text:
Not to be confused with Realty.
For other uses, see Reality (disambiguation).
Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within a system, as opposed to that which is only imaginary. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their existence.[1] In physical terms, reality is the totality of a system, known and unknown.[2]
Philosophical questions about the nature of reality or existence or being are considered under the rubric of ontology, which is a major branch of metaphysics in the Western philosophical tradition. Ontological questions also feature in diverse branches of philosophy, including the philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophical logic. These include questions about whether only physical objects are real (i.e., physicalism), whether reality is fundamentally immaterial (e.g. idealism), whether hypothetical unobservable entities posited by scientific theories exist, whether a 'God' exists, whether numbers and other abstract objects exist, and whether possible worlds exist. Epistemology is concerned with what can be known or inferred as likely and how, whereby in the modern world emphasis is put on reason, empirical evidence and science as sources and methods to determine or investigate reality.
1 Related concepts
1.1 World views and theories
1.2 A priori and a posteriori
2 Western philosophy
2.1 Being
2.2 Perception
2.3 Abstract objects and mathematics
2.4 Properties
2.5 Time and space
2.6 Possible worlds
2.7 Theories of everything (TOE) and philosophy
2.8 Phenomenology
2.9 Skeptical hypotheses
3 Jain philosophy
4 Physical sciences
4.1 Scientific realism
4.2 Realism and locality in physics
4.3 Role of the observer in quantum mechanics
4.4 Multiverse
4.5 Anthropic principle
4.6 Personal and collective reality
4.7 Scientific theories of everything
5 Technology
5.1.1 False social reality
5.1.2 Filter bubbles and echo chambers
5.2 Virtual reality and cyberspace
5.3 "RL" in internet culture
See also: Truth and Fact
World views and theories
Further information: World view
A common colloquial usage would have reality mean "perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes toward reality", as in "My reality is not your reality." This is often used just as a colloquialism indicating that the parties to a conversation agree, or should agree, not to quibble over deeply different conceptions of what is real. For example, in a religious discussion between friends, one might say (attempting humor), "You might disagree, but in my reality, everyone goes to heaven."
Reality can be defined in a way that links it to worldviews or parts of them (conceptual frameworks): Reality is the totality of all things, structures (actual and conceptual), events (past and present) and phenomena, whether observable or not. It is what a world view (whether it be based on individual or shared human experience) ultimately attempts to describe or map.
Certain ideas from physics, philosophy, sociology, literary criticism, and other fields shape various theories of reality. One such belief is that there simply and literally is no reality beyond the perceptions or beliefs we each have about reality. Such attitudes are summarized in the popular statement, "Perception is reality" or "Life is how you perceive reality" or "reality is what you can get away with" (Robert Anton Wilson), and they indicate anti-realism – that is, the view that there is no objective reality, whether acknowledged explicitly or not.
Many of the concepts of science and philosophy are often defined culturally and socially. This idea was elaborated by Thomas Kuhn in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). The Social Construction of Reality, a book about the sociology of knowledge written by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, was published in 1966. It explained how knowledge is acquired and used for the comprehension of reality. Out of all the realities, the reality of everyday life is the most important one since our consciousness requires us to be completely aware and attentive to the experience of everyday life.
A priori and a posteriori
This section is an excerpt from A priori and a posteriori.[edit]
A priori ("from the earlier") and a posteriori ("from the later") are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on empirical evidence or experience. A priori knowledge is independent from current experience (e.g., as part of a new study). Examples include mathematics,[3] tautologies, and deduction from pure reason.[4] A posteriori knowledge depends on empirical evidence. Examples include most fields of science and aspects of personal knowledge.
Philosophy addresses two different aspects of the topic of reality: the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind (as well as language and culture) and reality.
On the one hand, ontology is the study of being, and the central topic of the field is couched, variously, in terms of being, existence, "what is", and reality. The task in ontology is to describe the most general categories of reality and how they are interrelated. If a philosopher wanted to proffer a positive definition of the concept "reality", it would be done under this heading. As explained above, some philosophers draw a distinction between reality and existence. In fact, many analytic philosophers today tend to avoid the term "real" and "reality" in discussing ontological issues. But for those who would treat "is real" the same way they treat "exists", one of the leading questions of analytic philosophy has been whether existence (or reality) is a property of objects. It has been widely held by analytic philosophers that it is not a property at all, though this view has lost some ground in recent decades.
On the other hand, particularly in discussions of objectivity that have feet in both metaphysics and epistemology, philosophical discussions of "reality" often concern the ways in which reality is, or is not, in some way dependent upon (or, to use fashionable jargon, "constructed" out of) mental and cultural factors such as perceptions, beliefs, and other mental states, as well as cultural artifacts, such as religions and political movements, on up to the vague notion of a common cultural world view, or Weltanschauung.
The view that there is a reality independent of any beliefs, perceptions, etc., is called realism. More specifically, philosophers are given to speaking about "realism about" this and that, such as realism about universals or realism about the external world. Generally, where one can identify any class of object, the existence or essential characteristics of which is said not to depend on perceptions, beliefs, language, or any other human artifact, one can speak of "realism about" that object.
One can also speak of anti-realism about the same objects. Anti-realism is the latest in a long series of terms for views opposed to realism. Perhaps the first was idealism, so called because reality was said to be in the mind, or a product of our ideas. Berkeleyan idealism is the view, propounded by the Irish empiricist George Berkeley, that the objects of perception are actually ideas in the mind. In this view, one might be tempted to say that reality is a "mental construct"; this is not quite accurate, however, since, in Berkeley's view, perceptual ideas are created and coordinated by God. By the 20th century, views similar to Berkeley's were called phenomenalism. Phenomenalism differs from Berkeleyan idealism primarily in that Berkeley believed that minds, or souls, are not merely ideas nor made up of ideas, whereas varieties of phenomenalism, such as that advocated by Russell, tended to go farther to say that the mind itself is merely a collection of perceptions, memories, etc., and that there is no mind or soul over and above such mental events. Finally, anti-realism became a fashionable term for any view which held that the existence of some object depends upon the mind or cultural artifacts. The view that the so-called external world is really merely a social, or cultural, artifact, called social constructionism, is one variety of anti-realism. Cultural relativism is the view that social issues such as morality are not absolute, but at least partially cultural artifact.
A correspondence theory of knowledge about what exists claims that "true" knowledge of reality represents accurate correspondence of statements about and images of reality with the actual reality that the statements or images are attempting to represent. For example, the scientific method can verify that a statement is true based on the observable evidence that a thing exists. Many humans can point to the Rocky Mountains and say that this mountain range exists, and continues to exist even if no one is observing it or making statements about it.
The nature of being is a perennial topic in metaphysics. For, instance Parmenides taught that reality was a single unchanging Being, whereas Heraclitus wrote that all things flow. The 20th-century philosopher Heidegger thought previous philosophers have lost sight the question of Being (qua Being) in favour of the questions of beings (existing things), so that a return to the Parmenidean approach was needed. An ontological catalogue is an attempt to list the fundamental constituents of reality. The question of whether or not existence is a predicate has been discussed since the Early Modern period, not least in relation to the ontological argument for the existence of God. Existence, that something is, has been contrasted with essence, the question of what something is. Since existence without essence seems blank, it associated with nothingness by philosophers such as Hegel. Nihilism represents an extremely negative view of being, the absolute a positive one.
The question of direct or "naïve" realism, as opposed to indirect or "representational" realism, arises in the philosophy of perception and of mind out of the debate over the nature of conscious experience;[5][6] the epistemological question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes in our brain. Naïve realism is known as direct realism when developed to counter indirect or representative realism, also known as epistemological dualism,[7] the philosophical position that our conscious experience is not of the real world itself but of an internal representation, a miniature virtual-reality replica of the world.
Timothy Leary coined the influential term Reality Tunnel, by which he means a kind of representative realism. The theory states that, with a subconscious set of mental filters formed from their beliefs and experiences, every individual interprets the same world differently, hence "Truth is in the eye of the beholder". His ideas influenced the work of his friend Robert Anton Wilson.
Abstract objects and mathematics
The status of abstract entities, particularly numbers, is a topic of discussion in mathematics.
In the philosophy of mathematics, the best known form of realism about numbers is Platonic realism, which grants them abstract, immaterial existence. Other forms of realism identify mathematics with the concrete physical universe.
Anti-realist stances include formalism and fictionalism.
Some approaches are selectively realistic about some mathematical objects but not others. Finitism rejects infinite quantities. Ultra-finitism accepts finite quantities up to a certain amount. Constructivism and intuitionism are realistic about objects that can be explicitly constructed, but reject the use of the principle of the excluded middle to prove existence by reductio ad absurdum.
The traditional debate has focused on whether an abstract (immaterial, intelligible) realm of numbers has existed in addition to the physical (sensible, concrete) world. A recent development is the mathematical universe hypothesis, the theory that only a mathematical world exists, with the finite, physical world being an illusion within it.
