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Research Highlights Impact of Petroleum on Fish Species
Two recent studies from the Univsersity of Alberta and Stanford have emphasized the deleterious effects of petroleum spills on the health of fish species, freshwater and saltwater, respectively.
A study led by Daniel Alessi, Greg Goss, and Jon Martin from the Univesity of Alberta focused on the impact of fluids produced in hydraulic fracturing on rainbow trout. The second study, conducted by researchers at Stanford University's Hopkins Marine Station, identified a chemical in petroleum that causes cardiotoxicity in fish exposed to oil spills.
In a news article on the University of Alberta's website, Goss said of the study, "The end goal is to understand the effects of the spills, should they occur, on native aquatic animals." Goss continued, "This will help in both environmental policy, water treatment options for onsite water management, and improved mitigation policy and programs."
Goss et al.'s study looked specifically at hydraulic fracturing (HF) flowback and produced water (HF-FPW), which found that exposure to HF-FPWs resulted in significant induction of the biomarker ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase in both liver and gill tissues of rainbow trout. Tracing the effects, the team found that "the overall results suggested HF-FPW could cause significant adverse effects on fish, and the organic contents might play the major role in its toxicity." Effects noted by the team on the rainbow trout from the exposure to HF-FPWs included oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and biotransformation.
The Stanford study found that the pollutant, phenanthrene, a type of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon—known carcinogens—blocked the excitation-contraction pathways that regulate heart beats in two species of tuna and a mackerel, causing both arrhythmia and weaker contraction of heart cells. "The mechanism, which alters cardiac function in fish and the protein that phenanthrene targets—the ion channel responsible for potassium movement from the cell—is also present in humans," said Fabien Brette, a research associate at Stanford University and co-lead author of the current paper, to Science Daily. Furthermore, phenanthrene is conserved across vertebrate species, leading the researchers to conclude: "Our findings therefore suggest that phenanthrene may be a major worldwide cause of vertebrate cardiac dysfunction."
In conjunction, the two studies help describe the specific problems that need to be addressed to preserve the health of aquatic species in the wake of petroleum spills, which the Calgary Herald noted Goss' paper puts at 2,500 in the province of Alberta between 2011 and 2014.
The research from the University of Alberta, Effects on Biotransformation, Oxidative Stress, and Endocrine Disruption in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Exposed to Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback and Produced Water, can be found through the link.
And the Standford paper, A Novel Cardiotoxic Mechanism for a Pervasive Global Pollutant.
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Home chronic pain Tiger Woods's Knee Injury: Is It OK to Play Through the Pain?
Tiger Woods's Knee Injury: Is It OK to Play Through the Pain?
Golfer Tiger Woods won the U.S. Open earlier this week while grimacing with pain due to a knee injury. On Wednesday, he announced that that he'd be out for the season because he needs surgery to repair a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). So what exactly is an ACL tear, and did Woods make it worse by playing with the injury?
ACLs are fibrous bands of tissue that connect the upper and lower leg bones in a crisscross shape in the middle of the knee joint. They give the knee stability.
ACL tears, which can occur if the joint is bent backward or twisted when the foot is planted firmly on the ground, are "probably the most common season-ending injury in sports," says Sherwin Ho, MD, an associate professor of surgery at the University of Chicago and a team orthopedist for the Chicago Blackhawks.
ACL tears are not common injuries in golfers. "Golf is not one of those types of activity that will cause an ACL injury unless you're just awful," says Dr. Ho. But Woods injured his a year ago while running. He had surgery in April to clear out damaged cartilage, and he also happens to have double stress fractures in the shinbone of the same leg.
An ACL injury would pose no problems for the average weekend warrior, says Dr. Ho, who is also a spokesperson for the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. "The majority of people will do fine with an isolated ACL tear and a normal, pedestrian, human golf circuit."
Woods, however, played 91 holes over five days to win the U.S. Open.
Surgery to repair a damaged ACL is not as easy as stitching the torn pieces together. The procedure, called an ACL reconstruction, involves rebuilding the ligament "by taking tissue either from elsewhere in the knee or from a tissue bank and making a brand new ligament for them," says Dr. Ho. "That is a very reliable, dependable surgery."
But it's not always necessary to surgically repair the damage. If you have a torn ACL but don't have any pain or swelling, you may be able to avoid surgery. For example, a recreational skier with an ACL injury who avoids moguls and jumps might not need surgery. But if you're a 20-year-old extreme skier, then "no, he's got to have his ACL fixed," says Dr. Ho.
If you have other knee injuries, such as a torn meniscus (a pad of cartilage that prevents the bones from rubbing together), you probably do need surgery, says Dr. Ho. The longer you play sports, the worse the damage in those cases. "They're going to lose more of their cushiony tissue and it will lead to early arthritis," he says. "With an ACL tear, it's not as clear cut. You can function fine without an ACL."
In Woods's case, "it was his knee that made the decision for him," says Dr. Ho. He had the option of having his knee repaired all at once, but he chose to have the cartilage repaired first and the ligament reconstruction at a later date.
After a ligament is repaired, there is a risk of developing arthritis earlier than normal, but that depends on the amount of damage to the cartilage. When the knee is destabilized by an injury, its more likely that the end of the bones will rub together and wear away the cushiony pads that protect them.
"If you look at the chicken bone, that white glistening stuff [is cartilage]. When that's gone, you're bone on bone, and that is essentially arthritis," says Dr. Ho. "The risk is very high if the damage to the cartilage in the knee is greater than 50%."
Grade 2 cartilage damage indicates that the surface of the cartilage is broken, and over time this can worsen and become grade 3 damage.
If Woods has grade 2 or mild grade 3 damage, it probably won't affect his career too much, according to Dr. Ho. "If he manages it correctly, he can have a long, full career before he develops arthritis," he says.
When Is it OK to play through the pain?
What about knee injuries among average, non-superstar athletes? Dr. Ho says the risk of further injury can depend on your symptoms and how often they recur.
"If every time you go out running it swells or hurts, you need to see a physician," he says. "And if the pain on a scale of 1 to 10 is more than 5, that's a good reason to see a doctor."
If, like Tiger, you have an unstable knee that gives out on a regular basis, you also need to see a doctor. "Those situations are the ones we worry about—that they are doing further damage to the knee," says Dr. Ho.
Dr. Ho also notes that the amount of stress on your knee can vary. Woods injured his left knee, which is particularly important because he's a right-handed golfer.
"He might have gotten by a little longer if it was his right knee, but the left knee is the one you torque and load up, and so that's why it's harder—you can' t make the weight shift," he says.
Dr. Ho marvels that Tiger was able to play as long as he did. (See pictures of athletes playing through the pain on SI.com.)
"It's so hard to force yourself to load up and take a full swing and end up on that painful left knee. He could hold it right through the swing and then collapse in pain," he says. "Mentally, the guy's tougher than anybody out there."
By Theresa Tamkins
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Immigrant youth use a national immigrant empowerment event outside of the Mesa Verde Detention Center to highlight the injustices the immigrant community faces in the Central Valley.
BAKERSFIELD — This evening, a group of immigrant youth under the name Kern County Promotoras will be organizing a "Coming Out of the Shadows" event aimed at highlighting immigrant stories and experiences to expose the injustices against immigrant communities in Kern County. Kern County Promotoras will share their powerful narratives in front of Mesa Verde Detention Center, a private correctional facility holding up to 400 undocumented community members in Bakersfield, and demanding an end to ICE's relentless persecution of their communities under the slogan of #ICEoutofKern. Too long have the unique narratives of immigrants in the Central Valley been swept under the rug.
Immigrant youth will begin their event at 4:00 PM Friday, March 23rd, outside of the Mesa Verde Detention Center at 425 Golden State Ave in Bakersfield.
Attendees will be invited to share their story and reflect on the unique struggles and challenges that living in the Central Valley as an immigrant entail.
This statement is issued by the following organizations – Kern Promotoras, ICE out of Kern, and California Immigrant Youth Justice Alliance (CIYJA).


One Big Yodel: Don't Take My Groceries!
I had lunch today with a former German colleague. He always has lots of stories about the US to compare to my strange Swiss experiences.
The first time he shopped in a US grocery store he was in NYC. As he was checking out, he became very flustered when an African-American man started taking his groceries and putting them in a bag. He yelled at him, "Hey what are you doing, those are my groceries," before noticing that this man had a supermarket shirt on and actually worked for the store and was merely providing a service Europeans have never even considered--free bags and free packing services.
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Olavi Koponen (né le  à Tuusniemi) est un architecte finlandais.

Biographie

De 1979 à 1981, il étudie les sciences sociales à Moscou.
De 1983 à 1993, il étudie l'architecture à l'Université technologique de Tampere.

Il travaille actuellement pour le cabinet d'architecte R2K.

Ouvrages principaux
Villa Långbo, 2001, Långholmen, Kimito
 Villa Riviera, Kyläniemi
Villa Lena, 2004, Örkkiniiintie 19B, Espoo
Kotilo, 2006, Kauklahti, Espoo

Galerie
.

Liens externes

Queterie Mahler: Au pied du lac 20 décembre 2013
Olavi Koponen

Liens internes

Références

Architecte finlandais
Naissance en août 1951
Naissance à Tuusniemi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Blog - Written by Administrator on Thursday, January 30, 2014 10:24
Choreography in Air Superiority Aboard the USS Carl Vinson
Hornets, Super Hornets, Prowlers, Growlers, Hawkeyes, Greyhounds, Knighthawks, Seahawks … oh my!
These were the Carrier-Based aircraft we observed up-close and personal on the Flight Deck and in Flight Operations during day and nighttime exercises aboard the USS Carl Vinson (CVN70) during a one-in-a-lifetime Distinguished Visitor (DV) Embark January 22-23. The group of 15 top social media bloggers were fortunate to be onboard the CVN70 during certification training by Air Wing pilots. For background, the Navy maintains 10 carrier air wings made of of strike fighters, airborne command-and-control plants, electronic attack aircraft and helicopters combined into a single group that deploys onboard the carrier. When not aboard the carrier, the planes from the air wing are land based in such Naval Air Station facilities as Coronado, CA, Lemoore, CA, Fallon, NV and Whidbey Island, WA. Since there is at least one carrier is always in long-term overhaul (currently the USS Abraham Lincoln-CVN 72), there is no need to have an equal number of wings to ships. While there is no set number, a wing generally consists of about 65 aircraft, with 1,500 to 2,500 sailors who embark the ship for exercises and deployments.
The "Choreography in Air Superiority" we witnessed was impressive, dramatic, flawless (thank God!) — flight deck crew members donning various colored shirts designating their specific roles gave a new meaning to "Teamwork" … where one mistake could mean tragedy to deck crew and pilots as F/A-18 Hornets and Super Hornets trap landed within minutes of each other, were taxied to parking spots on the deck (literally with tail hanging over the edge), and were untimately led to elevators destined for the Hanger Bays below deck. The whole process repeated itself again and again as the planes were then catapulted off the deck from 0 to 140 mph in just two seconds!
Purple — Aviation Fuel (nickname — "Grapes)
Blue — Plane Handlers, Aircraft Elevator Operators, Tractor Drivers, Messengers and Phone Talkers
Green — Catapult and Arresting Gear Crews, Air Wing Maintenance, Cargo Handling, Ground Support Troubleshooters, Hook Runners, Photographer's Mates, Helicopter Landing Signals Personnel
Yellow — Aircraft Handling Officers, Catapult and Arresting Gear Officers, Plane Directors
Red — Ordnance, Crash and Salvage Crews, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
Brown — Air Wing Plane Captains, Air Wing Line Leading Petty Officers
White — Air Wing Quality Control Personnel, Squadron Plane Inspectors, Landing Signal Officer (LSO), Air Transfer Officers (ATO), Liquid Oxygen (LOX) crews, Safety Observers, Medical Personnel
and Distinguished Visitors!
F/A 18 Super Hornet & Hornet prepare for take off!
Video of F/A 18 Super Hornet Landing — HERE
Video F/A 18 Super Hornet Catapult Take Off — HERE
Aircraft Carrier Air Wing Consists of the following aircraft:
F/A 18 A-D Hornet ( Advanced Strike Fighter) – Navy's first all-weather fighter and attack aircraft. Introduced in 1980s
F/A 18 E-F Super Hornet (Strike Fighter) — Highly capable across full mission spectrum, longer range, and aerial refueling capability.
E/A 18G Growler (Electronic Warfare) – Integrates latest electronic attack technology, communication countermeasures, satellite communications and offensive weapons
E/A 6B Prowler (Electronic Warfare) – Long-range, all-weather advanced electronic countermeasures aircraft that provides an umbrella of protection for strike aircraft
E-2C/D Hawkeye (Airborne Early Warning) – Tactical battle management airborne early warning, command and control aircraft
C-2A Greyhound (Logistics) — Referred to as the "COD" – Carrier On Board Delivery) Transport of high-priority cargo, mail and passengers — like Distinguished Visitors!
Video of C-2A Greyhound landing on USS Carl Vinson — HERE
MH-60S Knighthawk and MH-60R Seahawk (Multi-Mission Capability) – Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW), Search and Rescue (SAR), Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), Logistics.
#vinsonembark @USNavy @FlyNavy @coronadonavy
Here is an ongoing tally of the various blog posts by USS Carl Vinson Embarkees:
Steve Broback — HERE
Peg Fitzpatrick — HERE
Susan Katz Keating — HERE
Jeremy Epstein — HERE
Brett Murray — HERE
Diane Weynand — HERE
A big thank you to the following — Dennis Hall, The Avere Group; Guy Kawasaki, founder of Alltop; Real Admiral David Steindl, Commander, Carrier Strike Group 1; CAPT. Kent "Torch" Whalen, USN, commanding offer of CVN70; CAPT Walt "Sarge" Slaughter USN, XO of CVN70; CMDCM (AW/SW) Jeffrey Pickering, Command Master Chief; as well as Commander Kyle Raines, CVN70 PAO; Monica Hopper, Senior Chief Mass Communication Specialist, and ENS Rob Bell, PAO Assistant, who planned and accompanied the DVs on the ship tour and were there to answer questions and take care of various requests. Also Steve Fiebing, Deputy Public Affairs Officer for the Commander, Naval Air Forces – Pacific, US Pacific Fleet and his staff for coordinating the Embark, and Captain Chuck Henry, USN (retired) who worked hard in 1998 to bring the Distinguished Visitor Program embarks to the US aircraft carriers.


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Lillian Darnell
Fairy | Writer | Artist | Daughter | Sister
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Interesting Facts About Rocks
Posted on September 18, 2015 by lillian
Hey there! I'm researching rocks because I'm curious about them. I also like rocks because they are so interesting. Enjoy!
Geologists define rocks as aggregate of minerals. Minerals are naturally occurring, not unhealthy substances with specific chemical compositions and structures. A rock can be filled of many crystals of one or more minerals, or combinations of many minerals. Several exceptions, such as coal and obsidian, are not composed of minerals but are thought to be rocks.
People often use rocks for include building materials, roofs, sculpture, jewelry, tombstones, chalk, coal for heat, and more. Oil and natural gas can also be found in rocks. Many metals like a fork are made from rocks known as ores. Even, prehistoric humans used rocks as early as 2,000,000 B.C. Flint and other hard rocks were very important raw materials for crafting arrowheads and other special natural made rocks.
Around 500,000 B.C., rock caves and structures made from stones had become important forms of shelter for early man. During that time, early men had learned to use fire, a development that allowed humans to cook food as needed to survive and greatly expand their geographical range. Eventually, most likely no sooner than 5000 B.C., humans had realized that minerals such as gold and copper could be from rocks. Tons of ancient monuments were crafted from stone, including the pyramids of Egypt, built from limestone about 2500 B.C., and the buildings of Chichen Itza in Mexico, also of limestone, built near A.D. 450.
Since the 1500s, scientists have studied minerals and mining, fundamental aspects of the study of rocks. Georg Bauer published Concerning Metallic Things in 1556. By 1785, the British geologist James Hutton published Theory of the Earth, in which he explained his observations of rocks in Great Britain and his conclusion that Earth is much older than previous scientists before him had guessed. Geologists are scientists who study the earth and rocks, distinguish three main groups of rocks: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.
These distinctions are made on the basis of the types of minerals in the rock, the shapes of individual mineral grains, and the overall texture of the rock, all of which indicate the environment, pressure, and temperature in which the rock was made. Igneous rocks form when magma is below the land of the Earth or lava at the land of the Earth hardens. The minerals in the rock will make crystals or grow together so that the separate crystals make 1 crystal altogether. Igneous rocks and magma make up much of the oceanic and continental crust, as well as most of the rock deeper in the Earth.
Igneous rocks can be identified by the interlocking appearance of the crystals in them. Typical igneous rocks do not have a layered texture, but exceptions exist. For example, in large bodies of igneous rock, relatively thick crystals that are made early can sink to the bottom of the magma, and less thick layers of crystals that are made later can accumulate on top. Igneous rocks can form deep within the Earth or at the surface of the Earth in volcanoes.
In general, igneous rocks that form deep within the Earth have large crystals that indicate a longer period of time during which the magma cools. Igneous rocks that form at or near the surface of the Earth, such as volcanic igneous rocks, cool quickly and contain smaller crystals that are difficult to see without magnification. Obsidian, also called volcanic glass, cools down so fast that no crystals are made. Nevertheless, obsidian is considered to be an igneous rock.
Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of how much minerals there are and the size of the crystals in the rock. Extrusive igneous rocks have small crystals and crystallize at or near the Earth's surface. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below the Earth's surface and have larger crystals. Rocks made up of thick, dark-colored minerals like olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and plagioclase are called mafic igneous rocks.
Light-colored, less thick minerals, including quartz, mica, and feldspar are called felsic igneous rocks. Common igneous rocks include the felsic igneous rocks granite and rhyolite, and the mafic igneous rocks gabbro and basalt. Granite is an intrusive igneous rock that includes large crystals of the minerals quartz, feldspar, mica, and amphibole that form deep within the Earth. Rhyolite includes the same minerals, but forms as extrusive igneous rock near the surface of the Earth or in volcanoes and cools quickly from magma or lava, so its crystals are difficult to observe with the naked eye.
Similarly, gabbro is more coarse-grained than basalt and made deeper down in the Earth, but both rocks include the minerals pyroxene, feldspar, and olivine. Fabulous exposures of igneous rocks occur in the volcanoes of Hawaii, volcanic rocks of Yellowstone National Park are located in Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, in Lassen Volcanic National Park and Yosemite National Park in California. Sedimentary rocks are those made of grains of preexisting rocks or organic material that, in most cases, have been eroded, deposited, compacted, and cemented together. They typically form at the surface of the Earth as sediment moves as a result of the action of wind, water, ice, gravity, or a combination of these.
Sedimentary rocks also form as chemicals precipitate from seawater, or through accumulation of organic material such as plant debris or animal shells. Common sedimentary rocks include shale, sandstone, limestone, and conglomerate. Sedimentary rocks typically have a layered appearance because most sediments are deposited in horizontal layers and are buried beneath later deposits of sediments over long periods of time. Sediments deposited rapidly, however, tend to be poorly layered if layers are visible at all.
Sedimentary rocks are made in many different environments at the surface of the Earth. Eolian, or wind blown, sediments can accumulate in deserts. Rivers carry sediments and deposit them along their banks or into lakes or oceans. Glaciers make unusual deposits of a wide variety of sediments that they pick up as the glacier expands and moves; glacial deposits are well exposed in the northern United States. Sediments can travel in currents below sea level to the deepest parts of the ocean floor.
Secretion of calcium carbonate shells by reef-building organisms produce large quantities of limestone. Evaporation of seawater has resulted in the formation of widespread layers of salt and gypsum. Swamps rich in plants can produce coal if organic material accumulates and is buried before aerobic bacteria can destroy the dead plants. Sedimentary rocks are classified on the basis of the sizes of the particles in the rock and the composition of the rock.
Clastic sedimentary rocks comprise fragments of preexisting rocks and minerals. Chemical precipitates are sedimentary rocks that are made by precipitation of minerals from seawater, salt lakes, or mineral-rich springs. Organic sedimentary rocks formed from organic matter or organic activity, such as coal and limestone made by reef-building organisms like coral. Grain sizes in sedimentary rocks range from fine clay and silt to sand to boulders.
The sediment in a sedimentary rock reflects its environment of deposition. For example, wind-blown sand grains commonly is evidence of abrasion of their surfaces as a result of colliding with other grains. Sediments transported long distances tend to decrease in size and are more rounded than sediment deposited near their precursor rocks because of wearing against other sediments or rocks. Large or heavy sediments tend to wear out of water or wind if the energy of the water or wind is insufficient to carry the sediments.
Sediments deposited rapidly as a result of slides or slumps tend to include a larger range of sediment sizes, from large boulders to pebbles to sand grains and flakes of clay. Such rocks are called conglomerate. Along beaches, the rhythmic activity of waves moving sediment back and forth produces sandstones in which the grains are well rounded and of similar size. Glaciers pick up and carry a wide variety of sediments and often scratch or scrape the rocks over which they travel.
Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks in which fossils can be preserved because at the elevated temperatures and pressures in which igneous and metamorphic rocks form, fossils and organic remnants are ruined. The presence of fossils and the types of fossil organisms in a rock provide clues about the environment and age of sedimentary rocks. For example, fossils of human beings are not present in rocks older than approximately two million years because humans did not exist before then. Similarly, dinosaur fossils do not occur in rocks younger than about 65 million years because dinosaurs became extinct at that very time.
Fish fossils in sedimentary rock indicate that the sediments that make up the rock were deposited in a lake, river, or marine environment. By establishing the environment of the fossils in a rock, scientists learn more about the conditions under which the rock formed.
Spectacular exposures of sedimentary rocks include the Grand Canyon which is in Arizona, the eolian sandstones of Zion National Park which is in Utah, the limestones of Carlsbad National Park which is in New Mexico, and glacial features of Voyageurs National Park which is in Minnesota. Metamorphic rocks are named for the process of change that affects rocks. The changes that make metamorphic rocks usually include rises in the temperature (generally to 392°F) and the pressure of a precursor rock, which can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic, to a degree that the minerals in the rock are no longer stable. The rock might change in mineral content or appearance, or even both. Clues to identifying metamorphic rocks include the presence of minerals such as mica, amphibole, staurolite, and garnet, and layers in which minerals are aligned as a result of pressure applied to the rock.
Common metamorphic rocks include slate, schist, and gneiss. Metamorphic rocks commonly are made in mountains such as the Appalachian Mountains, parts of California, and the ancient, eroded metamorphic rocks in the Llano Uplift of central Texas. Metamorphic rocks are classified depending on their constituent minerals and texture. Foliated metamorphic rocks are those that have a layered texture. In foliated metamorphic rocks, elongate or platy minerals such as mica and amphibole become aligned as a result of pressure on the rock. Foliation can range from alternating layers of light and dark minerals typical of gneiss to the seemingly perfect alignment of platy minerals in slate.
Some metamorphic rocks aren't foliated and have a massive texture devoid of layers. Mineralogy of metamorphic rocks reflects the mineral content of the precursor rock and the pressure and temperature at which metamorphism occurs. As sediments undergo metamorphism, the layers of sediment can be folded or become more pronounced as pressure on the rock increases. Elongate or platy minerals in the rock tend to become aligned in the same direction.
For example, when shale metamorphoses to slate, it becomes easier to split the well-aligned layers of the slate into thin, flat sheets. This property of slate makes it an attractive roofing material. Marble-metamorphosed limestone typically does not have the pronounced layers of slate, but is used for flooring and sculptures.
Metamorphism of igneous rocks can cause the different minerals in the rocks to separate into layers. When granite metamorphoses into gneiss, layers of light-colored minerals and dark-colored minerals form. As with sedimentary rocks, elongate or platy minerals become well-aligned as pressure on the rock increases.
As sediments undergo metamorphism, the layers of sediment can be folded or become more pronounced as pressure on the rock increases. Elongate or platy minerals in the rock tend to become aligned in the same direction. For example, when shale metamorphoses to slate, it becomes easier to split the well-aligned layers of the slate into thin, flat sheets. This property of slate makes it an attractive roofing material.
Marble-metamorphosed limestone-typically does not have the pronounced layers of slate, but is used for flooring and sculptures. Metamorphism of igneous rocks can cause the different minerals in the rocks to separate into layers. When granite metamorphoses into gneiss, layers of light-colored minerals and dark-colored minerals are made. As with sedimentary rocks, elongate or platy minerals become well-aligned as pressure on the rock increases.
It is possible for metamorphic rocks to change into other metamorphic rocks. In some regions, especially areas where mountain building is taking place, it is not unusual for several episodes of change to affect rocks. It can be difficult to unravel the effects of each episode of metamorphism. The word igneous comes from the Latin word ignis which means of fire. Sedimentary rocks make layers at the bottoms of oceans and lakes.
Layers of sedimentary rocks are called strata.
I got this photo at https://www.hydroponicsnewyorkcity.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/river-rocks.jpg
but originally Google Images.
What Websites I used:
https://science.jrank.org/pages/5919/Rocks.html
https://www.ducksters.com/science/rocks.php
Posted in Lillian's Thoughts | Tagged about, abrasion, accumulate, action, activity, aerobic, affect, affects, against, age, aggregate, aligned, alignment, along, alternating, altogether, amphibole, ancient, Animal, Appalachian, appearance, applied, approximately, areas, Arizona, aspects, attractive, back, bacteria, banks, basalt, basis, beaches, before, beings, below, Beneath, blown, bodies, both, bottom, boulders, Britain, British, building, buildings, built, buried, calcium, California, Canyon, carbonate, Carlsbad, carry, cases, cause, cemented, central, chalk, Change, Changes, chemical, chemicals, Chichen Itza, classified, clastic, clay, Clues, coal, coarse-grained, colliding, combination, common, commonly, compacted, composed, composition, compositions, comprise, Concerning, conclusion, conditions, conglomerate, considered, constituent, contain, content, continental, Cool, cools, copper, coral, crafted, crust, Crystal, crystallize, crystals, curious, currents, Dark, dark-colored, Dead, debris, decrease, Deep, deeper, define, degree, depending, deposited, deposits, deserts, destroy, devoid, difficult, Dinosaur, direction, distances, distinctions, distinguish, Early, earth, effects, Egypt, elevated, elongate, energy, enjoy, environment, eolian, episodes, eroded, especially, establishing, evaporation, even, Eventually, evidence, example, exceptions, exist, expand, expands, explained, exposed, exposures, extinct, extrusive, eye, fabulous, fast, features, feldspar, felsic, filled, Fine, fire, flakes, flat, Floor, flooring, folded, foliated, fork, form, formation, forth, fossils, Found, fragments, fundamental, gabbro, garnet, gas, general, generally, geographical, geologist, Georg Bauer, glacial, glacier, glaciers, Glass, gneiss, Gold, google, grains, Grand, granite, gravity, greatly, Grow, guessed, gypsum, hardens, Hawai'i, heat, heavy, horizontal, however, Ice, Idaho, identified, igneous, ignis, Images, include, increases, indicate, insufficient, interesting, interlocking, intrusive, James Hutton, Jewelry, known, lakes, land, large, Lassen, Later, Latin, layered, layers, Learn, less, light, light-colored, likely, limestone, Llano, located, Longer, made, mafic, magma, magnification, main, make, Many, marble-metamorphosed, marine, massive, material, Materials, matter, means, Metallic, metals, metamorphic, metamorphism, Mexico, mica, million, mineral-rich, mineralogy, Minerals, mining, Minnesota, Montana, monuments, more, most, mountain, mountains, moves, naked, national, natural, naturally, Near, nevertheless, New, northern, observations, observe, obsidian, occur, occurring, oceanic, oceans, often, oil, older, olivine, One, ores, organic, organisms, originally, Other, overall, Park, particles, parts, pebbles, people, Perfect, period, periods, photo, pick, Place, plagioclase, plant, plants, platy, poorly, possible, precipitate, precipitates, precursor, preexisting, presence, Present, preserved, pressure, pressures, process, produce, pronounced, property, provide, published, pyramids, pyroxene, quantities, quartz, quickly, range, rapidly, realized, reef-building, reflects, regions, relatively, remnants, research, result, resulted, rhyolite, rhythmic, rich, rises, rivers, Rock, rocks, roofing, roofs, rounded, ruined, salt, same, sand, sandstone, schist, scientists, scrape, scratch, sculptures, sea level, seawater, secretion, sediment, sedimentary, See, seemingly, separate, several, shale, shapes, sheets, shells, silt, similarly, since, Sink, size, slate, slides, slowly, slumps, sooner, specific, spectacular, split, springs, stable, states, staurolite, Stone, strata, structures, studied, study, substances, surface, swamps, temperature, tend, Texas, texture, Theory, these, thick, thin, Things, thought, Time, together, tombstones, tons, top, transported, travel, types, typical, typically, undergo, unhealthy, United, unravel, unusual, Uplift, Used, usually, variety, Very, visible, volcanic, volcanoes, Voyageurs, Water, waves, wearing, which, wide, widespread, wind, wind-blown, within, word, Wyoming, years, Yellowstone, younger, Zion | Leave a reply
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Lillian Darnell ~ Fairy Princess
Lillian's Thoughts
Nature and Weather
Team TLC
My Brother – Thomas Darnell
My Mom – Camilla Downs
Team TLC – Our Digital Family Diary
My Mom's Blog
The Crash that Interrupted the Vegetable Soup January 18, 2023
January 14 2023 This is a delicious vegetable and bean soup I made on Monday, January 2nd. I never posted it, and have been quiet on social media since then. I've had to work through embarrassment, guilt and shame before … Continue reading →
Happy New Year 2023 from Team TLC January 14, 2023
December 31 2022 Homemade hummus, sliceable cashew cheese, and queso done. Having our annual spread a bit earlier this year. ❄❄❄ And it's still snowing. ❄❄❄ This is the most snow our lil balcony has ever seen. 👀👀👀 That's it … Continue reading →
An Afternoon of Chocolate and Speculoos Cookies January 13, 2023
December 31 2022 It was a fun afternoon yesterday. My friend Jessica and her husband Martin are visiting from The Netherlands. We had a lovely chat while sharing coffee, hot chocolate, speculoos cookies, and chocolate. An afternoon overflowing with treats! … Continue reading →
My Brother's Blog
The Team TLC Blog
Throwback Post: Coincidences – Random or Destiny December 29, 2022
**THROWBACK POST** January 24 2018: Coincidences? Do you see them as signs or messages? Or just something random that happened? On the Lillian and Camilla date day yesterday, I was only going to buy one order of parmesan, sea salt … Continue reading →
Vegan Eats: Stuffed Butternut Squash With Apple Pie and Cinnamon Rolls December 28, 2022
December 22 2022 Dinner tonight was delicious! Stuffed butternut squash drizzled with cashew cream. The stuffing is basmati rice, pecans, eggplant, green peppers, and oyster mushrooms coated with a sweet, tangy tamari based sauce. I could only eat half (of … Continue reading →
Basil Says Thanks December 28, 2022
December 21 2022 Listen. Let's talk about the shower curtain. I just can't help myself. It's so soft, with the perfect spot for me to hide, attack, and climb. Thanks for having such a great shower curtain. – Basil


