The authors of this blog work for SwankyApple, a Shopify accredited web design agency. Jennifer Caust has several years of marketing experience with roles varying from Commercial Marcom Manager at Microsoft, digital consulting for retail clients and continuous work with Exeter's local startup community. Sean Clanchy is an entrepreneur and eCommerce expert with experience across procurement and inventory management, digital marketing, conversion rate optimization consulting and experimentation.
Because there is nothing as frustrating as an unpredicted change in sales volume.
For an enterprise sized business there are several reasons why you would want to stabilize your conversion rate – it could help you forecast sales, better manage inventory levels, coordinate staff and make more confident decisions about your advertising budget. It would, fundamentally, help you establish a strategy for your online store.
So how can you find out why your sales volumes are in flux? And is conversion rate really a fair indicator of your success? It is time to investigate the term 'conversion rate' and learn some simple tools to solve that mysterious flux.
Before we get going, let's establish the difference between sales and conversion rate, because you would never want to risk improving your conversion rate at the cost of your sales. For example, if you arrange a sales event and sell all of your products with a 70% discount, your conversion rate will fly through the roof – leaving you broke.
A high conversion rate is therefore not the single metric to consider when evaluating your eCommerce performance. Another useful metric is average order value; a higher value on your average order in combination with a high conversion rate leads to a higher revenue per user, which indicates good sales.
If you understand these metrics you are halfway to controlling your flux with greater accuracy. If they still feel a bit blurry, keep reading for the 5 best ways to improve and stabilize your sales and conversion rate.
The first step towards stabilizing your sales is to analyze why they are in flux. This can be done by ensuring you have got the analytics in place to check at which stage of the 'customer journey' visitors are dropping off your site. You can use analytics tools to set up a sales funnel and get a visual and statistical representation of your customer's journey, from the homepage down to collection, product and cart pages. Taking monthly screenshots of these funnels will let you evaluate if there are any major changes affecting the flow of customers, all the way from social media interactions to your website's cart page.
Alongside funnels, it's a good idea to keep a change-log for your eCommerce website. If you have made changes to the layout of your site and discover changes in your customer's buying pattern, you can cross-reference your change-log with your funnel to determine whether the changes you have made are responsible for the variation. Without a change-log or funnel, you will quickly lose track on what design choices work best for your site and customers.
One of the most common mistakes leading to low conversion rates and underperforming websites relates to "above the fold" content. If your key selling points, call-to-action buttons, price and product information are not immediately visible when on landing on a page, you are probably reducing its effectiveness.
This is true for both desktop and mobile devices, and there are a vast array of on-page analytic tools to help you check what percentage of your audience scrolls to the bottom of your page (a hint – it tends to be a very small number).
When speaking of actions, it is commonly known that users will engage with clear and well defined call-to-action buttons on your page, but if your product information isn't visible to validate the click, why would the customer take action?
With emphasis on unique, it is important that you highlight what customers get out of buying from you rather than your competitor. For example, you may have a 2 year warranty period whilst other resellers stick to 1 year. This needs to be communicated both verbally and visually, as you will have some visitors who read through all product information in detail, whilst others are visual 'browsers' who will give text a cursory glance but are more engaged by iconography and imagery to guide them.
A good designer can ensure you get the right icons to complement your text and hence clearly communicate why your store is the best choice. This, again, should be communicated 'above the fold', so that customers discover your unique selling points without needing to look for them.
Further, if you are struggling to prioritize which information should be displayed above the fold, take a visitors perspective and consider what is crucial for motivating the visitor to scroll further. However, the safest way of deciding which information to display is by either surveying your customer or conducting A/B-testing.
As you have potential customers coming through to your site, why not take advantage? It is worth considering implementing a web-based survey to capture your visitor's opinions of the features on your site. The best questions to ask depends on what you have identified as key issues when analyzing data from your analytics setup, but a good start would be to ask for reasons to why the visitor came to your site, if they completed the intended task, and why or why not that happened.
Perhaps you can offer a discount code as a thanks for replying to your survey (this will also increase the likelihood of your customer going through with their purchase, as they are now more committed to your brand). However, it is worth keeping in mind that although responses may pour in quicker thanks to this carrot, the overall quality of replies can decrease due to customers who are only looking for a quick discount.
Even if you feel put off by qualitative responses taking longer to read through and analyze, open-ended questions will teach you a lot about the language your customer is using when speaking about your products (which can be beneficial in your promotional material). Your list of follow-ups will probably also be more straightforward than if you ask quantifiable questions. If you have a lot of qualitative responses to get through, try to ensure you have more than one analyst looking at the results in order to minimize bias and misreadings.
A/B testing allows you to appreciate what impact your layout changes have on your webshop and can massively affect its performance. To conduct effective testing campaigns, you first need to identify which key issues you want to resolve (these issues can be found through your analytics and customer surveying). You then need to prioritize issues based on commercial value, and finally develop hypotheses to test.
For accurate testing you need a substantial number of visitors. Above 100,000 monthly visitors is considered industry standard, with fewer visitors meaning it takes longer for your test to demonstrate statistical significance. For instance, having a statistical significance of 90% means you are 90% confident in your result being accurate. Without high enough traffic, your test may also present a 'false positive' and show a winning result based on statistical anomaly. Therefore, having a higher number of traffic irons out any 'false positives' and improves the statistical significance of your test.
Before you get too excited and start testing, make sure you develop proper hypotheses and prioritize your testing programme based on commercial value, not "guesstimation". The reason for this is to have a logic behind your testing, which ultimately justifies time and money spent. Even if your hypothesis is wrong, you can learn a lot. It's ultimately about setting a clear target for your testing and ensuring you are staying organized with your changes.
Ensure you have clear goals to discuss with your consultant (e.g. improving conversion or reducing bounce rate).
If you haven't got high enough traffic, don't go with an "expert" who promises that they can give you quality results. Typically between the costs of the consultant, the testing platform and basic overheads, a low traffic number will make your testing programme less cost effective. Remember, less than 50% of tests across the industry are winning tests. If you test slowly due to low traffic, it is only going to take longer and hence costs more to achieve winning results.
Only hire a consultant who can explain their process and underpinning logic in a clear and easy-to-understand way. Basically, don't pay for anything that you don't understand – that should give you a good enough standard to base your choice of agency on.
If you are looking for an experienced agency to work with in this regard, throw a glance at SwankyApple. They specialize in Shopify (regular and plus), app development, design, branding, marketing and conversion rate optimization for growing eCommerce businesses.


We humans are scared little creatures.
Thin skin and brittle bones, no match for a lion, tiger, shark, or even snake. Not to mention the bees, sun, and freezing weather — journey enders all, if we're not careful!
Our big brains have pushed us in a few short centuries, from living long enough to procreate, to old enough to watch our reproductive systems and various organs shut down. We live longer than our hardware was ever designed to, which is an achievement to be lauded on so many levels (soap, seat belts & penicillin).
What bizarre dissonance our fragile nature and extended life span creates. How can we be taken out so easily, yet dominate the planet so clearly?
I've thought about this a lot, not out of some morbid death obsession, but out of the fear I've felt at times in my life. There are times when my terror was justified, like missing the runway in Telluride and feeling the plane gentle dive backwards as we stalled and watched the plane drift into the valley below. Or when the towers fell and we didn't know where Josh was.
From time to time I've felt panic and fear as an entrepreneur as well. The morning of that first pitch conference — would anyone show up?! The days when I had to lay off all those people and kill SAR because the dotcom crash happened. Was I a fraud?! Did I just get lucky!?
Here's the thing, the panic of death and panic of failure feel the same. Your body and mind — when untrained — reacts exactly the same to the plane going down as to the magazine shutting down. Ostensibly, a loved one missing on 9/11 is more terrorizing than the fear of people not showing up for your conference — but the body and mind react similarly.
And this is where the Jedi training comes in for founders: unlearn what you have learned, must you.
Yesterday I had coffee with a founder who reached out to me two years after I offered to invest in his company (he declined back then — he was bootstrapping). During those two years he's diligently grown his startup, with a product I loved in its infancy, to $1,000,000 in yearly revenue.
He's been at it for three years, and he's wondering — like many of the founders I meet with — what it will be like if he raises money.
"Will I have a board?" he asked.
"How often will we meet? What will their expectations be?" he quickly followed.
He looked at me and I realized he wanted the details. Was he ready for it, I wondered. Yes, he's ready for it.
"Yeah actually, we do" he replied.
"Well, you're going to take the three jobs he's doing poorly and hire three people to do them right — and there is a 50-50 chance there won't be a place for him when you do." I told him candidly.
"Hmmm… " he replied. I could see it sinking in — things change.
"And you're going to have to take $500,000 and come up with 10 really good ideas to try, knowing that eight of them are gonna fail. You're gonna burn $400,000 big ones in a pile of ash — so that one or two ideas might transform the business. Those ideas will take you from $1m this year to $3m the next year — and $10m the year after. How many $50,000 crazy bets have you made in the last three years?" I asked.
Of course, you can't make crazy bets when you haven't learned to turn off your fear. Just like Luke needed to face Vader in the cave trial and then in person, founders must face their fears … without feeling fear.
Listen to those voices. Breathe. Then imagine the words are written in the sand and are washed away by steady ocean waves. They're just words spewing out of your primitive mind — they will pass. And, here's the secret: you can replace them.
Our brains have really good intentions … from two million years ago.
Back then our brains were 70% as large as they are now and their goal was to not get eaten by a saber-toothed lion.
None of what we do as founders is saber-toothed-lion scary.
PS – This blogging every day is killing me, but I love it. I'm in shock by how impactful just eight days of this has been and inspired at the prospect of doing this for a bit more. If I could do it again I would have promised 25 or 50 days of blogging — not 365 days.
PPS – The CNBC thing went well, but they don't put their clips anywhere. Clearly they should be publishing the technology-related ones to Twitter so that folks who go on CNBC can have their @handles mentioned on air and with the clips. If CNBC starts using Twitter's native video platform I think they will a) double their revenue, and b) double the audience on their actual channel (as people don't know how many cool leaders are actually on CNBC every week).
PPPS – CNBC asked me to come on for the Twitter earnings call, so I told them I would do that. Feels weird being back on TV news after taking 10+ years off. It's so short and fast compared to my podcast.
PPPPS – I got this email forwarded to me by one of the big banks. Folks have been saying my comments moved Twitter's stock 4-5%, which was never my intention when I wrote the piece. I don't own or trade stocks — I only angel invest. Please do not, as some folks have said on Twitter, trade stocks based on what I'm writing. Or do, just know I'm not even aware of anyone's actual stock price!
Don't trade stocks based on what I write–please.
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Smart modern building with pool.
Modern, partly furnished three bedroom, two bathrooms and powder room town house with a single lock up garage. Features also include air conditioning, screens, built in wardrobes, 2 balconies, courtyard, pool is also included in the complex, walk to the UQ, shops and transport.


Bettina's will to live, her courage and her positive attitude have deeply impressed us. We are a mixed group of friends and acquaintances who share a vision: Collecting enough money through the crowdfunding campaign "Bettina wants to live" to make the treatment with Spinraza possible. We're all volunteers. Will you help us?


Medico-Legal Pre Conference Course now available to book!
In addition to the main conference on the 9th and 10th November, the BTS are also offering delegates the chance to attend a Medico-Legal Pre Conference Course on Tuesday 8th November. For further information on this, please click here. Please note that spaces are limited and available on a first come first served basis. If minimum numbers are not met, the course will not go ahead.


A niche is a a speciality industry or particular type of blog that holds the interest of a certain group of individuals. If you didn't have a niche, then you may discuss things like travel, cooking, interior decorating, and painting.
That really doesn't make it easy for your audience to remember you due to your multiple topics. However if you, for example, are into hiking, you may search for blogs or information on different hiking techniques, equipment, or places to purchase hiking gear. You may be able to find everything that you're looking for in one blog's site if that site has a hiking niche.
The same thing applies to you reading this blog. My niche is for bloggers, entrepreneurs, creatives, and all those in between that want to be successful with their start-ups and monetize their blogs. This is exactly why blogging niche's are popular. Everything someone is looking for is in one area.
Peg Fitzpatrick found her niche with social media and even went as far as co-authoring a book titled the Art of Social Media. By doing this, she had coined herself an expert in social media.
As the examples show you above, finding your niche makes it easy for your target market to find and follow you, which grows your following way faster than without it. Kimra Luna does an excellent job with defining her niche of webinars and making her following grow exponentially.
Chalene Johnson has a great blog about fitness which makes it easier for her to transition her readers into customers with her knowledge of fitness, and earn money.
When you are discussing topics that your audience is interested in, then it's super easy to offer them products or services that you know they will love instead of guessing if they would like it. Make sense, right?!
In my opinion, your niche is really what you make of it. It's truly your own thing so it's not about fitting into a box but more so about find your own box and making it your own.
Just like in business, there may be thousands of people doing what you do but none will ever do it like you. This is the same principle. Take these steps in determining what your niche will be.
What can I talk about for hours on end?
What's something I can create multiple ideas about?
What are some books of interest that I would love to read?
After answering these questions, do you see a pattern or theme from your answers. Is there a certain thread that continuously was repeated? This is much like finding your passion.
When you are passionate about something, you are less likely to run out of idea and more likely to create great discussion and give good information about the topic. Talking about what you know instead of what you think people want to know, will be way easier to turn your passion into a profit to earn money.
When I started my business, I researched what people were doing and found that a lot of blogs told you want to do but not exactly how to do it. Most people, like me, need more direction than just talking about what is needed and that's what I prided myself on offering.
I also am able to intertwine my behavior knowledge from my master's degree to help my clients actually see results, rather than leaving them to do it alone. I would recommend you do the same thing.
The number one advice to starting a business is finding the holes in your industry of interest and the same holds true for your blog. Think about what is missing in your industry and fill the void.
If you're not sure what is actually missing then do some research. Locate 10-15 blogs that are in your industry or area of interest and find the holes. Ask yourself, what will people want or need that these blogs or businesses aren't offering. To boost it up even more, tie in your previous knowledge to show that you can offer more than your potential competitor.
Though you know about this topic there are still things you can continue to learn to increase your knowledge. Read books, join discussion groups, take courses or whatever you need to do to learn more.
The world is continuously changing therefore you always want to stay up to date on what's new. You also want to be able to answer as many questions as your potential customers may have about your niche.
There are multiple niches that are out there and this list can help you identify some that may spark your interest or give you ideas of combining two to make a unique niche. Review some ideas to help get you rolling in the right direction.
DO YOU HAVE ANY SUGGESTIONS ON BLOG NICHES? HAVE YOU IMPLEMENTED SOME OF THE STRATEGIES LISTED ABOVE? LET ME KNOW IN THE COMMENTS BELOW.


The enemy by hands after two to grab my shoulder after the move (Figure 13); I quickly left back, bent knees crouched into the horse, turn left by the physical force to the left elbow top chest (Figure 14); then, I left the door, turn right into the right lunge body, at the same time with the left hand back below the crotch of the enemy (Figure 15).
Key points: swivel, step, top chest at the same time, we should turn suddenly, elbow to quickly shoot, should have thrown fresh crotch.
The enemy from the front with his right hand grabbed my left shoulder (Figure 16); my speed with his left hand upward and outward open arms of the enemy right hand, and the center of gravity shift in the left leg, right leg knee lift upwards mengdeng enemy abdomen (Figure 17); I step off the right foot forward, his legs bent, and the right to face the enemy (boxing speed figure 18).
Key points: right foot pedal force before the heel force rapidly; right turn left by the boxing surface should be a potential.
The enemy by former around my waist and arms (Figure 19), I moved to the center of the left leg, his hands clinging to the enemy, and the enemy right knee top crotch (Figure 20); the enemy release your hands back, I take advantage of right foot forward by mengdeng enemy abdomen (Figure 21).
Key points: hold the enemy body and the top crotch at the same time, to prevent the enemy by my knee when push; kick is issued in behind the back, if still with my personal enemy, can be changed to the right knee combo, or alternating left and right knee strike.
The enemy from the left with both hands around my waist (Figure 22); my upper left twist, and left elbow back at the enemy head (Figure 23); the enemy hands off my waist back, my body then turn left, at the same time with the right elbow forward swept above the enemy head (Figure 24).
Key points: Swivel elbow and elbow to quickly, at the same time, force to be fierce, the focal point for the point of the elbow.
Absolutely first rate and com-orpbotteped, gentlemen!


