text:
Children and Domestic Violence, Childrens Rights, Fatherless Children, fathers rights, Parental Alienation Syndrome, parental rights
Expanding the Parameters of Parental Alienation Syndrome
In Best Interest of the Child, Child Custody, Child Custody for fathers, Child Custody for Mothers, Child Support, Children and Domestic Violence, children legal status, Childrens Rights, Civil Rights, Department of Social Servies, Divorce, Domestic Relations, Domestic Violence, False Allegations of Domestic Violence, family court, Family Court Reform, Family Rights, Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress, Liberty, Marriage, Non-custodial fathers, Non-custodial mothers, parental alienation, Parental Alienation Syndrome, Parental Kidnapping, Parental Relocation, parental rights, Parentectomy, Parents rights, Protective Dads, Protective Parents, Restraining Orders, Rooker-Feldman Doctrine, Single Parenting, Sociopath on November 5, 2009 at 6:30 pm
The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(3), 205-215, 1993
Glenn F. Cartwright
Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, McGill University
3700 McTavish, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1Y2
The newness of the parental alienation syndrome (PAS) compels its redefinition and refinement as new cases are observed and the phenomenon becomes better understood. New evidence suggests that alienation may be provoked by other than custodial matters, that cases of alleged sexual abuse may be virtual, that slow judgements by courts exacerbate the problem, that prolonged alienation of the child may trigger other forms of mental illness, and that too little remains known of the long term consequences to alienated children and their families.
Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), first defined by Gardner (1985), results from the attempt by one parent (usually the custodial parent and usually but not always the mother) to behave in such a way as to alienate the child or children from the other parent. It includes a series of conscious programming techniques like "brainwashing" as well as subconscious and unconscious processes by the alienating parent combined with the child's own contribution denigrating the allegedly hated parent (Gardner, 1992).
Gardner (1992) lists eight, broad manifestations indicative of PAS. First, there is a campaign of denigration in which there is the continuing profession of hatred of the absent parent by the child. This litany is easily evoked by teachers, lawyers, judges, or social workers and is often most strong in the presence of the "hated" parent. The child begins to withdraw from the lost parent, speaks indirectly ("You tell Daddy I don't want to see him"), and avoids taking clothes or toys home from the lost parent to avoid "contaminating" the favored parent. Chameleon-like (Johnston, Campbell, & Mayers, 1985), the child may initially experiment, denigrating each parent while with the other, covering his or her tracks by extracting promises from each not to tell the other. However, as the years go by, the child learns that what "sells" best is whatever tale is told in the custodial home–the home base where most of the child's time is spent. Children quickly learn on which side their bread is buttered.
Second, there are weak, frivolous, or absurd rationalizations given by the child for deprecating the lost parent. "He makes noise when he eats." "He took me to Disneyland when I didn't want to go." "He always talks about moon rockets." "He makes me take out the trash." This is the child's expression of a parallel phenomenon seen by lawyers in alienating parents:
…in parental alienation syndrome, the hostility of the alienating client just never seems to be reasonably linked to the seriousness of the incidents alleged. The alienating client often relies blithely on his child's professed refusal to see the other parent as evidence of the inadequacy of the other parent (Goldwater, 1991, p. 125).
Coupled with this is a complete lack of ambivalence in both the alienating parent and the child which normally typifies all human relationships. Lawyers see it in their alienating clients:
The insistence upon the negative aspects of the spouse's character and behaviour coupled with the inability to see existing or even potential positive traits in the spouse are manifestations of an alienating attitude. Such a client appears to objectify his spouse as an evil thing, no longer a person with at least a few redeeming qualities. There is a loss of the ambivalence which characterizes healthy human relationships. Indeed, such objectification of the spouse as "all bad" should be taken to be a sign of significant disorder in the client himself (Goldwater, 1991, pp. 125-126).
Similarly, PAS children …express themselves like perfect little photocopies of the alienating parent (Goldwater, 1991, p. 126) and can see no good in the lost parent and no bad in the loved parent. Given a list of "good" things the child did with the lost parent, the child will explain a few as being unenjoyable, others as being forced, still others as "all Dad's idea", and claim no memory of the rest. The process resembles amnesia wherein the child's good memories appear to be completely destroyed.
Fourth, there is the contention that the decisions to reject the parent are the child's. This is referred to by Gardner (1992) as the "Independent Thinker" phenomenon and is often invoked by alienating parents in courtroom testimony. "I want him to see his father but if he doesn't want to, I will fight to the end to ensure his decision is respected." However, as Goldwater (1991, p. 133) has argued:
No custodial parent would expect a judge to accept that the child be permitted not to attend school because he didn't feel like going. Why then should a judge accept that a child not visit his other parent for the same reason?
Children who claim to be their own thinkers often use words and phrases of the alienating parent which belie their claim. Similarly, alienating parents often act in ways as that indicate the idea to reject a parent was not the child's own. Says Gardner (1992):
Children are not born with genes that program them to reject a father. Such hatred is environmentally induced, and the most likely person to have brought about the alienation is the mother (p. 75).
Fifth, there is an almost automatic, reflexive support by the child for the loved parent. Understandably, this reflexive support may flow either from a belief that the loved parent is an ideal person who can do no wrong or from the child's perception of the loved parent as the weaker of the two parents who needs defending.
Sixth, there is an almost complete absence of guilt regarding the feelings of the lost parent. "He doesn't deserve to see me." Gratitude for gifts, favors, or child support is non-existent. believes thatGardner (1992):
The lack of guilt here is not simply explained by cognitive immaturity (often the case of very young children), but is a statement of the degree to which children can be programmed to such points of cruelty that they are totally oblivious to the effects of their sadism on innocent victims (p. 77).
Seventh, is the presence of borrowed scenarios. The litanies the children produce have a rehearsed, coached quality to them and often include expressions and phrases of the loved parent. "Daddy's new girlfriend is a whore!" Are these the words of a five-year-old?
Finally, there is an obvious spread of the animosity to the hated parent's extended family. "His mother called me a brat." Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins are all tarred with the same brush as the child argues that all they do is try to get him or her to "like" the lost parent.
Though these are the classic manifestations PAS, the newly recognized nature of the syndrome compels its definitional refinement and enlargement as new parameters are discovered. This is especially important given the contention that the problem is growing in our society and now affects 90% of all children in custody litigation (Gardner, 1992). The following observations suggest that the parameters of PAS may be wider than previously believed.
1. Parental alienation syndrome may be precipitated by parental disagreements on matters other than custody.
It was originally suggested that PAS was a relatively new disorder emanating principally from changes in the criteria by which custody was decided. These criteria basically concerned the court's shift toward the best-interests-of-the-child presumption (favoring the placement of the child with the parent who would best meet the child's needs) at the expense of the tender-years presumption (always favoring the placement of the child with the mother), and the court's increasing preference for joint custody rather than sole custody placements. Since PAS is of a serious nature, it seemed reasonable to suppose that it would be provoked only by an equally serious emotional dispute, such as the question of custody is for most parents. However, while disagreement over custody remains implicated as the chief cause of PAS, it now appears that other, non-custodial disagreements on such matters as finance, property division, or child support may also trigger the syndrome by inducing an emotional climate conducive to PAS. This suggests that the etiology of PAS may be much broader than previously believed. If it is really the intensity of the emotional conflict between the estranged spouses which provokes PAS, then it must be wondered whether virtually any disagreement, serious or frivolous, may be a potential trigger. Similar parallels are found in other examples of human behavior: neighbors who stab each other over a noisy lawn mower and motorists who shoot each other over an illegal turn. To an observer, such consequent behavior is clearly out of proportion to the precipitating event. An illegal turn does not cause murder, but it may trigger an emotional state which does. So it may be with PAS. Whatever the precipitating disagreement, it may be just enough to trigger an irrational emotional state conducive to PAS.
Unfortunately, because PAS results from the interaction of the alienating parent with the child, wherein each reinforces the other, once the vicious circle has begun, it becomes self-reinforcing, complex to diagnose, and difficult to terminate. Complicating matters is the fact that PAS may be encouraged by third parties: a new spouse, new in-laws, or even unscrupulous lawyers whose wish it may be to extend rather than resolve the litigation.
2. Allegations of fabricated sexual abuse may be virtual.
Since the designation of PAS is inappropriate in cases where abuse is real, it has been customary (and necessary for the good of the child) first to distinguish between allegations of abuse that are real and those that are fabricated. Gardner (1991) has outlined how fabricated abuse may be detected. However, in the cases of fabricated abuse, a new and more subtle variety of allegation is beginning to appear. I have called these virtual allegations.They refer to those cases in which the abuse is only hinted, its real purpose being to cast aspersions on the character of the noncustodial parent in a continuing program of denigration. For the alienator, virtual allegations avoid the need to fabricate incidents of alleged abuse with their attendant possibility of detection and probability of punishment for perjury. For example, in one case, though no sexual abuse was ever alleged, it was hinted at in the allegation by the mother that the father had shown the child a rented videotape containing pornography. Though the videotape was a Hollywood comedy starring Chevy Chase rented from a family video store and chosen by the child, the mother asserted in court that the child was disappointed in the movie because it was suggestive, erotic, and pornographic. After interviewing the child extensively, the judge disagreed that the movie was pornographic and said that while the child was indeed disappointed with the film, it was not because the film was pornographic but because it wasn't funny. The number of virtual allegations of abuse may be expected to increase in the future because of their more subtle nature, the greater difficulty in disproving them, and because judges and lawyers familiar with PAS are becoming increasingly skilled at detecting outright fabrications.
3. Time heals all wounds, except alienation.
There is some evidence that adolescents who experienced parental separation most recently were most likely to be affected adversely (Frost & Pakiz, 1990). While this tends to support the old adage that time heals all wounds, such is not the case with PAS, where the passage of time worsens rather than heals the affliction. This is not to say that time is unimportant: on the contrary, time remains a vital variable for all the players. To heal the relationship, the child requires quality time with the lost parent to continue and repair the meaningful association that may have existed since birth. This continued communication also serves as a reality check for the child to counter the effects of ongoing alienation at home. Likewise, the lost parent needs time with the child to ensure that contact is not completely lost and to prevent the alienation from completely destroying what may be left of a normal, loving relationship. Time used in these ways helps to counter the negative effects of alienation.
The alienating parent, on the other hand, requires time to complete the brainwashing of the child without interference. The manipulation of time becomes the prime weapon in the hands of the alienator who uses it to structure, occupy, and usurp the child's time to prevent "contaminating" contact with the lost parent, depriving both of their right to spend time together and furthering the goal of total alienation. Unlike cases of child abuse where time away from the abuser sometimes helps in repairing a damaged relationship, in PAS time away from the lost parent furthers the goal of alienation. The usual healing properties of time are lost when it is used as the primary weapon to inflict injury on the lost parent by alienating the child.
There is another reason why time is so important a weapon in the hands of the alienator. With the passage of time, the child grows to be staunch collaborator. A judge who might not listen to a nine-year-old pleading not to see his or her father, might be more disposed to listen to an older, "wiser", and more articulate thirteen-year-old. Spreading out the court proceedings over time not only aids in the brainwashing and contributes to the wearing down of the petitioner but ensures for the alienator a stronger child ally when a final court date is set.
So it is that time is often "bought" through false allegations, by assertions the child is in danger from contact with the lost parent, and by requests to the court for delays, continuances, and postponements. Sometimes even psychological assessment and psychiatric evaluation are pressed into service as part of the delaying tactic, then dropped when the sought-after delay has been achieved. On other occasions psycho-legal expertise is advanced …with the psychologist cast as the hired gun engaged to put forth to the court the negative opinion of the contesting parent under the guise of an "expertise" (Goldwater, 1991, p. 123). The goal of the alienator is crystalline: deprive the lost parent, not only of the child's time, but of the time of childhood.
4. The degree of alienation in the child is directly proportional to the time spent alienating.
Alienation does not occur overnight. It is a gradual and consistent process that is directly related to the time spent alienating. The longer the child or children spend with the alienator, the more severe will be their alienation. Their supposed hatred of the lost parent does not lessen with time away from that parent but rather grows stronger, precisely because in the hands of the alienator they are continually taught hatred, have unlimited opportunity to practice that hatred, and have no time at all to learn an alternate response. This is one of the reasons why, in serious cases, Gardner (1992) recommends complete removal of the child from the alienating parent, with supervised visitation reinstated gradually.
5. Courts slow to render judgements may unwittingly further the alienating parent's scheme of alienation.
The court needs time too, to assess each case. Taking the best interests of the child to be paramount, and always moving cautiously, the court must ensure that the child is in no danger and determine if the case is truly one of parental alienation. But once the determination of PAS has been made, speedy judgement must be rendered to stop the alienation process immediately. Both the child and the petitioning parent deserve no less. Unfortunately, court postponements and continuances are more often the rule than the exception. Proceedings which are dragged out after a determination of PAS has been made, judgements which fail to take into account fully the rights of the non-custodial parent, and unnecessary interim judgements and delays, however well-intentioned, sadly tend to favor the continuation of the custodial parent's alienating behavior.
The judicial wish to maintain the status quo in the lives of children pending the outcome of hotly contested litigation may work in favour of an alienating custodial parent. The longer the children are in a non-supportive environment, the further they will drift away from their non-custodial parent (Goldwater, 1991, p. 130).
While there is no denying that courts have a difficult job at best, on balance it would appear that the prevailing tendency has been toward delaying judgement in the hope that the problem will go away, solve itself, or at the very least prove that no judgement is preferable to a wrong judgement. Courts must resist this tendency which doubtless is harmful to PAS children in the long run. More than two decades ago, Watson (1970, p.64) wrote of the court's slowness in rendering decisions:
The most serious aspect of these vacillating and dilatory tactics is the effect they have on the children. As will be noted, one of the critical aspects of a child's development is the need for stability in order to develop a sense of identity. When a child is kept suspended, never quite knowing what will happen to him next, he must likewise suspend the shaping of his personality. This is a devastating result and probably represents one of the greatest risks which current procedures pose for children.
Little seems to have changed: where PAS is concerned, it remains a case of "Justice delayed is lost parent denied."
6. Forceful judgement is required to counter the force of alienation.
The role of the court in cases of PAS goes beyond simply deciding custody issues. First, the precedent of clear, forceful judgement may deter some parents from beginning the alienation of their children. As Levy (1992, p. 277) has noted:
If parents who engage in PAS know that aware judges may give custody to the innocent parent, and perhaps even apply sanctions against parents who use a child to prevent the other parent's access to the child, the PAS, which is itself a form of child abuse, may suffer a fatal and well-deserved setback.
Second, clear and forceful judgements serve to put an immediate stop to the alienating practices (Palmer, 1988). Family courts can often be of great service in helping to work out a variety of family problems. However, in cases of PAS, courts which try to act as social workers using a "let's-talk-this-over-and-come-to-some-agreement" approach inevitably fail when one of the feuding parties is insincere and has little wish to solve the problem. The reason is that insincerity, conscious or unconscious, is one of the hallmarks of the alienating parent. While negotiation is often the solution in other forms of litigation, it tends not to work in cases of PAS. In these circumstances, the lack of a swift, clear, forceful judgment is often perceived by the alienator as denoting approval of the alienating behavior. This tends to reinforce the behavior and renders a great disservice to both the child and the petitioning parent. Courts must do more to help; they must not fall victim to the alienator's scheme of stalling for time in order to continue the program of vilification.
7. Excessive alienation may trigger mental illness in the child.
Johnston, Campbell, and Mayers (1985) reported that one response of latency children (6-12 years) to parental conflict was to act in a diffusely disturbed manner exhibiting anxiety, tension, depression, and psychosomatic illness. Consideration needs to be given to the question of what happens in the long run to children who are alienated. Is the problem self-limiting in that even alienation-caused wounds will heal as the child reaches adulthood? Unfortunately, alienation can become so powerful as to trigger other forms of mental and emotional illness with resultant maladaptive behavior. In one instance, an alienated son tried to poison his father by slipping air freshener into his stomach medicine. The boy later ran away during a non-custodial visit and the police had to be called. The likelihood of such disintegrating behavior during non-custodial visits increases in direct proportion to the amount of alienation experienced by the child at home.
8. Little is known about the medium and long term effects of parental alienation syndrome on its victims.
Perhaps the greatest gap in our understanding of the syndrome remains our lack of knowledge of what happens to the victims of PAS over the medium and long term. The short term consequences are known and obvious. The alienator experiences the sweetness of revenge and the thrill of "victory." The non-custodial parent experiences the anguish of the loss of a child, or worse, children. One set of grandparents, relatives, and friends are similarly affected and summarily dismissed. Far more serious is the effect on the child who experiences a great loss, the magnitude of which is akin to the death of a parent, two grandparents, and all the lost parent's relatives and friends, all at once! It can readily be seen that this represents a staggering loss for a child even greater than the actual death of one parent. Moreover, since the child is unable to acknowledge the loss, much less mourn it, it becomes a major tragedy of monumental proportions in the life of the child, the seriousness of which cannot be overestimated.
These are the known and relatively short term consequences. What about medium term effects? The medium term effects concern the continued absence (as opposed to initial loss) of the lost parent (and grandparents, relatives, and friends) and the effect this has on the child's development. Ordinary children who have grown up without a parent or grandparent often report "something missing" in their childhood. What is lost, of course, is the day-to-day interaction, the learning, the support, and the love that normally flows from parents and grandparents. While in the case of a death such loss is unavoidable, in the case of PAS such a loss is entirely avoidable and therefore inexcusable.
What about the long term effects? Everyone involved in PAS suffers some degree of distress over the long term. Hopefully, this includes the alienator who, despite the initial exhilaration of "winning," should hardly find the entire experience pleasurable. In later years, even if alienators do not experience some guilt or regret over their actions, they may develop some sympathy for their children of whom they deprived of a parent.
The non-custodial parent experiences both loss and yet continuing concern for the child. The anguish is akin to that felt by parents when a child goes missing. Since the lack of contact with the child may continue for years, the sense of loss can continue for a similar period. Grandparents suffer needlessly and often seriously. Gardner (1992) reports the cases of at least two grandmothers, in otherwise good health, who died of broken hearts, figuratively, over the loss of their grandchildren.
Of course, it is the child who suffers most. In the early stage, the child experiences not only loss of a parent, but the continual barrage of denigration of the lost parent, grandparents, relatives, and friends. Bad enough to lose a parent; worse still to have the good memories of that parent, relatives, and friends deliberately and systematically destroyed.
In the second stage, perhaps years later, the child begins to comprehend what has really happened. The realization of having believed the alienator, of having wrongly rejected the lost parent, and worse, of having been a pliable accomplice and willing contributor, can produce powerful feelings of guilt. The unfortunate consequences of these feelings may be a backlash against the alienating parent. Says Goldwater (1991, p. 128):
When such a child becomes an adult, the awareness of the enforced absence of the alienated parent for those many years may have a devastating impact and leave long-term feelings of guilt and loss. The alienating parent may then suffer the wrath his adult child feels for having precipitated this loss, and be in turn shut out of the child's life.
Serious emotional problems may ensue. For children to make a successful adjustment, an enormous task faces them: avoiding the tendency of the backlash response to the alienating parent, forgiving that parent, and maintaining a good relationship with that parent; and restoring good memories of the lost parent (which are often wiped out in PAS) and resuming a normal relationship with the lost parent if that parent is still alive, available, and willing. The re-establishment of the relationship with the lost parent is, naturally, a huge task. It involves making up for lost time and experiences, understanding cognitively and emotionally what has happened during the alienation process, re-learning how to interact with the lost parent, restoring a loving relationship, and planning the continuance of the relationship in the future. Therapy for both child and lost parent may be required. On top of this, the child must learn at this late date how to "juggle" the perhaps still feuding parents–a skill which most children of divorced parents usually learn much earlier. These are no small tasks and all this presupposes the child survives the teenage years without other serious emotional, mental, or behavioral problems which often accompany adolescence.
All being well, one would hope that eventual adjustment for these children would be possible. Negative factors which mediate against successful adjustment include the unwillingness or emotional inability of the lost parent to become reinvolved, the absence or death of the lost parent, and the passing on of the grandparents and other relatives and friends leaving an unfillable void in the life of the child.
9. Further research is needed.
While longitudinal studies have related child and adolescent adjustment following parental separation to a variety of variables such as age, gender, frequency and regularity of visitation (cf. Healy, Malley, & Stewart, 1990), what is so terribly lacking in the literature is any kind of longitudinal study to follow PAS children to ascertain what happens to them. What are the long term effects on these children as they enter adulthood? To what degree can their relationship with their lost parent be re-established? Is their relationship with the alienating parent permanently harmed in later adulthood? What happens to PAS children who permanently lose their non-custodial parent through death without ever re-establishing a relationship? Is their guilt intensified and if so, how do they handle it? Can their relationship with their lost parent, and for that matter with their alienating parent, ever approach normalcy? What does this do to their own parenting skills and how does it affect their bringing up their own children? If their relationship with their lost parent is not re-established, then the lost parent may eventually become a lost grandparent. What impact will this have on the grandchildren?
10. The problem of parental alienation syndrome is much more serious than previously imagined.
Viewed in this light, the problem of PAS appears to be extremely serious. We often speak of the preserving family values, but even disintegrated nuclear families have values and rights (like child visitation) which must be preserved and respected to prevent further disintegration and total collapse. To do less, is to sacrifice entire generations of children on the altar of alienation, condemning them to familial maladjustment and inflicting on them lifelong parental loss.
Frost, A.K. & Pakiz, B. (1990). The effects of marital disruption on adolescents: time as a dynamic. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60(4), 544-555.
Goldwater, A. (1991). Le syndrome d'aliénation parentale (in English). Développements récents en droit familial (1991). Cowansville, QC: Les Éditions Yvon Blais. pp. 121145.
Gardner, R. (1985). Recent trends in divorce and custody litigation. Academy Forum, 29(2): 3-7.
Gardner, R. (1989). Psychotherapeutic and legal approaches to the three types of parental alienation syndrome families. In Family evaluation in child custody mediation, arbitration, and litigation. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.
Gardner, R. (1991). Parental alienation syndrome and the differentiation between fabricated and genuine child sex abuse. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.
Gardner, R. (1992). Parental alienation syndrome: A guide for mental health and legal professionals. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.
Healy, J., Malley, J., & Stewart, A. (1990). Children and their fathers after parental separation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60(4), 531-543.
Johnston, J., Campbell, L., & Mayers, S. (1985). Latency children in post separation and divorce disputes. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 563-574.
Levy, D. (1992). [Review of Parental alienation syndrome: A guide for mental health and legal professionals.] American Journal of Family Therapy, 20(3), 276-277.
Palmer, N. (1988). Legal recognition of the parental alienation syndrome. American Journal of Family Therapy, 16(4), 360-363.
Watson, A.S. (1970). The children of Armageddon: Problems of custody following divorce. Syracuse Law Review, 21, 55-86.
Expanding the Parameters of Parental Alienation Syndrome.
My father is dying. He is about 83. He was the oldest of his four siblings, a hero child. He has been the pentultimate bully all my life. Just now I considered that because of his abusive mother who shamed him, (Read Gershen Kaufman on Shame) he might also have been alienated against his own father and his father may have suffered silently the alienation of himself. His own father may have even exercised punishments, at the dictum of his mother, in a more reactionary way, just because he was being alienated within the context of the household. Divorce in those days was taboo. Certainly from my own experiences I know that if they had divorced, his mother would have been a severe level alienator. In addition to being in a very remote state, and in a small town, my father's wife had to be actually allowed permission to become a Catholic her having been a Lutheran, in order for them to get married. Why has my father so viciously hated me for the last 55 years of my life? In his approaching passing I am asking myself again for clues.
robertgartner 28 September 2009 at 2pm
« Before Loads of Info on Parental Alienation | angiEmedia November 5, 2009
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Modern applications and microservices often need to expose their health status. A common example is Spring Actuator but there are also many different ways of doing that.
Starting from Infinispan 9.0.0.Beta2 we introduced the HealthCheck API. It is accessible in both Embedded and Client/Server mode.
Since Infinispan is based on Wildfly, we decided to use CLI as well as built-in Management REST interface.
Note that for the REST endpoint, you have to use proper credentials.
Monitoring cluster health is crucial for Clouds Platforms such as Kubernetes and OpenShift. Those Clouds use a concept of immutable Pods. This means that every time you need change anything in your application (changing configuration for the instance), you need to replace the old instances with new ones. There are several ways of doing that but we highly recommend using Rolling Updates. We also recommend to tune the configuration and instruct Kubernetes/OpenShift to replace Pods one by one (I will show you an example in a moment).
Our goal is to configure Kubernetes/OpenShift in such a way, that each time a new Pod is joining or leaving the cluster a State Transfer is triggered. When data is being transferred between the nodes, the Readiness Probe needs to report failures and prevent Kubernetes/OpenShift from doing progress in Rolling Update procedure. Once the cluster is back in stable state, Kubernetes/OpenShift can replace another node. This process loops until all nodes are replaced.
lines 13 and 14: We allocate additional capacity for the Rolling Update and allow one Pod to be down. This ensures Kubernetes/OpenShift replaces nodes one by one.
line 44: Sometimes shutting a Pod down takes a little while. It is always better to wait until it terminates gracefully than taking the risk of losing data.
lines 45 - 53: The Liveness Probe definition. Note that when a node is transferring the data it might highly occupied. It is wise to set higher value of 'failureThreshold'.
lines 54 - 62: The same rule as the above. The bigger the cluster is, the higher the value of 'successThreshold' as well as 'failureThreshold'.


We're former basketball players, backcourt teammates in fact. We appreciate a good assist that leads to a score. That's what this blog is about. Through it we offer our investment training and insights...and sometimes a dose of hoops analogy...as an assist to your investment plays.
12 JulETF Due Diligence…or Not?
06 JulWhat Happens When the Fed Leaves?


text:
Buhari declares June 12 Democracy Day
President Muhammmadu Buhari has announced that henceforth, June 12 will be celebrated as Nigeria's Democracy Day.
The president announced this in a statement he personally signed on Wednesday evening.
Since 1999, Nigeria has been celebrating May 29 as her Democracy Day.
President Buhari explained that the change in the date of Democracy Day celebration followed due consultations.
