An improved wall thimble is useful as part of a venting apparatus for a direct vent heating appliance. Dual functionality is provided in a single wall thimble device by having a vent path for exhausting combustion by-products, and a separate air inlet path to draw in outside combustion air for use by the heating appliance. The wall thimble is formed as a two-part housing such that a first cylindrical portion can be inserted into a second cylindrical portion. When a smaller diameter exhaust pipe is routed through the cylindrical portions, an annular region is formed between the exhaust pipe and the cylindrical portions. A first air vent is formed in the first cylindrical portion to draw combustion air into the annular region from outside. A second air vent is formed in the second cylindrical portion to route the combustion air from the annular region to an opening in the housing where a combustion air inlet pipe is connected.
1. A wall thimble for use in a wall opening of a building as part of a venting apparatus for a heating appliance located inside of the building and having an exhaust outlet and a combustion air inlet, comprising:a hollow structure including a surface enclosing an area within the structure, an outside end, and an inside end, said structure adapted to be mounted such that the structure extends through the wall opening with the outside end located outside of the building;a pair of cover plates affixed to each end of the structure, said cover plates having corresponding openings therein sized to receive an exhaust pipe therethrough thereby defining a first passageway within the exhaust pipe and a second passageway between the exhaust pipe and the surface of the hollow structure;an outside air vent formed on the surface of the hollow structure near the outside end and communicating with the second passageway;an inside air vent formed on the surface of the hollow structure near the inside end and communicating with the second passageway; anda coupling for a combustion air pipe proximate to the inside air vent, said combustion air pipe adapted to couple with the combustion air inlet.
2. The wall thimble of claim 1, wherein the hollow structure is a cylinder.
3. The wall thimble of claim 2, wherein the cylinder is formed in two parts that mate with each other.
4. The wall thimble of claim 2, wherein the cylinder is formed in two parts that rotate with respect to each other.
5. The wall thimble of claim 3, wherein the two cylinder parts comprise an inner portion insertable into an outer portion.
6. The wall thimble of claim 5, wherein said outside air vent is formed on the inner portion and said inside air vent is formed on the outer portion.
7. A wall thimble for use in a wall opening of a structure as part of a venting apparatus for a heating appliance having an exhaust outlet and a combustion air inlet, comprising:an inner housing adapted to be mounted to the wall opening outside of the structure, comprising:a first mounting plate including a first mounting plate opening having a first diameter;a first hollow cylinder portion coaxial and communicating with the first mounting plate opening such that an outside end of the first hollow cylinder portion extends outside of the first mounting plate opening, said first hollow cylinder portion having a second diameter which is slightly less than the first diameter, an outside air vent formed near the outside end thereof, and an inside air vent formed near an inside end thereof; anda first cover plate affixed to the outside end of the first cylinder portion and having a first cover plate opening coaxial with the first hollow cylinder portion, said first cover plate opening having a third diameter which is less than the first and second diameters; andan outer housing adapted to be mounted to the wall opening inside of the structure, comprising:a second mounting plate including a second mounting plate opening having the second diameter;a second hollow cylinder portion coaxial and communicating with the second mounting plate opening, said second hollow cylinder portion having the first diameter, and an inside air vent formed near an inside end thereof;a second cover plate affixed to an outside end of the second cylinder portion and having a second cover plate opening coaxial with the second hollow cylinder portion, said second cover plate opening having the third diameter; anda coupling for a combustion air pipe proximate to the inside air vent of the second hollow cylinder portion, said combustion air pipe adapted to be coupled with the combustion air inlet.
8. The wall thimble of claim 7, further comprising:an annular region formed when an exhaust pipe is routed through the cover plate openings, said annular region located between the exhaust pipe and a surface of the cylinder portions, and wherein combustion air is drawn through the outside air vent into the annular region and then out through the inside air vents.
9. The wall thimble of claim 7, wherein the first cylinder portion of the inner housing is insertable into the second cylinder portion of the outer housing.
10. The wall thimble of claim 7, wherein each of the air vents is formed as a series of openings arranged around a circumference of corresponding cylinder portions.
11. The wall thimble of claim 10, wherein at least one of the air vents is formed as a series of openings arranged around a portion of the circumference of the corresponding cylinder portion.
12. The wall thimble of claim 10, wherein at least one of the air vents is formed as a series of openings arranged around the entire circumference of the corresponding cylinder portion.
13. A venting apparatus for a heating appliance having an exhaust outlet and a combustion air inlet, comprising:an outside housing portion including a first hollow structure having an outside air vent on a surface of the first hollow structure near an outside end thereof;an inside housing portion including a second hollow structure having an inside air vent on a surface of the second hollow structure and an air inlet opening proximate to the inside air vent,wherein the first hollow structure is insertable into the second hollow structure within a wall opening such that the outside air vent is located outside the wall opening;an exhaust pipe coupled to the exhaust outlet and routed through the first and second hollow structures thereby creating an annular region between the exhaust pipe and the surfaces of the hollow structures; anda combustion air pipe coupled to the combustion air inlet and to the air inlet opening, wherein combustion air is drawn into the annular region through the outside air vent then out through the inside air vent.
14. The venting apparatus of claim 13,wherein the outside housing portion comprises:a first mounting plate including a first mounting plate opening having a first diameter;a first hollow cylinder portion coaxial and communicating with the first mounting plate opening such that an outside end of the first hollow cylinder portion extends outside of the first mounting plate opening, said first hollow cylinder portion having a second diameter which is slightly less than the first diameter, an outside air vent formed near the outside end thereof, and an inside air vent formed near an inside end thereof; anda first cover plate affixed to the outside end of the first cylinder portion and having a first cover plate opening coaxial with the first hollow cylinder portion, said first cover plate opening having a third diameter which is less than the first and second diameters;and wherein the inside housing portion comprises:a second mounting plate including a second mounting plate opening having the second diameter;a second hollow cylinder portion coaxial and communicating with the second mounting plate opening, said second hollow cylinder portion having the first diameter, and an inside air vent formed near an inside end thereof; anda second cover plate affixed to an outside end of the second cylinder portion and having a second cover plate opening coaxial with the second hollow cylinder portion, said second cover plate opening having the third diameter.
15. A wall thimble for use in a wall opening of a building as part of a venting apparatus for a heating appliance located inside of the building and having an exhaust outlet and a combustion air inlet, comprising:a hollow structure including a surface enclosing an area within the structure, an outside end, and an inside end, said structure adapted to be mounted such that the structure extends through the wall opening with the outside end located outside of the building;a cover plate affixed to the outside end of the structure and having a cover plate opening therein; andan outside air vent formed on the surface of the hollow structure near the outside end;wherein a double-walled pipe is coupled to the inside end of the hollow structure such that an outer wall of the double-walled pipe is coupled to the surface of the hollow structure and an inner wall of the double-walled pipe is coupled to a vent pipe and routed through the cover plate opening.
The present disclosure is directed to a new wall interface device, commonly known as a "wall thimble," which is useful for venting combustion by-products from a heating appliance and for providing combustion air to the heating appliance.
Fuel-burning appliances, including wood stoves and pellet stoves, require an exhaust system in order to vent combustion by-products, such as noxious gases, fine ash, and water vapor, to the outside of the structure containing the appliance. In addition, combustion air must be supplied to the appliance to properly fuel the fire. In a typical installation, the appliance includes a mechanical fan to both blow the combustion by-products out through the exhaust pipe and to draw combustion air in through a separate air inlet pipe. However, it is also typical to create two different openings in the wall adjacent to the heating appliance, one for routing the exhaust outlet, and one for routing the combustion air inlet.
It would be desirable to have a single component that provides two paths--one for the exhaust outflow, and one for the combustion air inflow, such that only a single opening in the exterior wall is required.
The present disclosure describes a wall thimble that is adapted for use in a wall opening as part of a venting apparatus for a direct vent heating appliance, such as a pellet stove. Advantageously, the new thimble provides dual functionality in a single device by having a vent path for exhausting combustion by-products, and a separate air inlet path to draw in outside combustion air for use by the heating appliance.
In one embodiment, the wall thimble includes an outside mounting plate and an inside mounting plate. The mounting plates have circular openings that are substantially the same size, and a hollow cylinder of similar size is affixed to the mounting plates coaxially with the mounting plate openings such that an outside portion of the cylinder extends outside of the outside mounting plate. An outside air vent is formed on the outside portion of the cylinder.
In one embodiment, an annular region is formed when a double-walled pipe is coupled to the cylinder at the inside mounting plate and an exhaust pipe is coupled through the cylinder. The outer wall of the double-walled pipe has a diameter slightly less than the cylinder diameter, and may be inserted into and joined with the cylinder. The inner wall of the double-walled pipe has a diameter smaller than the outer wall such that the exhaust pipe may be coupled to the inner wall of the double-walled pipe. The annular region is thus formed between the cylinder and the exhaust pipe. Combustion air is drawn into the annular region through the outside air vent and forced out of the annular region through the inside air vent.
In one embodiment, the thimble includes a pair of cover plates affixed to each end of the cylinder. The cover plates have respective openings that are smaller than the mounting plate openings such that an annular region is formed between an exhaust pipe routed through the cover plate openings and the cylinder wall. An inside air vent is formed on the surface of the cylinder at a location inside of the inside mounting plate, and a coupling for a combustion air pipe is formed on the inside mounting plate proximate to the inside air vent. When an air inlet pipe is coupled to the combustion air pipe coupling, combustion air is drawn into the annular region through the outside air vent then out through the inside air vent to the coupling for the combustion air pipe.
In one embodiment, the wall thimble is advantageously formed in two parts that mate with each other, namely an inner housing and an outer housing, to facilitate field installation. The inner housing includes a first cylinder portion, a first mounting plate, a first cover plate, and a first air vent. The first mounting plate is mounted on the outside of the wall opening and includes an opening. The first cylinder portion has a diameter similar to the first mounting plate opening and is affixed to the first mounting plate opening such that a distal end of the first cylinder portion extends outside of the first mounting plate. The first air vent is formed near the distal end of the first cylinder portion. The first cover plate is affixed to the distal end of the first cylinder portion and includes an opening.
The outer housing includes a second cylinder portion, a second mounting plate, a second cover plate, and a second air vent. The second mounting plate is mounted on the inside of the wall opening and includes an opening corresponding to the first mounting plate opening, and a smaller combustion air opening. The second cylinder portion has a diameter similar to the first cylinder portion and is affixed to the second mounting plate opening. The second air vent is formed near a distal end of the second cylinder portion inside of the second mounting plate. The second cover plate is affixed to the distal end of the second cylinder portion and has an opening corresponding to the first cover plate.
An annular region is formed between an exhaust pipe routed through the cover plate openings and the cylinder portions. When an air inlet pipe is coupled to the combustion air opening, combustion air is drawn into the annular region through the first air vent then out through the second air vent to the combustion air opening.
These and other objects and advantages will appear more clearly from the following description in which several embodiments are described in conjunction with the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a typical pellet stove installation including an exhaust/intake system.
FIG. 2 is a side plan view through section 2-2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the wall thimble shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 is a magnified side plan view of a portion of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5A is a side plan view of a second embodiment of a typical pellet stove installation including an exhaust/intake system.
FIG. 5B is a magnified side plan view of a portion of FIG. 5A.
FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of the wall thimble shown in FIG. 5A.
FIG. 7 is a magnified side plan view of a portion of FIG. 6.
The present disclosure is directed to a new wall interface device for a direct vent heating appliance, commonly referred to as a "thimble," and a method of using the same. Advantageously, the new thimble provides dual functionality in a single device by having a vent path for exhausting combustion by-products, and a separate air inlet path to draw in outside combustion air for use by the heating appliance. While the thimble is described as part of a pellet stove installation, it should be recognized that the description is not intended to be limiting with respect to the features of the dual function thimble, which are readily applicable to all types of direct vent heating appliances.
Referring now to FIGS. 1-2, one embodiment of a stove 10 and a corresponding exhaust/intake system 30 is illustrated. The stove 10 may be a pellet stove or any other direct vent heating appliance, including a gas-fired stove, wood-burning stove, or corn-burning stove. The stove 10 is installed on the inside of structure 20 near an exterior wall 22. Typical clearance is three inches minimum from the wall, although applicable building codes and industry practices should be followed.