An extreme form of realism about mathematics is the mathematical multiverse hypothesis advanced by Max Tegmark. Tegmark's sole postulate is: All structures that exist mathematically also exist physically. That is, in the sense that "in those [worlds] complex enough to contain self-aware substructures [they] will subjectively perceive themselves as existing in a physically 'real' world".[8][9] The hypothesis suggests that worlds corresponding to different sets of initial conditions, physical constants, or altogether different equations should be considered real. The theory can be considered a form of Platonism in that it posits the existence of mathematical entities, but can also be considered a mathematical monism in that it denies that anything exists except mathematical objects.
Main article: Problem of universals
The problem of universals is an ancient problem in metaphysics about whether universals exist. Universals are general or abstract qualities, characteristics, properties, kinds or relations, such as being male/female, solid/liquid/gas or a certain colour,[10] that can be predicated of individuals or particulars or that individuals or particulars can be regarded as sharing or participating in. For example, Scott, Pat, and Chris have in common the universal quality of being human or humanity.
The realist school claims that universals are real – they exist and are distinct from the particulars that instantiate them. There are various forms of realism. Two major forms are Platonic realism and Aristotelian realism.[11] Platonic realism is the view that universals are real entities and they exist independent of particulars. Aristotelian realism, on the other hand, is the view that universals are real entities, but their existence is dependent on the particulars that exemplify them.
Nominalism and conceptualism are the main forms of anti-realism about universals.
Main article: Philosophy of space and time
A traditional realist position in ontology is that time and space have existence apart from the human mind. Idealists deny or doubt the existence of objects independent of the mind. Some anti-realists whose ontological position is that objects outside the mind do exist, nevertheless doubt the independent existence of time and space.
Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds rather that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real, i.e. not mere illusions.
Idealist writers such as J. M. E. McTaggart in The Unreality of Time have argued that time is an illusion.
As well as differing about the reality of time as a whole, metaphysical theories of time can differ in their ascriptions of reality to the past, present and future separately.
Presentism holds that the past and future are unreal, and only an ever-changing present is real.
The block universe theory, also known as Eternalism, holds that past, present and future are all real, but the passage of time is an illusion. It is often said to have a scientific basis in relativity.
The growing block universe theory holds that past and present are real, but the future is not.
Time, and the related concepts of process and evolution are central to the system-building metaphysics of A. N. Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne.
Possible worlds
The term "possible world" goes back to Leibniz's theory of possible worlds, used to analyse necessity, possibility, and similar modal notions. Modal realism is the view, notably propounded by David Kellogg Lewis, that all possible worlds are as real as the actual world. In short: the actual world is regarded as merely one among an infinite set of logically possible worlds, some "nearer" to the actual world and some more remote. Other theorists may use the Possible World framework to express and explore problems without committing to it ontologically. Possible world theory is related to alethic logic: a proposition is necessary if it is true in all possible worlds, and possible if it is true in at least one. The many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics is a similar idea in science.
Theories of everything (TOE) and philosophy
Main article: Theory of everything (philosophy)
The philosophical implications of a physical TOE are frequently debated. For example, if philosophical physicalism is true, a physical TOE will coincide with a philosophical theory of everything.
The "system building" style of metaphysics attempts to answer all the important questions in a coherent way, providing a complete picture of the world. Plato and Aristotle could be said to be early examples of comprehensive systems. In the early modern period (17th and 18th centuries), the system-building scope of philosophy is often linked to the rationalist method of philosophy, that is the technique of deducing the nature of the world by pure a priori reason. Examples from the early modern period include the Leibniz's Monadology, Descartes's Dualism, Spinoza's Monism. Hegel's Absolute idealism and Whitehead's Process philosophy were later systems.
Other philosophers do not believe its techniques can aim so high. Some scientists think a more mathematical approach than philosophy is needed for a TOE, for instance Stephen Hawking wrote in A Brief History of Time that even if we had a TOE, it would necessarily be a set of equations. He wrote, "What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe?"[12]
On a much broader and more subjective level,[specify] private experiences, curiosity, inquiry, and the selectivity involved in personal interpretation of events shapes reality as seen by one and only one person[13] and hence is called phenomenological. While this form of reality might be common to others as well, it could at times also be so unique to oneself as to never be experienced or agreed upon by anyone else. Much of the kind of experience deemed spiritual occurs on this level of reality.
Phenomenology is a philosophical method developed in the early years of the twentieth century by Edmund Husserl and a circle of followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany. Subsequently, phenomenological themes were taken up by philosophers in France, the United States, and elsewhere, often in contexts far removed from Husserl's work.
The word phenomenology comes from the Greek phainómenon, meaning "that which appears", and lógos, meaning "study". In Husserl's conception, phenomenology is primarily concerned with making the structures of consciousness, and the phenomena which appear in acts of consciousness, objects of systematic reflection and analysis. Such reflection was to take place from a highly modified "first person" viewpoint, studying phenomena not as they appear to "my" consciousness, but to any consciousness whatsoever. Husserl believed that phenomenology could thus provide a firm basis for all human knowledge, including scientific knowledge, and could establish philosophy as a "rigorous science".[14]
Husserl's conception of phenomenology has also been criticised and developed by his student and assistant Martin Heidegger, by existentialists like Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Jean-Paul Sartre, and by other philosophers, such as Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, and Dietrich von Hildebrand.[15]
Skeptical hypotheses
A brain in a vat that believes it is walking
Skeptical hypotheses in philosophy suggest that reality could be very different from what we think it is; or at least that we cannot prove it is not. Examples include:
The "Brain in a vat" hypothesis is cast in scientific terms. It supposes that one might be a disembodied brain kept alive in a vat, and fed false sensory signals. This hypothesis is related to the Matrix hypothesis below.
The "Dream argument" of Descartes and Zhuangzi supposes reality to be indistinguishable from a dream.
Descartes' Evil demon is a being "as clever and deceitful as he is powerful, who has directed his entire effort to misleading me."
The five minute hypothesis (or omphalos hypothesis or Last Thursdayism) suggests that the world was created recently together with records and traces indicating a greater age.
The Matrix hypothesis or Simulated reality hypothesis suggest that we might be inside a computer simulation or virtual reality. Related hypotheses may also involve simulations with signals that allow the inhabitant species in virtual or simulated reality to perceive the external reality.
Main article: Tattva (Jainism)
Jain philosophy postulates that seven tattva (truths or fundamental principles) constitute reality.[16] These seven tattva are:[17]
Jīva – The soul which is characterized by consciousness.
Ajīva – The non-soul.
Asrava – Influx of karma.
Bandha – The bondage of karma.
Samvara – Obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul.
Nirjara – Shedding of karmas.
Moksha – Liberation or Salvation, i.e. the complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul).
Scientific realism
Scientific realism is, at the most general level, the view that the world (the universe) described by science (perhaps ideal science) is the real world, as it is, independent of what we might take it to be. Within philosophy of science, it is often framed as an answer to the question "how is the success of science to be explained?" The debate over what the success of science involves centers primarily on the status of entities that are not directly observable discussed by scientific theories. Generally, those who are scientific realists state that one can make reliable claims about these entities (viz., that they have the same ontological status) as directly observable entities, as opposed to instrumentalism. The most used and studied scientific theories today state more or less the truth.
Realism and locality in physics
Realism in the sense used by physicists does not equate to realism in metaphysics.[18] The latter is the claim that the world is mind-independent: that even if the results of a measurement do not pre-exist the act of measurement, that does not require that they are the creation of the observer. Furthermore, a mind-independent property does not have to be the value of some physical variable such as position or momentum. A property can be dispositional (or potential), i.e. it can be a tendency: in the way that glass objects tend to break, or are disposed to break, even if they do not actually break. Likewise, the mind-independent properties of quantum systems could consist of a tendency to respond to particular measurements with particular values with ascertainable probability.[19] Such an ontology would be metaphysically realistic, without being realistic in the physicist's sense of "local realism" (which would require that a single value be produced with certainty).
A closely related term is counterfactual definiteness (CFD), used to refer to the claim that one can meaningfully speak of the definiteness of results of measurements that have not been performed (i.e. the ability to assume the existence of objects, and properties of objects, even when they have not been measured).
Local realism is a significant feature of classical mechanics, of general relativity, and of electrodynamics; but quantum mechanics has shown that quantum entanglement is possible. This was rejected by Einstein, who proposed the EPR paradox, but it was subsequently quantified by Bell's inequalities.[20] If Bell's inequalities are violated, either local realism or counterfactual definiteness must be incorrect; but some physicists dispute that experiments have demonstrated Bell's violations, on the grounds that the sub-class of inhomogeneous Bell inequalities has not been tested or due to experimental limitations in the tests. Different interpretations of quantum mechanics violate different parts of local realism and/or counterfactual definiteness.