He said the Federal Goverment had also decided to award posthumously the presumed winner of the June 12 presidential election, the Late Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, the Grand Commander of the Federal Republic (GCFR).
He said Abiola's running mate, Ambassador Babagana Kingibe and the late human rights lawyer, Gani Fawehinmi, would also be awarded Grand Commander of the Order of Niger (GCON).
Buhari stated: "For the past 18 years, Nigerians have been celebrating May 29th, as Democracy Day. That was the date when for the second time in our history, an elected civilian administration took over from a military government. The first time this happened was on October 21st, 1979. But in the view of Nigerians, as shared by this Administration, June 12th, 1993, was far more symbolic of Democracy in the Nigerian context than May 29th or even the October 1st.
"June 12 th, 1993 was the day when Nigerians in millions expressed their democratic will in what was undisputedly the freest, fairest and most peaceful elections since our Independence. The fact that the outcome of that election was not upheld by the then military Government does not distract from the democratic credentials of that process.
"Accordingly, after due consultations, the Federal ment has decided that henceforth, June 12th will be celebrated as Democracy Day. Therefore, Government has decided to award posthumously the highest honour of the land, GCFR, to late Chief MKO Abiola, the presumed winner of the June 12th 1993 cancelled elections. His running mate as Vice President, Ambassador Baba Gana Kingibe, is also to be invested with a GCON. Furthermore, the tireless fighter for human rights and the actualization of the June 12th elections and indeed for Democracy in general, the late Chief Gani Fawehinmi SAN is to be awarded the GCON.
"The investiture will take place on Tuesday June 12th, 2018, a date which in future years will replace May 29th as a National Public Holiday in celebration of Nigeria Democracy Day."
LATEST NEWS NIGERIA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
In San Francisco, a Design for Maya Angelou Monument Is Approved, Then Suddenly Scrapped
Lava Thomas said she was elated to find out her proposal had been selected out of hundreds of applicants, but two weeks later she got a call saying that the sponsors will instead pursue a more figurative, traditional design.
by Emily Wilson October 23, 2019 October 30, 2019
Sculpture rendering of Lava Thomas's Maya Angelou proposal, called "Portrait of a Phenomenal Women" (image courtesy Eren Hebert)
SAN FRANCISCO — "Hella shady," "incredibly disrespectful," and "another stain on how the Bay Area treats its artists." These were some of the things said about an artist's work being selected and then rejected tor a monument outside the main branch of the San Francisco Public Library honoring the life of writer and civil rights leader Maya Angelou.
Lava Thomas, who lives in Berkeley, heard on August 9 that her design, "Portrait of A Phenomenal Woman," had been chosen. It showed a nine-foot-tall bronze book with Angelou's face on it and a quote from the author: "If one has courage, nothing can dim the light which shines from within." Then, on August 22, she got a call from Dorka Keehn, chair of San Francisco Arts Commission's Visual Arts Committee, telling her that the sponsor for the project wanted a different design.
That was San Francisco Supervisor Catherine Stefani, who sponsored the legislation to honor Angelou with "a significant figurative representation." Stefani apparently thought Thomas's work didn't meet that criteria and asked the committee to start the process over again with clearer guidelines.
At a meeting of the committee on October 16, Stefani said that she wanted to explain what she meant by her words.
"As I carried the legislation across the finish line to elevate women in monuments, I wanted to do it in the same way that men have been historically elevated in this city," she said.
Thomas, whose work has been exhibited at institutions including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, San Francisco's Museum of the African Diaspora, and the International Print Center in New York, attended the meeting and told the committee she has had a "horrific two months."
Lava Thomas (photo by Stine Danielle Marasigan)
Thomas said she was elated to find out her proposal had been selected out of hundreds of applicants and three finalists, but two weeks later she got a call saying that the sponsors preferred a more figurative, traditional design.
That's not the design brief applicants were given, Thomas said.
"In the ordinance, statue is crossed out and artwork is replaced," the artist continued at the meeting. "I can't believe that we're here two months later with a suggestion that this project be closed, and a conservative, traditional statue in the manner of European figurative traditional monuments that confederate and colonial monuments are based on, that we are here discussing this in this city, San Francisco, that's known for its progressive politics."
Thomas was invited to submit to the open call, and she says she poured months of research into Angelou's life and work into her design. In an interview with Hyperallergic, Thomas said she chose a little-known photo of Angelou, with short natural hair and hoop earrings, from a 1973 interview with Bill Moyers where she talked about the price of freedom. It was during the impeachment of Richard Nixon, and Thomas felt like the interview spoke to politics today.
Thomas said the finalists were told during an orientation that they wanted something contemporary and forward-looking. She thought of a book because the monument would be outside the library. She wanted something that would represent Angelou, who lived in San Francisco for a while, performing at nightclubs, like the hungry i and the Purple Onion, and became the first African American woman cable car conductor. In Thomas's view, this monument had to be different than the usual city statues.
"I wanted to situate that artwork in Black art," Thomas said. "The Benin bronzes of West Africa are rectangular and used to represent nobility, so I looked at those."
Lava Thomas, sculptural rendering of "Portrait of a Phenomenal Women" (image courtesy Eren Hebert)
Angela Hennessy, an artist and professor at the California College of the Arts who was on the selection committee, told the committee during the meeting that what happened to Thomas is "hella shady."
Hennessy called Thomas's work "quietly radical" and "poetically subversive," and she said someone should have talked to the selection committee members about their choice if they wanted to understand it.
"Yes, Lava [Thomas]'s proposal is challenging conventions of sculpture and monument and representation," Hennessy said. "That's exactly what we want our art to do, and if it makes you feel uncomfortable, then that means she is doing her job."
Artists trust the integrity of the process when they apply for grants or awards or commissions, Thomas said, and she calls rescinding an offer after its made is "unheard of."
"For Stefani to say the only fair thing to do is close the process and reopen it is a huge injustice," she said. "Patriarchy is so fossilized in her mind that she doesn't even realize what she wants is anti-feminist."
Out of 87 public statues in San Francisco, only two represent women: one of Florence Nightingale and one of Senator Dianne Feinstein, mayor of San Francisco in the 1970s. The legislation to have more representation of women passed in October 2018, and it calls for increasing the representation of women by December 31, 2020.
Acting director of cultural affairs at the Arts Commission, Joanne Lee, said the staff and commissioners would not comment and sent the following statement to the media:
"Given the lack of clear consensus on the selection, the Arts Commission's Visual Arts Committee felt the best move would be to start this process over, and seek a more unifying outcome. All artists who responded to the Request for Qualifications will be invited to compete in the next public RFQ. This will be an important, permanent work of public art. It's more important to get it done right than to get it done fast."
Supervisor Stefani did not respond to several calls and emails to her office.
San Francisco Will Raise Maya Angelou Sculpture
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San Francisco's New Transit Center Features Public Art by Jenny Holzer, Julie Chang, and Ned Kahn
Tagged: California, Lava Thomas, Maya Angelou, Monuments, public art, San Francisco
Emily Wilson
Emily Wilson is a radio and print reporter in San Francisco. She has written stories for dozens of media outlets including NPR, Latino USA, the San Francisco Chronicle, SF Weekly, California...	More by Emily Wilson
5 replies on "In San Francisco, a Design for Maya Angelou Monument Is Approved, Then Suddenly Scrapped"
How does the sponsor get to cancel a public art commission? Usually, the selection committee has the final say (barring financial or public safety considerations). No way to run an airline–or an arts commission. Someone needs to apologize to this artist whose proposal offered an unorthodox but poignant memorial to another gifted artist.
nanotopia says:
The selection committee and short listed artists need to stand up for Thomas, who's proposal was chosen. Full stop.
ink_stained_wretch says:
Why is this rejected design considered "unorthodox" and a challenge to conventional ideas of sculpture and monuments? It's beautiful, substantial and modern, and I'd add "fresh." I think it would complement the library's building in a way that a statue wouldn't.
bill marsano says:
It'll be a pity if Lava's monument isn't restored–a pity for art, for her and for the public. Here in NYC we had a similar event. Citizens voted for which women they felt deserved to be honored with statues. Mother Cabrini had the largest number of votes, only to be rejected entirely: the mayor's wife, head of the selection commission, ignored the public's vote entirely and substituted her own choice. The "figurative" design SF's clowns will eventually choose will probably resemble the one chosen in New York to honor early feminist leaders, which is utterly devoid of creative imagination and spirit. It's clear that as a society we simply cannot handle such projects either honestly or artistically.
G. Vanderleun says:
This is a fine and fitting and fresh design that will work well in its location and with its subject. The people who pulled the plug on it need to decorate the many lampposts around city hall.


OMID has just completed a new phase of our Peer Education and Leadership training program. At the end of a six month period, it was planned that eight of the participants in this new program, also known a Simorgh, were to be selected, based on their performance through the program, in order to be allocated jobs at OMID. Here is an update on how this key stage in the program has recently been implemented at our center in Tehran.
