text:
SA Interest
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Rand Exchange Rates
SA Holidays
SA Postal Codes
SA Provinces
SA Constitution
SA Elections
E-mail Setup
Internet Advert Terms
World Dial Codes
Country Domain Codes
Internet Terms and Definitions
We sincerely hope that this document will assist you today and that you will use it for future reference.
New terms are continuously being added to the Internet vocabulary. We will try to keep this list as up-to-date as possible.
If you you notice any term or definition missing, please let us know.
AD A graphic or a banner on a web page that when clicked on, takes the visitor to another site.
AD Click A click on an advertisement on a web site which takes a user to another site, it is referred to as an ad click.
ADN (Advanced Digital Network) -- Usually refers to a 56Kbps leased-line.
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) -- A method for moving data over regular phone lines. An ADSL circuit is much faster than a regular phone connection, and the wires coming into the subscriber's premises are the same (copper) wires used for regular phone service. An ADSL circuit must be configured to connect two specific locations, similar to a leased line.
A commonly discussed configuration of ADSL would allow a subscriber to receive data (download) at speeds of up to 1.544 megabits (not megabytes) per second, and to send (upload) data at speeds of 128 kilobits per second. Thus the "Asymmetric" part of the acronym.
Another commonly discussed configuration would be symmetrical: 384 Kilobits per second in both directions. In theory ADSL allows download speeds of up to 9 megabits per second and upload speeds of up to 640 kilobits per second.
ADSL is often discussed as an alternative to ISDN, allowing higher speeds in cases where the connection is always to the same place.
See Also: bit , bps , ISDN
AD Views A web page that presents an ad. Once the visitor has viewed an ad, he/she can click on it (see Ad Click). There may be more than one ad on an ad view.
See: FTP
A small Java program that can be embedded in an HTML page. Applets differ from full-fledged Java applications in that they are not allowed to access certain resources on the local computer, such as files and serial devices (modems, printers, etc.), and are prohibited from communicating with most other computers across a network. The current rule is that an applet can only make an Internet connection to the computer from which the applet was sent.
See Also: HTML , Java
A tool (software) for finding files stored on anonymous FTP sites. You need to know the exact file name or a substring of it.
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) -- The precursor to the Internet. Developed in the late 60's and early 70's by the US Department of Defence as an experiment in wide-area-networking that would survive a nuclear war.
See Also: Internet
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) -- This is the de facto world-wide standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, punctuation, etc. There are 128 standard ASCII codes each of which can be represented by a 7 digit binary number: 0000000 through 1111111.
Audio and Video Streaming
The process of serving audio and video to a client application on request via the internet.
Technique by which access to Internet or Intranet resources requires the user to identify himself or herself by entering a username and password.
A high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a network. The term is relative as a backbone in a small network will likely be much smaller than many non-backbone lines in a large network.
See Also: Network
How much stuff you can send through a connection. Usually measured in bits-per-second. A full page of English text is about 16,000 bits. A fast modem can move about 15,000 bits in one second. Full-motion full-screen video would require roughly 10,000,000 bits-per-second, depending on compression.
See Also: Bps , Bit , T-1
In common usage the baud rate of a modem is how many bits it can send or receive per second. Technically, baud is the number of times per second that the carrier signal shifts value - for example a 1200 bit-per-second modem actually runs at 300 baud, but it moves 4 bits per baud (4 x 300 = 1200 bits per second).
See Also: Bit , Modem
(Bulletin Board System) -- A computerised meeting and announcement system that allows people to carry on discussions, upload and download files, and make announcements without the people being connected to the computer at the same time. There are many thousands (millions?) of BBS's around the world, most are very small, running on a single IBM clone PC with 1 or 2 phone lines. Some are very large and the line between a BBS and a system like CompuServe gets crossed at some point, but it is not clearly drawn.
Binhex
(BINary HEXadecimal) -- A method for converting non-text files (non-ASCII) into ASCII. This is needed because Internet e-mail can only handle ASCII.
See Also: ASCII , MIME , UUENCODE
(Binary DigIT) -- A single digit number in base-2, in other words, either a 1 or a zero. The smallest unit of computerised data. Bandwidth is usually measured in bits-per-second.
See Also: Bandwidth , Bps , Byte , Kilobyte , Megabyte
(Because It's Time NETwork (or Because It's There NETwork)) -- A network of educational sites separate from the Internet, but e-mail is freely exchanged between BITNET and the Internet. Listservs, the most popular form of e-mail discussion groups, originated on BITNET. BITNET machines are usually mainframes running the VMS operating system, and the network is probably the only international network that is shrinking.
(Bits-Per-Second) -- A measurement of how fast data is moved from one place to another. A 28.8 modem can move 28,800 bits per second.
See Also: Bandwidth , Bit
A Client program (software) that is used to look at various kinds of Internet resources.
See Also: Client , URL , WWW , Firefox , Chrome , Home Page (or Homepage)
(By The Way) -- A shorthand appended to a comment written in an online forum.
See Also: IMHO , TTFN
A set of Bits that represent a single character. Usually there are 8 Bits in a Byte, sometimes more, depending on how the measurement is being made.
See Also: Bit
An issuer of Security Certificates used in SSL connections.
See Also: Security Certificate , SSL
(Common Gateway Interface) -- A set of rules that describe how a Web Server communicates with another piece of software on the same machine, and how the other piece of software (the "CGI program") talks to the web server. Any piece of software can be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI standard.
Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and does something with it, like putting the content of a form into an e-mail message, or turning the data into a database query.
You can often see that a CGI program is being used by seeing "cgi-bin" in a URL, but not always.
See Also: cgi-bin , Web , page counter
Cgi-bin
The "bin" part of "cgi-bin" is a shorthand version of "binary", because once upon a time, most programs were referred to as "binaries". In real life, most programs found in cgi-bin directories are text files -- scripts that are executed by binaries located elsewhere on the same machine.
See Also: CGI
Click through rate
Percentage of users who click on a viewed advertisement. This is a good indication of the effectiveness of this ad.
A software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a Server software program on another computer, often across a great distance. Each Client program is designed to work with one or more specific kinds of Server programs, and each Server requires a specific kind of Client. A Web Browser is a specific kind of Client.
See Also: Browser , Server
Most often used to refer to having a server that belongs to one person or group physically located on an Internet-connected network that belongs to another person or group. Usually this is done because the server owner wants their machine to be on a high-speed Internet connection and/or they do not want the security risks of having the server on their own network.
See Also: Internet , Server , Network
The most common meaning of "Cookie" on the Internet refers to a piece of information sent by a Web Server to a Web Browser that the Browser software is expected to save and to send back to the Server whenever the browser makes additional requests from the Server.
Depending on the type of Cookie used, and the Browser's settings, the Browser may accept or not accept the Cookie, and may save the Cookie for either a short time or a long time.
Cookies might contain information such as login or registration information, online "shopping cart" information, user preferences, etc.
When a Server receives a request from a Browser that includes a Cookie, the Server is able to use the information stored in the Cookie. For example, the Server might customise what is sent back to the user, or keep a log of particular user's requests.
Cookies are usually set to expire after a predetermined amount of time and are usually saved in memory until the Browser software is closed down, at which time they may be saved to disk if their "expire time" has not been reached.
Cookies do not read your hard drive and send your life story to the CIA, but they can be used to gather more information about a user than would be possible without them.
Cyberpunk was originally a cultural sub-genre of science fiction taking place in a not-so-distant, dystopian, over-industrialised society. The term grew out of the work of William Gibson and Bruce Sterling and has evolved into a cultural label encompassing many different kinds of human, machine, and punk attitudes. It includes clothing and lifestyle choices as well.
See Also: Cyberspace
Term originated by author William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer the word Cyberspace is currently used to describe the whole range of information resources available through computer networks.
The process or service which involves connecting to a network by means of a analogue modem via a switched connection on the PSTN.
Digerati
The digital version of literati, it is a reference to a vague cloud of people seen to be knowledgeable, hip, or otherwise in-the-know in regards to the digital revolution.
The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have 2 or more parts, separated by dots. The part on the left is the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general. A given machine may have more than one Domain Name but a given Domain Name points to only one machine. For example, the domain names:
matisse.net
mail.matisse.net
workshop.matisse.net
can all refer to the same machine, but each domain name can refer to no more than one machine.
Usually, all of the machines on a given Network will have the same thing as the right-hand portion of their Domain Names (matisse.net in the examples above). It is also possible for a Domain Name to exist but not be connected to an actual machine. This is often done so that a group or business can have an Internet e-mail address without having to establish a real Internet site. In these cases, some real Internet machine must handle the mail on behalf of the listed Domain Name.
See Also: IP Number
The process of doing commercial transactions electronically.
(Electronic Mail) -- Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer. E-mail can also be sent automatically to a large number of addresses (Mailing List).
See Also: Listserv , Maillist
A very common method of networking computers in a LAN. Ethernet will handle about 10,000,000 bits-per-second and can be used with almost any kind of computer.
See Also: Bandwidth , LAN
An extension of Intranet facilities to allow controlled and secure access to the Intranet facilities.
(Frequently Asked Questions) -- FAQs are documents that list and answer the most common questions on a particular subject. There are hundreds of FAQs on subjects as diverse as Pet Grooming and Cryptography. FAQs are usually written by people who have tired of answering the same question over and over.
(Fiber Distributed Data Interface) -- A standard for transmitting data on optical fiber cables at a rate of around 100,000,000 bits-per-second (10 times as fast as Ethernet, about twice as fast as T-3).
See Also: Bandwidth , Ethernet , T-1 , T-3
A means of narrowing the scope of a report or view by specifying ranges or types of data to include in or exclude.
An Internet software tool for locating people on other Internet sites. Finger is also sometimes used to give access to non-personal information, but the most common use is to see if a person has an account at a particular Internet site. Many sites do not allow incoming Finger requests, but many do.
Fire Wall
A combination of hardware and software that separates a LAN into two or more parts for security purposes.
See Also: Network , LAN
Originally, flame meant to carry forth in a passionate manner in the spirit of honourable debate. Flames most often involved the use of flowery language and flaming well was an art form. More recently flame has come to refer to any kind of derogatory comment no matter how witless or crude.
See Also: Flame War
Flame War
When an online discussion degenerates into a series of personal attacks against the debaters, rather than discussion of their positions. A heated exchange.
See Also: Flame
An HTML page which passes variables back to the server. These pages are used to gather information from users. Also referred to as scripts.
(File Transfer Protocol) -- A very common method of moving files between two Internet sites. FTP is a special way to login to another Internet site for the purposes of retrieving and/or sending files. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained using FTP, by logging in using the account name anonymous, thus these sites are called anonymous ftp servers.
The technical meaning is a hardware or software set-up that translates between two dissimilar protocols, for example Prodigy has a gateway that translates between its internal, proprietary e-mail format and Internet e-mail format. Another, sloppier meaning of gateway is to describe any mechanism for providing access to another system, e.g. AOL might be called a gateway to the Internet.
(Graphic Interchange Format) -- A common format for image files, especially suitable for images containing large areas of the same colour. GIF format files of simple images are often smaller than the same file would be if stored in JPEG format, but GIF format does not store photographic images as well as JPEG.
See Also: JPEG
1000 or 1024 Megabytes, depending on who is measuring.
See Also: Byte , Megabyte
A widely successful method of making menus of material available over the Internet. Gopher is a Client and Server style program, which requires that the user have a Gopher Client program. Although Gopher spread rapidly across the globe in only a couple of years, it has been largely supplanted by Hypertext, also known as WWW (World Wide Web). There are still thousands of Gopher Servers on the Internet and we can expect they will remain for a while.
See Also: Client , Server , WWW , Hypertext
As used in reference to the World Wide Web, "hit" means a single request from a web browser for a single item from a web server; thus in order for a web browser to display a page that contains 3 graphics, 4 "hits" would occur at the server: 1 for the HTML page, and one for each of the 3 graphics.
"hits" are often used as a very rough measure of load on a server, e.g. "Our server has been getting 300,000 hits per month." Because each "hit" can represent anything from a request for a tiny document (or even a request for a missing document) all the way to a request that requires some significant extra processing (such as a complex search request), the actual load on a machine from 1 hit is almost impossible to define.
Home Page (or Homepage)
Several meanings. Originally, the web page that your browser is set to use when it starts up. The more common meaning refers to the first page of a web site for a business, organisation, person or simply the main page out of a collection of web pages, e.g. "Check out so-and-so's new Home Page."
Another sloppier use of the term refers to practically any web page as a "homepage," e.g. "That web site has 65 homepages and none of them are interesting."
See Also: Browser , Web
Any computer on a network that is a repository for services available to other computers on the network. It is quite common to have one host machine provide several services, such as WWW and USENET.
See Also: Node , Network
(HyperText Markup Language) -- The coding language used to create Hypertext documents for use on the World Wide Web. HTML looks a lot like old-fashioned typesetting code, where you surround a block of text with codes that indicate how it should appear, additionally, in HTML you can specify that a block of text, or a word, is linked to another file on the Internet. HTML files are meant to be viewed using a World Wide Web Client Program, such as Firefox or Chrome.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the set of "markup" symbols or codes inserted in a file intended for display on a World Wide Web browser. The markup tells the Web browser how to display a Web page's words and images for the user.
HTML is defined both by a standards committee co-ordinated by the World Wide Web Consortium and by proprietary extenders of the markup language such as Firefox and Microsoft. Currently, the latest official version of HTML is HTML 3.2. However, both Firefox and Microsoft browsers now incorporate many features (referred to generally as dynamic HTML) in what is currently the working draft of the next version of HTML, HTML 4.0.
There are a number of helpful books on HTML. We like Laura Lemay's Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML 3.2 in a Week (Sams.net Publishing) and Ian Graham's HTML Sourcebook (John Wiley). (Lemay has a new book for HTML 4.0 that we will soon review here.) However, it's possible to learn HTML from material available on the Web itself.
See Also: Client , Server , WWW
(HyperText Transport Protocol) -- The protocol for moving hypertext files across the Internet. Requires a HTTP client program on one end, and an HTTP server program on the other end. HTTP is the most important protocol used in the World Wide Web (WWW).
Generally, any text that contains links to other documents - words or phrases in the document that can be chosen by a reader and which cause another document to be retrieved and displayed.
(In My Humble Opinion) -- A shorthand appended to a comment written in an online forum, IMHO indicates that the writer is aware that they are expressing a debatable view, probably on a subject already under discussion. One of may such shorthands in common use online, especially in discussion forums.
See Also: TTFN , BTW
Also called Page Views. Hit to HTML pages only (access to non-HTML documents are not counted).
(Upper case I) The vast collection of inter-connected networks that all use the TCP/IP protocols and that evolved from the ARPANET of the late 60's and early 70's. The Internet now (July 1995) connects roughly 60,000 independent networks into a vast global internet.
(Lower case i) Any time you connect 2 or more networks together, you have an internet - as in inter-national or inter-state.
See Also: Internet , Network
A private network inside a company or organisation that uses the same kinds of software that you would find on the public Internet, but that is only for internal use.
As the Internet has become more popular many of the tools used on the Internet are being used in private networks, for example, many companies have web servers that are available only to employees.
Note that an Intranet may not actually be an internet -- it may simply be a network.
See Also: internet , Internet , Network
Internet Protocol address identifying a computer connected to the Internet.
IP Number
(Internet Protocol Number) -- Sometimes called a dotted quad. A unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots, e.g.: 165.113.245.2
Every machine that is on the Internet has a unique IP number - if a machine does not have an IP number, it is not really on the Internet. Most machines also have one or more Domain Names that are easier for people to remember.
See Also: Domain Name , Internet , TCP/IP
(Internet Relay Chat) -- Basically a huge multi-user live chat facility. There are a number of major IRC servers around the world which are linked to each other. Anyone can create a channel and anything that anyone types in a given channel is seen by all others in the channel. Private channels can (and are) created for multi-person conference calls.
(Integrated Services Digital Network) -- Basically a way to move more data over existing regular phone lines. ISDN is rapidly becoming available to much of the USA and in most markets it is priced very comparably to standard analogue phone circuits. It can provide speeds of roughly 128,000 bits-per-second over regular phone lines. In practice, most people will be limited to 56,000 or 64,000 bits-per-second.
(Internet Service Provider) -- An institution that provides access to the Internet in some form, usually for money.
Java is a network-oriented programming language invented by Sun Microsystems that is specifically designed for writing programs that can be safely downloaded to your computer through the Internet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to your computer or files. Using small Java programs (called "Applets"), Web pages can include functions such as animations, calculators, and other fancy tricks.
We can expect to see a huge variety of features added to the Web using Java, since you can write a Java program to do almost anything a regular computer program can do, and then include that Java program in a Web page.
See Also: Applet
(Java Development Kit) -- A software development package from Sun Microsystems that implements the basic set of tools needed to write, test and debug Java applications and applets
See Also: Applet , Java
(Joint Photographic Experts Group) -- JPEG is most commonly mentioned as a format for image files. JPEG format is preferred to the GIF format for photographic images as opposed to line art or simple logo art.
See Also: GIF
A thousand bytes. Actually, usually 1024 (2^10) bytes.
See Also: Byte , Bit
(Local Area Network) -- A computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or floor of a building.
See Also: Ethernet
Leased-line
Refers to a phone line that is rented for exclusive 24-hour, 7 -days-a-week use from your location to another location. The highest speed data connections require a leased line.
Analogue Leased Lines - A dedicated connection between customer and ISP provided by Telkom. This is a low speed connection suitable for small to medium sized businesses.
Diginet Leased Lines -A high speed dedicated connection between customer and ISP provided by Telkom. This is a digital connection to allow for high speed and reliability.
See Also: T-1 , T-3
The most common kind of maillist, Listservs originated on BITNET but they are now common on the Internet.
See Also: BITNET , E-mail , Maillist
A file created by a web or proxy server which contains all of the access information regarding the activity on that server.
Noun or a verb. Noun: The account name used to gain access to a computer system. Not a secret (contrast with Password).
Verb: The act of entering into a computer system, e.g. Login to the WELL and then go to the GBN conference.
See Also: Password
(or Mailing List) A (usually automated) system that allows people to send e-mail to one address, whereupon their message is copied and sent to all of the other subscribers to the maillist. In this way, people who have many different kinds of e-mail access can participate in discussions together.
A million bytes. Actually, technically, 1024 kilobytes.
See Also: Byte , Bit , Kilobyte
(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) -- The standard for attaching non-text files to standard Internet mail messages. Non-text files include graphics, spreadsheets, formatted word-processor documents, sound files, etc.
An email program is said to be MIME Compliant if it can both send and receive files using the MIME standard.
When non-text files are sent using the MIME standard they are converted (encoded) into text - although the resulting text is not really readable.
Generally speaking the MIME standard is a way of specifying both the type of file being sent (e.g. a Quicktime� video file), and the method that should be used to turn it back into its original form.
Besides email software, the MIME standard is also universally used by Web Servers to identify the files they are sending to Web Clients, in this way new file formats can be accommodated simply by updating the Browsers' list of pairs of MIME-Types and appropriate software for handling each type.
See Also: Browser , Client , Server , Binhex , UUENCODE
Generally speaking, "to mirror" is to maintain an exact copy of something. Probably the most common use of the term on the Internet refers to "mirror sites" which are web sites, or FTP sites that maintain exact copies of material originated at another location, usually in order to provide more widespread access to the resource.
Another common use of the term "mirror" refers to an arrangement where information is written to more than one hard disk simultaneously, so that if one disk fails, the computer keeps on working without losing anything.
See Also: FTP , Web
(MOdulator, DEModulator) -- A device that you connect to your computer and to a phone line, that allows the computer to talk to other computers through the phone system. Basically, modems do for computers what a telephone does for humans.
(Mud, Object Oriented) -- One of several kinds of multi-user role-playing environments, so far only text-based.
See Also: MUD , MUSE
The first WWW browser that was available for the Macintosh, Windows, and UNIX all with the same interface. Chrome really started the popularity of the Web. The source-code to Chrome has been licensed by several companies and there are several other pieces of software as good or better than Chrome, most notably, Firefox.
See Also: Browser , Client , WWW
(Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) -- A (usually text-based) multi-user simulation environment. Some are purely for fun and flirting, others are used for serious software development, or education purposes and all that lies in between. A significant feature of most MUDs is that users can create things that stay after they leave and which other users can interact with in their absence, thus allowing a world to be built gradually and collectively.
See Also: MOO , MUSE
(Multi-User Simulated Environment) -- One kind of MUD - usually with little or no violence.
See Also: MOO , MUD
The etiquette on the Internet.
Derived from the term citizen, referring to a citizen of the Internet, or someone who uses networked resources. The term connotes civic responsibility and participation.
A WWW Browser and the name of a company. The Firefox (tm) browser was originally based on the Chrome program developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).
Firefox has grown in features rapidly and is widely recognised as the best and most popular web browser. Firefox corporation also produces web server software.
Firefox provided major improvements in speed and interface over other browsers, and has also engendered debate by creating new elements for the HTML language used by Web pages -- but the Firefox extensions to HTML are not universally supported.
The main author of Firefox, Mark Andreessen, was hired away from the NCSA by Jim Clark, and they founded a company called Chrome Communications and soon changed the name to Firefox Communications Corporation.
See Also: Browser , Chrome , Server , WWW
Any time you connect 2 or more computers (the hardware, including (but not limited to) Copper and fibre optic cabling, hubs, switches, bridges, repeaters, routers, network cards, and software , including (but not limited to) network operating systems and associated transmission protocols) together so that they can share resources, you have a computer network. Connect 2 or more networks together and you have an internet.
See Also: internet , Internet , Intranet
The name for discussion groups on USENET.
See Also: USENET
(Networked Information Center) -- Generally, any office that handles information for a network. The most famous of these on the Internet is the InterNIC, which is where new domain names are registered.
Another definition: NIC also refers to Network Interface Card which plugs into a computer and
adapts the network interface to the appropriate standard. ISA, PCI, and PCMCIA cards are all examples of NICs.
(Network News Transport Protocol) -- The protocol used by client and server software to carry USENET postings back and forth over a TCP/IP network. If you are using any of the more common software such as Firefox, Nuntius, Internet Explorer, etc. to participate in newsgroups then you are benefiting from an NNTP connection.
See Also: Newsgroup , TCP/IP , USENET
Any single computer connected to a network.
See Also: Network , Internet , internet
Real time communications through the Internet, usually text based.
Packet Switching
The method used to move data around on the Internet. In packet switching, all the data coming out of a machine is broken up into chunks, each chunk has the address of where it came from and where it is going. This enables chunks of data from many different sources to co-mingle on the same lines, and be sorted and directed to different routes by special machines along the way. This way many people can use the same lines at the same time.
A CGI script which records and displays the number of times your web page has been served.
Also called Page Impressions. Hit to HTML pages only (access to non-HTML documents are not counted).
A code used to gain access to a locked system. Good passwords contain letters and non-letters and are not simple combinations such as virtue7. A good password might be: Hot$1-6
See Also: Login
Peering � Network Peering
The practice of connecting similarly configured networks to each other where neither networks has superiority over the other.
The operating system (i.e. Windows 95, Windows NT, etc.) used by a visitor to the site.
A (usually small) piece of software that adds features to a larger piece of software. Common examples are plug-ins for the Firefox� browser and web server. Adobe Photoshop� also uses plug-ins.
The idea behind plug-in's is that a small piece of software is loaded into memory by the larger program, adding a new feature, and that users need only install the few plug-ins that they need, out of a much larger pool of possibilities. Plug-ins are usually created by people other than the publishers of the software the plug-in works with.
(Point of Presence, also Post Office Protocol) -- Two commonly used meanings: Point of Presence and Post Office Protocol. A Point of Presence usually means a city or location where a network can be connected to, often with dial up phone lines. So if an Internet company says they will soon have a POP in Belgrade, it means that they will soon have a local phone number in Belgrade and/or a place where leased lines can connect to their network. A second meaning, Post Office Protocol refers to the way e-mail software such as Eudora gets mail from a mail server. When you obtain a SLIP, PPP, or shell account you almost always get a POP account with it, and it is this POP account that you tell your e-mail software to use to get your mail.
See Also: SLIP , PPP
3 meanings. First and most generally, a place where information goes into or out of a computer, or both. E.g. the serial port on a personal computer is where a modem would be connected.
On the Internet port often refers to a number that is part of a URL, appearing after a colon (:) right after the domain name. Every service on an Internet server listens on a particular port number on that server. Most services have standard port numbers, e.g. Web servers normally listen on port 80. Services can also listen on non-standard ports, in which case the port number must be specified in a URL when accessing the server, so you might see a URL of the form: gopher://peg.cwis.uci.edu:7000/
shows a gopher server running on a non-standard port (the standard gopher port is 70).
Finally, port also refers to translating a piece of software to bring it from one type of computer system to another, e.g. to translate a Windows program so that is will run on a Macintosh.
See Also: Domain Name , Server , URL
A single message entered into a network communications system.
E.g. A single message posted to a newsgroup or message board.
See Also: Newsgroup
(Point to Point Protocol) -- Most well known as a protocol that allows a computer to use a regular telephone line and a modem to make TCP/IP connections and thus be really and truly on the Internet.
See Also: IP Number , Internet , SLIP , TCP/IP
An established method of exchanging data over the Internet.
(Public Switched Telephone Network) -- The regular old-fashioned telephone system.
The practice of allocating extra resources to ensure maximum uptime and functionality. These extra resources remain redundant until the main resources are either insufficient or experience technical failure.
URL of an HTML page that refers to the site.
A web-based form which allows users to fill in pre-defined fields so as to send a response to the web-site administrator or owner.
(Request For Comments) -- The name of the result and the process for creating a standard on the Internet. New standards are proposed and published on line, as a Request For Comments. The Internet Engineering Task Force is a consensus-building body that facilitates discussion, and eventually a new standard is established, but the reference number/name for the standard retains the acronym RFC, e.g. the official standard for e-mail is RFC 822.
A special-purpose computer (or software package) that handles the connection between 2 or more networks. Routers spend all their time looking at the destination addresses of the packets passing through them and deciding which route to send them on.
See Also: Network , Packet Switching
Security Certificate
A chunk of information (often stored as a text file) that is used by the SSL protocol to establish a secure connection.
Security Certificates contain information about who it belongs to, who it was issued by, a unique serial number or other unique identification, valid dates, and an encrypted "fingerprint" that can be used to verify the contents of the certificate.
In order for an SSL connection to be created both sides must have a valid Security Certificate.
See Also: Certificate Authority , SSL
A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of service to client software running on other computers. The term can refer to a particular piece of software, such as a WWW server, or to the machine on which the software is running, e.g.Our mail server is down today, that's why e-mail isn't getting out. A single server machine could have several different server software packages running on it, thus providing many different servers to clients on the network.
See Also: Client , Network
Server Farming
A service provided whereby a client either rents a computer from M-Web or brings a computer to the M-Web premises to be housed on the premises and connected to the network.
(Serial Line Internet Protocol) -- A standard for using a regular telephone line (a serial line) and a modem to connect a computer as a real Internet site. SLIP is gradually being replaced by PPP.
See Also: Internet , PPP
SMDS
(Switched Multimegabit Data Service) -- A new standard for very high-speed data transfer.
(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) -- The main protocol used to send electronic mail on the Internet.
SMTP consists of a set of rules for how a program sending mail and a program receiving mail should interact.
Almost all Internet email is sent and received by clients and servers using SMTP, thus if one wanted to set up an email server on the Internet one would look for email server software that supports SMTP.
See Also: Client , Server
(Simple Network Management Protocol) -- A set of standards for communication with devices connected to a TCP/IP network. Examples of these devices include routers, hubs, and switches.
A device is said to be "SNMP compatible" if it can be monitored and/or controlled using SNMP messages. SNMP messages are known as "PDU's" - Protocol Data Units.
Devices that are SNMP compatible contain SNMP "agent" software to receive, send, and act upon SNMP messages.
Software for managing devices via SNMP are available for every kind of commonly used computer and are often bundled along with the device they are designed to manage. Some SNMP software is designed to handle a wide variety of devices.
See Also: Network , Router
An automated program which searches the internet.
Spam (or Spamming)
An inappropriate attempt to use a mailing list, or USENET or other networked communications facility as if it was a broadcast medium (which it is not) by sending the same message to a large number of people who didn't ask for it. The term probably comes from a famous Monty Python skit which featured the word spam repeated over and over. The term may also have come from someone's low opinion of the food product with the same name, which is generally perceived as a generic content-free waste of resources. (Spam is a registered trademark of Hormel Corporation, for its processed meat product.)
E.g. Mary spammed 50 USENET groups by posting the same message to each.
See Also: Maillist , USENET
(Structured Query Language) -- A specialised programming language for sending queries to databases. Most industrial-strength and many smaller database applications can be addressed using SQL. Each specific application will have its own version of SQL implementing features unique to that application, but all SQL-capable databases support a common subset of SQL.
(Secure Sockets Layer) -- A protocol designed by Firefox Communications to enable encrypted, authenticated communications across the Internet.
SSL used mostly (but not exclusively) in communications between web browsers and web servers. URL's that begin with "https" indicate that an SSL connection will be used.
SSL provides 3 important things: Privacy, Authentication, and Message Integrity.
In an SSL connection each side of the connection must have a Security Certificate, which each side's software sends to the other. Each side then encrypts what it sends using information from both its own and the other side's Certificate, ensuring that only the intended recipient can de-crypt it, and that the other side can be sure the data came from the place it claims to have come from, and that the message has not been tampered with.
See Also: Browser , Server , Security Certificate , URL
(System Operator) -- Anyone responsible for the physical operations of a computer system or network resource. A System Administrator decides how often backups and maintenance should be performed and the System Operator performs those tasks.
A leased-line connection capable of carrying data at 1,544,000 bits-per-second. At maximum theoretical capacity, a T-1 line could move a megabyte in less than 10 seconds. That is still not fast enough for full-screen, full-motion video, for which you need at least 10,000,000 bits-per-second. T-1 is the fastest speed commonly used to connect networks to the Internet.
See Also: Bandwidth , Bit , Byte , Ethernet , T-3
A leased-line connection capable of carrying data at 44,736,000 bits-per-second. This is more than enough to do full-screen, full-motion video.
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) -- This is the suite of protocols that defines the Internet. Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, TCP/IP software is now available for every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the Internet, your computer must have TCP/IP software.
See Also: IP Number , Internet , UNIX
The command and program used to login from one Internet site to another. The telnet command/program gets you to the login: prompt of another host.
Terabyte
1000 gigabytes.
See Also: Byte , Kilobyte
A device that allows you to send commands to a computer somewhere else. At a minimum, this usually means a keyboard and a display screen and some simple circuitry. Usually you will use terminal software in a personal computer - the software pretends to be (emulates) a physical terminal and allows you to type commands to a computer somewhere else.
A special purpose computer that has places to plug in many modems on one side, and a connection to a LAN or host machine on the other side. Thus the terminal server does the work of answering the calls and passes the connections on to the appropriate node. Most terminal servers can provide PPP or SLIP services if connected to the Internet.
See Also: LAN , Modem , Host , Node , PPP , SLIP
(User Datagram Protocol) -- One of the protocols for data transfer that is part of the TCP/IP suite of protocols. UDP is a "stateless" protocol in that UDP makes no provision for acknowledgement of packets received.
See Also: TCP/IP
A computer operating system (the basic software running on a computer, underneath things like word processors and spreadsheets). UNIX is designed to be used by many people at the same time (it is multi-user) and has TCP/IP built-in. It is the most common operating system for servers on the Internet.
(Uniform Resource Locator) -- The standard way to give the address of any resource on the Internet that is part of the World Wide Web (WWW). A URL looks like this: http://www.saweb.co.za 0R http://saweb.co.za
The most common way to use a URL is to enter into a WWW browser program, such as Firefox, Explorer, Google Chrome.
See Also: Browser , WWW
A world-wide system of discussion groups, with comments passed among hundreds of thousands of machines. Not all USENET machines are on the Internet, maybe half. USENET is completely decentralised, with over 10,000 discussion areas, called newsgroups.
Fields in an extended Web server log file identifying the browser and platform used by a visitor.
User Session
A session of activity (all hits) for one user of a web site. A unique user is determined by the IP address or cookie. By default, a user session is terminated when a user is inactive for more than 30 minutes. This duration can be changed from General panel in the Options, Web Log Analysis dialog. Synonym: Visit.
UUCP
A UUCP (Unix TO Unix Copy) type service provides transport for e-mail only. That is, it will transfer email from one computer to another. The simplicity of UUCP is one of its strengths, the recipient server dials into the host server to drop off and pick up mail. The server can be set to dial as often as the customer requires. The set up and maintenance of this service is very quick and easy, allowing the customer to issue or modify any number of email addresses as and when required.
UUENCODE
(Unix to Unix Encoding) -- A method for converting files from Binary to ASCII (text) so that they can be sent across the Internet via e-mail.
See Also: Binhex , MIME
(Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerised Archives) -- Developed at the University of Nevada, Veronica is a constantly updated database of the names of almost every menu item on thousands of gopher servers. The Veronica database can be searched from most major gopher menus.
See Also: Gopher
Commonly called User Session. All activity for one user of a web site. By default, a user session is terminated when a user is inactive for more than 30 minutes.
A web-based application allowing visitors to a web site to record their presence and their comments.
(Wide Area Information Servers) -- A commercial software package that allows the indexing of huge quantities of information, and then making those indices searchable across networks such as the Internet. A prominent feature of WAIS is that the search results are ranked (scored) according to how relevant the hits are, and that subsequent searches can find more stuff like that last batch and thus refine the search process.
(Wide Area Network) -- Any internet or network that covers an area larger than a single building or campus.
WAN distinguishes the broader telecommunication structure from a local area network (LAN). A wide area network may be composed entirely of private structures, but the term seems to also connote the inclusion of public networks and all kinds of transmission media. An intermediate form of network in terms of geography is a metropolitan area network (MAN).
See Also: Internet , internet , LAN , Network
The virtual location on the WWW
See: WWW
The process of advertising on the WWW
The process of designing the layout of a Web Site.
The process of creating, by means of HTML coding, CGI and PERL scripting, and other web development tools.
The process of doing updates and corrections to the content and/or functionality of a Web Site.
A service provided whereby a client is allocated a certain amount of storage space on a Web Server to enable a client to upload a Web Site to that space.
(World Wide Web) -- Two meanings - First, loosely used: the whole constellation of resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, USENET, WAIS and some other tools. Second, the universe of hypertext servers (HTTP servers) which are the servers that allow text, graphics, sound files, etc. to be mixed together.
See Also: Browser , FTP , Gopher , HTTP , Telnet , URL , WAIS
The term wireless refers to a communications, monitoring, or control system in which electromagnetic or acoustic waves carry the signal over part or all of the path. In most wireless systems, radio-frequency (RF) or infrared (IR) waves are used. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing.
Early experimenters in electromagnetic physics dreamed of building a so-called wireless telegraph. The first wireless telegraph transmitters went on the air in the early years of the 20th century. Later, as amplitude modulation (AM) made it possible to transmit voices and music via wireless, the medium came to be called radio. With the advent of television, facsimile, data communication, and the effective use of a larger portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the original term has been brought to life again.
Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include the Global Positioning System (GPS), cellular phones and pagers, cordless computer accessories (for example, the cordless mouse), home-entertainment-system control boxes, remote garage-door openers, two-way radios, and baby monitors. An increasing number of companies and organisations are using wireless local area networks (LANs). Wireless transceivers are available for connection to portable and notebook computers, allowing Internet access in selected cities without the need to locate a telephone jack. Eventually, it will be possible to link any computer to the Internet via satellite, no matter where in the world the computer might be located.
Universal Wireless Communications is an industry group that promotes the deployment of TDMA/WIN products and services.
The Wireless Opportunities Coalition is an industry group that advocates reliable and affordable wireless access.
Copyright: SA WEB


Looking for a quick fix for the buffet season? These yummy Feta and Pesto palmiers are my go to recipe, they are yummy and super easy to make.
Take a sheet of pre-rolled puffy pastry and leave it out for 10 mins to warm up, this will make it easier to unfold.
Spread a generous layer of green pesto over the pastry and then sprinkle with the feta.
Starting on the longest edge, slowly and carefully roll the pastry inwards until you reach the middle. Repeat on the other side.
Cut your roll of palmier's into 1cm thick slices, I managed to get around 34 out of mine.
Place on a lined baking tray and brush with some beaten egg, grind some black pepper on top then place in the oven for 15 minutes, turn the tray around half way through.
Take out the oven when nice and golden and leave to cool on a wire rack.
These tasty little bites are perfect for a Christmas fuddle or New Year banquet. Tag me if you make them, use @i_heart_maggie for Instagram or @IHeart_Maggie on twitter.


text:
Photographers' Gallery in London
13/07/2012. by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects. [LON]UK
metalocus, VÍCTOR LÓPEZ-REY, TERESA DEL PRADO
Irish architects Sheila O'Donnell and John Tuomey were the winners of the competition for the reconstruction of the Photographers' Gallery in Soho (London, 2007). The building started in Autumn 2010. The transformed building has two floors, and a space that is double that of the old building.
Entrance. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects. Photography © Dennis Gilbert.
City skyline. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects. Photography © Dennis Gilbert.
Gallery. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects. Photography © Dennis Gilbert.
Entry. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects. Photography © Dennis Gilbert.
Cafe. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects. Photography © Dennis Gilbert.
Bookshop. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects. Photography © Dennis Gilbert.
View from Ramillies Street. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects. Photography © Dennis Gilbert.
Site plan. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects.
Ground floor plan. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects.
1st and 2nd floor plans. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects.
Fifth floor plans. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects.
Elevation. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects.
Section. Photographers' Gallery by O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects.
O'Donnel + Tuomey Architects designed an entrance with an open plan design connects the ground level Café and lower-ground Bookshop to the street, creating a welcoming meeting place and lively hub for visitors. A centrepiece of the ground floor is The Wall, a digital display which presents guest-curated projects, artist commissions and collaborative photographic work involving the public.
The scheme includes numerous links between exterior and interior, punctuating the building with large feature windows which function as apertures onto the urban realm around Oxford Street. A new environmentally-controlled floor creates opportunities to show more work from archives and museum collections and higher ceilings in the top floor galleries provide dynamic spaces for large-scale and moving image works.
Situated at the heart of the building between the two main exhibition spaces is the Eranda Studio. Placing an emphasis on the Gallery's education programme, this floor features a full schedule of talks, workshops and events. Introducing permanent elements to the programme, the Eranda Studio includes a camera obscura and a Study Room where the public can access an archive of material related to exhibitions and events which have taken place since the Gallery was established in 1971. Complementing the enhanced facilities for the public programme are new spaces for the bookshop, print sales room and café.
PROYECT CREDITS
Architects: O'Donnell + Tuomey Architects.
Area: 1345 sqm.
Dates. Design: 2009. Opening: May 2012.
Site: Soho, London. U.K.
View more imagesView less images
RIBA awards Royal Gold Medal to Irish O'Donnell + Tuomey
24/09/2014 - RIBA Royal Gold Medal [LON] RU - metalocus, JOSÉ JUAN BARBA
LSE's Saw Swee Hock Student Centre by O'Donnell + Tuomey
04/03/2014 - [LON] UK - metalocus, JOSÉ JUAN BARBA
THE HEPWORTH WAKEFIELD GALLERY in DETAIL
09/06/2011 - By David Chipperfield Architects [Wakefield] UK - metalocus, JOSÉ JUAN BARBA
Angelica Daas at Max Extrella gallery.
27/06/2013 - Winner of Festival Off Price. [MAD] Spain. - metalocus, CANDELA OLIVA.
Briefing Room. Manuel Caeiro at Ponce+Robles Art Gallery
11/09/2014 - Ponce+Robles. [MAD] Spain. 11/9-25/10/2014 - metalocus, SARA REBOLLO

