Member of Parliament for Lewes, Maria Caulfield, is encouraging constituents to take part on the UK's Ultimate Sea View competition being run by the Shipwrecked Mariners' Society.
The society is one of the UK's oldest maritime charities and its work focuses on relieving financial hardship and distress amongst the sea fairing community. This competition is seeking to find the best image that portrays the UK's relationship and connection with the sea. Entries can be made on the societies website, Facebook and Twitter pages.
Maria commented; "This is fantastic opportunity to showcase the wonderful coastline and coastal communities we have in our area.


text:
External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar, Civil Aviation Minister Hardeep Singh Puri and Minister KT Rama Rao to speak at Deccan Dialogue 2020
Edu EventsFeaturedIIMS & Management
By India Education Diary Bureau Admin	 On Nov 11, 2020
New Delhi: Indian School of Business (ISB), in partnership with the Ministry of External Affairs, is organising the third edition of Deccan Dialogue on November 16, 2020.The theme of the Dialogue is- "Crisis and Cooperation – Imperative in times of the pandemic". https://www.isb.edu/en/deccan-dialogue.html. Deccan Dialogue 2020 will be held on a virtual platform.
Dr S Jaishankar, Hon'ble External Affairs Minister of India has kindly consented to inaugurate the Dialogue and deliver the keynote address on November 16, 2020 at 11 am. Shri Hardeep Singh Puri, Hon'ble Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs (I/C), Government of India will deliver the valedictory keynote address at 2:45 pm. Shri K T Rama Rao, Hon'ble Minister for Industries and Commerce, Government of Telangana will deliver a special address.
The 3rd edition of Deccan Dialogue will focus on two important areas for discussion – on Healthcare Diplomacy and on Atmanirbhar Bharat. Shri Sunil Kant Munjal, Member, ISB Executive Board and Chairman, Hero Enterprises; Ambassador Rahul Chhabra, IFS, Secretary Economic Relations, MEA; Prof Rajendra Srivastava, Dean, ISB; Dr Sangita Reddy, President, FICCI and JMD, Apollo Hospitals Ltd.; Ms Debjani Ghosh, President, NASSCOM.; Dr Krishna Ella, CMD, Bharat Biotech International Ltd., Ambassador Ron Malka, Israel Ambassador to India, amongst many others will address at Deccan Dialogue 2020. Please find attached program schedule for more details about the sessions and speakers.
IIM Calcutta & Eruditus roll out Business Analytics…
IIM Udaipur kicks off Entrepreneurship Summit – 2022 to…
IIM Kozhikode and Times TSW's Executive Post-Graduate…
The event is open to all those who are interested in issues of foreign policy, economic diplomacy and international trade. Registration is free. Link for registration – https://forms.gle/nPACEZgbqs1x22Au8.
With two successful previous editions in 2018 and 2019, Deccan Dialogue has become an annual flagship event of ISB, aimed at promoting multi-stakeholder conversations on various aspects of diplomacy and India's external engagement. Deccan Dialogue brings together policy makers, representatives from business, diplomatic and strategic community, media, and academia on a common platform, to engage and deliberate on emerging aspects of diplomacy and development.
The theme for the third edition is 'Crisis and Cooperation: Imperatives in the times of the Pandemic'. The objective is to explore ways and means to address the crisis through various diplomatic efforts of cooperation and talk in detail on the pertinent issues faced by the world order. In the post Covid scenario, what could be some better strategies to address future global healthcare challenges? How do we build a self-reliant India? are some important questions that the current edition will be discussing. The dialogue will have participation from various business leaders, CXOs, Professionals, Students, Government Officials, among others.
Deccan Dialogue 2020
British Council enters bilateral partnership with Telangana and Welsh governments for research and education exchange
Embassy Group renews its MoU with the Government of Karnataka Department of Education to provide educational and infrastructural support to Government Schools
IIMS & Management
IIM Calcutta & Eruditus roll out Business Analytics Programme for senior…
IIM Udaipur kicks off Entrepreneurship Summit – 2022 to empower and celebrate Indian…
IIM Kozhikode and Times TSW's Executive Post-Graduate Programme in Management Records…
Reinventing Tourism: Lessons from India and Japan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Spanish-style
by Jim the Realtor | Feb 3, 2010 | Interesting Houses, Jim TV | 14 comments
JAP on February 4, 2010 at 4:28 am
Jimmy is really puttin some lovin' on those Spanish ladies lately!
Susie on February 4, 2010 at 6:41 am
@ Comment #1, Well, there went my coffee all over my keyboard! Mahalo for the early-morning chuckle.
"When I first pulled up, I though that was $1,500. That would have made a nice Jim the Realtor rig. $1,500 bucks! $4,500…sounds like a home seller!"
Doncha even think about it, Jim! I love your truck–especially the horn. When I see you in that rig, I really do see you as "the Hunter S. Thompson of real estate"–per LA Times' article last year. (That's how I first heard about you.)
Jim the Realtor on February 4, 2010 at 6:55 am
Thanks Susie for your patronage and kind words always. Careful with that coffee though, this blog is served 'as-is' without warranty.
François Caron on February 4, 2010 at 6:58 am
Jumped out of the second story window? Ouch! That must have been a rough landing! But did the crackhead actually feel anything?
Interesting set of wheels. If you were tempted Jim, that would have been a funny situation! "Honey! Guess what I got today!"
Locomotive Breath on February 4, 2010 at 7:25 am
San Diegans under-appreciate the classic Spanish-style homes in the area…glad to see Jim giving them the attention they deserve.
I think it takes a few years of living in other areas of the country to truly appreciate them.
I think adding the Jeep beside the 66 would truly seal the deal on Jim being the real-estate Hunter Thomas. He could even throw a Vette engine in it to make a matching set…
UCGal on February 4, 2010 at 7:54 am
There's something really nice about the original spanish style bungalows from the 20's-40's… Compare that to the neo-taco "spanish style" tract homes they're building now. I'll take the smaller original any day.
(My husband, an architect, says that the term neo-taco is actually used among architects, behind the customer's back, to describe what the customer is demanding these days.)
Local Boy on February 4, 2010 at 8:50 am
Keep in mind that homes built in the 1920-1940 era were NOT tract homes–they were built one-by-one. Maybe they should go back to that??? Sell lots with the utilities stubbed-up and let the homeowner do the rest (subject to some CCR's)Might work well in some parts of town.
Jinx on February 4, 2010 at 11:00 am
I know those homes – those are some of my favorites in Oceanside. Id buy there in a heartbeat if I didn't have to worry about schools.
JordanT on February 4, 2010 at 1:37 pm
Keep in mind that homes built in the 1920-1940 era were NOT tract homes–they were built one-by-one. Maybe they should go back to that???
There's just less money in that, then building big houses on as small a lot as possible.
Art Eclectic on February 4, 2010 at 2:03 pm
JordanT, from what I gather, the "big house on a small lot" thing was driven by the cities/counties heaping huge development fees that made it only profitable to build huge houses on postage-stamp lots. While I have no love for the big builders, they didn't create that mess by themselves.
I'll be Clearfund would be able to tell us some stories…..
desmo on February 4, 2010 at 3:03 pm
My brother owned the house in Encinitas, (the one pictured at the start). Old crappy house, he did make some improvements to it, but it was a POS. He was single at the time. He went in the bathroom one night and found a raccoon hanging from the ceiling! The giant pine tree out front is a disaster, dropping sap and needles all year long. You needed that old Jeep that was for sale just to get up the driveway over the roots.
CA renter on February 5, 2010 at 12:46 am
IMHO, when the politicians court the big developers and builders, the current "neo-taco" (thanks, UCGal) junk is exactly what we get.
I'd love to see an end to the big developers and builders. Just sell lots to people who want to build their own custom homes. Too bad there's too much $$$$$ to be made by the politicians/govt and developers.
JordanT on February 5, 2010 at 7:54 am
JordanT, from what I gather, the "big house on a small lot" thing was driven by the cities/counties heaping huge development fees that made it only profitable to build huge houses on postage-stamp lots.
That still means that it's the most profitable way to develop land though. Even without the fees why would you leave money on the table as a developer?
BSinOside on February 6, 2010 at 12:39 pm
About the Hunter S. Thompson thing…
Yeah Jim, go out and buy a white 1971 Caddy convertible like the one in "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". Either that or a Vincent Black Shadow motorcycle !


In the past couple of decades, more attention has been paid to the connection between overall health and a healthy social life. Last week, a Dutch study took that concept further by pointing out that loneliness is linked to risk for dementia.
The researchers tracked over 2,000 people who fit the criteria they established that defined lonely, and none had signs of dementia at onset. Of them, about half had been living alone for at least three years, half were single or divorced, three of four had no social support, and one fifth reported feeling lonely.
The study found that people who felt lonely were 64% more likely to get dementia. Other markers of social isolation did not make a significant difference. But, loneliness itself is a serious risk factor for cognitive decline.
Loneliness may affect cognition and memory because the mind doesn't exercise them as often. Or, loneliness could be a sign of developing dementia, perhaps a sign that cellular changes are occurring the brain. Under either definition, feelings of loneliness are directly tied to our long-term cognitive health.
Holwerda, T., et al., "Feelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL)," J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, published online December 10, 2012.