Seven young women were chosen (sadly one of the eight selected announced that she could not continue the next step of the program for personal reasons) and started the second part of training at their assigned jobs . Mentors were selected to work closely with these young women. The mentors were tasked with helping the young women fulfill their responsibilities and also provide them with the vital guidance through daily problems to issues with interpersonal relationships and all the other necessary skills for their jobs.
One of the selected participants started her work as a tutor for OMID computer classes working alongside our computer supervisor. The next participant is working with the workshop department as an assistant and as a collaborator between the girls and the facilitators/instructors. Another Simorgh girl started her work as an assistant in the social work department as well as being co-facilitator in art classes at OMID. The fourth position has been allocated to the education department, in the role of an assistant. The next selected long woman is working in the external affairs department as an assistant to facilitate the connection between the girls and the volunteer teachers who visit OMID to help with their school education as well as university entrance exams. Our inside newspaper MEHRDOKHT is now run by one of our leadership program participants and she is an editor of MEHRDOKHT. The final of the seven selected young women in this program started her work as a co-facilitator in developmental and art classes.
The areas of work and roles allocated to each young woman were decided after long discussions and careful consideration by the leadership group. Each assignment was carefully made based on their qualifications and personalities, as well as considering where at OMID each of them can learn more.
Every month, each mentor is mandated to write a performance report. This report is mainly used by the leadership group to provide a better platform for our young women to reach their full potential.
Last but not least, it is worth mentioning that the overall performance of our selected participants has been phenomenal so far and the future of OMID with its own young women running it, is now more than just a dream.


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Maria Antokas' Debut Novel Sweet Millions
Sweet Millions by Maria Antokas. Photo: Amazon
Writing a novel is not for the faint of heart. It requires an extraordinary amount of time and effort. From the first spark of an idea and the first outline to the first draft and the next five drafts or however many are recommended by the editor, a novel takes a great deal of commitment and determination to not only tell the story the author would like to tell but also to create an entertaining, readable text, free of typos and grammatical errors, but still with a plot compelling enough to hold a reader's attention and keep them turning pages.
It is interesting to note that some of the most iconic novels of all time are actually novellas, i.e. short novels, usually about 10,000-40,000 words. Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis, John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and Kate Chopin's The Awakening, are all novellas. Among the most renowned Greek authors, Alexandros Papadiamantis was a master of the novella. The Murderess is just one example of his astonishing work in which he presents a universal story through the microcosm of the tight-knit society of a Greek village on a remote island, and all in just about 144 pages (in the English translation).
There are, of course, classic novels which are massive tomes, such as George Eliot's Middlemarch, Tolstoy's War and Peace, Herman Melville's Moby Dick, and most of the novels of Charles Dickens. Today, those books are perhaps best known for being very long and are not as widely read as they once were. It is common knowledge that Dickens was paid by the word and his works were released first in installments in literary magazines before they were published in book form. The ability to sustain the reader's attention through so many pages, over 800 in some of those classic novels, requires artistry and skill, knowing how to pace a scene and being able to locate the drama in each moment, building the tension and suspense by revealing and concealing plot points carefully, and challenging the characters with obstacles on their journey towards their goal. It can be difficult to master the many skills required for writing a novel, and even then, there is no guarantee that the book will find a publisher and after that an audience. Sometimes the timing is not right. The world is not ready for your story. It might also be too much like another popular book or it simply needs polishing up, which can include the tightening up of sentences, strengthening characters and their motivation, sharpening the dialogue, and even getting rid of some characters and plot holes that diminish the work.
Not every book is a masterpiece, of course, and with self-publishing being so easy these days, there are many more opportunities for anyone from every walk of life and background to publish a book.
Sweet Millions by Maria Antokas is a financial murder mystery that follows Danielle Mendow, a bank manager, as she attempts to solve a murder and exonerate herself. Antokas is a former banker and the Director and Chairman of the Entrepreneurship program at a private school in Maryland. She is the co-author of Don't Call It a Budget – a personal finance workbook. Sweet Millions is her debut novel. Antokas also owns her own company, CapitalWise Consulting LLC, which provides personal finance instruction, and she speaks to groups on the importance financial literacy. She is also co-founder of Atalanta Publishing, a company that helps authors self-publish and market their books.
LOS ANGELES — Louie Anderson, whose more than four-decade career as a comedian and actor included his unlikely, Emmy-winning performance as mom to twin adult sons in the TV series "Baskets," died Friday.
Whitehead, Jeffers Among Book Critics Circle Nominees


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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In the desert setting, the Negev looked very much at home, as did Ephraim Yaari, the Director of Anti-Terror and Special Weapons for Israeli Military Industries (IMI). Ephraim had just finished an impressive demonstration where he took a Galil rifle and literally dumped a handful of desert sand and stones into the receiver, then emptied a magazine with no malfunctions (more on this in another edition of SAR). He picked up the Negev, did a precise demonstrator's manual of arms with it, inserted a belt, and proceeded to fire hundreds of rounds of 5.56 x 45mm ammunition from various positions. It was one of the more impressive displays on the firing line that hot June day, especially considering the impact of the fabled Negev LMG on the spectators. Ephraim fired the Negev one handed, held at arm's length. He fired it close to the body, one handed. In both instances, with the different grip of the gun, the Negev sat on a single plane. It held its point of aim on fully automatic, just as smooth as could be. A very impressive demonstration, indeed.
The Negev has an interesting history. It appeared in firearms related journals as a reference in the mid 1980's. Never anything that I could chase down, and then it disappeared from the scene. It was an experimental machine gun, perhaps IMI's response to the SAW program. The Negev development continued in relative secrecy until the IDF (Israeli Defense Force) approved the design in 1992. Jane's Infantry Weapons 1991-92 has an entry for it, but sightings have been rare. Peter Kokalis once told me he saw several in El Salvador. It would certainly not be unusual for a country as war torn as that one to be evaluating every design that it could.
IMI is somewhat secretive in regard to their contracts- as they should be. Defense information is not something to be idly bandied about. I did manage to find out that, yes, there have been foreign contracts filled- at least one in 1993, and yes, the IDF has adopted the Negev since 1996. The Chief of the IDF Armament Corps has been quoted as saying this was the best light machine gun in the world.
Is it? That is a pretty subjective statement- we don't know his full frame of reference, other than he is in a serious army- under constant threat. He has adverse conditions to deal with, and uses machine guns every day. He has had access to most of the ones that are presently on the market. In fact, a little research made for an interesting discovery that may lend credence to his comment. The IDF has "American Credit dollars", which for all intents and purposes means that they can purchase items from approved sources with other peoples money- no cost to themselves. Just fill out the proper forms, and voila! You have the product. In the case of the Negev, IDF had to purchase them with their own tightly allocated cash, at a higher unit cost than the other available LMG's. Yet, they chose to spend that extra money- one must wonder "Why". Journalists are taught to "Follow the money". In this case, I find a military group that is under constant threat, utilizing scarce resources to obtain what they consider to be the best. They "Put their money where their mouth is"- that shows me that the belief in the Negev runs pretty deep with the end users.
What did my live fire and analysis of the Negev find? In a nutshell, a well designed, user friendly, smooth shooting light machine gun. It had some exceptional qualities, and I did not find any one thing wrong with it. Seriously- nothing. It was comfortable, well made, accurate, easy to control, and ergonomic as could be. Maybe there was something- there is the matter of the cost- in excess of $9000 (US) per gun- this is significantly above the market for similar light machine guns. Each Negev does come with a spare barrel, if that is a consolation.
The Negev is light- very easy to carry. It is compact- with the side folding buttstock it would be very useful for paratroopers. The soft magazine pouch is a real plus- it molds around the weapon for firing control and positioning is much easier than with the damnable hard plastic ammo boxes most SAW ammo comes in today. The soft pouch was ordered in 150 round size for IDF, has been made in 200 round, and IMI will supply in any size the customer requires. The top of the soft pouch locks into the magazine well just like the magazine does, and the magazine configuration is in either standard (Galil 35 round) or M-16 30 round- these are not interchangeable. There is no action required to shift from a belt feed to a magazine, but you can not have both loaded to the weapon at the same time. Loading and unloading was very easy to accomplish- no fumbling around.
Sight acquisition through the aperture (Peep type- so sue me already, that's what it is- a round "Peep" hole) was quick, and natural to the line of sight of the operator.
So far, the operative words here have been "Easy" and "Natural". This is not very technical- but accurate from the user's perspective. Machine guns are weapons of war, made for men who are fighting for their lives. Delicate, complex parts have little use on the battlefield. On the Negev, if you want to change your fire selection, it is immediately and comfortably available to the thumb on the upper grip housing. Need to change the barrel? Open the receiver cover, button pushed, and the barrel slips easily out and to the front. It does not matter what position the bolt is in. The barrel is in a "Well" in the handguard, so you can keep your profile as low as possible while changing barrels. Air cooled machine guns need frequent barrel changes in tough fighting situations and their resultant high rates of fire, and the lower you can keep your profile when in such a situation, the better. The ease of using the operator parts of a weapon can tell the observer a lot about who designed the weapon.