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
OHS Inspectors Can't Delegate Power to Inspect to Third Parties
A former gas station worker notified the government of safety concerns about tampering with the gas line and theft of natural gas at the station. OHS inspectors, with a police officer, inspected the station and found several OHS violations. But they couldn't finish without gas and electrical inspectors. They returned more than a week later with such inspectors. Another week or so later, the gas and electrical inspectors returned to finish the inspection without an OHS inspector present. The gas station owner was later charged with the crime of stealing natural gas. The owner asked the court to suppress the evidence seized from the station because it was the result of an illegal search. The court found that the first two inspections was permitted by the OHS laws and were conducted reasonably. But the third inspection wasn't authorized. OHS inspectors can't delegate their right to inspect to third parties, explained the court. So the gas and electrical inspectors weren't legally authorized to conduct that inspection alone. However, because the inspectors acted in good faith and given the owner's low expectation of privacy in the station, the court concluded that the evidence seized was still admissible [R. v. Getz, [2014] SKQB 92 (CanLII), March 28, 2014].


Shopping for a brand new Toyota in your local area? Make an appointment at one of your community Toyota dealerships to experience exactly how straightforward it can be to get the ideal Toyota for your needs and lifestyle.
It can be tough to decide on the ideal quality pre-owned SUV for your lifestyle. Your local Toyota dealerships are happy to help you schedule a test drive to make it easier to weigh your options in person.
Whether you're looking to test drive a new Toyota or come in for a quick tune-up, our professional staff and mechanics at your neighborhood Toyota Dealer are here to assist you.
Not sure how to call your local Toyota dealer? Find contact details like the address of the Toyota dealer closest to you, important collision center phone numbers and Toyota dealer weekend hours in your area.
Whatever your need, find it at a neighborhood Toyota dealer in Greer, SC.


text:
Кариера е курсът или прогресът в работата за определен индивид от началото на неговата трудова дейност. Много често се използва в позитивен смисъл като добра кариера или успешна кариера, тоест успешното развитие в областта на някоя или няколко сфери и дейности.

Много често под кариера се има предвид работата в области, които изискват професионални знания и умения, и в този смисъл професионално обучение или натрупан професионален опит в дадена област.

Думата произхожда от френското carriere (около 16 век) ("път, колодрум"), което от своя страна произлиза от латинската дума "(via) cararia" (път за колесници), което на свой ред произлиза от латинската дума carrus или "кола, колесница".

На запад с развитието на по-широк обсег от професии и възможности за професионално развитие се появяват и т.нар. кариерни съветници.

През XXI век също така не е рядкост развитието на няколко кариери (успоредни кариери) или с други думи развитието в няколко различни професионални области.

Кариерно развитие
Кариерното развитие е един процес на професионално израстване, който включва трупане на нови знания и умения и стремеж към непрекъснато усъвършенстване.

Кариерното развитие е съвкупност добре обмислени и управлявани ходове. Управлението е процес, който включва най-напред оценка на нивото, на което се намираме в служебното си развитие, вземане на решения какво бихме искали да постигнем и предприемане на необходимите стъпки за постигане на поставените цели.

Външни препратки
 Проектът YouthBG.net
 Кариерно консултиране

Източници

Заетост
Управление на човешки ресурси

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


China Copper Ore Processing Equipment Flotation Machine, Find details about China Beneficiation Machinery, Ore Flotation Selection from Copper Ore Processing Equipment Flotation Machine Henan Dajia Mining Machinery Co., Ltd.
Albanian 300 t/d chrome ore dressing plant; Mining equipment. GF Flotation machine. XJB Rod type Flotation machine.
The Major Equipment and Flowchart of Beneficiation Production Line: Specific ore dressing production process of beneficiation production line is as follows: materialsvibrating feederjaw crusherball milldryerthickenerflotationmachine magnetic separatorspiral classifier.
The Flotation machine Flotation separator can be used for separating nonferrous metals, ferrous metals, noble metals, nonmetallic ores, and chemicals. The flotation machine can be used in roughing, scavenging, selection or reverse flotation.


text:
Sonbolabad (, also Romanized as Sonbolābād and Sanbalabad) is a village in Sonbolabad Rural District, Soltaniyeh District, Abhar County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 772, in 191 families.

