of Dyadosphere metric using Lagrangian Method}\label{lagrangian}
The dyadosphere geometry evidently allows two timelike Killing vectors $\partial_t$ and $\partial_\phi$. Thus there must be two constants of motion.  Note that the geodesic in space time can be derived from the usual Lagrangian~\cite{chandra}
\begin{equation}
 2 \mathcal{L} = g_{ij} \frac{\text{d} x^i}{\text{d} \tau}\frac{\text{d} x^j}{\text{d} \tau}.
\end{equation}

Here $\tau$ is some affine parameter along the geodesic. For time-like geodesic $\tau$ may be identified with the proper time $s$ of the particle describing the geodesic.

For the Dyadosphere metric the Lagrangian is thus given by
\begin{equation}
 2 \mathcal{L} = f(r) \dot{t}^2 - \frac{1}{f(r)} \dot{r} - r^2 \dot{\theta}^2 - r^2, \sin^2\theta \dot{\phi}^2
\end{equation}
with the dot meaning the differention with respect to $\tau$.

The canonical momenta are given by
\[
 p_j = \tfrac{\mathcal{L}}{\dot{q_j}}.
\]
The momenta in this case are given by~\cite{chandra}
\begin{equation}\label{conjmom}
 \begin{array}{l}
 p_t = \tfrac{\mathcal{L}}{\dot{t}} = f(r) \dot{t},\\
\\
p_r = - \tfrac{\mathcal{L}}{\dot{r}} = + \frac{1}{f(r)} \dot{r},\\
\\
p_\theta = r^2 \dot{\theta},\\
\\
p_\phi= - \tfrac{\mathcal{L}}{\dot{\phi}} = r^2 \sin^2 \theta \dot{\phi}.
\end{array}
\end{equation}

The Hamiltonian is given by
\begin{equation}
 \mathcal{H} = p_t \dot{t} - \left(p_r \dot{r} + p_\theta \dot{\theta}+ p_\phi \dot{\phi} \right) - \mathcal{L}.
\end{equation}

Putting the values of the conjugate momenta from Eq.~\eqref{conjmom} we find that
\[
 \mathcal{H} = \mathcal{L},
\]
which means the problem has no potential energy term.

Rescaling of the affine parameter $\tau$ allows us to set $2\mathcal{L}=1$ for time-like geodesics. For null geodesics $\mathcal{L}=0$.

As the metric allows two timelike Killing vectors $\partial_t$ and $\partial_\phi$ so we shall have two constants of integration, namely the conjugate momenta corresponding to the coordinates $t$ and $\phi$. Thus
\begin{equation}
 \begin{array}{l}
 \bgfrac{\text{d} p_t}{\text{d} \tau}= \tfrac{\mathcal{L}}{t}=0,\\
\\
\bgfrac{\text{d} p_\phi}{\text{d} \tau} = -\tfrac{\mathcal{L}}{\phi} =0.
\end{array}
\end{equation}

Thus we find the first constant of motion
\begin{equation}
 p_t = f(r) \frac{\text{d} t}{\text{d} \tau} = \text{constant} = E \text{(say)}.
\end{equation}
 The metric is asymptotically flat. So the quantity $E$ can be identified to the energy at infinity.

The second constant of motion is given by
\begin{equation}
 p_\phi = r^2 \sin^2 \theta \frac{\text{d} \phi}{\text{d} \tau} = \text{constant}.
\end{equation}

From the equation of motion we obtain
\begin{equation}
\frac{\text{d} p_\theta}{\text{d} \theta} = \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d} \tau}(r^2 \dot{\theta}) = - \tfrac{\mathcal{L}}{\theta} = (r^2 \sin\theta \cos\theta)\left( \frac{\text{d} \phi}{\text{d} \tau} \right)^2.
\end{equation}

Note that if we assign  $\theta=\pi/2$ when $\dot{\theta}=0$ then $\ddot{\theta}=0$. This means that the geodesic is described in an invariant plane which may be distinguished by $\theta=\pi/2$. Thus we obtain
\begin{equation}
p_\phi= r^2\frac{\text{d} \phi}{\text{d} \tau} = \text{constant} = L \ \text{(say)}.
 \end{equation}

Here $L$ denotes the angular momentum about an axis normal to the invariant plane.

Putting all these constants we obtain
\begin{equation}
 \frac{E^2}{f(r)} - \frac{\dot{r}^2}{f(r)} - \frac{L^2}{r^2} = 2 \mathcal{L} = +1 \ \text{or} \ 0.
\end{equation}
depending whether it is a timelike or null geodesic.

We find
\begin{equation}
 \dot{r}^2 + \left( \frac{L^2}{r^2} + 2 \mathcal{L} \right) f(r) = E^2.
\end{equation}
Thus we can identify the following quantity at the left hand side of the equation as  effectively to a potential energy term~\cite[p102]{chandra}
\begin{equation}
 V^2_{\text{eff}} = \left( \frac{L^2}{r^2} + 2 \mathcal{L} \right) f(r).
\end{equation}

\subsection{Radial timelike Geodesic, $\mathcal{L}=+1$, $L=0$}
The effective potential for radial geodesic (zero angular momentum) is given by

\begin{equation}
V^2_{\text{eff}} = f(r) = 1 - \frac{2M}{r} + \frac{Q^2}{r^2} - \frac{\sigma Q^4}{5 r^6},
\end{equation}
 which is equal to the original dyadosphere metric. The effective potential is plotted (Fig.~\ref{figgeotime}) here for a black hole of  $M=1.5$, $Q=0.04$, and $\sigma =0.5$.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\input{geotime.tex}
\end{center}
\caption{$V_{\text{eff}}$ with $M=1.5$, $Q=0.7$ and $\sigma = 0.5$}\label{figgeotime}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Null geodesic}
For null geodesic, $ \mathcal{L}=0$ and the effective potential is given by
\begin{equation}
V^2_{\text{eff}}=\frac{L^2}{r^2×} f(r).
\end{equation}

 Thus the effective potential for a photon with zero angular momentum vanishes.
The effective potential is plotted (Fig.~\ref{figgeonull}) for a black hole of $M=1.5$, $Q=0.7$, $\sigma=5$ and $L=0.7$.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\input{geonull.tex}
\end{center}
\caption{$V_{\text{eff}}$ for $L=0.7$, $M=1.5$, $Q=0.7$, and $\sigma = 0.5$}\label{figgeonull}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion}
In this paper we discussed motion of test particle in the dyadosphere metric using Hamilton-Jacobi techniques. Some representative curves for effective potential is plotted. (All the curves are drawn by \texttt{gnuplot} plotting program). Several plots can be generated by changing the values of the parameters to see the nature of the function in different cases. We also discussed geodesics through Lagrangian method.  The wave equation for a massless particle also is studied to show that the phenomenon of superradiance is absent in this case.

\section*{Acknowledgment} BR likes to thank The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune, India for excellent facilities extended to him during a visit under the Associateship programme.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv