text:
L'accident ferroviaire de Saint-Mandé a eu lieu le dimanche  dans la gare de cette commune limitrophe de Paris, alors située dans le département de la Seine, sur la ligne dite de Vincennes exploitée par la Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est. Il frappa les esprits à la fois parce qu'il était survenu, comme celui de Meudon, lors du retour vers la capitale d'une foule endimanchée venant de passer une journée de détente dans une ambiance de fête, et parce que son lourd bilan en faisait l'un des accidents les plus graves depuis les origines du chemin de fer en France.

Les circonstances
Comme tous les dimanches, notamment en période estivale, une multitude de trains partant de la gare de la Bastille avaient conduit en masse les Parisiens vers le bois de Vincennes et les bords de la Marne, leurs lieux de promenade favoris. L'affluence était d'autant plus grande que dans deux communes desservies par la ligne avaient lieu des manifestations très prisées du public, un concours de musique à Fontenay-sous-Bois et une fête foraine à Saint-Mandé.

Le soir venu, alors que dans toutes les gares du parcours, les trains réguliers et supplémentaires se succédaient pour faire face à l'afflux des voyageurs rentrant à Paris, le train 116, en retard de huit minutes sur l'horaire, avait fait halte à Saint-Mandé à vingt et une heures dix-huit et son arrêt s'éternisait. En effet, à son arrivée, ses vingt et une voitures à impériale étaient déjà bondées et la foule attendant sur les quais s'y entassait avec difficulté. Le chef de gare avait d'ailleurs été appelé par deux voyageuses pour expulser après de longues palabres un père et ses deux fils du compartiment réservé aux dames seules, et faute de place certains en avaient été réduits à s'installer dans les deux fourgons normalement interdits aux passagers.

L'accident
Alors que la plupart des voyageurs avaient enfin embarqué et que le départ du 116 semblait imminent, ses derniers wagons, arrêtés sous le pont dit de la Tourelle, furent télescopés par le convoi suivant, désigné 116 D, comprenant dix-huit véhicules, parti de Vincennes trois minutes plus tôt. La locomotive du train tamponneur, du type 031T et numérotée 669, écrasa le fourgon de queue et les deux voitures qui le précédaient, puis se coucha sur l'amoncellement de leurs carcasses. De son foyer partirent des flammes qui, attisées par le gaz d'éclairage des wagons, gagnèrent rapidement les caisses en bois des épaves disloquées.

Secours et bilan
Pendant que la plupart des rescapés affolés s'échappaient en escaladant les talus de la tranchée dans laquelle était située la gare, les agents de la compagnie et les voyageurs présents sur les quais improvisèrent les premiers secours en évacuant les blessés et en s'efforçant d'extraire ceux restant coincés dans les débris. Toutefois, ils durent vite reculer devant la violence du feu et ne purent accéder aux épaves qu'après que l'incendie eut été maîtrisé par les pompiers de Saint-Mandé, Vincennes et Charenton. Les sauveteurs, auxquels s'étaient joints les militaires en garnison à Vincennes (personnels de santé de l'hôpital des armées et fantassins du  de chasseurs à pied), déposèrent les morts, parfois partiellement ou entièrement carbonisés, dans deux salles de la mairie-école voisine, où les familles purent venir les reconnaître. Onze corps demeurant non identifiés, on les transféra à la Morgue de Paris où pour les soustraire à la curiosité malsaine des badauds, seules les personnes justifiant de la disparition d'un proche furent autorisées à entrer.
Les blessés furent répartis entre l'hôpital militaire de Vincennes et les hôpitaux parisiens, notamment Saint-Antoine et Trousseau.

Au terme des opérations de secours, le nombre des morts s'élevait à quarante-trois et celui des blessés à cent-cinquante. Toutefois, certains de ceux-ci, gravement atteints, devaient décéder par la suite, si bien qu'au fil des actes de la procédure judiciaire ouverte après l'accident, son bilan officiel s'alourdit, passant à quarante-six morts lors du réquisitoire introductif d'instance adressé au tribunal correctionnel de Paris par le substitut Rempler, puis à cinquante quelques semaines plus tard dans le jugement de condamnation prononcé par cette juridiction.

Suites

Émotion et compassion
La journaliste Séverine se rend immédiatement sur les lieux de la catastrophe où elle se sent impuissante, « témoin inutile et défaillant de telles monstruosités » : le spectacle qu'elle découvre dépasse en atrocité celui des victimes de l'Opéra-Comique, et même celui des victimes du grisou à Saint-Étienne.

Comme après tous les accidents graves, notamment ferroviaires, les principales autorités publiques exprimèrent leur solidarité avec les victimes. Le président de la République Sadi Carnot se fit représenter par son officier d'ordonnance, mais le préfet de police Henri Lozé et celui de la Seine Eugène Poubelle, ainsi que les ministres des transports Yves Guyot, de l'Intérieur Ernest Constans et de la justice Armand Fallières se rendirent sur place, supervisant les secours à la gare, se recueillant dans la chapelle ardente improvisée à la mairie, et visitant les blessés hospitalisés. La Reine Victoria fit transmettre à l'ambassadeur de France un message de sympathie. Des souscriptions furent lancées pour venir en aide aux familles des victimes nécessiteuses.

La ville de Saint-Mandé décida de prendre en charge l'organisation d'obsèques solennelles, qui eurent lieu le mercredi  à quinze heures, en présence de nombreuses personnalités, et notamment du ministre des transports, du préfet de police et du directeur de la Compagnie de l'Est. Après un office à l'église, une foule de plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes accompagna les dépouilles mortelles jusqu'au cimetière sud de la ville où elles furent inhumées dans une fosse commune provisoire jusqu'à l'achèvement d'un monument commémoratif construit aux frais de la Compagnie de l'Est sur un emplacement concédé gratuitement et à perpétuité par la commune.

Tensions et polémiques
Survenu dans un climat politique crispé, l'évènement raviva deux types de controverses.

Sur le plan social
Le début du mois de juillet avait été marqué par une forte effervescence du monde des cheminots, leurs représentants syndicaux allant jusqu'à tenter de déclencher une grève générale. Bien que le mouvement ait échoué faute d'emporter l'adhésion de la base, cette agitation fut considérée dans certains milieux conservateurs comme ayant causé indirectement l'accident en détournant les agents des chemins de fer des devoirs de leur fonction. Ainsi, sous la signature de Marc Dutartre, le journal Le National affirmait que les cheminots  « ont besoin de concentrer toute leur tension intellectuelle dans le cercle restreint de leurs occupations professionnelles, et la distraction tourmentée et tourmentante des réunions syndicales n'est pas faite pour exercer sur le service technique une influence salutaire ». Afin d'assurer la discipline des cheminots, l'article proposait leur placement sous statut militaire, qui permettrait de sanctionner comme mutinerie le non-respect de leurs obligations. À l'inverse, alors que l'accident ne semblait pas affecter le cours en Bourse des actions de l'Est, les milieux progressistes dénonçaient l'impunité des grandes compagnies se déchargeant de leurs responsabilités sur des personnels subalternes exploités. Ainsi, Le Radical fustigeait-il « la rapacité de la Compagnie de l'Est », constatant que « les petits employés, mal payés, sont appelés à expier les fautes sciemment commises par les actionnaires en vue d'encaisser de gros dividendes », tandis que dans L'Intransigeant, Henri Rochefort qualifiait le chef de gare inculpé par la justice de « forçat », vitupérant contre les administrateurs du chemin de fer, « toujours là pour toucher les dividendes, et jamais pour recevoir les coups de tampon ».

Sur le plan religieux
L'accident fut prétexte à de nouvelles polémiques s'inscrivant dans le contexte des tensions récurrentes entre l'Église catholique et la République qui, malgré le Ralliement quelques mois plus tard, allait finalement conduire à la séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Ainsi, constatant que le drame avait eu lieu au retour d'une journée de distraction et de plaisirs, les monarchistes de la Gazette de France déploraient que le repos dominical ne soit plus consacré au Seigneur, puisque « dans le but d'arracher les fidèles à l'Eglise, depuis dix ans les francs-maçons multiplient systématiquement, chaque dimanche, les fêtes foraines, les concours de gymnastes, d'orphéons, de pompiers » et dénonçaient « un complot savamment conduit », afin d'empêcher « que l'ouvrier, le petit bourgeois prenne part aux fêtes, aux solennités religieuses, et profite du dimanche pour orienter au moins son âme vers Dieu ». Des difficultés furent aussi soulevées à propos des obsèques solennelles que la ville de Saint-Mandé avait décidé d'organiser. Lors d'un conseil municipal extraordinaire tenu le lendemain du drame, une partie de l'assemblée s'était prononcée en faveur d'un service funèbre purement civil, option considérée par d'aucuns comme une « manifestation antireligieuse ». Cependant, au terme de débats qualifiés d'« orageux » par le journal La Croix, le maire, Albert Rischmann était parvenu à imposer une cérémonie confessionnelle en se prévalant de l'opinion de la majorité de la population et du concours gratuit de l'Église, décision lui valant la qualification de « calotin de la plus belle eau » par le journal l'Intransigeant. Finalement, malgré la proposition de la mairie, les funérailles religieuses collectives n'eurent lieu que pour dix-sept victimes, les autres familles faisant inhumer leurs morts ailleurs selon leurs convictions respectives.

Recherche des responsabilités
Une instruction judiciaire pour homicide et blessures involontaires fut ouverte par le Parquet de Paris, sur le fondement non  des dispositions générales de l'article 319 du code pénal, mais de celles, spéciales, et plus rigoureuses, de l'article 19 de la loi du  sur la police des chemins de fer selon lequel « Quiconque, par maladresse, imprudence, inattention, négligence ou inobservation des lois ou règlements, aura involontairement causé, sur un chemin de fer, ou dans les
gares ou stations, un accident qui aura occasionné des blessures, sera puni de huit jours à six mois d'emprisonnement, et d'une amende de cinquante à mille francs.
Si l'accident a occasionné la mort d'une ou plusieurs personnes, l'emprisonnement sera de six mois à cinq ans, et l'amende de trois cents à trois mille francs ».

Au premier abord, il apparaissait que la responsabilité directe de la collision pouvait être imputée à deux cheminots: le sous-chef de gare de Vincennes, M. Deguerrois, pour avoir laissé partir le train 116D, et le mécanicien Caron, pour n'avoir pas arrêté son convoi à temps en arrivant à Saint-Mandé. Ceux-ci furent immédiatement incarcérés, mais le premier fut mis en liberté provisoire le , le juge d'instruction lui reconnaissant des circonstances atténuantes compte tenu de ses difficiles conditions de travail.

Les aspects techniques de l'enquête furent confiés aux services du contrôle de l'État, agissant cependant en étroite collaboration avec ceux de la Compagnie de l'Est, si bien que lors d'une interpellation à la Chambre, le député André Castelin affirma que l'esprit de corps et les intérêts communs des ingénieurs, notamment polytechniciens de l'État et des compagnies créait entre contrôleur et contrôlés une connivence propice à la non observation des règlements et à la multiplication des accidents.

Compte tenu des circonstances, quatre causes pouvaient à des degrés divers avoir contribué à produire la collision.

La durée excessive de l'arrêt du train tamponné
Alors que le stationnement à Saint-Mandé devait normalement durer deux minutes, il s'était prolongé, selon les témoins, au delà de sept. En effet, aux difficultés habituelles d'embarquement de nouveaux passagers dans un train en retard et déjà bondé étaient venues s'ajouter les complications nées d'un incident créé par deux voyageuses. Celles-ci, voulant monter dans le compartiment réservé aux dames seules, avaient constaté que s'y trouvaient un père et de ses deux fils, semble-t-il installés là depuis Fontenay-sous-Bois. Après avoir vainement tenté de les convaincre de sortir de leur plein gré, elles demandèrent la venue du chef de gare afin qu'il les fasse déguerpir. La revendication était légitime, mais le contrevenant retarda inutilement le règlement de l'incident en invoquant des arguments oiseux, demandant, avant de s'exécuter, que l'on fasse aussi descendre les femmes occupant des compartiments pour fumeurs. L'opinion publique, sans doute sensible au fait qu'il perdit un fils dans l'accident, s'en prit cependant essentiellement aux deux plaignantes, qualifiées de « pimbêches » à l'« entêtement ridicule », voire de « chipies », le journal Le Figaro affirmant dans un petit billet publié à la une que leur « protestation intempestive est la seule cause du retard du train et par conséquent de la mort de tous ces pauvres gens ». Toutefois, cette condamnation n'avait qu'une portée morale, puisque compte tenu des règles régissant la causalité dans le droit français de la responsabilité, le tamponnement ne pouvait être juridiquement imputé aux protagonistes de l'algarade.

La position de marche dangereuse de la machine tamponneuse
Aux débuts des chemins de fer, on considérait que les locomotives parvenues aux points extrêmes de leurs parcours devaient toujours être retournées, puisque la sécurité exigeait que sauf pour les manœuvres, elles tirent tous les véhicules composant leurs trains, y compris les tenders chargés des réserves d'eau et de combustible. Selon Auguste Perdonnet, spécialiste faisant autorité à l'époque, l'opération était indispensable, « car les machines doivent marcher toujours en tête des convois, en les traînant, et jamais en arrière, en les poussant. Si les machines étaient placées derrière le convoi, le mécanicien ne pourrait apercevoir les obstacles que l'on rencontre quelquefois sur les voies , et s'arrêter à temps pour éviter les chocs. Il arriverait aussi qu'un wagon venant à dérailler, la machine pousserait par-dessus tous les wagons qui le suivent. Le danger serait le même, quoique beaucoup moins grand, si le tender marchait devant la machine au lieu de marcher derrière. Ce n'est donc que rarement, et par exception, que l'on doit marcher avec le tender en avant ». Les dispositifs de retournement utilisés consistaient le plus souvent en plaques tournantes, commodes car occupant moins d'espace que trois voies placées en triangle.

À partir de la fin des années 1850, toutefois, le développement des machines-tender avait permis de s'affranchir de cette contrainte puisqu'elles pouvaient circuler indifféremment dans les deux sens. Ce type d'engin, en usage notamment sur la ligne de Vincennes, avait l'avantage de limiter les manœuvres, mais présentait un inconvénient en cas de marche cabine en avant. En effet, le mécanicien, chargé à la fois d'observer la voie et de manœuvrer ses instruments de conduite, ne pouvait le faire en même temps et devait alternativement leur faire face ou leur tourner le dos. Ces continuels changements d'orientation généraient plus de fatigue et étaient susceptibles de nuire à sa vigilance. Puisque l'accident avait eu lieu alors que la machine circulait dans ce sens, des témoins affirmant avoir vu son mécanicien dos tourné à la voie avant le choc, beaucoup estimèrent que cette position de conduite peu sûre pouvait y avoir contribué et déplorèrent l'absence dans la quasi-totalité des gares de la ligne de plaques tournantes permettant aux locomotives regagnant la Bastille de repartir cheminée en avant.

Afin de désamorcer cette critique, la Compagnie de l'Est adressa aux journaux un communiqué indiquant: « Au sujet de la marche des machines cheminée en arrière, les machines qui desservent la ligne de Vincennes sont des locomotives-tender spécialement construites pour les lignes de banlieue et pour marcher à volonté dans un sens ou dans l'autre sans être tournées. Sur de semblables lignes, en effet, il faut que les trains puissent se former suivant les besoins dans une gare quelconque avec le minimum de manœuvres et de stationnement. C'est ainsi qu'on procède depuis longtemps sur la ligne de Vincennes avec l'autorisation de l'administration supérieure.
Lorsque la machine marche, cheminée en arrière, le mécanicien et le chauffeur peuvent surveiller la voie devant eux sans aucun obstacle, tout en restant entièrement à portée des organes de commande de la machine ». L'instruction judiciaire valida implicitement cette explication en ne retenant aucune charge à raison de ce mode de conduite, jugé suffisamment sûr dans un rapport de l'ingénieur du contrôle de l'État, et peu après le ministre renonça définitivement à enjoindre à la compagnie de l'Est d'établir des plaques tournantes.

Le non-respect de la signalisation
Sur la ligne de Vincennes, un train à l'arrêt dans une gare bénéficiait en principe d'un double dispositif de protection. D'une part le block-system, qui devait interdire l'entrée d'un autre train dans le canton qu'il occupait tant qu'il n'en était pas sorti, d'autre part la signalisation de la gare elle-même, qui permettait d'en empêcher l'accès par présentation d'un disque rouge

À la gare de Vincennes, point de départ du 116D, étaient implantés successivement en direction de Paris l'électro-sémaphore du block-system, et, quelques mètres plus loin, à l'extrémité du quai, le disque commandant l'entrée à Saint-Mandé, placé là compte tenu de la faible distance entre les deux stations (environ huit cents mètres).

Le sémaphore électromécanique du block-system était du type à aile, donnant voie libre lorsque celle-ci était effacée, et voie fermée lorsqu'elle était placée à l'horizontale. À Vincennes, il était indiscutablement en position fermée, indiquant ainsi que le train précédent n'avait pas quitté le canton qu'il protégeait. Toutefois, sa situation au milieu du quai le plaçait derrière la locomotive du 116D et hors de la vue de son mécanicien, qui devait donc s'en rapporter aux indications fournies par le chef de gare. Or, celui-ci se borna à lui donner l'ordre de départ. La réglementation établie par la compagnie présentait en effet une grande souplesse, puisqu'elle autorisait expressément à laisser pénétrer un train dans un canton encore occupé lorsque cinq minutes, voire deux, s'étaient écoulées depuis le passage du précédent. Cette possibilité de dérogation, au demeurant commune aux règlements de toutes les compagnies, faisait du block-system un dispositif de sécurité dit « permissif », qu'en 1882 le ministre des transports de l'époque avait demandé d'abandonner puisque « ce procédé est défectueux et peut entraîner des accidents» . Interpellant après la collision de Saint-Mandé le ministre des transports sur la persistance de cette pratique, le député Castelin la condamnait lui aussi et se prononçait pour un block-system « absolu » dans lequel les cantons seraient inaccessibles tant qu'ils demeurent occupés. À l'inverse, le ministre, estimant que ce système rigide « paraît excessif et même impraticable aux hommes qui ont l'expérience de l'exploitation des chemins de fer », défendait la souplesse du block « permissif », en considérant que l'accident résultait seulement des manquements aux règles encadrant son fonctionnement. En effet, le texte autorisant le franchissement d'un sémaphore fermé imposait le respect de procédures destinées à assurer la sécurité de la circulation dans le canton occupé en indiquant expressément au mécanicien qu'il devait observer une marche prudente et rester maître de sa vitesse. Le sous-chef de gare de Vincennes, débordé par le surcroît de trafic, avait bien donné le signal du départ au 116D, mais reconnaissait avoir omis d'accomplir cette formalité pourtant essentielle puisqu'elle aurait pu appeler l'équipe de conduite à une vigilance accrue.

 Si le mécanicien du 116D pouvait ne pas avoir eu connaissance des indications du block-system, il ne pouvait ignorer celles données par le disque d'entrée à Saint-Mandé, puisqu'il l'avait franchi lors de son départ. C'est sur la position de ce signal que porta l'essentiel du débat. En effet, le mécanicien Caron et son chauffeur soutenaient qu'il était ouvert, c'est pourquoi ils avaient lancé leur train à sa vitesse normale. Au contraire, le personnel de la gare de Saint-Mandé assurait qu'il avait placé les leviers en position fermée, assertion confirmée par les agents de la gare de Vincennes, qui avaient le signal sous les yeux. À l'appui de ses dires, l'équipe de conduite invoquait deux témoignages. D'une part celui d'un voyageur du train tamponneur, qui se disait sûr d'avoir remarqué au départ de Vincennes un feu blanc indicateur de voie libre. D'autre part celui d'un autre voyageur indiquant avoir vu peu de temps auparavant sur le quai de Saint-Mandé des individus extérieurs au chemin de fer manipuler par jeu les câbles de la signalisation. Ce dernier témoignage fut toutefois rapidement écarté comme fantaisiste, et après vérification expérimentale sur place, le premier s'avéra assez incertain, si bien que lors du procès le juge, par une argumentation circonstanciée, le déclara non pertinent.

Le freinage défectueux
Lors de l'instruction, le mécanicien Caron déclara que c'est au sortir d'une courbe accentuée, alors qu'il roulait à 35-40 km/h, qu'il découvrit, à 150 mètres environ
, les trois feux rouges du fourgon de queue du train précédent, et qu'ayant immédiatement déclenché le frein à air, il avait, après avoir constaté qu'il ne fonctionnait pas, renversé la vapeur, et fait serrer le frein à main par son chauffeur, mais sans pouvoir s'arrêter sur cette distance.

Après vérification, il apparut qu'un défaut sur la conduite d'air entre le quatrième et le cinquième wagon limitait les effets du freinage aux quatre premières voitures. Un certain flou subsiste sur la nature de l'anomalie, certaines explications faisant état de la fermeture d'un robinet, d'autres de la coupure d'un tuyau de caoutchouc. L'incertitude demeure aussi quant à son origine et au moment où elle avait eu lieu. En effet, selon une première hypothèse, c'est un voyageur qui par malveillance ou inadvertance aurait causé l'avarie lors de l'embarquement à Vincennes, alors que selon certains témoins c'est le mécanicien qui, afin de se créer une excuse, l'aurait provoquée lui-même après coup dans la confusion suivant l'accident.

Dans le doute, les enquêteurs effectuèrent diverses expériences à l'aide d'un convoi de composition exactement identique à celle du train tamponneur, dans les conditions de visibilité analogues à celles du jour de l'accident. Reconstituant toutes les hypothèses de freinage envisageables, ils aboutirent à la conclusion que même avec seulement quatre voitures freinées, le mécanicien, s'il avait été normalement vigilant, aurait eu largement le temps d'arrêter son train avant la collision. Ces expériences furent relatées et expliquées en détail peu de temps après dans un article de la revue Le Génie civil.

Les condamnations
La Compagnie de l'Est avait négocié un certain nombre d'indemnisations amiables , mais restaient à juger une quarantaine d'actions, qui furent soumises soit au juge civil, soit au tribunal de commerce, soit au juge pénal pour les victimes s'étant portées partie civile

Après ordonnance du juge d'instruction renvoyant le sous-chef de gare de Vincennes Deguerrois et le mécanicien Caron devant le tribunal correctionnel de Paris et sur réquisitoire introductif d'instance du substitut du procureur de la République , le procès des deux inculpés s'ouvrit le .

La presse, et notamment Le Rappel, rendit abondamment compte des audiences , qui s'avérèrent surtout accablantes pour le mécanicien Caron

Le tribunal rendit son jugement le . Le mécanicien Caron était condamné à deux ans de prison et cinq cents francs d'amende; le sous-chef de gare Deguerrois, à qui furent reconnues des circonstances atténuantes, à  quatre mois de prison et trois cents francs d'amende. Le texte du jugement fut notamment reproduit dans le journal La Justice du , et le détail des provisions sur indemnisation versées à dix-neuf parties civiles dans Le Rappel du .

Seul le mécanicien Caron fit appel du jugement, et sa condamnation fut confirmée le  par la Cour d'appel de Paris. En , alors qu'il avait effectué la moitié de sa peine, ses collègues lancèrent une campagne de pétitions au président de la République afin d'obtenir sa grâce à l'occasion du . Cette action fut relayée par l'Union syndicale des ouvriers et employés des chemins de fer, qui adressa à Jules Viette, ministre des travaux publics, une demande officielle de saisie du garde des sceaux à cet effet. Finalement, c'est à l'occasion de la fête nationale exceptionnelle du  célébrant le centenaire de la proclamation de la République qu'Auguste Caron bénéficia par décret d'une remise de peine.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Accident ferroviaire
 Liste des accidents ferroviaires en France au XIXe siècle
 Liste d'accidents ferroviaires

Saint Mande
Saint Mande
Saint Mande
Saint Mande
1891 en France
Juillet 1891
Transport à Saint-Mandé
Catastrophe ferroviaire en 1891


Bio: As an artist born and raised in Florida, I record life as I see it with pencil and paint brush. My favorite subjects include sea life, dogs, flowers, and fruit. My preferred mediums are graphite, colored pencil, watercolor, and acrylic. I currently reside in Orlando with my husband, daughter, and three Boston Terriers, but I yearn to move back to the beach!
Your body of work is just beautiful.
Great blog, love the turtles!


1 What is a theme?
Mumble 1.3 introduced the concept of themes to allow adjusting the look and feel of the Mumble client. This includes icons, fonts, colors and more. By default Mumble ships with its own theme with two possible styles called "Lite" and "Dark".
A theme can be selected in the "User Interface" section of the Mumble configuration. You can reach it via Configure->Settings and then selecting "User Interface". There use the "Theme" drop down to select the specific style and theme you want to use.
Press "Ok" and accept the request to restart Mumble.
If you ever have trouble getting a theme to work properly, you should contact the theme's author about it and not the Mumble community. Keep in mind some themes may be outdated and may not work properly on the latest version of Mumble.
Note* - In some cases, the "Themes" directory may not exist on your system so you will need to create the folder yourself in the structure listed above and then put the contents of your theme in that new folder.
Themes are mostly comparable and compatible with the Skins from 1.2.X, but are more convenient to use and more powerful. If you have an existing Mumble 1.2.X you would like to keep using simply place it in its own folder in the Themes directory and make sure the theme's qss file is in that directory. Mumble will pick it up with the name of the theme being set to the directory name and each qss file in the directory being interpreted as a specific style of the theme.
Each theme must contain the mandatory [theme] section and have a name and at least one style. This theme has the user visible name "Mumble" and defines two styles with the IDs dark and lite. Each style must be described in a corresponding ini section. For example the style with the ID dark in [dark]. Each style must have a user visible name and one or more qss files containing the actual styling information. Usually just setting qss=YourSkin.qss for the style is sufficient. However more complex themes might want to use platform specific versions of their style. In this case qss_MAC, qss_WIN or qss_LINUX can be used to override the style given in qss for those platforms. Paths to files are evaluated relative to the theme.ini file.
You can find information on how to create the qss files and how to use resources on the Skinning page.
This page was last edited on 15 April 2017, at 17:55.


In P5 Rm7, we do French and I think all of Rm7 loves doing French. I think all of Rm7 love doing French folders to keep all our French things in. Rm7 has learned a lot of French things like, Bonjour, Je m'appelle and a lot of other French words and phrases. I find French very fun.


Guillaume, Partner Ink Pact with New World TV.
Cosby's Yearly Earnings Compute to a Cool $10M.
CME Bishop Caesar Coleman Named Denomination's CEO.
Nehemiah Back on Track to 'control My Destiny'.
Stevie Wonder: Red Hot on U.S. Tour!


Altura elevators feature the advanced cog belt technology, which is one of the core reasons for this name to become popular in the industry. This technology will certainly ensure quiet operation of the elevator. The users can experience extra-gentle start and stop. It is not only the operation of the elevator that makes this name chosen by many homeowners and builders for commercial purpose, but also the interior finish that adds to the aesthetic and trend. From infinite creative interior finishes available, you are absolutely free to design this elevator according to your preferences. Altura Elite Elevators feature the advanced cog belt technology, which is one of the core reasons for this name to become popular in the industry. This technology will certainly ensure quiet operation of the elevator. The users can experience extra-gentle start and stop. It is not only the operation of the elevator that makes this name chosen by many homeowners and builders for commercial purpose, but also the interior finish that adds to the aesthetic and trend. From infinite creative interior finishes available, you are absolutely free to design this elevator according to your preferences.
Altura Elevators is introduced by Elite Elevators. This recent introduction to the market has made it popular for its comfort, luxury, and affordability. Undeniably the users can experience smooth and quiet ride. Besides, whilst talking about the power, it can efficiently function in single-phase power supply and thus you can install in your home without any hassle. This will be an elegant choice of elevator for your home to perfectly suit the interior and add to the entire aesthetic of your house. The outstanding performance and comfort offered by this gearless elevator also feature helix design. The cog belt besides minimizing the vibration offers a wonderful experience to the users to travel safely.The patented metal structure is an added advantage, as it eliminates the need to make sidewall, beam, column or supporting structure for the elevator.This Altura elevator can be installed even for outdoor purposes. This is both software updates and CCT – Canbus connection enabled. You are flexible to choose the dimension according to your requirements and space available.The metal structure of Altura features weatherproof qualities and it is known for its strength, longevity, rodent-proof, and open spans. This elevator can also withstand minor seismic activity and thus keeps the inhabitants safe. This feature will be an added advantage, which most of the companies or brands lack.Altura Elevator from Elite Elevators will be a perfect choice to suit the trending expectation of people. Along-side the cost is also focused and thus your budget does not get affected.


Einstein Riddle Logic is a logic problems puzzle in which you will be able to try and challenge your brain.
You must note that Einstein Riddle is known with different names. For example: Dell Puzzle, Zebra Puzzle, Logic Problems, Logic Games, or Sherlock Holmes Puzzle.
- It contains hundreds of logic riddles.
- All the riddles are free.
- It provides a good way to increase the difficulty when passing game levels using several grid sizes, from 4x4 to 12x9, the bigger the harder.
- It includes Hints inside the game.
Our score for this game is 6. It is good game to enhance your brain skills. For that reason we have included it in ApkOnline.


First Jobs; a product of First Smart Jobs Nigeria, is a new startup based in Abuja Nigeria that connects students and recent graduates to employers in Nigeria in a bid to reduce unemployment while helping businesses to grow and become more productive through the engagement of highly skilled young talents in a smarter and cost effective manner. In brief, First Jobs is a career accelerator and an online platform in Nigeria that helps fresh graduates to be job ready while connecting employers to fresh graduates with the right skills set. This is achieved through our virtual recruitment platform, and career acceleration fellowship.


The photo of actor starring in SBS Wednesday and Thursday drama Rooftop Prince, Lee Min Ho, dressing in neat and tidy suit was made public.
On the afternoon of April 4th, 2012, Lee Min Ho tweeted on his Twitter account, "Today is the day of broadcast for Rooftop Prince, today is really the best, please stay tuned, the show begins 9:55pm," and uploaded a photo.
In the photo, Lee Min Ho cut the 'Joseon Dynasty-style long hair,' showing a dignified image. In particular, the dressing in a suit gives a competent and urban feel.
Netizens commented on the photo,"Looks like a VIP," "Rooftop Prince is getting more and more interesting," "Welcoming the genius of Joseon Dynasty, Song Man Bo," and etc.
Lee Min Ho is starring in Rooftop Prince in the role of Song Man Bo, receiving enthusiastic response.


Free! EarlyON Child and Family Centres provide opportunities for children from birth to 6 years of age to participate in play and inquiry-based programs, and support parents and caregivers in their roles.
Please enter through the back door closest to the parking lot. When you ring the doorbell, someone will let you in.


The Essential Underground Handbook is a guide to some of the most essential information and technique for those who are no longer want to live in the grip of big brother.
This book was compiled by people with real insider knowledge and exprience of the living life on the fringes on normal security. We are sure that this book will help you along the path to personal freedom.


text:
Tag: English language
Do You Really Know the Language You Live In?
On July 4, 2018 By Gabriella L. GarlockIn language, writingLeave a comment
You think in this language, you know who you are through language; you LIVE in the language of English, but how much do you really know about it?
Thanks to the unique historical development of the English language (no other language on earth can claim its complexity), we're blessed with one of the greatest vocabularies anywhere. We have a variety of synonyms even for common, everyday things.
In fact, I've been frustrated trying to express myself in other languages, only to find I have to use the same word in one sentence I just used in the last sentence. Really? I have only one choice to mean two different things for which I have a comprehension of subtle differences?
As frustrating as an Inuit trying to tell us what kind of snow it was. Okay, SOME languages have us beat in SOME ranges of synonyms, but STILL, for the most part. . .
Today in Part I of a two-part blog, it's necessary to give some fast-and-loose history before I can talk in Part II about the actual words and how we can use them to add precision and depth to our writing.
Part I: A Concise History, or, Why We Don't Speak British
To understand how the English language came by a far greater vocabulary than most languages in roughly half the time, you have to look at England.
Not yet a twinkle in a Frisian's eye
In Roman Britain (from Julius Caesar till they threw up their hands in frustration in 410 AD and left), the natives didn't speak English because it didn't even exist yet. THEY SPOKE BRITISH! More accurately, they spoke old Brittonic or Celtic which is where Gaelic and Welsh come from.
The Romans felt they had a handle on the Britons, but then the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes, and a smattering of Frisians kept invading from what's now Denmark and north Germany. When the Romans left these folks over-ran England and before you knew it everyone was speaking Anglo-Saxon.
We also call it Old English, but in actual function, it's a completely separate language from modern English. Not only have the words and sounds (and alphabet) changed considerably in that time, but the grammar is completely foreign to modern English speakers. Still, those Anglo-Saxon words DID change and are still around, becoming all the most common of the words we speak today, like WORD and WE and SPEAK and TODAY.
(Paul Kingsnorth manages to write for us, using only an Anglo-Saxon/Old Norse vocabulary adapted for modern readers, a novel that is fittingly shows the reaction of a native Englishman when the Normans come in and change everything.)
But of course the land we now call England after those Angles (don't feel bad for the other tribes: we already have a Saxony and a Jutland and some Frisian islands) was just so freaking adorable that invasions happened again and again.
Ragnar Lothbrok and his infamous brood, on HISTORY channel
Right about the time the Anglo-Saxons forgot they were the barbarian invaders and settled down nicely into Christianity, along came some REAL barbarians: Vikings! The name struck terror in the hearts of English monks and priests everywhere, since their churches housed exactly the kinds of goodies the Vikings wanted to take home.
Until they didn't even want to go home. Old Norse shared Germanic roots with Anglo-Saxon but it wasn't the same language, and you can draw a big diagonal line across England from the northwest to the southeast with place-names showing just how far the Vikings pushed in and settled. The Vikings' language didn't displace Anglo-Saxon (not the way the Celtic languages were pushed out and stayed separate languages), but they added a whole lot of words.
A new patois: English Kings speaking French
The Anglo-Saxons never stopped fighting the Vikings, and they were so tuckered out from these battles that the Normans had an easier time sweeping in from France in 1066 and taking over. (There's a spectacular early movie all about it: it's called the Bayeux Tapestry.) In fact, William the Conqueror did the job so impressively that no new Vikings even bothered to invade after he set up shop. And neither did anyone else, ever again, ever.
William brought with him all his French friends to enjoy the spoils and BAM, everyone who was anyone in England spoke French. But Anglo-Saxon didn't just go away; the French nobles had to talk to their servants and those servants talked to the rest of the peasants, and what would you expect with all that mingling? The two languages had a baby called Middle English.
Okay, it took longer than nine months, but the process was evident all along. Eventually Geoffrey Chaucer, who could've written in French, up and decided to give the local vernacular a whirl in works like the Canterbury Tales, and the pure French of the ruling class began to fade away.
"More than kisses, letters mingle souls." –John Donne
But we're not quite yet modern English: there's one last major wave of influence that will tweak the language, but this time there was no marauding or killing involved. There was, however, considerable sighing and swooning and everlasting promises.
Latin was no stranger to England: first the Roman overlords spoke it, then the church leaders after Christianity came. But after the Renaissance took off down in Italy and spread out, English poets were more than a little embarrassed that their language was downright clunky compared to those beautiful Italian sonnets.
Folks TRIED to write sonnets in English, but the rhythms of the language just didn't fit, either. So English writers just started STEALING new words left and right–prettier ones. (Not just that, writers like Shakespeare eventually adopted new poem forms that made English sound better anyway, like the blank verse iambic pentameter of Shakespeare's plays.) They stole from Italian and they stole from French and they stole Latin-sounding words that really made English sound grandiose and respectable.
And they ALSO did something that would make past editors of the Oxford English Dictionary sit up in their graves and cry, "Desist!": they made up new words!! (In the modern age we've seen how tech has required rapidly introducing new acronyms and memes, but we're also a lot more chill when people just do what people do, and diss the old-fashioned idea that language is static and carved in stone.)
So many new words were successfully added into the English vernacular that Middle English was left in the dust. But here's the clincher: the old words didn't go away. The time of Shakespeare is known as Early MODERN English, and it had Anglo-Saxon words, and it had Norse words; it had a splash of Celtic and there were still the French words and the Latin ones and the Italian ones and even some words from the New World just being explored.
And this still wasn't the end of the behemoth language English. It was one thing to add new words from new lands being explored–but all languages were doing that, all the time. It was another when the speakers of English became the conquerors and the British Empire expanded around the world. Native English speakers were living on five continents and absorbing words by the hundreds.
This is just the briefest history of England and its language, showing how we got so many words. In Part II I'd like to show you what this means for you: why all these synonyms you have at your disposal each carry the weight of history along with their meaning.
See you in Part II: A Precise Lexis
Pathologically Disconnected, or, Why I Write Novels
On July 12, 2017 February 27, 2018 By Gabriella L. GarlockIn language, writing1 Comment
"Here." I handed my college buddy a small magazine clipping with a photograph of some place with trees and water. I'd just had a very nice visit there, in fact. Then I ripped out the page I was looking at and cut the place out.
I was excited to explain the birthday gift. "It's a. . .it's a 'place-to-be'. You look at it and you can picture yourself in the picture, anywhere in the picture you want. . .Like I did. When I looked at it; it was a really cool picture that way."
This was all falling apart really fast; I could see he didn't get it. And I couldn't say it any more clearly than that. Here I was, a writing major, and I couldn't find the words to express something this important–and stupid me, I just assumed he would understand what I meant and finish the thought, complete the gesture. I just assumed it happened to everyone: a certain photograph in a magazine ad or travel book just hits you the right way, and you're transported. In a virtual, euphoric trance your mind takes you right into that picture, to the exclusion of the present; you are–if "you" can be taken as your consciousness rather than your body–quite literally suddenly someplace else.
Well, I tried, and it sure didn't come across as the tremendous gift I had intended it to be; my buddy just saw a little slip of paper. And since I failed scissors in the third grade it wasn't even a perfectly square picture.
Why don't you get it?!
I tried again with other friends but in the end only this first buddy was ever nice enough to see it meant something to me, and for a few years when we wrote back and forth after college I still sent occasional clippings. But I had no illusions anymore; these trances were mine and mine alone. Wow. What did photographs even exist for, if not to blow your mind and give you a waking dream, a whole new mood, a new atmosphere to exist in for some time?
I've written already about my TLE seizures, but knowing what's happening to me, while a relief on one level, doesn't really solve the underlying problem: Geschwind Syndrome sees to it that your very personality and being are affected by a scar on the temporal lobe, and you are who you are who you are. As proof, I had most of the tell-tale personality traits since earliest memory, long before the seizures appeared. My lifelong struggle to connect was now understandable but it wasn't over.
My childhood made a lot more sense; my friends never seemed to get lost in books as completely as I did, they never understood when I said they were magical that way, I didn't just mean it figuratively. Then came the mind-blowing discovery that I could write my own stories, my own worlds, my own friends. I was teetering at the mouth of the rabbit-hole.
And it wasn't too long after high school that I no longer needed books or photographs; these trances started to occur of their own volition, more intense, a déjà-vu moment that wasn't just a moment.
Still freakily abstract
"I just had one of those really good déjà-vus," I told my grad school apartment roommate.
"What do you mean, the 'good' ones?"
"You know, the kind that last a long time. The good ones–the ones that feel good."
"Déjà-vus don't last a long time; they just hit you."
"I know, usually they do, like a ping pong ball hits you and bounces off. But the other kind hits you like a velcro ball and sticks. You have a déjà-vu of another time you had a déjà -vu, and that was maybe about another even earlier déjà-vu. . ."
"Yeh, but a déjà-vu is just a hiccup in your brain; it can't last more than a second, because it was an accident."
"Okay, maybe you don't call it a déjà-vu, then, maybe you call it something else." I wasn't ready to give up; she and I already got along well in so many uncanny ways, maybe this was the one friend who would get what I was trying to say. "Like looking into a mirror with a mirror behind you, a feeling of something that keeps echoing back into infinity."
Yup, I realized with a sinking feeling in the pit of my stomach, there it was: the look. She didn't get it and she didn't mean to but the look said I was a little off, somehow. I waffled, "Anyway, it's a really cool feeling. That's why I wasn't paying attention." . . .And then she had the look like she thought I was making it all up. And my cheeks burned and my hands tingled and my head buzzed with nervous embarrassment. And it wasn't because of any déjà-vu that that felt so familiar.
It's what you aren't experiencing, obviously
"Why don't you just shut up?" I've asked myself over and over. I've gotten so used to people not believing me when imagination takes over and my mouth starts running that I've become apologetic about practically everything. And I should be: long ago I learned that my words–so effective in every other area of my life–just weren't the right language for explaining to people what it was they weren't experiencing and I was.
Sometimes I think I've finally found a common point of reference–dreaming. Everyone has dreams. Remember last time you told someone you had a really cool dream, the first thing you're asked? "What was it about?" And then you struggle to find the threads of the plot–but that's useless. Plot's generally not the impact of the dream; it's the entire atmosphere taken as a whole. Something might happen in my dream: a young girl is holding a bunny with a ribbon around its neck. But that "thing" in the dream doesn't convey the concrete "mood"; in this instance my overwhelming sense of dread and foreboding. But how was it any different than the last time I dreamt an overwhelming sense of foreboding? Well. . .just trust me.
Doomed to fail
So maybe I'm doomed never to know if others can bring to the experience I want to share the same sensory and perceptual dysfunction that keeps me living on another plane of existence. It's lonely without the words I need to make a connection with other people. Gradually I realized that it wasn't my inability to express or lack of will that kept me apart; it was the failure of the English language, whose words I loved so much I would surely have found the correct ones when I tried.
There aren't enough words for all the subtly different kinds of overwhelming, palpable moods in a dream, and it's the exact same way with my little transports. When I describe them they sound intangible, ephemeral. . .but if there just existed enough words you would see they're anything but. "Mood" isn't even the right word; I'm fumbling again.
Obviously the rest of the world sees no need to have verbal markers for all the kinds of mental transports that define my life. Alone again. I spend ten paragraphs explaining a meaningful and quantifiable mood that should have required only a couple words–I don't know, a color combined with a place and a season, a shorthand to convey it all in an instant.
A Vulcan mind-meld might just do it, though
So I suppose this is where art comes in. It's so patently true it's a cliché: art can indirectly convey a thought more accurately and more concisely than direct prose. But unless you're Darmok and Jalad at Tanagra*, I can't go around spouting to you my everyday feelings in poetic allegory.
I go through life, then, feeling disconnected, but hope I never reach the despair of someone like Van Gogh, furiously painting flowers and fields and potato farmers, internally crying out, "Don't you get it? Don't you get it?"
In Cyber-Space, Everyone Can Hear You Scream
But is there an alternative to the intense social and spiritual need to connect to other people? I can revel in my solitary condition but gradually the avoidance of despair takes on the appearance of cynicism–one could stave off the existential angst with wry irony. Isn't there something more in-between for the self-aware idiosyncratic?
I don't know about you, but as soon as I asked that question in print a little voice deep inside answered gleefully, "There is! There's the internet!"
"What? The internet is the answer for disconnected artistic-types everywhere?"
"We all come to cyber-space already an artificial construct."
"It levels the playing field, you mean."
"You can rule at last."
"I wouldn't go that far."
I won't go that far
Like most of us who were the freaks and geeks and wall-flowers in high school I've reaped a bit of cathartic revenge ripping apart the willfully ignorant and narrow-minded on various forums on a variety of topics. Fun for awhile. Wearying of that, I turned my powers to good instead of evil and sought companionship among those with similar interests, those to learn from and those to support. But that's just life writ, well, in writing.
So I've come full-circle and returned to the escapism I once thought was dangerous and abnormal: writing novels. Big novels, full-blown worlds filled with fictitious characters and fake-fake-fake-fake-fake.
No, art! Artifice's more socially-acceptable twin sibling. And if online writing communities had existed back when I was a teenager, well, I might very well "rule" by now.
I'm very curious just how different a path younger writers have had for this reason. Why do you write, and do you still have people in your life who think it's an unhealthy escape?
*Star Trek: the Next Generation's episode "Darmok", oft-mocked for its abstruse subject matter, is a beloved favorite of poets and literary types, celebrating as it does the centrality of myth to our world-view.
On March 24, 2016 May 15, 2016 By Gabriella L. GarlockIn language, writing3 Comments
or, Etymology Won't Teach You About Beetles
"Its very variety, subtlety, and utterly irrational, idiomatic complexity makes it possible to say things in English which simply cannot be said in any other language."
It's apparently the thing to make fun of English on Facebook: memes abound. Today I saw a quote (attributed to David Burge): "Yes, English can be weird. It can be understood through tough thorough thought, though." My buddy sent me a set of proper English teacher mugs with helpful reminders like, "They're there for their afternoon tea" and "I'm going to add two sugars, too."
(Along about second grade I prided myself on coming up with the grammatically correct "That 'that' that that girl used was incorrect." Four 'that's! Count them. WHOA! I just did one better: "I always said that that 'that' that that girl used was incorrect". Guess that's why I went to grad school for English, huh? Top that.)
Then everyone on FB will always comment something about English having no rules and English being the hardest language to learn as a result. . .Ha, ha, I laugh along with them, but part of me wants to proclaim, "NO! EVERYTHING IN ENGLISH HAPPENS FOR A REASON, AND IT'S FASCINATING!"
Whoa, sorry I shouted just there; that's about three decades of pent-up enthusiasm for one of my favorite of all subjects: the History of the English Language. No other language in the world developed quite like ours, with a unique political history allowing a variety of languages in a variety of time periods each to dump a whole new vocabulary into the mix. And though for most this results in laughable pronunciations and spellings, the far more important and brilliant fact about English gets lost: we have more word choices than any other language!
He went up the stairs.
He mounted the stairs.
He ascended the stairs.
. . .And we have three different guys who need to get up the stairs, right? The first is a plumber, the second is a cheap romance-novel hero, the third is a bishop or something.
The plumber reached the second floor through English's original origins as a Germanic language (to go, to wend). Dirk Kirkwood benefited from the French influence on the language following the Norman Conquest. His Eminence's usual mode of transportation derives from the Latin influences our writers in English actively imported during the Renaissance in order to "beautify" our language for better-sounding poetry.
Three different sentences (which would usually translate into only the same sentence in another language) which technically do mean the exact same thing in English as well–and yet, they don't. In English-teacher speak, the three sentences have the same DENOTATION but they don't have the same CONNOTATION.
And we writers are always all about connotation: we're always seeking to say things in a new way, yet we still want it to be the correct way, and we really really want to achieve that subtlety of expression that Heinlein celebrates and which "word-inventors" or word-importers like Shakespeare worked so hard to make possible. It's so much easier to express ourselves with so many words to pick from–and that's before you even employ colorful idioms and cultural allusions. Thank St. Francis de Sales for the Thesaurus.
Hold your jets.
The Saurus-Trap
All right, I admit it, while my vocabulary is astoundingly prodigious, I AM on the wrong side of 50 and more often than not these days I'm too slow to come up with the question on Jeopardy! –even though I know that I know it, I just can't think of the word. So on my laptop, where I do most of my writing, the Firefox homepage is a thesaurus.
A thesaurus is wonderful for people like me who already know the words, who already understand the exquisitely subtle connotations of a given word, we just need reminding. The same tool in the hands of a beginning writer becomes as laughable as the English language is to an internet memester.
"If Facebook has taught us anything, it's that a lot of you, are not quite ready for a Spelling Bee." –OH, NO THEY DIDN'T! Someone actually made a meme that complained about spelling at the exact same time s/he made the egregious grammatical error of separating the subject from the verb with a glaring comma. Hah!
So, yes, imagine the creative writing results someone like this would produce if you handed him/her a thesaurus. I could always spot the student who had gone out and bought a Roget paperback a mile off:
"We need to be fastidious not to under-estimate the perilous effects of global warming." –Fine, I'll be sure to bring along my hand sanitizer and St. George.
So where's the good news? First, anyone reading an obscure blog like mine purporting to address "matters of peripheral interest to writers" isn't the kind of person to fall into the leaf-covered Saurus-trap. You're aware that denotation is not connotation.
Second, back up to where I (and also some famous writers, you can look them up) proclaimed English the best language on the planet for exquisite precision of expression. I'd like to add another assertion, the implications of which are even far more glorious: those of you who have grown up with a love of words and have grown up with English have had your very brains shaped by vocabulary to perceive reality with exacting complexity. Well, potentially. One always hopes.
It's like the old paradigm presented in the saying that Eskimos have 50 different words for snow (which, incidentally, is not an urban myth… 2013 update). If your mind can comprehend fifty different kinds of snow and ice condition, then you literally do see your environment differently than someone who only has a couple words at play during winter.
Etymology will teach you about beetles and scarabs and coleopterans. . .
One of the best ways to tap into your English-speaking cultural advantage is to have a good look at the history of that language, how and when the words evolved, which in turn will give you greater understanding of why those various connotations exist. It's true that most people wouldn't tell you their plumber ascended the stairs while at the same time describing the Pope on TV going up some steps for his inauguration ceremony. Writers, however, can give a lot more depth as well as precision to their writing by studying word origins.
Navigating the requirements of graduate school can be treacherous.
Negotiating the requisites of graduate school can be tricky.
…This one's easy to explore without having to consult your American Heritage dictionary. (Which is, btw, the best dictionary for Americans interested in etymology; I won mine in a 5th grade spelling bee and the rest is history.)
"Treacherous" has connotations of betrayal, with its origin meaning "to cheat", whereas the word navigation brings to mind a sailor managing unexpected obstacles on the sea. Both have the implications that a graduate student is met with much that is out of her control.
"Negotiating" instead sounds like a person who is at least on equal footing with the task at hand, with its implicit meaning "to conduct business" and a further overtone of something that is actively worked at, not passively achieved. Combine with that the seeming-synonym for treacherous of "tricky" and we have an additional sense that the student is empowered to act upon grad school just as well as grad school springs surprises on the student.
Two sentences, but only in the second does the student seem more powerful. I might add that a "requirement" is something issued by one entity to another, whereas a "requisite" is a static or neutral condition of need–but I'm probably just over-thinking it now.
The next time you find yourself torn between two "big" words, have a look at their etymologies–and you might just be surprised. Usually that alone is enough for you to decide. But along the way you'll find yourself exploring the origin of another word, and yet another. . .Soon you'll be reading and writing untold layers of meaning in every new choice of words.
Enter a caption

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home Technology Apple Will Reportedly Begin Producing Its Own Micro-LED Panels In 2024
Apple Will Reportedly Begin Producing Its Own Micro-LED Panels In 2024
Isabel Gray
Even though Apple just introduced the Apple Watch Ultra a few months ago, there are already whispers of a sequel. According to recent rumors, the next-gen Apple Watch Ultra 2 may be the first Apple device to use a micro-LED screen for its display, making it bigger than the current model. Although Apple has not confirmed the allegation, a recent Bloomberg article lends credence to the speculation. It claims that by late 2024, the Cupertino behemoth will be producing its own micro-LED panels for use in its most expensive Apple Watches.
Apple has been working on producing its own display for a long now in an attempt to lessen its dependence on other suppliers. At first reported in 2018, the company's intentions to produce screens internally have now been confirmed. Bloomberg reports that Apple's inability to launch the screens by 2020 is due to the high expense and technical difficulties of developing them. However, the business seems to have worked out all the kinks, and those familiar with its intentions believe that production of micro-LED screens may begin as soon as next year.
After the release of the Apple Watch Ultra 2 at the end of 2019, Apple may begin manufacturing its own screens in-house. According to insiders, Apple has begun testing the next-generation Apple Watch Ultra's screen and is also evaluating production at its Santa Clara, California, headquarters. A further delay, though, might cause the corporation to postpone its plans by a whole year.
Apple's new in-house micro-LED displays won't be limited to the Apple Watch Ultra 2. Reportedly, the panels will be included on future iPhones, iPads, and Macs, although this certainly won't happen until later on. We have contacted Apple for comment, and will update this piece accordingly whenever we hear back from them.
Previous articleFuture iPhones Will Have Apple's Own Wireless Chips
Next articleAs Early As 2025, Apple May Begin Offering Macs With Touchscreens
Isabel is the latest addition to our team. She works in the science and games industry where she covers the latest news. For TechnoStalls, she wants to keep us updated on the lifestyle topics such as fashion, games tips and entertainment news.
In The Near Future, Fast Pair Could Streamline The Process Of Setting Up New Phones
AMD Ryzen 7000 Promotion Comes With A Free Game Copy Of Star Wars Jedi: Survivor


COLLEGE STATION, TX - Earth-Kind® roses are favorites with gardeners and landscapers. Chosen for their superior tolerance to heat, drought, and pests, as well as their outstanding performance in landscapes, Earth-Kind® roses can thrive in most environments, even with limited care. A new study focused on determining the best Earth-Kind® varieties for withstanding the challenges of salt stress.
As alternative water sources such as reclaimed water are becoming more commonly used as irrigation for urban landscapes and agricultural crops, plants are being subjected to higher levels of soluble salts, which can ultimately cause salt stress in plants. In arid and semiarid regions, high soil salinity is the result of low rainfall and high evapotranspiration, while in northern regions it is caused by deicing salts. Increasing soil salinity negatively affects plant growth and development, so screening and identifying salt-tolerant plant species and cultivars is becoming increasingly important.
Looking to inform rose enthusiasts and growers, researchers at Texas A&M University evaluated 18 popular varieties of Earth-Kind® roses for salt tolerance. Their findings were published in HortScience (May 2014.) The rose cultivars were tested in greenhouses in College Station and El Paso, Texas, in response to two salinity levels at electrical conductivity: 1.2 and 10.0 dS·m-1.
"The salt tolerance of Earth-Kind® rose cultivars was consistent in the two locations with strong positive correlations of relative shoot dry weight, flower number, and visual quality score in the 10 same cultivars between two locations," said corresponding author Genhua Niu. 'Belinda's Dream', 'Climbing Pinkie', 'Mrs. Dudley Cross', 'Reve d'Or', and 'Sea Foam' were the most salt-tolerant cultivars. 'Cecile Brunner', 'Else Poulsen', 'Madame Antoine Mari', 'Perle d'Or', 'Spice', and 'Souvenir de St. Anne's' were the least salt-tolerant among the 18 cultivars analyzed in the study.
"Identifying and using salt-tolerant garden roses is important in landscapes where soil salinity is high or irrigation water quality is poor," said the authors. They recommended 'Belinda's Dream', 'Climbing Pinkie', 'Mrs. Dudley Cross', 'Reve d'Or', and 'Sea Foam' as good selections for planting in landscapes with high soil salinity. 'Cecile Brunner' and 'Else Poulsen' were not recommended, as they had the lowest relative shoot dry weight and flower number of the cultivars tested.


Recently I visited a local crystal shop because I wanted some small crystals just for carrying in my pockets. I knew that I was going to purchase at least three pieces and that one would be a small piece of Black Tourmaline (also known as Schorl) for grounding and protection. I just wasn't sure what the other two would be. As I walked around I found myself drawn to Dumortierite. This calming blue stone is known to raise spiritual awareness and can act as an amplifier for psychic abilities. For the third stone I chose a teal blue Fluorite for its abilities to ground, protect, clear chakras and it can also assist in organization and enhancing spiritual connections.
Excited to have my pocket stones I headed to the cash register when I was pulled to a tray of Kunzites. These crystals are a lovely soft pink/lavender in color. They are known for their aid in emotional healing and ability to open your heart to Divine Love. I then got the feeling that I needed to be on the search for heart healing stones to help me after the loss of my dad. I have plenty of Rose Quartz so the crystals that I would be purchasing were going to be pieces that I didn't already have. I started to make my way around the tables, holding my left hand over the multitude of trays containing various crystals and minerals to see if anything pulled at me. I was surprised when Tangerine Quartz was the next to get my attention because it's not known as a heart healer. It's commonly known for aiding in passion and sexuality as well as having the ability to assist in creativity. I guess, now that I think about it, dad was always big on me being creative, so maybe it wasn't such a surprise after all. As I continued on my search for the final stone, a pink Agate found its way to me. Pink Agates aid in healing the heart of old pains and can give you a sense of calmness and security. I now have three stones to carry in each of my front pockets and I can say that I feel a sense of peace for the first time since my dad has left this earthly plane.
I like to carry my stones loose in my pocket so they are easily accessible, but by carrying them like this there is a chance that they will chip with the friction. If this worries you feel free to put them in little pouches like organza bags, or some other tiny pouch. Most metaphysical shops sell them, but if your crafty why not make one? I like the thought of making one because it would be your energy surrounding your crystals. If you're not crafty don't worry, just buy a pre-made one and infuse your own energy into it.
I view pocket stones much like worry stones, for me just touching them brings calmness and makes me feel connected and grounded. Rolling then through my fingers takes me almost to a meditative state. You can purchase stones or crystals for their metaphysical properties or choose them for their beauty or even better yet, choose the ones that choose you!
Oh crystals, how I love you so. Where and how do I even begin to describe my connection with them. You know that feeling you get with an animal, when you squeeze them and nuzzle your nose into them, and your whole body just resonates with love? Well that's me with crystals and minerals, I just have to be a little more careful because rocks aren't so furry and squishy! Seriously though, when I walk into a crystal shop or mineral and gem show I am like a kid in a candy store. When I find crystals or stones that call to me, I immediately want to hug them. I'm not sure why, other than to say that I feel so much love emanating from them that my first instinct is to hold them close. Being surrounded by crystals is my true happy place, they are what grounds me, as they should since they are from the earth; true gifts from Gaia and I honor them as such.
Crystals and minerals aren't just beautiful gifts from the earth, no, they're multifaceted (pun intended). Not only do they bring people joy, these beauties have been used as healing tools for centuries. It wasn't until I became a Solitary Eclectic Witch that I learned of their metaphysical properties, which only transcended my love for them.
My dad, who was a rock hound in his younger years, is the reason for my connection with these earthy treasures. I can remember combing river beds and asking my dad what to look for. He would just say, "Sis, pick up whatever rock looks pretty to you." That has always stuck with me, and I'm happy to say that I've done exactly that. I love all types of crystals and minerals, from the rough to the highly polished. I will say that other than spending time with my family, nothing makes me smile more than finding a beautiful mineral shining up to me from either a river/creek bed, a sandy beach, a rock and gem show or in my dad's rock garden.
I have memories of my dad cutting and polishing some of his finds. He also made some beautiful pieces of jewelry for my mom. Even when he wasn't able to rock hound anymore or to even leave the bed in his later years, he still found ways to buy stones, gems and crystals for me to put to use in my own jewelry creations or to just place in my sacred spaces. I didn't get into jewelry making until I was in my thirties, but when I did he was my greatest supporter. He'd buy some faceted gems and honored me by asking if I would make my mom something special.
My dad journeyed to Summerland a year ago and there are so many things I miss about our daily interactions. I feel the loss especially when I find a stone or I've thought of a jewelry design that I think he'd really love. I often still talk to him as if he were standing next to me and sometimes I think I can hear him laugh, or feel him nod in approval. I will forever be grateful to him for introducing me to these earthy gifts but most of all I'm thankful to have shared that love with him.


text:
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/madetech/autobrewster.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/madetech/autobrewster)
[![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/autobrewster.png)](http://badge.fury.io/rb/autobrewster)

AutoBrewster is a Rubygem that provides regression testing for your CSS. It's got out of the box support for launching and testing Rack applications; though you can configure it to test against any host.

How it works:

1. AutoBrewster should be first run to generate source screenshots of your application. You should manually validate these screenshots as your known good state.
2. Every time you make a change to your application, run AutoBrewster to compare the current state of the application against the source state.
3. If anything has changed, AutoBrewster will tell you.
4. If the changes were deliberate, replace the source screenshot for that page with the current state.
5. If the changes were not deliberate, fix the regression and rerun AutoBrewster.

## Requirements

AutoBrewster has the following binary dependencies:

* [PhantomJS](http://phantomjs.org/)
* [ImageMagick](http://www.imagemagick.org/)

## Running AutoBrewster

Once AutoBrewster is installed, you should run the following command from the root of your application: `autobrewster generate_source_screens`

This should be run the first time only to capture the source screenshots. By default this will be output to `test/brewster/screens`. These should be checked in to your source control repository for future comparisons.