Role of the observer in quantum mechanics
See also: Quantum decoherence
The quantum mind–body problem refers to the philosophical discussions of the mind–body problem in the context of quantum mechanics. Since quantum mechanics involves quantum superpositions, which are not perceived by observers, some interpretations of quantum mechanics place conscious observers in a special position.
The founders of quantum mechanics debated the role of the observer, and of them, Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg believed that it was the observer that produced collapse. This point of view, which was never fully endorsed by Niels Bohr, was denounced as mystical and anti-scientific by Albert Einstein. Pauli accepted the term, and described quantum mechanics as lucid mysticism.[21]
Heisenberg and Bohr always described quantum mechanics in logical positivist terms. Bohr also took an active interest in the philosophical implications of quantum theories such as his complementarity, for example.[22] He believed quantum theory offers a complete description of nature, albeit one that is simply ill-suited for everyday experiences – which are better described by classical mechanics and probability. Bohr never specified a demarcation line above which objects cease to be quantum and become classical. He believed that it was not a question of physics, but one of philosophy.
Eugene Wigner reformulated the "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment as "Wigner's friend" and proposed that the consciousness of an observer is the demarcation line which precipitates collapse of the wave function, independent of any realist interpretation. Commonly known as "consciousness causes collapse", this interpretation of quantum mechanics states that observation by a conscious observer is what makes the wave function collapse.
The multiverse is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes (including the historical universe we consistently experience) that together comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, and energy as well as the physical laws and constants that describe them. The term was coined in 1895 by the American philosopher and psychologist William James.[23] In the many-worlds interpretation (MWI), one of the mainstream interpretations of quantum mechanics, there are an infinite number of universes and every possible quantum outcome occurs in at least one universe, albeit there is a debate as to how real the (other) worlds are.
The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. Multiverses have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds", "alternative realities", "alternative timelines", and "dimensional planes", among others.
In several theories, there is a series of, in some cases infinite, self-sustaining cycles – typically a series of Big Crunches (or Big Bounces). However, the respective universes do not exist at once but are sequential, with key natural constituents potentially varying between universes (see § Anthropic principle).
Anthropic principle
This paragraph is an excerpt from Anthropic principle.[edit]
The anthropic principle, also known as the "observation selection effect",[24] is the hypothesis, first proposed in 1957 by Robert Dicke, that there is a restrictive lower bound on how statistically probable our observations of the universe are, because observations could only happen in a universe capable of developing intelligent life.[25] Proponents of the anthropic principle argue that it explains why this universe has the age and the fundamental physical constants necessary to accommodate conscious life, since if either had been different, we would not have been around to make observations. Anthropic reasoning is often used to deal with the notion that the universe seems to be finely tuned for the existence of life.[26]
Personal and collective reality
White matter tracts within a human brain, as visualized by MRI tractography
Each individual has a different view of reality, with different memories and personal history, knowledge, personality traits and experience.[27] This system, mostly referring to the human brain, affects cognition and behavior and into this complex new knowledge, memories,[28] information, thoughts and experiences are continuously integrated.[29][additional citation(s) needed] The connectome – neural networks/wirings in brains – is thought to be a key factor in human variability in terms of cognition or the way we perceive the world (as a context) and related features or processes.[30][31][32] Sensemaking or sense-making is the process by which people give meaning to their experiences and make sense of the world they live in.
Sensemaking and determination of reality also occurs collectively, which is investigated in social epistemology and related approaches. From the collective intelligence perspective, the intelligence of the individual human (and AI entities) is substantially limited and advanced intelligence emerges when multiple entities collaborate over time.[33][additional citation(s) needed] Collective memory is an important component of the social construction of reality[34] and communication and communication-related systems, such as media systems, may also be major components (see #Technology).
Scientific theories of everything
A theory of everything (TOE) is a putative theory of theoretical physics that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle. The theory of everything is also called the final theory.[35] Many candidate theories of everything have been proposed by theoretical physicists during the twentieth century, but none have been confirmed experimentally. The primary problem in producing a TOE is that general relativity and quantum mechanics are hard to unify. This is one of the unsolved problems in physics.
Initially, the term "theory of everything" was used with an ironic connotation to refer to various overgeneralized theories. For example, a great-grandfather of Ijon Tichy, a character from a cycle of Stanisław Lem's science fiction stories of the 1960s, was known to work on the "General Theory of Everything". Physicist John Ellis[36] claims to have introduced the term into the technical literature in an article in Nature in 1986.[37] Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of quantum physics to describe a theory that would unify or explain through a single model the theories of all fundamental interactions and of all particles of nature: general relativity for gravitation, and the standard model of elementary particle physics – which includes quantum mechanics – for electromagnetism, the two nuclear interactions, and the known elementary particles.
Current candidates for a theory of everything include string theory, M theory, and loop quantum gravity.
See also: § Personal and collective reality
Media – such as news media, social media, websites including Wikipedia,[38] and fiction[39] – shape individuals' and society's perception of reality (including as part of belief and attitude formation)[39] and are partly used intentionally as means to learn about reality. Various technologies have changed society's relationship with reality such as the advent of radio and TV technologies.
Research investigates interrelations and effects, for example aspects in the social construction of reality.[40] A major component of this shaping and representation of perceived reality is agenda, selection and prioritization – not only (or primarily) the quality, tone and types of content – which influences, for instance, the public agenda.[41][42] Disproportional news attention for low-probability incidents – such as high-consequence aviation accidents – can distort audiences' risk perceptions with harmful consequences.[43] Various biases such as false balance, public attention dependence reactions like sensationalism and domination by "current events",[44] as well as various interest-driven uses of media such as marketing can also have major impacts on the perception of reality. Time-use studies found that e.g. in 2018 the average U.S. American "spent around eleven hours every day looking at screens".[45]
False social reality
False social reality refers to widespread beliefs that are shown to be false. A study introduced the concept, showing that (a sample of) Americans widely underestimate general public support for climate change mitigation policies by a large margin.[46][47]
Filter bubbles and echo chambers
This paragraph is an excerpt from Filter bubble.[edit]
A filter bubble or ideological frame is a state of intellectual isolation[48] that can result from personalized searches when a website algorithm selectively guesses what information a user would like to see based on information about the user, such as location, past click-behavior, and search history.[49] As a result, users become separated from information that disagrees with their viewpoints, effectively isolating them in their own cultural or ideological bubbles.[50] The choices made by these algorithms are only sometimes transparent.[51] Prime examples include Google Personalized Search results and Facebook's personalized news-stream.
In news media, an echo chamber is a metaphorical description of a situation in which beliefs are amplified or reinforced by communication and repetition inside a closed system. By visiting an "echo chamber," people are able to seek out information that reinforces their existing views, potentially as an unconscious exercise of confirmation bias. This may increase political and social polarization and extremism. The term is a metaphor based on the acoustic echo chamber, where sounds reverberate in a hollow enclosure. "Echo chambers" reinforce an individual's beliefs without factual support. They are surrounded by those who acknowledge and follow the same viewpoints.[52]
Virtual reality and cyberspace
Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-simulated environment that can simulate physical presence in places in the real world, as well as in imaginary worlds.
Reality-virtuality continuum.
The virtuality continuum is a continuous scale ranging between the completely virtual, a virtuality, and the completely real: reality. The reality–virtuality continuum therefore encompasses all possible variations and compositions of real and virtual objects. It has been described as a concept in new media and computer science, but in fact it could be considered a matter of anthropology. The concept was first introduced by Paul Milgram.[53]
The area between the two extremes, where both the real and the virtual are mixed, is the so-called mixed reality. This in turn is said to consist of both augmented reality, where the virtual augments the real, and augmented virtuality, where the real augments the virtual. Cyberspace, the world's computer systems considered as an interconnected whole, can be thought of as a virtual reality; for instance, it is portrayed as such in the cyberpunk fiction of William Gibson and others. Second Life and MMORPGs such as World of Warcraft are examples of artificial environments or virtual worlds (falling some way short of full virtual reality) in cyberspace.
"RL" in internet culture
On the Internet, "real life" refers to life in the real world. It generally references life or consensus reality, in contrast to an environment seen as fiction or fantasy, such as virtual reality, lifelike experience, dreams, novels, or movies. Online, the acronym "IRL" stands for "in real life", with the meaning "not on the Internet".[54] Sociologists engaged in the study of the Internet have determined that someday, a distinction between online and real-life worlds may seem "quaint", noting that certain types of online activity, such as sexual intrigues, have already made a full transition to complete legitimacy and "reality".[55] The abbreviation "RL" stands for "real life". For example, one can speak of "meeting in RL" someone whom one has met in a chat or on an Internet forum. It may also be used to express an inability to use the Internet for a time due to "RL problems".