The illustrated exhaust/intake system 30 provides direct horizontal venting through an opening in exterior wall 22, although alternative venting techniques could be used and will be readily apparent to workers in this field. The exhaust/intake system 30 may be fabricated using standard sheet metal materials with conventional bending and fastening techniques.
The exhaust/intake system 30 includes a vent pipe 32 which is coupled to the exhaust outlet 11 of stove 10 (shown in FIG. 2), and which extends through a thimble 40, which is mounted in wall 22, to the exterior of structure 20. Proper venting is critical to stove performance, and local building codes and manufacturers' installation instructions typically require that a vent pipe for heating appliances be specifically tested and listed by Underwriters Laboratories ("UL") for use with the appliance. For example, type PL vent pipe, tested to UL 641, is listed for use with pellet stoves, and is commonly available in 3 inch and 4 inch diameter pipe. Type PL vent pipe is a double-walled cylindrical pipe, wherein the stainless steel inner pipe carries the exhaust products and is separated from the outer wall by an air space. For stoves that require PL vent pipe, substitute venting materials should not be used unless such materials are approved by the manufacturer and/or local building codes.
In one embodiment of pipe 32, the inner flue is formed using 0.012 inch type 430 stainless steel, and the outer wall is formed using 0.018 inch galvalume steel to provide heat and corrosion resistance. A one-quarter inch annular air space is provided between the inner and outer walls to provide for static air insulation and to ensure safe outer wall temperatures, while also providing a minimum clearance to nearby combustibles. To prevent fly ash leakage, each pipe joint contains a high temperature ceramic rope gasket. In addition, all elbows, tees, and fittings are sealed with a liberal amount of room-temperature-vulcanizing ("RTV") silicone.
The thimble 40 provides an inside/outside interface and is mounted in an opening specially formed in the exterior wall 22 to accommodate the exhaust/intake system 30. The thimble 40 includes an inside plate 52 that is mounted to the wall 22 on the inside of structure 20, and an outside plate 62 that is mounted to the wall 22 on the outside of structure 20. For example, the inside plate 52 and outside plate 62 may be rigidly affixed to structural members 24 of wall 22.
The side view shown in FIG. 2 shows more clearly the inside/outside transition of the exhaust/intake system 30 through wall 22. The stove 10 has an exhaust outlet 11 and includes an adaptor 12, which may be separate from the stove 10 in some embodiments, coupled to the exhaust outlet. A section of exhaust pipe 32 is coupled to the stove 10 via the adaptor 12. The inside plate 52 and the outside plate 62 are mounted to the wall 22, as noted above, to rigidly fix the thimble 40 in place. The exhaust pipe 32 is routed through the thimble 40 into an elbow 34, and terminated into a round horizontal cap 36. Typically, the terminus of the exhaust pipe 32 should extend at least 12 inches from the exterior wall 22.
As better shown in FIGS. 3-4, the thimble 40 includes an inner band 64 that is rigidly affixed to the outside plate 62, and sized to fit snugly inside of outer band 54, as described more fully below. The inner band 64 includes a distal portion 63 that extends from the outside plate 62 and wall 22 approximately two inches. A plurality of vent openings 65 are formed on the distal portion 63 of inner band 64. A short inlet pipe 53 is coupled to an opening 52b (shown in FIG. 3) on the inside plate 52, and an inlet air tube 36 is coupled to the inlet pipe and to the combustion air inlet 14 of stove 10. Thus, advantageously, the thimble construction allows outside air to be drawn in through vent openings 65 and directed through the inlet air tube 36 to the combustion air inlet 14 of stove 10, as shown by arrow 15.
The thimble 40 includes a housing having two main portions that mate with each other, namely an inside housing portion 50 and an outside housing portion 60, and that are each formed as a separate, integral assembly. Advantageously, when the thimble 40 is mounted into a suitable opening in wall 22, the outside housing portion 60 fits within inside housing portion 50. More specifically, the inner band 64 is sized to fit within outer band 54. Further, the length of housing portions 50 and 60 is sufficient to allow the total thickness W of the thimble to be adjusted during field installation to accommodate for differences in wall thicknesses. For example, in one construction, the housing portions allow the thimble thickness W to be adjustable between approximately 5.75 to 8.00 inches.
The inside housing portion 50 includes inside plate 52, inlet pipe 53, outer band 54, and inlet cap 56. The inside plate 52 measures approximately 11 inches wide by 11 inches tall, and includes a first opening 52a and a second opening 52b. The first opening 52a is centrally located at approximately 5 inches from the top and 4.5 inches from the sides of plate 52, and measures approximately 6.964 inches in diameter. The second opening 52b is located in one corner of the plate 52, and is centered at approximately 1.985 inches from the bottom of plate and 2.165 inches from the side of the plate, and measures approximately 2.000 inches in diameter. The outside edges 52c of the plate 52 are folded back at a right angle approximately one-half inch or less on all four sides, and a circular flange 52d of similar dimension is formed inside of opening 52a. The inside plate 52 is formed from 0.018 inch galvanized steel plate or other suitable material.
The inlet pipe 53 is formed from 0.018 inch type 304 stainless steel, which provides excellent corrosion resistance, or other suitable material. The length of inlet pipe 53 is approximately 2 inches, and it is cold-rolled into a cylinder measuring approximately 2.000 inches in effective diameter (adequate to fit within opening 52b), then riveted and spot welded to maintain the cylinder shape. A roll bead 53a is formed near one end of the inlet pipe 53, and that end of the inlet pipe after the roll bead is cut into tabs 53b. The inlet pipe 53 is inserted into opening 52b until stopped by the roll bead 53b. At least some of the tabs 53b are then folded over and spot welded to the inside of inside plate 52, for example, with four resistance welds are that applied at 90 degrees spacing.
The outer band 54 is 0.018 inch zinc-plated galvanized steel plate or other suitable material, and is cold-rolled into a generally cylindrical, hollow section then riveted at the seam 54a to maintain the shape. The outer band 54 has an outside diameter of approximately 7.000 inches and a length of approximately 5 inches. A plurality of vent openings 55 are formed approximately three-quarters inch from the end of outer band 54 proximate to inside plate 52. The vent openings 55 are approximately one-half inch square, and cover the entire circumference around band 54, but in some embodiments could cover only a portion of the circumference, for example one-quarter or one-half. Further, the number and size of the vent openings can be changed as desired or based on empirical studies of combustion air flow.
The inlet cap 56 is 0.018 inch zinc-plated galvanized steel plate or other suitable material, and is formed into a circular piece measuring approximately 6.964 inches in diameter, and having an opening 56a measuring approximately 3.750 inches in diameter, and a right angle flange 56b of approximately one-half inch depth.
The inside housing portion 50 is assembled together by coupling the inlet cap 56 and outer band 54 to the inside plate 52. This is done by fitting the flange 56b of inlet cap 56 over the flange 52d of inside plate 52, then fitting the end of outer band 54 over both sets of flanges, then pop riveting these components together, for example, with four rivets spaced at 90 degrees.
The outside housing portion 60 includes outside plate 62, inner band 64, and outlet cap 66. The outside plate 62 measures approximately 11 inches wide by 11 inches tall, and includes an opening 62a. The opening 62a is centrally located at approximately 5 inches from the top and 4.5 inches from the sides of outside plate 62, and measures approximately 7.000 inches in diameter. The outside edges 62b of outside plate 62 are folded back at a right angle approximately one-half inch or less on all four sides, and a circular flange 62c of similar dimension is formed to the outside of opening 62a. The outside plate 62 is formed from 0.018 inch galvanized steel plate or other suitable material.
The inner band 64 is 0.018 inch zinc-plated galvanized steel plate or other suitable material, and is cold-rolled into a generally cylindrical, hollow section then riveted at the seam 64a to maintain the shape. The inner band 64 has an outside diameter of approximately 6.964 inches and a length of approximately 5 inches. A first plurality of vent openings 65a are formed near one end of inner band 64, and a second plurality of vent openings 65b are formed near the other end of the inner band. The openings 65a, 65b are each approximately one-half inch square, and cover the entire circumference around inner band 64, but in some embodiments could cover only a portion of the circumference. Also, the number and size of the vent openings could be adjusted. A roll bead 64b is formed on inner band 64 approximately 11/2 inches from the end nearest outside plate 62.
The outlet cap 66 is 0.018 inch zinc-plated galvanized steel plate or other suitable material, and is formed into a circular piece measuring approximately 6.964 inches in diameter, and having an opening 66a measuring approximately 3.750 inches in diameter, and a right angle flange 66b.
The outside housing portion 60 is assembled together by coupling the outlet cap 66 and inner band 64 to the outside plate 62. The inner band 64 is fit through opening 62a in outside plate 62 until stopped by roll bead 64b, at which point the end of the inner band extends beyond the outside plate 62 by approximately 1/2 inches such that openings 65a are exposed outside of exterior wall 22. The flange 62c of outside plate 62 is attached to the inner band 64 using 6 resistance welds spaced at 60 degrees. The flange 66b of outlet cap 66 is fit over the end of inner band 64, and corresponding roll beads (not shown) are formed, then resistance welds are applied, for example, at 90 degrees spacing.
The inside housing portion 50 and outside housing portion 60 are pre-assembled, then are fitted together during field installation and securely attached to wall 22. The slight difference in diameters of the outer band 54 and the inner band 64 allows the inner band to be inserted into the outer band, as previously noted. Thus, as shown in FIG. 4, the outer band 54 including vent openings 55 overlies the inner band 64 and its vent openings 65b (not shown in FIG. 4) between the inside plate 52 and the outside plate 62. However, because inner band 64 extends beyond the plane of outside plate 62 to the outside, vent openings 65a of inner band 64 are exposed. It should be noted that when inner band 64 is fully inserted into outer band 54, vent openings 65b substantially line up with vent openings 55. When the inner band 64 is not fully inserted into outer band 54, vent openings 65b are not lined up with vent openings 55, but combustion air flowing through this path will still be directed toward vent openings 55 because of the gap created between the end of inner band 64 and the vent openings 55 by not fully inserting the inner band into the outer band. Thus, variations in wall thicknesses can be accommodated by changing how far the inner band 64 is inserted into the outer band 54. In addition, the outer band 54 and inner band 64 may be rotated relative to each other during installation as desired to achieve an optimum placement of the thimble components.
Finally, exhaust pipe 32 is fitted through the openings 56a and 66a in inlet cap 56 and outlet cap 66, respectively, and coupled to exhaust outlet 11 on the stove and to terminus elbow 34 outside the exterior wall. Thus, the exhaust pipe 32 provides an inside passageway in thimble 40 for carrying exhaust by-products to the exterior of the structure, while at the same time creating an annulus or outside passageway between the pipe and the bands 54, 64 for carrying combustion air from the outside to the stove combustion air inlet 14.
Another embodiment is shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, wherein thimble 140 is mounted higher in side wall 22, thus requiring a section 170 of vertical pipe to couple the exhaust pipe 132 to the thimble. Materials and dimensions are generally the same as described above except as noted below. The vertical pipe section 170 is a larger diameter double-walled pipe than exhaust pipe 132. For example, in one typical embodiment, exhaust outlet 111 of stove 110 is a standard 3 inch diameter flue. A standard appliance adapter 112 (if necessary) couples exhaust pipe 132 to the flue 111. Exhaust pipe 132 is a double-walled type PL pipe, wherein the inner pipe has a diameter of 3 inches and the outer wall has a diameter of 3.75 inches.
The vertical pipe section 170 is also a double-walled pipe, such as a standard stovepipe, having an outer wall diameter of approximately 6.625 inches and an inner pipe diameter of approximately 4 inches, although other sizes could be provided, such as 7 inches OD by 4 inches ID; 8 inches OD by 5 inches ID; and 8.625 inches OD by 5 inches ID. Referring to FIG. 5B, a standard single tee section 171 couples section 133 of exhaust pipe 132 to the vertical pipe 170. Note that the inner pipe 132a of exhaust pipe 132 is coupled to the inner pipe 170a of pipe 170. Another single tee section 172 couples a flexible air inlet hose 136 to the annular region 170b between the inner pipe and outer wall of pipe 170. An elbow 174 is coupled to the top of the vertical pipe 170 and to the wall thimble 140.
As shown in FIG. 6, the thimble 140 is a two-part structure, namely inside housing portion 150 and outside housing portion 160. The inside housing portion 150 includes inside plate 152 and outer band 154. The inside housing portion 150 is assembled together by coupling the outer band 154 to the inside plate 152. This is done by fitting the end of outer band 154 over flange 152a of inside plate 152, then pop riveting these components together, for example, with four rivets spaced at 90 degrees.
The outside housing portion 160 includes outside plate 162, inner band 164, and outlet cap 166. A roll bead 164a and vent openings 164b are provided on one end of the inner band 164. The outside housing portion 160 is assembled together by coupling the outlet cap 166 and inner band 164 to the outside plate 162. The inner band 164 is fit through opening 162a in outside plate 162 until stopped by roll bead 164a, at which point the end of the inner band extends beyond the outside plate 162 by approximately 11/2 inches such that vent openings 164b are exposed on the outside of wall 22. The flange 162c of outside plate 162 is attached to the inner band 164 using 6 resistance welds spaced at 60 degrees. The flange 166b of outlet cap 166 is fit over the end of inner band 164, and corresponding roll beads (not shown) are formed, then resistance welds are applied, for example, at 90 degrees spacing.
The inside housing portion 150 and outside housing portion 160 are pre-assembled as described above, then installed in the field. For example, the elbow 174 is fitted into the opening 152a of inside plate 152 such that the outer wall of the elbow fits snugly within outer band 154. The joint is then sealed with a high temperature ceramic rope gasket and a liberal amount of RTV. As better shown in FIG. 7, a double-walled type PL pipe 180 is then routed through opening 166a of outlet cap 166 and coupled to the inner pipe 170a. The end of pipe 180 is coupled to elbow 134 and finally to horizontal cap 136. Thus, the double-walled vertical pipe 170 couples directly to the thimble and provides a first passageway 170a for venting exhaust by-products to the outside, and a second passageway 170b for drawing combustion air into the stove.
The foregoing detailed description has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. For example, common variations in structures and materials exist, and suitable modifications to accommodate such different structures and materials could readily be made. The described embodiments were chosen in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the disclosure in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.


