text:
Pharmacological Lies and the Addiction Bureaucracy
by Theodore Dalrymple
Encounter Books, 2006. 165 pp. $21.95
The Cult of Pharmacology: How America Became the Worlds Most Troubled Drug Culture
by Richard DeGrandpre
Duke University Press, 2006. 312 pp. $25.95
Reviewed by Lee Harris
http://harris.pundicity.com/2941/drug-addiction-and-the-open-society
Drug Addiction and the Open Society
Today, despite America's three-decades-long national War on Drugs, we are still in the midst of what many have called a "drug epidemic." If we abandon our policy of "containment"—the long-term effort to reduce the production and consumption of drugs—how far would this epidemic spread through the general population? If most people, or even a substantial minority, became drug addicts whose whole existence revolved around getting their next fix, the prospects for our society would look bleak indeed.
Is this, however, a realistic scenario? When we speak of a "drug epidemic," after all, we are employing a metaphor, one much abused by public health officials and the modern media. This is clearly not a classic medical epidemic, with a contagious disease spreading through the population. If my neighbor uses heroin, there is no danger that a stray heroin germ will float over the fence into my backyard, where I will acquire it by merely breathing it into my lungs. Still, our conventional wisdom about drugs and addiction asserts that we are right to speak of a drug epidemic. It views certain drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, crack, and methamphetamine, as if they were toxic agents capable of acting on an individual independently of his will. Our conventional wisdom insists that there are inherently dangerous and deadly drugs, just as there are inherently dangerous and deadly bacilli. Just as dangerous bacilli must be eliminated for the sake of the public welfare, so too must dangerous drugs.
Our conventional wisdom is often wrong, however—sometimes, so far off the mark that its version of the truth turns out to be nothing more than ignorance, prejudice, and folly. An open society must be prepared to listen to those who offer a critique of its conventional wisdom—and our conventional wisdom about drugs and addiction should be no exception.
In Romancing Opiates, distinguished cultural critic Theodore Dalrymple focuses his attention on one particular drug, heroin, though he also explores the nineteenth-century use of opium by such literary figures as Samuel Taylor Coleridge. A psychiatrist at a large general hospital in a British slum, Dalrymple draws on his own personal experience and clinical observation of heroin addicts in order to support his iconoclastic approach to the problem of drugs and addiction. His brief and lucid book goes directly to its point in the first few pages: "Romancing Opiates seeks to expose the willful misconceptions, the lies and evasions, of the past two hundred years with regard to opiate addiction." Dalrymple believes this strong, even strident, language is warranted because the general public's "standard or received view of heroin addiction" is the result of "propaganda assiduously spread for many years by everyone who has concerned himself with the subject."
The same spirit of indignant iconoclasm pervades Richard DeGrandpre's The Cult of Pharmacology. DeGrandpre holds a doctorate in psychopharmacology, was a fellow of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and wrote the 1999 book Ritalin Nation. Like Dalrymple, DeGrandpre does not believe that the standard ideas about drugs and addiction are honest mistakes made by people trying their best to solve human problems of great intrinsic complexity and difficulty. Instead, DeGrandpre argues that various powerful interest groups hoodwinked the public into accepting the orthodox view. These interests include: "The pharmaceutical industry, the tobacco industry, modern biological psychiatry, the biomedical sciences, the drug enforcement agencies, and the American judicial system."
Dalrymple also sees popular wisdom about drugs and addiction as the result of self-interested groups—though not the same self-interested groups enumerated by DeGrandpre. Dalrymple maintains that the "view of heroin addiction that is almost universally accepted by the general public ... serves the interests both of the addicts who wish to continue their habit while placing the blame elsewhere, and the [addiction] bureaucracy that wishes to continue in employment, preferably forever and at higher rates of pay."
An iconoclast requires an icon, and the icon for both authors is referred to variously as the "received," the "standard," or the "orthodox" view of drugs and addiction. But does such an icon exist? Do we find in either America or England a monolithic consensus about drugs and addiction from which only a few lonely voices dare dissent? If it comes to the question of legalizing drugs, the answer is no. There are many people, including people in positions of power, who find our current drugs laws wrong in principle; many others consider them grossly counter-productive, if not outright disastrous, in their social impact. Indeed, it might pose something of a challenge to find a roomful of people who would be willing to endorse, without cavil or reservation, current American drug policy. But if this is so, where is the dangerous icon that cries out to be shattered?
According to both Dalrymple and DeGrandpre, the dangerous icon is our fundamental way of thinking about drugs and addiction, not our ideas about what kind of drug policy our government should pursue. It is the conventional wisdom—not our consciously articulated ideas about what to do about drugs, but our unconscious and uncritical acceptance of the myth about the nature of drugs and their relationship to addiction. However, because Dalrymple and DeGrandpre each reject different features of the general consensus, it will be helpful to examine their positions separately. Despite the different routes they take to arrive at their conclusion, both end up with the same basic common-sense-defying message: Don't blame drugs for drug addiction.
Blaming addiction on the drug is exactly what the addict wants us to do, Dalrymple argues. If heroin renders the addict helpless to control his own fate and incapable of kicking his habit on his own, then obviously the addict will need outside help. Therefore, it is in the addict's self-interest for other people to see him as the victim of a medical condition for which the drug alone is responsible. It is in the addict's interest to have society blame the drug, heroin, instead of the addict who repeatedly chooses to use and abuse it. Thus, the first step on the road to sanity about drug addiction is to stop treating it like a medical condition and to begin looking upon it as a moral failing.
Dalrymple devotes the first of his three chapters to arguing that addiction cannot be blamed on opium or heroin. He offers evidence that it takes a lot of work to become a heroin addict—including a great deal of learning about how to perform self-injections, how to acquire the drug and its attendant equipment, and how to (illegally) make the money to pay for the drug. He tears to shreds the widespread popular notion that withdrawal from these drugs is a process so horrifying and ghastly that no one could possibly endure such agony voluntarily, citing the classic example of the large number of American soldiers who became hooked on heroin in Vietnam, but who, on returning home, never touched the stuff again. If they could quit cold turkey, then why couldn't his slum addicts do the same? A glance at Dalrymple's index shows how much space he devotes to "withdrawal, alleged horrors of"—roughly twenty pages out of his 140-page book.
In his second chapter, Dalrymple leaves the slums behind and launches an attack on nineteenth-century English writer Thomas De Quincey, author of The Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. Dalrymple holds De Quincey responsible for popularizing the notion that opiates can unlock the secrets of the universe, as well as for creating the self-serving myths that opiate addiction is virtually impossible to defeat and that opiates can destroy the willpower of even the strongest man. Although Dalrymple skirts the fringes of the absurd in his efforts to connect De Quincey's romancing of opium to heroin use among contemporary addicts, his larger argument is plausible: that the myths De Quincey helped establish have blinded subsequent generations to the unvarnished truth about opiate addiction, whose real cause is nothing more than willful self-indulgence.
Dalrymple is a cultural conservative; he firmly believes that human beings should be held morally accountable for their actions. For him, addiction is not only "a moral weakness par excellence," but, even worse, the addicts themselves "tend to be bad people (if bad people are those who consistently behave badly).... Their lives are usually selfish and self-centered.... Addicts should therefore be stigmatized far more than they are." Heroin addicts must be dealt with like ethical agents who "have made a conscious choice of a criminal lifestyle" (emphasis added). Against this, the standard view treats addiction as though it were a medical disease over which the addict had no more control than lung cancer—an interpretation of addiction that leads to the policy of "harm reduction": If we cannot cure the patient, at least we can make him as comfortable as possible by reducing the adverse consequences of his "disease." For example, if we cannot get someone to stop shooting up heroin, we can at least provide him with clean needles, thereby reducing his chance of getting HIV or hepatitis B and C. Yet while this may be a humane treatment for the one individual, what about the larger effects of this risk-reduction approach on the society as a whole? "When self-indulgent actions, such as taking heroin, are deprived of some [of] their worst consequences, it is hardly to be wondered at that they spread like wildfire through a population. If consequences are removed from enough actions, then the very concept of human agency evaporates.... Harm reduction as a policy is inherently infantilizing of the population: it assumes that the authorities are, and ought to be, responsible for the ill-consequences of what people insist upon doing."
Dalrymple appears to believe that if the addict had to face the consequences of his actions—like catching HIV or hepatitis—then this fact would tend to preserve, rather than erode, his own sense of ethical agency. But setting aside the question of whether this is an acceptable policy for a morally self-respecting people to pursue, let us ask whether or not Dalrymple's prescription would be realistic as a policy approach. Would it actually work?
The addict, on Dalrymple's model, begins as a person who is already an ethical agent, but who is subsequently robbed of his capacity to make rational and mature decisions by the addiction bureaucracy. The addiction bureaucracy, according to Dalrymple, infantilizes addicts by treating their decisions "to inject themselves ... like a natural fact that is independent of human volition, which is to say that they are not like you and me, who for good or ill make up our own minds about what to do and suffer the consequences." But here the question arises: Are they like you and me? When Dalrymple argues that heroin addicts in a slum make the same kind of decisions in the same kind of way as his average reader does, he is not making a moral judgment; he is advancing a dubious thesis about the social psychology of the addicts he treats. If these addicts were really like Dalrymple and most of his readers, would they have ended up like addicts at all?
Dalrymple is at his most unsympathetic and, far worse, at his most unrealistic, in his treatment of the excuses given to him by the heroin addicts he deals with. The addicts speak about their experience as if it were something that happened to them, something over which they had no control. They were hanging around with the wrong crowd, and before they knew it they got addicted. Or else "heroin was everywhere," and (once again) before they knew it they got addicted. Against this, Dalrymple insists that when slum kids drift into crime and addiction, they are making "the conscious choice of a criminal lifestyle," in exactly the same way that middle-class kids make a conscious choice to study medicine or accounting. The excuses that the addicts make for themselves are summarily dismissed as mere self-deception, or, worse, cheap appeals for the sympathy of suckers.
At issue here is not whether it is a good thing for people to take responsibility for their own actions. It is a good thing, and an open society vitally depends on the existence of a large number of people who do see their life choices as under their control. Indeed, an open society is doomed if enough of its members shirk off all sense of responsibility for their own actions. As a critic of contemporary culture, Dalrymple has been an eloquent spokesman for a much-needed return to a public ethic of personal responsibility. As a psychiatrist working in a slum, he knows all too well what happens when most members of a community no longer even think of their own lives as something over which they have any effective control. Such an abdication of personal ethical agency does not simply injure the individual, but the entire community; it undermines the very foundations of a civilized and open social order. Yet while Dalrymple sees the problem with great clarity, the solution he proposes fails to convince, because it fails to grapple adequately with the problem of moral weakness.
If Dalrymple had limited himself to arguing that our culture should work to create individuals who have been habituated to mastery over their impulses and passions, he would have been on solid ground. But, instead, he begins by assuming that we all come into the world already equipped with the ability to make conscious choices about our lives, and to act like responsible ethical agents—and it is on this basis that he feels justified in stigmatizing the moral weakness of the drug addict. But which came first? If the drug induced the moral weakness, then shouldn't we blame the drug, as the addict asks us to? If the moral weakness was already there, before the drug use began, and if it explains the addict's inability to control his drug use, then what sense does it make to hold the addict responsible for his moral weakness? If a person has been trained to believe that he is helpless to control his own behavior, can you alter this fact by stigmatizing him or by making him face the adverse consequences of what Dalrymple calls his "conscious choices"? It is his very moral weakness that makes him impossible to help, because that moral weakness has long convinced him that he cannot help himself.
To accept the addict's account at face value does not require a bleeding heart. The problem of moral weakness was frankly recognized and brilliantly analyzed by the tough-minded Aristotle who put great emphasis in both his ethical and political theories on a psychological phenomenon he called akrasia. This Greek term literally means "without power," and it refers to a lack of mastery over the self—a state of helplessness in respect to one's appetites, passions, and impulses. It is defined in contrast to the concept of enkrateia, which represents the exact opposite kind of character—the person who has obtained mastery over himself, and who can control and regulate his passions and impulses. The dieter, for example, who follows his self-imposed regimen strictly and faithfully, is displaying enkrateia, while the dieter who goes off his diet because he cannot resist the lure of a strawberry milkshake is an example of akrasia.
According to Aristotle, not all akrasia is the same. There is weakness (astheneia) and impetuosity (propeteia). Our lapsed dieter is an example of weakness. He has thought out a plan of action that he thinks is the right thing for him to do, namely, to lose weight; he has even established a dietary routine to achieve his end. Yet he simply cannot resist the impulse to have a strawberry milkshake, in violation of the rules that he had set out for himself. He knows better, but this rational knowledge makes no difference to his actual conduct. He is too weak to control his appetites and his passions. He exists in a state of internal conflict: part of him wants to do the right thing, but that part is not strong enough to conquer the part of him that wants to do the wrong thing.
On the other hand, the impetuous person makes no attempt to curb and control his impulses and appetites. He simply acts, and does so without any internal agonizing over what choice to make, and indeed without any reflection or deliberation at all. Yet, for Aristotle, the impetuous person is capable of regretting his impulsive actions once he has committed them, though perhaps only in the way that the impulsive shoplifter regrets the fact that he has been caught red-handed. This regret, by itself, cannot bring about a change in the behavior of the impetuous person; he will continue to give in to his impulses and to be punished for them—like the criminal who, as soon as he is released from jail, returns to committing the same crimes that put him there in the first place. The impetuous person never learns.
Aristotle's analysis is helpful in seeing where Dalrymple's treatment of the addict falls short, since the concept of akrasia allows us to recognize that there will inevitably be large groups of human beings who will be unable to control their own lives—a group that will naturally exhibit all the signs of the impetuous personality. Large doses of testosterone coursing through the veins of young males will invariably lead to impetuous behavior, unless these boys have been subjected from a young age to a rigorous program aimed at habituating them to self-control, or enkrateia—and even then the success may be hit or miss. Kids who have been allowed to grow up feral cannot be expected to display self-control; self-mastery is a technique no one has taught them, so how could they have learned it? They will in fact lack the strength of mind to rise even to the level of Aristotle's weak man, since they will be ignorant of what constitutes right conduct. In Aristotle's political theory, such human beings are classified as "natural slaves" who must be governed by others because they are completely unable to govern themselves. Today we find Aristotle's theory objectionable, despite the fact that in even the most advanced societies many people are "enslaved" to drugs, to alcohol, to gambling, and to sex. Indeed, Aristotle could rightly point out that no society has ever existed that achieved the complete elimination of the weak-willed and the impetuous, if only because each rising generation will consist of children who, by nature, lack the self-mastery that can only be achieved by the right upbringing—if even then.
Civilizing the young is one of the first duties of any society, though it is a duty that certain cultures have discharged with vastly more success than others. If there are many people in the society whose behavior is characterized by akrasia, or moral weakness, then the society, for its own good, has a right and an obligation to keep them from dangers to which they, by nature, are especially vulnerable. The sociological motive behind such puritanism is not a hatred of pleasure as such, but only of those pleasures that weaken the will and undermine self-control. Some pleasures are wholesome and acceptable, and should be encouraged. Other pleasures challenge not just individual self-control but the collective self-control of the whole community, threatening the ethical foundation of the society; such pleasures must be curbed. Lead us not into temptation, both for our own good and the welfare of the general society.
The rigid distinction between innocent and harmful pleasures happens to be a part of the cultural background of Anglo-American societies. It is of a piece with our puritan heritage. Yet, according to the main thesis of Richard DeGrandpre's book, it is also the source of immense evil. It is the ideological culprit that has led to America's fatal policy of the "differential prohibition" of drugs—our policy of dividing drugs into the innocent sheep and the wicked goats, or, as DeGrandpre prefers to put it, into angels and demons. Some drugs are legal, like Xanax and Prozac; others are illegal, like heroin and cocaine. Yet, as DeGrandpre points out, during the last century or so, there have been radical shifts in the substances subjected to differential prohibition. Once you could get cocaine in Coca-Cola at the corner drugstore (albeit in trace amounts). You could buy heroin from the same company, Bayer, from which you purchased aspirin. Heroin itself was originally introduced as a "cure" for morphine addiction: it began its life as an angel but fell from grace. At the same time, drug manufacturers have produced a variety of drugs that were peddled as beneficial for dealing with depression or anxiety, only to discover that many of them, like the barbiturates, could be both as addictive and as deadly as the demon drugs whose mere possession often incurs a considerable prison sentence. The result of this process has been to criminalize more and more drugs that were once quite legal, an escalating strategy of differential prohibition that has made America "the world's most troubled drug culture," as the book's subtitle puts it.