The day of the dinner party I need to have a plan. I decided to compose an entertaining countdown sheet I could use before each dinner party.
I can look at it and know immediately what needs to be taken care of. Also, if someone wants to help, I can consult the list and assign them an activity.
And remember, few dinner parties are perfect, but even fewer are total disasters. So after the guests have left, sit down in your favorite chair, pour yourself about two fingers of wine, do a rewind of the evening and dwell on the highs, toast your efforts, and be generous with praise. You have pulled off a social event that your guests will remember for a long time, maybe forever. What better use could you make of your time?


text:
Q: Create a list of functions dynamically with stored variables? Hi I like to create a list of functions dynamically.  The only thing is that I have stored variables that I like to input as my function.  For example, say I have a named vector with color.
color = c("blue","red")
names ( color) = c("a","b")

Now I want to create a list of dynamic function returning the color.
c = list()

for ( n in names ( color)){
    c[[n]]= function ( x){
        return ( color[n])
    }
}

however as you can see it returns "color[n]" and not the evaluated value.
> c$a
function ( x){
        return ( color[n])
    }
<bytecode: 0x0000000105e0a108>

A: This answer uses the eval(parse(…)) construct, which has its flaws (What specifically are the dangers of eval(parse(...))?). But you could try:
for (n in names(color)) {
  c[[n]] <- eval(parse(text = sprintf("function(x) return(color['%s'])", n)))
}

c
# $`a`
# function (x)
# return(color["a"])

# $b
# function (x)
# return(color["b"])

c$a()
#      a
# "blue"

But as commenters (to your question, and elsewhere on SO) have suggested, there may be more elegant solutions to your problem, depending on your context and use case.

A: EDIT
I have realised based on the above answers that you want to have a function where you then probably want to pass further arguments.
Here is the code with eval(expr())-statement. It's maybe better readable than the above answers, but not really different.
c = list()
for ( n in names (color)){
  c[[n]]= eval(expr(function(x) {return(color[(!!n)])}))
}

A: Try  something like this:
color = c("blue","red")
names ( color) = c("a","b")

c = list()

for ( n in names ( color)){

  eval(
    parse(
      text = paste0(
        "
c[[n]]= function ( x){
    return ('", color[n],"')
  }"
      )
    )
  )
}
c$a
#> function ( x){
#>     return ('blue')
#>   }

Created on 2020-03-04 by the reprex package (v0.3.0)

A: Here's one method:
c = list()
for ( n in names ( color)) {
  c[[n]] <- (function(n) {
    force(n)
    function (x) return ( color[n])
  })(n)
}

Note this creates functions as you requested, which means you need to call then with () to get the values returned. For example
c$a()
#      a
# "blue"
c$b()
#     b
# "red"

Or it's even easier if you replace the for loop withMap`
c <- Map(function(n) {
  function(x) color[n]
}, names(color))

c$a()
#      a
# "blue"
c$b()
#     b
# "red"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


SELVAPIANA – Toscana Fornace 2012 94 points | $30 | 150 cases imported | Red This is settling in nicely, showing fine texture and balance, with black currant, cedar, mineral and spice flavors taking on the character of a maturing Bordeaux, yet this remains slightly wild and earthy, offering hints of licorice and tar on the long aftertaste. Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. Drink now through 2027. From Italy. — B.S.


text:
The EU-Israel Relationship
célia pascaud
kevin byrne
In relations with Israel, the EU is walking on eggshells. While their commercial and historic ties remain strong, there are numerous points of friction between Israel and the EU.
The straw that broke the camel's back
There are numerous examples of the discord that characterises the ambiguity of the relationship. Last February, the EU, who are the main source of funding for the Palestinian territories, granted E120 million in aid to Palestinians. This was just after Hamas, a movement labeled a 'terrorist organisation' by Brussels, swept the board in the country's recent general election. One week later, the Israeli Minister for Foreign Affairs, Tzipi Livni opted to block the transfer of tax revenues collected by the Israeli government on behalf of the Palestinian Authority to the new Palestinian government.
Solid agreements
Many agreements tie Israel and the EU; amongst them the new European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), adopted in December 2004. In the spreadsheet world of economics, the EU is Israel's number commercial trading partner with the total volume of trade in 2004 surpassing €15 billion. What's more, grants are awarded to Israeli film directors and scientific cooperation agreements are frequently signed.
In June 1980, in its Venice declaration, Europe showed its support for the peace process in the Middle East. In this document, the EU affirmed the right to self-determination for the Palestinian people and highlighted the illegality of the Israeli occupation of their territories. Since then, the EU has tried to achieve a resolution to the conflict through its participation in the 'quartet' (the US, the EU, the UN, and Russia) and by seeking to apply the road map for peace, through its special envoy in the region.
Tension mounts
Yet, the Israeli government doesn't always appreciate European meddling in their internal affairs. The EU frequently refers to the Israeli "separation wall" being built in the West Bank to protect the Jewish state from suicide bombers, as the "wall of shame". Indeed, the EU approved a 2004 UN resolution calling for its destruction. A deeper cause of discontent in the Israeli camp is the perception that Brussels has always shown itself to be more attentive to the suffering of Palestinians, than to the plight of the Israelis. It is this view which provokes strong feelings of injustice and resentment towards not only the institutions of the EU, but also its citizens. In 2003 a poll published by the Commission caused a clamour of indignation in the Jewish community when it revealed that 59% of Europeans sampled considered Israel, before both North Korea and Iran, as the biggest threat to world peace.
The temperature's rising
Israel's evacuation of 7,500 settlers from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank in the summer of 2005 elicited a thunder of applause from the international community, with none clapping louder than the EU. In an official speech in August 2005, the EU "praised the courage of Ariel Sharon, the then Israeli prime minister, and his government for having put in place a plan of disengagement […], an important step on the road map to peace."
Following Ariel Sharon's dramatic exit from Israeli politics, Ehud Olmert, the interim Israeli prime minister gave cause for hope when he expressed his desire to negotiate with Mahmoud Abbas, the leader of the Palestinian Authority. But after Hamas's victory in the general election, he made a rapid about turn: no negotiation was possible with "terrorists", unless Hamas disarmed and recognised Israel. It is at precisely this moment that Benita Ferrero-Waldner, the EU Commissioner for External Relations, announced a "very substantial package of assistance to the Palestinians to meet the basic needs" of the population, of which €17.5 million will be spent on the salaries of the transition government. Sagi Karni, a member of the Israeli diplomatic mission to the EU puts the grant into perspective, "it's first and foremost humanitarian aid. Israel marks a sharp distinction between the Palestinian people and the future Hamas government".
Despite this, in March last, as if to show his discontent, Ehud Olmert expressed his desire to set "the permanent borders of the state of Israel", without delay. No doubt a polite way of informing the international community that if negotiations with the Palestinians don't make rapid progress, the Israeli government is prepared to unilaterally impose the future boundaries of the region. The fact that members of the European parliament recently condemned the Israeli army's raid on a Palestinian prison in Jericho risks further fanning the flames of an already overheated relationship.
Translated from Face à l'Etat hébreu, l'UE marche sur des oeufs