text:
A young woman returns an elderly widow's lost purse, leading to an unlikely relationship between the two — until the young woman discovers her elder might not be all that she seems.
Director: Neil Jordan
Actors: Arthur Lee, Brandon Lee Sears, Chloë Grace Moretz, Isabelle Huppert, Jane Perry, Jeff Hiller, Jessica Preddy, Maika Monroe, Parker Sawyers, Rosa Escoda, Thaddeus Daniels
Keywords:Greta
Bruce Lee Superstar
The young Bruce Lee (Ho Tsung-Tao AKA Bruce Li) has studied the philosophy and art of kung fu since boyhood, but his girlfriend says that he lives in a world…
Genre: Drama, Fantasy, Horror, Short, Thriller
Kaagaz Ke Fools
Revolving around a middle-class family, Kaagaz Ke Fools touches upon the issue of lack of good novel writers. Kaagaz Ke Fools is a 2015 Indian comedy film directed by Anil…
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Family
In New York, a struggling actress and a successful writer sing about their failed marriage from two perspectives.
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Musical, Romance
The Horror of Frankenstein
Victor Frankenstein, descendant of the infamous scientist, Baron Von Frankenstein, follows in his experimental footsteps. Initially his success involves the resuscitation of a tortoise and progressing onto more ambitious projects,…
Genre: Drama, Horror, Sci-Fi, Science Fiction
Dark Crimes
A hard-boiled detective becomes suspicious of an author when the incidents described in his hit novel resemble the inner-workings of an unsolved murder.
Odd Girl Out
A mother and her daughter confront the intimidation of teen peer pressure and the emotionally brutalizing social rituals of high school.
A dark fairy tale in which a young woman suffers a strange curse that causes the right scent irresistible to men.
Genre: Action, Biography, Comedy, Crime, Drama, History, Thriller
The true story of a woman who defied a nation and made history. King Charles VI declares that Knight Jean de Carrouges settle his dispute with his squire by challenging…
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The Boatman
Miguel is the perfect coyote: dedicated, single-minded, his record unblemished. His home is the winding path of the migrant: the back alley gravel, the crumbled pavement, and last – the…
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Trailer: Greta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Win the Pond Skimming Contest With These Tips!
On Saturday, March 31st, we'll be hosting our second annual pond skimming contest on the beach. Last year's contest was an absolute riot and became one of our guest-favorite events of the entire season. This year, the contest will be just as exciting–for both participants and those who come to cheer on the fun!
Here's what you need to know about the pond skimming contest: Style points are a big deal. This is the day to pull the bright tutu or 80's neon onesie out of the closet. Suspenders and bowtie while you're skiing? On this day, heck yes! But this advice isn't just for participants–we encourage everyone on the mountain to dress in their craziest costumes on pond skimming day!
For those who want to test their skimming skills, there are a few things you need to know. First, come in hot if you want to clear the pond. A speed check right before you hit the pond could sink you. It's called pond skimming, not pond skiing, for a reason!
Second, leave the ski poles at home. Those can easily rip our precious pool liner.
Third, this is all about glory and bragging rights, but we also have some cool prizes from Ska Brewing for the competitors who impress us the most.
Fourth, watch out for alligators.
Matthew Krichman is the Events Manager for Purgatory Resort. He can be seen around the mountain planning, organizing, and executing our exciting lineup of events!