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Justia US Law US Codes and Statutes Tennessee Code 2010 Tennessee Code Title 39 - Criminal Offenses Chapter 13 - Offenses Against Person Part 2 - Criminal Homicide 39-13-204 - Sentencing for first degree murder.
39-13-204 - Sentencing for first degree murder.
39-13-204. Sentencing for first degree murder.
(a) Upon a trial for first degree murder, should the jury find the defendant guilty of first degree murder, it shall not fix punishment as part of the verdict, but the jury shall fix the punishment in a separate sentencing hearing to determine whether the defendant shall be sentenced to death, to imprisonment for life without possibility of parole, or to imprisonment for life. The separate sentencing hearing shall be conducted as soon as practicable before the same jury that determined guilt, subject to the provisions of subsection (k) relating to certain retrials on punishment.
(b) In the sentencing proceeding, the attorney for the state shall be allowed to make an opening statement to the jury and then the attorney for the defendant shall also be allowed such statement; provided, that the waiver of opening statement by one party shall not preclude the opening statement by the other party.
(c) In the sentencing proceeding, evidence may be presented as to any matter that the court deems relevant to the punishment, and may include, but not be limited to, the nature and circumstances of the crime; the defendant's character, background history, and physical condition; any evidence tending to establish or rebut the aggravating circumstances enumerated in subsection (i); and any evidence tending to establish or rebut any mitigating factors. Any such evidence that the court deems to have probative value on the issue of punishment may be received, regardless of its admissibility under the rules of evidence; provided, that the defendant is accorded a fair opportunity to rebut any hearsay statements so admitted. However, this subsection (c) shall not be construed to authorize the introduction of any evidence secured in violation of the constitution of the United States or the constitution of Tennessee. In all cases where the state relies upon the aggravating factor that the defendant was previously convicted of one (1) or more felonies, other than the present charge, whose statutory elements involve the use of violence to the person, either party shall be permitted to introduce evidence concerning the facts and circumstances of the prior conviction. Such evidence shall not be construed to pose a danger of creating unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, or misleading the jury and shall not be subject to exclusion on the ground that the probative value of the evidence is outweighed by prejudice to either party. Such evidence shall be used by the jury in determining the weight to be accorded the aggravating factor. The court shall permit a member or members, or a representative or representatives of the victim's family to testify at the sentencing hearing about the victim and about the impact of the murder on the family of the victim and other relevant persons. The evidence may be considered by the jury in determining which sentence to impose. The court shall permit members or representatives of the victim's family to attend the trial, and those persons shall not be excluded because the person or persons shall testify during the sentencing proceeding as to the impact of the offense.
(d) In the sentencing proceeding, the state shall be allowed to make a closing argument to the jury; and then the attorney for the defendant shall also be allowed such argument, with the state having the right of closing.
(e) (1) After closing arguments in the sentencing hearing, the trial judge shall include instructions for the jury to weigh and consider any of the statutory aggravating circumstances set forth in subsection (i), which may be raised by the evidence at either the guilt or sentencing hearing, or both. The trial judge shall also include instructions for the jury to weigh and consider any mitigating circumstances raised by the evidence at either the guilt or sentencing hearing, or both, which shall include, but not be limited to, those circumstances set forth in subsection (j). These instructions and the manner of arriving at a sentence shall be given in the oral charge and in writing to the jury for its deliberations. However, a reviewing court shall not set aside a sentence of death or of imprisonment for life without the possibility of parole on the ground that the trial court did not specifically instruct the jury as to a requested mitigating factor that is not enumerated in subsection (j).
(2) The trial judge shall provide the jury three (3) separate verdict forms, as specified by subdivisions (f)(1), (f)(2), and (g)(2)(B). The jury shall be instructed that a defendant who receives a sentence of imprisonment for life shall not be eligible for parole consideration until the defendant has served at least twenty-five (25) full calendar years of the sentence. The jury shall also be instructed that a defendant who receives a sentence of imprisonment for life without possibility of parole shall never be eligible for release on parole.
(B) Such circumstance or circumstances have been proven by the state to outweigh any mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt.
(ii) Signify that the state has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the statutory aggravating circumstance or circumstances outweigh any mitigating circumstances.
(h) If the jury cannot ultimately agree on punishment, the trial judge shall inquire of the foreperson of the jury whether the jury is divided over imposing a sentence of death. If the jury is divided over imposing a sentence of death, the judge shall instruct the jury that in further deliberations, the jury shall only consider the sentences of imprisonment for life without possibility of parole and imprisonment for life. If, after further deliberations, the jury still cannot agree as to sentence, the trial judge shall dismiss the jury and the judge shall impose a sentence of imprisonment for life. The judge shall not instruct the jury, nor shall the attorneys be permitted to comment at any time to the jury, on the effect of the jury's failure to agree on a punishment.
(9) Any other mitigating factor that is raised by the evidence produced by either the prosecution or defense, at either the guilt or sentencing hearing.
(k) Upon motion for a new trial, after a conviction of first degree murder, if the court finds error in the trial determining guilt, a new trial on both guilt and sentencing shall be held; but if the court finds error alone in the trial determining punishment, a new trial on the issue of punishment alone shall be held by a new jury empanelled for that purpose. If the trial court, or any other court with jurisdiction to do so, orders that a defendant convicted of first degree murder, whether the sentence is death, imprisonment for life without possibility of parole or imprisonment for life, be granted a new trial, either as to guilt or punishment, or both, the new trial shall include the possible punishments of death, imprisonment for life without possibility of parole or imprisonment for life.


For nearly 30 years, Oracle has been a dominant force shaping the tech landscape with innovative products and industry-leading services. So, how do you stay on the cutting edge of tech while staying connected to your customers, your partners and your people?
It's all about building trust and establishing relationships. We've enjoyed a particularly long relationship with Oracle—a partnership that's been going strong since 1988. Over the years, we've grown and evolved with Oracle, initially producing small programs in the company's early days to currently executing complex, far-reaching brand experiences and communications. From the grand spectacle of Oracle OpenWorld to more intimate conferences like Oracle Leaders Circle and interactive engagements like the OZone Innovation Playground and Oracle Maker Zone at Modern CX, we've created experiences that connect people to Oracle—and more importantly, to each other.
Since we began working with Oracle, InVision has created over 300 programs and brought together almost half a million people, strategically driving the Oracle brand forward. It's a success that can't be quantified with statistics; instead, our relationship is a testament to the mutual trust and respect we continue to share with one of the tech industry's most influential companies.


Gamma Phi Beta is celebrating 50 years at UNI!
Online registration is now closed. For ticket availability, please contact Samantha Keltner at 515-865-0095 or samantha.keltner@gmail.com.
Ask for the Gamma Phi Beta 50th block of rooms.
Unreserved rooms will be released October 9th.


text:
require "ImageClip/version"

module ImageClip
  def self.add_image(table_name, attachment_name)
    add_column(table_name, "#{attachment_name}_data", :text)
    add_attachment(table_name, attachment_name)
    # add code to model for saving
  end

  def self.remove_image(table_name, attachment_name)
    remove_column(table_name, "#{attachment_name}_data")
    remove_attachment(table_name, attachment_name)
    # remove code to model for saving
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Óskar Örn Hauksson (born 22 August 1984) is an Icelandic football player, currently playing for Stjarnan. He has previously played for Njarðvík, Sogndal, Grindavík, Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur and been on loan to Sandnes Ulf and FC Edmonton. He is the all-time top scorer for KR in the Icelandic top division and was the 2019 Úrvalsdeild Player of the Year when he led KR to his 3rd and the club's 27th league title.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Oskar Orn Hauksson
Oskar Orn Hauksson
Oskar Orn Hauksson
Sogndal Fotball players
Oskar Orn Hauksson
Oskar Orn Hauksson
Sandnes Ulf players
FC Edmonton players
Eliteserien players
Oskar Orn Hauksson
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Oskar Orn Hauksson
Expatriate soccer players in Canada
North American Soccer League players
Association football midfielders
Oskar Orn Hauksson


Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Industry and Trade of Tatarstan Albert Karimov visited the industrial site of Polimix Kazan located in the Laishevo Municipal District.
The company's head Rishat Valeyev made a presentation of the company, showed production facilities, workshops and laboratories, as well as samples of finished products.
In addition, a meeting with Head of the Laishevo Municipal District Mikhail Afanasyev was held on the company's premises, during which the participants discussed issues of developing the company's industrial production capabilities and potential government support measures for the company.


text:
package net.incivility.cloudweather.receiver;

import android.app.Notification;
import android.app.NotificationManager;
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.support.v4.app.NotificationCompat;

import net.incivility.cloudweather.R;

import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;

import cn.bmob.push.PushConstants;

/**
 * Created by Administrator on 2015/5/24.
 */
public class PushReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {

    @Override
    public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
        if(intent.getAction().equals(PushConstants.ACTION_MESSAGE))
        {
            String pushString=intent.getStringExtra(PushConstants.EXTRA_PUSH_MESSAGE_STRING);
            try {
                JSONObject jsonObject=new JSONObject(pushString);
                String title=jsonObject.getString("title");
                String message=jsonObject.getString("message");

                NotificationCompat.Builder builder=new NotificationCompat.Builder(context);
                builder.setSmallIcon(R.drawable.icon);
                builder.setContentTitle(title);
                builder.setContentText(message);

                Notification noti=builder.build();
                noti.defaults=Notification.DEFAULT_ALL;
                NotificationManager manager=(NotificationManager)context.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
                manager.notify(1,noti);

            } catch (JSONException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}


Royal Caribbean Europe cruises allow cruisers to explore areas that may not be thought of as traditional cruise destinations. Their unique Cruisetours programs offer the time and opportunity to tour inland of the coastal regions of Europe, really giving cruisers a chance to explore various European destinations.
Unlike Transatlantic Europe cruises that just touch in ports of call for a few hours, the Cruisetours offer so much more than cheap cruises to Europe. These experiences are educational, affordable, enjoyable, and a great way to explore cities in Europe.
A cheap Europe cruise can be an adventure for travelers and still allow you enjoy your destination. Cruisetours combine the experience of a cruise with the chance to enjoy the local flavor, culture, scenery, and history of a city. Once in port, you will travel by motor coach or train to a variety of destinations in your chosen city.
The Royal Caribbean International cruises visit the most popular destinations in Europe including Madrid, Paris, Barcelona, London, Venice, the Italian Lakes, Florence, and Rome. Cruisers can enjoy the sun setting behind the Paris skyline or party in Madrid, known as the Spanish city that never sleeps. Dine on fish and chips in a London pub, a plate of seafaring paella in Barcelona, or sip a latte in a Paris cafe.
From Notre Dame Cathedral to the Arc de Triomphe, to Piccadilly Circus to the Sistine Chapel, you will get to see all of the most popular European destinations. Watch the short video below to get a taste of all available destinations.
Cruisetours are typically ten or more nights, giving you plenty of time to explore your destination city. Wander beyond the port of call and really get to know the city. Choose your country and prepare to spend a few days in each of its most popular cities soaking up the culture.
Unlike traditional Royal Caribbean cruises that head toward the sun and sand, Royal Caribbean Europe cruises will require some planning when it comes to packing your bags. Be sure to bring comfortable walking shoes for exploring the sights of the destination city. You can dress comfortably onboard ship, but some prefer formal attire for evening meals.
Remember there may be a dress code for many of the museums and cathedrals in Europe, so bring comfortable, conservative clothing like shirts with sleeves and long pants.
Temperatures can dip low in the evenings, requiring a jacket or woolen jumper, and you may want to pack an umbrella just in case.
Many of the ships offer shopping opportunities on board and you can pick up items in the destination cities, but it may mean spending a bit more than if you had brought enough clothing from home.
If you are in search of a cruise opportunity that is out of the beach side norm, consider cruising to Europe. Cruises are an affordable, fun way to visit Europe. And who knows, perhaps after the first European cruise adventure, you might want to come back and try a a Europe barge cruise?