Counterfactual history
Extended modal realism
Modal realism
Hyperreality
^ "reality | Definition of reality in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
^ Saridakis E. (2016). "Information, reality, and modern physics". International Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 30 (4): 327–341. doi:10.1080/02698595.2017.1331980. S2CID 126411165.
^ Some associationist philosophers have contended that mathematics comes from experience and is not a form of any a priori knowledge (Macleod 2016 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacleod2016 (help))
^ Galen Strawson has stated that an a priori argument is one in which "you can see that it is true just lying on your couch. You don't have to get up off your couch and go outside and examine the way things are in the physical world. You don't have to do any science." (Sommers 2003 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSommers2003 (help))
^ Lehar, Steve. (2000). The Function of Conscious Experience: An Analogical Paradigm of Perception and Behavior Archived 2015-10-21 at the Wayback Machine, Consciousness and Cognition.
^ Lehar, Steve. (2000). Naïve Realism in Contemporary Philosophy Archived 2012-08-11 at the Wayback Machine, The Function of Conscious Experience.
^ Lehar, Steve. Representationalism Archived 2012-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ Tegmark, Max (February 2008). "The Mathematical Universe". Foundations of Physics. 38 (2): 101–150. arXiv:0704.0646. Bibcode:2008FoPh...38..101T. doi:10.1007/s10701-007-9186-9. S2CID 9890455.
^ Tegmark (1998), p. 1.
^ Loux, Michael J. (2001). "The Problem of Universals" in Metaphysics: Contemporary Readings, Michael J. Loux (ed.), N.Y.: Routledge, pp. 3–13, p. 4
^ Price, H. H. (1953). "Universals and Resemblance", Ch. 1 of Thinking and Experience, Hutchinson's University Library, among others, sometimes uses such Latin terms
^ as quoted in [Artigas, The Mind of the Universe, p.123]
^ Present-time consciousness Francisco J. Varela Journal of Consciousness Studies 6 (2-3):111-140 (1999)
^ Joseph Kockelmans (2001). Edmund Husserl's phenomenology (2 ed.). Purdue University Press. pp. 311–314. ISBN 1-55753-050-5.
^ Steven Galt Crowell (2001). Husserl, Heidegger, and the space of meaning: paths toward transcendental phenomenology. Northwestern University Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-8101-1805-X.
^ S.A. Jain 1992, p. 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFS.A._Jain1992 (help)
^ Norsen, Travis (26 February 2007). "Against 'Realism'". Foundations of Physics. 37 (3): 311–340. arXiv:quant-ph/0607057. Bibcode:2007FoPh...37..311N. doi:10.1007/s10701-007-9104-1. S2CID 15072850.
^ Thompson, Ian. "Generative Science". www.generativescience.org.
^ "Local realism and the crucial experiment". bendov.info.
^ Juan Miguel Marin (2009). "'Mysticism' in quantum mechanics: the forgotten controversy". European Journal of Physics. 30 (4): 807–822. Bibcode:2009EJPh...30..807M. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/30/4/014. S2CID 122757714. link, summarized here [1] Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ John Honner (2005). "Niels Bohr and the Mysticism of Nature". Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science. 17–3: 243–253.
^ James, William, The Will to Believe, 1895; and earlier in 1895, as cited in OED's new 2003 entry for "multiverse": "1895 W. JAMES in Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 6 10 Visible nature is all plasticity and indifference, a multiverse, as one might call it, and not a universe."
^ Bostrom, Nick (2008). "Where Are They? Why I hope the search for extraterrestrial life finds nothing" (PDF). Technology Review. 2008: 72–77. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
^ Bostrom, Nick (9 February 2020). "Was the Universe Made for Us?". Anthropic Principle. The data we collect about the Universe is filtered not only by our instruments' limitations, but also by the precondition that somebody be there to 'have' the data yielded by the instruments (and to build the instruments in the first place).
^ "James Schombert, Department of Physics at University of Oregon: Anthropic Principle".
^ Savin-Baden, Maggi; Burden, David (1 April 2019). "Digital Immortality and Virtual Humans". Postdigital Science and Education. 1 (1): 87–103. doi:10.1007/s42438-018-0007-6. ISSN 2524-4868. S2CID 149797460.
^ van Kesteren, Marlieke T. R.; Rignanese, Paul; Gianferrara, Pierre G.; Krabbendam, Lydia; Meeter, Martijn (16 March 2020). "Congruency and reactivation aid memory integration through reinstatement of prior knowledge". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 4776. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.4776V. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61737-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7075880. PMID 32179822.
^ "Understanding reality through algorithms". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
^ Popova, Maria (28 March 2012). "The Connectome: A New Way To Think About What Makes You You". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
^ Seung, Sebastian (7 February 2012). Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are. HMH. ISBN 978-0-547-50817-7.
^ "Quest for the connectome: scientists investigate ways of mapping the brain". The Guardian. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
^ Peeters, Marieke M. M.; van Diggelen, Jurriaan; van den Bosch, Karel; Bronkhorst, Adelbert; Neerincx, Mark A.; Schraagen, Jan Maarten; Raaijmakers, Stephan (1 March 2021). "Hybrid collective intelligence in a human–AI society". AI & Society. 36 (1): 217–238. doi:10.1007/s00146-020-01005-y. ISSN 1435-5655. S2CID 220050285.
^ Luckmann, Thomas (February 2008). "On Social Interaction and the Communicative Construction of Personal Identity, Knowledge and Reality". Organization Studies. 29 (2): 277–290. doi:10.1177/0170840607087260. ISSN 0170-8406. S2CID 145106025.
^ Weinberg (1993)
^ Ellis, John (2002). "Physics gets physical (correspondence)". Nature. 415 (6875): 957. Bibcode:2002Natur.415..957E. doi:10.1038/415957b. PMID 11875539.
^ Ellis, John (1986). "The Superstring: Theory of Everything, or of Nothing?". Nature. 323 (6089): 595–598. Bibcode:1986Natur.323..595E. doi:10.1038/323595a0. S2CID 4344940.
^ McDowell, Zachary J.; Vetter, Matthew A. (2022). Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality. Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9781003094081. ISBN 9781003094081. S2CID 238657838.
^ a b Prentice, D.; Gerrig, R. (1999). "Exploring the boundary between fiction and reality". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Gamson, William A.; Croteau, David; Hoynes, William; Sasson, Theodore (1992). "Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality". Annual Review of Sociology. 18: 373–393. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.002105. ISSN 0360-0572. JSTOR 2083459.
^ McCombs, Maxwell E.; Shaw, Donald L. (1972). "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media". Public Opinion Quarterly. 36 (2): 176. doi:10.1086/267990.
^ McCombs, Maxwell; Reynolds, Amy (13 January 2009). "How the news shapes our civic agenda and News Influence on Our Pictures of the World". Media Effects. pp. 17–32. doi:10.4324/9780203877111-7.
^ van der Meer, Toni G L A; Kroon, Anne C; Vliegenthart, Rens (20 July 2022). "Do News Media Kill? How a Biased News Reality can Overshadow Real Societal Risks, The Case of Aviation and Road Traffic Accidents". Social Forces. 101 (1): 506–530. doi:10.1093/sf/soab114.
^ "How the news took over reality". The Guardian. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
^ Gorvett, Zaria. "How the news changes the way we think and behave". BBC. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
^ Clifford, Catherine. "Americans don't think other Americans care about climate change as much as they do". CNBC. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^ Sparkman, Gregg; Geiger, Nathan; Weber, Elke U. (23 August 2022). "Americans experience a false social reality by underestimating popular climate policy support by nearly half". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 4779. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.4779S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32412-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9399177. PMID 35999211.
^ Technopedia, Definition – What does Filter Bubble mean? Archived 2017-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved October 10, 2017, "....A filter bubble is the intellectual isolation, that can occur when websites make use of algorithms to selectively assume the information a user would want to see, and then give information to the user according to this assumption ... A filter bubble, therefore, can cause users to get significantly less contact with contradicting viewpoints, causing the user to become intellectually isolated...."
^ Bozdag, Engin (September 2013). "Bias in algorithmic filtering and personalization". Ethics and Information Technology. 15 (3): 209–227. doi:10.1007/s10676-013-9321-6. S2CID 14970635.
^ Huffington Post, The Huffington Post "Are Filter-bubbles Shrinking Our Minds?" Archived 2016-11-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ Encrypt, Search (2019-02-26). "What Are Filter Bubbles & How To Avoid Them". Search Encrypt Blog. Archived from the original on 2019-02-25. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
^ Elanor Colleoni; Alessandro Rozza; Adam Arvidsson (April 2014). "Echo Chamber or Public Sphere? Predicting Political Orientation and Measuring Political Homophily in Twitter Using Big Data". Journal of Communication. 64 (2): 317–332. doi:10.1111/jcom.12084. hdl:10281/66011.
^ Milgram, Paul; H. Takemura; A. Utsumi; F. Kishino (1994). "Augmented Reality: A class of displays on the reality-virtuality continuum" (PDF). Proceedings of Telemanipulator and Telepresence Technologies. pp. 2351–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
^ "IRL - Definition by AcronymFinder". www.acronymfinder.com.
^ Don Slater (2002). "Social Relationships and Identity On-line and Off-line". In Livingstone, Sonia; Lievrouw, Leah (eds.). Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs. Sage Publications Inc. pp. 533–543. ISBN 0-7619-6510-6.
Berger, Peter L.; Luckmann, Thomas (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 21–22.
Jain, S. A. (1992). Reality. Jwalamalini Trust. Not in Copyright Alt URL
George Musser, "Virtual Reality: How close can physics bring us to a truly fundamental understanding of the world?", Scientific American, vol. 321, no. 3 (September 2019), pp. 30–35. "Physics is... the bedrock of the broader search for truth.... Yet [physicists] sometimes seem to be struck by a collective impostor syndrome.... Truth can be elusive even in the best-established theories. Quantum mechanics is as well tested a theory as can be, yet its interpretation remains inscrutable. [p. 30.] The deeper physicists dive into reality, the more reality seems to evaporate." [p. 34.]
Reality at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
News from Wikinews
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Miller, Alexander. "David Lewis". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
C.D. Broad on Reality
Video: Animated version of the above with Dr Quantum – Flatland
Phenomenology Online: Materials discussing and exemplifying phenomenological research
The Matrix as Metaphysics by David Chalmers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reality&oldid=1136441976"