Stay up-to-date on the Hall of Fame and your favorite Hall of Fame players. Check out these stories and see what's new!
Pro Football Hall of Fame President David Baker recently spoke at the Ronnie Lott IMPACT Trophy Watch List Luncheon, named after the Gold Jacket.
Baker participated in a Q & A Session and shared stories about his time serving as President of the Hall of Fame with emcee Joe Klatt of Fox sports.
Baker signs an autograph for a fan after the luncheon.


text:
Mansour Bahrami (en farsi : منصور بهرامی), né le  à Arak en Iran, est un joueur de tennis franco-iranien.

Il vit en France et possède la double nationalité française et iranienne depuis 1989. Il a joué sous les couleurs iraniennes durant sa carrière professionnelle, puis sous les couleurs françaises sur le circuit senior.

Véritable show-man, il reste plus connu pour ses facéties que pour son palmarès. Sa carrière en simple est restée relativement modeste puisque son meilleur classement à l'ATP fut une  en 1988, qu'il n'a atteint aucune finale et qu'il n'a remporté qu'un match en Grand Chelem, à Roland-Garros en 1981. En revanche, il a fait une carrière honorable en double, notamment entre 1986 et 1991 : classé régulièrement dans le top 100, il a remporté deux titres (Genève en 1988 avec Tomáš Šmíd et Toulouse en 1989 avec Éric Winogradsky) et a atteint dix autres finales dont celle du tournoi de Roland-Garros en 1989 avec Éric Winogradsky.

Il reste à l'heure actuelle le meilleur joueur de tennis iranien de l'histoire. D'autre part, il est l'initiateur du Trophée des Légendes, réservé aux anciens joueurs professionnels, auquel il participe lui-même de façon régulière.

Biographie
Son père travaillait comme jardinier à l'Imperial Country Club de Téhéran, un des clubs les plus prisés de la ville. Mansour Bahrami a commencé à jouer au tennis par ses propres moyens, souvent avec des ustensiles de cuisine. Il a tenu sa première raquette à l'âge de 13 ans, fabriquée par lui-même avec un cadre en bois et des morceaux de cordage récupérés. Il travaillait à l'époque comme ramasseur de balles pour de riches personnes et n'était pas autorisé à entrer sur un court pour jouer. Lorsque les amis du Shah de la Fédération Iranienne de tennis ont vu qu'il avait du talent, il l'ont laissé jouer et autorisé à participer à des compétitions.

En 1973, il est sélectionné pour prendre part au tournoi de Wimbledon junior. C'est la première fois de sa vie qu'il découvre un court de tennis en gazon. Il est battu au premier tour sans pouvoir combattre par le futur gagnant du tournoi, Billy Martin (6-0, 6-0) parce que Mansour a été laissé pendant trois jours dans sa chambre d'hôtel sans pouvoir manger.

Il se lance sur le circuit à la fin de 1975 grâce à un mécène. La Révolution iranienne éclate en 1978 et les manifestations contre la pauvreté poussent les clubs de tennis à fermer leurs portes car le sport est réservé à la classe aisée. Le tennis étant considéré comme une activité occidentale décadente qui n'avait pas intérêt à être encouragée, Bahrami a le choix entre abandonner le tennis ou quitter le pays et perdre sa nationalité. Il choisit de rester en Iran mais s'ensuivent trois années sans pouvoir jouer au tennis (de 1978 à 1980). Pour s'occuper, il passait ses journées à jouer au backgammon.

La fédération organise tout de même un tournoi de tennis à Téhéran. Bahrami le remporte et gagne pour premier prix un billet pour Athènes. Moyennant 200 $ supplémentaires, il parvient à changer son ticket pour Nice car il se dit qu'il a enfin une chance de pouvoir rejouer au tennis. Grâce à un visa délivré par l'intermédiaire d'un ami du ministre des affaires étrangères, il s'envole pour la Côte d'Azur en  avec 8000 francs en poche mais réalisant que le coût de la vie y est bien supérieur qu'en Iran, il joue au casino et perd tout son argent dès le premier jour. Après l'expiration de son visa, l'administration française lui propose de bénéficier du statut de réfugié politique ou alors de quitter le pays. Ne se considérant pas comme un réfugié, il est contraint de vivre quelques mois dans l'illégalité à Paris, dormant dans la rue, sous les ponts et évitant constamment la police. Grâce à l'aide d'un ami iranien, il parvient à décrocher un emploi à mi-temps de professeur de tennis dans un club de la région parisienne.

Il s'inscrit au tournoi de Roland-Garros en 1981, parvient à se qualifier et élimine Jean-Louis Haillet au premier tour (4-6, 7-5, 6-4, 7-6) avant de s'incliner contre l'Américain Mel Purcell (6-1, 6-3, 3-6, 6-3). Il attire ainsi l'attention des médias qui réclament un renouvellement de son visa. En 1986, il en obtient un qui lui permet de voyager et donc de rejoindre le circuit ATP à plein temps. Les directeurs des tournois lui offrent régulièrement des invitations et des garanties financières pour disputer les qualifications afin d'assurer le spectacle. Il déclare qu'il n'a jamais joué sérieusement en simple parce qu'il .

Autodidacte, il n'a jamais eu de coach.

Après sa carrière, il a rejoint le senior tour en 1994 puis l'ATP Champions Tour en 1998, et participe depuis à de nombreuses exhibitions qui ont fait accroître sa popularité. En 1997, il crée le Trophée des Légendes qui se déroule au sein du stade Roland-Garros pendant la deuxième semaine des Internationaux de France de tennis, mettant aux prises des anciennes gloires du tennis.

En 2006, il a publié son autobiographie, Le Court des miracles, chez Le Cherche midi.

.

Carrière
Il a joué un total de 78 matchs en simple sur le circuit ATP. Ses meilleurs résultats sont une demi-finale à Metz en 1986, un quart de finale à Toulouse en 1983, à Saint-Vincent en 1986 et à Nancy en 1987. Il a battu quatre joueurs du top 100 dont Alexander Volkov () en 1989 et Marc Rosset () en 1990, alors que Bahrami était .

Par contre, sa carrière en double fut plus prolifique. En plus de son palmarès sur le circuit ATP, il a remporté les tournois Challenger de Neu-Ulm en 1986 avec Jaroslav Navrátil, Clermont-Ferrand en 1987 avec Claudio Mezzadri et Gevrey-Chambertin en 1990 avec Rodolphe Gilbert.

Lors de sa première carrière à la fin des années 1970, il a atteint le  à la mi-saison 1976. Entre 1981 et mi-1986, il a joué une vingtaine de tournois, surtout en France car ses déplacements étaient limités en raison de son passeport iranien.

Il se révèle en double lors de la saison 1986. Il atteint la finale à Bordeaux avec Ronald Agenor, remporte le tournoi Challenger de Neu-Ulm et participe à deux autres finales avec Diego Pérez à Stuttgart et à Paris avec au passage des victoires de prestige sur Casal/Sanchez (deux fois) et Forget/Noah.

Il réalise un grand coup en 1987 en se qualifiant pour la finale du Monte-Carlo associé au Danois Michael Mortensen. Ils éliminent trois têtes de série dont une nouvelle fois les favoris Forget et Noah (5-7, 7-6, 7-6), ainsi que la paire Suédoise Nyström/Wilander (7-6, 7-5). Il atteint également le  à Roland-Garros et à l'US Open avec Pérez, puis la finale à Genève.

En 1988, après un début de saison difficile, il se retrouve une nouvelle fois en finale à Genève, mais cette fois-ci il remporte le tournoi avec Tomáš Šmíd face à une paire argentine. Un mois plus tard, il est finaliste à Toulouse. L'année suivante, avec Éric Winogradsky, il atteint de manière inattendue et avec une grande facilité la finale du tournoi de Roland-Garros. Ils s'inclinent en quatre sets contre les Américains Jim Grabb et Patrick McEnroe (6-4, 2-6, 6-4, 7-6). Il conclut bien la saison avec deux nouvelles finales dont un titre à Toulouse. Il est demi-finaliste du Masters de Monte-Carlo en 1990 avec Winogradsky. Début novembre, toujours associé à ce dernier, il élimine la paire Rick Leach/Jim Pugh (n°3 et 4 mondiaux) en deux tie-break à Paris-Bercy. Il participe à ses deux dernières finales à Bordeaux cette année-là et à Copenhague en 1991.

Il met un terme à sa carrière professionnelle en 1992. Il avait déjà arrêté de jouer en simple dès 1989, jouant seulement une vingtaine de match en 1990 et 1992 sur invitation. En 1993, il participe au tournoi de Stuttgart avec Thomas Muster. Il rejoue sept autres tournois en 1994 dont celui de Toulouse avec Fabrice Santoro où il accède aux demi-finales, et cinq tournois en 1995, le dernier étant le Challenger de Prostějov. Il s'aligne encore en double mixte à Roland-Garros lors des deux saisons suivantes puis il revient brièvement sur le circuit à Stuttgart et à Bâle en 2002 (deux fois quart de finaliste) et à Estoril en 2003 avec Nuno Marques. Il joue son dernier match officiel à Roland-Garros à l'âge de 47 ans avec Tatiana Golovin (qui avait 15 ans).

Membre régulier de l'équipe iranienne de Coupe Davis, il a joué 39 matchs dont 26 en simple de 1975 à 1979 et de 1993 à 1997. Son premier match a lieu en 1974 contre Roger Taylor, il s'incline 6-0, 6-0, 6-2. Il signe sa première victoire sur l'Irlandais Sean Sorensen en 1976 (5-7, 11-9, 6-3, 2-6, 6-2) mais l'équipe s'incline 3 à 2. En 1978, il échoue en qualification contre la Pologne puis contre la Suisse en septembre (comptant pour l'année 1979) avec une défaite sur Heinz Günthardt 6-2, 3-6, 6-2, 12-14, 11-9. L'Iran quitte ensuite la compétition et ne la réintègre qu'en 1992, dans le groupe III de la zone Asiatique. Bahrami retrouve l'équipe en 1993, âgé de 41 ans. Il l'amène jusqu'en finale du groupe II à deux reprises (1994 et 1997), soit la meilleure performance de l'équipe dans l'histoire de la Coupe Davis.

Il n'a pas eu de partenaire attitré en double mais il a surtout joué avec l'Uruguayen Diego Pérez au début de sa carrière, puis avec le Français Éric Winogradsky à partir de 1989, et dans une moindre mesure avec le Danois Michael Mortensen et le Français Rodolphe Gilbert.