We have tried to subdivide links to other websites that may be helpful resources containing information pertinent to you and your business. If you know of a website that we don't have listed below that you believe may be beneficial to others in your industry, please let us know about it.
Dedicated to promoting and protecting the retail businesses that sell and serve alcohol since 1880, the ILBA exists to promote and protect your business by aggressively lobbying the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois Liquor Control Commission, the Governor, Secretary of State and all statewide officials. Also publishes RESPECT magazine, the official publication of the Illinois retail liquor industry.
Working to protect the restaurant industry in Illinois.
Serving the rights of Indiana's Bars, Restaurants and their patrons, much like its Illinois counterpart.
Working to protect the restaurant industry in Missouri.
An association representing off-premises licensees in "open" or "license" states, and on-premises proprietors in markets across the nation. Created in 2002 after the merger of the National Association of Beverage Retailers and National Licensed Beverage Association.
The leading business association for the restaurant industry, their mission is to represent, educate and promote a rapidly growing industry that is comprised of roughly 878,000 restaurant and foodservice outlets employing 12 million people. Sign up for their daily newsletter here.
Provides resources for becoming certified in Food Safety Training and educational courses, articles, and posters for you and your employees on how to handle food in a safe manner.
Remember to mention that Bret Dixon Insurance referred you.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
null