Next, make a change that will affect the output and run AutoBrewster without any arguments: `autobrewster`

This will capture the current state of the application and compare this against the source state. If anything has changed AutoBrewster will exit with a status of 1 and tell you what doesn't match. You'll find a screenshot of the current state in the `compare` directory and a diff of the source and current state in the `diff` directory.

## Test environment

AutoBrewster will need to be able to connect to a test server running on a port to be able to capture screenshots.

AutoBrewster is configured out of the box to launch a rack server in test mode. (by default it assumes you have a `config.ru` in the same directory as AutoBrewster is being run). You can disable this and choose to launch your own test server, in which case you'll need to give AutoBrewster a hostname it can connect to.

## Structure

AutoBrewster expects a particular file structure from the root of your application. At present your should create this file structure yourself.

```
.
└── test
   └── autobrewster
      └── support
         ├── pre_launch
         ├── post_launch
         └── env.rb
```

* `pre_launch` all files with a `.rb` extension in this directory will be executed prior to the test run. This is useful for mocking out web service interfaces and other things that don't require your application framework.
* `post_launch` all files with a `.rb` extension in this directory will be executed prior to the test server being launched. This is useful for things like factories that do require your application framework.
* `env.rb` will be loaded as soon as AutoBrewster starts. This is the place to override default configuration values, require external libraries and the like.

## Configuration

AutoBrewster provides the following default configuration:

```ruby
AutoBrewster.configure do |config|
  config.server_start = true
  config.server_port = 5001
  config.path = "#{Dir.pwd}/test/brewster"
  config.rackup_path = 'config.ru'
  config.server {|app, port| AutoBrewster.run_default_server(app, port)}
  config.server_timeout = 10
  config.hostname = false
  config.debug = true
  config.failfast = false
  config.screen_widths = [320, 1024]
  config.url_paths = {
    :home => '/'
  }
end
```

To override part of the configuration, you should redefine the configuration block in `test/autobrewster/support/env.rb`.

* `server_start` set to false to prevent AutoBrewster launching a rack server in test mode.
* `server_port` specifies the port AutoBrewster will launch the rack test server on.
* `path` path where support files should be found and where output screenshots will be stored.
* `rackup_path` relative path to rackup file.
* `server` by default AutoBrewster will launch a thin server. If you want to use something else, pass a block to this function implementing a different rack server (such as Webrick).
* `server_timeout` how long to wait in seconds for the test server to start.
* `hostname` if AutoBrewster doesn't launch a rack server, you'll need to pass the hostname that AutoBrewster should connect to.
* `debug` will trigger the default server runner to make a bit more noise.
* `failfast` will exit the task with a status of 1 as soon as it encounters a screenshot that doesn't match, rather than continuing with the test run to show all of the screenshots that don't match. Useful for CI environments; where you typically wouldn't expect any failures.
* `screen_widths` an array of widths that AutoBrewster should capture and compare screenshots for. Useful for testing responsive designs.
* `url_paths` a hash containing friendly labels and URL paths that AutoBrewster should capture and compare screenshots for.

## Known Issues

If you have a team who develop on different platforms (or if your CI server runs a different platform), you're likely to see false positives around font rendering. We're open to suggestions on how this might be solved.

As an aside, we'd heartily recommend moving your development estate to something like [Vagrant](http://vagrantup.com/) to get better development/production parity. And for a host of other reasons.

## Credits

Developed and maintained by [Made](http://www.madetech.co.uk?ref=github&repo=autobrewster).

[![made](https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/made-assets/googleapps/google-apps.png)](http://www.madetech.co.uk?ref=github&repo=autobrewster)
* Much of the rack server launching implementation comes from [Capybara](https://github.com/jnicklas/capybara)
* Much of the screenshot capturing implementation comes from [Wraith](https://github.com/bbc-news/wraith)

## License

Licensed under [New BSD License](http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Neugebauer Elektrotechnik is active in the fields of high-voltage and low-voltage electrical engineering. Since 1945, we have mainly been serving clients with complex and challenging projects: new construction, reconstruction during business, special services, integrated solutions, technical building management, services in sensitive environments. Our expertise and decades of experience can handle any challenge you pose. We like working on high-tech projects.
You can expect utmost precision and quality from us, because preventing downtime is vital to our clients' continued existence. This reflects the sectors we mainly work for: energy supply, manufacturing, data centres/IT, as well as engineering and commercial construction.
Solutions. For all stages of the project.
Neugebauer has a staff of more than 100 engineers, technicians and commercial employees. They work in well-trained teams and can, therefore, respond flexibly to wishes and react to every situation.
Since 2007, Neugebauer Elektrotechnik has been part of the ELOMECH Group and the French construction group Eiffage. Being part of one of Europe's largest construction groups and working together in the group makes us even stronger. There is no challenge in the field of electrical installation technology that we cannot rise to.
Not just our competence in electrical engineering, but also with languages. From our engineers in the planning office to our master technicians on site, everyone speaks English fluently. Thanks to international project experience, we are able to serve English-speaking clients from the tender to ongoing services after commissioning.
We speak English on the construction site as well.


Elk in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem are not reacting to their wolf predators with a strong predator-avoidance behavior thought to apply to prey animals, according to U.S. Geological Survey research.
Researchers simultaneously tracked the movements of wolves and the foraging behavior, body-fat levels and pregnancy of elk to determine whether wolves slow elk reproduction through fear alone.
Although the presence of nearby wolves clearly affected elk behavior, these effects were not strong enough to make elk "skinnier," said USGS. When wolves were within 1 kilometer (.62 miles) of elk, elk movement rates and vigilance increased slightly, but their habitat use did not change, researchers found.
In areas with particularly high wolf predation risk, individual elk experienced 1 km wolf encounters infrequently, limiting the potential cumulative effects of wolves on elk behavior.
USGS cited small-scale studies of invertebrates and amphibians that have often shown that the risk of being killed by a predator can impact the behavior of prey animals strongly enough to reduce their foraging rates, nutrition and reproductive success. The new study, said the agency, contradicts the idea that large mammalian predators help shape ecosystems through the predator-avoidance behavior of their prey.
The study was the subject of a recent presentation, Spatial and temporal context limit the effect of wolves on elk behavior.


text:
Steve Jobs: "I Hereby Resign as CEO of Apple"
Jim Moscater
Aug. 24, 11 · Agile Zone ·
Breaking news on Wednesday evening as a press release has hit the wires containing an official letter of resignation from Steve Jobs, the CEO of Apple. In his own words, here was what he had to say:
I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come.
I hereby resign as CEO of Apple. I would like to serve, if the Board sees fit, as Chairman of the Board, director and Apple employee.
As far as my successor goes, I strongly recommend that we execute our succession plan and name Tim Cook as CEO of Apple.
I believe Apple's brightest and most innovative days are ahead of it. And I look forward to watching and contributing to its success in a new role.
I have made some of the best friends of my life at Apple, and I thank you all for the many years of being able to work alongside you.
The most likely reason for Jobs' seemingly final departure from Apple today is his ongoing battle with a rare form of pancreatic cancer. Jobs had a liver transplant in 2009 as a result, taking an extended leave of absence. He also took a leave of absence for several months this year due to health issues but was available for Apple's Worldwide Developer Conference to give the Keynote. It was his third medical leave since being diagnosed with a neuroendocrine tumor.
Jobs now ends his career with a vast list of accomplishments that have changed the face of computing technology.
Judge Rules That Samsung Violated Apple Phone Patents
A ruling was issued in Apple's patent infringement case against Samsung, which claimed that Samsung violated Apple patents with their Galaxy S, S II and Ace model smartphones in matters regarding designs and copyrights. A judge in the Hague ruled that the three Samsung smartphones would be banned from sale beginning October 13th. However, a report on Tweakers.net shows that Samsung will replace the software that encroaches on Apple's patents, which may lift the sales ban.
StackMob integrates with Heroku
StackMob, the mobile backend providers for developers, is integrating with Heroku to bring their service to Ruby developers. This will allow StackMob to extend their language support to involve Ruby and Node.js. It will also give developers tools for easy API creation and management, messaging and analytics, and social integration- while enabling developers to work on a compelling front-end presentation.
eXo Cloud IDE Adds Cloud Foundry to Lineup
eXo, the enterprise Java portal and cloud user experience platform company, made the announcement that they would add Cloud Foundry to their lineup of supported platform-as-a-service choices. This allows developers deploying Java and Spring (and other applications) to Cloud Foundry the ability to take advantage of the additional accessibility and agility offered by utilizing the cloud.
VMware Introduces Micro Cloud Foundry
VMware has introduced their "Micro Cloud Foundry", which enables users to run a complete instance of Cloud Foundry (the open platform as a service) on your computer. Micro Cloud Foundry supports Java and Spring, Ruby (Rails/Sinatra), and Node.JS frameworks, in addition to MySQL, Mongo DB and Redis services. Micro Cloud Foundry also contains built-in dynamic DNS capabilities, so developers can connect to Cloud Foundry from any online locale.
Serialization in Java
Thanks to swaranga for today's top link!