March 3, 2015 - 9:30:08 p.m.
Additional details on Walter Reuben Tollis sent by Marita, much appreciated.
New details on the Tollis family sent by Carolyn in Australia, many thanks also 2 photos of Nathaniel William Tollis and his wife Esther.
NB. People that I do not have a death date for or are less than 99 years old, will be shown as private.
March 3, 2015 - 9:05:58 p.m.
Changes to Corporal Thomas Tollis name see below as verified by Steve Mangan. There are Tollis's in France, Italy and America. Some of the American Tollis family may be of Irish descent.. I have put all that I can find in the Family Tree database but there are many that are not linked currently.
Steve Mangan has found in National Archives at Kew Corporal Thomas Tollis original military pay and muster book entries, repatriated from Sydney. These pay books were completed monthly and list all soldiers in each Company in the same listed order. The National Archives file series is WO 12 / 9899 (25 June 1798 - 24 December 1799). They show quite conclusively that Corporal Thomas Tollis was originally Thomas Tolhurst. Month after month he is so named and numbered until suddenly in the record for the period 25 June - 24 July 1799, his name changes to Thomas Tollis.
There is no doubt that it is one and the same man because his companions either side of him on the list are all the same. The only change is the change in spelling of the name from Tolhurst to Tollis. It would appear that a deliberate decision was made by the recorder and/or Thomas Tolhurst himself that henceforth he should be known as Thomas Tollis.
I am guessing that the Kentish pronunciation of his name was the driver for the change in spelling. There are, as I am sure you are aware, numerous Tolhursts in Kent. The local Kentish manner of pronunciation could easily be heard as Tollis. The following details start from the Thomas Tollis a mason by trade who enlisted in the army at Maidstone, Kent on 12 January 1796 as a Private in the 20th Light Dragoons. He arrived at Port Jackson on the Ganges on 2 June 1797.
Thomas Tollis was born C 1777 presumably in Kent and died 25 July 1821.TT had a relationship, apparently de facto, with a convict named Elizabeth (Betty) Atkinson who was born c 1760 at Manchester and who arrived together with 96 female convicts on the Brittania on 18 July 1798 and seems to have died in Sydney c1806.. Betty was 38 years old and had been convicted of a minor felony for which she was sentenced to transportation to NSW for seven years.
This relationship produced one daughter named Elizabeth born c 1797 died in New Zealand on 25 March 1867. Corporal Thomas Tollis then met and subsequently married Ann Waters on 26 May 1812. Ann Waters was born in Scotland c 1785 and died 13 April 1821.
They had several children including Thomas born c 1808 died at Alexandria on 2 August 1880 and Harriot(t) born 18 June 1810 died pre 1832 married James Tierney 29 November 1824 - both of these children appear to have been born before Thomas and Ann were permitted to marry.
Then followed Ann born 1 March 1814 died ?? she married George Hely in 1831 and also George Grierson (or was this Gray?) c 1840, Samuel born 8 February 1816, Nathaniel born 16 May 1818 died 24 May 1860 (or should this be 1863?) and married Sophia Walford on 14 May 1836. Sophia was born c 1820 and died c 1905 (as Upton?) but stated as 19 March 1890 per Enid Bohlson ?, and Eliza who was born c 1821 and died 23 April 1821 close to the deaths of both her parents.
Current Tollis named families in the UK live in Yorkshire, London and Birmingham. Many thanks to the following people who have helped to compile the Tollis family tree. Ian Kenny, Enid Bohlsen, Bruce Hamilton Tollis, Michael S Tollis Kath Hansen and Trish Haselden. (I also have a copy of Enid Bohlsen's book regarding the Tollis family, which I have not had time to copy into the tree. Pictures on the gallery are from that book.
March 3, 2015 - 9:02:00 p.m.
I had heard of the King St. Mascot bicycle shop first from my mother who said that a cousin made a good bicycle; I did not give much thought to the family connection until a neighbour Don Strachan, became interested in Genealogy and it transpired he was a distant relative, sending me details of my family tree and so my interest in Tollis bicycles was rekindled. Whilst at the Wings and Wheels rally at Nowra in October 1995, Phil Westbrook also told me of the existence of the King St shop and the seed was sown-to track down and if possible acquire a piece of my family's history.
Donald Edwin Tollis (b 1887, d 1971) opened for business at his 210 King St Mascot shop in 1922-it also was the family residence, Russell was born there in 1916. Donald made all his bicycle frames by hand, using Reynolds and BTM (Aust.) tubing. These were mostly double-butted, lugs were Brampton brazed on with heating assisted by an old-fashioned bellows. An electric fan superseded the bellows in about 1937. Donald had served an appropriate Apprenticeship as he had worked for Bennett and Barkell (1916-18), Wynall Cycles (also Bennett and Barkell), then Bennett and Wood where he made frames for Speedwell Cycles (1918-22).
Russell made his bicycles until 1978 when he retired I can ride Russell's last Tollis any more then I know it will be safe in Annemarie's care-in the Bicycle Museum where enthusiasts can appreciate Russell's craftsmanship.
This family tree was last updated on February 25, 2017.


text:
Review: "Carnage" is a Mess
Published at 10:10 pm on December 14, 2011
If you've seen Yasmina Reza's play, "God of Carnage," there's little reason to see "Carnage," Roman Polanski's film adaptation of it. Actually, to be perfectly honest, if you value the way you spend unreclaimable hours and would prefer to keep a positive opinion of people like Jodie Foster, there's even less reason to see it.
When you get an assemblage of talent like Polanski, Foster, Christoph Waltz, Kate Winslet and John C. Reilly working on an adaptation of source material that won the Olivier and Tony Award for Best Play in 2009, you have to know expectations will be high and, thusly, so should be the quality of work. That overwhelming sense of effort straining every element might be what makes the play—we mean, film—wait, no, we do mean play—sag. Each dramatic moment is coated with the molasses of dramatic exertion forcing the film's four actors into the inescapable muck of a proscenium presentation that doesn't work as a cinematic experience.
One of the film's major problems is Reza's original play, which Polanski is inexplicably precious with, changing nothing between the stage and the screen. The story follows two well-to-do couples who meet to discuss the fallout over a schoolyard scuffle between their sons. Trapped in two rooms of a Park Slope apartment, the film should feel claustrophobic and tense. Instead, you keep wondering why Waltz and Winslet's characters are saying they're leaving, getting as far as the elevator several times, only to have them walk right back into the swirling drama of what is commonly known as "rich people problems." We'll tell you why: Because the movie/play would only be twenty minutes if anyone in it behaved like a normal human being. In order for the story's overblown histrionics—complete with projectile vomit—to play out, they can't possibly leave, no matter how much you may want them to, making it a feature film that clocks in at a laborious, grating and much-longer-feeling 80 minutes.
Foster is shrill and playing to the cheap seats, Reilly is out of his depth, and poor Winslet does what she can with what she's given. Only Waltz has room to play, but even his performance pales in comparison to Tony nominee Jeff Daniels', for those who have trudged through Reza's work in the past.
"Carnage" is as unlikeable as the people it portrays.
"Carnage" opens in limited release this Friday


text:
Q: Why does light reflect? Can anyone please explain why light reflects at the boundary between two regions with different impedances? This sounds very simple but I got confused when I tried to think of how light and atoms interact with one another at the boundary.
This question can actually be generalised to the reflection of all types of waves. I have to admit I have no understanding of the microscopic detail of reflection.

A: The way I would recommend you approach this question is to look at the derivation of Fresnel's Laws of Reflection, as is shown in detail at this link. The key here is that there must be a continuity of the electric field across the boundary between the regions of different refractive index - but since such regions have different amounts of polarization for the same electric field (that is pretty much the definition of relative dielectric constant...) the only way that this can happen is if part of the electric field "stays outside" while another part penetrates into the second medium. Which is what we call "partial reflection".

A: In addition to all that has been said, maybe the following will help the intuition:  The electrons around the atoms at the surface of the glass is set in vibration by the oscillating electric field of the light beam.  But a vibrating electric charge will itself send out an electromagnetic wave.  This secondary wave generated at the surface will propagate not only into the glass, but also into the air and give rise to the reflected beam.


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text:
namespace arg3
{
    namespace game
    {
        account::account() : playing_(nullptr)
        {
        }

        account::account(const account &account) : record(account), playing_(account.playing_)
        {
        }

        account::~account()
        {
        }

        account &account::operator=(const account &other)
        {
            record::operator=(other);
            playing_ = other.playing_;
            return *this;
        }

        void account::to_storage(storage_builder &obj) const
        {
            obj << COL_LOGIN << login();
            obj << COL_EMAIL << email();
            obj << COL_PASSWD << password();
        }

        void account::from_storage(const storage &obj)
        {
            set_login(obj[COL_LOGIN].str());
            set_email(obj[COL_EMAIL].str());
            set_password(obj[COL_PASSWD].str());
        }

        shared_ptr<account> account::find_by_login(const string &value)
        {
            auto res = db::find<account>(BSON(COL_LOGIN << value));

            if (res.size()) return res[0];

            return nullptr;
        }

        void account::set_playing(player_ptr value)
        {
            playing_ = value;
        }

        void account::set_login(const string &value)
        {
            set(COL_LOGIN, value);
        }

        string account::login() const
        {
            return get<string>(COL_LOGIN);
        }

        string account::email() const
        {
            return get<string>(COL_EMAIL);
        }

        void account::set_email(const string &value)
        {
            set(COL_EMAIL, value);
        }

        string account::password() const
        {
            return get<string>(COL_PASSWD);
        }

        void account::set_password(const string &value)
        {
            set(COL_PASSWD, value);
        }

        player_ptr account::playing()
        {
            return playing_;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Commercial plumbing systems are more complex than standard residential systems. They often times work harder and which has a higher speed. For this reason, they commonly experience problems; sometimes on an every day basis. As a commercial property owner, you will notice that ensure the structure is nearly code and maintaining a functional and safe plumbing system. Not only does this protect ignore the and prevent devastating disasters and costly repairs, it also protects visitors and employees, and a new safe and cozy environment any individual to record. Continue reading to learn some of the most common plumbing issues in commercial buildings, as well as, some helpful preventative maintenance tips.
There are a few areas that can experience leakages. Pipes, faucets, fixtures, and more can leak frauds defective or improperly used. The most common are faucet leaks, which typically occur by just a corroded rubber gasket or O-ring. Keep as your intended purpose that leaks can happen wherever there is a seam the actual plumbing. When seals wears off, loosens, or breaks, a leak can can come about. In extreme cases, cracks and ruptures in pipes are the main cause of water stains.
Water leaks are tricky because discovered that start very small, merely a single drip a minute, but then overtime, turn into a large, costly disaster. There are a common plumbing issue known as silent leaks, wherein water leaks are hidden. Overtime, silent leaks become worse because there's no-one to knowns about them and they're recyclable repaired. These types of leaks can, and often do, produce a significant quantity of structural decline. Toilets and underground piping are the most prevalent spots for silent water leaks.
Whether your commercial building is available the public, or just employees, the bathrooms acquire a lot of attention. To do this reason, plumbing clogs 're a common issue. Unfortunately, not everyone follows the rules of stuff like that to flush down the restroom when it isn't their own individual. Drains too frequently become clogged in bathrooms, but also in employee breakrooms, commercial kitchens, gyms, and businesses like groomers and salons. Things like food, paper, leaves, and grease, are contributory to clogged pipes.
Discuss good plumbing practices with people. For the general public, create posters to commit public restrooms and breakrooms demonstrating good plumbing techniques.
Find a pro plumber and consistently use them commercially all your commercial plumbing needs. Be certain they are state-licensed master plumbers with at least 10 many years of experience with commercial plumber.
Stick using a routine plumbing maintenance and service schedule to be sure efficient and dependable performance, and to catch small problems before they can turn into large providers.
As soon as you are aware of an issue, understand resolved straightaway. When it comes to plumbing, small problems turns into big ones, overnight. Along with the bigger the problem, the most expensive and invasive it is to have it repaired.


You will melt to the bright night.
The moon will lead you.
Just hold a hand with the moon.
You can fly in the sky.
You will wandering with plenty of stars in the bright night.
Then You will find the sun.
Don't be scared to fly.
The stars will help you.


text:
Klaus Dinger (n. 24 martie 1946 – d. 21 martie 2008) a fost un muzician și textier german cel mai cunoscut pentru contribuțiile sale în importanta trupă de krautrock, Neu!. Mai puțin știut este faptul că Dinger a fost și percuționist în Kraftwerk dar și chitarist și principal textier al formației new wave, La Düsseldorf.

Discografie
 Neondian (cu Rhenita Bella Dusseldorf - 1985)

Note

Nașteri în 1946
Muzicieni germani
Decese în 2008

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Zulily co-founders Darrell Cavens and Mark Vadon invest in identity verification technology startup Vouched
Vouched investor Darrell Cavens (left) and Vouched CEO John Baird. (Provide photos)
guaranteeIs a Seattle startup that helps companies verify their identities. It has received $4.5 million in investment from investors, including Darrell Cavins with Mark Watton, The co-founder of e-commerce giant Zulily.
This is a vote of confidence cast for the three-year-old company that was spun off from the accelerator Madrona Venture Labs of the Madrona Venture Group in Seattle.
Cavens is the CEO of Zulily, which was sold to QVC parent company Liberty Interactive in 2015 for $2.4 billion. He previously invested in Vouched and led the most recent round of financing.
"The world is becoming more and more digital every day, and security is a topic of concern to every business and consumer," Cavins told GeekWire. "Solutions that go beyond simple authentication and passwords are the future-and Vouched can play a key role in it."
Vouched uses artificial intelligence to help more than 150 companies in various industries verify the identities of their customers, clients, and contractors. Its software analyzes the images of photo IDs, including passports and driving licenses. This technology compares user's selfies to confirm identity. It also checks text such as addresses.
The idea is to provide a person's fraud detection in real time. Use cases include KYC (Know Your Customers) in banking; job screening; gig economy recruitment; non-contact hotel stays; and more. Vouched aims to do something for identity verification, just like Stripe does for online payment.
A large number of competitors are also developing related authentication technologies, including Vancouver-based Trulioo, which raised US$394 million in June, Seattle-based AuthenticID, which raised US$100 million last month, and OCR Labs, which just improve 15 million U.S. dollars. As companies move processes online, the demand from these companies has increased during the pandemic.
What makes Vouched unique is that its patent-pending computer vision software can check various risk factors. "Vouched is fully self-service and developer first," the CEO added John Baird, Former executive officer of Blue Nile and WE Communications.He founded this company John Cao, Who is the chief technology officer, but Announce He left earlier this month.
Other supporters include angel investors such as Bankers Healthcare Group, Professional Bank, Flying Fish Partners, Ascend.vc and Jove CEO Dave Atchison, Mike Porter, Callisto Vice President of Media Brian Watkins, Rotating CFO Jesse Timmermans, with Vijay Tawar, Chief Executive Officer of Foot Locker Europe, Middle East and Africa. The total capital of the 20-person company is US$12 million.
"Darrell and Mark are legendary industry disruptors and builders," Baird said in a press release. "Our strategic partners in banking and law will also become important partners in our efforts to accelerate Vouched's global identity platform: banks, because it powers all economic activities, and every transaction depends on identity, and it's legal because of it. Defines the identity."
Vadon was previously the chairman of Zulily and online pet retailer Chewy. He founded Blue Nile, an online jewelry company, in 1999; Cavins joined shortly thereafter as chief technology officer.
Both Cavens and Vadon recently invested in another Seattle startup, Rad Power Bikes, in March.


text:
(LEAD) Parties fail to agree on parliamentary committee formation
All News 14:58 July 09, 2018
(ATTN: RECASTS headline, lead; ADDS more info throughout)
SEOUL, July 9 (Yonhap) -- South Korea's political parties failed Monday to reach an agreement over the formation of parliamentary standing committees, dashing hopes for normalizing the operation of the National Assembly.
The floor leaders of the ruling and opposition parties met earlier in the day to conclude negotiations over how to form the 18 committees for the second half of the 20th National Assembly's four-year term.
The parties started consultations in late June even though the former speaker's two-year term ended in May. Opposition parties have also been grappling with their resounding defeat in the June 13 local elections.
But their talks broke down mainly because both the ruling Democratic Party (DP) and the main opposition Liberty Korea Party (LKP) wanted to take the chair of the Legislation and Judiciary Committee, a key panel for the passage of bills.
The vice floor leaders of the rival parties will continue negotiations in the afternoon to fine-tune divided opinions about the distributions of key committees.
"The parties could not wrap up the talks as the ruling party did not show any compromise," said Kim Sung-tae, the floor leader of the LKP. He claimed on his Facebook page that the presidential office Cheong Wa Dae may be behind the DP's stance.
The LKP insisted that it should lead the judiciary committee to prevent the DP from wielding excessive influence on parliament at a time when the ruling party commands 130 seats in the 300-member National Assembly.
Hong Young-pyo, the floor leader of the DP, lashed out at Kim's claim that Cheong Wa Dae has probably ordered the DP to stick to the judiciary committee's chair.
The minor opposition Bareunmirae Party (BP) suggested that the LKP would lead the judiciary committee, given the practice of letting the major opposition party take the post while setting up an institutional framework to limit the judiciary committee's authority.
"The committee allocation and an improvement in the system will be discussed together. Then, I think that the talks will likely gather pace," Kim Kwan-young, the BP's floor leader, said.
If the talks go smoothly, the DP is expected to lead the House Steering Committee, in line with the tradition of allowing the ruling party's floor leader to take the post. It is a key committee that handles the parliament's overall operations and oversees the presidential office.
Currently, the LKP holds the post of the chief of the steering committee as the Saenuri Party, the LKP's predecessor, was the ruling party back in 2016, when the committee formation was decided.
sooyeon@yna.co.kr


text:
La  des Tony Awards a eu lieu le  au Minskoff Theatre de Broadway et fut retransmise sur CBS. La cérémonie récompensait les productions de Broadway en cours pendant la saison 1994-1995.

Cérémonie
La cérémonie a été présentée par Glenn Close, Gregory Hines et Nathan Lane.

Prestations
Le numéro d'ouverture "Broadway Songs We've Never Done, and Never Will" fut chanté par Gregory Hines et Nathan Lane.

Lors de la soirée, plusieurs personnalités se sont succédé pour la présentation des prix dont ; Maria Conchita Alonso, Lauren Bacall, Alec Baldwin, Carol Burnett, Red Buttons, Walter Cronkite, Jim Dale, Laurence Fishburne, Gloria Foster, Michele Lee, Lonette McKee, Robert Morse, Sarah Jessica Parker, Jon Secada, Patrick Stewart, Elaine Stritch, Marlo Thomas, Kathleen Turner, Joan Van Ark.

Plusieurs spectacles musicaux présentèrent quelques numéros en live :
Smokey Joe's Cafe - "On Broadway" - Les Hommes ;
How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying - "Brotherhood of Man" - Matthew Broderick, Lillias White et la troupe ;
Show Boat -  "Kim's Charleston" - Elaine Stritch, Tammy Amerson et la troupe;
Sunset Boulevard - "As If We Never Said Goodbye - Glenn Close et la troupe.

Un numéro spécial "Broadway Across America" fut présenté par : Buskers à San Francisco ("Busker Alley" - Tommy Tune et la troupe); Master Class à Los Angeles (Scène avec Zoe Caldwell et Audra McDonald) ; Grease à Boston ("We Go Together" - La troupe) ; Hello, Dolly! à San Diego.

Palmarès

Autres récompenses
Le Regional Theatre Tony Award a été décerné à Goodspeed Opera House, le Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre à National Endowment for the Arts, le Special Tony Award à Carol Channing et Harvey Sabinson.