DeGrandpre asks whether any of this makes sense. Are we right to blame the drugs themselves, especially considering our tendency to change our minds about which drugs are good and which are bad? More to the point, how much genuine scientific evidence do we have that it is the drug that is really responsible for addiction? Consider what would appear to be the slam-dunk case against nicotine.
In 1988, C. Everett Koop, President Reagan's surgeon general, concluded that smoking cigarettes was addictive, but went on to locate the source of the addiction, the drug known as nicotine. Yet, as DeGrandpre points out, if nicotine is what makes smoking so hard to quit, why don't people simply chew nicotine gum with their morning cup of coffee, or, to get a quicker and more powerful dose, use nicotine spray—perhaps taking spray breaks during the workday? Still worse, consider the effects of the campaign undertaken by Food and Drug Administration Commissioner David Kessler in the 1990s to prove that smokers became so helplessly addicted to the drug nicotine that they no longer had any control over whether or not they continue to smoke. Yes, such a campaign might help lawyers win millions for their "hopelessly" addicted clients, but what then becomes of the other FDA campaign—the one aimed at getting smokers to stop smoking? If smokers are powerless to resist the allure of nicotine, what is the point of urging them to stop?
If DeGrandpre had limited himself to probing the paradoxes and pitfalls of our current approach to drugs, all would be well. He goes badly astray, however, when he tries to offer a sweeping general theory of how America became "the world's most troubled drug culture," and makes a set of utterly extravagant claims about American drug policy that can most charitably be described as severe rhetorical overkill.
The target of DeGrandpre's fury is what he calls "the cult of pharmacology," a kind of quasi-but-not-quite conspiracy that is supported by an ideological system that he calls pharmacologicalism—an octosyllabic tongue-twister DeGrandpre employs to stress its resemblance to other despicable -isms, including racism, Edward Said's Orientalism, and, most astonishing of all, Nazism.
One may well ask in what way America's drug attitudes and policy is akin to Nazism, and DeGrandpre provides the answer: "Like the angel drug and the demon drug, the Aryan and the Jew were constructed as distinct and distinguishable categories that gave meaning to and thereby excused extraordinary political, social, and scientific measures." Well, it is true that the Nazis divide people into good and bad, like we divide drugs into good and bad, but this is hardly a useful comparison. Making distinctions between good and bad things is a necessary and basic part of our survival in the world. Of course, the specific divisions we choose to assign may be wrong and we may wish to revise them; or they can be used viciously, as in the case of Nazism or racism. But it is downright bizarre to assume that there is something inherently pernicious about dividing objects into good and bad, harmless and dangerous, useful and hazardous.
DeGrandpre's conclusion should come as no surprise: If "differential prohibition" is an evil on the order of Nazism, then the right course would be to stop demonizing certain drugs as being inherently evil or dangerous or socially destructive. True, some people can't handle them, but, as DeGrandpre points out, some people cannot handle gambling either. In short, it is wrong to continue to blame drugs. They do not cause addiction. Addiction is rather a matter of setting, the user's personality and background, and the meaning assigned to certain substances by powerful, self-interested, sinister groups. This is precisely the conclusion that Dalrymple has led us to, though by a different route: Blame the addict, not the drug.
Despite the various compelling arguments advanced in both books, this conclusion remains troubling for a number of reasons. To begin with, let us examine the case of two remarkable individuals, one cited by DeGrandpre, the other by Dalrymple.
William Halsted was an American doctor whom DeGrandpre calls "one of the greatest of surgeons in American history, perhaps even the father of modern surgery." In 1892, Halsted became the first professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital; he later introduced the use of rubber gloves when operating on patients, and went on to organize "new fields of medicine, including orthopaedics, otolaryngology, and urology." Yet Halsted had been using morphine from the age of twenty-two, and remained a morphine user for well over the next half-century. A study made of him in 1942 reported that Halsted "found that his addiction caused him little inconvenience.... Sometimes he went for a few days, or even weeks, without the drug, but then 'suddenly the overpowering desire would come.'"
William Wilberforce, an Englishman who lived a century before Halsted, played a pivotal role in bringing about one of the world's greatest ethical achievements: he worked tirelessly for the emancipation of slaves, not just in British colonies, but around the world, and he was instrumental in ending the horrors of the Atlantic slave trade. His contemporaries admired his eloquence; Boswell famously described watching the diminutive Wilberforce give a speech: "I saw what seemed a mere shrimp mount upon the table; but as I listened, he grew, and grew, until the shrimp became a whale." Thanks to his patience and persistence, the abolitionist cause eventually won out in Parliament. Yet, as Dalrymple notes, Wilberforce died an opium addict.
Halsted and Wilberforce certainly do not fit into the categories of the weak-willed or impetuous man. Can their addictions be summarily dismissed as mere self-indulgence, or do they offer evidence that certain substances possess an occult hold over even the strongest of us? When Halsted spoke of the times when he tried to quit morphine, but found himself seized by "the overpowering desire" for the drug, was he simply propagating more pharmacological lies, as De Quincey is supposed to have done, or was he genuinely possessed by a desire over which he had no control?
Earlier we discussed the case of the weak-willed fellow who set out to follow a rigorous diet plan, but found himself seduced by the temptation of a strawberry milkshake. When dealing with our lapsed dieter and his strawberry milkshake, our common sense tells us that it would be silly to blame some sinister power in the milkshake. Instead, it makes more sense to say that he lacked the strength of will; or, as Aristotle would say, that he was weak. But can the same thing be said about other substances, like opium, cocaine, or alcohol? It was the immensely strong-willed Samuel Johnson who, when asked why he never touched wine, replied: "Abstinence is as easy for me, as temperance would be difficult." But why would temperance have been so difficult for Johnson to achieve? It makes no sense to blame it on his lack of willpower, since he was strong enough to abstain from wine completely, and, as he said, quite easily.
Johnson's quip about abstinence and temperance makes sense when it is a question of spirituous beverages, but what about strawberry milkshakes? We can understand a man who abstains from drinking strawberry milkshakes—but what about a man who cannot drink strawberry milkshakes in moderation, and who goes on a weekend-long strawberry milkshake binge? Is such a man even imaginable? If one finds pleasure in a strawberry milkshake at all, one can find it only in moderation: drink three of them in a row as an experiment if you doubt the truth of this observation. But the same thing cannot be said about the pleasures of alcohol, and by extension, the pleasures of opium, cocaine, crack, and methamphetamine. While it is true that some people can use these drugs moderately, the way many of Johnson's contemporaries could drink wine moderately, the fact remains that there are many otherwise strong-willed people who begin taking alcohol and drugs and discover, too late, that they cannot control their desire to take more and more—a problem which, as we have seen, does not afflict even the most self-indulgent lover of strawberry milkshakes. In short, the chemical nature of the temptation does matter.
Yet let us suppose, for the sake of argument, that both Dalrymple and DeGrandpre are correct in telling us not to blame the drug. Let us grant that there is not really a little devil lurking in the bottom of the bottle of Demon Rum, nor any fiendish agent in a gram of opium or cocaine. Let us cheerfully discard all such unscientific myths and cease to demonize certain substances as inherently dangerous. At the end of this orgy of demythologization, what have we gained? For most of my life, I have believed all the dubious myths about heroin; I had erroneously thought that I could become hopelessly addicted if I had any dealing with this infernal substance at all, and in consequence of my illusions I have never even thought about trying something so horrible. Yet as I was reading Dalrymple's dismissal of these self-serving lies and willful misconceptions about heroin, I couldn't keep from thinking: "Where can I get some!"
Is it possible that one of the causes of the modern drug epidemic is that more and more people have ceased to subscribe to the idea that certain substances are inherently destructive of our strength of will, and have therefore been tempted to taste the erstwhile forbidden fruit? If scientific knowledge leads us to abandon such myths as that of Demon Rum, Demon Heroin, and Demon Cocaine, is it altogether clear that our increased sophistication will be advantageous to the welfare of both present and future generations? Some irrational fears are obviously bad; others may serve an immensely useful social purpose. Carrie Nation's crusade against Demon Rum may raise smiles on our faces today, but have we developed a more effective technique at getting people to resist the temptation of forbidden fruit than scaring the hell out of them?
Consider conventional treatment for heroin addiction: the controlled, medical administration of opiate substitutes like methadone or buprenorphine. Its track record, as Dalrymple argues, leaves much to be desired, though it is highly questionable whether he is correct to blame conventional treatment for causing an increase in drug use. Yet if this form of treatment does no positive good, can our society really be expected to reject the policy of "harm-reduction" in order to pursue the wan and rather utopian hope that heroin addicts can be shamed out of their lifestyles by being further stigmatized by people with whom they have virtually nothing in common? True, by not providing clean needles, and refusing to take care of them when they get a deadly disease, the number of addicts would be decreased by a grisly process of elimination, but at an enormous cost to our own collective moral decency. The policy of harm-reduction, which Dalrymple assails, may do little good for the addicts, but at least it preserves the humanity of the society that adopts it; the same cannot be said for a policy of letting people die unnecessarily from HIV and hepatitis.
This brings us to the final question: Can we solve our drug problem by simply legalizing drugs?
Both authors correctly point out that the very attempt to outlaw dangerous substances from a society automatically creates a black market for them. This was demonstrated during Prohibition in the United States and, as DeGrandpre argues, the escalating differential prohibition of drugs in America has resulted in a very troubling drug culture indeed: the number of inmates in our jails and prisons who are there on drug charges is an ample demonstration of this sad fact. But here, too, there may be something to be said for our conventional wisdom. In fighting a normal epidemic, the goal is not just to cure those who have it already, but to keep it from spreading to those who don't. If we can save a substantial number of people from becoming drug addicts by locking up those already addicted, such a policy might be favored by a utilitarian calculus: to save many we must penalize a few. Unfortunately, given the very nature of the problem, it is impossible to discover the number of those who are saved from drug addiction out of their fear of imprisonment, or even by the mere difficulty of obtaining drugs due to their illegalization. Yet the fact that we can never quantify this number with any pretence of precision does not mean that this factor should be ignored. An open society may be less threatened by imprisoning those who cannot handle their freedom than by permitting them to exercise it at other people's expense.
At the end of his book, Dalrymple debates the pros and cons of legalizing heroin use, and comes out in favor of keeping heroin illegal. He clearly sees that this question, like the question of legalizing the use of any other currently illegal drug, is not as straightforward as many people would like to think. Should it be sold openly on street corners, or should it be prescribed only by doctors? Should it be limited to registered addicts, or offered to the general public? Such questions, Dalrymple argues, cannot be intelligently decided by an appeal to "a simple universal principle by which all important questions may be answered." In the debate over legalizing drugs, the relevant simple universal principle is the one cherished by libertarians and given its classic expression in John Stuart Mill's On Liberty: "The only purpose for which power may be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant." Against this laissez-faire moralism, Dalrymple argues that "no man, least of all a drug addict, is an island; we all live in society with other men. It is hard to discover activities that affect only the person who undertakes them. And while it is certainly possible for opiate addicts to lead otherwise normal lives, the fact is (and is likely to remain) that the great majority of them do not ... they impose costs on others, often very heavy ones."
Dalrymple's own experience with heroin addicts showed him that their addiction entailed quite considerable social costs. The vast majority of addicts committed crimes other than the use of illegal drugs: they stole things and robbed people. There was a costly addiction bureaucracy set up to "treat" them, or at least to pretend to. Yet, earlier in the book, Dalrymple undermines his own anti-legalization position by asserting that "heroin-taking is more a consequence of than a cause of criminality, and the decision to take heroin, whether in prison or outside, is therefore the conscious choice of a criminal lifestyle.... A criminal mentality causes heroin addiction more than heroin addiction causes criminality." But if this is true, the heavy cost imposed on society by the heroin addict arises not from the heroin addiction, but from the addict's previously established criminal lifestyle. In that case, the principle of punitive parsimony would suggest that it was sufficient to punish the criminal activity of the addict, and to leave alone those heroin users who do not commit crimes. If heroin itself is not the cause of criminality, then what is the point of outlawing it? The heavy social costs imposed by the addict come not from the heroin but from his criminal lifestyle. Thus there is no need, by Dalrymple's argument, to repudiate Mill's principle, since Mill would clearly agree that the state's power may be rightfully exercised over those who steal and rob. Furthermore, by legalizing heroin, there would be no need for an addiction bureaucracy to treat addicts: those who committed crimes would be dealt with by the existing penal system, while those able to lead somewhat ordinary lives would be simply left alone.
The libertarian position seems inevitable once we have decided that drugs are not the cause of drug addiction. If opiate users can be divided into those who would be criminals anyway and those who end up brilliant surgeons like Halsted and eminent humanitarians like Wilberforce, then it obviously makes far more sense to lock up the criminals for their criminal behavior, and not for their heroin use. But this argument can be turned on its head: If strong and confident men like Halsted and Wilberforce can become hopelessly addicted to a drug, then might this not be an argument for doing everything possible to keep it out of the hands of adolescent boys, slum addicts, the weak-willed, the impetuous, the self-indulgent, the depressed—in short, to treat it in the same way you would treat a dangerous strain of plague that threatened to sweep through entire populations? Yes, some people will be immune to the plague, but it remains a plague all the same. The obvious fact that some people can use these substances without undermining the foundation of the open society does not mean that their widespread promiscuous use among the general population will prove equally innocuous.
Mill argued that the prohibition of opium imports into China was an "objectionable ... infringement of liberty ... of the buyer." This was a straightforward, if unappetizing, application of his "simple universal principle." But would Mill have stood by his simple principle if he had foreseen the consequences of its application in this case? By the time the Communist Party came to power in 1949, there were approximately 20 million opium addicts in China. Chairman Mao, no student of Mill, decided that the only answer to the problem was ruthlessness. As Dalrymple writes, Mao gave the Chinese opium addicts "a strong motive to give up and the rest of the population a strong motive not to start. He shot the dealers out of hand, and any such addicts who did not give up their habit. The carrot for addicts was life and the stick was death. It would not be going too far to say that, within a mere three years, Mao produced more cures than all the drug clinics in the world before or since, or indeed to come. He was the greatest drug worker in history."
Immediately after making this observation, Dalrymple writes that "the point of this story is not to advocate a repetition of Mao's methods on our soil, but to demonstrate that, when a motive is sufficiently strong, not merely some, but many, indeed millions, of addicted people can abandon their addiction, without the whole paraphernalia of the help that is necessary on the standard view of the problem." But what kind of substitute for mass executions is available to the open societies of the West in dealing with our drug problems? Out of our limited box of tricks, how do we devise motives that are "sufficiently strong" to get addicts to kick their habit, but which fall short of lining them up against a wall and shooting them?
Herein may well lie one of the great advantages that highly authoritarian forms of government have over open and liberal society. They are in a position to crack down on social epidemics, like drugs, in ways that are far more effective, because far more brutal, than any option available to societies like Dalrymple's England or DeGrandpre's America. If so, what a fascinating paradox to present to Mr. Mill—those societies that most closely followed his "simple universal principle" could eventually be undone by their excess of liberty; in which case, the epitaph of the open society might well be taken from Dalrymple's assessment of the addicts he dealt with in the British slum: "Freedom was bad for them, because they did not know what to do with it."
Open societies cannot be open to everything. Even if it were possible to draw with great precision the line between what is harmful only to me and what is harmful to others, no society can tolerate a population that is committed to enslaving itself to drugs, just as no democracy can permit itself to be liquidated by a majority vote. What often goes unnoticed about Mill's simple universal principle—unnoticed by even Mill himself—is that he stipulates that his rule applies to "member[s] of a civilized community" (emphasis added). But in order to have a civilized community in the first place, the members of such a community must obtain a high degree of self-mastery over their impulses and urges. The weak-willed and the impetuous, as Aristotle recognized clearly, cannot by themselves create a civilized community—and even if they find themselves in the midst of it, they will have no capacity to sustain it. Indeed, because of their own weakness, they will weaken the community of which they are a part, often to the point of endangering its capacity to remain free and open.
In sum, an open society has no realistic choice but to concern itself with the harm that people do—not just to others, but to themselves. It has not only a right but a duty to do this. The question is not whether it should exercise this duty, but only how and under what circumstances. With respect to drugs and addiction, the conventional wisdom may have much still to learn—but it is closer to the truth than those who seek to overthrow it.