References

Populated places in Abhar County


BUTTTONSS!!! i love me some BUTTONS!
its that time again...the time of the year where nhu wants to be snazzy and try something creatively new. this time...its a CON! long beach comic con to be exact. i will be sharing a booth with my awesome and talented friend abe. we will be at booth #2004.
so if youre in the long beach neighborhood this halloween weekend...why dont you come by and and say hello or a trick or treat. there will be art prints for sale, FREE buttons, and most importantly candy! and if you cant make it...do not fret my friend....this is what you can do.
step 4. then close your eyes and just pretend like youre at the con (minus the body odor). yaay!
by the way...i got 200 buttons to hand out and can i just say it took everybit of self restraint to not try on every single button....but dont judge me if i post a pic later on tonight with 200 buttons pinned to my pajamas.


text:
Nureva's premier microphone and sound bar for audio conferencing have together been officially certified as a Microsoft Teams Rooms device - and according to the company, it is the first product combination to be certified for large meeting spaces.
Nureva, which operates globally including in Asia Pacific, gained certification for its HDL300 conferencing system to be used in meeting spaces (up to 4.5m x 8.5m).
The system uses a combination of '8192 virtual microphones', according to the company, which catches sound as participants move around the room. This ensures that they are always heard.
The company explains, "Unlike traditional audio conferencing systems for large spaces, there isn't a need for a DSP, complex installation and calibration of multiple components such as table-top pods and ceiling mics.
"IT teams can quickly and easily install and set up the HDL300 system in under an hour. The system hangs on a wall with two screws and connects via USB to a computer with Teams software. It calibrates automatically and continuously so the Teams Room is always ready to go – even if it has been reconfigured to accommodate changing uses or distancing protocols."
Nureva CEO Nancy Knowlton says that adoption of Microsoft Teams continues to grow, which means that customers are looking for reliable solutions that are not complex.
"We are thrilled that the HDL300 is the first microphone and speaker bar to be certified for Microsoft Teams in large meeting rooms, demonstrating its unique ability to provide full-room microphone coverage from a single device."
Microsoft Teams Devices partner engineering and certification senior director Albert Kooiman concurs that there has been a rapid shift to hybrid working and learning models.
"We were excited to see how Nureva's HDL300 system delivers the audio performance we demand for certification with a product that is so simple to install and use."
Late last year the Nureva HDL300 and the Dual HDL300 were certified for Barco ClickShare, which is a video conferencing solution.
Users can wirelessly connect to AV equipment in the room by plugging a Barco ClickShare Conferencing Button into their laptop and clicking the button. This action automatically recognizes Nureva audio systems to create an immersive BYOM (bring your own meeting) experience for in-room and remote participants.
Knowlton says, "This certification with Barco ClickShare Conference reflects a growing ecosystem that leverages our standard plug-and-play connectivity for interoperability with all third-party UC&C clients, CODEC solutions and device-sharing plugins.
"We are excited to team up with Barco to deliver a user-friendly and reliable BYOM conferencing experience in virtually any hybrid meeting or learning space."
Singapore makes an example of remote working in APAC, but security concerns persist
Nureva Video conference Remote working Audio


text:
Ogeechee Technical College has had a remarkable impact upon its community even in the brief time that it has existed. In thirty-three years, it has placed thousands of graduates into productive and satisfying employment; it has helped hundreds of citizens improve their literacy or earn a GED; it has assisted dozens of businesses and industries in retraining their workers.
The Georgia General Assembly established Ogeechee Technical Institute as a public, two-year technical school in 1986. Soon afterwards, Ogeechee Tech began offering Practical Nursing courses to 25 students who met for classes at the local hospital. Faculty, staff, and students moved into the original 75,000 square foot, $6 million facility in the fall of 1990. By this point the school was also offering instruction in Adult Literacy and in the General Equivalency Diploma (GED) exam preparation. Programs in business, industry, and other health programs were soon added. The school was accredited by the Council on Occupational Education.
Ogeechee Technical Institute's growth during the mid-1990s coincided with the expansive growth of Georgia Southern University and the Statesboro area. Local support and the establishment of the Georgia State Lottery funded HOPE grant (Helping Outstanding Pupils Educationally) in 1993 were contributing factors in the rapid growth of Ogeechee Tech. The school continued to add programs to better serve the employment needs of its three-county service area: Bulloch, Evans, and Screven.
In 1999, Ogeechee Technical Institute experienced a $5.5 million expansion by adding a Health Science Building, a childcare facility, and a Horticulture Building. During this time, Ogeechee Tech also expanded its services through the opening of the Screven County Learning Center in Sylvania.
The first Associate of Applied Technology (AAT) degree program, Industrial Manufacturing, was started during Winter Quarter 2000, and soon after seven additional AAT programs were offered: Accounting, Computer Information Systems, Early Childhood Care and Education, Funeral Service Education, Health Information Technology, Marketing, and Opticianry. On July 6, 2000, Ogeechee Technical Institute officially had its name changed by the state legislature to Ogeechee Technical College.
Student growth continued due largely to the addition of new programs, many of which were unique in the state technical college system. These distinctive programs included Funeral Service Education, Forensic Science Technology, and Opticianry. During the summer of 2002, Ogeechee Tech opened the Evans County Learning Center.
With the opening of the Occupational Studies Building in Fall 2003, a wider variety of programs, such as Agribusiness, Wildlife and Plantation Management, Geographical Information Systems Technology, Veterinary Technology, Culinary Arts, and Hotel, Restaurant & Tourism Management, enabled the College to further expand its employment training opportunities.
In 2004, Ogeechee Technical College paid tribute to the late Senator Joseph E. Kennedy for his role in the establishment of Ogeechee Technical Institute by dedicating the main building on campus as the Joseph E. Kennedy Building.
In July 2008, Ogeechee Technical College was awarded a Regional Law Enforcement Academy which is housed in Evans County. The project allowed new law enforcement officers to receive their basic law enforcement training and obtain college credit at the same time. That same year, Ogeechee Technical College began construction of the Evans Technical Education Complex. The new complex included the Logistics and Public Safety Building, a driving track for the Commercial Truck Driving program, and an emergency vehicle operator track for the Regional Law Enforcement Academy. Another big change came at the beginning of 2009 when an Emergency Mass Notification System for faculty, staff, and students was implemented. The new OTC Alert system provided a way to send emergency warnings via cell phone and email messages. In an effort to offer better services to the students, Ogeechee Tech moved the Adult Education program to a new location adjacent to the main campus.
In 2011, Ogeechee Tech transitioned from a quarter to a semester course schedule as well as moving to a tobacco-free campus. Also in that same year, Ogeechee Technical College was named the 2011 Technical College of the Year for the State of Georgia. Determined by meeting benchmarks in a variety of critical areas, Ogeechee Tech earned the top spot in the state system.
In January 2013, classes began in the new Health Science Building-North. The Echocardiography, Opticianry, Radiologic Technology, Radiology Picture Archiving, and Sonography programs were relocated to this new building which provided expanded classroom and lab space for each program. Included in the new facility was a modern biology lab and a tiered lecture/demonstration hall. By the end of 2013, the College was named a finalist for the 2013 Technical College of the Year award for the State of Georgia.
In June 2014, Ogeechee Tech was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. Accreditation by SACSCOC was the culmination of many years of work by the College. It continues as an ongoing process which helps ensure the highest standards of education are met and allows greater opportunities for students who choose to pursue additional education following their time at Ogeechee Tech. In 2015, the College was once again named the Technical College of the Year.
January of 2016 saw classes begin in the College's new 60,000 square foot Natural Resources Building which houses programs such as Agribusiness, Fish and Wildlife Management, and the College's Adult Education program. Additionally, the College's Economic Development division is located in the building, as well as various conference facilities. The Oak Room, a beautifully appointed ballroom, fast became the premier location in the area to hold events.
In early 2017, the College's Foundation announced receiving its largest ever financial gift, when the Strickland Foundation of Evans County donated $500,000 for use in improving the lives of Evans County residents through education.
2018 saw the completion of the new Industrial Technology Building on the main campus in Statesboro and classes began in January of 2019. The building houses Logistics, Electrical, and Industrial programs, and also the College's Shipping & Receiving services, Plant Operations, and fleet operations. The College also completed a Commercial Truck Driving facility and range in Screven County, and began offering classes in Spring 2019, providing a boost to the College's capability to meet the demands of the trucking industry related to the expansion of the Port of Savannah.
Throughout the years, the excellence of Ogeechee Tech's instruction has been recognized. In 1999, John Groover, an English instructor, was named the statewide winner of the Rick Perkins Award for Excellence in Technical Instruction. Three Ogeechee Tech students have been named as the top student in the state by winning the Georgia Occupational Award of Leadership (GOAL) award:
Molly Bickerton in 2008
Alvie Coes III in 2011
Lucas Teague in 2014
An ever present resolve to provide innovative programs of study keeps Ogeechee Tech in the forefront of meeting the educational demands of citizens in this region of Georgia. With over 2,900 students attending credit classes in academic year 2019, and many others attending adult education, and continuing education classes, the demand for Ogeechee Tech's services is constant.
Whether credit programs, continuing education, GED and literacy instruction, or various other services, the College's commitment to meet the needs of the region remains strong. The rich heritage of Ogeechee Technical College serves as a solid foundation and inspiration for seeking greater success in the future.