Palmarès

Titres en double messieurs

Finales en double messieurs

Parcours dans les tournois du Grand Chelem

En simple

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|1981
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|1984
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|1988
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|1990
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En double

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|1976
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|1977
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|1986
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|1987
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|1988
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|1989
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|1990
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|1991
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En double mixte

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| 1985
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|  (1/16) C. Suire ||align="left"|  Cássio Motta   A. Villagrán
|colspan="2"| -
|colspan="2"| -
|colspan="2"| -
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| 1986
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|  (1/32) A. Villagrán ||align="left"|  M. Kratzmann   C. Tanvier
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|colspan="2"| -
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| 1987
|colspan="2"| -
|  (1/32) S. Amiach ||align="left"|  Desmond Tyson   Louise Field
|colspan="2"| -
|  (1/8) C. Suire ||align="left"|  M. Schapers   A. Henricksson
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| 1988
|colspan="2"| -
|  (1/32) E. Hakami ||align="left"|  Mauro Menezes   Luciana Tella
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| colspan="2"| -
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| 1989
|colspan="2"| -
|  (1/8) E. Hakami ||align="left"|  Jim Grabb   Robin White
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|  (1/16) G. Rush ||align="left"|  Brad Drewett   J. Thompson
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| 1990
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|  (1/16) C. Tanvier ||align="left"|  Olivier Delaitre   Catherine Suire
|  (1/32) C. Tanvier ||align="left"|  Van Emburgh   Sandy Collins
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| 1991
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|  (1/16) C. Tanvier ||align="left"|  Bret Garnett   Carin Bakkum
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| 1992
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|  (1/32) Herreman ||align="left"|  T. Kronemann   Amy Frazier
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| 1993
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|  (1/16) K. Quentrec ||align="left"|  A. Kratzmann   N. Zvereva
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| 1994
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|  (1/32) K. Quentrec ||align="left"|  Luke Jensen   Mary Pierce
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| 1995
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|  (1/16) A. Sánchez ||align="left"|  P. Galbraith   Elna Reinach
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| 1996
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|  (1/32) S. Pitkowski ||align="left"|  Jack Waite   Nancy Feber
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| 1997
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|  (1/32) A. Sánchez ||align="left"|  Rikard Bergh   Kimberly Po
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| 2002
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|  (1/16) N. Tauziat ||align="left"|  Jeff Tarango   Sandrine Testud
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| 2003
|colspan="2"| -
|  (1/16) T. Golovin ||align="left"|  M. Bhupathi   E. Likhovtseva
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|colspan="2"| -
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Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur iranien de tennis
Joueur français de tennis
Double nationalité
Naissance en avril 1956
Naissance à Arak

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
On April 14, 1970, thousands of miles from Earth, astronaut Jim Lovell received a command from NASA Mission Control: Turn everything off. That included the navigation systems. Although the order
To the Moon, from Chapel Hill
Nearly every U.S. astronaut until 1975 — yes, including Neil, Buzz, John, and Alan — trained at Morehead Planetarium. That's where they learned to navigate outer space.
by Monica Byrne
On April 14, 1970, thousands of miles from Earth, astronaut Jim Lovell received a command from NASA Mission Control: Turn everything off. That included the navigation systems. Although the order was crucial to save power, it had potentially grave consequences. Without a precise heading, their module would either burn up in re-entry or bounce off the atmosphere and sail into space.
Strangely enough, Lovell likely thought of Chapel Hill at that moment. Anthony Jenzano, the director of Morehead Planetarium, trained him for this exact circumstance.
In the late '50s, when no one knew what the first astronauts would face, Jenzano had an idea. He proposed to NASA that the Mercury Seven needed training in celestial navigation in case of equipment failure. NASA thought so, too. For the next 17 years, right in Chapel Hill, Jenzano trained astronauts in celestial navigation. The dome so familiar to North Carolinians was in fact the "classroom blackboard" for every mission from Mercury through Apollo, including astronauts Alan Shepard, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and John Glenn.
Shepard, who was the first American to travel to space in 1961, told reporters that Morehead helped prepare him for his journey. "No one really knew what to expect in space in those days," he said.
Likewise, William Thornton, a University of North Carolina graduate and a member of the 1967 astronaut class, found the instruction at Morehead valuable. He flew multiple missions and logged 313 hours in space. The planetarium and its teaching were an essential, practical classroom for the pilots. "It was a matter of life or death navigation at 18,000 miles per hour," Thornton says.
Our own Morehead Planetarium was where the astronauts learned their stars on their way to winning the space race.
Chapel Hill was a different universe to Anthony Jenzano back then, says C. J. Jenzano, Anthony's daughter. Anthony, who grew up as one of 10 children in a row house in industrial Philadelphia, was attracted to the town. Here, C.J. says, Anthony "thought instantly it would be a great place to bring up his children — manicured lawns, azaleas."
But in such a small town, getting the astronauts back and forth to Morehead without alerting the hordes was a mission all by itself. The astronauts might arrive at 7:30 a.m., train until 6 p.m., and then fly out again. No one knew when they were coming except Jenzano and his staff. Richard McColman, the current Morehead theater director, says the staff developed a code. "They would only say, 'We've got a cookie time coming up,' because they served cookies and soft drinks during the breaks."
During training sessions, the astronauts sat in a mock-up module and looked at the dome of stars through tiny windows. They first learned the basics, memorizing 37 guide stars, and then returned for mission-specific training that was accurate "down to the minute and second of what would be visible at any point," McColman says.
On training days, C.J. snuck in the back after school, sat in the dark, and watched. "I was fascinated that they would pick this up so quickly," she says. "They had mirror memories. They could remember everything they'd been shown or taught."
Today in the basement at Morehead, there is a replica of the module Jenzano built for the Gemini astronauts. It's made out of plywood and resembles a Ferris wheel car. Sitting on it feels like sitting on a cramped porch swing.
"He had a gifted ability for creating special effects," C.J. says of her father. For example, when the planetarium director wanted a rainbow during a show, Jenzano cobbled together whatever he had — scrap metal, duct tape, empty cans of car wax — to make one appear.
This sort of improvisation was essential to the early space race. Because of his resourcefulness, Jenzano formed a special bond with the astronauts. Most were from working class families, too. "My father had a high school education," C.J. says. "He wasn't a professor of astronomy. They all knew that." When NASA relocated astronaut training from Florida to Houston, they proposed relocating the celestial navigation program, too. But the astronauts insisted on Jenzano.
This bond went beyond the planetarium. Jenzano and his family opened their home to the astronauts, Thornton remembers. "Tony was a bon vivant who appreciated people and good times," he says.
The Jenzano house became famous among the astronauts for the memorable parties. "They were family," C.J. says of the space explorers. "We'd be expecting them Friday, but they'd fly in Thursday night to come out and have some drinks."
The Mercury Seven — (standing, left to right) Gordon Cooper, Scott Carpenter, Alan Shepard, Wally Schirra, and Donald "Deke" Slayton; (seated) John Glenn and Gus Grissom's widow, Betty — were NASA's first astronauts. They trained at Morehead before making history. photograph by North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina Library at Chapel Hill
The astronauts were every bit the mischievous charmers portrayed in the media. One night, C.J. remembers, Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad were sitting on the Jenzanos' porch. The backups for the Gemini 5 mission, Elliot See and Neil Armstrong, were expected to join soon. "The phone rang, and my mother went inside to answer it," C.J. recalls. "I came up behind her, and when she got off, I said, 'Oh boy! Was it Neil?' because I had the biggest crush on him. And I didn't know it, but Pete Conrad had come up right behind me and heard me. He said, 'Oh, so that's the way it is!' "
Conrad then never wasted an opportunity to tease the 16-year-old girl with his secret knowledge, always inviting her to talk to or sit next to Armstrong. "But, of course, I was always across the room from Neil Armstrong because I thought he was so cute," she says.
That was in 1965, four years before Apollo 11, when Armstrong became the first human to walk on the moon. But astronauts used celestial navigation during every Apollo mission to correct the craft's guidance system, which had a tendency to drift out of alignment.
On at least three occasions, the training the astronauts received at Morehead actually saved their lives.
When Gordon Cooper lost his navigational computer during Mercury-Atlas 9, he had to use guide stars to keep his spacecraft in perfect orientation during re-entry. He landed smack in the middle of the recovery fleet, making his landing the most accurate of all the Mercury missions.
When Apollo 12 launched, a rainstorm produced two lightning bolts that knocked out all the electronics in the command module and followed the rocket's contrail all the way down to strike the launchpad. Dick Gordon used the Apollo Optical Telescope to sight guide stars and realign the navigation system from scratch.
And of course, during the infamous Apollo 13 mission, Jim Lovell and his crew relied on their training when their oxygen tanks exploded. Because a debris field obscured their view of the stars, Lovell and his crew used the Earth's terminator — the line separating night from day — to orient the spacecraft safely for re-entry.
As is often the case with new frontiers, not every mission ended well. C.J. and her family shared in that sorrow, including the launchpad fire that killed the Apollo 1 crew. Also, just after leaving a training session at Morehead, astronauts Elliot See and Charlie Bassett died in a plane crash. C.J. remembers the anguish in the house: "Mom said, 'I don't know if I can keep doing this, Tony. I feel like I'm losing members of my own family.' "
By the time the Challenger tragedy occurred decades later, C.J. had learned not to cry. But she was still in awe. "That was part of the job, and they all knew that," she says. "That's what made them heroes. I've met people all over the world, but when I'm with astronauts, I can't even speak."
Eventually, Jenzano's brilliant program was outpaced by advances in navigational technology and the changing nature of NASA's missions. "The flights we were scheduled for, orbiting around the earth — there wasn't any need for that kind of exact navigation anymore," Thornton says. But, he adds, "We did get to meet the famous Tony, who gave such great parties!"
Chapel Hill's contribution to the space program resonated with the astronauts long after the celestial navigation program ended. In a handwritten letter on cream paper dated August 9, 1995, Jim Lovell wrote Jenzano about his experience training the actor Tom Hanks for his role in Apollo 13. "It has been a long time since those days at Morehead Planetarium when you taught me all about the stars. … I took him flying at night and pointed out Antares and Nunki, the two stars we saw on Apollo 13 when we flew into the shadow of the moon."
Morehead Planetarium and Science Center
250 East Franklin Street
moreheadplanetarium.org
Monica Byrne is a resident playwright and science fiction author. Byrne is best-known for her drama "What Every Girl Should Know" and debut novel "The Girl in the Road." She used to work as a writer for NASA.
1 Meet the Family that Takes Care of UNC's Mascot
2 The Taste of Summer: Bill Smith's Simple Tomato Sandwich
3 When the Concert Comes Home
4 Space Seeds: Moon Trees in Western North Carolina


text:
Q: No entiendo el uso de std::setw Estoy haciendo un ejercicio de un libro de C++ que utilizo para aprender el lenguaje, y no consigo comprender del todo el uso de std::setw y su uso conjunto con std::left (por defecto) y std::right. De hecho, no se como, he dado con la clave para realizar lo que queria hacer, pero no entiendo por que funciona..
Diganme si estoy equivocado, por favor, pero segun lo que yo pienso:

*

*El bucle for j hace que se despliegue el primer triangulo de *.