The towers took around five years to construct in the beginning, but their construction time was shortened to about 1.5-2 years when they learned how to most effectively construct them. They are 2,500 feet tall, close to the world's tallest buildings. Though they don't break through the lowest layer of the atmosphere physically, their sphere of influence extends close to ten miles up, allowing them to control the weather. The also use anchor points in the shape of a hexagon around them in order to maintain the environment within a closed area.
U.S. map divided by zones.
A planned function of the towers was their ability to help counteract some of the negative effects to the ozone layer. They were to limit the chemicals that reach the ozone layer by absorbing them in clouds filled with agents that counteract the harmful emissions. Unfortunately, the idea of towers generating artificial clouds with chemicals in them was enough to scare people into shooting down the idea almost immediately. The project was officially scrapped, though the research is still filed away in a safe place with prototypes in the hopes that it can be utilized some day.
The first tower was constructed in 2050 in Arizona, after years of research and development. With a few changes and overall improvements, Project Olympus began implementing these towers across the U.S. and eventually around the world, with the help of the U.N.
Though the towers' main function was to create ideal environments for the growing of crops, they also began to be used to preserve different ecosystems from around the world. Not only were large fields given the sunlight and cycle of weather they needed, but other areas were transformed into entirely new environments such as jungles or savannahs, even tundras in some places. Animal and plant species that were going extinct were able to survive in these places.


text:
James Wilson Mead
by webchq	on August 1, 2020 544 views
James Wilson Mead, age 89, passed away peacefully on July 15, 2020, with his oldest son, Chris, and grandson, Cooper, at his side at his son's home in Orinda, California. The son of the late Harris Delroy and Eleanor (Freling) Mead, Jim was born Dec. 5, 1930, in Westfield, New York.
He graduated from Westfield Academy and Central School in 1948 and received a bachelor's degree in Management Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, in 1952, where he was a member of the Theta Chi fraternity and a Navy ROTC midshipman. He married his high school sweetheart, Jane Thompson, in Westfield's First Presbyterian Church on Nov. 22, 1952. Jim was an Ensign serving in the United States Naval Reserve at the time, and Jane was a senior at Cornell University. They had been married 67 years at the time of her death on Feb. 6, 2020.
Jim then spent two years on active duty during the Korean War as the Supply Officer on the USS Brownson (DD-868), homeported in Newport, Rhode Island. He also spent another 18 years in the Naval Reserve, retiring in 1972 at the rank of Commander.
After his active duty in the Navy, Jim worked for three years as a plant management trainee for the National Gypsum Company in Clarence Center, New York, Baltimore, and Burlington, New Jersey. In 1957, Jim and Jane moved with their two oldest sons back to their hometown to begin the process of learning the newspaper and printing business. He worked on the staff of the Westfield Republican, the country's first Republican newspaper and, in 1959, was named editor, only the sixth in 104 years. He served in that capacity for the next 22 years, following in the footsteps of his father-in-law and grandfather-in-law.
Jim was a tireless promoter of Westfield, both through his weekly column, "Main Street Notes," and by acting on his belief that newspapers should emphasize local people and local events. According to the Buffalo Courier Express, he was credited with changing the image of the paper from a strictly Republican publication to one that limited its opinions to the editorial page. In 1981, the paper was sold to Ogden Newspapers, and Jim transitioned into the print brokerage business in Syracuse, until his retirement in 1996.
Jim served as member, director and, in 1976, as president, of the New York State Press Association, a statewide group representing nearly 400 weekly newspapers. He also was state chairman for the National Newspaper Association, and member and president of the Western New York Publishers Association.
A passionate believer in the power of volunteering and the obligation to contribute to the greater world, Jim spent his entire adult life in the service of others. An active member of Rotary International for more than 50 years, he was a past president of both the Westfield-Mayville and Fayetteville-Manlius Clubs in New York, as well as serving as Rotary District Governor in 1995 of District 7150, encompassing Syracuse and Utica.
Other community involvement included establishing the Westfield Counseling Service, a stint as director and treasurer of the Chautauqua County Association of the Arts, a term as president of the Westfield Chamber of Commerce, and a member of the Westfield Memorial Hospital Board. Jim also served 25 years on the Westfield Board of Public Utilities, including as chairman when the new wastewater treatment plant was built. He served six years in the Chautauqua County Legislature, including time as majority leader and chairman. He was committed to universal literacy, and served as a consultant to Laubach Literacy, which helped introduce about 150,000 Americans to reading each year and has grown to embrace 34 developing countries.
After a 2004 trip to Kenya, Jim and Jane raised funds to help establish the Bell House Academy, a trade school providing valuable life skills to boys and girls in Kenya's Rift Valley.
In 1972, Jim and Jane purchased a cottage on the grounds of Chautauqua Institution where they lived nearly every summer of the rest of their lives. They spent winters in their home in the Coachella Valley, California, starting in 1996 until the time of their passing.
Jane and Jim hosted many international students and visitors in the 1960s and 1970s including those from Rotary International, American Field Service and the Experiment in International Living. They visited and remained in contact with their exchange student daughters Arja Storm Van Leeuwen of Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Vicki (Creighton) Abbott of Narooma, New South Wales, Australia.
Jim was an ordained elder in the Presbyterian Church (USA), and helped found, along with his wife, the Spirit of the Desert Presbyterian Fellowship in Palm Desert, California. He distributed food with Hidden Harvest until just months before his passing, and volunteered for the Alzheimer's Association, and Mended Hearts, all in the Coachella Valley.
Jim loved reading, traveling, sailing on Chautauqua Lake, and a perfectly made Manhattan. He and Jane travelled extensively throughout Europe and the Caribbean. Their last international trip was for 18 days to Japan in 2016, to visit with a former exchange student, Hidenori Endo, when Jim and Jane were 85 and 84, respectively.
For more than 70 years, Jim was inseparable from his wife, Jane, and spending time with her, their four children and their spouses, and their eight grandchildren was paramount in his retirement years. He is survived by his children: Christopher (Gail) of Orinda, Patrick (Amy) of Columbia, Maryland, and Peter (Denise) Mead, of Columbia, and Elizabeth (Stephen) Mead Fox of Sandwich, Massachusetts. He also is survived by his grandchildren Helen, Carson, Cooper, Augusta and Maura Mead, and William, Patrick and Christopher Fox, as well as several nieces and nephews. He is survived by his sister, Loretta Mead Peckham of Washington Township, Michigan, and was preceded in death by his beloved wife, and by his parents, Harris and Eleanor, and his sister Virginia (Mead) Hoyt.
There will be a joint monument for Jim and Jane in the Westfield Cemetery, in the Thompson family plot. A service of remembrance, celebrating both their lives, will be held at the Presbyterian House in Chautauqua Institution during the summer of 2021.
In lieu of flowers, the family requests that memorial contributions be made to Rotary International, Hidden Harvest of Coachella Valley, or the Mended Hearts Program of Coachella Valley.
Tags : CommunityJames Wilson MeadMilestonesObituaries
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text:
Senegal Economy and Culture
ECONOMY: AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, LIVESTOCK AND FISHING
The main crop, as mentioned above, is that of peanuts, of which Senegal is one of the major world suppliers; peanuts were introduced from America and, until the beginning of the last century, were used directly in food; the extraction of oil only began towards the middle of the century. The sandy soils and the sufficiently regular alternation of the dry and rainy seasons favor this type of cultivation, which can reach very high yields. The quantity produced, however, can undergo strong variations from one year to the next, up to halving in periods of particularly accentuated drought (for example in the years 1972-74, "years of hunger" for all of Sahelian Africa). The crops have their best areas in the Sine-Saloum region, around Kaolack, which is the large peanut harvesting center. The cultivation is practiced both in extensive plantations and in small plots under direct management, especially by the Wolof. In order, however, to free the country from the overwhelming dependence on this monoculture, diversifying the panorama of agricultural production, and above all to achieve food self-sufficiency (the most important item of imports concerns precisely in foodstuffs) various programs were launched., including the project to enhance the Senegal river with the construction of two dams and adequate infrastructures that allowed the irrigation of the land in the north of the country. Cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and gum arabic are also grown industrially. The other food crops are those of cereals, especially millet, a typical African cereal, sorghum, corn, cassava, sweet potatoes; the cultivation of rice, concentrated in the lower Casamance and in other irrigated areas, it was introduced before the arrival of the Europeans and is practiced with very refined techniques. § There is no shortage of beautiful forests, especially in southern Senegal, but they are still poorly exploited: in 2005 they supplied just over 6 million m 3 of timber in a year. The production of gum arabic is linked to the forestry sector. § Livestock farming plays a rather important economic role, also being able to count on vast areas of grass and permanent pasture. Cattle prevail, mainly raised by fulbe; equally numerous are the poultry, sheep, goats, pigs, donkeys and dromedaries. In addition to the repeated periods of drought, the structure of the property, characterized by a large presence of large estates, is an obstacle to greater exploitation of the sector. § Fishing is constantly expanding, favored by the abundance of fish, especially tuna, of the waters around Cape Verde; it supports a thriving canning industry and allows for significant exports: fish has become one of the main active items in the trade balance. In particular, the port of Dakar is one of the best equipped in the region and a great African base for tuna fishing.
ECONOMY: INDUSTRY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
According to a2zdirectory, the most dynamic sector of the Senegalese economy is that of industry, which supplies approx. 24% (2007) of the national product. Manufacturing activities clearly prevail, as the government has not been able to tackle the problem of providing Senegal with an adequate basic industry with the necessary financial support. Well represented are the food industries (which mainly include factories for the processing of peanut oil and fish, canneries, sugar refineries, milling complexes, breweries, etc.), in addition to tobacco factories, cotton mills, shoe factories, cement factories etc. and the chemical (fertilizer) and petrochemical sector; the latter in particular saw the construction of a significant plant near Cajar. L' industry is essentially concentrated in the urban region of Dakar. § The Senegalese government is strongly interested in strengthening the mining sector, the main resources of which are offered by the rich deposits of phosphates (which after peanuts and fish represent the third item of exports); the presence off the coast of both oil and natural gas has been ascertained; iron is mined in the Falémé area, gold in Sabodalia and uranium in the eastern part of Senegal. The production of electricity, up to the 1980s, totally of thermal origin, with the construction of the dams on the Senegal river at Djama and Manantali, is also of water origin.
CULTURE: GENERAL INFORMATION
The customs of the Senegalese have undergone considerable influences from the Moors, the Arabs and the Sudanese and much from the Europeans: the North appears more Islamized and the South more pagan. Senegal's Islamism is not highly orthodox, and legacies of animism with ancient outward manifestations are observed everywhere. Each brotherhood of Islam respects its own rules. The tombs of marabouts and holy men are venerated, and talismans and amulets, commonly called gris-gris (galat ' and téré in the Wolof language) are widespread. The Senegalese love all kinds of shows, from fighting to nda-warabine (dance to the rhythm of the tam-tam). Among the numerous ethnic groups, the Wolof is the most dynamic, but among all there is a wealth of oral traditions, music and songs. Characteristics common to all the groups are the richness of clothing, the variety of jewelry, the vivacity of makeup among women, the rituals to invoke water, the circular huts, with the perforated roof in the center to collect the rain. Big feasts celebrate the harvest days among the peasant populations. The music, particularly lively, has its characteristic rhythm in the mbalax, which turns out to be a mix of traditional sabar percussionand Cuban rhythms; artists such as Youssou N'Dour and Baaba Maal have made him internationally known and are famous all over the world. Parties and festivals are numerous; among the international sporting events the Paris-Dakar motorcycle race is legendary, which had its first edition in 1977 and which since 2009 has moved to South America. The sites declared world heritage by UNESCO are the island of Gorée (1978), located opposite Dakar, which from the 15th to the 19th century was the largest slave trade center in Africa; the island of Saint Louis (1981), facing the mouth of the Senegal river, in the past the seat of the state capital; stone circles in Senegambia (between Senegal and Gambia, 2006). Senegalese cuisine is quite simple. Among the most typical dishes are yassa, chicken macerated in rice, with spices and onion, rice with fish (tiéboudienne), legumes, rice semolina and spices, and mafé, chicken with peanut sauce. Popular drinks include palm wine (in non-Muslim areas) and an infusion of ginger and mint; ginger beer is called gingembre.
Senegal Economy
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text:
Logo & Acknowledgments
Affiliated Research Centers
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Campus Research Facilities
CAMCET
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CEI Seminars
Orcas Conference
The Center for Advanced Materials and Clean Energy Testbeds
In January 2018, the Washington State Legislature allocated $20M to the University of Washington (UW) to establish a world-class center for advanced materials and clean energy technologies, or CAMCET. CAMCET will be home to the UW Clean Energy Institute (CEI), its Washington Clean Energy Testbeds, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)-UW Northwest Institute for Materials Physics, Chemistry, and Technology (NW IMPACT).
Exterior rendering from the CAMCET Predesign Report. (CannonDesign)
Interior rendering from the CAMCET Predesign Report. (CannonDesign)
As approved in the UW Campus Master Plan (CMP), UW's 70-acre West Campus will bring together cutting-edge researchers with pioneering civic and nonprofit institutions and private companies.
The University's vision for the West Campus is to create a place where UW experts across multiple fields can partner with business, government, nonprofit organizations and the Seattle community to solve critical challenges. The West Campus will be a place to discover answers to the big questions facing the people of Seattle, the state of Washington and the world. It will foster an inclusive community that leverages UW's culture of entrepreneurism and innovation.
The 3 million square feet of new development in West Campus will enable state-of-the-art education and research, enhancing the University's ability to attract and retain top-caliber students, faculty and staff.
Map of University of Washington's West Campus in Seattle, WA.
CAMCET will be located in the first new building in West Campus, on Site W27. The building on Site W27 will focus on clean energy science and technologies and other innovations for a sustainable future. It will be approximately 340,000 square feet and will house UW faculty, students and public and private sector tenants with compatible research and technologies. The building will include space for UW: research, active learning, seminar and meeting rooms, collaboration, and venues for events, conferences, and public outreach as well as market-rate leasable spaces for our mission-aligned partners.
Planning: 2016-2021
Design & Bidding: 2021
Construction: 2022-2024
Completion & Closeout: 2024-2025
CAMCET Executive Director Kevin Klustner
klustk@uw.edu | (206) 669-2367
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There's optimism that the world's largest economies may be inching closer to a trade deal, after the US extended a deadline to raise tariffs on more Chinese goods. But details remain scarce after four rounds of negotiations. Also in the show: the latest Brexit warning suggests a "full-blown economic crisis" is on the way, and Huawei's political troubles take centre stage at the Mobile World Congress.


