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Neotropical Ichthyology
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• Neotrop. ichthyol. 7 (2) • June 2009 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000200018 copy
Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil
Luciano Lazzarini Wolff
Vinícius Abilhoa
Flavia Sant'Anna Rios
Lucélia Donatti
This study described the feeding habits of the characin Astyanax aff. fasciatus. The diet compositions of specimens from two sites (A and B) on a river in Southern Brazil were compared according to the size of individuals and seasonal period. The collections were performed monthly from March 2005 to February 2006, where the stomach contents of 290 specimens were assessed. Food items for A. aff. fasciatus were basically composed of plants and insects, especially leaf fragments, seeds, fruits, filamentous algae, aquatic and terrestrial insects and insect fragments. At site A, the most common items were insect and plant fragments. Conversely at site B, plant fragments were more representative. In general, all items of animal origin showed the highest feeding index values at site A, whereas at site B detritus and grass items were more abundant. The composition of items varied seasonally, with higher diversity of items being recorded during the spring at both sites. Smaller individuals preferred items of animal origin, while the larger ones consumed mainly items of plant origin. According to its size, A. aff. fasciatus in this study may be considered a species with insectivorous tendencies when immature or herbivorous tendencies when adult. Nevertheless, its feeding habits may be flexible according to resource availability, showing wide ontogenetic, besides spatial and temporal variation.
Resource availability; Feeding flexibility; Omnivore; Niche shifts; Freshwater
Este estudo descreveu os hábitos alimentares do lambari Astyanax aff. fasciatus. Foram comparadas as composições alimentares de espécimes de dois sítios (A e B) de um rio no sul do Brasil de acordo com o tamanho dos indivíduos e do período sazonal. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente de março de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006, sendo o conteúdo estomacal de 290 exemplares analisado. A dieta de A. aff. fasciatus foi composta basicamente por plantas e insetos, especialmente fragmentos de folhas, sementes, frutos, algas filamentosas, insetos aquáticos e terrestres e fragmentos de insetos. No sítio A, os itens de maior importância foram fragmentos de insetos e plantas. Ao contrário no sítio B, fragmentos de plantas foram mais representativos. Em geral, todos os itens de origem animal apresentaram os maiores valores do índice alimentar no sítio A, enquanto que no sítio B detritos e gramíneas foram mais abundantes. A composição dos itens ingeridos variou sazonalmente, sendo a maior diversidade registrada durante o período da primavera para ambos os sítios. Indivíduos pequenos preferiram itens de origem animal enquanto que os maiores consumiram principalmente itens de origem vegetal. De acordo com seu tamanho A. aff. fasciatus neste estudo pode ser considerada uma espécie com tendências à insetivoria quando imaturo, ou à herbivoria quando adulto. No entanto, seu hábito alimentar pode ser flexível de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos, mostrando ampla variação tanto ontogenética quanto espacial e temporal.
Luciano Lazzarini WolffI; Vinícius AbilhoaII; Flavia Sant'Anna RiosI; Lucélia DonattiI
IDepartamento de Biologia Celular,Universidade Federal do Paraná. Caixa Postal 19031, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. luciano_biol@yahoo.com.br; flaviasrios@ufpr.br; donatti@ufpr.br
IIGrupo de pesquisas em Ictiofauna, Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia (MHNCI), 82810-080 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. vabilhoa@uol.com.br
Key words: Resource availability, Feeding flexibility, Omnivore, Niche shifts, Freshwater.
The Atlantic Forest is one of the world's hotspots of biological diversity. It has been submitted to an intense process of destruction and fragmentation of its current ecosystems, due to disorganized urban expansion, industrial activities and agriculture (Myers et al., 2000). This process has affected the integrity of aquatic systems, mainly in small and medium-sized rivers, causing loss of important information about its biota (Buckup, 1996; Faria & Marques, 1999). Knowledge of the feeding and trophic organization of the species can contribute to the understanding of the fish's autoecology in rivers and tropical streams, which in turn can provide data for preserving these fragile ecosystems.
The variation in the availability of feeding resources plays a central role in the alterations of feeding patterns in fish, both on a temporary and spatial scale (Prejs & Prejs 1987; Winemiller & Winemiller 2003). Furthermore, the alterations in feeding habits can also be conditioned to the ontogenetic development of morphological structures of species, such as dentition, intestinal tract, mouth size and improved locomotion, mainly during the transitional phase between juvenile and adult (Wootton, 1999; Hahn et al., 2000). However, this approach has not yet received suitable attention in ecological trophic studies.
The genus Astyanax Baird & Girard, 1854 is diverse and widespread in freshwaters of South America, including almost one hundred described species (Lima et al., 2003). Several Astyanax species are abundant and distributed throughout Brazilian hydrographic basins, mostly in small streams, feeding mainly on algae and aquatic and terrestrial insects (Costa, 1987; Esteves, 1996; Casatti & Castro, 1998). Astyanax species are also of great ecological importance, maintaining trophic relations in the communities, since it is fodder for some carnivorous species (Almeida et al., 1997; Loureiro-Crippa & Hahn, 2006). Moreover, the genus is also important in the integrity of the riparian vegetation, where these fish are considered as potential seed scatterers (Vilella et al., 2002).
In the last few years, the name Astyanax fasciatus was atributed to several fishes collected in the rio Paraná basin (Shibatta et al., 2002; Castro et al., 2003; Artoni et al., 2006), following the diagnostic attributes proposed by Eigenmann (1921), such as the number of anal-fin rays (25 or more), the presence of an elongated humeral spot, a silvery lateral band turning black on the caudal peduncle and continuing as a black streak to the end of the middle fin rays, and one to three maxillary teeth. However, several authors refer to this species as a "species complex", based on chromosomal data (Justi, 1993; Artoni et al., 2006) and morphological analyses (Garutti & Britski, 2000). In fact, Melo (2005) stated that the name A. fasciatus should be applied only to specimens from the São Francisco drainage, and specimens from rio Paraná drainage may represent a complex of similar species.
Considering the trophic potential and the ability of most of the species of Astyanax to colonize different habitats, this study was carried out with the objective of answering the following question: Can ontogenetic variation, seasonal regime and environmental heterogeneity (of an Atlantic Forest river in Southern Brazil) induce modifications in the diet composition of the species?
Study area. This study was performed in the rio das Pedras, located in Guarapuava, in the central-eastern part of Paraná State, Southern Brazil. It is one of the rivers that form the rio Jordão, the main tributary of the middle rio Iguaçu. The rio Iguaçu is world famous, known for the Iguaçu waterfalls. The falls have contributed to the isolation of ichthyofauna associated with its superior level and proportionally to a high degree of fish endemism in the area of this study. This region is situated in the Mixed Ombrophylous Forest, which is a biome subdivision of the Atlantic Forest. The region's climate is considered subtropical with an average annual rainfall of 1600 to 1800 mm and the average annual temperature of 15 to 18ºC (climatic period between 1976 and 2000, Fig. 1, Meteorological System of Paraná). Two sites with distinct environmental and hydrological characteristics were chosen for the sampling of A. aff. fasciatus specimens.
Site A, situated in the middle part of the river (25°20'01"S 51°21'27"W) has a channel width between 15 and 18 m, with alternating by shallow riffles and large pools that do not exceed 2 m of depth. The riverbanks are partially covered by relatively preserved riparian vegetation, and its channel bed is covered predominantly by rocky substrate, e. g., cobbles (64-256 mm) and small boulders (257-512 mm) in the riffles and sand-gravel, clay and organic matter in the pool regions. In the pools the water-land interface of the littoral zone shows marginal vegetation composed predominately of the exotic grass Brachiaria sp. and submersed aquatic macrophytes. Site B is situated downstream (25°23'57"S 51°26'10"W) and has slow water characteristics with a channel width between 25 and 27 m and depth of about 1.5 m. The riparian vegetation is simple, predominated by generalist and pioneer species such as "bamboos" (Bambusoideae) and variety climbers. The channel bed is covered mainly by sand-clay substrate and deposited organic material. Vegetation at the water-land interface is practically absent as described for site A. During the study period, measures of turbidity, depth, water flow, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen were recorded.
Fish collection. The specimens were obtained through monthly samples carried out from March 2005 to February 2006. Fish gillnets (15 x 1.5 m with 12, 15, 20 and 25 mm mesh), traps (50 mm opening) and a dragnet with 3 mm mesh were used. After capture the individuals were fixed in 10% formalin and then transferred to 70% alcohol.
In the laboratory, they were identified, weighed, measured and dissected for stomach removal. Voucher A. aff. fasciatus collected in this study were deposited in the Ichthyological Collection of the Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil (MHNCI 11731).
Species identification. The species studied here was diagnosed from other sympatric Astyanax species by the following morphological characters: two vertically elongate dark humeral spots, second one faint; dorsal, anal and caudal fins red in life; outer row of teeth on premaxilla with four teeth; posteroventral edge of third infraorbital almost contacting preoperple; lateral line series with 36-40 perforated scales; first gill arch with 7-9 + 10-13 gill rakers (Sampaio, 1988).
Feeding study. The stomach contents of 290 specimens were identified under a microscope to the smallest possible taxonomic level. The diet of A. aff. fasciatus was analyzed accordingly to two combined methods. First, the frequency of occurrence was calculated, considering the number of samples (stomachs) that contain a certain item (i). It is expressed as the percent frequency of the total number of analyzed samples (Hynes, 1950). Second, the volumetric frequency (relative volume) was estimated taking into account the quantitative contribution of each item. It was determined by the number of checkered squares occupied by each item (i) on millimeter-ruled paper (points method), in relation to the total number of squares occupied by all of the items (Hyslop, 1980). The feeding index (IF) proposed by Kawakami & Vazzoler (1980) was calculated as IF = Fi .Vi / Σ (Fi .Vi), where i = feeding item, Fi= frequency of occurrence and Vi = volume, to analyze the effective importance of the presence and volume of each specific item. To aid in the graphic interpretation of results, the items that were ingested by A. aff. fasciatus were grouped into taxonomic or wider ecological categories.
Seasonal dietary analysis. The Morisita-Horn index (Krebs, 1998), applied to the IF values, was used to analyze the feeding patterns between the two sites and among the four seasons. In order to determine the similarity patterns, the similarity food matrix was reduced through cluster analysis, using the Euclidean distance algorithm (Ward's methods) as a dissimilarity measure. The seasons were defined in the following manner; autumn (March, April, May of 2005), winter (June, July and August of 2005), spring (September, October and November of 2005), and summer (December of 2005, January and February of 2006).
Ontogenetic dietary analysis. For the ontogenetic study, three classes of standard lengths (SL) were considered as follows: standard length 1 (SL1) with individuals up to 50 mm; standard length 2 (SL2) with individuals between 51 mm and 75 mm; and standard length 3 (SL3) with individuals over 76 mm. The first class (SL1) was established on the basis of the sexual maturity curve, previously determined for the species and therefore considered immature individuals. The other two classes were determined arbitrarily. The standard length of specimens ranged from 16 mm to 125 mm. The feeding patterns among the three classes of individual size were identified by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA; Hill & Gauch Jr., 1980), applied to the IF values. The intestinal quotient (Iq) was calculated using 20 specimens of each class in order to identify the possible causes of alterations in the feeding behavior among the classes (Zavala-Camin, 1996). The intestinal quotient is the result of the division of the intestinal length (measured in centimeters) by standard length of the fish. The Iq of the different classes were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA), assuming the prerequisites of normality and homogeneity of the variances, with the level of significance set at 5% (Zar, 1996). This test was conducted using the software Statistica 7.1 (Stasoft, 2005).
Abiotic condition. During the study period, the abiotic variables that showed the largest seasonal fluctuation were turbidity, depth and water flow, with the highest mean values recorded during the spring for both study areas. It characterized spring as a wet period. Water temperature was highest during the summer for both sites, whereas pH and dissolved oxygen varied little throughout the study (Table 1).
Spatial diet composition. At both sites, A. aff. fasciatus exhibited a broad feeding spectrum. The diet was based on leaves and insect fragments, but also showed seeds, fruits, filamentous algae, and aquatic and terrestrial insects. There was a clear difference in the exploration of these resources between the two sites sampled. IF values highlighted insect fragments as the main item for site A and leaf fragments for site B (Table 2). In general, the consumption of items of animal origin was comparatively higher for the individuals of site A when compared to site B. The consumption of resources of plant origin predominated at site B. Sediments and detritus were more frequently consumed at site B (Fig. 2).
Seasonal diet composition. The great diversity of items recorded in the stomach content of A. aff. fasciatus occurred during the spring at both sites studied. At site A, the most important items during the spring and autumn were insect. fragments. Leaf fragments predominated during the summer, while there was a marked contribution of insects (Ephemeroptera nymphs) during the winter (Table 3). At site B, leaf fragments were the most important item during all the seasons (Table 3).
Plants and invertebrates were present in high amounts in almost all seasons and at both sites (Fig. 3). The plant category was not recorded only during the winter at site A. The terrestrial invertebrate category was of high importance during the spring and summer at site A, and during the summer at site B. The aquatic invertebrate category was substantially more frequent during the winter at site A. The terrestrial vegetation category showed high importance during the autumn and summer for both sites. The aquatic vegetation category showed low frequency during the spring and the autumn at site B. Detritus and sediments were also absent only during the winter at site A, but this category was uncommon during the whole study period (Fig. 3).
Comparing the diet of A. aff. fasciatus between the two sites and among the different seasons using cluster analysis it was possible to establish three distinct groups according to feeding similarity. The first group was characterized by all of the seasons at site B and the summer at site A. The second group was composed of autumn and spring seasons at site A. And the third group was formed only by winter at site A, which showed high dissimilarity with the other groups (Fig. 4).
Ontogenetic diet composition. Astyanax aff. fasciatus showed a tendency to shift its feeding niche during growth. The consumption of items of animal origin was higher in smaller individuals, but it decreased in the larger ones, which consumed more plant items. This shift was more noticeable at site B (Fig. 5). At both sites, the most important item in the diet of the SL1 individuals was insect fragments. On the other hand, the larger individuals (SL3) consumed mainly leaf fragments (Table 4).
Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) demonstrated a distinct feeding segregation between the individuals of the different size classes (Fig. 6). The DCA axis 1 explained 54.3% of the variability and divided the size classes into three groups. The first group (scores positively related) was represented by SL1 individuals and the second group (intermediate scores) by SL2 individuals, while the third group (negatively related scores) comprised SL3 individuals. During growth, A. aff. fasciatus showed morphological alteration in the intestinal length/standard length ratio. The intestinal quotient (Iq) was significantly larger in the SL2 and SL3 size classes (F2,57 = 28.1; P < 0.05; r = 0.50; Fig. 7).
Several papers have reported the existence of a marked feeding flexibility in species of Astyanax (Arcifa et al., 1991; Esteves, 1996; Hahn et al., 1997; Vilella et al., 2002). Usually, these species use diverse items varying from algae and higher plants to insects and other arthropods. The present results corroborate this trend, indicating that A. aff. fasciatus exhibited an omnivorous diet including 20 items, of either animal or plant origin. However, these results do not allow a trophic categorization, because of the ontogenetic variation, as well as spatial and seasonal modifications in the composition of its diet. This was observed in other characin species (Luz & Okada, 1999; Mazzoni & Rezende, 2003).
According to Winemiller & Winemiller (2003), fish diets can be regulated by spatial and seasonal habit modifications. This takes into account that distinct areas and periods show differences in abiotic conditions and food availability for fishes. Spatial differences in the diet of A. aff. fasciatus were high. Animal-derived items were essential for the specimens captured at site A, while leaf fragments, grass and detritus exhibited a greater importance at site B. This feeding flexibility may be attributed to different factors, including the degree of riparian vegetation disturbance and the physical characteristics of the river at the sites studied.
Riparian areas exhibit important hydrological and ecological functions for the integrity of the aquatic biota, constituting one of the main feeding resources for many fishes (Esteves & Aranha, 1999). At site B, the riparian covering is simple with predominately shrubby vegetation such as, bamboos and climbers. As a consequenc of this low structural complexity in vegetation, it is possible that the availability of allochthonous resources, such as insects and other arthropods had been reduced (Uieda & Kikuchi, 1995), which explains the predominantly herbivorous diet at this site.
The observed difference in feeding spectrum of A. aff. fasciatus can also be related to the difference in availability of macroinvertebrates between the two sites. The abundance and distribution patterns of aquatic insects are determined mainly by the type and quantity of substrate. According to Blanco-Belmonte et al. (1998), the presence of vegetation in an aquatic ecosystem considerably increases the richness and abundance of these organisms. Unlike site B, where the river's stretch is characterized by riverbanks with little vegetation at the warter-land interface, the river's stretch corresponding to site A shows a higher amount of vegetation which is mainly composed of grass and submersed aquatic macrophytes in the pool regions. In view of these characteristics, it is possible that the development of macroinvertebrates is favored in this area, making them available as a food source for the ichthyofauna.
The seasonal diet analysis of A. aff. fasciatus, revealed differences in the proportion as well as in the variety of ingested items. According to Wootton (1999), the seasonal changes in the diet of fish can be due to expansion and contraction of available foraging areas. In tropical regions, the variation in patterns of the hydrological season leads to flooded areas adjacent to the rivers. The vegetation flooded during this process could supply a great quantity of organic matter for ichthyofauna feeding. Astyanax aff. fasciatus seems to be adapted to these dynamics, because its feeding niche range was higher during the spring which showed the highest hydrological levels.
Besides the elevation in the water level, other possible natural events could influence the feeding habits of A. aff. fasciatus. The consumption of terrestrial invertebrates was greater during the spring and summer at both studied sites. This was probably associated with the ant reproductive period, because winged individuals (flying ants) were found in the stomach content of A. aff. fasciatus only during this period. In their reproductive flights, it is possible that many ants fall into the water where are, ingested by fishes.
On the contrary, the consumption of terrestrial vegetation (seed and fruits), more frequent during the summer and autumn corresponds to the fruiting of various arboreal species in region. In the present study, intact seeds of Schinus sp. (pepper tree) were present in the stomach contents and intestinal tract of A. aff. fasciatus. The presence of these seeds suggests a potential role in seed dispersal, as proposed for other species of characins (Vilella et al., 2002).
Aquatic invertebrates, especially Ephemeroptera, were substantially consumed during the winter at site A. During this time, all fish collections contained just small individuals (SL1). This was probably related to the low mean temperature, which can decrease the basal metabolism in fishes and consequently their capture. Therefore, this does not represent the whole range of items that the species (e. g. SL2 and SL3 individuals) could use during that period.
Sediments and detritus were of little importance during nearly all the study period. These items can constitute the base diet for some species of Neotropical fishes (Bowen, 1983). However, its contribution has been minor for the characins in most of the works carried out (Esteves & Galletti Jr., 1995; Esteves, 1996). Bowen (1983) emphasized that the ingestion of these items by species could occur accidentally during foraging, or when the other preferential resources are scarce, but that this is not related to detrivory adaptation.
There is a tendency among the individuals of A. aff. fasciatus to reduce the consumption of animal origin items, substituting it with plant-derived items during growth. These results are probably associated with morphological changes in the digestive tract during its development. As an example, their intestinal quotient (Iq) was significantly less for the smallest (SL1) individuals. This correlates with the results obtained by Sabino & Castro (1990) for Deuterodon iguape, indicating that the low values of Iq in immature individuals are related predominantly to an insect diet. Conversely, the individuals of the SL2 and SL3 size classes showed an intestinal length significantly longer indicating the possibility of the intake of items of larger size and more difficult to digest, such as plant fragments and seeds with rigid cell walls.
Distinct diets among the different development stages of a species can derive from differences in energy demands or from the morphological limitations of each stage. For instance, the ingestion of large items by fingerlings can be limited by the mouth opening (Wootton, 1999; Abelha et al., 2001; Vitule et al., 2008). This limitation can be emphasized looking at A. aff. fasciatus where items such as leaf fragments, seeds, fruits and Formicidae tended to be of low importance in SL1 in relation to items such as immature Diptera and Ephemeroptera which were more important and considered small items.
It is important to emphasize that most of the immature A. aff. fasciatus individuals were captured using drag nets next to the riverbank vegetation, where as indicated by Blanco-Belmonte et al. (1998) the aquatic insects are more abundant. This suggests a spatial segregation among individuals of different sizes, and therefore, it is possible that small individuals use extensively the resource available on the riverbank, reflected as being the most important food items.
We thank CAPES for providing Luciano L. Wolff with a MSc. fellowship. The Paraná Meterological System (SIMEPAR) for the supply of climatic data and Paraná Sanitation Company (SANEPAR - Unidade de Guarapuava, PR) for carrying out chemical studies. We are also grateful to Marcos Barbosa and Gelson Feslki for assistance with field sampling and to Norma S. Hahn for suggestions.
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Sampaio, F. A. A. 1988. Estudos taxonômicos preliminares dos Characiformes (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) da bacia do rio Iguaçu, com comentários sobre o endemismo dessa fauna. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 175p.
Shibatta, O. A., M. L. Orsi, S. T. Bennemann & A. T. Silva-Souza. 2002. Diversidade e distribuição de peixes na bacia do rio Tibagi. Pp. 403-423. In: Medri, M. E., E. Bianchini, O. A. Shibatta & J. A. Pimenta (Eds.). A bacia do rio Tibagi. Londrina, UEL, 595p.
Statsoft, Inc. 2005. Statistica (data analysis software system), version 7.1, Tulsa, OK. www.statsoft.com
Uieda, V. S. & R. M. Kikushi. 1995. Entrada de material alóctone (detritos vegetais e invertebrados terrestres) num pequeno curso de água corrente (Cuestra de Botucatu, São Paulo). Acta Limnológica Brasiliensia, 3: 105-114.
Vilella, F. S., F. G. Becker & S. M. Hartz. 2002. Diet of Astyanax species (Teleostei, Characidae) in an Atlantic forest river in southern Brazil. Brazilian Achieves of Biology and Technology, 45: 223-232.
Vitule, J. R. S., M. R. Braga & J. M. R. Aranha. 2008. Ontogenetic, spatial and temporal variations in the feeding ecology of Deuterodon langei Travassos, 1957 (Teleostei: Characidae) in a Neotropical stream from the Atlantic rainforest, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (2): 211-222.
Winemiller, K. O. & L. C. Kelso-Winemiller. 2003. Food habits of tilapiine cichlids of the Upper Zambezi River and floodplains during the descending phase of the hydrological cycle. Journal of Fish Biology, 63: 120-128
Wootton, R. J. 1999. Ecology of teleostei fish. The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 386p.
Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analyses. New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 662p.
Zavala-Camin, L. A. 1996. Introdução aos estudos sobre alimentação natural em peixes. Maringá, EDUEM, 129p.
Accepted March 2009
Buckup, P. 1996. Biodiversidade de peixes da Mata Atlântica. In: Resumos do "Workshop" padrões de biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica do sudeste e sul do Brasil. Available from: http//www.bdt.org.br/workshop/mata.atlantica 26 March 2007.
Esteves, K. E. & J. M. R. Aranha. 1999. Ecologia trófica de peixes de riachos. Pp.157-182. In: Caramaschi, E. P., R. Mazzoni & P. R. Peres-Neto (Eds.). Ecologia de peixes de riachos.
Oecologia Brasiliensis, vol 6. Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de biologia UFRJ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 182p.
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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura/Coleção Ictiologia, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil, Tel.: (55 44)3011 4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br