*La linea cout << right << setw(16 - i); hace que se vayan separando las b de los * en cada linea hacia la derecha de cada *, en 16 -i espacios, partiendo del caracter inmediato a cada *.

*El bucle for z añade el triangulo compuesto por letras b.

*La instruccion cout << right << setw(4 + i * 2); es donde ya me pierdo, porque no conseguia que saliese ese resultado que es el que yo quiero, y no me digais por que, si fue intuicion o que, pero me dio por ponerle el "* 2" y asi si que salio xD

Por favor, se que es mucho pedir, pero si alguien pudiese explicarme el por que funciona y por que me lio tanto con esa instruccion se lo agradeceria enormemente.
    #include <iostream>

    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;

    #include <iomanip>

    using std::setw;
    using std::right;
    using std::left;

    int main() {
        for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
            for(int j = i; j >=1; j--)
                cout << '*';

            cout << right << setw(16 - i);

            for(int z = 11 - i; z >= 1; z--)
                cout  << 'b';

            cout << right << setw(4 + i * 2);

            for(int y = 11 - i; y >= 1; y--)
                cout << 'a';

            cout << endl;
        }

        return 0;
    }

Tambien pongo la salida que me da a mi, por si no fuese portable.
*              bbbbbbbbbb     aaaaaaaaaa
**             bbbbbbbbb       aaaaaaaaa
***            bbbbbbbb         aaaaaaaa
****           bbbbbbb           aaaaaaa
*****          bbbbbb             aaaaaa
******         bbbbb               aaaaa
*******        bbbb                 aaaa
********       bbb                   aaa
*********      bb                     aa
**********     b                       a

A: Si entendí tu pregunta  cout << right << setw(4 + i * 2); forma la pirámide de espacios en medio por que el espacio que incrementas a 4 por la suma de i es duplicado, piensa que si tuvieras esta instrucción cout << right << setw(4 + i); tu resultado sería algo como:
*              bbbbbbbbbb    aaaaaaaaaa
**             bbbbbbbbb     aaaaaaaaa
***            bbbbbbbb      aaaaaaaa
****           bbbbbbb       aaaaaaa
*****          bbbbbb        aaaaaa
******         bbbbb         aaaaa
*******        bbbb          aaaa
********       bbb           aaa
*********      bb            aa
**********     b             a

Al multiplicar i por 2 el espacio que dejas para cada línea entre la b y la a es duplicado, cuando i = 1 va a dejar 6 espacios, en la siguiente línea dejará 8y así progresivamente.

A: Tienes el bucle i que sirve para imprimir las filas. Para cada fila vas a imprimir un número de asteriscos igual a la posición de la fila (fila 1 -> 1 asterisco, fila 2 -> 2 asteriscos, ...).
El siguiente elemento a imprimir es la secuencia de b. Como pretendes que esta nueva secuencia empiece en siempre en la misma columna tienes que añadir después de la secuencia de asteriscos un número de espacios de tal forma que número de asteriscos + número de espacios = x o, dicho de otra forma, número de espacios = x - número de asteriscos, siendo en tu caso x=16. Como la secuencia de asteriscos es directamente proporcional a la fila, el número de asteriscos deberá ser inversamente proporcional. De aquí te sale el primer setw: setw(16 - i);:
Fila i = i asteriscos + (16 - i) espacios

Fila 01: 1 asterisco  + (16-1) espacios = 16
Fila 02: 2 asteriscos + (16-2) espacios = 16
Fila 03: 3 asteriscos + (16-3) espacios = 16
...

Bien, ahora se imprime la secuencia de b y la secuencia de a de tal forma que el hueco entre ellas forma una pirámide de espacios, ocupando la secuencia total 24 caracteres. Ambas secuencias, a y b, evolucionan de forma inversamente proporcional al número de fila. Así tenemos:
24 = longitud_secuencia_b + espacios + longitud_secuencia_a
24 = (10-i) + espacios + (10-i)
24 = 2 * (10-i) + espacios

Y ahora intentamos calcular el número de espacios a insertar en función del número de la fila:
espacios = 24 - 2*(10 - i)
espacios = 24 - 20 + 2*i
espacios = 4 + 2*i

Si comparas este último resultado con el segundo setw verás que la ecuación es exactamente la misma: setw(4 + i * 2);
¿Por qué ese x2? Porque el número de elementos en la secuencia a se reduce en uno en cada fila y lo mismo para la secuencia b, en consecuencia, el número de espacios tendrá que crecer en dos unidades entre una fila y la siguiente si pretendes que la secuencia total ocupe el mismo número de caracteres.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: "The page has expired due to inactivity" - Laravel 5.6 I'm using Laravel Collective Form and running Laravel 5.6. There is no error in local MAMP. However, after I setup in Production (Ubuntu) on AWS, the form was not working. When I submitted the form, it always went to "The page has expired due to inactivity".
Before I asked, I've already tried the other suggested methods, but still didn't work.
Clear Cache
php artisan cache:clear
php artisan config:clear
php artisan route:clear
php artisan view:clear

Set Directory Permissions
sudo chmod -R 777 storage
sudo chmod -R 777 bootstrap/cache

Session Cookie Domain
'domain' => env('SESSION_DOMAIN', null),

Session Secure Value
'secure' => env('SESSION_SECURE_COOKIE', false),

What else am I missing?
Update: looks like it's a CSRF token mismatch issue.

A: Inside the route file, add the followings:
Route::get('csrf', function() {
    return Session::token();
});

Someone told me that this is the issue with current session token and provide the above solution. But, I am not sure why the session token is different from the CSRF token on the form.


Use your arms. Although running is a sport that places more impact on your legs, using your arms when you run is a great way to pick up your speed. By pumping your arms back and forth, your body will naturally follow, trying to keep the pace. Thus, the faster you move them, the faster you'll go. Try it the next time you go out and you'll see. That makes this an easy way to improve your speed.
Always look straight ahead. If you've ever watched a running event in the Olympics, then you've likely already realized that the professional runners always have their eyes fixed straight ahead as opposed to looking at the ground. Whether you're focused on the finish line or simply concentrating on your breathing or form, use this pro trick and you'll increase the odds that a medal will be yours.
Keep your shoulders aligned above your hips. Whether you're running sprints or marathons, it's important to keep your shoulders so they're aligned above your hips. This helps keep your spinal column in place, something that is critical if you want good speed since pinched nerves can really hinder your performance.
Use these three running form tips and you will notice your times getting better as you get faster…potentially putting a gold medal in your future!


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Lawsuit Alleging 'Inside Out' Ripped Off Earlier Film Allowed to Proceed in Ontario
By Aila Slisco On 10/16/19 at 9:58 PM EDT
News Lawsuit Walt Disney Inside out Pixar
A judge in Ontario, Canada has given the go-ahead to a man's lawsuit alleging Disney's Inside Out ripped off his earlier student film with the same title.
Since the Disney movie had been made in California, Master Andrew Graham ruled that the lawsuit could continue only against parties deemed to have substantial ties to Ontario, including Walt Disney Pictures Inc. and Pixar Animation Studios. The complaint was dropped against other entities named in the suit, such as Disney Enterprises and the ABC television network.
The Academy Award-winning Inside Out is set literally inside the mind of a young girl named Riley. Much of the film's plot involves characters within Riley's mind, consisting of personified emotions—including Sadness, Joy, Anger, Fear and Disgust.
Damon Pourshian claims that a 2000 student film he made, also called Inside Out, bears too many similarities with the Disney film to be coincidence. Pourshian's 14-minute film is said to include personified organs living inside the movie's protagonist.
Characters Joy and Sadness from the film "Inside Out" pose at the Los Angeles premiere of the film on June 8, 2015. "Inside Out" is the subject of a new lawsuit in Canada. Kevin Winter/Getty
Although the Disney film deals with personified emotions and Pourshian's appears to include personified organs, the Canadian man believes there are suspiciously strong links between the personalities of the characters in the movies. Pourshian points particularly to his "Brain" character, which he claims displays a similar personality to Disney's character "Fear."
However, the judge has yet to rule on the merits of the case. The recent ruling was based purely on whether Canadian copyright laws even applied to the case, due to the film being produced outside of Canada. Disney lawyers had sought to get the case dismissed entirely on that basis. Graham found that some of the parties did enough business in Ontario to be subject to Canadian law.
Everything Coming to Disney Plus
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All 20 Pixar Movies Ranked from Worst to Best
Although Walt Disney Pictures Inc. and Pixar were deemed fair game, some of the Disney companies Pourshian named in the suit were not deemed to have "presumptive connecting factors" suggesting they could fall under the court's jurisdiction.
"There are no allegations in the statement of claim that could enable the court to conclude that any of them... infringed Pourshian's copyright under the Copyright Act in Ontario or elsewhere in Canada,"Graham said in the ruling.
The film, which has made nearly $1 billion, has been subject to at least two other lawsuits in U.S. courts. In one of the suits, an author claimed the concept was stolen from a book and screenplay she had written. Another complaint, which was eventually dismissed, claimed a woman had discussed a very similar concept with Disney and Pixar executives years before the movie had been made.
Pourshian had apparently also filed a U.S. lawsuit, seeking his name added to the film's credits and unspecified damages, before withdrawing it last year.
Disney believes the claims are without merit.


If the BT is working correctly and you can scan for devices, see devices listed, but not connect then it may be an issue with compatiblity between BT versions. If you can connect but not "see" folders, or access files then it may be a setting change over within the BT properties. Also - if just your phone is having issues, contact the phone provider / supplier to see if they have answers.