text:
Finn Balor Says His Main Future Goal Is To Create Another Alter Ego
On the WWE Network's Table For 3, The Hardy Boyz, Matt and Jeff, sat down for a meal with fellow WWE Superstar Finn Bálor. Among many other things, Finn and Jeff talked about the use of face paint in their presentations. Also, Finn discussed his future goals and Jeff discussed the possibility of facing off against 'The Demon King'.
On the subject of face/body paint, Finn indicated that his demon persona helps him manage insecurities.
"It's very hard to explain, but it's almost like putting on a mask protects you from people's judgments and lets you completely flow freely, like, with all your aggression and our animosity against anything. And I think everyone, deep down, has insecurities issues, especially in this business. And I find that maybe getting to hide behind the paint, so to speak, kind of protects you from those insecurities and helps me channel a different side of my personality that isn't always available to me."
Moreover, Finn noted that he did not know that the paint would change his body language and demeanor.
"I didn't realize how much the paint was going to affect how I moved and how I walked. And it wasn't something that consciously happened. It was because the first time I'd done it was a Tokyo Dome show, I want to say in 2013-14, and I walked out there and I was a completely different person. I hadn't rehearsed anything, planned anything, but I remember walking to the ring almost in a limp and I was like, 'why the hell am I limping?' It was almost as though the paint took control and it changes the direction your mind moves in."
Jeff agreed with Finn with respect to face paint, saying that it allows him to be free as a performer.
"Every time I paint my face, I've always thought of it as my alien skin, the reptilian inside me that makes me different. When I think of aliens, I think of the skin, like, the abstract piece I do on my face, it doesn't matter. I'm just in such a free zone. I'm just so at peace with myself when I'm doing it. And then, when I do the deal when I close my eyes, and take a picture, I go, 'tonight, that is my canvas. My face is my canvas.' Then, I get that, man. You go out there and you're just more somehow, like, because you're not your normal self. And to me, it just feels artistically free to express yourself and don't have a care in the world about what anybody else is thinking! And so, I would be, on purpose, I would be real messy, a lot of the time, with neon, glow-in-the-dark paint. Even after I'd paint my face, I'd go smear it all over my hands and give people confidence not to care at that point in time and just have faith and confidence in yourself and just roll with it."
As for future goals Finn claimed that he would like to continue to evolve his character. The inaugural WWE Universal Champion stated that his main goal is to create another alter ego for himself.
"Obviously, seeing [the Hardys] continue to evolve the last 25 years, that inspires me to keep evolving my character. And I'm quite happy with how I'm doing at the moment, but I'm always trying to push myself to create something new and I think my main goal going forward over the next five, 10 years would be maybe create another alter ego like you guys have."
Additionally, Jeff said that he hopes a match between 'The Enigma' and 'The Demon King' is "inevitable".
"I've heard it a lot, man, and people are kind of waiting to see us, like, 'I can't wait to see 'The Enigma' and 'The Demon' in the ring at the same time' with painted up faces. Hopefully, that's inevitable, so we'll see."
Sources: WWE, Table For 3 with H/T to WrestlingINC
December 29, 2017 December 29, 2017 John BassWWEFinn Balor, Jeff Hardy, Matt Hardy, WWE
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text:
Q: Get imageview repeating: looks like titlebar i try to get this picture at the top of my app as an "titlebar".
So i want that it repeats itself. But i am a little bit stuck here.

I have this code in my background.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<bitmap xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:src="@drawable/topbar"
android:tileMode="repeat" />

and this is my layout:
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="0dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="0dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="0dp"
android:layout_marginRight="0dp"
android:layout_marginStart="0dp"
android:layout_marginTop="0dp"
android:background="@drawable/bgColor"
android:gravity="top"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
tools:context=".MainActivity" >

....
<ImageView
    android:id="@+id/imageView2"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:scaleType="fitXY"
    android:src="@drawable/topbar" />

</RelativeLayout>

Does anyone know how to do so?
Thanks.