Perfect quality, fast deliveryThe delivery time period mentioned on the web-site was 7-14 working days and I recieved my shoes right on the 14th day. The quality is perfect, shoes are very beautiful and comfortable. I ordered shoes on the 3" heel and was a little bit worried whether it will be comfortable or not. I even don`t feel it. It`s like I`m dancing in sleepers. Going to order shoes from your web-site all the time.


text:
Q: R dplyr mutate does not work with as.Date(NA) 'origin' must be supplied So I have this very weird situation. With R and date Conversion with as.Date() function. The weirdest thing is that ifelse statement does not work as it supposed to work.
So situation:
I want to extract date from number but stuck on situations where NA occurs.
If I apply as.Date(NA) I do not get any error. But weird things starts on dataFrames.
Here is example:
###### create temp data.frame
t1 <- data.frame(dateNum = c(6000,6001,NA))

##### First attempt: straight ############
t2 <- t1 %>% dplyr::mutate(
    dateConverted = as.Date(dateNum)
)

##### Second attempt: ifelse statement ############
t2 <- t1 %>% mutate(
    dateConverted = ifelse(is.na(dateNum),NA,as.Date(dateNum))
)

##### Third attempt: ifelse statement for number 6000 ############
t2 <- t1 %>% mutate(
    naValue = is.na(dateNum),
    dateFixed = ifelse(naValue,6000,dateNum),
    dateConverted = ifelse(naValue,NA,as.Date(dateFixed))
)

And here is output. With errors 'origin' must be supplied
> ###### create temp data.frame
> t1 <- data.frame(dateNum = c(6000,6001,NA))
>
> ##### First attempt: straight ############
> t2 <- t1 %>% dplyr::mutate(
+     dateConverted = as.Date(dateNum)
+ ) Error in as.Date.numeric(c(6000, 6001, NA)) : 'origin' must be supplied
>
> ##### Second attempt: ifelse statement ############
> t2 <- t1 %>% mutate(
+     dateConverted = ifelse(is.na(dateNum),NA,as.Date(dateNum))
+ ) Error in as.Date.numeric(c(6000, 6001, NA)) : 'origin' must be supplied
>
> ##### Third attempt: ifelse statement for number 6000 ############
> t2 <- t1 %>% mutate(
+     naValue = is.na(dateNum),
+     dateFixed = ifelse(naValue,6000,dateNum),
+     dateConverted = ifelse(naValue,NA,as.Date(dateFixed))
+ ) Error in as.Date.numeric(c(6000, 6001, 6000)) : 'origin' must be supplied
>

A: The problem is not with the NA or with dplyr, it's with your numeric data. From ?as.Date:

'as.Date' will accept numeric data (the number of days since an
       epoch), but only if 'origin' is supplied.

You're passing the function numeric values (6000 and 6001), but no information about what those represent. as.Date() will treat these values as the number of days since an origin, but you have not provided an origin for it to calculate based on.