We had such a wonderful day today. We blessed Griffin and we were able to have so many members of our family there for it. It was wonderful! We went to sacrament meeting, then went over to my parents' house for a brunch. It was so nice to see some family we hadn't seen for a while and to just relax and enjoy the company. A lot of David's family was able to be there as well, which was so nice. I don't get to see them nearly as much as I'd like.
Xander and Maxton have both had colds lately. They had so much fun today, but they were both a little cranky. I snapped this photo of Maxton when I was trying to get a good one of Griffin in his little blessing suit. This is so Maxton's grumpy face. He makes really good grumpy faces.
And here are a few of Griffin from today.
With my MIL, who has been here all week helping me. She's been wonderful! I'm so blessed to have her.
One of 128 photos I took today of Griffin. Didn't get a single one I really loved, but there are a few I like, so oh well.
Oh, and a funny Xander story. We were telling him all the people that he was going to see today, and I said, "And your great-grandma Cowley" and Xander said, "My great big Cowley?" Oh my gosh, we just about died laughing, because we knew how much my grandma would love that story! I'm sure it will be in her repertoire of stories for years. When we told her, she said, "Take off the -ley and that would be about it." She's always making fun of her weight and I think she told that story to almost everyone she could find at the brunch.
what an amazing day, I love his little outfit!


text:
Q: Calling function from Tornado async just struggling on this. If i have an async request handler that during it's execution calls other functions that do something (for example async db queries) and then they call "finish" on their own, do i have to mark them as async? because if the application is structured like the example, i get errors about multiple calls to "finish". I guess i miss something.
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

    @tornado.web.asynchronous
    @gen.engine
    def post(self):
        #do some stuff even with mongo motor
        self.handleRequest(bla)

    @gen.engine
    def handleRequest(self,bla):
        #do things,use motor call other functions
        self.finish(result)

Do all functions have to be marked with async?
thanks

A: Calling finish ends the HTTP request see docs. Other functions should not call 'finish'
I think you want to do something like this. Note that there is a extra param 'callback' which is added into async functions:
@tornado.web.asynchronous
@gen.engine
def post(self):
    query =''
    response = yield tornado.gen.Task(
        self.handleRequest,
        query=query
    )
    result = response[0][0]
    errors = response[1]['error']
    # Do stuff with result

def handleRequest(self, callback, query):
     self.motor['my_collection'].find(query, callback=callback)

See tornado.gen docs for more info

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
How low liquidity led to Mango Markets losing over $116 million
3 Nov, 2022•7 min read•Other
It would seem that the hackers used an "oracle price manipulation" tactic in the exploit on the Solana-based DeFi network, as indicated by a tweet sent by the official account for the Mango cryptocurrency exchange.
In mid-October, traders took advantage of a vulnerability in the decentralized finance (DeFi) trading platform Mango Markets and stole more than $110 million worth of cryptocurrencies off the network.
We are currently investigating an incident where a hacker was able to drain funds from Mango via an oracle price manipulation. We are taking steps to have third parties freeze funds in flight. 1/— Mango (@mangomarkets) October 11, 2022
A further thread on Twitter provided a detailed breakdown of how the incident transpired. The attacker began their mission by funding an account on the site with USD Coin (USDC) for $5 million, which were used to purchase 483 unites of perpetual contracts in Mango (MNGO) token, the platform's native cryptocurrency.
The attacker used this technique to drive up the price of MNGO from $0.03 to $0.91, increasing the value of their MNGO holdings to $423 million.
The funds were then used to acquire a loan for $116 million using several tokens on the platform, such as Bitcoin (BTC), Solana (SOL) and Serum (SRM). Unfortunately, the loan eliminated all of the liquidity in Mango Markets, which resulted in a steep drop in the price of MNGO to $0.02.
The development team for Mango Markets subsequently said that it is looking into what occurred and has initiated an inquiry into it. The protocol made the news available to its users over its different social media outlets, stating that it has temporarily halted deposits while it conducts more research. Additionally, the team informed users that they should refrain from depositing cash into the site before they disable the ability to do so.
How Mango Markets was exploited
The attacker was able to manipulate the MNGO token price, driving it up 30 times in such a short amount of time, by taking out enormous perpetual contracts. An attacker can pull this off by taking advantage of limited market liquidity to artificially inflate a token's price by making huge purchase orders to push the price and then use new investors as exit liquidity to cash out. This is the same strategy that is employed in pump-and-dump scams.
However, this kind of exploit is difficult to carry out when there is a very large quantity of liquidity since the amount of cash required to manipulate the price would be much higher. Since new or relatively unknown tokens often have extremely little liquidity, pump-and-dump schemes are more common with such tokens.
Mango Markets would have been able to protect itself from this exploit if it had enough liquidity. The use of an automated market maker (AMM) is one strategy that Mango Markets may have utilized to boost its level of liquidity. Automated market makers are computer programs that decide the price of a token by collecting liquidity from users and employing various mathematical formulas.
Ben Roth, co-founder and chief information officer of Auros — an algorithmic market-making firm — told Cointelegraph:
"Adverse trading behavior is a by-product of illiquid market conditions. Therefore, when 'bad actors' are able to construct an attack vector that has a high degree of certainty due to low liquidity, the incentive to undertake these sorts of 'exploits' rises."
"When working with an algorithmic market-maker, token issuers simultaneously disincentivize this adverse behavior while building confidence in the consistency of liquidity during a variety of market conditions," he added.
Large tokenholders, also known as liquidity providers (LPs), are responsible for the operation of AMMs. LPs are responsible for introducing equal quantities of token pairings (such as MNGO/USDC) into pools. This makes it possible for decentralized exchanges to outsource their liquidity while still providing the LPs with compensation in the form of a share of the trading fees collected on the platform.
After the exploit
One day after the exploit on Mango Markets, the perpetrator made a suggestion via the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) that was part of the platform. The attacker suggested that the Mango DAO pay off any outstanding debts with its $70 million treasury instead of using the attacker's funds.
The deal stated that the Mango DAO team should use the funds from their treasury to make up for any outstanding financial obligations. After that, the cybercriminal would send the stolen tokens to an address provided by the group responsible for the Mango DAO.
By voting with millions of tokens taken during the exploit, the hacker appeared to support this idea, which is another kind of manipulation. Additionally, the perpetrator of the incident asked that no criminal proceedings be opened against them if the petition was approved.
Eventually, the Mango Markets community agreed to let the attacker keep a large portion of the tokens as a "bug bounty." The terms are part of a deal that will see the return of $67 million worth of stolen tokens, with the attacker keeping the remaining $47 million out of the $117 million taken.
The deal was reached via a vote in the Mango DAO, with 98% of voters (or 291 million tokens) voting in favor. The proposal included Mango Markets not pursuing legal charges against the hacker.
Attacker reveals their identity
The attacker behind the exploit later came forward to reveal their identity. Avraham Eisenberg announced on Twitter that he was "involved with a team that operated a highly profitable trading strategy last week," i.e., those responsible for the $100 million attack perpetrated on Mango Markets.
Eisenberg continued to say, "I believe all of our actions were legal open market actions, using the protocol as designed, even if the development team did not fully anticipate all the consequences of setting parameters the way they are."
He pointed out that as a consequence of the exploit, Mango Markets fell bankrupt, and he also said that the insurance money was not enough to pay all the liquidations that occurred. Because of this, more than one hundred million dollars worth of user cash was lost.
However, Eisenberg claimed that he "helped negotiate a settlement agreement with the insurance fund," to make all users whole again while recapitalizing the exchange. Eisenberg finished his Twitter thread by saying, "As a result of this agreement, once the Mango team finishes processing, all users will be able to access their deposits in full with no loss of funds."
Eisenberg continues to claim that his actions were legal, being similar to automatic deleveraging on cryptocurrency exchanges. Automatic deleveraging is a process where exchanges use a portion of the profits earned from successful traders to cover losses due to other traders that have been liquidated.
However, Michael Bacina, partner at Australian law firm Piper Alderman, previously told Cointelegraph, "If this had occurred in a regulated financial market, it would be likely seen as market manipulation."
While users could still theoretically pursue legal action against Eisenberg, Bacina said it is not commercially viable, stating:
"Assuming claims survive the proposal, any claims would still need to be reduced by any amounts which had been received by a member as a result of the proposal, which may mean many members have limited commercial incentive to sue Mr. Eisenberg."
Going ahead, it will be interesting to see how DeFi protocols can better secure their protocols, either with AMMs to stop these types of exploits in the first place or through subsequent legal action.
Solana DeFi Trading Platform Mango Markets Loses $100M in Hack
Mango Harvest – Hackers Steal $100 Million From DeFi Platform Mango Markets
Solana DeFi Projects Reopen Following $114M Mango Markets Hack