A: You need to set the width of ImageView as match_parent. That will do it. But you can also do that with 9patch images. For more information check out this link.
EDIT
Here is the layout with repeated background image. You need to set the src of ImageView as background.xml. And the reason there is a space between the image parent layout is that parent has padding. If you remove it, it will be fine as well.
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:layout_margin="0dp"
    android:layout_marginBottom="0dp"
    android:layout_marginLeft="0dp"
    android:layout_marginRight="0dp"
    android:layout_marginStart="0dp"
    android:layout_marginTop="0dp"
    android:gravity="top"
    tools:context=".MainActivity" >

    <ImageView
        android:id="@+id/imageView2"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:scaleType="fitXY"
        android:src="@drawable/background" />

</RelativeLayout>

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AARP Smart Driver – June 13, 9 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Conway Medical Center has joined with the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) to offer a Smart Driver course. This four-hour refresher course, taught in one four-hour class, is designed specially to meet the needs of drivers 50 years of age or older. Held at CMC Administrative Services Building auditorium. Cost is $15 for AARP members and $20 for non-members. To register call 843-347-5867.
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Its late now but since it happened a week after you got it, you should have gotten a return.
So it is under warranty. Take it in for repair. I always consider getting an extended warranty on any electronic product that has issues during the first year. They will usually still sell it to you if it is still under coverage.
No! That's not even remotely useful, if it still had warranty I would have gotten it fixed that way, did you only respond to my question to get rep points?
Well Sky since i have more rep points than anyone else on the site and have already maxed out for the day, no, I didn't do it for the points.
Also since the thing has not even been on the market for a year yet it is covered under warranty unless you stole it.


text:
Q: Django ignore 500 errors I have developed an ecommerce store in Django where I am using twilio sms functionality. Using twilio, sms only sends if number is in proper format and valid.
message = client.messages.create(
body="Dear customer, this is sample msg", to= number, from_= contact )

So I want a way through which if twilio raise an error in sending sms, this errors gets ignore [Don't raise Server Error 500 in prod]. And Website functionality remains normal.
Is there any way to cater it?

A: To cater such situation, this simply worked:
try:
     message = client.messages.create(
     body="Dear customer, this is sample msg", to= number, from_= contact )
except Exception as e:
     pass


text:
Berthold-Auerbach-Literaturpreis is a literary prize of 2,500 euros awarded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is awarded every 5 years "for literary works that are thematically or stylistically in the tradition of Berthold Auerbach or for his ideals."

Selected winners
 1982 Klaus Dieter Lauer
 1997 Walle Sayer
 2002 Kurt Oesterle
 2007 Egon Gramer
 2012 Susann Pásztor
 2017 Hermann Kinder

References

Literary awards of Baden-Württemberg

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text:
Disagreements on Capitol Hill Stall Obama's Plan To Arm Rebels in Syria
Matthew Feeney | 7.12.2013 12:30 PM
(Syria rebels VOA/wikimedia)
Credit: Voice of America News: Scott Bobb reports from Aleppo, Syria
The Obama administration's plan to arm rebels in Syria is being delayed because members of the House and Senate intelligence committees are divided on whether the U.S. should arm rebels in Syria.
While it might be the case that the Obama administration would like Congress to back the plan to arm rebels in Syria the plan could be implemented without Congressional approval.
Under the administration's plan, the arms shipments are to be undertaken as a covert action by the CIA. Although the administration must inform the intelligence committees and the congressional leadership, their approval and funding authorization are not required by law.
But seeking agreement is a long-held tradition. Congress has shown in the past that it is willing to use its budget power to prevent specific intelligence activities, as it did in the early 1980s with laws prohibiting funds for contra fighters seeking to overthrow Nicaragua's government.
White House spokesman Jay Carney refused Wednesday to comment on the substance of the dispute over supplying arms to Syrian rebels. "The president said we would consult with Congress, and that's what we're doing," Carney said.
One of the concerns some legislators on Capitol Hill have about the plan to send weapons to rebels in Syria is that Assad's opposition includes groups with links to Al Qaeda. Were the U.S. to send weapons to rebels in Syria there is no way to guarantee that these groups would not benefit and further pursue their goal, the establishment of an Islamic state in Syria.
NEXT: Zimbabwean Police Accused of Targeting Human Rights Workers
Matthew Feeney is a policy analyst at the Cato Institute.
Syria Barack Obama Foreign Policy CIA
July.12.2013 at 12:42 pm
God, Congress is being so unfair! Why can't they just let Obama do what he wants?! He's not a little kid anymore, and all his friends are getting involved in foreign wars. Well, he'll show them. He'll run away and be president of some other country! Then they'll be sorry they were so mean to him.
Swiss Servator - past LTC(ret)
*End of decent movie applause*
July.12.2013 at 1:25 pm
Doesn't matter. He'll tell VJ to make a comment on her personal blog and go ahead and arm them anyhow.
It's good to be king!
Exactly. "If Congress refuses to act, …."
"The president said we would consult with Congress, and that's what we're doing," Carney said.
That doesn't mean the Lightworker will wait for a vote, appropriation or any of that jazz, no siree!
AlexInCT
If we are going to arm the Syrians, we should arm both sides. Like the Iran-Iraq conflict I would like for both sides to lose. If we are not going to do do that, stay the fuck away from Syria.
Just repeal ITAR restrictions on U.S. weapon manufacturers. Let other countries donate financial aid.
In any case from what I've read, it is not weapons that anyone lack over there, but ammunition.
July.13.2013 at 5:25 am
Do you think any of the "defense" companies would sell to China? Would they be able to afford superior military technology? I'm not sure if repealing ITAR is a good idea. But then, doesn't it conflict with principles of free markets?
I didn't catch the alteration in the 2013 "defense authorization" bill until just now since you made me read up on ITAR again. Thanks.
The British would help both sides, at least one of them covertly. I bet the British are doing that even now.
And to think that some people speak of "gridlock" as if it's a bad thing.
Auric Demonocles
Obama just wants to take guns from dangerous, bitter Americans who don't need them anyway cause the government is us and give them to peace loving Syrians. Who could possibly oppose this?
People who cling to their Qur'ans?
Couldn't Obama be hauled off to Gitmo without a trial or a lawyer if he actually ships arms to the Syrian rebels/terrorists? Maybe that explains the delay.
Those damn obstructionist Republicans!
Saw some statist friends on Facebook wrote comments expressing their wishes that the Senate didn't exist since it didn't "listen to the people"; this was after the failure of the AWB Bill earlier this year. Also, in their eyes, it "isn't fair" that "more rural states with less people" have the same amount of representatives in the Senate as all the others. Their ignorance is beside the point (bicameral legislature, how does it work?)
I wrote a comment in the thread pointing out that Republicans pretty much controlled the House and could feasibly continue to do so. Did they really think through what they were suggesting?
That was the last I saw any of them write such comments.