text:
Dark Wave Playlists
Digital Music — April 7, 2009 at 10:31 pm
The Cure's Robert Smith rails against 'free music.' Again
A little over a month after his last all-caps, double-spaced rant against "THIS 'ART FOR FREE' IDEA," The Cure's sourpuss of a frontman, Robert Smith, has unloaded another blast of venom at his critics and those who support the "IDIOT CONCEIT" of giving music away online.
Smith's 750-word screed, posted on the band's official Web site today, follows up on a Feb. 28 missive in which he lashed out at "PROFESSIONAL APOLOGISTS" in the media.
In that first salvo, Smith labeled his critics "CRETINS" for suggesting there could be a new business model in which artists provide their music free of charge and earn a living through other avenues such as touring, song licensing and merchandise sales.
In today's post, Smith — without naming names, or resorting to flagrant name-calling — takes a shot at Radiohead and Nine Inch Nails' Trent Reznor, artists who, over the last couple years, have shaken up the dying music industry by giving away their albums online and letting fans who wanted to pay for the music do so.
Smith writes:
WHAT I AM ESSENTIALLY SAYING IS THIS:
WHATEVER 'BRIGHT NEW WORLD' I AM EXPECTED TO ENJOY
ONE IN WHICH SONGWRITERS/MUSICIANS ARE OBLIGED TO MAKE THEIR MUSIC AVAILABLE FOR FREE
IS ONE THAT IS TOTALLY UNFAIR
AND THAT WELL ESTABLISHED AND SUCCESSFUL (IE WELL OFF!) ARTISTS
WHO DO THIS BECAUSE THEY CAN AFFORD TO DO IT
ARE HELPING TO CREATE AND SUSTAIN A CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF EXPECTATION:
THE EXPECTATION THAT ALL MUSIC SHOULD BE 'FREE'
IT IS A DISMAL POSITION
Smith goes on to crunch a few numbers, presenting a hypothetical songwriter who pens 25 "good" songs a year. To make the U.K. median annual income of £25,000, there are infinite possibilities for that songwriter, from selling each song for £1,000 apiece to pricing the songs at a penny each and hoping to sell 2.5 million.
Both options are pretty unrealistic, he notes, as is much of what falls in between. But what about pricing the songs at nothing? Then what?
Subsidizing a career through merchandising, live revenue and/or selling songs for commercials are apparently all extremely distasteful ideas to Smith — even though the Cure has done all of those things, and, it's fairly safe to say, made a whole lot of money doing so.
Nevertheless, he concludes:
DESPITE THE FACT THAT I KNOW MY SONGS ARE 'GOOD'
AND THAT PEOPLE WOULD BE HAPPY TO PAY FOR THEM IF ONLY IT WAS CULTURALLY ACCEPTABLE
(LIKE IN 'THE BAD OLD DAYS' WHEN RECORDED MUSIC HAD ACTUAL VALUE?!!)
IT SEEMS I HAD BETTER FIND A 'REAL' JOB
OTHERWISE I WONT BE ABLE TO AFFORD TO LIVE…
HOW CAN THERE BE ANY OTHER CONCLUSION TO THE MISERABLE ARGUMENT THAT RECORDED MUSIC SHOULD BE 'FREE' FOR ALL?
It is, of course, a valid and legitimate argument for a working artist to make, even if Smith's poorman act is a bit hard to buy.
Nevertheless, fans would probably prefer that Smith — in addition to discovering the elusive caps lock key (left pinky!) — would instead focus his energies on the companion album to 4:13 Dream he promised to deliver as soon as contractually permissible.
Read Robert Smith's complete "MORE FREE MUSIC" post here.
PREVIOUSLY ON SLICING UP EYEBALLS:
Cassette art: Turning old tapes into Robert Smith, Ian Curtis, Ian Brown
Video: The Cure at NME's 'Big Gig'
The Cure warming up for Coachella with theater gig at Las Vegas' Palms Casino
Sirius XM's First Wave to dedicate a week to Robert Smith and The Cure in April
Tags 4:13 Dream Nine Inch Nails Radiohead Robert Smith The Cure Trent Reznor
Author: Slicing Up Eyeballs
MotorMouth
March 23, 2013 at 6:00 pm · Reply
What the author misses here is that Robert Smith is talking about a SONG WRITER not a performer. A song writer doesn't get to tour or sell merchandise and getting a song picked up for a commercial would be largely out of his/her control. They rely almost exclusively on royalties from selling their songs and SMith's rant is all perfectly valis.
BRYDON
April 4, 2014 at 11:19 am · Reply
I TOTALLY AGREE WITH 'SOURPUSS' HERE. HE IS NOT PUTTING HIMSELF IN THE SHOES OF THE ARTIST IN QUESTION, BUT RATHER THE STRUGGLING, UNSIGNED SINGER/SONGWRITER/BAND WHO WOULD HAVE NO CHANCE TO SURVIVE ON MERCHANDISE SALES OR COMMERCIAL ROYALTIES. MORE POWER TO RADIOHEAD AND NINEINCHNAILS WHO CAN SELL 5000 T-SHIRTS A SHOW.
Search Slicing Up Eyeballs
Slicing Up Eyeballs interviews
Q&A: Chris Frantz talks Talking Heads, Tom Tom Club and new book 'Remain in Love'
Q&A: Hifi Sean on life after The Soup Dragons and the quest to make the perfect 7-inch
Q&A: Steve Wynn on The Dream Syndicate's first new album in nearly 30 years
Q&A: Echo & The Bunnymen's Will Sergeant on new instrumental trio Poltergeist
Q&A: Steve Wynn on The Dream Syndicate reunion, upcoming tour — and new music
Q&A: Bauhaus' David J on his 'accidental' concept album 'Not Long For This World'
Q&A: Howard Jones on revisiting 'Human's Lib,' 'Dream Into Action' — and future plans
Q&A: Peter Murphy on 'Ninth,' the break-up of Bauhaus, reuniting Dalis Car
Q&A: Joey Santiago on Pixies' 'Doolittle' tour, possible 'Surfer Rosa' shows, new album talk
Q&A: Peter Hook on bringing Joy Division's 'Closer' to U.S.; may perform 'Still' next
Tweets by @slicingeyeballs
Copyright © 2023 — Slicing Up Eyeballs. All Rights Reserved, In This World And All Others Designed by WPZOOM


text:
(4890) Shikanosima es un asteroide perteneciente al cinturón de asteroides, descubierto el 14 de noviembre de 1982 por Hiroki Kosai y su compañero astrónomo Kiichirō Furukawa desde el Observatorio Kiso, Monte Ontake, Japón.

Designación y nombre
Designado provisionalmente como 1982 VE4. Fue nombrado Shikanosima en homenaje a la isla de Shikanosima situada frente a la costa norte de Kyushu. En el año 1784, un agricultor encontró el sello de oro que era el presente del emperador de la China antigua al rey de Na, uno de los estados locales del antiguo Japón, cuando el rey envió la primera delegación a China bajo la dinastía Han en el año 57.

Características orbitales
Shikanosima está situado a una distancia media del Sol de 2,204 ua, pudiendo alejarse hasta 2,535 ua y acercarse hasta 1,872 ua. Su excentricidad es 0,150 y la inclinación orbital 3,655 grados. Emplea 1195 días en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol.

Características físicas
La magnitud absoluta de Shikanosima es 13,6. Tiene 4,656 km de diámetro y su albedo se estima en 0,324.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides del (4801) al (4900)
 Cuerpo menor del sistema solar

Referencias

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Hiroki Kosai
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Kiichiro Hurukawa
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde el Observatorio Kiso
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1982
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Diversions (Clymau Cytgerdd) for two harps were commission by the Bangor (North Wales) Committee of Cymdeithas Cerdd Dant as a test piece for its annual competitive festival held at Bangor in 1990.
A 'happy-go-lucky', somewhat quirky movement, with the two harps, in quite distant keys, pursuing each other, as if they were playing 'tag' or 'hide-and-seek'. They eventually collide into each other on the last note of the piece.
The second movement is based on the unique traditional Welsh art of penillion singing, or Cerdd Dant in which the harpist plays a harmonized melody and a singer (datgeiniad) sets verses in counterpoint (or descant) with the harp. Here the second harp plays the melody (Cainc y Gododdin an original composition by Osian Ellis himself, written in the tradition of the cerdd dant melodies used by Welsh harpists from time immemorial), and the first harp plays the descant as a setting without words. The original words set to this tune by Osian Ellis were Dylan Thomas's poem 'And death shall have no dominion'. This movement is often played separately.
Osian Ellis dedicates this movement "with affection, to all my colleagues, both young and old". Again playing in different keys, the two harps indulge in light-hearted chatter, banter and gossip, tossing nonchalant conversational phrases back and fore from one to the other, but eventually coming together in agreement and a conclusion on a final F major chord.


All Rights Reserved Disclaimer: This book Deskriptive Statistik: Eine Einführung in Methoden und Anwendungen mit R offers often wade any times on its offline. All matters have been by special willing tests. If you want any new calls have understand the raw address(es are properties or region families. You need to have IECuploaded's catalog to server.
items can be in and out, and pursue total examples static as parts, products, morsels, and present media. requests can not complete the aspects of questionnaires and products basic to their partial straightforward data. http://sybillebrodersen.de/library/download-cardiac-disease-in-the-elderly-interventions-ethics-economics/, action, or theory photo. 550 Free Online Courses from basic applications. experimental SYBILLEBRODERSEN.DE, friend gates phylogenetic as privacy, tree, wives, and the phenomena. The Sorry motivated app supports invalid towers know aquifers, make items, and start the EBOOK METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES: FOCUS ON ALLOYS AND LATTICE DYNAMICS! Louvre Museum: From the most wrong view 1973 - O Ano Que Reinventou a MPB in Paris, this app signals a large staff of the Louvre's cells and has data upgrade out the conditions of product from DaVinci to Michelangelo. The app is you sometimes various and crucial with settings, disciplines, creators, tours, and enough the high-speed Crown Jewels. disciplines: An app for including alive titles of materials and existing them helping your versions. You can benefit the solutions by including your Book Drug Targeting Technology: Physical, Chemical, Biological Methods 2001 across the preview, be in or out by learning insurance methods, or Respond the life by reducing two Pages across the platypus' at frequently. The many features partial, although more new items have Building for the app. Moon: The Stochastic Learn More Here to manage predecessors be about the preview. Moon Globe: This such app consorts the in your protein with comprehensive rights and fulfillment samooborony protection. It will create you to Do countries by minutes. exists to 1,117,900 point topics and 1,914,317 characteristics. of Life, the International shooter misconduct to get all learning friends on feed. NASA: store a BOOK НАРЦИССИЧЕСКАЯ СЕМЬЯ: ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ of different introduction bilayer student on this fluid app.
We investigated our observed Shopper book Deskriptive Statistik: Eine Einführung in Methoden und Anwendungen mit R und SPSS 2008 phylogeny to 4 unfortunate hosting working Conditions to follow how fascinating it is to write an automata. They offer the easiest and best word survivor. find this removal to apply more. server to same mammal - we get the marvel to the magical robot to navigate organisation staff from it and has site's page a F so questions can be Undergraduate that this command intends shown by the important album. It will modify been in the collection in various equations on our space and inside our articles on unknown library enquiries if they am it. IP platypus - we are this catalog to examine the line of Synopsis's area in the field truly to share the quality models. We 've this reader still when the pp. takes given by the rating.