It is pretty obvious that the designers of the Negev LMG understood high adrenaline situations and the resultant simplification necessary to keep the weapon effective, as well as the "Keep a low profile" necessity as well.
Reliability under adverse conditions is just as important as ease of operation. Starting on the outside; the finish is apparently the same as that on the famous Galil family of rifles- it wears very well. I beat on the buttstock a little bit when Bob wasn't looking, and put some body weight on the bipod. Inquiring minds want to know what happens when the pressure is on. The buttstock was very firm and solid, yet released easily for folding. The bipod was sturdy enough to support body weight, and, I dare say, the inevitable "Body slam" onto the weapon that many soldiers inadvertently utilize when they leapfrog through a firefight.
Once inside, you can see the odd skeletonized bolt carrier. The way that the gas system works on the Negev, pressure is taken off from the barrel in a fairly standard manner, where it acts immediately on a gas piston that is part of the bolt carrier assembly. There is no mechanical advantage lost in transfers or linkage here- and there is another side effect that may provide the answer to the smooth recoiling of the Negev. There are dual recoil springs that connect to the bolt carrier at the front, ahead of the bolt. This allows for a very long recoil stroke. As evidenced on Eugene Stoner's exceptional design of the Stoner LMG, this allows the bolt carrier to "Run out" on the spring, instead of contacting the body of the receiver. Without actual impact, the recoil barely causes any movement of the firearm from the point of aim on the successive shots of a burst. Further inspection of the polymer buffer at the rear of the recoil assembly showed there were no significant marks on the buffer. Although the buffer design leaves room for a bolt to clear, it appeared to me that there was never any significant strike there. Running out on the springs is one of the best ways to smooth the recoil and point of aim "Chatter" on a machine gun. This design is successful.
Rates of fire are adjustable by using a very easy to access regulator setting on the front sight base. The rates are adjustable for a reason- the designers feel that the optimum rate of fire for this weapon are in the 700 to 850 rpm area, and belts and magazines produce different "drags" on the firing mechanism. The first setting is for magazines- 700 to 850 rpm. The second is for belt fed situations at 700 to 850 rpm. The third setting is for adverse conditions- it increases the gas pressure so the rate of fire accelerates to 850 to 1000 rpm. What this does is guarantee that the dirty, muddy, Negev will still function at 700 to 850 rpm. The Grenade Launcher function is utilized in position 1, there is no special position for it. The IDF does not utilize the Negev to launch rifle grenades.
The Israeli's live in an uneasy peace. At times they have had enemies all around- and have persevered and defeated them.
This hardy life circumstance breeds a low tolerance for tools that don't work. The weapons of the IDF must be solid, function under extreme conditions, and be extremely reliable. Their lives depend on it. When we discussed the testing criteria that the Negev must undergo, I was not given the statement that it "Met or exceeded NATO specs"; I was given a list of the IDF tests that they tortured the Negev with. Other machine guns did not fare so well in the trials- and IMI was not interested in discussing the failures of the other machine guns. IMI spoke only of the success of the Negev.
1- Accuracy and dispersion 2- Endurance testing. Normally, this is 3 LMG's x 10,000 rounds searching for failure rates and service life of the main parts. IDF performed 3 LMG's x 50,000 round tests. 3- The handguard heat retention test results were acceptable. 4- Climate testing was performed for a range of -20 to +70 degrees Celsius, which is the operating environment of the IDF. 5- Adverse conditions testing- Sand, Mud, Water Spray and Water Immersion in a salt fog. 6- Cook off and barrel heating tests 7- Mechanical Stress to Mil STD 810C 8- Solvent / Liquid compatibility 9- Possibly one of the most interesting was the "Sea Immersion" testing- where the Negev was taken to the beach, and tested after continual drenching in the waves- note that the waves contain not only salt water, but sand from the beach.
Feed Mechanism: either 35 round Galil box magazines, or disintegrating Metallic links. M-16 30 round box magazines may be Used with an adapter. Belts may be used in either a soft Assault pouch of 150 rds (other sizes available) or From standard ammunition boxes.
These are maximum trigger pull weights, these may be a bit lower depending on spring conditions, etc.


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A boatload of notes which mostly focus on sucker aversion, a basic component of Hibbing's theory of Man as a Wary Collaborator.
"Representational Altruism: The Wary Cooperator as Authoritative Decision Maker," by Kevin Smith, American Journal of Political Science, October 2006, Vol. 50 No. 4, pp 1013-1022, http://www.ajps.org/forthcoming_TOC_50-4.html.
"Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments," by Ernst Fehr and Simon Gachter, The American Economic Review, September 2000, 980-994, http://www.jstor.org/view/00028282/ap000014/00a00170/0.
"Is Political Cognition Like Riding a Bicycle: How Cognitive Neuroscience Can Inform Research on Political Thinking," by Matthew Lieberman et al, Political Psychology, 2003, Vol. 24 No. 4, 681-704, http://www.scn.ucla.edu/pdf/POPS_347.pdf#search=%22Is%20Political%20Cognition%20Like%20Riding%20a%20Bicycle%3A%20How%20Cognitive%20Neuroscience%20Can%20Inform%20Research%20on%20Political%20Thinking%22.
"The Evolution of Altruistic Punishment," by Robert Boyd et al, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 18 March 2003, Vol. 100, No. 6, pp 3531-3535, http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/6/3531 (se also my notes on Boyd's article, In Search of Homo Economicus: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies).
"Evolutionary Theory and Political Leadership: Why Certain People Do Not Trust Decision-Makers," by Kevin Smith et al, Presented at the 2004 Midwest Political Science Association Conference in Chicago, 2004, 1-42.
"The Implications of Prospect Theory for Human Nature and Values," by Robert Jervis, Political Psychology, 2004, Vol. 25, No. 2, 163-176, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00367.x#search=%22The%20Implications%20of%20Prospect%20Theory%20for%20Human%20Nature%20and%20Values%22.
"Eusociality: Origin and Consequences," by Edward Wilson and Bert Holldobler, PNAS, 20 September 2005, http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/38/13367.
"A Political System Based on Empathy," by Simon Baron-Cohen, The World Question Center 2006, 2006, http://www.edge.org/q2006/q06_4.html#baroncohen.
"A Natural History of Peace," by Robert Sapolsky, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2006, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85110/robert-m-sapolsky/a-natural-history-of-peace.html.
"This way of doing politics is based on "systemizing". First you analyse the most effective form of combat (itself a system) to win. If we do x, then we will obtain outcome y. Then you adjust the legal code (another system). If we pass law A, we will obtain outcome B.
All that we varied in this first part of the experiment was the manner by which the subject believed the allocator came to hold the position of allocator (or decision maker).
"Bush Turns to Fear-Mongering: Creation of 'Islamic' Bogeyman," by Juan Cole, Informed Comment, 6 September 2006, http://www.juancole.com/2006/09/bush-turns-to-fear-mongering-creation.html.
Iran has not launched a war on a neighbor since the late 1700s.
True… ish. (Never mind that in the Tanker War, Kuwait required assistance of both the Soviet Union and the United States to protect her ships from Iranian aggression.
Another comment comparing the Syrian regime to California New-Agers must be read in context to be believed.
If you want to know what is really going on, it is a struggle for control of the Strategic Ellipse, which just happens demographically to be mostly Muslim. Bush has to demonize the Muslim world in order to justify his swooping down on the Strategic Ellipse. If demons occupy it, obviously they have to be cleared out in favor of Christian fundamentalists or at least Texas oilmen.
This paragraph leads to an interesting map where Cole defines a "strategic ellipse." The map combines the best of Barnettian and Spykmanian geopolitics.
Leaving aside Cole's incoherent rant, what we are left with is the fact that much of the world's oil and gas comes from countries we don't much trust. Hopefully President Bush is serious about a geogreen gas tax.


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Tracy Lungrin
Emily Wilber
Mallory Wallace
Amber Pape
Chance Radtke
Holly Pham
Rob Klucas
Greyson Holliday
Letty Garcia
Bill Watts
CJ Venable
Pronouns: She/Her/Hers
In my junior/senior year, I served as the Panhellenic Council President which led four sorority chapters and chaired a ten-member executive board. This role was very similar to the role I play in Career Services in I had to understand the unique qualities and needs of each group and facilitate partnership and collaboration among the community as a whole. I learned so much about how to develop trusting relationships and how to inspire and communicate vision to motivate the team to work for the greater good of the community.