text:
280 F. 2d 499 - Armour Research Foundation v. C K Williams & Co Armour Research Foundation
280 F2d 499 Armour Research Foundation v. C K Williams & Co Armour Research Foundation
ARMOUR RESEARCH FOUNDATION, etc. and Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, Plaintiffs-Appellants and Cross-Appellees,
C. K. WILLIAMS & CO., Inc., Defendant-Appellee and Cross-Appellant.
ARMOUR RESEARCH FOUNDATION, etc., Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee,
TECHNICAL TAPE CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee and Cross-Appellant.
Nos. 12701-12706.
United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.
On Petition for Rehearing August 30, 1960.
Carlton Hill, Edward A. Haight, Chicago, Ill., Charles E. Feirich, Carbondale, Ill., William H. Abbott, St. Paul, Minn., Benjamin H. Sherman, Chicago, Ill., for Armour Research Foundation.
Carl S. Lloyd, Chicago, Ill., Henry Driemeyer, E. St. Louis, Ill., Robert D. Spille, Albert C. Johnston, New York City, Marcus A. Hollabaugh, Washington, D. C., Samuel W. Kipnis, Chicago, Ill., for C. K. Williams & Co. and Technical Tape Corp.
Before HASTINGS, Chief Judge, DUFFY, Circuit Judge, and MERCER, District Judge.
DUFFY, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiffs claim infringement of Camras Patent No. 2,694,656 issued on November 16, 1954, on an application filed July 25, 1947. The patent relates to magnetic recording, popularly known as "tape recording." The first sentence of the patent states: "This invention relates to permanent magnet material and to a method of making the same." The patent explains this magnetic material is then impregnated or coated on a nonmagnetic carrier to produce a magnetic impulse record member.
The Camras patent in suit was issued to Armour Research Foundation of Illinois Institute of Technology (Armour). Plaintiff Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company (3M) is the licensee under the patent, and has the exclusive right to grant sub-licenses. Defendant C. K. Williams & Co., Inc. (Williams) produces oxides for magnetic recording tape. Defendant Technical Tape Corporation (Technical Tape) uses those oxides in its production of magnetic recording tape.
Six claims are relied upon by plaintiffs (3, 8, 10, 14, 25 and 26). Claims 8, 10 and 14 call for methods of making "permanent magnetic material" or "oxides." Claim 3 refers to a ferromagnetic iron oxide material adapted to form an element of a magnetic impulse record member. Claim 25 refers to ferromagnetic oxide selected from a group consisting of synthetic ferrosoferric oxide and of a synthetic gamma ferric oxide, adapted to form an element of a magnetic impulse record member. Claim 26 provides: "A magnetic impulse record member having a non-magnetic carrier and a coating adherently bonded thereto of a binder and magnetic material, said magnetic material being the ferromagnetic iron oxide defined in Claim 25, and having a Br versus H characteristic that rises most rapidly at fields between 200 and 600 oersteds and relatively slowly at fields between 0 and 200 oersteds and at fields above 600 oersteds."
It is interesting to note that there were no "record member" claims in the Camras application between November 29, 1948 when the first group of such claims was cancelled after rejection, and April 29, 1954, a period of about 5½ years.
Williams is charged with infringing claims 3, 8, 10, 14, 25, and contributory infringement of claim 26. Technical Tape is charged with infringement of claims 3, 25 and 26.
The District Court devoted four weeks to hearing and considering the extensive trial testimony. The oral testimony of sixteen witnesses was heard. The deposition testimony of ten other witnesses was considered. The trial court also had the advantage of courtroom demonstrations. The District Court prepared a detailed and carefully considered opinion which, with findings of fact and conclusions of law, may be found in 170 F. Supp. 871.
The Court found 1) that to a person skilled in the art, the magnetic iron oxide and method of producing it claimed in the patent were disclosed by several prior art references; 2) that all of the claims including the record member claims are lacking in invention, and the record member claims are not proper combination claims; and 3) that the claimed oxide was known, used and placed on sale in one instance, and the oxide was in public use in another, more than a year prior to the filing of the Camras application.
The Court dismissed the complaints in the consolidated actions. The Court also dismissed the two counterclaims of defendant Williams. One was for a declaratory judgment holding the patent invalid and not infringed. Although this counterclaim was dismissed, it was, in effect, sustained by the Court's holding of invalidity of the patent in suit. The second counterclaim alleged misuse of the patent and asserted violation of the antitrust laws. Williams has cross-appealed from the dismissal of its counterclaims, and both defendants cross-appealed from a part of the judgment offsetting costs and failing to award attorneys' fees.
The art of magnetic recording is based upon the fact that a magnetic member (magnetic impulse record member) may be varyingly magnetized to record a varying electric current signal, such as from a microphone, which is sent through the winding of an electromagnet when said member is moved across a pole of the magnet. For playback, the member so magnetized is, in turn, moved across the pole of an electromagnet to generate a varying electric current in the winding thereof, so the signal originally recorded may be reproduced. In order to suppress background noise and to produce a better response, a bias current is ordinarily employed to impress a bias field on the signal field.1
Initially, commercial magnetic recorders in the United States used wire as a recording medium. As early as the 1930's magnetic recorders were used in Germany, where tape was used as the recording medium. The tape was coated or impregnated with magnetic iron oxide. Immediately following World War II, the Brush Development Company of Cleveland, started production of a magnetic recorder known as the "Soundmirror." It used a tape with a low coercive force magnetic oxide.
While the work on the Soundmirror was going on, Indiana Steel Products Company produced a tape recorder using a tape with high coercive force (about 250 oersteds) magnetic powder having particle sizes in the one micron range. After examining the Indiana Tape Recorder, Armour negotiated in an effort to obtain exclusive rights to the Indiana machine and medium. Indiana refused to commit itself to an exclusive arrangement. After the introduction of the Brush tape recorder, Armour set out to make a tape recorder of its own that "would use the same basic ideas as are now employed in our wire recorders" and planned to bring Indiana under an Armour's license agreement.
In 1945, Camras began extensive experimentation which plaintiffs claim led to the invention of the patent in suit. Plaintiffs say the patent in suit discloses and claims an improved magnetic recording tape; improved magnetic iron oxides which constitute the magnetic material of the tape; and methods assuring the production of such oxides embodying those magnetic and physical characteristics found by Camras to be necessary to achieve the improvements named.
All the twenty-six claims of the patent have one characteristic in common. They call for a "synthetic" magnetic iron oxide powder of the well-known classes of ferrosoferric oxide, Fe304, and gamma ferric oxide, Fe203, which is characterized as having a coercive force of at least 200 oersteds.2 Although plaintiffs several times emphasized that the iron oxide powder was synthetic, the term "synthetic" was not incorporated into the claims until more than four years after the date of the patent application. The word "synthetic" is nowhere found in the specification.
Plaintiffs place great stress on what they call the "criteria" of the patent. They say that after Camras had made and tested a large number of tapes, certain magnetic criteria were developed which, combined with the pyhsical criteria as to particle, size and shapes of the oxides enabled Camras to show how to make a superior magnetic recording tape capable of faithfully recording and reproducing high frequency notes at slower tape speeds than previously used.
Plaintiffs assert important criteria of the patent are: 1) a relatively high coercive force of 200 to 550 oersteds; 2) gentle slope of the lower bend of the Br versus H curve3 to a point about 250 gauss where the curve begins to rise rapidly; 3) a rapid rise from 250 to 600 oersteds; 4) a high remanence of above 500 gauss, and a Bfm/Br ratio of less than 3 to 1; 5) a synthetic material comprised preferably of particles of less than 1.5 microns and not more than 6 mircons in maximum dimension and consisting of acicular or elongated particles.
The patent discloses the close interrelationship between the oxides and the recording mechanism. The District Court stated this situation very well in the following language: "There is practically an inseparable tie between the recording machine and the media to be used therewith. A magnetic recorder is not complete nor operative to give its intended performance until the mechanism is supplied with media having the same form and magnetic characteristics of the media it was designed to use. The machine is tailored to use a recording media having particular characteristics. The media are manufactured to provide those characteristics."
Plaintiffs claim that after the commercial introduction of the Camras tape by 3M in 1947, it proved a great commercial success and supplanted tapes previously used. The testimony showed that by 1957, 3M sales of the tape covered by the patent exceeded $8,000,000 in value.
Many of the findings of the District Court on the question of validity were, in large part, based on testimony before the Court by expert, technical and fact witnesses. The tests and demonstrations gave the Court a keen insight as to the claims and contentions of the parties. Under such circumstances, we cannot consider the issues as though we were a nisi prius court. We have, many times, pointed out that under such circumstances, Rule 52(a), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A. is applicable, and we can only disregard such findings if they are clearly erroneous. Hazeltine Research, Inc. v. Admiral Corp., 7 Cir., 183 F.2d 953, 954-955; Armour & Co. v. Wilson & Co., 7 Cir., 274 F.2d 143, 156. We have frequently reminded the bar that factual matters in a patent case must be tried and decided by the trial judge in precisely the same manner as those of any other kind of a lawsuit, and the functions of this court of review are no different than they are in any other kind of a case. See Armour & Co. v. Wilson & Co., supra, at pages 152, 156.
From the prior work of others, Camras knew or is charged with knowing, the usefulness in recording media, of high coercive force qualities. He knew similarly the desirability of using in magnetic tape, magnetic iron oxide powders of very small and uniform particle size and high coercive force, and of using elongated powder particles including acicular magnetic iron oxides. Camras also had constructive if not actual notice of the various magnetic iron oxides including synthetic materials and methods of preparation as had been disclosed in literature pertaining to magnetic iron oxide.
The same prior publications disclosed that magnetic iron oxides showing the highest values of coercive force are obtained by the chemical reduction of ordinary ferric oxides (known as nonmagnetic red iron oxide, also called alpha ferric oxide) to ferrosoferric oxides (black iron oxide, Fe2O3, also called magnetite) at elevated temperatures, and that the ferrosoferric oxides so obtained show coercive force values of 200 oersteds or more by magnetic measurement.
These publications also disclosed that ferric oxide could be obtained by dehydrating alpha ferric oxide monohydrate, Fe2O3H2O. That material inherently forms as fine acicular crystalline particles of less than 2 microns in size. These publications also described process conditions which produce oxides of high coercive force. Inter partes demonstrations were carried out at Easton, Pennsylvania, based on prior publications including the teachings of Williams and Thewlis. The trial court found that such demonstrations produced oxides identical in properties claimed by Camras as his product invention.
Another prior publication was published in Germany in 1936, and is known as the Kraeber & Luyken publication. It discloses methods by which iron oxides may be reduced and oxidized in order to provide certain magnetic properties. The District Court found that at the inter partes demonstrations at Easton, an oxide identical to Camras' oxide was produced by following the disclosures of this publication.
The trial court discussed United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines' Bulletin 425. This Bulletin dealt with magnetic separation of ores, and at page 136, teaches the effect of heat treatment on iron oxides. The trial court found the teachings in this article disclosed to one skilled in the art that in order to obtain a high coercive force oxide, reduction temperatures of between 220° to 550° C. must be followed, and that overheating will destroy these magnetic properties.
The District Court pointed out that although the Patent Examiner referred to pages 88 to 95 of Bulletin 425, apparently no consideration was given to page 136 where the effect of heat treatment on the iron oxides was disclosed. The Court found the Williams and Thewlis, the Kraeber and Luyken, and the Bureau of Mines' publications (to the extent indicated), anticipated the oxides claimed by Camras as his invention, and that these publications were not cited nor considered by the Patent Office as prior art publications.
Welo and Baudisch were prior workers in the field. Their article was published in 1934, and disclosed a method whereby synthetic magnetite may be obtained by the reduction of gamma monohydrate and alpha monohydrate. Plaintiffs seek to challenge the District Court's reliance upon this reference by saying the oxide particles were not shown to be "characteristically" acicular. An inspection discloses that many of the particles of Welo and Baudisch oxides are acicular. However, whether the oxides are predominantly acicular would seem to be immaterial. The use of oxides composed of acicular particles on recording tape was old. Camras admitted that the acicular form was not critical. This is also demonstrated by the fact that some of the claims in suit, such as 4 and 13, do not specify the shape of the particles at all.