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Dwellings--West Virginia--Harpers Ferry.[remove]15
Schools--West Virginia.1
Harpers Ferry (W. Va.)3
Jefferson's Rock (Harpers Ferry, W. Va.)1
Green, James Henry Jr.4
You searched for: Topical Subjects Dwellings--West Virginia--Harpers Ferry. Remove constraint Topical Subjects: Dwellings--West Virginia--Harpers Ferry.
1. View of Students and Homes near the Storer College Campus, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
View of Students and Homes near the Storer College Campus, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
2. Church and Residence
Church and Residence
3. House near Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
House near Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
6. Front of House Facing North, Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
Front of House Facing North, Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
7. View of Snow Covered Yard, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
View of Snow Covered Yard, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
8. Snow Covered Yard and Porch, Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
Snow Covered Yard and Porch, Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
9. Dog in front of a House, Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
Dog in front of a House, Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
10. President's House, Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
President's House, Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
11. President's House at Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
President's House at Storer College, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
12. Storer College Alumna at Jefferson Rock, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
Storer College Alumna at Jefferson Rock, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
13. Storer College Graduate, Doris Athalia Lee
Storer College Graduate, Doris Athalia Lee
14. Storer College Graduate, James Henry Green Sr.
Storer College Graduate, James Henry Green Sr.
15. Storer College graduate James Henry Green Sr. at the Curtis Freewell Baptist Church, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
Storer College graduate James Henry Green Sr. at the Curtis Freewell Baptist Church, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.