Is your passport about to expire? Renewing your passport is often a somewhat somber experience: after all, it signifies the passing of an entire decade, assuming you were over 16 when you received it. However, there is some good news: in most cases, you can apply by mail and your passport renewal fees will be less than the cost of applying for a brand new passport.
You know where your passport is and it hasn't been lost, stolen or damaged.
If your name has changed since it was issued, you have a marriage certificate, divorce decree or other document to support the request.
The final step in figuring out how much you'll pay for your passport renewal is figuring out how fast you'll need it.
You can get it in around 6 weeks for no additional fee, though it's recommended that you expedite your order if you need it in less than 10 weeks just to be on the safe side. Expedited passport renewal through the Department of State costs an additional $ 60. The recommended overnight shipping from the passport office costs $ 14.95, and if you decide to overnight it to the passport office you'll pay an additional fee for that, also.


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Home / Gender / Few Vignettes: Kashmiri Women Act during the 2014 Floods
Few Vignettes: Kashmiri Women Act during the 2014 Floods
Lubna Reshi
From dawn to dusk – determined to be of some help to the stranded people – Maham would every day set out to float on gushing flood water on an inflated boat. As water ravaged the city of Srinagar on September 7, Maham, 21, decided not to put up at her home and watch everything silently – although her mother was also one amongst those people who were trapped in floods.
Jumping to the nearest relief camp in Hyderpora locality of Srinagar she began to work with relief and rescue teams. With a boat full of food, medicines and other essential commodities, she along with a team of two girls and four boys, would reach out to the people stranded in floods.
Her experience of working in South Kashmir's Pulwama district made her realize how important it was to have female volunteers. The moment she landed at this village of Pulwama district, she recounts, how she was surrounded by women of all age groups – who till now had seen no female volunteer.
"It was only then that I felt how right my decision to carry this operation was. There were very less or no female rescuers at all working in the field with the reason women were yearning to get some help."
There were hundreds of women who needed help and for some of them, Maham acted as a savior.
"Women at Pulwama told me how difficult was it for them to get the stuff they required. They welcomed me. Till now they hadn't spoken to anyone. But when I went there they shared their stories with me."
Maham, a Harvard graduate, and an entrepreneur was actively involved in relief and rescue operations, during Kashmir floods, at a relief camp in Hyderpora – which was set by people working and studying in Kashmir and other parts of the world.
Calmly and carefully she got the family of five — one by one — out of their house – and rowed them to a safe place.
Maham on a rescue operation distributing relief
Given the strength required in rescuing, the operations were mostly carried by males and when Maham lunged into it, she felt that the male counterparts were being protective of her.
Her efforts and contribution were the same as of others – which made them realize — that gender makes no issues when it comes to saving others.
"Yes, initially the other volunteers felt that I shan't go into areas which were completely under water. But since it was a no issue for me so, they became okay with it."
We have read about the heroics of female rescuers in the newspapers. When it comes to saving a life no human would step back so was done by Shaheena.
When Natipora area of Srinagar was engulfed by the raging waters Shaheena, 30, couldn't resist seeing her neighbors crying for help — through the second story of their house.
She tied up few planks of wood together and made a way out of her home — straightway to her neighbor's house.
Shaheena — her neighbors say – is their savior.
Not only did she carry the rescue operation but from her own pocket, she bought the essential commodities for the trapped people of her locality.
Since childhood she says, she has been taught to take a lead whatever the condition may be and it was this attitude of her that saved lives of many.
Females in Kashmir played a very important role during floods in whatever capacity they could – whether as rescuers or just being as a support system for their family.
Women on the domestic spheres are the frontline managers in building back their lives again. They fought toughly with the circumstances to support their families.
"My husband lost his shop, our house was washed down by the water, our families got separated but at the end of the day I never ceased to deliver my duties to look, cook and care for my family," says Haseena, who lost her home in Bemina.
Taking care of children or families at times of disaster is what women have seen consistently doing.
In her blog Scooterspeaks, an anonymous female writer records the ordeal of saving her kids through the turbulent waters. She says, "I wasn't sure if my newborn, Abdul Rahman, will survive. I was shivering with cold myself. Abdullah was too scared and was crying. I asked him to hug me while we moved on and we kept reciting the Kalima together. The two out of my three-storied house was under water. I moved through a boat which got punctured midway, was moved into a shikara, stayed all night with my kids on a bridge, took refuge in an auto to shelter my kids from cold, stayed in a relief camp and yearned to feed my kids – but in all this I kept rolling only for my children."
Floods submerged entire neighborhoods
That night she writes has been the longest night of her life.
"Sitting on top of river Jhelum, I waited for morning. Abdullah – my elder son was cold, hungry and sleepy. I wasn't sure if my newborn, Abdul Rahman, will survive. I was shivering with cold myself. Abdullah was too scared and was crying. I asked him to hug me while we moved on and we kept reciting the Kalima together."
As they reached somewhere near Tourist Reception Centre in Srinagar – the rush of water was too high and difficult for the boat to go back. So the volunteers tied a rope and people waded through water to the other side.
"Women were carried by men to the other side. I told the men that I could wade through the water on my own but needed help with my children. One man took Abdul Rahman and another carried Abdullah on his shoulders. It was very difficult to wade through the water due to the speed at which it flowed. A man came to help me out, carried my bag and walked with me till I reached the other end. Once I reached the other side, I freaked out for I couldn't see my kids. But it was just a moment after that I caught glimpse of Abdullah and Abdul Rahman."
The pain she felt watching her child go hungry that day she says is something she will never forget.
This article is based on content-sharing from Her Voice a magazine that is dedicated to women and gender issues in Kashmir. You can find its print version under the banner of She Speaks. Lubna Reshi is the editor and founder of the magazine.
Picture Credits: Hafsa Kanjwal and ScooterSpeaks
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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S.1681 - Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014113th Congress (2013-2014)
Sen. Feinstein, Dianne [D-CA] (Introduced 11/12/2013)
Senate - Intelligence
S. Rept. 113-120
Array ( [actionDate] => 2013-11-12 [displayText] => Select Committee on Intelligence. Original measure reported to Senate by Senator Feinstein. Without written report. [externalActionCode] => 14000 [description] => Introduced )
Armed Forces and National Security
06/26/2014 Senate Presented to President.
06/24/2014-7:40pm House On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by voice vote. (text: CR H5700-5710)
06/24/2014-7:22pm House DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate on S. 1681.
06/24/2014-7:21pm House Mr. Rogers (MI) moved to suspend the rules and pass the bill.
06/12/2014-10:39am House Held at the desk.
06/12/2014-10:32am House Received in the House.
06/11/2014 Senate Passed Senate with an amendment by Voice Vote.
06/11/2014 Senate S.Amdt.3238 Amendment SA 3238 proposed by Senator Reid for Senator Feinstein. (consideration: CR S3620) In the nature of a substitute.
06/11/2014 Senate Measure laid before Senate by unanimous consent. (consideration: CR S3620)
11/13/2013 Senate By Senator Feinstein from Select Committee on Intelligence filed written report. Report No. 113-120.
11/12/2013 Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Original measure reported to Senate by Senator Feinstein. Without written report.
06/24/2014 On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by voice vote. (text: CR H5700-5710)
06/24/2014 DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate on S. 1681.
06/24/2014 Mr. Rogers (MI) moved to suspend the rules and pass the bill.
06/12/2014 Held at the desk.
06/12/2014 Received in the House.
06/11/2014 Passed Senate with an amendment by Voice Vote.
06/11/2014 S.Amdt.3238 Amendment SA 3238 proposed by Senator Reid for Senator Feinstein. (consideration: CR S3620) In the nature of a substitute.
06/11/2014 Measure laid before Senate by unanimous consent. (consideration: CR S3620)
11/13/2013 By Senator Feinstein from Select Committee on Intelligence filed written report. Report No. 113-120.
11/12/2013 Select Committee on Intelligence. Original measure reported to Senate by Senator Feinstein. Without written report.