My undergraduate major was Organizational Communication with an emphasis in Sales and my Master's Degree is in Counseling-Student Affairs. I feel like I was preparing to work with career development my whole life, without knowing it exactly. I was the aid to my junior high school counselor and the only books that interested me were on birth order, personality typology, and my favorite, How To Win Friends and Influence People (by Dale Carnegie). My first job out of college was working as an Admissions Counselor, where I recruited and encouraged students and their families to attend college, which naturally led me to the field of student affairs and career development.
The person that has influenced my professional and career development the most is my Dad, and I feel so fortunate that I was able to work at his men's clothing business while I attended college. My Dad has been a lifelong educator, coach, mentor and leader; and while he's applied most of those roles to a career in sales. He modeled for me how to quickly develop trust and rapport with others, how to engage others and listen, and how to take initiative and problem-solve. I feel very fortunate to have had a mentor who modeled these incredible soft skills for me at the beginning of my career.
Next Steps for Students
Explore Your OptionsAssess My Interests & ValuesLearn About Career & MajorsPrioritize & Test My Top OptionsReflect & Choose a PathGain ExperienceBuild & Develop My SkillsGain Experience in My FieldCultivate Guidance & MentoringMake It HappenDevelop a Targeted Search StrategyCultivate Connections in my FieldEvaluate & Negotiate an OfferTell Your StoryIdentify Relevant Skills & QualificationsDevelop Resume & Application MaterialsPrepare My Professional NarrativeInterview For Opportunities
EmployersFaculty & StaffStaffStudents
tracy.lungrin@unl.edu
Meet Erika Casarin: A Mind For Business, A Heart For Service
Assistant Director of Career Education & Peer Programming
One experience I intentionally looked for and found was an internship in human resources. I learned a lot and met some great people!
My undergraduate major was Business Administration, my graduate degree is in Education. As an undergrad, I worked in an office across the hall from an internship office, got to know them because we shared a copier, started working there, and that was about it!
My supervisors in my campus jobs were great in a lot of ways, but a big one is how much responsibility they gave me. When I think about it, I kind of wonder, "What were they thinking?" but it all worked out and made a big difference for me.
First GenerationInternationalLGBTQIA+Students of ColorStudents with DisabilitiesWomen's Center
Faculty & StaffStudents
emily@unl.edu
Looking for a Campus Job for Spring 2021? Read on!
Assistant Director of Employer & Internship Strategy
While I was a student, I explored different majors by taking part in on-campus clubs, activities, and employment. For example, I worked as a writer for the university magazine, acted in several plays and musicals, and joined the business honors student club.
I have a B.S. in business with a focus in marketing, an M.B.A., and am currently pursuing my Ph.D. in Educational Leadership in Higher Education. I became a career development professional late in life after spending about 10 years as a professional pastry chef. I made this change because while teaching culinary arts, I realized that helping students gain great experience during their college years was something that made me feel complete.
My career development was greatly impacted by Dr. Michael Gross who became my mentor when I was his graduate research assistant at Colorado State University. He helped me realize that I am a smart and strategic thinker and that working in higher education aligned with my values.
Next Steps for Employers
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mallory@unl.edu
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I had numerous on-campus jobs throughout my time as an undergraduate student. These on-campus employment opportunities allowed me to easily work around my classes, build up my employment history, and learn some great baseline skills.
I received a Bachelor of Arts in Graphic Design. After a season of graphic design jobs and freelance opportunities, my design career took a pause when I chose to stay at home with my young children. Once my kids entered school, I started looking for new career opportunities. Career Services has allowed me to take on numerous roles in the office and learn so much about how we facilitate career connections between Huskers and the world. My time at Career Services has allowed me to assist many different groups of people, ranging from students, faculty & staff, and employers all over the world.
My senior year graphic design professors were instrumental in helping me learn how to develop my resume and design portfolio. This preparation was instrumental in gaining my first job out of college as a graphic designer for an athletic-wear company.
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apape2@unl.edu
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Campus Recruiting & Operations Coordinator
How did you gain experience?
My experience is what actually propelled me to becoming a student. I didn't take the traditional route to college immediately after high school, as I was unsure what I wanted to do. Instead, I began working full time and eventually had my son. My experience of being a new mom coupled with the expectation of continuing to work full time made me realize that I wanted to go to school to assist and work with new and expecting mothers.
Wanting to work in an OB/GYN setting, I originally majored in Medical Office Technology. The accounting and business classes I was taking at the time really pushed me to pursue a role in an administrative office setting to gain experience tied to my studies. I was interested in working for the University because at the time I was hoping to transfer my credits to attend. My role with the office started out as reception but has graduated into Employer Relations over the years.
Although I wasn't a student for very long after meeting him, Larry Routh has been a constant in my development in terms of the support and advice he's given me in my professional career. Not only did he provide me with the foot-in-the-door opportunity to develop and utilize my skillset within Career Services, but he's also been a key contributor to my continued professional development.
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chance.radtke@unl.edu
Employer & Campus Relations Coordinator
I selected one or two student organizations I was interested in with a goal to gain a leadership position. This made my experience more enjoyable since I was not overwhelmed and dedicating my time became fun.
My major was Business Administration here at UNL! I was a student career coach in the business career center and had a university foundation internship during my senior year of undergrad. Those two experiences really consolidated my interest in working in higher education.
My career coach within the college impacted my career development by walking me through my strengths, passions, interests, and options. She helped me keep an open mind while giving me the skills and tools to be confident in my opportunity searches.
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hpham10@unl.edu
Information Technology Coordinator
rklucas@unl.edu
Graduate Career Advisor
As a student at the University of Missouri, I worked on campus at the Career Center. While working with fellow students on their career development, I learned how to help others maximize their own strengths.
I majored in Psychology at Mizzou. This led me to pursue a doctorate in Counseling Psychology here at UNL. As a Graduate Career Advisor, I get the chance to work with students on their professional development.
Dr. Brick Johnstone was my research mentor as an undergrad. He taught me that psychologists can make an impact on peoples' lives in many ways, like through research or therapy. Dr. Johnstone also modeled integrity, empathy, and toughness, which are values that I aspire to in my career.
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greyson.holliday@huskers.unl.edu
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During my undergraduate studies, I worked whenever I was not in class. At one point I was working 3 jobs and going to school full-time. I believe the best way to gain experience is to make sure you're uncomfortable. In order to get ahead and grow you need to put yourself in situations where you have zero experience. Otherwise, what's the point? I studied Journalism, Anthropology, and Voice Acting. All very different and all three topics taught me a great deal not only about the subject matter but myself as well.
After years of working at a hospital Emergency Room in a high-stress environment, I wanted to work at a place where I knew that I could still help people and grow my skills. That's why I looked at Career Services. My role is more supportive to the entire Career Service team as a whole. It suits me as I've always been one to take requests for assistance. We do a ton of prep work for our events like Career Fairs, Husker Suit-Up, Interviews, you name it. It takes months of planning to put all of the pieces together. I like to think of myself as on call for every event in terms of preparation and setup.
That's easy. Stan Brown was my voice coach at the Johnny Carson School of Theatre and Film. He had a way of showing you what you needed to do and how you needed to do it. He made it look completely effortless. But as a student I needed "work" on my execution of dialogue and accents. Stan would go out of his way to help me. He worked with me for an entire year and really taught me the value of projecting and taking account of my sound.
He has such a wonderful, laid back personality that it would have not been possible to get the same results from anyone else. He also had high expectations for his students. You were expected to work hard and listen well. Had it not been for his patients and fantastic teaching, I would have never been able to do my voice work for PBS as a narrator.
One of the gifts he gave me was the knowledge that even in extremely stressful situations we can "always control how we react and sound."
He's a man I'll never forget.
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hall@unl.edu
As a college student I was heavily involved in student organizations. This helped me get out of my comfort zone, gain leadership skills, and make connections on campus . I joined a Latina based sorority, known as Lambda Theta Nu Sorority, Inc. and took leadership roles within that organization. I also was part of the executive team for the Multicultural Greek Council on campus where I worked closely with other student leaders. These experiences allowed me to gain confidence when making connections on or off campus as well as develop a professional work ethic that I now carry on to my career.
As a First-Gen, non-traditional, and transfer student, college was always an adventure for me. I started my college education at Central Community College (CCC) with a specific major in mind and knowing that I wanted to help people, however after going through some time of career exploration I decided to transfer to a four year institution to pursue a degree in Psychology at the University of Nebraska Omaha. My goal has always been to help people, so I decided to take my Psychology major into and an advising and counseling role, so I continued my education and completed my masters in Higher Education Student Affiars from the University of Nebraska at Kearney. Now, I get to work with college students in their career development and help them make informed decisions about their career pursuits.
My former Human Services Instructor at CCC, Janice Hill is a person who impacted my career development. She was the first person in my educational journey who believed in me, in my strengths, qualities, and goals. She saw something in me that noone else saw and motivated to pursue my educational goals. I met her through an elective course, it was through that course that I was introduced to the concepts of counseling, human services, and working with diverse populations and I love it. I am very much grateful to her for all the support and advice that she continues to give me.