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text:
Elisabeth Tonnard
This book is a library. The images in it are tiny selections from pictures in a catalogue documenting the losses of the Gemäldegalerie at the Kaiser Friedrich Museum, the present-day Bode Museum, in Berlin during and after World War II. The Gemäldegalerie lost over four hundred paintings, the sculpture collection at the museum lost about a third of its holdings. Photographic documentation and plaster casts remain as ghostly echoes of what was once there. The majority of losses occurred in the days just before and after the end of the war in May 1945 when two devastating fires in the Friedrichshain flak tower destroyed most of the major works of art that had been stored there for safekeeping. The cause of the fires was never explained and has become the subject of legend. Trapped in there were the paintings these images refer to. Out of the smoke we think up this library of unknown books.
Digital print, exposed sewing, size 10.5 x 14.8 cm, 56 pages. See more images here. See a short discussion by Sarah Bodman here. The book was nominated for the Révélation Jeunes Talents Livre d'Artiste by the ADAGP, France, 2016.
Published in Leerdam, The Netherlands, November 2015. Edition of 150 copies.
Priced at € 24,- plus shipping. Order through the webshop or by email.
The project is extended by a series of eight pigment ink prints (30 x 40 cm each, edition of 3 copies).
This book is available in the collections of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Bibliothèque Kandinsky (Centre Pompidou), Bodleian Library (special collections at Weston Library), Bower Ashton Library at UWE Bristol, Brooklyn Museum, Columbia University, International Center for Photography, Jan Michalski Foundation for Writing and Literature, John M. Flaxman Library at the School of The Art Institute of Chicago (Joan Flasch collection), Kunstbibliothek (Berlin), MACBA (Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona), MoMA Library, Mumok Vienna, National Library of The Netherlands (Koninklijke Bibliotheek), Nederlands Fotomuseum, New York Public Library, RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History, Thomas J. Watson library at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Van Abbemuseum, Winchester School of Art Library, and Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte (Munich).
Written by Elisabeth Tonnard
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Works: Installations
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"Speak, eyes – En zie!
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Husch!
In this Dark Wood
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Recounted
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The Story of a Young Gentleman
They Were Like Poetry
Tischblumenbilder
Two Impulses
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We are small
Where Is God
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text:
Tag: Molly Sims
House Tour: Sullivan's Island Historic Stunner
We have a huge soft spot for historic homes, like this lovely one on Sullivan's Island.
The materials… The charm… The details. They are so hard to replicate–and maybe just as hard to preserve.
Beau Clowney Architects and Sea Island Builders had their work cut out for them when maintaining the historic integrity of this historic Sullivan's Island home while bringing it up to date for a new era.
They succeeded in saving as much of the original 1800s home as possible while giving the homeowner's a functional space perfect for their family.
This stunning kitchen is case in point, maintaining the feel of a historic home but incorporating all the trappings of a modern chef's kitchen. Even we would want to cook in this space. Or, well, at least sit on those cute stools and have a glass of wine…
Exposed wood keeps the look historic and beachy, perfect for Sullivan's Island,
While painted ceilings add a freshness and brightness that contribute to the home's light, bright feel. We adore the aged look of the paneling in this charming bedroom. It's so chic!
Vaulted ceilings make a smaller space seem open and airy, perfect for guests. And the modern fan is a fun touch.
The exterior of this home is truly special.
And that pool? Perfect for lounging all summer long! Wishing you a day that feels just like this!
Thanks so much for making Design Chic a part of your day! We always love seeing you here.
The one and only Molly Sims has announced her Summer Reading List–and The Southern Side of Paradise, the final book in my Peachtree Bluff Series, is first on the list! There's still plenty of time to grab your copy from your favorite bookstore before July 4! For signed copies, check out one of my favorite stores, The Country Bookshop!
Chic Beach Days
1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10
Guest Room Updated for Summer
1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15
A Fresh Take on Casual Dining
1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17
Stylish Outdoor Favorites
Tour a Custom Colonial Home
– tim barber, ltd
A Beautiful Brooklyn Heights Remodel
– remodelista
Cookbook Author Overhauls the Iconic Chocolate Chip Cookie
– alison roman
See Molly Sim's First Collection
– molly sims
Everything You Need At the Holiday Shop
– one kings lane
Layer Your Beds for Winter
– serena & lily
Thanks so much for making Design Chic a part of your day. We always love seeing you here!
Also, don't forget…
Preorder my new novel THE SOUTHERN SIDE OF PARADISE, Book 3 in the Peachtree Bluff Series and be Automatically Entered in the Peachtree Bluff Takeover Giveaway!
THE SOUTHERN SIDE OF PARADISE is available for pre-order now from your local bookstore, Indiebound, Amazon and Barnes & Noble (Only in hardback and paperback so far. E-books to come!).
June 1, 2019 Peachtree Bluff will be "taking over" Beaufort, NC, the town on which it was based. Every single person who preorders between now now and will be registered to win:
*Two tickets to the Peachtree Bluff Town Takeover and Tour–on Beaufort's signature double decker red buses!
*Two tickets to the farm-to-table dinner and launch party under the stars at the Beaufort Historic Site
*Two nights lodging in Beaufort, NC
Just send an email with proof of purchase to [email protected] to enter!
Here's What's Next from the Murphy Women:
From internationally bestselling author and "rising star of Southern fiction" (Mary Alice Monroe, New York Times bestselling author) Kristy Woodson Harvey comes the third novel in her Peachtree Bluff series, in which a secret threatens the tight-knit bond between a trio of sisters and their mother.
With the man of her dreams back in her life and all three of her daughters happy, Ansley Murphy should be content. But she can't help but feel like it's all a little too good to be true.
Meanwhile, youngest daughter and actress Emerson, who is recently engaged and has just landed the role of a lifetime, seemingly has the world by the tail. Only, something she can't quite put her finger on is worrying her—and it has nothing to do with her recent health scare.
When two new women arrive in Peachtree Bluff—one who has the potential to wreck Ansley's happiness and one who could tear Emerson's world apart—everything is put in perspective. And after secrets that were never meant to be told come to light, the powerful bond between the Murphy sisters and their mother comes crumbling down, testing their devotion to each other and forcing them to evaluate the meaning of family.
With Kristy Woodson Harvey's signature charm, wit, and heart, The Southern Side of Paradise is another masterful Peachtree Bluff novel that proves she is a "Southern writer with staying power" (Booklist).
Preorder from your local bookstore or Indiebound!
Preorder from Amazon
Preorder from Barnes & Noble
Molly Sims Pacific Palisades Home and More!
Molly Sims Pacific Palisades Home
– architectural digest
Visit a Storybook Garden
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The Brand New Furniture Line
35 Bright California-Style Kitchens
– dering hall
The One Kings Lane Connecticut House
Black Bean and Sweet Potato Tacos
– rose and ivy journal
Dressing in Stripes
– jcrew
What People are Saying About Slightly South of Simple:
SLIGHTLY SOUTH OF SIMPLE cuts right to the heart of what it means to be a born-and-bred Southerner, complete with the responsibilities, secrets and unique privileges that conveys. Kristy Woodson Harvey creates four women who are at once completely different yet utterly the same–and a town that you won't ever want to leave. Interior design, family secrets, life on the coast… It's easy to see why everyone is buzzing about SLIGHTLY SOUTH OF SIMPLE. –Cassandra King, bestselling author of The Same Sweet Girls
Also, if you want to know a little more about my new novel, (Simon & Schuster, April 25, 2017) take a peek at the video below! (It's only like 90 seconds. No major commitments here!)
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text:
Retinal cone cells transplanted into blind mice
Health 22 September 2010
By Andy Coghlan
In this colour-enhanced image, the rods are shown in green and the cones in blue
(Image: Omikron/SPL)
Retinal cone cells vital for colour vision have been successfully transplanted into blind mice. The same team transplanted rod cells, used in night vision, four years ago. The hope for restoring vision in the blind is that transplantable cells which mature into rods or cones can be derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which can grow into any of the body's tissues.
"Ultimately, all blindness results from loss of cones," says Jane Sowden of University College London. Sowden's team extracted cells for transplant from the eyes of fetal or newborn mice. They selected cells with activity in a gene called cone rod homeobox which commits cells to becoming rods or cones.
Treatment was given to mice engineered to mimic a form of childhood blindness called Leber's congenital amaurosis. The team injected 200,000 isolated cells into each eye, in a space between the layer of light-sensitive cells – engineered to be damaged in the recipient mice – at the rear of the retina and a supporting epithelial cell layer above. Within 21 days, the new cells settled into the photoreceptor layer and grew into rods and cones.
"This is very exciting work and it would be a huge medical breakthrough to be able to restore lost photoreceptors in patients who are blind," says Robert Lanza, chief scientific officer at Advanced Cell Technology, a company in Worcester, Massachusetts, which in 2004 successfully turned hESCs into retinal cells. "But it's important to point out that this is very early-stage work, and incorporation of the cells into the retina doesn't mean that they're functional, which is of course the ultimate goal."
Journal reference: Human Molecular Genetics, DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq378
Magazine issue 2779 , published 25 September 2010
Is there a Moore's law for science?
Fetal stem cell treatment for multiple sclerosis shows promising signs
People with progressive multiple sclerosis had higher levels of protective molecules in their spinal fluid two years after being injected with stem cells from a fetus. Whether this translates into improved symptoms over time is unclear
Synthetic reproductive cells will help us understand fertility in 2023
Laboratory-grown sperm, placentas and embryos in animals will help us gauge why some pregnancies don't reach full term, but whether these procedures could one day be safe or even ethical in humans is unclear
Gene therapy restored immune system in children with rare disorder
Ten children with the rare condition Artemis-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency had their immune systems either partially or fully restored with gene-replacement therapy


Recently, Jon Riki Karamatsu resigned his position as deputy prosecutor after he was arrested for DUI for the second time. Karamatsu was arrested for driving under the influence in 2007 after he slammed into a concrete median on the Moanalua Freeway. At that time, he was serving as a state representative for the 41st District, according to news sources.
In the most recent incident which occurred at approximately 1:30 a.m. on April 4, Karamatsu was arrested after being stopped at a DUI checkpoint. At the time of news reports, it was not clear whether Karamatsu was under the influence of alcohol or something else, however he refused a blood alcohol or breathalyzer test. Karamatsu resigned as deputy prosecutor saying that he did not want his DUI case to distract from the work of the Honolulu City Prosecuting Attorney's office.
In Hawaii, a second DUI offense outside of five years of the first offense is considered another first offense. Ultimately Karamatsu will be subject to the same penalties as a first-time DUI offender, which include a fine, community service, possible jail time, and attendance of an alcohol class. Additionally, Karamatsu's drivers license was revoked for two years.
As anyone can see, drunk driving is a serious matter; in fact, it is a criminal offense that carries harsh penalties for those convicted. Had Karamatsu's second DUI arrest occurred within five years of the first, he would have faced penalties which are even more severe had he been convicted.
In the state of Michigan, an individual may be charged with a 2nd DUI offense when it occurs within seven years of a first DUI conviction. A person's driver's license will be suspended for one year. Criminal penalties may include fines of up to $1,000, up to one year in jail (mandatory five day minimum), community service, attendance of a DUI school, required installation of an ignition interlock device, and more.
Drunk driving is a serious issue. If you have been arrested or charged, it is vital to your freedom and future that you work with an experienced and capable Michigan DUI attorney, who will protect your legal rights and advise you of your options, so that the best possible outcome can be reached.


The students, who are on a one-week hands-on training under the Huawei Seeds for the Future programme, learnt about new technologies, including 5G network, Internet of Things (IOT) and Cloud computing, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence .
The technologies were demonstrated to the students at the Huawei Technologies Exhibition Hall at the company's headquarters in Shenzhen, China.
Rwandan ICT students undergoing training at Huawei Technologies Company have appreciated that this has exposed them to the latest technology trends and what the future of the ICT Industry will be.
The eight students, who are in their final year, were selected from four public universities in Rwanda.
They were selected on account of the proposals about using ICT to improve health, education, agriculture , transportation , and business.
They had a hands-on practice in Huawei Technologies' most advanced labs and were also taken on a guided tour of Huawei's exhibition hall of digital technology.
Ndayambaje Pascal, a final year student of major Information Systems from University of Rwanda, said he liked the future potential of Huawei 5G network, which will connect the world.
"With a connected world, my proposal on helping patients get treatment in the hospital with efficient and smart payment will easily come to life and many homes will be able to share the much-needed information easily and cheaply," Pascle said.
A graduation ceremony was also held when the training finished, all the students received the certificates from the owner of the Seeds for the Future Program.
The 8 Rwandan students take the ICT training with other 35 Students from Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Macedonia, and Serbia.
Huawei is a leading global information and communications technology (ICT) solutions, provider. Our aim is to enrich life and improve efficiency through a better-connected world, acting as a responsible corporate citizen, an innovative enabler for the information society, and a collaborative contributor to the industry.
Driven by customer-centric innovation and open partnerships, Huawei has established an end-to-end ICT solutions portfolio that gives customers competitive advantages in telecom and enterprise networks, devices and cloud computing.