Références

Lien externe

1995 aux États-Unis
Juin 1995
Distinction attribuée en 1995
49


text:
Q: Yeoman generator : Copy directories and renaming them I am new with Yeoman generator and manage to create a generator that generates a project from a template. However, my template folder contains directories and is it possible to rename the directory based on certain input or template pattern just like the file content ?
Following are my template directories.
dc_compid_sid
- db
- tool_compid_sid
- js_compid_sid
I would like to rename compid and sid when copy is done with the input values.
Following is my write code.
    this.fs.copyTpl(
    this.templatePath(),
    this.destinationPath(),
     {
        compid : this.answers.compid,
        sid :   this.answers.sid
     }
    );

I read the documentation in Yeoman, mem-fs that allows copy options that eludes, this is possible with arguments passing in. However, I am new in nodejs/javascript coding and there is not many examples that I can rely on.
Hope somebody can help and guide.
Thanks.
Anand Muthu


In celebration of Back-to-School time, I've been working on a few special projects to share with you throughout the month!
The first project is a 21-page download called "Learning Bags, Baskets, and Boxes: 15 Inexpensive and Easy-To-Make Activities for Little Kids." It includes simple learning activities you can easily make for your preschool to early elementary-aged children. It is based around the idea of Learning Bags (which are also called Busy Bags). You probably have most of the supplies on hand already. If not, you can purchase the book and all of the supplies needed to make the activities for under $10 (if you are a bargain shopper)!!
Update: The free giveaway has ended. My eBook is now available for just $0.99. Click the button above to download it and order! Thanks so much!
As I'm still trying to grow my email subscription list, I'm giving this free download to my email subscribers. You can either sign-up for my full email newsletter (includes all posts from Kids, Deals, and Living sections of the blog in one daily email) or you can sign-up to receive only the Kids posts. Once you've signed up, you'll need to verify your subscription and wait for the next email to come out (usually in the afternoon between 3-5 PM)! You can find the link for the eBook under each post in the newsletter.
In addition to the free eBook, it's also a great time to become a subscriber, because there is a Diamond Candle giveaway (with a ring worth $10 to $5000 hidden inside!) during August.
Hello, keep up the great work, I would like to test the christian curriculum, what do I need to do? Thanks.
Hi, Maribel! I will be sharing more next week (when I figure it all out!), but all you have to do is be an email subscriber and you'll receive links to the lesson plans each week! I'm still getting everything set, but I just wanted to give everyone a heads up!
Awesome! Looking forward to the all the lesson plan links! Thanks and love your newsletters!
Quick question – is there a way to get your book if I'm already subscribed? I'd love to have it!
As long as you get the email newsletter, you'll see a link below each post that says "Follow the links for your FREE subscriber printables:". Just click on the link to download the book! Thanks!
This little ebook sounds very interesting. Thx.
It's just a regular PDF file, so you should be able to read it on a Mac. If you follow the directions I shared above: Subscribe to the email newsletter and then verify your subscription, you will be able to find it below each post in the email! Hope that helps!
How do people who already receive your email newsletter get the eBook? I tried to read every word of the blog but did not see where existing followers by email could download the ebook. Thank you, take care.
P S I do enjoy your blog as I have 9 great-grandchildren under 9 and always looking for new ideas to do with them.
When the email newsletter comes this afternoon, look under the first post (or any post). You'll see something that says: "Follow the links for your FREE subscriber printables:" Just click on the link right below it for the download! Hope that helps!
If we are already a subscriber but have shared this post with others, are we eligible to get the free ebook? I shared the link on Twitter. The book sounds great! I have been working for a better part of the summer trying to come up with ideas for activities for my toddler.
I can't wait for the preschool curriculum! I'm trying to do preschool at home and have so many ideas floating around.
Such good stuff! Thank you for sharing it with all of us.
ohhh looking forward to checking out your preschool lessons 🙂 Thanks for sharing.
Thank you so much. I am so excited about finding your site. I can't wait to explore some more:) Thanks for sharing.
Thanks. I can't wait to see more posts. You're a blessing!
Thanks, Valerie! Feel free to let me know if there is anything else you'd like to see. I'm always looking for new ideas!
Hi, Carrie! My website has been running slowly lately. You can try this link: https://www.motherhoodonadime.com/subscribe-to-motherhood-on-a-dime/ to see if one of those works for you. Otherwise, you might try a different browser like Chrome or Firefox. Hope that helps!
Well. I thought it worked, but then I tried to confirm subscription and got a 404 error. I am using Chrome. Now, I went back to try and subscribe again and all of the links, including the one you listed above are giving me a 404 error. I am sorry to be a pain. I really would love to subscribe to get some great ideas and also love that ebook offer. Any other suggestions? Thanks!


text:
Locanda Cipriani Hotel, Venice
Piazza Santa Fosca, 29, 30142 Torcello VE, Italy (show on map)
"All the cachet but none of the crowds is what's on offer at this gloriously relaxed island retreat, far out in the lagoon on semi-deserted Torcello. It's a stay unlike any other in Venice — and because of its distance, it's more suited to regular visitors who want to experience lagoon life."
This an aggregated customer review rating of Locanda Cipriani Hotel, Venice. We have taken customer review ratings from hotel booking sites, search engines, the official hotel website and other travel platforms. This is the average of all those ratings. We only list places that have a customer review rating of at least 4.0 out of 5.0
Ranked 11th in Venice
This luxury hotel is situated on 29 Piazza Santa Fosca in the lively Torcello district of Venice where it offers the best of hospitality services and amenities. The hotel offers tourists and travelers in the city of Venice the ideal temporary home.
Locanda Cipriani Hotel is situated in an excellent location where it offers proximity to some fascinating and exciting places in the city. The hotel staff is very friendly; they will ensure that guests feel welcome and settle comfortably in their new environment. The hotel is highly rated for its warm welcome.
The hotel offers chic room and accommodation options such as Single Room and Double or Twin Room. These rooms are fitted with fine furniture and furnished with modern décor.
Several places of interest and landmarks are situated near the hotel while the hotel offers a nearness to major transport links and hubs. The ferry terminal links of Venice is just 500 m away from the hotel while Burano is a little over 1 km away from the hotel. Le Vignole is about 7 km away from the hotel.
Rooms in this fine hotel are fitted with standard amenities such as free Wi-Fi for high-speed internet access, a flat-screen TV with satellite channels, air conditioning, and a premium bed. The rooms also come with a private bathroom with thoughtful touches such as free toiletries, showers, bath and bathroom slippers.
A sweet, stylish, and savory breakfast is served daily on the hotel premises.
Other Venice hotels
Boutique Hotel Novecento, Venice
"Sporting a boho-chic look, the Novocento is a real charmer. Its nine individually designed rooms ooze style with Turkish kilim pillows, Fortuny draperies and 19th-century carved bedsteads."
Hotel Locanda Vivaldi, Venice
"Most of the 27 rooms have views — either of the side canal or the lagoon itself. The look is traditional — heavy drapes and deep colors — and for those wanting a more home-from- home experience, the hotel also has a hot tub-equipped apartment, Ca' Bollani, in an adjacent building."
Hotel Avogaria 5 Rooms, Venice
"What started out as a restaurant has turned into a design-led, five-room residence on a quiet side street on the far end of Dorsoduro, near the San Basilio vaporetto stop. Owner Francesco Pugliese has opted for a modern take on traditional Venetian flounce."
€118£105$146¥15476C$113A$113HK$1143S$192SFr137¥927kr1204kr881kr1137
Hotel Excelsior, Venice
CNN + 1 more
"The grand dame of the Lido island, built in 1908, the Excelsior is the single focus for the glamorous Venice Film Festival — little wonder, when it has a swish private beach, restaurant with sweeping views of the Adriatic, and decadent Moorish design in the guestrooms to match the turreted, tumbling façade."


A great time was had by all at our 2017 Christmas Party - book your place for the 2018 party now!
Fabulous singer Diane Moore belted out some of our favourite songs. We were also honoured to have 2 young gentlemen from our local ATC in attendance.
Craft & Art Classes every week.
The Meeting Place for the over Fifty Fives in Sawbridgeworth.
Art, Craft, Bingo, Whist, Outings, Keep Fit, Holidays, Lunches, Refreshment, Shopping Trips, Quizzes and much more... You're welcome to come and join us!
We are open 9.30am to 4.30pm Monday to Friday and 10am - 12 Noon Saturday.
Join us on the first Saturday of every month for our now famous Bacon Rolls. No need to book, just drop in between 9.30am and 12 Noon -Saturday 6th April 2019!
Receive a warm welcome from our famous Queen of bacon rolls, Pat, along with our team of merry volunteers who are waiting to say hello & provide you with delicious locally sourced bacon rolls and hot drinks. Come along and meet new and old friends at the warm and comfortable Hailey Centre.
Tuesday 9th April 2019 / 2.15-4.00pm / Cost £4.00 to include light refreshments.
Tesco Bus/Range/Home Bargains - Wednesday 3rd April Sainsbury Bus - Wednesday 17th April £3.50 per person - please book in the office.
If you'd like to use one (or both!) of the shopping buses, please book your place in the office with either Kerry or Deb. (You can also book by phoning (01279) 721221). You will be dropped off at home with your shopping around mid-morning. Please be ready for pick up at 9.00am.
Join us for a trip to the beautiful Beth Chatto Gardens. Meet at The Hailey Centre for a 10am departure, returning about 5pm. Cost is only £23 – which includes entrance fee to the Gardens. There is a Tea Room selling seasonal lunches and home-made scones and cakes to enjoy. If you'd like to join us please call in to the office to book your place.
Come along and join us for an hour of chair based fitness and fun with the lovely Elsie. Make new friends, enjoys some laughs whilst improving your all round fitness and mobility levels.
Exercises designed to suit all abilities.
Are you an established hobby artist or just looking to explore how to get started in drawing or painting ?
We have a very friendly bunch attending the club who will offer a very warm welcome and support to any new joiners.
Enjoy a delicious home cooked nutritional two course meal, made on the premises from scratch by our team every Monday, Wednesday and Friday lunchtime from 12.30pm. Our fabulous volunteers will look after you – so you'll soon feel that you are out for lunch with a great group of friends! £5.50 including tea or coffee. It's easy to book – just pop in to the office and speak to Kerry or Deb.
Come along to our friendly Club where new members are made very welcome, even if they have never played before. Our existing members will be only too happy to help you to get started until you pick up the basics of the game. As we have around 20 players attending each Whist Drive, you can either come along on your own or, if you prefer, bring some friends with you.
Come along and experience the fringe.yoga method with the lovely Elsie, who'll help and guide you. Yoga is an ancient form of exercise that focuses on strength, flexibility, balance and breathing to boost physical and mental wellbeing, with some research showing that it is popular with people with arthritis for its gentle way of promoting flexibility and strength. Due to the popularity of the class, we have added an additional session – 12.30 to 1.30pm.
We are delighted to welcome back to The Hailey Centre the fab team at Hertswise, a service designed with people living with dementia, low level memory loss or mild cognitive impairment, and their friends, family and carers. It's provided by a partnership of community and voluntary groups to ensure they can provide the kind of support that you need.
Can you help us to provide a valuable service to our community?
The Hailey Centre needs your help! If you can spare an hour or two on Thursdays to help us out at lunchtime (between 12 and 2pm) please get in touch. We serve lunch to 20-30 people on average and as you can imagine that's a lot of clearing and washing up! If you do want to help us to provide this valuable service to our lovely over-55's, please get in touch with Sue or Deb (Hailey Centre telephone number: 01279 721221). We understand that you all have lots to do too, so a once a month commitment (at your convenience) would still be much appreciated!
Delighted to share that Elsie will be running 2 classes on a Thursday morning. All ages welcome!
Join us on Friday 30th August for our annual Charity Race Night. Tickets will include entrance fee and Fish & Chip Supper. Please feel free to bring your own alcoholic drinks.