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Tom Lee Maintains $15,000 Year-End BTC Prediction Despite Market Crash
Despite the present market crash, major Wall Street crypto bull Tom Lee has reiterated his recently reduced year-end price prediction for Bitcoin (BTC) at $15,000 in an interview with CNBC's Squawk Box on Tuesday, Nov. 20.
In the recent statement, the head of research at Fundstrat Global Advisors pointed out two major types of crypto players — those who are "using it and have wallets in crypto," and those who belong to a speculative side of the market. According to Lee, those two sides of the crypto community should find a way for "sort of interacting with each other" for crypto investors not to get burnt by crashes like this.
While reiterating his crypto-rebound prediction, Lee still admitted that the markets have "certainly" seen a "negative development," which signals a "downside of the momentum."
However, Lee stressed that institutional cryptocurrency investors are "not necessarily getting hurt" by the recent market downturn, even as Bitcoin's price dropped sharply to as low as $4,237 today. In this regard, the investor emphasized the crucial role of institutional participation in the industry, claiming that specifically this part of the market will pull the "next wave of the adoption."
According to Lee, there are two key factors that will soon bring more institutional interest to the markets. First, it will be the upcoming launch of the digital assets platform Bakkt by the operator of major global exchange New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Intercontinental Exchange (ICE). Announced in August this year, Bakkt recently confirmed a "target" launch date for Jan. 24, 2019.
Second, institutions will get more involved in the market as the industry receives more regulatory clarity, which is partly "under way now," Lee said, adding:
"Once we have that [regulatory clarity], I think, institutions will feel more comfortable in making bets."
In this regard, the crypto analyst noted that Bitcoin is "not necessarily a value asset," claiming that it is "probably best viewed as a commodity," and is "really an opportunity for an emerging asset class."
Tom Lee had reduced his year-end Bitcoin price prediction from $25,000 to $15,000 last week, Nov. 16, following a massive decline on the markets that started on Nov. 14, with Bitcoin hitting yearly lows. Previously, the crypto bull had, several times, predicted that Bitcoin's price would rise above $20,000 for the year's end. Lee announced his first prediction in January this year, advising "aggressive buying," while considering the $9,000 price point as "the biggest buying opportunity in 2018."
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Christine Lagarde: ECB will continue to assess the costs and benefits of issuing a central bank digital currency
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"Shank's Mare," part of the Chicago International Puppet Theater Festival, is by Chicago's Tom Lee and Koryu Nishikawa V of Japan.
When you think of Chicago and its relation to puppets — on the very off-chance you ever do this — what do you think of? The traveling Puppet Bike that's played local street corners for years? Opera in Focus, the basement marionettes in Rolling Meadows, now in their 61st year? The Chicago City Council and its relationship to the mayor's office?
You might think of the word "puppeteer'" itself, likely coined a century ago at the Fine Arts Building on Michigan Avenue, by the actress and director Ellen Van Volkenburg; it's said she needed a program credit to describe the actors working the marionettes in a local production of "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and the title caught on.
But eventually, someday, there's a chance you'll think of Blair Thomas, who grew up in Alabama, co-founded the now-defunct Redmoon Theater in Chicago, then, for two decades, with theater companies and struggling festivals, did more than any other local Bert or Ernie to promote Chicago as the world capital of puppetry. Wait — you never asked for Chicago to be the world capital of puppetry? That's because you've never been to Thomas' Chicago International Puppet Theater Festival, which returns Jan. 17-27 for its third edition, with 24 different puppet-centric productions from 11 countries.
It promises, for 11 days, to be the center of the puppetry world, from Japanese masters and French provocateurs, to American politics and children's theater, to workshops and seminars and cabaret, to shows about ecology, the Wright Brothers and Andy Warhol.
"When we started," said Thomas, "I remember talking with people who ran the Chicago International Theater Festival in the '80s and '90s (which included puppet theater) and they folded after a while because the burden of being the sole arts organization tasked with financing a lot of different shows was not tenable. So I knew that we needed a model that was sustainable and practical." After two successful runs for the festival that attracted almost 30,000 attendees, Thomas may have found the right strings to pull: The festival, which gets a mix of foundation, government and private funding, collaborates with arts venues and groups to put on each show, sharing costs and profits.
No one Geppetto is responsible for Pinocchio's well-being.
The result has encouraged in a remarkable range of puppetry — a kind of State of Puppetry festival 2019 — drawing on ancient styles and improvised originals, dance and film, satire and documentary. One show, from a French company (of course) takes as its central character a shopping bag; another offers Donald Trump, Elon Musk and Ayn Rand; there are veterans of Broadway's "War Horse" and local storefront companies. What follows then are five distinctive styles of puppetry at this year's festival.
"Ajijaak on Turtle Island," Jan 17-20 at the Fine Arts Building, is a collaboration between Heather Henson and Ty Defoe.
"Shank's Mare" is Jan. 17-19 at the Art Institute of Chicago, part of the Chicago International Puppet Theater Festival.
"How to Build a Flying Machine" by Moonbull is Jan. 23 at the Theater on the Lake.
Phillip Huber here with Oskar. His "Suspended Animation" is Jan. 25-27 at the Beverly Arts Ce.
The most classic style. Essentially puppets "defined by their strings," said Phillip Huber, one of the world's leading marionette masters, "by having no direct connection between puppet and puppeteer." Not that this is a limitation. When Huber created the puppets for "Being John Malkovich" — if you recall, John Cusack's character is an unemployed puppeteer — "the director (Spike Jonze) wanted a marionette to do a forward somersault and handspring, and I told him it's impossible." But he made it happen. Huber's own show, "Suspended Animation," Jan. 25-27 at the Beverly Arts Center, is a vaudeville of the impossible, acrobats and musical numbers performed by full-body puppets operated by Huber, using ergonomic control bars to manipulate between eight and sixteen strings at once. Though trained as a dancer, he's been a puppeteer for 50 years. A native of Dixon (just south of Rockford), he received his first puppets as a child. "My mother thought it might help a shy kid express himself a little better. Though now, because there are no language barriers to (puppets), I've traveled the world with them." Among his latest creations, a marionette — which took two and half years of development — that performs believable magic tricks. Basically, Huber is a master of making inanimate objects look like masters.
"Paper Cut" by Yael Rasooly is at the Chopin Theatre Jan. 18-20.