The decision of the District Court on invalidity was based, in part, on the Johnson patent (British Patent No. 466,023) dated November 18, 1936. This patent is entitled "Improvement in the Manufacture and Production of Sound Record Carriers." The patent taught the use of synthetic magnetic iron oxides both Fe3O4 and gamma Fe2O3 in fine particle sizes of 1 micron or less, including synthetic oxides of acicular shape as a magnetic recording material on or in a nonmagnetic carrier (tape). The patent stated that such an oxide having a favorable remanence and high coercive force was especially suited for use in sound recordings to obtain faithful reproductions of speech and music at reduced tape speeds.
The Johnson patent did not state numerical values of magnetic property measurements, nor did it disclose any magnetic oxides or methods of preparing same. Instead, it referred in general terms to certain methods of preparing suitable oxides and stated such methods "are known per se." Workers were thus referred to the magnetic iron oxide art.
Plaintiffs argued that Johnson's reference to high coercive force meant force less than 200 oersteds. However, by following the methods of preparing oxides which were "known per se," magnetic oxides showing coercive force values of 200 oersteds and higher could be obtained by anyone who wanted them.
The OSRD report No. 5325 of June 30, 1945, had described basic principles of the magnetic recording process, and had referred to the tendency of high coercive force in the recording media to favor reproduction of high frequency signals. It described the development of coated wire media showing coercive force measurements of 300 oersteds. It also mentioned that better results had been obtained with flexible tapes using synthetic magnetic iron oxides then available commercially, and which had particle sizes of less than 1 micron, and coercive force measurements of 100 to 200 oersteds.
We think and so hold, that the oxide and method claims of the Camras patent are clearly invalid over the prior art hereinbefore discussed. The same is likewise true of the record member claims especially in view of Johnson and the teachings of OSRD report 5325. In our view, the claims at issue of the patent in suit were fully anticipated by a number of the prior publications, and are completely lacking in invention over others. We hold there is credible evidence to support the Court's findings and conclusions with respect to the prior art.
The trial court held that a certain transaction hereinafter narrated which occurred in April, 1946, and in the period immediately following, amounted to a prior public use of the oxides in suit, and was a statutory bar to the validity of the patent.4
April, 1946, was more than a year prior to the filing date of the Camras patent. In that month, 3M disclosed to Armour a magnetic oxide tape and asked Armour if it was interested in the use of magnetic tape for recording. Armour advised 3M it had experimented with tapes using oxides having a considerably higher coercive force than those shown to Armour by 3M. A sample of Armour's tape was given to 3M which caused tests to be made of the oxide as coated on the tape. Thereafter, 3M requested and Armour furnished ten pounds of oxides for the use by 3M in coating tapes. This material was received by 3M prior to July 12, 1946, and was used in coating tapes. The trial court found as a fact that the oxides furnished by Armour to 3M were the same oxides later patented by Camras.
Plaintiffs argue that this transaction was merely an experimental use as contrasted with a public use. Plaintiffs argue Camras did not have suitable equipment for making rolls of tape and 3M made some small sample rolls which it sent to Camras for testing. Plaintiffs point out no money changed hands and urge that no commercial transaction was involved.
The question is not without difficulty. While a public use more than a year prior to the application date would defeat a patent, an experimental use would not. Whether the use by 3M was experimental, poses a very close question. It is apparent that the use by 3M of the oxides did have some aspects of an experimental use. In his testimony, Camras described the tapes as "experimental samples." None of the tapes were actually sold. The unused oxide was returned.
In Elizabeth v. Pavement Co., 97 U.S. 126, 24 L.Ed. 1000, the use was held to be experimental and not an invalidating public use. There, the invention related to highway pavement. The pavement constructed under the patent was installed in a toll road and used publicly for a period of six years. The Supreme Court held it was an experimental use emphasizing the owner of the patent actually controlled his invention; that he built the road at his own expense; and that his day-to-day conduct indicated he intended to apply for a patent when he was satisfied that no further improvements were necessary.
However, in support of the Court's findings, the record before us discloses that neither Camras nor Armour sought the aid of 3M in connection with oxides or their use on tapes. In April of 1946 there was no cooperative relationship between Armour and 3M. The latter was already interested in the magnetic tape business, and it made its contact with Armour in furtherance of its own commercial interest. Armour built a kiln to produce the oxides in larger quantities. While plaintiff scoffs at the meager ten pounds of oxide sent to 3M, the record discloses that such an amount was sufficient to coat ninety 1200-foot reels of ¼ inch tape.
The unrestricted deliveries and the use of the oxides by 3M having been shown as well as the shipment of the oxides to Du Pont Company on June 20, 1946, the burden fell upon plaintiffs to establish that any use made of such oxides was experimental. We hold there is sufficient credible evidence in the record to support the trial court's findings that the use made by 3M of the oxides was a public use, and the conclusions drawn by the trial court on that point were correct.
As early as December, 1941, George S. Mepham Corporation had produced synthetic oxides. They were not, at that time, used in making magnetic recording media. These oxides were numbered MTR-1 and MTR-12, and were subsequently re-designated 277 and 278, respectively. These oxides were tested in 1942 by Magnaflux Corporation, and found to be highly magnetic and suitable for their purpose. However, they were not then used because of the cost involved. Mepham retained the oxides and in 1947 forwarded these oxides with others to Brush Development Company for use in recording media.
Subsequent tests in 1955 disclosed that MTR-1 (277) had an Hc of 330 oersteds at a field of 1000 oersteds, Bfm/Br ratio of less than 2 to 1, and a rapid rise from 300 to 400 oersteds. Oxide MTR-12 (278) had a coercive force, Hc, of 240 oersteds at a field of 1000 oersteds, a Bfm/Br of less than 3 to 1, and a rapid rise between 300 and 400 oersteds. The particle size of both materials was found to be less than 1 micron in maximum dimension and to be acicular in shape. The trial court found the activities of Mepham constituted public use as well as an offer of sale. There is support in the record for such findings.
Although the Court found only an offer of sale, we think such finding brings the case at bar within the decisions of this Court in Wende v. Horine, 225 F. 501, 505, and Magee v. Coca-Cola Company, 7 Cir., 232 F.2d 596, 600, in which it was held that the statute does not require a "sale" but only a "placing `on sale'."
There is ample support in the record for the findings of the trial court as to the activities of Mepham, and we hold that the Mepham oxides were an anticipation of the tape oxide claims in the patent in suit.
The trial court discussed other bases for its decision of invalidity of the patent in suit, including the record member claims thereof. It would unduly prolong this already lengthy opinion to say more than that the findings of the trial court with respect thereto are supported by the evidence, and we can find no error in the conclusions drawn.
With its answer, Williams filed a first and a second counterclaim. The latter was later thrice amended. The first counterclaim included a prayer for a declaratory judgment which was, in effect, sustained by the Court holding the patent in suit to be invalid. It also incorporated the claim that Armour and 3M had obtained a sweeping monopoly as to magnetic recording tape and magnetic iron oxide, and alleged plaintiffs' conduct created an "in terroreum" in the trade. This latter charge was not pressed on this appeal.
The second counterclaim alleges a violation by Armour and 3M of the antitrust laws of the United States, particularly §§ 1 and 2 of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 15 U.S.C.A. §§ 1, 2. Later, an amended second counterclaim was filed.
It is alleged in the amended second counterclaim that 3M dominates the magnetic recording tape industry, being the largest producer of such tape in the world. It is also alleged the magnetic recording industry has grown from infancy at the time of World War II to one of the major industries in this country. The counterclaim describes Armour's policy of issuing restricted licenses after its agreement with 3M, and which it is claimed has resulted in a situation whereby 3M is now the only Armour licensee engaged in the business of manufacturing magnetic tape in the United States.
The amended second counterclaim alleges an agreement between Armour and 3M in 1947 whereby 3M would file a patent application with the idea that an interference would be declared in the patent office with the application for the patent in suit. In a memorandum by 3M it was stated: "If interference develops it could be handled on a perfectly friendly basis."
3M did file its patent application on February 16, 1948 in the names of Smith, Wetzel and Herr who swore they had invented both the black and gamma oxides of high coercive force and "record members" containing them. Two substitute applications, one for the black oxide, and one for the gamma oxide, were filed in 1950 with similar oaths. The trial court found Smith never believed that he had invented either oxide. The interference proceeding, which was in the nature of shadow boxing, was carried on for nearly two years before being terminated privately by 3M's concessions of priorities to Camras. It was at this time Armour agreed to restraints upon its future conduct of its licensing system.
We are handicapped in considering the second amended counterclaim by the brief manner in which the trial court referred to the issues raised thereby. The trial court's opinion, findings and conclusions in this case occupy forty-one pages of the printed appendix. All issues pertaining to the validity of the patent were considered in great detail and we have approved the trial court's findings and conclusions in reference thereto. By comparison, the reference to the counterclaim issues is contained in a few short paragraphs.
It is a practical impossibility for us to carefully examine the more than five thousand pages of the printed appendices to pick out testimony and evidence that might pertain to the issues raised by the counterclaims. We have considered the possibility of sending the case back to the trial court for additional findings on such issues. However, we finally have determined that there are sufficient findings and conclusions before us so that we can now pass upon such issues.
The trial court found that there has been no price-fixing or patent-pooling or cross-licensing; also there has been no use of a patent or patents to control the manufacture, use or sale of unpatented articles or materials, nor has there been any attempt to force others to buy only the patented products. The Court also found there has been no joint control of any licensing program between plaintiffs Armour and 3M.
There was considerable evidence which would have justified contrary findings, but again, we must accept such findings unless clearly erroneous, and there is in the record before us credible evidence to support the Court's findings on these issues. Certainly, we cannot say that such findings are clearly erroneous.
The same holds true of the Court's finding that the defendants did not prove the alleged misuse of the patent in suit. We hold the trial court was correct in concluding that misuse of the patent in suit and violation of the anti-trust laws by plaintiffs were not sufficiently established by the proof.
A question has been raised as to the provision in the judgment referring to costs. Although we think defendants should have been awarded costs without any offsets, we defer to the trial court in that respect. However, we invite the trial court's attention to the provision in the judgment whereby Technical Tape's costs are to be offset by costs incurred by plaintiffs in defending the counterclaims. Inasmuch as Technical Tape did not interpose a counterclaim, its costs should not be offset.
Bias is a magnetic field added to the magnetic field of the signal being recorded, in order to obtain increased fidelity in recording
Coercive force, Hc, characterizes the resistance of a magnet to demagnetization. In magnetic recording, it is normal to use a saturation field of 1000 oersteds' intensity. The term "oersted" indicates a modern unit of magnetic field strength applicable to magnetic fields in free space such as air. This unit was formerly called the gauss
This curve represents the residual or remaining magnetic characteristics left in the sample after the applied field has been reduced to zero
Title 35 U.S.C. § 102 provides: "A person shall be entitled to a patent unless * * * (b) the invention was patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country or in public use or on sale in this country, more than one year prior to the date of the application for patent in the United States."
On Petition for Rehearing.
We have authorized the entry of an order denying the petition for rehearing filed by plaintiff Armour and also denying the petition for rehearing filed by defendant Williams.
We invite the attention of the District Court to the matter of costs in that Court. We stated in our opinion that defendants should have been awarded costs without offsets, but we would defer to the trial court in that respect.
On the petition for rehearing, Williams points out that paragraph 9 of the judgment seems to authorize an offsetting of plaintiffs' costs in defending the first counterclaim. This was for a declaratory judgment of invalidity and non-infringement. Although in form dismissed, the counterclaim was in effect sustained by the Court's holding of invalidity of the patent in suit.
If a differentiation can be made as to costs in defending the first and second counterclaims, it is clear there should be no offset as to the defense of the first counterclaim.