[origin: US2007287272A1] Epitaxial layers are selectively formed in semiconductor windows by a cyclical process of repeated blanket deposition and selective etching. The blanket deposition phases leave non-epitaxial material over insulating regions, such as field oxide, and the selective etch phases preferentially remove non-epitaxial material while deposited epitaxial material builds up cycle-by-cycle. Quality of the epitaxial material improves relative to selective processes where no deposition occurs on insulators. Use of a germanium catalyst during the etch phases of the process aid etch rates and facilitate economical maintenance of isothermal and/or isobaric conditions throughout the cycles. Throughput and quality are improved by use of trisilane, formation of amorphous material over the insulating regions and minimizing the thickness ratio of amorphous:epitaxial material in each deposition phase.


text:
(Redirected from Social welfare provision)
This article is about government support for the well-being of people and society. For other uses, see Welfare (disambiguation).
"Social welfare" redirects here. For conceptual models of societal well-being, see Social welfare function.
Welfare is a type of government support for the citizens of that society. Welfare may be provided to people of any income level, as with social security (and is then often called a social safety net), but it is usually intended to ensure that people can meet their basic human needs such as food and shelter. Welfare attempts to provide a minimal level of well-being, usually either a free- or a subsidized-supply of certain goods and social services, such as healthcare, education, and vocational training.[1]
A welfare state is a political system wherein the State assumes responsibility for the health, education, and welfare of society. The system of social security in a welfare state provides social services, such as universal medical care, unemployment insurance for workers, financial aid, free post-secondary education for students, subsidized public housing, and pensions (sickness, incapacity, old-age), etc.[1] In 1952, with the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention (nr. 102), the International Labour Organization (ILO) formally defined the social contingencies covered by social security.
The first welfare state was Imperial Germany (1871–1918), where the Bismarck government introduced social security in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, Great Britain introduced social security around 1913, and adopted the welfare state with the National Insurance Act 1946, during the Attlee government (1945–51).[1] In the countries of western Europe, Scandinavia, and Australasia, social welfare is mainly provided by the government out of the national tax revenues, and to a lesser extent by non-government organizations (NGOs), and charities (social and religious).[1]
TerminologyEdit
In the U.S., welfare program is the general term for government support of the well-being of poor people, and the term social security refers to the US social insurance program for retired and disabled people. In other countries, the term social security has a broader definition, which refers to the economic security that a society offers when people are sick, disabled, and unemployed. In the U.K., government use of the term welfare includes help for poor people and benefits, including specific social services such as help in finding employment.[2]
Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs c. 1710.
In the Roman Empire, the first emperor Augustus provided the Cura Annonae or grain dole for citizens who could not afford to buy food every month. Social welfare was enlarged by the Emperor Trajan.[3] Trajan's program brought acclaim from many, including Pliny the Younger.[4] The Song dynasty government (c.1000AD in China) supported multiple programs which could be classified as social welfare, including the establishment of retirement homes, public clinics, and paupers' graveyards. According to economist Robert Henry Nelson, "The medieval Roman Catholic Church operated a far-reaching and comprehensive welfare system for the poor..."[5][6]
Early welfare programs in Europe included the English Poor Law of 1601, which gave parishes the responsibility for providing welfare payments to the poor.[7] This system was substantially modified by the 19th-century Poor Law Amendment Act, which introduced the system of workhouses.
Public assistance programs were not called welfare until the early 20th century when the term was quickly adopted to avoid the negative connotations that had become associated with older terms such as charity.[8]
It was predominantly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that an organized system of state welfare provision was introduced in many countries. Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany, introduced one of the first welfare systems for the working classes. In Great Britain the Liberal government of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and David Lloyd George introduced the National Insurance system in 1911,[9] a system later expanded by Clement Attlee. The United States inherited England's poor house laws and has had a form of welfare since before it won its independence[citation needed]. During the Great Depression, when emergency relief measures were introduced under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Roosevelt's New Deal focused predominantly on a program of providing work and stimulating the economy through public spending on projects, rather than on cash payment.
Modern welfare states include Germany, France, the Netherlands,[10] as well as the Nordic countries, such as Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland[11] which employ a system known as the Nordic model. Esping-Andersen classified the most developed welfare state systems into three categories; Social Democratic, Conservative, and Liberal.[12]
In the Islamic world, Zakat (charity), one of the Five Pillars of Islam, has been collected by the government since the time of the Rashidun caliph Umar in the 7th century. The taxes were used to provide income for the needy, including the poor, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. According to the Islamic jurist Al-Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–111), the government was also expected to store up food supplies in every region in case a disaster or famine occurred.[13][14] (See Bayt al-mal for further information.)
The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report on The Changing Nature of Work[15] considers whether traditional social assistance models continue to be appropriate given that, in 2018, 8 in 10 people in developing countries still receive no social assistance while 6 in 10 work informally beyond the government's reach.
FormsEdit
Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, or housing assistance. Welfare systems differ from country to country, but welfare is commonly provided to individuals who are unemployed, those with illness or disability, the elderly, those with dependent children, and veterans. A person's eligibility for welfare may also be constrained by means testing or other conditions.
Provision and fundingEdit
Welfare is provided by governments or their agencies, by private organizations, or a combination of both. Funding for welfare usually comes from general government revenue, but when dealing with charities or NGOs, donations may be used. Some countries run conditional cash transfer welfare programs where payment is conditional on behavior of the recipients.[16][17][18][19]
Welfare systemsEdit
Further information: Welfare state
AustraliaEdit
Main article: Social security in Australia
Prior to 1900 in Australia, charitable assistance from benevolent societies, sometimes with financial contributions from the authorities, was the primary means of relief for people not able to support themselves.[20] The 1890s economic depression and the rise of the trade unions and the Labor parties during this period led to a movement for welfare reform.[21]
In 1900, the states of New South Wales and Victoria enacted legislation introducing non-contributory pensions for those aged 65 and over. Queensland legislated a similar system in 1907 before the Australian labor Commonwealth government led by Andrew Fisher introduced a national aged pension under the Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908. A national invalid disability pension was started in 1910, and a national maternity allowance was introduced in 1912.[20][22]
During the Second World War, Australia under a labor government created a welfare state by enacting national schemes for: child endowment in 1941 (superseding the 1927 New South Wales scheme); a widows' pension in 1942 (superseding the New South Wales 1926 scheme); a wife's allowance in 1943; additional allowances for the children of pensioners in 1943; and unemployment, sickness, and special benefits in 1945 (superseding the Queensland 1923 scheme).[20][22]
CanadaEdit
Main article: Social programs in Canada
Canada has a welfare state in the European tradition; however, it is not referred to as "welfare", but rather as "social programs". In Canada, "welfare" usually refers specifically to direct payments to poor individuals (as in the American usage) and not to healthcare and education spending (as in the European usage).[23]
The Canadian social safety net covers a broad spectrum of programs, and because Canada is a federation, many are run by the provinces. Canada has a wide range of government transfer payments to individuals, which totaled $145 billion in 2006.[24] Only social programs that direct funds to individuals are included in that cost; programs such as medicare and public education are additional costs.
Generally speaking, before the Great Depression, most social services were provided by religious charities and other private groups. Changing government policy between the 1930s and 1960s saw the emergence of a welfare state, similar to many Western European countries. Most programs from that era are still in use, although many were scaled back during the 1990s as government priorities shifted towards reducing debt and deficits.
DenmarkEdit
Danish welfare is handled by the state through a series of policies (and the like) that seeks to provide welfare services to citizens, hence the term welfare state. This refers not only to social benefits, but also tax-funded education, public child care, medical care, etc. A number of these services are not provided by the state directly, but administered by municipalities, regions or private providers through outsourcing. This sometimes gives a source of tension between the state and municipalities, as there is not always consistency between the promises of welfare provided by the state (i.e. parliament) and local perception of what it would cost to fulfill these promises.
Main articles: Poverty in France, Social protection in France, French Fifth Risk Plan, Revenu de solidarité active, and Revenu minimum d'insertion
Solidarity is a strong value of the French Social Protection system. The first article of the French Code of Social Security describes the principle of solidarity. Solidarity is commonly comprehended in relations of similar work, shared responsibility and common risks. Existing solidarities in France caused the expansion of health and social security.[25][26][27]
GermanyEdit
Main articles: Welfare in Germany and Hartz_concept § Hartz_IV
The welfare state has a long tradition in Germany dating back to the industrial revolution. Due to the pressure of the workers' movement in the late 19th century, Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck introduced the first rudimentary state social insurance scheme. Under Adolf Hitler, the National Socialist Program stated "We demand an expansion on a large scale of old age welfare". Today, the social protection of all its citizens is considered a central pillar of German national policy. 27.6 percent of Germany's GDP is channeled into an all-embracing system of health, pension, accident, longterm care and unemployment insurance, compared to 16.2 percent in the US. In addition, there are tax-financed services such as child benefits (Kindergeld, beginning at €192 per month for the first and second child, €198 for the third and €223 for each child thereafter, until they attain 25 years or receive their first professional qualification),[28] and basic provisions for those unable to work or anyone with an income below the poverty line.[29]
Since 2005, reception of full unemployment pay (60–67% of the previous net salary) has been restricted to 12 months in general and 18 months for those over 55. This is now followed by (usually much lower) Arbeitslosengeld II (ALG II) or Sozialhilfe, which is independent of previous employment (Hartz IV concept).
Under ALG II, a single person receives €391 per month plus the cost of 'adequate' housing and health insurance. ALG II can also be paid partially to supplement a low work income.
Main article: Italian welfare state
The Italian welfare state's foundations were laid along the lines of the corporatist-conservative model, or of its Mediterranean variant.[citation needed] Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, increases in public spending and a major focus on universality brought it on the same path as social-democratic systems. In 1978, a universalistic welfare model was introduced in Italy, offering a number of universal and free services such as a National Health Fund.[30]
JapanEdit
Main article: Welfare in Japan
Social welfare, assistance for the ill or otherwise disabled and for the old, has long been provided in Japan by both the government and private companies. Beginning in the 1920s, the government enacted a series of welfare programs, based mainly on European models, to provide medical care and financial support. During the postwar period, a comprehensive system of social security was gradually established.[31][32]
Latin AmericaEdit
The 1980s marked a change in the structure of Latin American social protection programs. Social protection embraces three major areas: social insurance, financed by workers and employers; social assistance to the population's poorest, financed by the state; and labor market regulations to protect worker rights.[33] Although diverse, recent Latin American social policy has tended to concentrate on social assistance.
The 1980s had a significant effect on social protection policies. Prior to the 1980s, most Latin American countries focused on social insurance policies involving formal sector workers, assuming that the informal sector would disappear with economic development. The economic crisis of the 1980s and the liberalization of the labor market led to a growing informal sector and a rapid increase in poverty and inequality. Latin American countries did not have the institutions and funds to properly handle such a crisis, both due to the structure of the social security system, and to the previously implemented structural adjustment policies (SAPs) that had decreased the size of the state.