Thanks for your insights… I have not taken more anti-biotics. I am beginning to believe that possibly candida is the cause of all of my symptoms. I drink too much and eat way too much sugar. I have had some serious rounds of antibiotics. Just learned about the morning spit test, gonna do that tomorrow morning. I just bought a product called candex but I know I have to change my diet. ugh.


text:
OPP Funding Model
Property taxes are a major concern for our members. They are a most important cost to those of us who live or own property on and around lakes. Property tax is one of the few taxes that does not take in account the ability to pay—such as income taxes, or relate directly to the consumption of goods or services—GST, Garbage Bag tags, etc. As such to many of us it is an unfair and undemocratic tax.
In the last property assessment our members saw assessments that bore little relation to actual property values and that increased in many cases by 40% plus from the last assessment. Some assessments doubled!
When we complain about the impact on our members, many of whom are on fixed incomes, some politicians tell us that if we don't like the taxes we can move. What they don't understand is that to many of us these properties have been in our families for generations. Our kids and grand children learned to swim or canoe in these lakes. These are not just pieces of land and buildings. To many of us these properties embody our dreams and hopes for future generations.
The Maple, Beech and Cameron Lakes Area Property Owners' Association has been an active supporter of WRAFT – Waterfront Ratepayers After Fair Taxation. Please visit their website and sign their petition.
www.wraft.com
Following decisions by Algonquin Highlands Council between 2009 and 2013, the SECOND RUNWAY EXPANSION PROPOSAL has been officially shelved! Funding made available for that project is being re-purposed to partner with the Ministry of Natural Resources on the re-location of the MNR's regional office and the expansion of the airborne firebase on municipal property directly adjacent to the airport.
This project will ensure the retention (and possible increase) of local jobs, provide added income to the township through land leasing and expanded facilities.
There is no absolute guarantee that the second runway concept will never come up again but, for a good while to come, the work that the MBC and others kept up for (literally) years has assured calm and common sense.
For more details on developments at the airport, please visit the Algonquin Highlands website atwww.algonquinhighlands.ca.
OMB Voice Article Jan 14, 2010
Airport Update Jan 12, 2010
Presentation to County Feb 20, 2008
Airport Fact Sheet
Airport Justification
Airport Update – July, 2007
OMB Voice Article
Ontario Municipal Board Set to Mediate Airport Land Acquisitions
By Liz Danielsen
Pull quote: "Compensation offered for our expropriated land was completely inadequate." (Bill Middleton)
All is not exactly as it seems when it comes to the Stanhope Airport and the Algonquin Highlands Council's proposed expansion of the airport. Although there has been little to report over the last few months, and construction of any sort remains on hold during the winter, disputes continue to simmer under a surface of apparent civility.
Last week, the County Voice inadvertently discovered that the Ontario Municipal Board has been considering arguments put forward by the Middleton family, three brothers whose property was purchased, or virtually expropriated early in 2007, to make way for a new crosswind runway.
Airport Update
Council goes before The OMB on Jan 19th
As a new year begins, the airport expansion proposal in Algonquin Highlands continues to preoccupy both sides of a debate that is almost as old as the idea itself. On the "pro" side there is apparently a small number of councillors and a few individuals hoping to benefit from taxpayers' money and on the "anti", the great majority of the taxpayers who have other priorities.
The initial part of the much larger over-all expansion project is essentially the construction of a second and much longer runway. The project received a positive provisional funding decision from Building Canada in April, 2009 and has been under review in the Canadian Environmental Assessment process since July last year. Since then, with the exception of a decision to allow the rehabilitation of existing paved surfaces at the airport, neither the township nor the public has had any information on the progress of the assessment. This "delay" has caused concern among the projects' boosters, but should give comfort to the majority of us who oppose the project for reasons that go far beyond environmental impacts.
Read the entire document…
Presentation to County Council
Thanks to organizations that provided information:
Minister of Finance – The Honourable Greg Sorbara
Ministry of Natural Resources
ORNGE- operators of air ambulance services
Today we hope to detail our major concerns re the proposed addition of a crosswind runway to the Stanhope Airport. A team of 4 people whose résumés are attached have spent hundreds of hours researching these issues. For each concern we have listed with it the 3rd party verification. We want to make it clear that we are not recommending the closing of the existing airport. Our concern is with the viability of the proposed addition of a crosswind runway. The support materials are all available on an as requested basis. The MBCLAPOA would also be willing to schedule follow up meetings to provide further detail and insight into the findings.
Given the large upfront costs and potentially enormous impact on local taxpayers we feel strongly that this proposal should be researched and debated thoroughly by all interested parties…
Download the entire presentation (PDF)…
As the Township Council of Algonquin Highlands forges ahead with plans and actions for the expansion of the Haliburton / Stanhope Municipal Airport, concerned landowners and ratepayers who have been or will be directly affected by the "project" join the council in encouraging more informed involvement by the people of Algonquin Highlands. Please contact the sites, people and resources recommended by Council in the fact sheet you received with your latest tax notice. Please also consider becoming a member of the Maple, Beech and Cameron Lakes Area Property Owners Association – this organization is NOT just for "cottagers" but for all people concerned with how the area can and should be developed.
Get the fact sheet (PDF)…
Click here for the map of the proposed airport expansion.
Justifications for airport expansion: more reasons to question the proposal.
AIRPORT TO BECOME JETPORT, HOUSING DEVELOPMENT AND DISPOSITORY FOR YOUR TAX DOLLARS
Unless we act now!
YOUR council with YOUR tax dollars continues to push forward with its $5.8 MILLION, 20 year airport expansion using "principally its (TWP of Algonquin Highland's) resources". Do the math – $3.8 MILLION (just the 2006-8 portion) in borrowing by the TWP funded over 10 years will lead to about $500,000 in new spending or an increase on your taxes of approximately 8%!!!! So if your taxes are $5000 now, YOU can look forward to investing about $400 ANNUALLY for what exactly?
Well included in the project is a new 4000 foot 'cross wind' runway from the shores of Cameron Lake to the Gull River, new commercial hangers, a housing development, apron expansion, global positioning system.all for the seemingly 30 'regular users' and some transient traffic.
We think this is a BAD DEAL FOR TAXPAYERS AND THE AREA.
Perhaps if it had community value.but looking into each and every reason for the expansion reveals absolutely NO substance. I challenge you to look deeper – this expansion will NOT improve medical services, fire protection or safety. Jobs – well sure it will create jobs with the $5.8 MILLION invested.but so would drilling for oil with about as much economic success.
So why then? Blind faith? Vanity? Bit of both perhaps.
It should be noted that the TWP expects to pay for it all by developing the land with $250,000 housing lots around the fringe of the airport and by bringing in big business. Of course, no consideration is paid to the fact that we are in Haliburton, that business has far more practical and efficient locations nearer markets and resources and that Collingwood, Orillia and Parry Sound have all executed similar plans WITHOUT Success.
So a $5.8 MILLION commitment – an experiment with YOUR tax dollars – forever? Should you invest?
So what is your association doing?
. We are running a summer long campaign in the local papers called "Let's clear the air" to bring awareness and garner support for what appears to be an inevitable legal battle
. We are encouraging people to look deeper into the merits (or lack thereof) and understand that this is a HUGE project for a TWP with $2.5 MILLION in annual spending.
. We are creating awareness that this project WILL have an enormous impact on YOUR taxes, not to mention your lifestyle if you are anywhere within 5 kilometers of the airport.
IS this the type of Haliburton you see in your future? Does this help Haliburton promote its natural amenities or simply transform it into suburban morass?
So step up to the plate and get involved before it's too late. Become informed, volunteer some time and support the CLEAR THE AIR FUND financially so the TWP plans can be thoroughly and publicly reviewed.
AIRPORT CHRONOLOGY
1974 – The paving of the Stanhope airport was justified as a way to drive economic development
1998 – Eleanor Harrison stated that one of her main concerns was the environment "A stand has to be taken and something has to be done in order to preserve what we have now.we have to take a firm stand on the environment." hmmm – was that an election year?
Sept 2002 – Estimates for an additional runway $1.8-2 million according to TWP study
June 9 2003 Minden Times – "Algonquin Highlands moving forward with its plans for a $2.9 Million expansion of the Stanhope airport"
June 2006 – Middleton's receive offer on their 100 acres of land for the expansion.
August 2006 AGM (see the Times Aug 23) – Reeve Harrison states "At present we're not pursuing it (expansion) actively.the council does not hold back information on anything"
May 2007 -when meeting with executives from Maple, Beech and Cameron Area Lakes POA, Reeve Harrison scoffs at the association's estimate of $5-10 Million in spending saying the expansion will cost in the neighbourhood of $1.5 million
May 2007 A BUSINESS VISION dated May 2006 (yes 2006!) released puts the expansion at $5.8 million (Was 2006 an election year and therefore the 'vision' held back?)
Following recommendations from the Auditor General of Ontario in 2012 (this makes for some interesting and sometimes disturbing reading – take some time to look it over!) and a number of complaints and requests from affected municipalities, a review of the funding model for municipal policing services provided by the OPP was undertaken and which led, in 2013, to proposals for funding (billing to municipalities) that would cause policing costs in Haliburton County to rise from approximately 3.3 million dollars per year to well over 8 million dollars per year, without any change or improvement in services received.
Until the spring of this year, 2014, it appeared that the imposition of this new funding model was "a done deal" in spite of mounting opposition from municipalities, like our own, that would be the most adversely affected. Our local and county representatives banded together with concerned citizens and organizations like the CHA to raise awareness of the many problems with the new funding model, as proposed, culminating in the May Day letter writing campaign that saw many of you sending letters, emails and phone calls to the Minister, MPPs and others.
Just prior to the Provincial Election being called a new Minister of Community Safety and Correctional Services was appointed; this new Minister, during the campaign period, undertook to – if re-elected and re-confirmed as Minister – revisit the issue and undertake further consultation with municipal representatives. Soon after the election the reconfirmed Minister, Yasir Naqvi, held a tele-conference with municipal officials and stated that, prior to any decision or announcement on OPP funding changes, more consultation and information would be sought from affected municipalities.
Very soon thereafter, and with barely an hours' notice, the Minister's office announced that a slightly amended funding model would be put in place; While this new model will be slightly less costly to Algonquin Highlands and similar municipalities it will still result in a near doubling of policing costs over the next five years and does nothing to address concerns raised by our local representatives.
READ MORE – THE GOVERNMENT'S VERSION –
OPP Billing Backgrounder – EN
READ MORE – CHA LOOKS AT THE "NEW MODEL"
Revised OPP Billing – CHA analysis
As of August 15th, the Government of Ontario appears to have closed the issue. This is a "regulatory change" that does not require a vote at Queen's Park.
Our Municipal and County Representatives have expressed their "disappointment" and will, we hope, continue to make every effort to reduce the impacts we will feel on our tax bills. MBC members should be ready, as always, to stand and be counted, helping in whatever efforts are organized!