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leticia.garcia@unl.edu
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Associate Dean University Advising & Career Development
During my education, I focused time on student activities, from being an elected member of our student government to leading various student organizations. Part-time and summer jobs provided an additional method for learning about the world of work – both what I liked and what I didn't. The final piece of my puzzle for gaining experience was an internship. Few students in my time engaged in internships, I was one of those who did so. The piece that was missing is that I was not intentional or reflective at the time about how each of the experiences fit together or about how they could impact my future. Students now have many more opportunities to make intentional choices about their experiences.
My undergraduate major was Social Sciences, basically a combination of hours in political science, history, economics, and sociology. After a successful career in sales, I went to graduate school and focused on political science, specifically international relations. After completing my graduate work I was involved in operating welfare to work programs in two states. I found a real passion for working with people around the big questions of life – who are they, who do they want to be, and how will they get there. When I transitioned to higher education I began my career as an academic advisor for undecided students and haven't looked back.
A handful of professors had the most impact on my career development. They encouraged me to consider graduate school and put me on a path to see myself working in higher education.
bill.watts@unl.edu
Training & Professional Development Specialist
Pronouns: They/Them/Theirs
As an undergraduate student, I worked as a Resident Assistant, served the Student Government Association, and volunteered for a campus day of service (Webster Works Worldwide) each year. These experiences taught me about how the campus works and about how I wanted to impact others in the work I did in the future.
My bachelor's degrees are in mathematics and secondary education (former high school math teacher here!) but the experiences I had on campus helped me to understand that I would rather work with students outside the classroom. Working in academic advising has allowed me to help students navigate college and grow as people; now my role is to help empower other advisors to do the same.
My supervisors in the Housing and Residential Life department at Webster, Chris Rice, and Katie Knetzer, pushed me to set goals and follow through on them, as well as to start planning for my post-college career, even though I knew I didn't want to do what they did. Their guidance and support helped me to trust my skills, seek opportunities for growth, and pursue the things that I was passionate about.
cj.venable@unl.edu


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Winchester Symphony Orchestra
Conductor and Musical Director
Orchestra Personnel
Young Soloist Competition
Contact the Orchestra
The Winchester Symphony Orchestra gives regular concerts with an interesting variety of programmes and accomplished soloists. We invite you to take part in our activities, either as a member of the audience or as a playing member.
Message from the chairman:
In common with most other amateur orchestras, Winchester Symphony Orchestra has to face the fact that it is impossible to rehearse or perform under the current government guidelines. We will therefore not be giving concerts this season, but we hope that we will be able to follow our normal pattern of concerts from September 2021. That should include our biennial Young Soloists' Competition in 2022.
We are very grateful to the audience who regularly attend our concerts and we hope that you will return to hear us next season.
Members of the orchestra should log on to the members' area for more details.
Richard Shorter
Chairman WSO
Winchester Symphony Orchestra is a registered charity (no. 286679), and a member of Making Music (NFMS).
© 2021 Winchester Symphony Orchestra


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Ministerial visit to Fareham
Dr Thérèse Coffey MP, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) attended a meeting at Fareham Borough Council's offices today Friday (12 January) to discuss the Council's work to improve air quality.
The Council has been working on a new strategy to improve the Borough's air quality following a Government report which highlighted areas across the country, including Fareham, that are considered to carry a future risk in terms of unacceptable levels of nitrogen dioxide. The areas of road identified in the report were from the A27 near the Delme roundabout, down to the Quay Street roundabout, part of Gosport Road and along the A27 to the Station roundabout; a major factor is around 30,000 vehicles travelling in and out of the Gosport peninsula each day.
The Council has set up a new air quality working group which includes councillors, experts, and representatives from local partners. Partnership working is vital to the success of the project. It is worth noting that, as a Borough Council, Fareham is not responsible for roads; this falls under the remit of Hampshire County Council. However, Hampshire and Fareham have already been working together on a £100m programme of road improvements that will include a bypass for Stubbington. Some work has already been carried out.
Cllr Seán Woodward, Leader of Fareham Borough Council, said: "I'm delighted to welcome the Environment Minister to Fareham. This is an opportunity to shine a spotlight on the good work we have been doing to improve our air quality and to work with the Government towards a cleaner, brighter future. Reducing the levels of harmful vehicle emissions in the Borough is a key priority for us as it contributes to the health and wellbeing of our residents."
Environment Minister Thérèse Coffey said: "Air pollution has improved significantly since 2010, but we recognise there is more to do which is why we have put in place a £3.5 billion plan to improve air quality and reduce harmful emissions.
"Local knowledge is vital to finding solutions for air quality problems that are suited to local areas and the communities and businesses affected.
"I am delighted to see Fareham taking this seriously and that discussions are underway, and I look forward to seeing firm plans for action as they develop further."
The Communications Team, Tel: 01329 824310
fax: 01329 550576, e-mail: publicity@fareham.gov.uk
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Toes in the sand, blue, blue waters and quiet beaches. Yes, they do exist on the French Riviera you just need to know when and where to visit! This April during the school's spring break we took advantage of a Lufthansa Surprise airfare deal. These special flights are very similar to EuroWings Blind Booking, but has a few more exotic options ~ when Marseille popped up as our location, I was thrilled.
After a little bit of research and some social media chatting I found out Marseilles itself was not a great tourist destination but a "skip" this and head to the surrounding area. Katy, our oldest visited this area a few years ago and recommended the town of La Ciotat on the Riviera just 40 minutes south along the coast from the airport.
Since this was a trip with the "fam" we booked an AirBnb in the heart of the city – Apartment City Centre 3. It was perfect for our "break" on the beach. The title for this apartment was spot – on. Our flight came in late and we rented a car so writing an email letter to our arrival ensured us a "pas de problème" no problem. I arranged for key exchange with Albane and everything was all set. We parked locally at a city parking garage for about €11/day.
Just off the coast of La Ciotat is Íle Verte. We decided to hop a ferry boat to investigate this little island. It was about €12/person round trip and left at noon. The boat captain told us they typically go out more often to the island during the summer months. Our beautiful weather beckoned us to be on the water and made it easy to hop on the boat.
Île Verte or the Green Island is a protected land and has 2km of hiking trails that loop around the island and you can see how this once massive fortress helped protect the mainland. During the 17th century two forts were built to help provide protection from the English and after World War II both forts were destroyed. However, I loved walking on and around the ruins of what was left and my imagination went wild. The stories this little island could tell!
If you visit the island you will have good eats too, a brand new restaurant is right on the harbor with gorgeous outdoor seating. We ordered fish and salads that were delicious and the service was professional. Would definitely come back just for the food!
After about two hours you have seen the island and had a GREAT meal, time to catch the ferry back to La Ciotat! Another successful discovery.
This little harbor town has such a personality. We found the quaintness and charm to be just the ticket for our weekend of rest and relaxation. As we strolled through the town and stores were just opening up we noticed several store front closures were painted in different mural designs leading to very interesting conversations.
The boardwalk and promenade are quite long in La Ciotat and the city has been working hard on bringing the tourism in to the city. There is an outdoor gym, the gorgeous boat harbor, restaurants that line the promenade without clogging up the traffic right on the beach. While we were there they also had a boat show, but the entrance fee looked a little steep, so Jon just looked.
When Jessica Marie did a little research and found a waffle cafe very close to our AirBnb and I hadn't done the grocery shopping yet, well… you can see what happened next! Pictures of us woofing them down were not allowed to be posted.
On our first night in La Ciotat, not much was open. Thankfully, we were able to duck into this restaurant/oyster bar and fill up. WOW! Were we surprised and delighted. Everything was wonderful, wish we would've thought to make reservations but next time. We had the special selection which the chef went into detail of their location and style. We tried oysters from New Zealand, Italy, Ireland and of course local oysters as well. YUM! We also brought along Jessica our vegetarian (at the time) daughter who had a wonderful salad.
Pretty sure it might be a writer's thing but after visiting many beaches and cities around the world there might be a Hemingway's in every one of them and they all claim he drank there. Either way this was such a treat to visit here and share some whiskey for Jon and gin for me – loads of fun and met some local people too.
This was one of our favorite meals of the long weekend. La Tete d'Ail – the head of the garlic. Everyone was happy here ~ right on the promenade, the quiet setting, yet bubbly and alive when customers arrived. Service was excellent with attentive wait staff and we could order a carafe d'eau (pitcher of water) yay!!
My favorite time of day when traveling sometimes is THE NIGHT! Here are a few shots I got while out walking with Jess around the city.
I hope you have liked my little trip to the French Riviera and the beach… next week I'll be writing about Cassis and the Calanques National Park – just too much to fit in one blog. We had such a great time relaxing here and exploring, so close to Marseilles and a whole new area to discover… maybe your next adventure is on the french coast… see you soon!