New Welfare programs have integrated the multidimensional, social risk management, and capabilities approaches into poverty alleviation. They focus on income transfers and service provisions while aiming to alleviate both long- and short-term poverty through, among other things, education, health, security, and housing. Unlike previous programs that targeted the working class, new programs have successfully focused on locating and targeting the very poorest.
The impacts of social assistance programs vary between countries, and many programs have yet to be fully evaluated. According to Barrientos and Santibanez, the programs have been more successful in increasing investment in human capital than in bringing households above the poverty line. Challenges still exist, including the extreme inequality levels and the mass scale of poverty; locating a financial basis for programs; and deciding on exit strategies or on the long-term establishment of programs.[33]
1980s impactsEdit
The economic crisis of the 1980s led to a shift in social policies, as understandings of poverty and social programs evolved (24). New, mostly short-term programs emerged. These include:[34]
Argentina: Jefes y Jefas de Hogar, Asignación Universal por Hijo
Bolivia: Bonosol
Brazil: Bolsa Escola and Bolsa Familia
Chile: Chile Solidario
Colombia: Solidaridad por Colombia
Ecuador: Bono de Desarrollo Humano
Honduras: Red Solidaria
Mexico: Prospera (earlier known as Oportunidades)
Panama: Red de Oportunidades
Peru: Juntos
Major aspects of current social assistance programsEdit
Conditional cash transfer (CCT) combined with service provisions. Transfer cash directly to households, most often through the women of the household, if certain conditions are met (e.g. children's school attendance or doctor visits) (10). Providing free schooling or healthcare is often not sufficient, because there is an opportunity cost for the parents in, for example, sending children to school (lost labor power), or in paying for the transportation costs of getting to a health clinic.
Household. The household has been the focal point of social assistance programs.
Target the poorest. Recent programs have been more successful than past ones in targeting the poorest. Previous programs often targeted the working class.
Multidimensional. Programs have attempted to address many dimensions of poverty at once. Chile Solidario is the best example.
New ZealandEdit
Main article: Welfare in New Zealand
New Zealand is often regarded as having one of the first comprehensive welfare systems in the world. During the 1890s a Liberal government adopted many social programmes to help the poor who had suffered from a long economic depression in the 1880s. One of the most far reaching was the passing of tax legislation that made it difficult for wealthy sheep farmers to hold onto their large land holdings. This and the invention of refrigeration led to a farming revolution where many sheep farms were broken up and sold to become smaller dairy farms. This enabled thousands of new farmers to buy land and develop a new and vigorous industry that has become the backbone of New Zealand's economy to this day. This liberal tradition flourished with increased enfranchisement for indigenous Maori in the 1880s and women. Pensions for the elderly, the poor and war casualties followed, with State-run schools, hospitals and subsidized medical and dental care. By 1960 New Zealand was able to afford one of the best-developed and most comprehensive welfare systems in the world, supported by a well-developed and stable economy.
SwedenEdit
Main articles: Welfare in Sweden and Social security in Sweden
Social welfare in Sweden is made up of several organizations and systems dealing with welfare. It is mostly funded by taxes, and executed by the public sector on all levels of government as well as private organizations. It can be separated into three parts falling under three different ministries; social welfare, falling under the responsibility of Ministry of Health and Social Affairs; education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Research and labor market, under the responsibility of Ministry of Employment.[35]
Government pension payments are financed through an 18.5% pension tax on all taxed incomes in the country, which comes partly from a tax category called a public pension fee (7% on gross income), and 30% of a tax category called employer fees on salaries (which is 33% on a netted income). Since January 2001 the 18.5% is divided in two parts: 16% goes to current payments, and 2.5% goes into individual retirement accounts, which were introduced in 2001. Money saved and invested in government funds, and IRAs for future pension costs, are roughly 5 times annual government pension expenses (725/150).
United KingdomEdit
Main article: Welfare state in the United Kingdom
UK Government welfare expenditure 2011–12
State pension (46.32%)
Housing Benefit (10.55%)
Disability Living Allowance (7.87%)
Pension Credit (5.06%)
Income Support (4.31%)
Rent rebates (3.43%)
Attendance Allowance (3.31%)
Jobseeker's Allowance (3.06%)
Incapacity Benefit (3.06%)
Council Tax Benefit (3%)
Other (10.03%)[36]
The United Kingdom has a long history of welfare, notably including the English Poor laws which date back to 1536. After various reforms to the program, which involved workhouses, it was eventually abolished and replaced with a modern system by laws such as National Assistance Act 1948.
In more recent times, comparing the Cameron–Clegg coalition's austerity measures with the Opposition's, the respected Financial Times commentator Martin Wolf commented that the "big shift from Labour ... is the cuts in welfare benefits."[37] The government's austerity programme, which involves reduction in government policy, has been linked to a rise in food banks. A study published in the British Medical Journal in 2015 found that each 1 percentage point increase in the rate of Jobseeker's Allowance claimants sanctioned was associated with a 0.09 percentage point rise in food bank use.[38] The austerity programme has faced opposition from disability rights groups for disproportionately affecting disabled people. The "bedroom tax" is an austerity measure that has attracted particular criticism, with activists arguing that two thirds of council houses affected by the policy are occupied with a person with a disability.[39]
United StatesEdit
Main article: Social programs in the United States
President Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act, August 14, 1935.
In the United States, depending on the context, the term "welfare" can be used to refer to means-tested cash benefits, especially the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program and its successor, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Block Grant, or it can be used to refer to all means-tested programs that help individuals or families meet basic needs, including, for example, health care through Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits and food and nutrition programs (SNAP). It can also include Social Insurance programs such as Unemployment Insurance, Social Security, and Medicare.
AFDC (originally called Aid to Dependent Children) was created during the Great Depression to alleviate the burden of poverty for families with children and allow widowed mothers to maintain their households. The New Deal employment program such as the Works Progress Administration primarily served men. Prior to the New Deal, anti-poverty programs were primarily operated by private charities or state or local governments; however, these programs were overwhelmed by the depth of need during the Depression.[40] The United States has no national program of cash assistance for non-disabled poor individuals who are not raising children.
Until early in the year of 1965, the news media was conveying only whites as living in poverty however that perception had changed to blacks.[41] Some of the influences in this shift could have been the civil rights movement and urban riots from the mid 60s. Welfare had then shifted from being a White issue to a Black issue and during this time frame the war on poverty had already begun.[41] Subsequently, news media portrayed stereotypes of Blacks as lazy, undeserving and welfare queens. These shifts in media don't necessarily establish the population living in poverty decreasing.[41]
A chart showing the overall decline of average monthly welfare benefits (AFDC then TANF) per recipient 1962–2006 (in 2006 dollars).[42]
In 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act changed the structure of Welfare payments and added new criteria to states that received Welfare funding. After reforms, which President Clinton said would "end Welfare as we know it",[43] amounts from the federal government were given out in a flat rate per state based on population.[44] Each state must meet certain criteria to ensure recipients are being encouraged to work themselves out of Welfare. The new program is called Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).[45][46] It encourages states to require some sort of employment search in exchange for providing funds to individuals, and imposes a five-year lifetime limit on cash assistance.[43][45][47] In FY 2010, 31.8% of TANF families were white, 31.9% were African-American, and 30.0% were Hispanic.[46]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau data released September 13, 2011, the nation's poverty rate rose to 15.1% (46.2 million) in 2010,[48] up from 14.3% (approximately 43.6 million) in 2009 and to its highest level since 1993. In 2008, 13.2% (39.8 million) Americans lived in relative poverty.[49]
In a 2011 op-ed in Forbes, Peter Ferrara stated that, "The best estimate of the cost of the 185 federal means tested Welfare programs for 2010 for the federal government alone is nearly $700 billion, up a third since 2008, according to the Heritage Foundation. Counting state spending, total Welfare spending for 2010 reached nearly $900 billion, up nearly one-fourth since 2008 (24.3%)".[50] California, with 12% of the U.S. population, has one-third of the nation's welfare recipients.[51]
In FY 2011, federal spending on means-tested welfare, plus state contributions to federal programs, reached $927 billion per year. Roughly half of this welfare assistance, or $462 billion went to families with children, most of which are headed by single parents.[52]
The United States has also typically relied on charitable giving through non-profit agencies and fundraising instead of direct monetary assistance from the government itself. According to Giving USA, Americans gave $358.38 billion to charity in 2014. This is rewarded by the United States government through tax incentives for individuals and companies that are not typically seen in other countries.
Main article: Criticisms of welfare
Income transfers can be either conditional or unconditional. Conditionalities are sometimes criticized as being paternalistic and unnecessary.
Current programs have been built as short-term rather than as permanent institutions, and many of them have rather short time spans (around five years). Some programs have time frames that reflect available funding. One example of this is Bolivia's Bonosol, which is financed by proceeds from the privatization of utilities—an unsustainable funding source. Some see Latin America's social assistance programs as a way to patch up high levels of poverty and inequalities, partly brought on by the current economic system.
Some opponents of welfare argue that it affects work incentives. They also argue that the taxes levied can also affect work incentives. A good example of this would be the reform of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. Per AFDC, some amount per recipient is guaranteed. However, for every dollar the recipient earns the monthly stipend is decreased by an equivalent amount. For most persons, this reduces their incentive to work. This program was replaced by Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF). Under TANF, people were required to actively seek employment while receiving aid and they could only receive aid for a limited amount of time. However, states can choose the amount of resources they will devote to the program.
Bet Tzedek Legal Services – The House of Justice
Cloward–Piven strategy
Commission on Social Welfare, Ireland
Human Poverty Index
Lerman ratio
List of countries by Social Progress Index
List of countries by social welfare spending
Right to an adequate standard of living
Right to social security
Social liberalism
Welfare's effect on poverty
Welfare trap
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Other sourcesEdit
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Sheldon Danziger, Robert Haveman, and Robert Plotnick (1981). "How Income Transfer Programs Affect Work, Savings, and the Income Distribution: A Critical Review," Journal of Economic Literature 19(3), pp. 975–1028.
Haveman, R.H (2001), "Poverty: Measurement and Analysis", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 11917–11924, doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02276-2, ISBN 9780080430768
Steven N. Durlauf et al., ed. (2008) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition:
"social insurance" by Stefania Albanesi. Abstract.
"social insurance and public policy" by Jonathan Gruber Abstract.
"Welfare state" by Assar Lindbeck. Abstract.
Nadasen, Premilla, Jennifer Mittelstadt, and Marisa Chappell, Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935–1996. (New York: Routledge, 2009). 241 pp. ISBN 978-0-415-98979-4
Samuel Lézé, "Welfare", in : Andrew Scull, J. (ed.), Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness, Sage, 2014, pp. 958–60
Alfred de Grazia, with Ted Gurr: American Welfare, New York University Press, New York (1962)
Review by Barrett Lyons in Social Work Vol. 7 Issue 2, p. 112
Alfred de Grazia, ed. Grass roots private welfare: winning essays of the 1956 national competition of the Foundation for voluntary Welfare, New York University Press, New York 1957.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Welfare.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Welfare
Look up welfare in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Lézé, Samuel. "Welfare", in : Andrew Scull, J. (ed.), Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness, Sage, 2014, pp. 958–60
MaCurdy, Thomas; Jones, Jeffrey M. (2008). "Welfare". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
Tanner, Michael (2008). "Welfare State". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 540–42. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n327. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare&oldid=906563529"