Hundreds of years ago, old-growth cedar and spruce loomed over estuaries and bottom lands throughout Puget Sound, creating what are known as tidal forests. These forests were the Pacific Northwest's answer to the Everglades — giant spongy swamps with a touch of saltwater that made up some of the finest salmon habitat in the region.
This week we travel to Otter Island, one of the last of these forests. It is a journey into Puget Sound's past and maybe, scientists hope, its future.
Read the full story in Salish Sea Currents.


text:
Q: calling externalinterface.call from embedded swf from another server is not working in Firefox I have an index.html on server A.
In index.html I embed a swf from server B.
The swf contains a init with
flash.external.ExternalInterface.call("alert", "externalalert");
When I run the swf on server B it works, when I run the swf through the index.html on server A I get an : Security sandbox violation: ExternalInterface caller...
It does work in IE.
Does anybody know what I'm doing wrong.
Thanks!

A: The fix is to add
System.security.allowDomain("*");

in your AS code. ExternalInterface requires the allowDomain to be set when HTML-SWF cross-scripting is performed.
Note that you will also need to set allowScriptAccess="always" in the swf embed tags to allow cross-scripting.

A: You are doing nothing wrong. This is a restriction of the Flash player. Interacting between different domains is not allowed. You could try to use a crossdomain.xml. (But I do not know if this works you ExternalInterfaces).
More Information can be found here:

*

*Flash Player Security @ Adobe Livedocs

*Overview of permission controls - website controls @ Adobe Livedocs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ambassador Verveer Hosts Forum on Gender Integration and HIV
By Guest Writer on August 14, 2009 .
The Global Center's Christine Lubinski and David Bryden attended a State Department forum on HIV and gender Thursday. Here's their report:
"HIV has a woman's face." That statement was part of Melanne Verveer's opening remarks Thursday at a State Department forum. Verveer, the Obama Administration's ambassador-at-large for global women's issues, highlighted the now well-known facts about women and HIV: half of all HIV-infected persons are women, with the proportion increasing to 60 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, and the special vulnerability of girls, which translates into a double to quadruple risk of contracting HIV compared to their young male counterparts.
She noted with urgency that HIV is a major factor in maternal mortality and cited alarming information from a study released this month that showed that maternal mortality ratios in Johannesburg, South Africa, in HIV-infected women are more than six times higher than in HIV-negative women. "We really need to understand and work through this," Verveer said.
She proceeded to identify the myriad factors that contribute to this epidemiological reality—from unequal power relationships between men and women, lack of educational and/or economic opportunities, the prevalence of gender violence—before turning to the Obama Administration's Global Health Initiative.
A central principle of the GHI will be a woman-centered model of care and commitment to ensuring that women and their families have access to basic health care services, as well as disease-specific interventions. One example she highlighted, and was clearly personally outraged about, was a situation where a woman receives a PMTCT drug intervention, but neither the mother nor the child receives any follow up health care. She talked about structural changes in facilities and staff to make them more woman and family friendly.
Andrew Tusabe, Second Counsellor (Acting Chargé d'Affaires) from the Embassy of Rwanda, Washington, D.C., also spoke at the event. He pointed out the gains that women have made in Rwanda in terms of their representation in the Parliament. He also made clear his appreciation to the United States government for the assistance through PEPFAR and the President's Malaria Initiative, which he said have saved lives in his country.
Dr. Lynn Collins, a Technical Advisor at the United Nations Population Fund, pointed out that despite significant progress on what she termed convergence of services to meet women's needs, still far too few HIV/AIDS strategies reflect the changes that are necessary. She cited UNAIDS data showing that only 47% of the AIDS strategies at the national level include a women's component together with a budget for these activities. This is a "terrible legacy of gender inequality," she noted.
Michele Moloney-Kitts, Assistant Global AIDS Coordinator for PEPFAR highlighted the key gender-related cross-cutting strategies:
• Increase gender equity
• Reduce violence and coercion
• Address male norms and behaviors
• Increase women's legal rights and protection
• Increase women's access to income
Maloney-Kitts offered some data points on PEPFAR services—64 percent of persons receiving HIV testing services and 63 percent of women receiving PEPFAR-supported ART are women. Regarding the effectiveness of prevention, she showed the audience impressive new data showing a significant drop in HIV incidence among young women in South Africa between 2005 and 2008.
PEPFAR is supporting programs aimed at reducing gender-based violence in every country where they have a program, and there is a cross-cutting budget code for gender based violence programs. She said one hopeful sign was that that South Africans are more and more concerned about the enormous rate of gender-based violence there damaging the country's international reputation.
PEPFAR is committed to strengthening the intersection between HIV, family planning, and safe motherhood, she said, and she stressed integration of services and the practical necessity of co-location of services. For instance, PEPFAR hopes to use PMTCT programs as a platform for expanding women and family health services. Moloney-Kitts proudly reported that PEPFAR funding was being used for cervical cancer screening and treatment in HIV positive women.
Maloney-Kitts also noted the importance of delivering services to men, citing figures that showed men were accessing AIDS care at a much lower rate than women. She said PEPFAR was responding by delivering some services in places men are more likely to feel comfortable, such as at the post office or at cafes and football clubs. She also said she was very happy that PEPFAR has been a leader in expanding access to male circumcision, which she said was "incredibly promising."
In response to a query from the audience, she did acknowledge that, despite concerns over increasing the reporting burden on programs, it was a "disgrace" that there is no gender outcome indicator, given how important outcome indicators are for PEPFAR-funded programs. She agreed that this was essential to taking gender programs from "boutique" level to larger scale. She said this was also a huge problem for the Global Fund, which, though its new gender strategy shows progress, also lacks such an indicator.
Regarding PEPFAR's new Partnership Frameworks she said that US ambassadors had clear instructions that gender, along with stigma and discrimination, must be included in the negotiations of the partnership agreements. She said that forthcoming documents on these partnerships would show more detail on this and other issues.
The panel was asked about the need for not only "basic care" but also advanced care such as AIDS medication and the latest in prevention technologies. Collins said treatment must be considered a human right, and she expressed her confidence that the prices of more advanced services would eventually fall. Ambassador Verveer agreed that care should not be limited to "basic care" or "basic services" narrowly defined.
Another interesting question was about genital schistosomiasis and HIV. A recent study from Zimbabwe showed that the genital lesions caused by the waterborne parasite schistoma haemotobium increased the risk of acquiring HIV infection threefold in women living in rural Zimbabwe. Malone Kitts said PEPFAR was aware of the problem and in fact had recently held a meeting about the issue.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged global women's issues, HIV, Melanne Verveer, PEPFAR, South Africa, State Department, women on August 14, 2009 .
← Global Center Weighs In On House Foreign Policy Overhaul New vaccine would revolutionize the fight against tuberculosis…if funding is available →
2 thoughts on "Ambassador Verveer Hosts Forum on Gender Integration and HIV"
Sarah Norton-Staal August 18, 2009 at 5:27 pm
Good to see this dialogue around gender and HIV, important points are raised, however the key problem remains that we are still talking about fundamental issues of gender inequality that are perpetuating the feminisation of AIDS. I have been in meetings where the World Bank, among others have questioned how funds designated for HIV and AIDS can effectively be utilized to address this major feature of sex discrimination and inequality that affects all societies. What benefit can HIV and AIDs funds have to tackle this global challenge of the exploitation, abuse and disempowerment of females? I do believe gaines can be measured, and we must take every opportunity, but would like to hear more encouragement.
Darpacasp April 3, 2010 at 6:07 pm
Hello Every body,
I am new member here
I not long ago found this place and so far i have discovered a lot of great info right here.
I'm looking forward to connecting and adding to the forum.


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Search Travel News Asia for: "Human Resources"
Your search for Human Resources found the following documents (of 52086 documents searched):
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1. Mazy Cheng Joins Sheraton Hong Kong as Director of Human Resources
Ms Mazy Cheng has been appointed Director of Human Resources at the Sheraton Hong Kong Hotel & Towers. Mazy has over 15 years of experience in Human Resources. She first started her career in the hospitality industry in 1996 as Assistant Human Resources Manager at Hotel Nikko Hong Kong. She then moved to InterContinental Grand Stanford Hong Kong as Director of Human Resources in 20
2. Dana Sacks joins United Airlines as Vice President - Human Resources
Dana Sacks joins United Airlines as Vice President - Human Resources. Most recently Sacks served as vice president of Human Resources for PepsiAmericas. In her time there she held a variety of human resources leadership positions with responsibility for HR strategic planning, merger and acquisition activities, organization design, succession planning and leadership development for
3. Amrita Bhalla joins Oberoi as Executive Vice President Human Resources
Amrita Bhalla joins Oberoi as Executive Vice President Human Resources. The Oberoi Group has appointed Ms. Amrita Bhalla as Executive Vice President, Human Resources. Effective 19 July 2010, Ms. Bhalla will be responsible for the group's global human resources function including the Oberoi Centre of Learning and Development.
4. Lourdes Yuvanasiri appointed Director of Human Resources Projects - Conrad Brand, Asia Pacific
Lourdes Yuvanasiri appointed Director of Human Resources Projects - Conrad Brand, Asia Pacific. Ms. Lourdes H. Yuvanasiri, Director of Human Resources of the Conrad Bangkok has recently been promoted to the position of Director of Human Resources Projects - Conrad Brand, Asia Pacific. In her new role she is tasked to re-brand Hilton properties to the Conrad brand as well as for the
5. Hilton Appoints New Regional Director of Human Resources - Egypt/Levant
Hilton Worldwide has appointed Doaa Sobhy Moussa as Regional Director Human Resources, Egypt and Levant. Moussa has sixteen years of experience in the Human Resource business ranging from manufacturing to hospitality industries. Moussa holds a MBA in Strategic and Human Resources Management and a Professional Diploma SPHR from the American Chamber.
6. Accor AP Appoints VP Global HR Development, Service and Attitude, Global Marketing
Accor Asia Pacific has appointed Mr. Dirk-Jan Rijks as Vice President Global Human Resources Development, Service & Attitude, Global Marketing for Accor Luxury and Upscale Brands. Bringing a wealth of talent management and human resources experience to Accor, he will spearhead the Human Resources Development function of more than 300 hotels and resorts globally.
7. ICC Sydney Appoints Luke Fleming as Director of Human Resources
The International Convention Centre in Sydney (ICC Sydney) has appointed Luke Fleming as Director of Human Resources. Luke has been with ICC Sydney since pre-opening in 2016. He previously worked as Senior Manager - Human Resources Shared Services. Published by TravelNewsAsia.com on 17 August 2021.
8. Six Senses Appoints Neil Shorthouse as Corporate Director of Human Resources
Neil Shorthouse has been appointed as corporate director of human resources at Six Senses Hotels Resorts Spas. Neil is based at the Six Senses Home Office in Bangkok and will report directly to Vice President Human Resources, Meg Galetti.
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text:
Trudy Harrold
Trudy is a multidisciplinary person with experience in business, education and the arts and a commitment to building community.
She is business manager of a five-generation family farm, a writer and editor, and partner with her husband in a photographic business.
Born in Calgary, she grew up in Toronto and Edmonton where she completed a degree in Early Childhood Education. He practice has included work with preschoolers, youth, adults and online instruction.
She and her husband were instrumental in the formation of a local arts council and she has sat 15 years on the board of a hospital.
A lifelong learner and mentor, she is currently in the Eight Shields leadership program. She lives in Lamont, Alberta, near the north entrance to Elk Island National Park.
Wayne Macdonald
Wayne is Program Manager of the Information Access & Privacy Protection program of the University of Alberta Faculty of Extension.
This program, which trains/certifies Access & Privacy professionals, is recognized nationally and internationally. Wayne has served in this role for more than a decade. His responsibilities include organization of Canada's signature Access and Privacy conference, a major annual revenue generator for the Faculty.
Earlier Wayne served as a senior manager in the Saskatchewan and Alberta public services, administering annual budgets of $10 million.
Wayne is also a historian who has organized public events on heritage themes. These include a series of Titanic programs featuring the ship's youngest survivor, the late Millvina Dean (d. 1909).
David Watts
Founder and Coordinator of Canadian Classroom, David has taught all levels from pre-school to post-secondary and written curriculum for each. He has been a public servant for 12 years and freelance writer for 35. Many of his commentaries appear in Canwest newspapers.
He was born in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, grew up in Calgary and has lived in Edmonton 37 years. He has lived and taught in Québec, BC and the UK. He travelled east of the prairies—and first saw the Canadian Shield—on exchange to the University of New Brunswick. He holds degrees in Political Science, Education and History.
David has crossed Canada many times by rail and organized tours by rail in Alberta, BC and the Northwest Territories. His parents were both involved in leadership education, a commitment he continues.