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Fingerprint ID devices are ready to make their mark
Fingerprint ID devices are ready to make their mark<@VM>Fingerprint scanners bypass the cost and workload of passwords
Two types of fingerprint scans can work on their own or with passwords
BY MARK A. KELLNER | SPECIAL TO GCN
This year's edition of the FBI's annual computer security survey, conducted with the Computer Security Institute of San Francisco, revealed some cold, hard facts about cybercrime.
Of the 538 agencies, corporations and other enterprises surveyed, '85 percent of respondents'primarily large corporations and government agencies'detected computer security breaches within the last 12 months,' the FBI and the institute said in announcing the results. 'Sixty-four percent acknowledged financial losses due to computer breaches.'
The Internet, of course, is the primary avenue people take to enter a computer system without authorization. But walking up to a computer they're not authorized to use remains a threat.
Even without an apparent threat of computer crime, the notion that you, and only you, should work at your PC is an appealing thought. But what's the best way to ensure this?
An increasingly popular method of securing a PC or workstation is a fingerprint reader. Once a user has been enrolled with a full image or details of the fingerprints, a simple fingerprint scan can authenticate the user and unlock the system.
Readers use one of two methods for enrollment and verification: taking an image of the actual fingerprint and then comparing scans; or using minutiae, or unique details of a given fingerprint, which are then converted into a digital code that is stored and matched on future scans.
Each method has advantages. A full scan of a fingerprint is the most detailed method and ensures a high degree of accuracy. But a scanned image, at about 120K, is larger than the 8 bytes of digital code produced by the minutiae method. Detractors of full scanning point out that it takes longer to do an image match than a minutiae match, which can add up to network traffic hassles in a large installation.
Critics say that both methods, at present, could be defeated by a very good image of a fingerprint'or, in a grisly scenario more suited to HBO's 'The Sopranos' than to real life, the severed digit of a user.
Assuming you'll keep all your fingers, and that the classification of your work isn't likely to inspire high-tech fingerprint forgery, fingerprint readers could be a viable choice for access control.
Prices and sizes shrinking
Prices and sizes of devices have dropped dramatically. A few years ago, readers cost roughly $1,000 per seat and were the size of a shoebox; today, they cost about $100 and are about the size of a PC Card.
SecuGen Corp.'s EyeD Mouse, EyeD Keyboard and EyeD Hamster for notebooks comprise several options for capturing fingerprint scans at different points. They connect to common ports and are priced from $119 to $129.
'Device sales will grow tenfold over the next three to four years [and] we will start to see it on a majority of new desktop systems,' said Samir Nanavati, a partner with the International Biometric Group LLC, a New York consulting and research firm (www.finger-scan.com).
Nanavati said better and cheaper devices are fueling their popularity.
'Five years ago, the devices did not perform well for most wide-scale deployments,' he said. 'Our testing shows that devices now, as a rule, are significantly better. That includes a number of metrics, but the most basic is the ability to identify the right person and keep the wrong person out. They now also fit inside a keyboard or a mouse.'
Nanavati said the entry into the field of larger firms such as Sony Corp. of America enhances the credibility of the devices with users and developers.
'The presence of a number of large players, such as Sony, lends to the maturity of the industry,' he said. It's not just small niche players making the equipment anymore. The emergence of standards also makes it easier for developers to write programs, he said.
The security needs of large organizations are adding an imperative to move toward fingerprint identification, said Hal Tipton, a security consultant in Villa Park, Calif., and a veteran at federal contractor Rockwell International Corp.
'It's only going to take a few big losses from poor access control before everybody wakes up and realizes what they have to do,' he said. 'People have been sitting back fat, dumb and happy thinking authentication by passwords is just enough; soon they'll wake up and see it's not good at all. Smart cards and tokens have been coming along, but they haven't really taken off here.'
' What is it? A fingerprint reader scans users' fingerprints, which are used to control access to a PC or network. Fingerprint ID technology can be used instead of passwords or in addition to them. And they can be used both at log-on, and to turn off a screen-saver program and regain access to a computer left unattended.
' How does it work? There are two methods for enrollment and verification. The first uses a full scan of a fingerprint. The other scans and records unique details, or minutiae, of a given fingerprint. Readers come with enabling software.
' Is one method superior? Each has its champions. A full scan has more detail, but it also produces a digital image of about 120K, which can slow things down. Minutiae images consist of about 8 bytes but don't have nearly the same level of detail.
' Price? Prices have fallen significantly in the last few years, from about $1,000 for a reader to, in most cases, between $100 and $200. The size of devices also has shrunk. Both should continue to get smaller.
' Must-know info? Among biometric verification technologies, fingerprint scanning has probably the best combination of price and performance. Iris scanning is the most accurate, but it's difficult and expensive. Fingerprint scanning is affordable for most organizations and has very high accuracy rates in closed systems in which it is matching known prints. Unfortunately, no such security system is foolproof.
Advocates of fingerprint technology say the devices' return on investment is a contributing factor to their success.
'What you have to take a look at in cost of hardware is cost savings by implementing biometrics,' said Tom Pak, vice president of sales for SecuGen Corp. in Milpitas, Calif.
He cited a study by Gartner Inc. of Stamford, Conn., 'that says password issues cost a 2,500-user network $340 per employee per year in terms of help desk costs, downtime [and the] cost of lost business. By implementing biometric software, you're looking at a cost of $150 to $160 per user. You get a return on investment in six months.'
Manufacturers are trying to develop devices that are even smaller and less expensive than they are now. Bob Bradford, director of engineering for SecuGen, said the company also wants to find ways to make the technology usable in personal digital assistants, mobile phones and other devices.
Beyond access control
On the software side, Rolf Boegli of I/O Software Inc. in Riverside, Calif., which makes software fingerprint devices, said the aim is to extend fingerprint identification beyond access control.
'We envision a wider range of functionality, beyond just log-on ... such as application launch control, and file and folder encryption. There are a number of ideas and projects in the making for Internet and e-mail. Wherever you have any kind of password, you can replace it with a biometric measure, that is, a fingerprint,' he said.
In evaluating fingerprint devices, analyst Nanavati said, it's important to understand what measure of performance should be used.
'One of the critical things is an understanding of what performance means. Everyone talks about performance; very rarely do they have all of the components. To summarize it most simply: False acceptance is the wrong person getting in, and a false rejection means the customer will be dissatisfied with the equipment. One of the components is failure-to-enroll rate. How is five to 10 percent, or sub-1 percent?'
Nanavati said his group is developing objective testing to rank the devices. The Financial Services Technology Consortium of Chicago, the automated teller network Star System, Lockheed Martin Corp. and Electronic Data Systems Corp. are working with the International Biometric Group on the project.
Mark A. Kellner is a free-lance technology writer in Marina del Rey, Calif. E-mail him at [email protected].