Angora goats are the highest fleece-producing ruminant on a body weight basis. As with wool-producing sheep, poor nutrition affects mohair production by Angora goats, as well as affecting gain or maintenance of body weight. Pastures for Angora goats vary widely with season and rainfall in quality and available forage mass, often resulting in seasonal reductions in mohair growth, body weight, and body condition. Mohair production and body weight can be increased during periods of poor grazing conditions by supplementation, though with associated monetary and labor inputs. Hence, a better understanding of effects of nutrition on mohair production could lessen production costs or increase productivity of Angora goats. On a long-term basis, changes in mohair production and body weight elicited by nutritional plane and supplementation are positively related. However, physiological processes controlling body weight gain and mohair growth differ. Thus, short-term periods of nutrient restriction may have dissimilar magnitudes and durations of effects on body weight and mohair growth. Hence, objectives of this experiment were to evaluate mohair growth and BW change during and after different levels of feed intake restriction. Based on results of this experiment, different levels of restricted feeding of a 14.7% crude protein, 70% concentrate diet for 40 days decreased mohair growth in the last 20 days of the restriction phase and also in the last 21 days of the subsequent 41-day realimentation phase, even though body weight change in the latter part of realimentation increased with increasing severity of previous feed intake restriction. In conclusion, feed intake restriction can have longer term effects on fiber growth than body weight change, suggesting that special attention being given to avoiding even short-term periods of low feed intake if maximal fiber production is to be achieved.


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Fan Zhendong, who represents China as a professional table tennis player was ranked number 2 in the official ITTF world rankings. But he raked enough points form the Qatar Open that was held last month to claim the No.1 ranking worldwide.
Zhendong termed it as an amazing feeling and a dream come true as the table tennis player took over the former global number 1 Timo Bell to top the rankings.
What's amazing is the 21-year-old tennis player had been maintaining his second position in the world wide rankings since 2015. This was the first time that he topped the charts and became number 1 on the charts; a proud effort on his part.


The outright lead in the Eastern Division of Conference USA will be on the line when Middle Tennessee faces Florida International on Saturday night. The spread is tight, which could mean a very close contest.
Middle Tennessee was an underdog in the last two weeks in conference play and each time they came away the outright winner. With the college football odds listing them as a two-point road underdog in the first part of the week, the Blue Raiders will try and make it three in a row.
Florida International is coming off their bye week. Their game against Arkansas Pine Bluff was merely a scrimmage the week prior, winning 55-9 as a 57-point favorite, which is their lone non-cover of the season.
Middle Tennessee holds a 9-4 edge all-time but is 3-3 and 2-4 ATS at FIU Stadium.
Some could look at these defenses and surmise FIU has the edge because they have allowed 24.4 PPG compared to Middle Tennessee at 33.5 PPG. When you start digging into the numbers, the differences are not quite as great. The Blue Raiders concede only nine more yards per game than their opponent. This is due to them having faced Vanderbilt and Georgia on the road compared to the Panthers' two toughest games being at Miami-Florida and home vs. Indiana. FIU does have an overall speed advantage, but otherwise, they are comparable.
The Blue Raiders average only 26.6 PPG, but if you toss out scoring 14 total points against two SEC teams and 61 versus Tennessee-Martin, they are at 29.5. If we do something similar with FIU and drop Pine Bluff, UMass and Miami, coach Butch Davis' squad is at 28 PPG.
This is the first time Middle Tennessee is not favored in this annual matchup since 2011. While I feel I could make a compelling case for the Blue Raiders, FIU's running game will control the tempo. The Panthers average 185 YPG on the ground at 4.7 YPC and in both of Middle Tennessee conference triumphs, they have been gouged for 240.5 YPG rushing.
Even with their win at Marshall, the Smurfs (old-school reference) are 2-7 ATS after a road win, which is the other reason to take the Panthers in your college football picks.
UAB at Rice (+16), 1 p.m. ET, on ESPN+: UAB controls their destiny in the West Division, but might they be looking ahead with North Texas on deck? The Blazers are 1-9 ATS on the road off a road win. Rice has dropped five straight (2-3 ATS), losing by 24.8 PPG.
Southern Miss at North Texas (-8.5), 2 p.m. ET, on ESPN3: Southern Miss is 3-1 ATS and comes in off a bye week, but has 11 turnovers in four games. North Texas has not played well the last two weeks and is 8-27 ATS after a contest where they committed no turnovers.
Western Kentucky at Charlotte (+9.5), 3:30 p.m. ET, on ESPN+: Western Kentucky has the poorer overall record in this conflict, but is 4-1 ATS. One problem, all those covers came as underdogs. Charlotte is 2-1 SU and ATS at home, with their only loss to Appalachian State. The 49ers face a Hilltoppers team that is 1-8 ATS as favorites.
Marshall at Old Dominion (+3.5), 3:30 p.m. ET, on Stadium: There is a question as to the exact status of Marshall quarterback Isaiah Green, but early reports expect him to play. Old Dominion has not done much other than the Virginia Tech upset and is 1-5 (2-4 ATS). The SU winner here is 4-0 ATS.
Louisiana Tech at UTSA (+13.5), 7 p.m. ET, on ESPN+: Louisiana Tech could not handle prosperity after beating North Texas and lost at home to UAB by 21. The Bulldogs are 10-2 ATS off an upset loss as a home favorite. UTSA is 1-7 ATS at home since last year.


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Reaction & Breakdown
1.9k Views 19th June 2022, 2:40 am inMarvel, Web Series
Ms. Marvel Has the Lowest Viewership Among Any Marvel Show
Ms. Marvel was released on Disney+ as the most noteworthy appraised TV show to come from Marvel Studios to date. In spite of that, it seems as though the series has neglected to interface with watchers in a remarkable same manner as it did with critics with regards to watching time as up until this point the series is accounted for to be the least-watched Marvel series to show up on Disney+ by some way. With Kamala Kahn set to return in the following year's The Marvels, there is an inquiry over why the young person's presentation has not taken off.
Marvel Studios has been on a colossal series of wins with their MCU TV yield on Disney+, with all of their true-to-life series pulling in above and beyond million views in their initial five days. At the high level, Loki was watched 2.5 million times, while the last series to deliver, Moon Knight, pulled in 1.8 million views. Ms. Marvel, be that as it may, was said to have been watched by only 775k throughout a similar time span, however, apparently, the show pulled in additional 20-24-year-old watchers and a substantially more different crowd than different shows.
There could be many explanations for the absence of viewership of the series, and a ton of it could come down to timing. A while ago when any semblance of Loki and WandaVision were being delivered, numerous nations were going through some sort of lockdown or remain at-home request from the Covid pandemic, importance there were significantly more individuals with additional free time to tune in.
Also, a considerable lot of the characters to have been given TV shows have been deep-rooted characters as of now or had the interest them of Moon Knight. Ms. Marvel is a youthful person and may appear to be irrelevant to more established crowds, who could well be holding on to watch the whole series sometime in the future.
Ms. Marvel came out among other big series.
One more significant part of Ms. Marvel's inability to attract individuals during the initial not many days could be down to the next tremendous series that are spilling simultaneously. Last month, Netflix dropped their greatest time of Stranger Things yet, with 7 full-length episodes for watchers to traverse, and possibly re-observe again before the last two episodes show up on July 1.
Notwithstanding this Disney+ is likewise delivering new episodes of the Star Wars series Obi-Wan Kenobi around the same time as Ms. Marvel's new deliveries, and with the Star Wars film having been anticipated by fans for quite a while and having a record-breaking debut, there is simply going to be one victor in that specific fight every week. Over on Amazon Prime, The Boys is partaking in the fruitful appearance of its third season, and will again be all the more an attraction to more established watchers as opposed to Ms. Marvel.
With Obi-Wan Kenobi because of the end of this week, maybe Ms. Marvel will see an expansion in viewership across its last episodes. One way or the other, it isn't probable that Marvel Studios will be too stressed over the series' underlying watcher numbers, as with regards to streaming it can once in a while be to a greater extent a long-distance race as opposed to a run.
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Wilson Saves Best for Last
Jay Wilson turned in his performance of the Australian Supercross Championship by finishing third in the SX2 (250cc) class at the final round of the series, held at Marvel Stadium in Melbourne.
Wilson, the 2018 SX2 champ, has had a frustrating season so far, just missing the podium at the opening four rounds despite winning races and being in contention throughout. But, he put all that behind him on the weekend to make the most of a big occasion when supercross hit prime time in the city of Melbourne.
With the Triple Crown format again is use over the weekend where riders faced three, seven lap races with just five minutes break in between, Wilson carded 3-2-3 results to take third on the night and move to fourth in the final championship standings.
It was a spirited fight all night from Wilson has he often had to over come average starts and poor track position in the early stages of each race to charge his way through a highly competitive SX2 field. He mixed it up with some established name riders from the US and took the challenge up to them in every race.
Unfortunately, it wasn't enough to retain his SX2 number one plate, but he went down all guns blazing and the podium on the night was a positive way to finish the championship.
"Tonight my mentality was that I had nothing to lose. I was fifth coming into the final round and even if I had a shocker, it wouldn't have done much for the overall result, so I just laid it all on the line and see what happened.
"I didn't get great starts all night and that was my fault, my reaction time at the gate was terrible but I managed to make some passes only to get near the front but run out of time. But, I feel pretty good with how I raced tonight and just wished I had of taken that mentality in from round one.
"The team did a great job as always and the bike was perfect. The Yamalube Yamaha Racing team put in a big effort and it was frustrating not to be able to get them on the podium until now in this series. Thanks to my mechanic, Mike Ward, his dedication and passion is unrivalled and while we didn't get the championship back, we gave it a good shake," Wilson said.
Richie Evans completed his first series in supercross and claimed sixth overall in the SX1 championship. The north Queenslander had only competed in a few supercross events prior to the 2019 season and never on a 450, so is sixth place finish makes the result the more impressive.
Evans finished the final round in eighth place and again mixed it with some of the best names in the business. The list of names directly ahead of Evans on the night are a who's who of supercross, names like Reed, Reardon and Clout, so for Evans to be in the battle speaks volumes for his quick uptake of supercross.
He finished the night with 6-9-8 results and in a strange twist, his worst result of the night was when he actually took the shortcut. Still, it was a good performance from him and a good result for the championship.
"Sometimes I look at who is alongside me on the start line and think its pretty amazing that I am on the same track as them. I started next to Jason Anderson in all six main events in Auckland and Melbourne- the guy was the 2018 world champion, and I'm just a dude riding a dirt bike from Cairns. I think he must be over me as I got a few starts on him as well," Evans laughs.
"But its been a good supercross series for me. I came in injured at round one, got a top five in Adelaide, had a couple of tough races in Wollongong and Auckland before finishing strongly here in Melbourne.
"The team have been great and having Michael work with me has been good as he has so much experience. Thank you to everyone on the team and I have had a great time racing supercross," Evans said.
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University of New Hampshire is a public institution that was founded in 1866. It has a total undergraduate enrollment of 12,967, its setting is suburban, and the campus size is 2,600 acres. It utilizes a semester-based academic calendar. University of New Hampshire's ranking in the 2019 edition of Best Colleges is National Universities, 106. The University of New Hampshire is located an hour north of Boston - a place where 13,000 undergraduate and 2,500 graduate students from every state and 80 countries thrive in over 200 degree programs that power the global economy. UNH offers a vast range of academic and extracurricular options. Students enjoy hands-on learning and mentoring that will expand your world view and career prospects. From conducting offshore research at the UNH-Cornell Shoals Marine Laboratory, to working alongside professors like Nancy Kinner, who advised the White House on the BP oil spill disaster. From building instruments for NASA satellites, to training at the UNH InterOperability Lab, the world's leading test facility for data and networking products. UNH includes 7 colleges; 3 schools, which includes the Graduate School; and the Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space.