text:
Peter McLaughlinLaraGomo2020-05-21T17:18:41+00:00
Peter McLaughlin is an acclaimed acoustic guitarist, songwriter, vocalist, performer, recording artist and music instructor located in Tucson, AZ. He plays many genres and styles, and specializes in acoustic flatpicking and fingerpicking techniques. He was born in Washington DC, and his family's roots are in Scotland and England by way of Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina. Early on, his parents, Bill and Nancy McLaughlin, brought music into the lives of Peter and his brother David. They were introduced to all types of music, had a family band, and were surrounded with love and encouragement.
Peter started playing the guitar at the age of eight and was very soon jamming at bluegrass festivals and fiddle conventions. He lived in Denmark in the early 70s, and attended a Danish high school. In 1974, Peter moved again, this time to attend Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, where he played with Tom Rozum (mandolin, fiddle, and vocals), Roger Smith (bass and vocals), John Zarske (rhythm guitar and vocals), and Frank Dedera (banjo) in the group Flying South, an acoustic string band specializing in bluegrass and early swing era jazz. A later incarnation of Flying South included Kirby Mittelmeier (mandolin and vocals) and John Willis (bass and vocals).
In 1983, Peter moved to Tucson, where he played music with banjo player Ross Nickerson in various bands, including the 1988 Telluride Band Contest winners, The Titan Valley Warheads, who Peter still plays with on occasion. In 1991, Peter had the opportunity to reunite with his long-time pal, Tom Rozum, and joined Laurie Lewis, touring nationally and internationally for six years as guitarist and harmony vocalist with her band. In 1992 Chris Brashear moved to Tucson. He and Peter struck up an immediate and lasting friendship and a strong musical bond and began performing and recording together. In 1996, Peter released his first solo album, a CD entitled Cliffs of Vermilion, produced by Laurie. She, along with Tom, Chris, brother David, father Bill, and others appear on Peter's stellar debut CD, which is on Dog Boy Records. In 1999 when Chris recorded his first solo CD, Wanderlust, an excellent new bluegrass band formed out of that project when producer, Jody Stecher, along with Bluegrass Boy banjo picker, Bob Black, bassist, Forrest Rose, Chris and Peter started Perfect Strangers. Their self-titled CD, released on Rebel Records in 2003, was also produced by Jody.
Since the late 1980's Peter has performed off and on with Bob Meighan, Earl Edmonson, Kirby Mittlelmeier and Brian Davies in a band affectionately known as The Dreadnutts. In 1991 they won the Telluride Bluegrass Band Contest.
In 2011 Peter's current band, The Sonoran Dogs, was formed out of a tour with the late Japanese guitarist, Maro Kawabata. The "Dogs" continue to perform regularly at various festivals and concert venues. Their first CD was released in 2014 on Dog Boy Records. In 2013 Peter was inducted into the Tucson Musicians Museum.
Contest Awards:
• First Place in National Flatpick Guitar Championship, Walnut Valley Festival, Winfield, KS (1988)
• Second Place in National Flatpick Guitar Championship, Walnut Valley Festival, Winfield, KS (1986)
• First Place in Telluride Bluegrass Guitar Championship, Telluride, CO (1988, 1991)
Vist Peter McLaughlin's Website
Back To All Instructors
CLASS: Intermediate/Advanced guitar class with Peter McLaughlin
The focus in this course will be on more advanced level guitar flatpicking styles. Peter will discuss developing bluegrass flatpicking guitar solos, adapting fiddle tunes to guitar, crosspicking methods, playing leads out of chord positions, left hand positions (including up-the fretboard using the whole neck), band dynamics, improvisation, microphone techniques, preparing for guitar contests, and ways to improve timing and tone. There will also be discussion of some of the "master" flatpickers and their styles.


In this post we release a yet another freebie: JournalCrunch WordPress 3.0+ theme, a theme for magazines or portfolios with an integrated journal. The theme was designed by Site52 and released exclusively for Smashing Magazine and its readers. As usual, the theme is absolutely free to use in private and commerical projects.
Thank you, guys. We appreciate your work and your good intentions.
Kobe Bryant is an additional notable player who was drafted instantly out of large school. Kobe was drafted by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996, but was instantaneously transferred to the L.A. Lakers. He won 3 championship titles with team companion Shaquille O'Neal in the 2000-2002 NBA seasons. When O'Neal departed the Lakers, Kobe has confirmed that he is competent to lead his team even without Shaq. He awarded the MVP cup in 2008, and led the Lakers to a championship in 2009.
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I've wordpress blog e.g http://www.example.com. I then installed a wordpress into a sunfolder 'classified so that is http://www.example.com/classified.
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I haven't a clue how to use WordPress and Comicpress to create sites and publish comic strips! Please help. Do you know of a good walkthrough? Thanks much!
Hi, I have a self-hosted WordPress website that I'd like to implement some sort of search option on. My website is one where people can find a certain product, or have their product listed. I need something that allows them to search by STATE and NAME OF PRODUCT, that would then list the products for them. Can someone who has experience tell me how I would go about finding a plug in or a theme that might already implement this? Thanks.
Does anyone know how you get those customised backgrounds on wordpress. All i can seem to get is the ones they provide. Can someone help me pleaseeeeeeeeeee?
I have a song [mp3 file] and i want it to automatically play when you enter my wordpress blog. On all the pages if possible but preferably just on the homepage if simpler. I'm new to wordpress so it might be tough but if anyone can confirm it's possible and perhaps tell me how it would be greatly appreciated.
Also i installed firebug if that's any help.
I have a paid for wordpress blog but want to move the hosting etc but keep the domain, I'm a complete techno-phobe so need this is layman's terms, is it possible? If so how do I go about it?
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Am new to WordPress and have created "website" using it which of-course is available to my PC locally. But how to access that from internet? Is it possible?
What WordPress Plug In can i use to add Private Messaging on my Website? I need a private messaging plug in that would allow the administrator and a member to communicate through the website member area privately. I also cant have members interacting together just with the Administrator.On top of that i need it to have an uploader for documents.
I have a wordpress blog with a lot of comments that insist on swearing and crudeness, but because of the vast amount of comments on my site, it makes it nearly impossible for me to single handedly remove or edit all the bad comments. Having said that my site has no age rating listed and all of the author content is clean, it's just the comments that become hard to handle.
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I have been told to go and open a WordPress blog account to make web mini sites (web presence) and I am wanting to know if you have better ideas or simply more ideas? Advise for WordPress would be great as well!
On some wordpress blogs some people have customised backgrounds. How do you get these, can someone help me pleaseeeeeeeeee?
I have just made a website in wordpress and I need to post posts on more than one page. I have the Home page which all my posts go too but I cant post anything to my other pages. I have a technology page and gaming page. I want to be able to post posts relevant to technology on the technology page and the same for gaming. Then have all my posts show on the home page. I don't know any coding so I will need you to explain very simply, sorry. Thank you.
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Hi, What is the best free software to automatically backup wordpress database and files ? A software that is trustworthy and would not hack your password in wordpress. Have you tried it ? For How long ? Thanks…..
I'm creating a website using WordPress. I have set up a subdomain in my web host control panel, so that is ready. I need to know in this process when to purchase the WordPress theme, and what will happen when I do. Should I install WordPress into Softaculous, and then purchase the theme? Or should I purchase the theme, then install WordPress?
WordPress is seo friendly site, so i installed a lot of plugins, then it's influence the webpage loading speed. So i removed un-used plugins and deleted empty tables in the database. A little bit speed increased.
But how to get normal stage and how to improve website's page loading speed?
Images is one of the biggest problems.
I have a website that has been up and running for some time now, and for numerous reasons I want to replace it with a WordPress site.
So, how do I start building the WordPress site – in a seperate folder from the "public_html" folder? Then when you are ready to move it into the public_html folder, do you have to correct whatever file-paths and link errors?
Roughly how long will it take me to learn WordPress? I am starting from ground up. Also what would be some good resources that I could learn fastest? Thanks!
I am planning to buy hosting and make a wordpress site. Nothing complicated in the beginning. But I was wondering if this will be of any benefit to few ebooks I have written for amazon kindle?
I know I can post the website in my amazon authors page and also post the books on wordpress.
But will it generate any form of income ? If so how does it happen, does it have to do with adsense? But I just have ebooks so how will it work?