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How the inspector is presented in an inspector calls?
September 7, 2019 By Author Lifehacks
1 How the inspector is presented in an inspector calls?
2 What message does the inspector give in his speech?
3 Is the Inspector a ghost?
5 Who says it frightens me the way you talk?
6 How is the theme of guilt presented in Inspector Calls?
7 How is concept analysis used in perception research?
8 What is the operational definition for the concept of perception?
Inspector Goole sheds a light on all the concerns that Priestley had at the time of writing An Inspector Calls around age, gender, class and social responsibility. Priestley uses the Inspector to make the audience question their own behaviour and morality and hopes that they will learn some lessons as the Birlings do.
What is the effect of the inspectors entrance?
The Birlings emotions change considerably from being joyful to state of confusion. The entrance of the Inspector has completely changed dynamics of the whole plot. The Inspector is used as their conscience to make them realise the consequences of their actions and for them to repent for their mistakes.
What message does the inspector give in his speech?
As the Inspector delivers his closing speech, he prophesises a terrible future. "And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. Good night."
How does the inspector show social responsibility?
The Inspector goes to the Birlings' to encourage them to be accountable for their actions, and to take responsibility for others. This means by being mindful of your own actions, you help take responsibility for others. By looking after others, Priestley suggests society as a whole will benefit.
Is the Inspector a ghost?
The Inspector was a supernatural being (kind of like the ghosts who visit Scrooge in A Christmas Carol) who took it upon himself to show the Birlings the error of their ways and to get justice for Eva.
What is Inspector Goole a symbol of?
The moralistic figure that opposes the Birlings, Inspector Goole represents compassion and concern for the masses, although the way in which he achieves it is somewhat lacking in morals sometimes.
Why are the inspectors lines short and blunt?
Stage directions can be used for a wide range of different purposes. Priestley varies the length of the lines the characters deliver, Sheila gives the blunt and snappy line 'Because I was in a furious temper' when explaining her behaviour.
Who says it frightens me the way you talk?
Mr Birling implies here that Eric is a 'fool' because he is young. Ironically, it is the older Arthur who nearly resorts to physical violence. It frightens me the way you talk, and I can't listen to any more of it.
Who says we are all members of one body?
An Inspector Calls "We don't live alone. We are all members of one body. We are responsible for each other." What is Priestley's main aim in `An inspector calls`?
How is the theme of guilt presented in Inspector Calls?
Guilt. Arthur, Sybil, Sheila, Eric, and Gerald must come to terms with their guilt, leading to Eva/Daisy's demise. The Inspector wants the family to accept the pain it has caused Eva/Daisy. In this way, guilt plays an important role in the Inspector's politics.
How is the theme of selfishness presented in An Inspector Calls?
In 'An Inspector Calls' Priestley presents selfishness as a pernicious and harmful quality, that has disastrous consequences for everyone. Moreover, the Birlings' detachment as a result of their selfishness and wealth has led to a degree of inhumanity, with Eva Smith being described as a "wretched girl".
How is concept analysis used in perception research?
However, the issue of identifying the elements of perception and understanding exactly what is being reported remains elusive. practice. Walker and Avant's (2005) concept analysis method was used to examine the structure and function of the concept "perception". This method uses eight steps to capture the essence of defining empirical referents.
Are there any articles that focus on perception?
Both quantitative and qualitative articles that focused on participant perceptions were viewed. In the 449 articles, there were no articles that defined the term "perception". A possible explanation for why none of the
What is the operational definition for the concept of perception?
An operational definition for the concept was developed. Nurses need to be cognizant of how perceptual differences impact the delivery of nursing care. In research, a mixed methodology approach may yield a richer description of the phenomenon and provide useful information for clinical practice. Content may be subject to copyright.
When do affective concepts and embodied reactions clash?
Published in final edited form as: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008 Apr; 94(4): 560–578. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.560 PMCID: PMC2365308 NIHMSID: NIHMS40356 PMID: 18361672 Affective Incoherence: When Affective Concepts and Embodied Reactions Clash David B. Centerbar, Gerald L. Clore, Simone Schnall, and Erika Garvin David B. Centerbar
How long does it take to get pregnant after miscarriage?
What vine has a large seed pod?