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Home Display on SWC Home Page Southwestern College's State-of-the-Art Recording Arts and Technology Program
Southwestern College's State-of-the-Art Recording Arts and Technology Program
Ernesto Rivera
Alvin Gomez, a Recording Arts and Technology major, and James Henry, Recording Arts and Technology program director and professor, inside Southwestern College's $6 million state-of-the-art recording studio.
On the outside, building 850 at Southwestern College's Chula Vista campus seems like any other building filled with regular classrooms. But inside, students won't find classrooms with rows of desks leading to a whiteboard. They'll enter Southwestern College's $6 million Center for Recording Arts & Technology.
Inside students will find four different state-of-the-art, professional recording studios. The main studio includes a motherboard inside Control Room A with more than 45 channels that can track a whole orchestra. The studio space and tracking room is more than 1,600 square feet and can be converted to two separate isolation rooms. On the opposite side of the main studio are smaller, mini-studios used to record professional voice-overs or movie sound effects. The program's extensive equipment list would make any audio pro's mouth drop.
"This is a world-class facility, but to our students it's home," said James Henry, program director and professor.
For Alvin Gomez, a Recording Arts and Technology major, this is also where his dreams of becoming a producer and an audio engineer come to life. He's been a part of more than 30 recording sessions, recording everything from classical ensembles to three-piece grunge bands, and has been involved in virtually every aspect of production.
"We do something very unique here," Gomez said. "We basically get taught how to do real-world stuff, the real-world way. Through this program, we've visited recording studios at Walt Disney Animation and Sony Pictures and the flow there is the same here."
The Recording Arts and Technology program, the classes and the day-to-day productions are led by Henry, a Grammy-nominated audio producer and engineer. The program offers a one-year certificate of achievement and a two-year associate of science degree in Recording Arts & Technology.
Today Henry spends his days teaching his students hands-on skills, but in the past, he'd spend his days as a producer and engineer working with artists like Prince, Living Colour and Public Enemy. In his more than 40 years of working with major recording artists and labels, Henry has seen his work top of the charts of Billboard Magazine, including being a part of more than 90 Gold and Platinum records.
"It's a complete honor to work with Professor Henry," Gomez said. "You hear other people's stories about how they became successful in this industry, and it's because they had a mentor like Professor Henry."
Henry has overseen student-run recordings of more than 800 bands and musicians inside the Southwestern College's recording arts studios – many local to San Diego area. But artists have also have driven down from Los Angeles because of the reputation of the college's studio and the dedicated students who run it.
"It's like I'm teaching people how to fly," Henry said. "I put them in a 787 and we take off. I'm just there to make sure everything is cool. They have the confidence in knowing they're not going to crash because I'm in the cockpit with them, so they can try things. They can hit buttons, they can make different turns and see how it feels."
Students leave the program with open career paths in front of them (some even get hired before they've even graduated). Professor Henry's students run almost every single performance stage at the San Diego County Fair. They've moved to major markets like Los Angeles, San Francisco or Austin, Texas to work for big mixing and production companies. They've been called up by bands they've recorded at Southwestern College to join them on tour to run their sound. Some have even started their own businesses and built recording studios from scratch in Tijuana.
"People and musicians are amazed that my students, in five hours, can meet a band, set the band up, record the band, mix the band, break them down and get them out the door," Henry said. "That is unbelievable to them. I don't even believe it sometimes."
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Ernesto Rivera is a marketing and communications associate for Southwestern College and a proud journalism alumnus of the college. Previously, he worked as an editorial assistant for Chico State's communications department and was an editor for the Chico News & Review.
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Author Maddy Searle
Maddy Searle
Maddy lives in Edinburgh and has written for the Sunday Herald and the Ed Fringe Review. She is passionate about authentic, sustainably sourced food, and is always keen to discover exciting new flavours.
7 of the best places in Glasgow for pub food
With a huge variety of quirky and traditional joints to suit all tastes, Glasgow has a range of gastro-pubs which are sure to make your mouth water. We asked food blogger Pam Gilmour – also known as The...
10 of the best Glasgow restaurants
With such a diverse selection, the choice can be rather daunting. To help you find the finest dining in Glasgow, here is our list of restaurants we know you'll love. 10 of the best Glasgow...
5 of the best restaurants in Edinburgh's Old Town
Take a look at our favourite Old Town restaurants and see if any of them tickle your fancy. Mother India's Café (3-5 Infirmary St, Old Town, EH1 1LT, 0131 524...
10 of the best romantic restaurants in Edinburgh
With its mix of neoclassical and medieval architecture, Edinburgh is certainly a romantic place to be. With Valentine's Day on the horizon, it's time to start thinking about which restaurant provides enough...
Five of the best independent coffee shops in Edinburgh
Drink, Food
Independent coffee shops in Edinburgh Fortitude Coffee (3C York Place, EH1 3EB, 0131 557 3063) https://www.instagram.com/p/BTi3BzwjsM7/?hl=en&taken-by=fortitudecoffee Although this shop is small,...
10 of the best places to get lunch in Edinburgh
From street food to sandwiches, Mexican to Malaysian, Edinburgh has a whole host of brilliant eateries which will make your lunchtimes the best times. Ting Thai Caravan (Teviot Pl, EH1 2RA, 0131 225...
All you need to know about Walkers Shortbread
In the News, Producers
Scotland's most recognisable shortbread brand, Walkers, had a humble beginning, just over a hundred years ago, in the Speyside village of Aberlour. Now, Walkers shortbread is sold all over the world, and...
5 of the best Mexican restaurants in Glasgow
For the top pick of the city's taco joints and burrito bars, just take a look at our favourites. Topolabamba (89 St Vincent St, G2 5TF, 0141 248...
5 of the best restaurants in Edinburgh's Corstorphine
From Chinese to Italian to Scottish, here are five of our favourite Corstorphine restaurants. The Bothy Restaurant and Drinkery (18 Corstorphine Rd, EH12 6HN, 0131 337...
10 of the best restaurants in Edinburgh's city centre
Here we've done the hard work for you and chosen 10 of the best. Contini (103 George St, EH2 3ES, 0131 225 1550) https://www.instagram.com/p/BQs-uvnDM-9/?taken-at=345236550&hl=en Victor and Carina...