Submit an ORIGINAL signed and dated Application for EMS Physician Endorsement form.
It is recommended that you choose "Both OMD and PCD" on page 2 of the form under "Applying for Endorsement as". This will certify you to function as an OMD and Physician Course Director allowing you to approve CE classes.
You can find the EMS Physician Endorsement Application here.
You can find more information on VA OEMS approved training here.
Once hired as an OMD for an EMS agency, you will need to become affiliated with that agency. To do so, you will need to submit copies of the fully executed contract(s) between you and the EMS agency you are employed by.
Submit the completed packet of items 1-5 above to the Council for approval. Once approved, it will be sent to the VA Office of EMS for their approval process.


text:
Hardcover, 9 x 11 in. / 954 pgs / 1400 color.
Out of stock indefinitely
Damien Hirst: The Complete Spot Paintings, 1986–2011
The first and most significant documentation of Damien Hirst's iconographic spot paintings documented in this comprehensive publication spanning the years 1986-2011. Every spot painting Hirst has produced is included in this substantial publication with over 99% of them illustrated.The Complete Spot Paintings includes essays by Museum of Modern Art curator Ann Tempkin, cultural critic Michael Bracewell and art historian Robert Pincus-Witten as well as a conversation between Damien Hirst, Ed Ruscha and John Baldessari. Hirst has said, "I started them as an endless series like a sculptural idea of a painter (myself). A scientific approach to painting in a similar way to the drug companies scientific approach to life. Art doesn't purport to have all the answers; drug companies do. Hence the individual titles themselves: Acetaldehyde (1991), Albumin Human Glycated (1992), Androstanolone (1993), Arabinitol (1994), etc. . . .In the spot paintings the grid-like structure creates the beginningof the system. On each painting no two colours are the same.This ends the system; it's a simple system. No matter how I feel as an artist or painter, the paintings end up looking happy. I can still make all the emotional decisions about colour that I need to as an artist, but in the end they are lost. The end of painting. And I'm still painting; am I a painter? Or a sculptor who paints? Or justan artist? I don't know. It's not important. But it is very important that there is an endless series or enough to imply an endless series. In January 2012 the Gagosian Gallery hosted 'The Complete Spot Paintings 1986-2011,' which saw an extensive selection of Hirst's Spot Paintings shown in all 11 locations of the Gagosian Gallery including New York, London, Paris, Los Angeles, Rome, Athens, Geneva and Hong Kong.The same year Tate Modern, London exhibited the most comprehensive survey of Hirst's work to be held in the UK to date. In 2013 the artist held his largest retrospective so far in Doha, Qatar, curated by Francesco Bonami. Hirst lives and works in London, Gloucestershire and Devon.
STATUS: Out of stock indefinitely.
FORMAT: Hbk, 9 x 11 in. / 954 pgs / 1400 color.
PUBLISHING STATUS: Out of stock indefinitely


Great Investor opportunity! 2 Bedroom / 1 Bathroom home built in 1983 with approximately 952 square feet of living space. Nice size lot with mature trees.
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A hotel for all occasions - an anniversary, a small company event, or a large wedding. Every occasion celebrated in the elegant rooms of the hotel Eden becomes a memory to cherish a lifetime. Have we whet your appetite? We'd be happy to give you a tour of our facilities.
Other Boardroom seating styles on request. Please note that the restaurant can not be rented exclusively.
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Every event is unique. The Eden team will be pleased to put together an authentic itinerary just for you and take care of all the details. Just provide us with the additional information we'll need to meet your demands.
Please note that we do not recommend à la carte service for more than 9 persons.
It's best to choose a set menu from our banquet menu card for your group. With advance notice, our head chef and his team will gladly make arrangements to meet special food requests. The Eden team is happy to help you select the menu best suited to your event.
Our team is planning the set-up according to your demands. Please led us know your special request in advance and we will send you a detailed setup plan.
For an event past midnight we charge an additional fee of CHF 85.00 for our head of service and CHF 49.-- for every additional service staff per hour and every partly worked hour. There always has to be a head of service present and the number of extra staff varies according to the size of the event.
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Please tell us in advance, if you plan to bring your own decorations or if you like to order them in one of the local flower shops. We gladly hand out the contacts.
If you like to decorate the tables yourself, please coordinate with us at what time the room will be ready to set. Should you prefer that we put your decorations on the tables for you, we have to charge CHF 49.00 per hour for our extra staff.
Menues on our menu stationary with the Eden logo can be printed for CHF 3.00 a card.
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21 Trendy Decorative Outdoor Wall Trellis Suggestions - Having visitors around and also making a great impression indicates ensuring your yard looks its best. Making use of trellises is not only minimal for your front yard yet you can likewise use it in your yards around outdoor patios, decks and also swimming pool areas to add dimension, shade as well as color. There are various garden trellis ideas you can put on make your gardens attractive as well as unique from various other gardens. A trellis is typically positioned versus the wall of your house. When you have a trellis established up, climbing flowers and vines enjoy to latch on and also include a touch of appeal.
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