The Huskies started poorly in the second half and finished worse as they let a double-digit lead slip away and lost their Pac-12 opener 79-74 to Washington State.
The Washington Huskies fell flat in their Pac-12 Conference men's conference opener against Washington State University Sunday evening. Despite freshman guard Markelle Fultz nearly reaching the first triple-double in program history, the Huskies let a 13-point first-half lead slip away en route to a 79-74 loss at Hec Edmundson Pavilion.
The Huskies had a 71-67 lead in the final three minutes, but couldn't shore up the defense.
Washington State guard Malachi Flynn found the same open slot three times, coming off a ball screen and banking in three layups, including the one that put the Cougars up for good with 0:49 to play. Down the stretch offensively, Washington (7-6, 0-1 Pac-12) came apart, missing four of their final five shots as they snapped a three-game win streak against the Cougars.
Coach Lorenzo Romar said his defense didn't play Flynn according to plan.
The stretch was the second breakdown that enabled WSU (8-5, 1-0 Pac-12) to climb back into the game.
The first began after Washington held a 38-25 advantage with 4:09 to play in the first half. The Cougars closed on an 8-2 run to intermission.
UW's cold streak continued to start the second period. Washington missed its first six shots, committed five fouls and two turnovers over the first four minutes. The Cougars went on a 14-1 run to take the lead.
Romar said the slow start to the second got to his players.
Sophomore guard Noah Dickerson said the streak reminded him of the team's struggles last year.
The Cougars capitalized on their size. Senior forward Josh Hawkinson put his 6-foot-10 frame to use, scoring 26 points and grabbing eight rebounds on the back of a 10-of-18 shooting performance. Center Conor Clifford added 14, helping Washington State finish with a 44-30 advantage in points in the paint.
As has been the case all season, Fultz was the highlight for the Huskies. The freshman was 11-of-26 from the field for 26 points, plus a career-high 11 assists and nine rebounds while committing six turnovers. Dickerson added 19 points, while David Crisp scored 11.
Washington hosts No. 21 Oregon Wednesday (6 p.m., ESPN2). The 13-2 Ducks knocked the Huskies out of the Pac-12 tournament in the first round last year.
Nice win for the Cougs, Cougar Nation needed this from the MBB.
No player has had a triple double in program history? Wow, with all the great players they've had, that's surprising.
Romar and his AAU style of play means ANOTHER disappointing season despite having NBA talent. Get used to it. Oh wait, we already have.
Fultz – One and done.
The time is now for UW to make a coaching change. A decent or semi decent coach could take this team to the tourney. Romar cant even beat the cougars. Sick of his style of coaching, getting one and done players. Nice guys finish last, and that is where we will be if we keep him.


To be admitted to this Bachelor programme, you must have an apprenticeship position as an orthopaedic technician or an orthopaedic shoemaker. This means you must look for a suitable apprenticing company before enrolling for the programme. Once you have obtained an apprenticeship contract, including a general agreement on taking up a dual degree programme, you enrol at Münster University of Applied Sciences.
Our dual degree programme combines theory and practice of technical orthopaedics, and is therefore a programme that keeps up with state-of-the-art developments. With the expertise you will have acquired here, you will be able to keep pace with the sector's rapid developments. This will make you attractive to technical and industrial employers alike, and offer you a wide range of career opportunities: many of our students are taken on by the apprenticing company after obtaining their degree; others embark on a career in industrial product development. Others conduct research in institutes and labs on new care concepts in the biomechanical and clinical area. Product management, sales or product authorisation are also possible professional fields. Last but not least, the Bachelor's degree opens the door to numerous Master's programmes, such as in Rehabilitation Technology, Medical Engineering or Kinesiology.
The standard period of study is eight semesters. During the first two semesters, you will work four days a week at the apprenticeship company and attend vocational college one day a week. In addition, you can enrol for selected short intensive courses at our department, such as in construction design or materials engineering.
From the third semester on, you will attend courses at Münster University of Applied Sciences in Steinfurt. Initially, various modules on fundamentals of mathematics and science are covered in the curriculum. After that, the specialist stage begins, in which you will apply the basics to issues concerning orthopaedic technology and their technical components regarding measurement engineering, construction design, rehabilitation technology, and clinical biomechanics. In addition, you will acquire a basic knowledge of business administration, medical products legalisation and the health system.
Outside term time, you will continue to work for your apprenticing company and take your journeyman's examination in the sixth semester. In the eighth semester, you will write your Bachelor thesis. After completing your degree, you will have two recognised qualifications: your journeyman's certificate and a Bachelor of Engineering degree.


text:
Batrachedra pastor is a moth in the family Batrachedridae. It is found in Taiwan.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Batrachedridae
Moths described in 1936

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Including: A mask and XCOSER Service +Xcoser Metal Logo.
The Flash mask designed by Xcoser.
It's made of soft Resin material, comfortable and unbreakable.
Fits for halloween, parties, cosplay.
Cool mask for The Flash Fans!
This Flash mask is the newest version on TV Flash.
The flash logo(ear part) and mask are detached, pls DIY and glue them together with superglue.


Featuring a detailed and unique design named ''swinging cloud'', this wall decoration is certain to be a perfect addition to your home, indoor or outdoor! This item was precisely made in Turkey with extremely durable 3mm steel and painted in a stylish and modern black color. This item was intricately designed with an overall depth of 1.18'' while being 20.08'' tall and 13.78'' wide.