#### Original name
Verrucaria subfuscata H. Magn.

### Remarks
null


text:
Cliff Palace
Constructed by Ancestral Puebloans in the 1200s, the 150-room Cliff Palace is now part of Mesa Verde National Park and is one of the most photographed places on Earth.
Cliff Palace, 1891
In 1891 the Swedish scholar Gustaf Nordenskiöld conducted the first significant excavations at Cliff Palace. His work stimulated wider interest in the Mesa Verde area.
Located in an alcove on the east wall of Cliff Canyon in Mesa Verde National Park, Cliff Palace is a 150-room cliff dwelling built by Ancestral Pueblo people in the 1200s. Diné (Navajo), Nuche (Ute), Apache, and Pueblo people knew of the structures well before rancher Richard Wetherill and Charles Mason encountered them in 1888. The largest and best-known cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde, Cliff Palace is also one of the most photographed structures on earth. Along with the rest of Mesa Verde, Cliff Palace was named a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 1978.
Construction and Use
Cliff Palace and the other cliff dwellings were constructed during the Pueblo III period (1150–1300 CE) of the Ancestral Pueblo tradition, when Mesa Verde residents began to move from mesa tops to cliff alcoves, perhaps for greater protection. The site probably had a population of 150 or more and served as an administrative center for the sixty smaller cliff dwellings nearby, which could have housed an estimated 625 people.
Cliff Palace was built in pieces between about 1200 and 1275, with each family constructing its own kiva and room suite, and grew to include 150 rooms and twenty-three kivas. Kivas, circular areas excavated into the ground, were the central residential structures at sites such as Cliff Palace. Kivas could be used for residences and ritual gatherings; they could also be covered with a flat roof to make a small plaza. Around each kiva were suites of small rooms that made up a courtyard complex shared by an extended family or clan. These residential courtyard complexes made up more than 75 percent of Cliff Palace. The rest of the site consisted of isolated kivas, rooms without nearby kivas, circular towers, great kivas, and other special-use spaces.
Like the rest of the Mesa Verde region, Cliff Palace was evacuated in the final decades of the 1200s when the Ancestral Pueblo migrated to the south and southwest. Although the exact reasons for the migration remain unknown, there is evidence that colder and drier weather, combined with increased conflict in the region, made it harder for residents to rely on traditional strategies for survival.
"Rediscovery" in 1888
Local Indigenous groups were well aware of the Cliff Palace before local rancher Al Wetherill and several others claimed to have seen it in the 1880s. On December 18, 1888, Al's brother Richard and their brother-in-law, Charles Mason, found the site. The men were searching for cattle with their Ute guide, Acowitz, when they first saw the structure. They explored it and soon discovered other cliff dwellings and pueblos nearby. Richard Wetherill returned to the area throughout the winter to explore and dig for artifacts, which he later sold to the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado).
In 1891 the Wetherill brothers and Mason showed Mesa Verde to the visiting Swedish scholar Gustaf Nordenskiöld, who spent the summer excavating nearly two dozen cliff dwellings in the area, including Cliff Palace. His book The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde (1893) played a crucial role in stimulating interest in the area's archaeology. The artifacts he plundered during his excavations were long housed at the National Museum of Finland, but in 2019 the Finnish government agreed to return many of them—including some human remains and funerary objects—to native tribes in the region.
Cliff Palace had deteriorated somewhat in the six centuries since its occupation, but the process of decay accelerated rapidly after its rediscovery, as it saw increased visitation from pothunters, amateur archaeologists, and tourists. In response, a movement developed in the 1890s and early 1900s to make Mesa Verde a national park and to pass the Antiquities Act (1906) to prevent looting and vandalism at prehistoric sites on public land.
Archaeological Work and Preservation Efforts
In 1906 the Mesa Verde area, including Cliff Palace, became a national park. Most of the structures in the park were still filled with debris and in danger of collapsing, so the Department of the Interior asked Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Bureau of American Ethnology to come to the park and perform excavation, preservation, and repair work. From 1908 to 1922 Fewkes excavated and stabilized cliff dwellings at the park, including Cliff Palace, where he worked in 1909–10. His team recovered artifacts; cleared rooms, courts, and terraces of debris; strengthened walls; and built a new trail to make the site more accessible to visitors. Fewkes counted 217 rooms and twenty-three kivas at Cliff Palace, making it what was then believed to be the largest cliff dwelling in the United States.
Since Fewkes's time, most work at the park has focused on preservation. By the early 1930s, Cliff Palace was settling on its unstable foundations and in desperate need of repair. The Public Works Administration helped fund a program of surveying, mapping, and stabilization. Earl Morris of the Carnegie Institution led the 1934 project at Cliff Palace, which added concrete retaining walls and repaired a four-story square tower. The project marked a turning point in preservation efforts at Mesa Verde because Morris implemented a new policy of documenting all repairs so that it would be possible in the future to tell the difference between the parts of the site that were original and those that had been restored. The 1934 project was also significant for marking the start of James "Al" Lancaster's long career at Mesa Verde, where he led the park's stabilization crew for several decades.
Mapping Cliff Palace
In the late 1990s Mesa Verde was one of the first recipients of funding from the Save America's Treasures program launched by the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The park's chief archaeologist, Larry Nordby, used part of the money to make the first comprehensive map of Cliff Palace. Nordby's map showed that Cliff Palace actually had 150 rooms, not the 217 Fewkes had counted, making it the same size as Long House on nearby Wetherill Mesa.
Nordby's map and analysis also revealed other new details about life at Cliff Palace. Many of the rooms at the site appear to have been used primarily for storage, indicating that Cliff Palace may have served as a central warehouse and distribution center for other dwellings in the area, with perhaps as few as 125 residents of its own. In addition, Nordby discovered a wall running through the center of the site that divided it into two parts, suggesting a social organization based on two distinct groups.
2015 Conservation and Stabilization Project
The 800-year-old Cliff Palace has a variety of structural problems that are exacerbated by frequent visitation and have required regular stabilization since the middle of the twentieth century. Especially since World War II, when visitation to Mesa Verde National Park increased dramatically, vibrations from foot traffic have caused loose material at the site to settle. To limit the damage, park officials have kept the public away from certain parts of the site and have limited the size of tour groups. They have also performed regular maintenance to repair cracks, stabilize walls, and improve drainage for water seeping through the alcove roof.
Most recently, in 2011 a wall collapse in Kiva F led to a comprehensive investigation of structural conditions at Cliff Palace. Archaeologists found that although the northern half of the site was built on firm bedrock, the southern half sat on loose soil and debris that had fallen from the alcove ceiling. With no real foundation, the southern half of the site was slowly sliding downhill, causing cracks, falling walls, and other problems. Park staff developed a plan for a $450,000 preservation effort and performed extensive repairs before Memorial Day and after Labor Day in 2015. The conservation project closed Cliff Palace to the public in spring and fall 2015, but daily tours were conducted as usual during the summer.
Cliff Palace is located on the east wall of Cliff Canyon in Mesa Verde National Park. It is a 150-room cliff dwelling built by Ancestral Puebloans in the 1200s. It was rediscovered by ranchers in 1888. Cliff Palace is the largest and best-known cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde, as well as one of the most photographed structures on earth. Along with the rest of Mesa Verde, Cliff Palace was named a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 1978.
Cliff Palace and the other cliff dwellings were built during the Pueblo III period (1150–1300 CE) of the Ancestral Puebloan tradition. Mesa Verde residents began to move from mesa tops to cliff alcoves, perhaps for greater protection. The site probably had a population of 150 or more. It served as an administrative center for the sixty smaller cliff dwellings nearby. The Mesa Verde site housed an estimated 625 people.
Cliff Palace was built between about 1200 and 1275. Each family built its own kiva and room suite. The site grew to include 150 rooms and twenty-three kivas. Kivas are circular areas excavated into the ground. They were the central residential structures at Cliff Palace, and were used for residences and ritual gatherings. They could also be covered with a flat roof to make a small plaza. Around each kiva were suites of small rooms that made up a courtyard complex shared by an extended family or clan. These courtyard complexes made up more than 75 percent of Cliff Palace. The rest of the site consisted of isolated kivas, rooms without nearby kivas, circular towers, great kivas, and other special-use spaces.
Like the rest of the Mesa Verde region, Cliff Palace was abandoned in the final decades of the 1200s. The Ancestral Puebloans migrated to the south and southwest. The exact reasons for the migration remain unknown. There is evidence that colder and drier weather, combined with increased conflict in the region, made it harder for residents to rely on traditional strategies for survival.
Rediscovery in 1888
Local rancher Al Wetherill and several others claimed to have seen Cliff Palace early in the 1880s. But credit for discovering it on December 18, 1888, is assigned to Al's brother Richard and their brother-in-law, Charles Mason. The men were searching for cattle with their Ute guide Acowitz when they saw the structure. They explored it and also discovered other cliff dwellings nearby. Richard Wetherill returned to the area throughout the winter to explore and dig for artifacts. He later sold the artifacts to the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado).
In 1891 the Wetherill brothers and Mason showed Mesa Verde to the visiting Swedish scholar Gustaf Nordenskiöld. He spent the summer excavating nearly two dozen cliff dwellings in the area, including Cliff Palace. The many artifacts he removed during his excavations are now housed at the National Museum of Finland.
Gustaf Nordenskiöld published a book, The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde, in 1893. The book played a crucial role in stimulating interest in the area's archaeology. Cliff Palace had already deteriorated in the six centuries since it had been abandoned. But the process of decay accelerated rapidly after its rediscovery. The site saw increased visitation from pothunters, amateur archaeologists, and tourists.
In response, a movement developed in early 1900s to make Mesa Verde a National Park. The government also passed the Antiquities Act (1906) to prevent looting and vandalism at prehistoric sites on public land.
In 1906 the Mesa Verde area, including Cliff Palace, became a National Park. Most of the structures in the park were still filled with debris and in danger of collapsing. The US Department of the Interior asked Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Bureau of American Ethnology to come to the park and perform excavation, preservation, and repair work.
From 1908 to 1922, Fewkes excavated and stabilized cliff dwellings at the park, including Cliff Palace. His team recovered artifacts, cleared rooms, courts, and terraces of debris, strengthened walls, and built a new trail to make the site more accessible to visitors. Fewkes counted 217 rooms and twenty-three kivas at Cliff Palace, making it what was then believed to be the largest cliff dwelling in the United States.
Since Fewkes's time, most work at the park has focused on preservation. By the early 1930s, Cliff Palace was settling on its unstable foundations and in desperate need of repair. The Public Works Administration helped fund a program of surveying, mapping, and stabilization. Earl Morris of the Carnegie Institution led the 1934 project at Cliff Palace. The team added concrete retaining walls and repaired a four-story square tower. Morris implemented a new policy of documenting all repairs. This made it possible to tell the difference between the parts of the site that were original and those that had been restored. The 1934 project was also significant for marking the start of James "Al" Lancaster's long career at Mesa Verde. He led the park's stabilization crew for several decades.
In the late 1990s, Mesa Verde was one of the first recipients of funding from the Save America's Treasures program. This program was launched by the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The park's chief archaeologist, Larry Nordby, used part of the money to make the first comprehensive map of Cliff Palace. Nordby's map showed that Cliff Palace actually had 150 rooms, not the 217 Fewkes had counted. This made it the same size as Long House on nearby Wetherill Mesa.
Nordby's map and analysis also revealed other new details about life at Cliff Palace. Many of the rooms at the site appear to have been used primarily for storage. This indicated that Cliff Palace might have served as a central warehouse and distribution center for other dwellings in the area. In addition, Nordby discovered a wall running through the center of the site. The wall divided Cliff Palace into two parts, suggesting a social organization based on two distinct groups.
The 800-year-old Cliff Palace has a variety of structural problems. These are exacerbated by frequent visitation and have required regular stabilization since the middle of the twentieth century. Since the 1950s, visitation to Mesa Verde National Park increased dramatically. Vibrations from foot traffic have caused loose material at the site to settle. To limit the damage, park officials have kept the public away from certain parts of the site and have limited the size of tour groups. They have also performed regular maintenance to repair cracks, stabilize walls, and improve drainage for water seeping through the alcove roof.
Most recently, in 2011 a wall collapse in Kiva F led to a comprehensive investigation of structural conditions at Cliff Palace. Archaeologists found that the northern half of the site was built on firm bedrock, but the southern half sat on loose soil and debris that had fallen from the alcove ceiling. With no real foundation, the southern half of the site was slowly sliding downhill. This was causing cracks, falling walls, and other problems. Park staff developed a plan for a $450,000 preservation effort and performed extensive repairs before Memorial Day and after Labor Day in 2015. The conservation project closed Cliff Palace to the public in spring and fall 2015, but daily tours were conducted as usual during the summer.
Cliff Palace is located on the east wall of Cliff Canyon in Mesa Verde National Park. It is a 150-room cliff dwelling built by Ancestral Puebloans in the 1200s. Rediscovered by ranchers in 1888, it is the largest and best-known cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde. It is also one of the most photographed structures on earth. Along with the rest of Mesa Verde, Cliff Palace was named a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 1978.
Cliff Palace and the other cliff dwellings were built by the Ancestral Puebloans, ancestors of today's Pueblo people. They were built during the Pueblo III period (1150–1300 CE), when Mesa Verde residents began to move from mesa tops to cliff alcoves. It is believed they moved for greater protection. Cliff Palace had a population of around 150. It served as a center for the sixty smaller cliff dwellings nearby. The Mesa Verde site housed an estimated total of 625 people.
Cliff Palace was built between about 1200 and 1275. Each family constructed its own kiva and room suite. The site grew to include 150 rooms and twenty-three kivas, which are circular pits dug into the ground. Kivas were used for social and spiritual gatherings, and might also be covered with a flat roof to make a small plaza. Around each kiva were suites of small rooms. These made up a courtyard shared by an extended family or clan. Courtyards made up more than 75 percent of Cliff Palace. The rest of the site consisted of isolated kivas, rooms without nearby kivas, circular towers, great kivas, and other special-use spaces.
The Ancestral Puebloans abandoned the Mesa Verde area at the end of the 1200s. They migrated to the south and southwest. The exact reasons for the migration remain unknown. Experts believe that the weather became colder and drier, and there may have been increased conflicts with other groups in the region. These problems made it hard for residents to survive.
The Wetherill family were ranchers in the Mesa Verde area. On December 18, 1888, Richard Wetherill, Charles Mason and their Ute guide Acowitz were searching for cattle. They saw Cliff Palace for the first time. They explored it and discovered other cliff dwellings nearby. Richard Wetherill returned to the area during the winter to explore and dig for artifacts. He later sold the artifacts to the Colorado Historical Society.
In 1891 the Wetherill brothers and Mason showed Mesa Verde to a Swedish scholar, Gustaf Nordenskiöld. Nordenskiöld spent the summer excavating cliff dwellings in the area, including Cliff Palace. The many artifacts he removed during his excavations are now housed at the National Museum of Finland.
Gustaf Nordenskiöld published a book, The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde, in 1893. The book interested others in the area's archaeology. The site saw increased visits from pothunters, amateur archaeologists, and tourists. With so much activity at the site, walls began to crack, buildings began to crumble, and artifacts were broken or stolen.
In response, a movement developed in the early 1900s to make Mesa Verde a National Park. The government also passed the Antiquities Act (1906) to prevent looting and vandalism at prehistoric sites on public land.
In 1906 the Mesa Verde area, including Cliff Palace, became a National Park. Most of the structures in the park were filled with debris. The site was in danger of collapsing. The National Park Service hired Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Bureau of American Ethnology to perform excavation, preservation, and repair work.
From 1908 to 1922, Fewkes excavated and stabilized cliff dwellings at the park, including Cliff Palace. His team recovered artifacts, cleared rooms, courts, and terraces of debris, and strengthened walls. They built a new trail to make the site more accessible to visitors. Fewkes counted 217 rooms and twenty-three kivas at Cliff Palace. He believed it was the largest cliff dwelling in the United States.
Since Fewkes's time, most work at the park has focused on preservation. By the early 1930s, Cliff Palace was settling on its unstable foundations. It was in desperate need of repair. The Public Works Administration helped fund a program of surveying, mapping, and stabilization.
Earl Morris of the Carnegie Institution led a 1934 project at Cliff Palace. The team added concrete retaining walls and repaired a four-story square tower. Morris started a new policy of documenting all repairs. This made it possible to tell the difference between parts that were original and parts that had been restored.
In the late 1990s, Mesa Verde received funding from the Save America's Treasures program. The park's chief archaeologist, Larry Nordby, made the first comprehensive map of Cliff Palace. Nordby's map showed that Cliff Palace actually had 150 rooms, not the 217 Fewkes had counted. This made it the same size as Long House on nearby Wetherill Mesa.
Nordby's map and analysis showed other new details about life at Cliff Palace. Many of the rooms at the site were used primarily for storage. This indicated that Cliff Palace might have served as a central warehouse for other dwellings in the area. In addition, Nordby discovered a wall running through the center of the site. The wall divided Cliff Palace into two parts, suggesting a social organization based on two distinct groups.
The 800-year-old Cliff Palace has a variety of structural problems. Cliff House needs regular stabilization. Since the 1950s, visits to Mesa Verde National Park increased dramatically. Vibrations from foot traffic have caused the site to settle. To limit the damage, park officials have closed parts of the site and limited the size of tour groups. Park service staff performs regular maintenance to repair cracks and stabilize walls. Drainage for water seeping through the alcove roof has been improved.
In 2011 a wall collapsed in one of the kivas (Kiva F). This led to an investigation of structural conditions at Cliff Palace. Archaeologists found that the north half of the site was built on firm bedrock. However, the south half sat on loose soil and debris that had fallen from the cliff wall. With no real foundation, the southern half of the site was slowly sliding downhill. This was causing cracks, falling walls, and other problems. Park staff developed a plan for a $450,000 preservation effort. Extensive repairs were performed in 2015. The conservation project closed Cliff Palace to the public in spring and fall 2015. It remained opened for tour groups that summer.
Cliff Palace is a group of 150 rooms carved into the cliffs of Mesa Verde. It was built 800 years ago by Ancestral Puebloans. Ranchers rediscovered Cliff Palace in 1888. Mesa Verde became one of the first National Parks. Cliff Palace is the largest and best-known cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde. It is one of the most photographed places in the world.
Mesa Verde got a special honor in 1978. It was named a United Nations (UNESCO) World Heritage Site.
Cliff dwellings were built by the Ancestral Puebloans, who were ancestors of the Pueblo Native American tribe. The cliff dwellings were built from 1200–75. The people had lived on flat ground around Mesa Verde. To keep their community safe, they started to build homes in the cliffs. Cliff Palace was home to 125-150 people. There were sixty smaller cliff dwellings nearby. About 625 people lived in the Mesa Verde area.
Each family built its own kiva and rooms. Soon there were 150 rooms and twenty-three kivas. Kivas are round rooms dug into the ground. Kivas were used for religious and social gatherings. They could be covered with a flat roof to make a small plaza. Around each kiva were small rooms. These made up a courtyard that was shared by a family or clan. Courtyards made up most of Cliff Palace. There were also kivas without courtyards and rooms without kivas. The Ancestral Puebloans also built circular towers, great kivas, and other spaces.
The Ancestral Puebloans left the Mesa Verde area at the end of the 1200s. They moved to land in the south. No one knows why they left Mesa Verde. Experts think that the weather became colder and dryer. There might have been conflicts with other groups in the area. These things made it hard to live at Mesa Verde.
The Wetherills were ranchers near Mesa Verde. On December 18, 1888, Richard Wetherill, Charles Mason, and their Ute guide Acowitz were searching for cattle. They saw Cliff Palace for the first time. They explored it, and then they discovered other cliff dwellings. Richard Wetherill returned to the area all winter. He explored more and dug for artifacts.
In 1891 the Wetherills showed Mesa Verde to a Swedish scholar, Gustaf Nordenskiöld. Nordenskiöld spent the summer studying the cliff dwellings, including Cliff Palace. He took many things he discovered in Mesa Verde to Finland. Some of Mesa Verde's treasures are in the National Museum of Finland.
Gustaf Nordenskiöld published a book called The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde in 1893.
People who read the book became interested in Mesa Verde and the Ancestral Puebloans.
Many people visited Mesa Verde. They included pothunters, archaeologists, and tourists. Cliff Palace was being destroyed by so many visitors. They took items from the site and damaged the area.
People who cared about Mesa Verde wanted to make it a National Park to protect it. They helped to pass a law that people could not take items from the site.
In 1906 Mesa Verde became a National Park. Many of the structures were in danger. They were falling and filled with rubble. Jesse Walter Fewkes, who worked for the US Government, came to Mesa Verde. His team did excavation, preservation, and repair work. From 1908 to 1922, they worked on cliff dwellings in the park. His team found artifacts, cleared rooms and kivas, and strengthened walls. They built a trail for visitors.
In the 1930s, Cliff Palace was in desperate need of more repairs. The US government and private institutions funded programs to help fix it up. Earl Morris of the Carnegie Institution led a project at Cliff Palace in 1934. His team added concrete walls and repaired a four-story square tower. They made sure that any repairs they made were known. They wanted to be able to tell the difference between parts of the site that were original and those that had been restored.
In 1990 Mesa Verde was part of the "Save America's Treasures" program. Larry Nordby, the site archeologist, made a new map of Cliff Palace. He discovered some interesting things. His map showed that Cliff Palace had only 150 rooms. An older map showed it had 217 rooms. He found that many of the rooms at Cliff Palace were used for storage. This showed that Cliff Palace might have been a warehouse. Nordby discovered a wall running through the center of Cliff Palace. It divided it into two parts. He believed that two different groups of people once lived there.
The 800-year-old Cliff Palace is unstable. It needs help to stay standing. Park officials keep people away from parts of Cliff Palace. They have limited the size of tour groups. They perform regular work to repair cracks and stabilize walls.
In 2011 a wall collapsed in a kiva at Cliff Palace. Archaeologists found that the north half of Cliff Palace was built on firm rock. But, the south half sat on loose soil. The south half was slowly sliding downhill. This was causing cracks, falling walls, and other problems. Park staff performed repairs in 2015.
Cliff Palace Teacher Resource Set - Word
Cliff Palace Teacher Resource Set - PDF
Encyclopedia Staff
William M. Ferguson, The Anasazi of Mesa Verde and the Four Corners (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).
Florence C. Lister, Troweling Through Time: The First Century of Mesa Verdean Archaeology (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004).
David Grant Noble, ed., The Mesa Verde World: Explorations in Ancestral Pueblo Archaeology (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2006).
"Preserving Cliff Palace," Mesa Verde National Park, National Park Service.
Kevin Simpson, "More Than a Century Ago, a European Visitor Took More Than 600 Native American Remains and Artifacts From Colorado's Mesa Verde," Colorado Sun, October 10, 2019.
Ricardo Torres-Reyes, Mesa Verde National Park: An Administrative History, 1906–1970 (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1970).
Barbara Wyatt, "Mesa Verde National Park Archeological District," National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (December 8, 1976).
"Cliff Palace," Mesa Verde National Park, National Park Service.
Jesse Walter Fewkes, Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 51 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1911).
Gustav Nordenskiöld, The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, Southwestern Colorado (Glorieta, NM: Rio Grande Press, 1979).
cliff dwelling
Richard Wetherill
Gustaf Nordenskiold
Jesse Walter Fewkes
Earl Morris
Falls Creek Rock Shelters Archaeological Site
General Federation of Women's Clubs
Gustaf Nordenskiöld and the Mesa Verde Region
Long House
Lowry Site
Morefield Mound
Origins of Mesa Verde National Park
Pueblo of Santa Ana–Tamaya
Rock Art of Colorado
Sarah Platt Decker
Spruce Tree House
Tree-Ring Dating