text:
Johnnie Walker Taps Chinese Artist Ma Liang For Moon Festival Campaign
Jing Daily
Ma Creates Special Packaging For Mid-Autumn Festival
Photographer Ma Liang (Image: DamnDigital)
Having previously partnered with Chinese director Jia Zhangke on two installments of its "Yulu" (Words of a Journey) campaign as well as fashion designers Jenny Ji and Xander Zhou, writer Han Han and artist Pan Jianfeng, whisky brand Johnnie Walker is no stranger to localized marketing campaigns and limited-edition products for the China market. This week, in celebration of the upcoming Mid-Autumn Festival, Johnnie Walker unveiled its latest artist collaboration, a set of limited-edition gift boxes designed by photographer Ma Liang (马良).
Accompanied by an ad campaign (also painstakingly arranged and shot by Ma) that brings together Johnnie Walker's iconic "Walking Man" and Chang'e (嫦娥), the mythical Chinese moon goddess, DamnDigital notes that Ma's collaboration includes limited-edition boxes for Johnnie Walker Red Label, Gold Label, Black Label, Platinum Label and Blue Label, each of which includes a free gift ranging from a silver flask (Platinum Label) to a set of tumblers (Black Label).
As Lawrence Law, brand director at Moët Hennessy Diageo, told Jing Daily last year at the Johnnie Walker House in Shanghai, localized packaging and limited-edition items are an integral part of the brand's marketing strategy in China, which is designed to elevate consumer perceptions of the brown spirit:
We're doing our part to change the premium image of Scotch as a whole in China, and we're changing our packaging for this market as well, even for our standard Scotch bottles and packaging. If you look at our 1910 limited edition, the bottle is standard but the box is special. We also have changed our Blue Label bottle to make it heavier and weightier, because these are luxury cues we know the Chinese consumers want.
If we keep using standard packaging, it's not going to work in China. This helps us reposition our products in the luxury space according to luxury trends in China.
Johnnie Walker x Ma Liang
Each package includes a free gift (Image: DamnDigital)
Architecture & Design, Art & Auction, Culture, Food, Wine, & Spirits, Industry Sectors, Marketing & Branding
chang'e, chinese artist, han han, jenny ji, jia zhangke, johnnie walker, johnnie walker house, limited edition, luxury-art partnership, mid-autumn festival, pan jianfeng, scotch, shanghai, whisky, xander zhou, yulu
The Hottest Retail Interior in China is not in Beijing or Shanghai
Confessions About 'Oriental Style' Luxury Brands Can Learn From
3 Trends Fueling China's Luxury Design Boom


text:
Amy R. Schrempf Associate
aschrempf@andrewsandprice.com
Washington & Jefferson College (B.A. 1998)
University of Pittsburgh School of Law (J.D. 2001)
Amy Schrempf joined Andrews & Price in December of 2020 as an associate attorney. She came from a small law firm with a focus on municipal representation. Amy has served as solicitor for various municipal clients including boroughs, townships, school districts, water and sewer authorities and zoning boards, addressing all issues related to such appointments. She has also been involved in municipal construction and financing, serving as Owner's counsel in nine (9) municipal bond issues, ranging from 1.8 million to 15 million dollars, and serving as Owner's counsel in seven (7) PennVest loan closures.
Amy has had substantial litigation experience, both in matters of general litigation and areas of municipal interests, including numerous eminent domain matters in multiple counties in Western Pennsylvania.
Amy recently finished a 12-year term as a Board Member with the Allegheny County Board of Property Assessment Appeals and Review, where she served as board chair for the final 7 years of her tenure.