Our News4 Today family is growing! Producer Matt and his wife Kristin are expecting a bundle of joy x two! Twin boys will be here this Fall and we want to say congrats and good luck. I loved the baby themed Georgetown Cupcakes— they kinda look like twitter birds!
The act of giving is always in style…are you ready to shop? From November 19 – 21, the Jr. League of Washington will host a three-day shopping extravaganza at the Marriot Wardman Park Hotel. 'A Capital Collection of Holiday Shops' will feature more than 60 merchants and will provide the perfect outlet for some holiday shopping – all while donating to a great cause.
Girls' Night Out: On Friday, Nov 19, grab your girlfriends for a night of shopping, champagne and yummy Georgetown cupcakes! Neiman Marcus will have two "Head-to-Toe Holiday Glamour" door prizes worth over $500 each!
'Tis The Season Cocktail Party and Auction: On Saturday, Nov 20, prepare to be dazzled by the fabulous auction items – a weekend in New York at the Loews Hotel, an Urban Chic shopping spree, jewelry, sports memorabilia and much more!!!
Admission is only $10 for all three days of shopping, and all proceeds provide support for the League's literacy efforts in the DC metro area.
Find more details on Facebook!


The safety you need and the features you want at a great price! It includes power seats, heated and ventilated seats, blind spot sensor, and leather upholstery. It features all-wheel drive versatility, an automatic transmission, and a 2.5 liter 4 cylinder engine.


We are not necessarily fostering a love of the stage with children of such a young age but we are hoping that the experience will be beneficial and provide a different route for the learning process.
Drama provides life skills such as self-confidence, assurance, empathy, imagination, concentration and memory training. These skills are taught without pupils really being fully aware. All our Pre-Prep pupils have opportunities throughout the year to be part of these productions.
In Nursery and Reception classes, the pupils put on some emotive performances at Christmas with their versions of the Nativity. These are just wonderful events and something the whole School look forward to and love. However much you prepare and practise, you never really know how it will turn out on the night with 3 year olds!
Our Year 1 and 2 children also participate in the annual Nativities. Additionally they put on their own productions each year. Simple lines have to be learnt, stage directions followed, dancing routines perfected and songs have to be sung just at the right pitch and note. The parents and the children love these events and they are always lots of fun.


NEWS: Channel 4 going HD | What Hi-Fi?
Channel 4 is set to become the first terrestrial broadcaster to offer a high-definition simulcast of its main channel on Sky HD.
From December, Channel 4 HD will be available free to Sky HD subscribers, promising a wide range of programming in high-def, including many US imports that have long been available in HD Stateside, from My Name is Earl to Smallville, Desperate Housewives to Ugly Betty.
With the addition of Channel 4 HD, the Sky HD line-up will feature 12 HD channels, including Sky Sports, Sky Movies, Sky One and Sky Arts, BBC HD, National Geographic, History Channel and the Discovery Channel.


Shemar Moore on the thrill ride of S.W.A.T.
Shemar Moore doesn't expect viewers to have any sort of difficulty staying focused during episodes of the upcoming CBS police drama S.W.A.T., a reboot of the classic '70s franchise.
Moore, who portrays lead Daniel "Hondo" Harrison in the new series, also makes note that the show will not stray away from current events. He stresses that the episodes' topics are very aware of the issues going on in today's society regarding the police.
Watch the clip above for the full comments from Moore, as well as from a few other members of the cast. S.W.A.T. premieres Thursday, Nov. 2 at 10 p.m. ET on CBS.


So what is happening here? What is the problem that is solved with "open" internet exchanges?
As a frequent North American Network Operators Group (NANOG) meeting participant, I've heard growing angst in the internet peering ranks about perceived points of failure presented by having single buildings in major internet hubs (e.g. New York, Ashburn, London, Amsterdam) house commercial internet exchanges. Remember Hurricane Sandy? Beyond geography, questions were raised over the treatment of telecommunications carriers and the manner in which interconnections are made as opposed to the European interconnection model (member-driven, multi-site, public).
RagingWire operates, from an interconnection point of view, in line with open internet exchange principles. All of the company's data center facilities are carrier neutral.
Carriers built into our data center aren't our customers, they're our partners in bringing highly available connectivity to our customers. Our network engineers are dedicated to building trusted, close relationships with all our carrier partners to make the ordering and provisioning process as easy and seamless as possible.
Open-IX is still in its infancy, but we look forward to continuing our long relationship with the participants. We share the desire to continually improve service and reduce costs for our customers. RagingWire is the nation's leading data center colocation provider, focused on delivering 100% availability of power and cooling with easy access to internet connectivity and the industry's best customer service. It's all part of our commitment to making every connection count.
I used to be a tape-based data backup manager – a tape labeler -- a tape rotator – a tape scheduler – a tape library/spreadsheet manager – a restore-from-tape nightmare wake-upper. My tape-based backup programs generally worked as they should, but they involved a lot of manual labor that could have been devoted to other tasks. Over two years as an IT manager, it became clear to me that there had to be a simpler, more reliable way to backup data.
That's why I'm excited to introduce RagingWire's new Backup Services, a disc-based enterprise grade data backup platform that automates onsite storage and offsite replication for customers inside RagingWire's world-class data centers. Best of all – no more tapes!
We utilize the same best-in-breed enterprise data protection technology for our Backup Services that many large enterprises use for their own data backups: Symantec NetBackup™. The product supports multiple databases and applications as well as both physical and virtual servers in order to automate and standardize your backups onto one unified platform. Secure encryption at the customer device keeps your data safe and sophisticated deduplication technology shortens your server backup windows. RagingWire's 24x7 Network Operations Center is just a phone call or email away when you need to restore.
As a company, RagingWire focuses on providing the nation's best data center colocation services. We back up our 100% Service Level Agreement (SLA) with the most advanced data center infrastructure and we have the happiest customers in the industry. So why is RagingWire introducing Backup Services? Simply speaking, our customers ask for disc-based backup services located inside both our data center campuses in Ashburn and Sacramento. Options include onsite storage in a customer's current RagingWire data center and offsite replication to a customer's remote RagingWire data center. We want to give our customers the assurance that unlike a cloud backup, they'll always know where their data is. It's located inside a RagingWire data center and our customers have access to restore 24x7 via our expert Network Operations Center staff.
Are you a current RagingWire customer? Take a minute to check out the Backup Services data sheet or contact your account manager to see how we can help you get rid of your tapes and simplify your data backup strategy.
Curious as to how you can further optimize your data backup strategy? Head over to Jerry Gilreath's excellent blog post: 5 Ways to Fool-Proof Your Data Backup Strategy.
World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT) Update.
Put simply, NANOG is a community of network operators who exchange technical and operational information in support of a single goal: to make the internet as connected and resilient as possible, ensuring free flow of information around the world. With this end-state in mind, internet governance is a topic of much conversation and consternation among the NANOG members who attend this session of the meeting.
The main thrust of the December 2012 WCIT, was to update and ratify a new, 21st century iteration of the International Telecommunications Regulations (ITRs) which were last ratified in 1988. Sally Wentworth, a public policy manager at the Internet Society, presented a "postmortem" on the effects and way forward from the ITR treaty that was voted on at the conference. Much of the presentation focused on dangers posed by those nations that wish to regulate and/or have the capability to censor, on a nationwide scale, the availability or usefulness of the internet as a weapon to quell popular sentiment or anti-government organization. The presentation was a timely reminder that unfettered, low-cost access to the internet is an ideal that must be protected. Ms. Wentworth also called on the NANOG membership body, as an expert knowledge base, to be a contributor and party to making that ideal a reality both now and in the future.
The Infrastructure and Internet Impacts of Hurricane Sandy.
Two sessions during the NANOG meeting were dedicated to the effects of Hurricane Sandy on the internet and the infrastructure that supports it. One the first day of the meeting, several data center providers discussed their responses and lessons learned from their facilities located in the NJ and NY areas. This presentation really highlighted the importance of data center location from a risk management point of view, but it isn't just about location. Protecting data center infrastructure is also about the pre-planning that must be in place before a natural disaster occurs: diesel fuel refueling contracts, reliable hotel arrangements (with reliable backup power), work-from-home arrangements, food storage at the facility, and staffing arrangements, to name a few.
The second day featured a session on the impacts of Hurricane Sandy on the internet and posed the question: What happens if we turn off power to one of the key traffic exchange cities? One of the most interesting presentations ensued, demonstrating the interconnectedness and flexibility at the core of the internet as trace routes changed in real time to pass through Ashburn, VA instead of NYC as Sandy made landfall.
This meeting session focused on a survey by Arbor Networks that explored the landscape of network threats and attacks (multi-vector, DDoS) over the past year. Top issues for network operators included DDoS attacks (trending towards multi-vector sustained attacks), enterprise data centers as vulnerable even with firewalls, the increased concern over "shared risk" in migrating applications to the cloud, and the inability of mobile service providers to have visibility into their networks in order to detect or combat any kind of attack. Most attack incidents appear to be motivated by ideology, be it politics or revenge. The presentation took a deep dive into the recent, persistent, multi-vector DDoS attacks, nicknamed "Operation Ababil," of many top Wall Street financial institutions that are ongoing. Overall, an eye-opening account of the ever-growing threat to network security, not just on a governmental level, but at the industrial/enterprise level as well.
If you work or play on the internet, you should know about NANOG, the Internet Society, and other groups who discuss topics like the ones presented last week – and who desire to keep the internet accessible and reliable for all of us. Congrats to NANOG members for the community they have built and the collective expertise they have to influence the international internet community.
There are a lot of things that the City of Seattle did right in their management of last weekend's data center outage to fix a faulty electrical bus bar. They kept their customers – the public – well informed as to the outage schedule, the applications affected, and the applications that were still online. Their critical facilities team completed the maintenance earlier than expected, and they kept their critical applications online (911 services, traffic signals, etc) throughout the maintenance period.
A failure to plan is a plan to fail. While the city of Seattle planned to keep their emergency and safety services online, had they truly planned for the worst? I'm sure they had a backup plan if the maintenance took a turn for the worse, but did they consider the following: what if a second equipment fault occurs? Traditionally, the "uptime" of an application is defined as the amount of time that there is a live power feed provided to the equipment running that application. I would offer a new definition of "uptime" for mission critical applications: the time during which both a live power feed and an online, ready-to-failover redundant source of power is available to ensure zero interruptions. "Maintenance window" shouldn't be part of your mission critical vocabulary. Which brings me to my next point . . .
Concurrent maintainability and infrastructure redundancy is key. I will go one step further – concurrent maintainability AND fault tolerance are key factors in keeping your IT applications online. The requirement to perform maintenance and sustain an equipment fault at the same time isn't paranoia – it's sound planning. Besides, a little paranoia is a good thing when we're talking about applications like 911 services, payment processing applications, or other business-critical applications.
Location. Location. Location. The city of Seattle's data center is located on the 26th story of a towering office building in downtown Seattle. The fact that they had to take down multiple applications in order to perform this maintenance implies that the electrical feed redundancy to their data center is somewhat limited. There are many competing factors in choosing data center location: risk profile, electrical feed, connectivity options, and natural hazard risk profile, to name a few. For mission critical applications, your location choice has to center on factors that will keep your systems online 100% of the time.
Flexibility and scalability give your IT department room to breathe. The city of Seattle leased out their single-floor data center space before the information economy really took hold. As a result, their solution is relatively inflexible when it comes to the allowable power density of their equipment. They're quickly outgrowing their space and already looking for an alternate solution. Look for a data center provider that focuses on planning for high-paced increases in rack power draw – do they already have a plan for future cooling capacity? How much power has the facility contracted from the local utility?