Marianna Olinger is an artist, researcher and organizer. She holds a PhD in urban planning with degrees in both in social sciences and arts. She has collaborated with numerous social movements and non-profit organizations on human rights and social justice project development and campaigns over the past decade.
The polarization occurring around the globe is visible in Brazil's elections this year.


seobook on Fri, 2006-05-12 15:06.
Gannett, the huge newspaper publisher, purchase Planet Discover.
Gannett today acquired Planet Discover, a provider of local, integrated online search and advertising technology. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Will more large publishers look to bring search in house? Will it matter if they do?
Kirby on Sat, 2006-05-13 09:48.
in publishing have been ramping up for sometime now. Ever hear of Classified Ventures, of which Gannett is a partner?
Classified Ventures, LLC is a strategic joint-venture 100% owned and funded by six large media partners whose objectives are to collectively capitalize on the revenue growth in the online classified advertising categories of automotive, apartments, and real estate.
Our strategic partners are Belo Corp., Gannett Co., Inc., Knight Ridder, The McClatchy Company, Tribune Company and The Washington Post Company.
The local newspaper has always been the first place people turn for classified advertising. Classified Ventures, owned by six of the world's leading media companies, was formed to combine the local strength and trusted reputations of leading newspapers across the country with nationally branded products and solutions. The result: the creation of (i) the premier sales channel for online classified advertising, (ii) a trusted environment to help individuals make better and more-informed purchasing decisions, and (iii) a motivated audience to increase the effectiveness of our advertisers.


'Thick Skin' is a coming of age piece that details different journeys experienced by young people in the UK; highlighting life's challenges and adversity. This track has an earnest feel, as each emcee (Lucas, St.Jude & IF-E) wears their heart on their sleeve, delivering rapid, double-time bars brimming with personal insight on relatable subject matters such as loss, poverty and everyday struggles.
This combined with the catchy and unique singing talent of Fullmarx, gives 'Thick Skin' an optimistic and distinctively British flavour. Furthermore, the looped acoustic guitar and rolling percussion of the beat adds a new dimension to underground grime music; demonstrating IF-E's seamless ability to transcend genres in his production.