California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law the nation's first bill that will provide protections for small business owners seeking online funding. The bill was met with support from both sides of the aisle, passing 28-6 in the Senate and 72-3 in the Assembly.
The bill is a reaction to businesses in the online lending industry whose practices have long gone without oversight, often leaving small business owners in compromising situations.
In 2015, California's Department of Business Oversight (DBO) surveyed 14 marketplace lenders and found that loans from some of less above-board lenders carried APRs ranging between 41-101% or higher. Some borrowers were stuck with unaffordable loans that averaged annual percentage rates around 94%—one loan even had an APR of 358%.
This legislation is not only a win for small business owners looking to secure funding, it's also a win for online lenders who had already adopted responsible lending practices and transparency as they no longer have to compete with competitors who disguise their costs.
This level of transparency is a godsend to small business owners who have been demanding it since online lending hit the market. According to Small Business Majority, 80% of small-business owners polled are in favor of ensuring interest rates and fees are clearly disclosed to borrowers.
This new law guarantees this kind of disclosure and sets an example for legislators across America to take action to ensure small business owners don't have any more hurdles than the ones they already face in their journey to build successful companies.


text:
https://deloitte.wsj.com/articles/5-steps-to-prepare-security-for-the-quantum-era-01634737552
5 Steps to Prepare Security for the Quantum Era
It's time to understand and prepare for the potential risk posed by quantum computers. The data security threat may be more imminent than many business leaders realize.
The digital economy depends on trust in the internet—without it, neither businesses nor consumers would feel safe conducting business or spending time online. Making that trust possible today are cryptographic algorithms embedded in hardware and software throughout most enterprise infrastructure. Like a reliable and unbreakable lock, these algorithms help safeguard sensitive personal and financial information and verify the integrity of internet transactions, as well as the identity of users and systems.
Unfortunately, the effectiveness of some of these methods may soon draw to a close. While public-key cryptographic algorithms, which serve as the backbone of today's secure internet, have generally been immune to attacks by even the fastest computers, some specialists predict1 that within a decade, cybercriminals and nation-state actors with access to quantum computing capabilities may gain the ability to crack them. Furthermore, even before quantum computers are available, advanced attackers could conduct "harvest now, decrypt later" attacks, in which they collect and store encrypted data and related communications today, with the goal of decrypting the data in the future.
To ready their organizations for these oncoming risks, it's important for business leaders to understand the quantum threat, the current state of postquantum cryptography, and how to prepare for quantum-safe cryptographic systems and procedures.
The Potential Threat
Cryptographic algorithms are used to digitally encode messages and data, thus providing four security services that are foundational to network communications and e-commerce transactions: confidentiality, so that the content of a message can be viewed only by authorized parties; integrity, so the content can't be altered by unauthorized parties without detection; nonrepudiation, ensuring that the originator of an action cannot later deny being the one who performed it; and authentication, or the process of verifying the identity of a person or system.
To implement these critical functions, three types of algorithmic techniques are used to perform cryptographic operations: hash functions, symmetric-key algorithms, and public-key algorithms.
The quantum threat to hash functions and symmetric algorithms comes from an algorithm invented by computer scientist Lov Grover2 in 1996. Although Grover's algorithm significantly reduces the time it takes to attempt all potential numerical keys or hash values until finding the right one, this algorithm can be readily thwarted by doubling the key length or using other currently available hash functions.
Public-key cryptography, on the other hand—widely used for such purposes as web certificates and digital signatures—faces a more serious threat. A quantum algorithm3 designed in 1994 by mathematician Peter Shor can theoretically break the mathematical relationship between public and private keys in a matter of hours,4 effectively rendering current public-key cryptography useless. Security experts differ on when quantum computers will be mature enough to use Shor's algorithm; estimates5 range from five to 20 years.
Postquantum Cryptography
Currently, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is working to standardize postquantum, public-key cryptography algorithms that can be used to develop systems that are secure against both quantum and traditional computers. It plans to announce the standardized results by 2024. When postquantum cryptography is fully developed and standardized, organizations can upgrade their existing public-key cryptography systems. One report6 from the World Economic Forum estimates that 20 billion digital devices will need to be upgraded or replaced with postquantum cryptography in the next 20 years.
This is not a simple switch or patch, because cryptography is entrenched across the enterprise—including in physically remote systems. For example, migrating to postquantum cryptography will affect the performance requirements of microprocessors that are embedded in ATM machines, TV set-top boxes, point-of-sale systems, smartphones, and a host of other devices and systems. As a result, algorithm replacement can be extremely disruptive and take decades to complete; typically, it requires upgrading or replacing components of the cryptographic infrastructure.
Parallel to its standardization efforts, NIST is developing practices and recommendations aimed at simplifying the migration from current public-key cryptography algorithms to quantum-resistant algorithms.
In addition to leveraging the NIST standards and migration recommendations, business leaders can take several actions to ready their organizations for the security implications of quantum computing.
"Even before quantum computers are available, advanced attackers could conduct 'harvest now, decrypt later' attacks, in which they collect and store encrypted data and related communications today, with the goal of decrypting the data in the future."
Build awareness of quantum's security risks. Understand the risk quantum computing poses to existing cryptographic and encryption systems. Extend this awareness to other business leaders7 at the board, C-suite, and operational level to gain broad support for investing in a quantum-safe cryptography infrastructure.
Take a fresh approach to cryptographic governance. Preparing cryptographic systems for the quantum computing era is a major technical challenge. In the same way that Agile software delivery practices help create more adaptable technology organizations, a more agile approach to cryptographic governance can create more flexible businesses that can quickly pivot and reprioritize in response to evolving security threats. This mindset shift can result in a flexible, dynamic cryptographic infrastructure that's more capable of fluidly evolving with enterprise, industry, and technology security challenges and requirements.
Assess the enterprise's readiness to become crypto-agile. A refreshed approach to cryptography can enable a more crypto-agile organization—that is, one that can efficiently update cryptographic algorithms, parameters, processes, and technologies to better respond to new protocols, standards, and security threats, including those leveraging quantum computing methods. To assess organizational readiness for crypto-agility, consider the following:
Data and cryptographic assets. To help respond to systemic changes—such as new algorithms—the organization can help to provide an accounting of data assets to understand how they're cryptographically protected. Inventory and prioritize cryptographically protected data, transactions, and other assets and understand their retention requirements and location. For example, are they on-premise or in the cloud?
Cryptographic keys. To identify and prioritize future vulnerabilities, business leaders can review the types of cryptographic keys being used, their characteristics, and their location in existing computer and communications hardware, operating systems, application programs, communications protocols, key infrastructures, and access control mechanisms.
Infrastructure limitations. Quantum-safe cryptography may use substantially more processing power than current cryptographic methods, which could require infrastructure upgrades. As NIST standards develop, it's important to understand how they will affect system infrastructure, identify potential future infrastructure shortcomings, and develop a plan for addressing them.
Engage with the quantum security ecosystem. Monitor the development of NIST's postquantum cryptography standards and solutions and understand and evaluate the recommended migration approaches. Develop crypto governance based on a framework such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, which outlines practices and processes for managing cybersecurity risk. Engage in public-private and industry ecosystem relationships to stay aware of developments.
Practice good cyber hygiene. As always, be proactive about managing and reducing cybersecurity risks. Establish and maintain strong foundational cybersecurity principles and practices and situational awareness of data, infrastructure, and other assets.
While the path to postquantum cryptography may be lengthy and complicated, most enterprises can see the quantum threat coming, which makes the decision to prepare a simple one. There may be no better application for the old adage, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."
—by Deborah Golden, principal and U.S. Cyber & Strategic Risk leader, and Colin Soutar, managing director, both with Deloitte Risk & Financial Advisory, Deloitte & Touche LLP; Itan Barmes, manager, Deloitte Risk Advisory BV; Scott Buchholz, managing director, Government and Public Services chief technology officer, and national Emerging Tech Research director, Deloitte Consulting LLP; and Caroline Brown, manager and senior writer, Deloitte LLP
1. See, for example, Inside Quantum Technology, "Sundar Pichai warns Davos that quantum computers will be able to break encryption in five years," January 23, 2020; Drs. Michele Mosca and Marco Piani, Quantum threat timeline , Global Risk Institute, October 3, 2019.
2. Lov K. Grover, "A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search," Proceedings of the twenty-eighth annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing, July 1, 1996.
3. P. W. Shor, "Algorithms for quantum computation: Discrete logarithms and factoring," IEEE Xplore, August 6, 2002.
4. Mosca and Piani, Quantum threat timeline report 2020, Global Risk Institute, January 27, 2021.
5. Inside Quantum Technology, "Sundar Pichai warns Davos that quantum computers will be able to break encryption in five years"; Drs. Mosca and Piani, Quantum threat timeline.
6. Catherine P. Foley et al., "Is your cybersecurity ready to take the quantum leap?," World Economic Forum, May 7, 2021.
7. "Quantum Personas: A Multistakeholder Approach to Quantum Cyber-Risk Management," World Economic Forum, 2021.
PUBLISHED ON: Oct. 20, 2021 3:00 pm ET
This publication contains general information only and Deloitte is not, by means of this publication, rendering accounting, business, financial, investment, legal, tax, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such professional advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your business. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your business, you should consult a qualified professional advisor. Deloitte shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person who relies on this publication. About Deloitte. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Copyright © 2021 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved.
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