We've had plenty of rain this past month, and the land is so fresh and green now! San Marcos Pass, where Windermere is located, has received 14 inches of rain in February, and 37 inches this rainfall year, which is 157% of normal-to-date rainfall.
The news this month is that George Pace, our beloved Ranch Manager, is retiring March 1st, after 21 years of loving service. There is much that George has created and accomplished at Windermere, and it's been a blessing to have him at the ranch. He will be dearly missed, and we are wishing him well in his next steps.
George will be passing the baton to LeiLani and Milo Page, who are absolutely thrilled to be moving to Windermere in April to be the new Ranch Managers. They'll be moving from their urban homestead in North Carolina, where they raise dairy goats, garden, and have built a meditation labyrinth modeled after the one in the Chartres Cathedral.
Their intention is to strengthen and grow participation and community at Windermere with a continued focus on Peace, Light and Soul Transcendence. Expect to hear more from them soon!
To see photos of this beautiful time of year, please click the button below.
Lynn, for all of us up at the Ranch.


Windows 10 version 1903 is going to RTM pretty soon, and development of new features is pretty much done. As usual, Fast ring builds are rolling in more frequently than its usual once a week schedule. Microsoft released build 18358 to the Fast ring today, its second Fast ring build this week. The company has been sticking to a schedule of Tuesdays and Fridays.
The interesting thing about the "new Windows gaming technology" is that Microsoft still hasn't said what it is. State of Decay isn't an Xbox Play Anywhere title, so it's either Win32 game support in the Store or bringing the Xbox One stack to Windows 10. Either way, we're really close to the Windows 10 version 1903 RTM, and it seems pretty late in the timeline to have unannounced features like that.
We're continuing to investigate feedback in the night light space.
Interestingly, the known issues list doesn't seem to be shrinking, something that should certainly happen before a public release. The RTM build should be available in the Fast ring before the end of the month, followed by a public release in April.


26/05/2018: 3 Cuscaden at Prime District 10 Launching Soon. Register for VVIP Preview and Direct Developer Discounts.
25/11/2016: 3 Cuscaden Walk has been Enbloc SOLD to a consortium led by Sustained Land for $103.8 million which translates to a land rate of about $1,826 per sq ft per plot ratio (psf ppr) on the potential gross floor area, including an estimated development charge of $6.43 million.
3 Cuscaden is a Highly Anticipated Freehold Development in District 10 Singapore. It is minutes walk to Singapore's Main Shopping Belt and Orchard MRT Station. Previously known as 3 Cuscaden Walk, it was Enbloc SOLD to a consortium led by Sustained Land for $103.8 million comprising of 11 large four-bedroom apartment units – which has a land area of 21,560 sq ft with a gross plot ratio of 2.8. This reflects a land rate of about $1,826 per sq ft per plot ratio (psf ppr) on the potential gross floor area, including an estimated development charge of $6.43 million. The break-even price for the new development is expected to be in range of $2,400 psf and the selling price is estimated to be in the range of S$3,000 psf.
Located nearer to Orchard Boulevard and Fronting Cuscaden Walk, the development provides a great connectivity and convenience to home purchasers as well as savvy investors. For those potential homebuyers, who wish to live an extravagant lifestyle with their family and friends, 3 Cuscaden Condo Singapore can meet all their requirements in terms of perfect dwelling.
3 Cuscaden is located in the Prime District 10 Singapore, just diagonally across Wheelock Place . It is close to a number of MRT stations such as Orchard MRT, Somerset MRT and Dhoby Ghaut MRT. It is also close many shopping malls and marketplaces such as famous ION Orchard, Wisma Atria and Takashimaya. 3 Cuscaden Condo is also close to many reputable schools like ISS International School, Overseas Family School, Raffles Girls' Secondary School and Chatsworth International School.
For those who are driving, 3 Cuscaden is also easy accessible via major expressway like Central Expressway (CTE), Pan Island Expressway (PIE) which allows you to travel to the rest of Singapore seamlessly.
3 CUSCADEN – REGISTER YOUR INTEREST FOR PRIORITY ACCESS AND VVIP DISCOUNTS ON PREVIEW DAY.
SMS/Whatapps "3 Cuscaden" +6590272297 to find out more!
3 CUSCADEN FLOOR PLAN / INDICATIVE PRICING COMING SOON!


This is the first book of a series called Sweep written by Cate Tiernan. And there are 15 books at all. Right now they are getting published again, where there are 3 books put into one.
This book is about Morgans daily life. A new boy starts to go on her school. He is mystic and nice to everyone. They become friends and he introduces her to Wicca. A religion for witches.
But this creates some problems for Morgan, since her family is very religious, christians (I think it was). So how does she find a solution to the problem. When she feels that she has a special call for Wicca.
ow from the real life.
This book disappointed me a bit. Since nothing really happened. Other then you followed her daily life. And that just wasn´t good enough for me. But if your just looking for some entertainment and to live as someone else for a little while, you would probably like this book.
Though this book soothes someone a little younger then me :P Since the main character is only 13 years.
But all in all I have decided to give it only 2 stars out of 6. Since I didn´t get that much out of it myself.
I wonder if I would like this book. O.O Probably not. Theres not much going on in it for me to like it. :D Great honest review though.
I think a person who have the same issue. By telling their family about Wicca etc. Might enjoy it a little. Since they might be able to see some of it. That´s the only thing I could really relate to in the story. But other wise not much is happening.. And the over exaggerate the Wicca thing a little, so it´s not that normal again.. If you understand what I mean :P Difficult to explain..