Proposed sorting office in Leeds.
For the time being, however, we are blessed with a regional postal center here in Horsham and slackers like me with a part time (and soon to be no) job can avoid the hassle of getting up at 5 AM to join the queue in hopes of being served by noon, and simply go on a weekday when the crowds have thinned out somewhat.
And so, armed with the knowledge that I needed World-Wide postage stamps, I joined the queue and started making my calculations. This is something I do to pass the time: try to calculate which clerk is going to serve me, and adjust my expectations accordingly. There were four windows open: one was staffed by a blonde woman who I know to be competent, knowledgeable and courteous. Next to her was a matronly woman I had never been served by but who, nonetheless, radiated confidence and appeared efficient. I gave her a 7 out of 10 and put her down as my second choice. On the other side of the blonde was the Money Lady, who is supposed to wait on postal customers when no one is at her window exchanging Euros for Australian Outbacks (or whatever they call their money). She was free now, but was busy arranging bills into neat stacks.
At the far end was a young bloke whose dress and demeanor screamed, "Temporary Help;" I gave him a "1" and prayed for favorable odds.
The Temp was waiting on an elderly woman when I joined the queue. The blonde and the matron finished their transactions and called up two more people. The Money Lady started filing her nails.
The Temp was pointing at a document, explaining something to the elderly woman who was nodding her head and clearly not understanding a word he said. Two more customers went to the blonde and the matron. The Money Lady was reading War and Peace.
The Temp slid some documents to the woman, who smiled and began rooting through her cavernous handbag for her purse. Two more customers left the queue. The Money Lady was working on a cross-stitch of The Last Supper.
The woman found her purse and began counting out her money—slowly and deliberately—in pennies. Two more people left the queue. The Money Lady was updating her Facebook status.
Transaction complete, the woman was thanking (and thanking and thanking) the Temp. Two more people left the queue. The Money Lady was taking up oil painting.
The woman finally stepped away from the Temp's window; it was my turn. The Money Lady was signing up for a correspondence course in home laser surgery. I had no choice; I went to the Temp.
"I need world-wide stamps," I told him.
Handy, if you know how much a gram weighs.
And so, I left, without my stamps. We now have a pile of Christmas cards that my wife has signed, addressed and assembled but we have no way of mailing them. I suppose I could take them all down to the Temp and make him weight each and every one individually, but I suspect he might enjoy that. The only thing I can do is wait for my next day off, go back to the post office, join the queue and hope I end up with the Blonde or the Matron. Or that the Money Lady has finished her correspondence course.
In America, I would have simply been "laid off" or, even worse, "downsized" whereas here I am redundant, which, if you take it literally, means "superfluous, unnecessary and outmoded." Compared to that, I might prefer the old fashioned "fired," but being declared superfluous in Britain is not an insult, it's just—especially these days—an annoying fact of life, like the Council deciding to resurface the high street on the day of the village fete.
It's in an ideal location—close to shops and right off a bus line—and it has bags of character. We're sharing the left end with a family of four from Nigeria but there is still plenty of room for me to have a study, which we can use as a guest bedroom when we have company.
I didn't exactly get a golden handshake (it was more like a brass one), but it was better than a sharp stick in the eye. More to the point—and here's the bit that will help you stop feeling sorry for me (you did buy my books, though, didn't you?)—it was also what I wanted.
After getting the offer, I went home to discuss it with my wife and was pleasantly surprised to find that, even after ten years, she remains so blinded by love that I can still talk her into making some truly dubious decisions. I am, therefore, not going to seek another job but instead will look upon this as a promotion to full-time writer. Even in my office I am telling people I opted for early retirement instead of saying that I took VR, and right now (I still have three more weeks to go) I am the happiest person in the company.
It had always been my intention to retire early and devote myself fully to my writing; this is a great opportunity—perhaps my only one—and I intend to make the most of it. Lee Child made it work, so there's no reason I can't.
Just in case, though, if you happen to know of any hot air vents that are free, keep me in mind.
I want to thank all of you who bought Finding Rachel Davenport. That was really nice of you; thanks ever so much. Now I have another favor to ask: could you put a review on Amazon?
Reviews, I am told, boost a book's visibility and, thereby, increase its sales potential. Having just lost my job (violins, please) I don't have enough money to buy any decent reviews, and I lack the guile and organizational skills necessary to create "sock puppet" reviews, so I am falling back on the last resort—actual, real reviews from actual, real readers telling what they actually, really think about the book. And, yes, that means if you didn't like it, say so; the only bad review is one that isn't posted.
So if you could do me that favor, I would really, really appreciate it.
For those of you who don't know, David Sedaris is a very funny man whose work I have long admired. I have known for some time that he is, like me, an expat, but that was hardly notable; there are a lot of expats around these days.
What I did not know was that Mr. Sedaris had a series of shows on BBC Radio 4, where he would read selected essays to a live audience. I accidentally bumped into these broadcasts during an ironing marathon one Sunday afternoon back in May and have been a keen listener every since.
During this weekend's episode, however, Mr. Sedaris tipped his hand: becoming a fan and finding his show were not merely pleasant accidents, he has been stalking me.
Mr. Sedaris (or, should I call him "Dave," as we seem to be intimately connected) was born just about two years after me, in Binghamton, New York, so his stalking started early, with him literally following me into the world. And now, some (pick a number—a large one) years later, after the two of us move to the other side of the world, it turns out we're neighbors. In his essay "Rubbish" Dave tells how he and his partner came to live in a little Sussex village just down the road from me. Coincidence? I think not.
Okay, maybe is just a fluke, but at least this gives me another opportunity to talk about the shameful state of Britain's roads, and the endemic insouciance the British have concerning litter. I've banged on about this before, but Dave does a truly marvelous and hysterical job of shining a light on this nefarious activity. So go have a listen; you'll be glad you did.
And stop throwing your crap all over this beautiful country; you should be ashamed of yourselves!


Sort by Tags | R-Lipoic Acid What ingredients does your natural ice cream use? For the Face Follow us: Research also shows that green tea lowers total cholesterol, improving the overall cholesterol profile. One population-based clinical study found that men who drink green tea are more likely to have lower total cholesterol than those who do not drink green tea. Other clinical studies that look at populations of people indicate that the antioxidant properties of green tea may help prevent atherosclerosis, particularly coronary artery disease. The benefits also seem to extend to preventing stroke, reducing high blood pressure, and inhibiting the formation of blood clots. Much of the effect may also be due to the ability of green tea to help lower blood sugar and insulin levels.
$24 – $34 Publication Date: October 13, 2015 16. Delegate Never Binge Again(tm): Reprogram Yourself to Think Like a Permanently Thin Person(t… Squeeze tea bag to ensure maximum goodness in your cup.
By Janis Kelly All DepartmentsAuto & TiresBabyBeautyBooksCell PhonesClothingElectronicsFood Matcha is a type of powdered green tea. It is very high in antioxidants, and has numerous health benefits for your body and brain.
Published 7 months ago Maize The combination of green tea and cinnamon tastes good and also aids in losing weight. Eating unsalted popcorn with green tea before dinner will further aid in weight loss. Have a protein-packed dinner that will keep your taste buds remain active and tone your muscles.
Eye Care real-estate University of Maryland reports that in a clinical study of women suffering from ovarian cancer, those who drank at least one cup of green tea daily survived longer with the disease than those who didn't drink the tea. Those who drank the most tea, in the study, lived the longest.
Lemonade Recipes Whisk for a minute or two until it looks thick and frothy with tiny bubble, then add 3–4 more ounces of water before drinking.
REAL BREWED Potassium 127 mg2% Houzzvisit|Living-Houzz|navigation-www|7 © 2013 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
Rs. 129.00 Serving Size: 8.0 ounces Researchers believe that it is the high level of polyphenols in tea that helps kill cancerous cells and stop them from growing. However, the exact mechanisms by which tea interacts with cancerous cells is unknown.
USA.gov Health Tip: Try Tea for a Healthy Resolution Global Footprint OVERVIEW $50 – $100 Vitacost.com takes online security very seriously.
$50.01 – $74.99	$31.95	$53.45 Find a Drug Closest Turkey Hill products: Manheim, PA USA | English Several factors can make you more likely to develop a secondary cancer. Looking for a more creative way to enjoy the benefits of green tea than a standard cup of herbal tea? These recipes incorporate the plant into treats that complement its unique natural flavor with complementary tastes and textures.
The Green Tea Diet has been around for thousands of years in China. There are many people who have heard about the Green Tea Diet but don't know much about it.


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Companies pitch at Dream Big Grow Here in Sheldon, Iowa
By SPN Team / November 30, 2018
Five finalist companies in northwest Iowa competed for a chance to win cash prizes to help grow their businesses. The fifth annual Dream Big Grow Here event, held at Sheldon, Iowa's Crossroads Pavilion Event Center, took place on November 15. The committee selected five finalists to compete for first, second and third place prizes totaling…
Sioux City is rebooting a bright tech future
Sioux City has a history as a tech leader, and history is about to repeat itself. For those that don't know, Sioux City was once a hub of cutting-edge technology employing thousands of tech workers. In the late 1980s, Ted Waitt launched Gateway 2000 from his father's Sioux City cattle farm. The Fortune 500 eventually…
Sioux City Launch Week begins today
By SPN Team / November 7, 2018
Sioux City Launch Week kicks off today with a wide range of events aimed toward engaging northwest Iowa's entrepreneurial community and building a strong entrepreneurial ecosystem. Launch week is organized by Iowa's West Coast Initiative, led by the economic development organizations in Plymouth, Monona and Woodbury counties, which are working together to increase entrepreneurial activity…
Opendorse to hire 10 in 2019
In 2011, Nebraska football players Adi Kunalic and Blake Lawrence were talking with their teammate – Prince Amukamara. Prince had just been drafted in the first round of the NFL draft, but he had a problem. He needed help pushing quality content to his rapidly growing social media audience and wanted to capitalize on his…
Follow-up report: State Expected Venture Values in the Midwest
By SPN Team / October 26, 2018
Following the publication of our article on Tuesday regarding expected values in cities, Silicon Prairie News received multiple requests for more information. There were three primary questions regarding the data. The first question is where and how did you get this information. Silicon Prairie News and its partner organizations use Pitchbook and FormDs.com to identify…
DeliveRecon knowledge share app helps keep fleets informed and efficient
By Rod Armstrong / October 12, 2018
Truck drivers sometimes encounter unexpected challenges that hinder their efficiency or put them behind schedule. For example, a security code at an entry gate for a delivery may have been changed without notice. Plattsmouth, Nebraska startup DeliveRecon has created an app and driver knowledge base that allows drivers to communicate issues like this to each…
Silicon Prairie students make investment decisions
By SPN Newsroom / October 2, 2018
Dr. Dale Eesley is seeing his vision of a student-led investment fund become a reality as students learn the ropes of venture capital investing. Dr. Eesley, Director of the Center for Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Franchising at the University of Nebraska – Omaha (UNO), had heard about student-led venture firms for years. Dr. Eesley had not really…
Todd Smith of Smith Ventures seeks to change the region's K12 educational paradigm
By SPN Newsroom / September 12, 2018
Big Omaha was fortunate to have Todd Smith, owner of Smith Ventures, speak about economic competitiveness and the critical need to better prepare our next generation of industry leaders, starting early in their education. SPN sat down with Smith to learn more about how Smith Ventures is seeking to change the educational landscape to "prepare W2 and…
Fintech Company AlphaBTC expands bitcoin kiosk network in Midwest
AlphaBTC has been providing client services for five years and has experienced some exciting growth in the past year. The company, founded in 2013, has been working with Maya to bring five of Maya's 50 self-service payment kiosks to Omaha. Maya is a social initiative technology company that provides financial services infrastructure for underserved communities…
Fargo, ND businesses see over $21M in investments so far in 2018
By SPN Team / August 30, 2018
Fargo, North Dakota might not be the first city that comes to mind when discussing hubs for investments and venture capital. But the modestly sized town of 120,000 has put up some impressive numbers this year with several multi-million dollar deals. Botlink On April 26, 2018, Botlink received $3.36 million in individual funding – marking…