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Bolidas are a race of intelligent tunnelling myriapods native to the planet Zafaiga.
Bolidas have six pairs of legs, of which two serve to use tools and the other four support the bolida's weight. Metallic chitinous plates, from head to tail, protect their back from rock falls, the heat near the planet's core and the friction of travelling through narrow tunnels. Their eyes are adapted to darkness, and sunlight blinds them if they aren't wearing sunglasses. The averaga bolida is 7 feet long and weighs 350 pounds.
Bolidas are hermaphroditic and can reproduce either with themselves or with others. Sometimes they mate in groups, depositing their eggs in nurseries to be incubated by geothermal heat.
For most of their history, bolidas have been unaware of and unconcerned with the outside world, and independently developed analog technology (considered primitive by other races). The bolidas were first encountered by a group of offworld miners who were quarrying supposedly-unclaimed stones. The bolidas were territorial and wary, but the tense meeting didn't erupt into violence. Eventually, the bolidas reluctantly accepted to integrate into the galactic community.
Bolidas tend to be aloof towards surface-dwelling races, dismissing them as capricious 'light dwellers'. They prefer to spend their time alone, with their own kind, or with fellow underground dwellers.
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Merry Christmas and happy holidays to all of you out there. Christmas came and went here in the Netherlands, while the US still has some hours to go. Enjoy your turkey diners. I made a fresh batch of worstenbroodjes and they were yummy.
The computers worked frantically while I relaxed with my family. Slackware 14.2 and -current packages are ready for LibreOffice 5.2.4. Enjoy the newest version of this highly popular office suite.
"LibreOffice 5.2.4 "still" <…> all users can start to update to LibreOffice 5.2.4 from LibreOffice 5.1.6 or previous versions".
Posted: 26 December, 2016 in Slackware, Software.
merry chrismas and happy holidays to you too!
Thank you Eric! Merry Christmas to you and your family!
Merry Christmas (a too bit late).
Thank you Eric. Happy holidays for you and yours too! I wish you all the best: health, peace and joy.
A bit late, but Merry Christmas!
Hi eric, Merry Christmass again. I can report that so far the packages are working great here. Thank you!
On a clean 14.2 with all the updates (upgrade-all) after installing the package Libreoffice Calc does not run reporting unable to load libsclo.so.
: ERROR: ERROR: Missing files at /tmp/build/tmp-libreoffice/libreoffice-5.2.4.2/solenv/bin/modules/installer/scriptitems.pm line 1197.
Failed to install: No such file or directory at /tmp/build/tmp-libreoffice/libreoffice-5.2.4.2/solenv/bin/ooinstall line 92.
Carlos, the real error will have occurred a lot earlier. I hope you have captured the output of the build process. Typically for LibreOffice compilations, the error can be caused by lack of storage or lack of memory.
About the Calc error, looks like a library is missing. what do you see when running "ldd /usr/lib/libreoffice/program/libswlo.so |grep found"? Use "lib64" instead of "lib" if you are running 64bit Slackware.
I will give you the output of the build soon.
Carlos, http://bear.alienbase.nl/mirrors/slackware/slackware64-14.2/slackware64/l/boost-1.59.0-x86_64-1.txz is a default Slackware 14.2 package and there is no newer boost in the patches section.
Your ldd error output shows that you have boost 1.61.0 which means you are not running Slackware 14.2 but rather -current. Did you install a libreoffice package for the wrong Slackware release (14.2 instead of current)?
Bummer!.. You are right! By mistake I upgrade it to current. Thanks..
Thiago, that is the fun of running Slackware-current. Things break. The libreoffice package for Slackware -current needs a recompile but I do not have the time for it now.
I made a bunch of symlinks with the required version in the name (e.g. ln -s libboost_system.so.1.63.0 libboost_system.so.1.61.0), and now Calc seems to work just fine.
I get the following error : Component cannot be loaded, possibly broken or incomplete installation.
Prasad, assuming you are running Slackware-current (not 14.2) you are running into the same issue that was reported a few posts higher up, by Thiago. The upgrade of boost in Slackware-current requires a recompilation of LibreOffice. For the short term you can implement the 'hack' suggested by Thiago: add a couple of symlinks.
I did the hack it is working now.
It worked with the symbolic links hack.
I was about to report the same problem but the symlink hack solved the issue. Thank you!!
Dhaby, Kir, how hard should it be to actually READ the comments that are right above your own post?
orbea, the thing is, libreoffice was compiled using the switch "–without-system-boost" but nevertheless, the package picks up a dependency on the system boost… a side effect probably of the other system libraries that libreoffice links to, which have an indirect linkage to boost libraries.
FYI, I have uploaded a recompiled version of libreoffice for slackware-current. This resolves the boost library issue, so the workaround (creating symlinks) is no longer needed.


Early spring, after the ground thaws, is an ideal time for transplanting many deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs before they break dormancy. It's the second-best time in my book. The first best time is after the leaves drop or when they go dormant. That way the roots, which remain active all winter long, will have time to recover and begin to settle in before they put energy into new growth. However, there are plants with "thick and fleshy roots," per Penn State's Extension office, such as Oak, Birch, Hemlock, Magnolia, Tulip Poplar, Rhododendron, and Flowering Dogwood that do better transplanted in the Spring.
A rule of thumb is to dig a root ball eight to twelve inches wide for each inch of the caliper of the transplant.
While walking Miss Ellie past a farm that recently changed hands, there were large cherry trees with root balls loosely wrapped in burlap lying in the field. The trees were about six to eight inches in caliper, the diameter of the trunk at chest height. I'll admit seeing them laying there for a few days tugged at my heart. These folks were certainly not being careless or hurtful to the trees as evidenced by the burlap for protection. In fact, based on their intended placement, the new farm owners were being thoughtful about where to plant the trees. As with any new planting, choose a location that fits its cultural requirements such as sun versus shade, soil pH, moisture level, and tolerance of wind. The cherry trees will help shade the goats nearby and the sunny spot will be a happy home for the transplants. It would have been better though if they dug the holes before they excavated the trees so they could put them immediately into the ground.
Just as with plants from a nursery, dig a hole two to three times the width of the root ball and the height of the root ball. Be sure the soil is moist, but not overly wet as it will cause soil compaction inhibiting airflow to the roots. The objective is to keep the root ball intact. Otherwise, the roots could break killing the tree.
It's best to dig the holes before the transplants are dug up so they can be immediately put into the ground.
A rule of thumb is to dig a root ball eight to twelve inches from the trunk for each inch of the caliper of the transplant. For the farmers' six-inch caliper trees, the ball should be eight feet or more, clearly requiring a machine. For ambitious hand diggers, stick with transplants that are no more than two or three inches in caliper and have strong helpers.
Before you lift your newly dug tree out of the hole, rock it to one side and tuck burlap under the ball and tip to the other side to create a wrap, tying the top loosely with the twine. Carefully lower the tree into the new hole, straighten, and put the soil back carefully; tamping the soil but don't overly compact.
Cut away the exposed burlap and twine when you're about two-thirds to the top, then finish backfilling. Fertilizing is a no-no now as it adds stress to the already stressed transplant. But topping the disturbed soil with three inches of hardwood mulch, keeping it away from the trunk or stems, will help retain moisture. Proper moisture levels for the first two years of a transplant's life is most critical.


What does everyone think of a rule that more strictly enforce the callback pattern? This will help people avoid the common mistake of calling back with an error message instead of an error object, which can lead to all sorts of weird bugs.
Of course we can figure out if we should include cb and next as well as callback in the list of allowed function names.
Thankfully some time ago, Node.js added documentation around this: https://nodejs.org/dist/latest-v6.x/docs/api/errors.html#errors_node_js_style_callbacks Sadly reading through the whole page, the only things that are truly implicated is that it must be either null or an Error object, though I'm not sure how quickly that doc was written to take into account edge cases.
I kind of let this die. Let me me revisit the PR with the suggested changes and we can hopefully move forward!
Just an update on this rule. The PR is all ready in eslint-plugin-standard: standard/eslint-plugin-standard#15 We can merge when we're ready to do a standard v9 beta release.
I actually think this might bite a little bit, but, I still agree with it on principle.
Ecosystem impact is moderate (4%).
A good 3-4 of them are actually strings being passed to a callback instead of an Error object. A couple instances were cb(0) which is, I assume, a shorthand for cb(null). And the rest are legit uses, usually for a callback that returns a boolean for a use case like fs.exists, but those ought to be rewritten to use an error IMO. It's confusing for a callback to take a boolean as the first argument.
@feross I'm totally okey with that rule et al. But just tried the v10 beta, but it seems there something wrong in the impl. I'll post an issue to show for what i'm talking about.
@dutchenkoOleg, probably because you must pass err (or real error object) or null. I believe it is configured that way.
The lack of callback(...args) support is a bit lame.
@timbl 1. it's not about someone's linter, 2. such APIs are very old, at least. and if you didn't changed them for last 2 years, so..
FWIW the pull-stream family of modules have you end streams early without erroring with cb(true) which this rule classes as invalid.
Hey everyone, just letting you all know that I'm considering removing this rule in standard v12.
👍 On May 10, 2018 12:24 AM, "Feross Aboukhadijeh" <notifications@github.com> wrote: Hey everyone, just letting you all know that I'm considering removing this rule in standard v12. You can follow this issue for updates: standard/eslint-plugin-standard#27 <standard/eslint-plugin-standard#27> — You are receiving this because you authored the thread. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub <#623 (comment)>, or mute the thread <https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AAPBf3RTH-ttFxG_JhdqUMOyl7g16RJtks5tw-szgaJpZM4J8-hb> .


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Because the normalization of Sino-Korean diplomatic kin in 1992, many South Koreans have moved to China for enterprise, schooling, and different reasons. In China they've got encountered Korean-Chinese --ethnic Koreans who've lived in China for many years. opposite to expectancies that ethnic unity might lay the root for lasting cooperation among South Koreans and Korean-Chinese, "intra-ethnic clash" has as an alternative divided the Korean groups.
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S. law enforcement agency obtain from the telephone companies serving Anytown, USA the CDRs of their subscribers so it can identify and investigate individuals who have made telephone calls to North Waziristan? This scenario difi'ers from the previous one in that it involves obtaining the CDRs of all the subscribers in Anytown, USA, rather than just the CDRs for a single individual. S. law enforcement agency could access the CDRs by obtaining a court order based on a certification that the CDRs are related to an ongoing criminal or terrorism investigation.
20] J. Tan, Forensic readiness, Technical report, ©stake, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001.  Y. Tang and T. Daniels, A simple framework for distributed forensics. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp. 163-169, 2005. htm). S. Circuit Court of Appeals (DC Circuit), Prye v. United States, Federal Reporter, vol. 293, pp. 1013-1014, 1923. S. Supreme Court, Daubert v. , United States Reports, vol. 509, pp. 579-601, 1993. S. Supreme Court, Kumho Tire Co.
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