Tonight on Perspectives: If we force kids to volunteer, does that defeat the purpose?
When we subject young people to "charity for credit" are we communicating something we shouldn't? Namely, that charity to one's neighbour can be neatly contained, scheduled and ticked off as just another item on a to-do list? Or is scheduled community service necessary to fashion the up-and-coming generation into a generous and compassionate one?
Meanwhile, Laura Ieraci takes the opposite stance and proposes that encouraging volunteering awakens young people to their own potential.
"No, organized class volunteer projects led most of the students in my high school class to experience giving themselves in service for the first time, inspiring them to continue on their own and, in one known case, changing their career path," Laura writes.
Is volunteering as a curriculum requirement expanding the hearts of the young and awakening compassion? Or is it just presenting one more source of drudgery and misunderstanding in these young lives?
On tonight's Perspectives we will delve into these issues and many others. For example, what are the long-term benefits of service? Are lives really changed through volunteering?
Join our host Pedro Guevara-Mann at 7 and 11pm ET (8pm PT), as he sits down with Tim Leeloy of ShareLife, Deirdre Pereira, a High School Chaplaincy leader and Clinton Machado a first year University of Toronto student to discuss their experiences with volunteering in Ontario's schools.


September 27 is World Tourism Day.
Did you know that the most commonly forgotten item for travellers is their toothbrush? I always put that item as well as any other personal hygiene and sun protection in my carry one that way if they lose my baggage, I still have everything I need to survive while they are found. Often hotels markup these every day items because they know you can't go without.
Another important thing that people often dismiss is vaccines. We live in a global world, and diseases that were once on the way out in Canada are now popping up again.Recent Canadian measles outbreaks were brought into our country because of travel. This shows us that we need to keep our vaccines up to date until measles has been wiped out worldwide.
Also be mindful when you travel. Some attractions aren't worth it especially when these attractions are animals.


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Q: Запрос POST не закончился а страницу уже загрузило Angular 2 Проблема такая, при открытие модуля у меня сразу выполнятся запрос для информации в select и получается там пусто, но возможно как-то сделать пока запрос не закончился что бы он модуль не отрисовал ?
  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.gameAccounts();
    this.totalPrice = this.price;

    console.log(this.gameAccountsArray);
    console.log(this.gameAccountsArray[1].account);

  }

  gameAccounts() {
    this.acpService.gameAccounts()
    .subscribe((data: any) => {
      this.gameAccountsArray = data.gameAccounts;
    });
  }

A: Вариант с использованием async-пайпа. Предпочтительней, так как angular сам сделает все необходимые отписки для избежания утечек памяти. Также возможен вариант с тем, чтобы обернуть не весь компонент, а только ту часть, которая ожидает эти данные.

ngOnInit(): void {
  this.gameAccountsArray$ = this.gameAccounts();
  ...
}

gameAccounts$() {
  return this.acpService.gameAccounts().pipe(map((data) => data.gameAccounts));
}
<div *ngIf="gameAccountsArray$ | async">
  ...Остальной код компонента
</div>

Также возможно, что не нужно будет оборачивать весь компонент, а передать данные в компонент, который их использует.
<select
[someInput]="gameAccountsArray$ | async"
>
...
</select>

Также можно сделать костыльный вариант с использованием флага-инициализации. По сути такой же вариант, что и с this.gameAccountsArray$, только сделать специальное поле initialize

A: Можно использовать резолвер на уровне роута. Пока не отработают все резолверы, роут не загрузится.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Carlos was born in Barcelona and moved to London in time to see the change of millennium. His work started with travel and landscape photography, something he still loves. In the last years he has been exploring his passion in portraiture, particularly the male figure and its raw beauty in its simple form under the name of CX Photography.


People feel strongly about things rooted in their passions. You know you are truly passionate about something when you are willing to do it for free and take on significant risk. Think of all the great innovations that we enjoy today because of someone pursuing their passion — Zuckerberg (Facebook), Jobs (Apple), Walt Disney. Many years ago, a fellow Wharton Alum was so determined to succeed in the music business, that upon graduation she decided to reject a lucrative investment-banking job and accept a position as a secretary at a record company. As opposed to taking what some may consider the "easy road," she decided to chase her dream of becoming a music company executive. Sixteen years later, she had become the first African-American woman to head a major record label — now that's passion!
How did I find my passion?
It all started with education followed by a series of career opportunities allowing me to accumulate a unique set of skills and expertise that complemented my education, life experience and ability to connect with people. However, many important decisions needed to be made during this time. I was fortunate to have mentors to call on for advice. That advice and my learning helped me gravitate toward those opportunities that were most compatible with my personality and would most likely give me the best long-term growth potential. As I look back at each individual career move, they don't make sense individually. However, those moves make total sense given that I am innovating at the intersection of procurement, technology, and emerging business development.
Patience: Patience enables you to stay the course even under the most difficult circumstances. There are no short-cuts to success. Be patient, stay focused and true to yourself.
In addition to the 3 P's, I personally lean heavily on my faith and adamantly refuse to give up!


It's 2018, which means if you are still implementing traditional old-school sales tactics, you are more than likely miles behind your competition. In a technology-focused world where answers are expected immediately, your sales process must function similarly. Using automation to accelerate and streamline your sales process not only results in increased lead generation, but it will also make the jobs of your sales reps easier.
It's important to implement a framework that ensures lead progression. Using pre-created email templates, set up workflows within your customer relationship manager (CRM) to organize pre-determined email actions according to the leads response. It's also useful to utilize email drip campaigns and set up a series of automated emails for each list you create, in order to nurture them continuously with relevant, timely content and information pertaining to their position in the pipeline.
We live in a world that relies on data. Analyze your sales data regularly, and as you continue to move leads through the pipeline, pay close attention to trends. These include sales cycle time, success of prospecting methods, email response rates and the nurturing methods that were successful. 60 percent of salespeople say that when they figure out what works for them, they don't change it.
If something is clearly not working, don't be afraid to pivot. The worst thing you can do is continue to plug away with the hope of change. In today's technology-driven age, if you don't pivot when the data indicates it's time, you are sunk.
Remove extra steps in the sales process by utilizing your CRM's automated lead creation function, which allows a lead card to be created with all known information from the source, whether via social media or email.


text:
VIDEO: Slash & Lenny Kravitz rock Muhammad Ali tribute
Slash joined Lenny Kravitz to rock the 70th birthday celebration for boxing legend Muhammad Ali.
The pair were just two of the stars that came out for the 16th annual Power Of Love Gala in honor of Ali; others on hand included Stevie Wonder, Chris Cornell, LL Cool J, Snoop Dogg, former President Bill Clinton, Oprah Winfrey, and more.
"Muhammad Ali is and always has been a role model & a hero to me," said Slash. "It's a huge privilege to be able to perform in his honor. He is one of the great icons of American culture and history."
The 16th annual "Power Of Love Gala" celebrates the life and legacy of Muhammad Ali and his contribution to the world and raises awareness for Alzheimer's, Huntington's, ALS, Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's, the disease "The Champ" has been battling since 1984.
Proceeds from the event will benefit the Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health's work toward enhanced treatments and research of neurocognitive disorders and the Muhammad Ali Center in Louisville, Kentucky.
Slash is currently wrapping up work on his second solo album, "Apocalyptic Love," due May 22.
Kravitz continues to tour in support of his new release, "Black & White America."
Lenny Kravitz & Slash – Always On The Run
Power Of Love Gala – Tribute to Muhammad Ali
MGM Grand Garden Arena – Las Vegas, NV – February 18, 2012
VIDEO: Slash in the studio part 3
Guns N' Roses: All original members will be at Rock Hall induction
Slash announces spring US tour
VIDEO: Slash in the studio
Slash: New album update
Guns N' Roses: Slash has not RSVP'd for Rock Hall induction
Slash and Ozzy Osbourne lead this week's new releases
Slash: Velvet Revolver auditioning singers next month
Guns N' Roses: Slash talks Rock Hall Of Fame
Slash to debut new songs at two private LA shows
Slash: Song titles from next album surface
VIDEO: Axl Rose says drunken Slash peed himself often
Slash has almost 20 songs ready for next album
Slash starts recording new album next month
VIDEO: Guns N' Roses 1992 lineup salutes Slash
Guns N' Roses: Slash talks Use Your Illusion on its 20th anniversary
VIDEO: Slash rocks Charlie Sheen Roast
Slash: Live DVD due in November
Slash renews wedding vows for 10th Anniversary
Slash renewing wedding vows for 10th Anniversary
Slash records with Mary J. Blige
Former Guns N' Roses members to honor Slash at Road Recovery benefit
Slash continues work on next solo album
Slash: UK homecoming gig filmed for DVD release
Slash begins work on second solo album next week
Slash tops the hennemusic Hot 10
VIDEO: Slash featured on South Park
Labels: Lenny Kravitz, Slash