text:
People v. Cogswell
LexRoll.com > LexRoll (CA) > California Supreme Court > 2010 > People v. Cogswell
48 Cal. 4th 467, 227 P.3d 409, 106 Cal. Rptr. 3d 850
Filed 4/1/10
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
Ct.App. 4/1 D049038
HENRY IVAN COGSWELL,
Defendant and Appellant.
Super. Ct. No. SCN201693
____________________________________)
A witness?s preliminary hearing testimony is admissible at trial if the
witness is ?unavailable? despite the exercise of ?reasonable diligence? by the party
seeking the witness?s attendance. (Evid. Code, ? 1291.) At issue is whether, to
show ?reasonable diligence? in obtaining the presence at trial of a sexual assault
victim living outside California, the prosecution in this case had to ask a court to
order the victim taken into custody and transported to California to testify at
defendant?s trial.
On a visit to California, a Colorado woman was sexually attacked. At the
preliminary hearing, she testified against defendant Henry Ivan Cogswell, her
attacker, but thereafter she refused to return to California to testify at his trial. The
prosecution then sought to compel her attendance at trial through a law that has
been adopted in all 50 states and is known as the Uniform Act to Secure the
Attendance of Witnesses from without the State in Criminal Cases. (Uniform Act;
Pen. Code, ? 1334 et seq.) Under the Uniform Act, as adopted in California, a
party in a criminal case can ask a court in the state where an out-of-state material
witness is located to subpoena the witness and also to have the witness taken into
custody and brought to the prosecuting state to testify.
At the prosecution?s request, a Colorado court issued a subpoena to the
sexual assault victim. When she did not appear at defendant?s California trial, the
California trial court declared her to be unavailable as a witness, and it permitted
the prosecution to use the victim?s preliminary hearing testimony as evidence at
defendant?s trial. A jury convicted defendant of various sexual assaults. He
appealed.
The Court of Appeal disagreed with the trial court?s determination of the
Colorado witness?s unavailability. In the Court of Appeal?s view, the prosecution
had not used reasonable diligence in securing her presence at defendant?s
California trial because it did not avail itself of the Uniform Act?s provision
allowing for an out-of-state material witness?s detention and transportation to the
prosecuting state. Unlike the Court of Appeal, we conclude that the prosecution
did use reasonable diligence in obtaining the witness?s presence.
Defendant was accused of sexually assaulting Lorene B., a Colorado
resident, while she was vacationing in California. Lorene returned to California to
testify at defendant?s preliminary hearing, where she was thoroughly cross-
examined by defense counsel. Based on that testimony, defendant was held to
answer on the charged sexual offenses.
Because Lorene had previously been cooperative, the prosecution had not
subpoenaed her to testify at defendant?s California trial. On the date of trial,
Lorene told the prosecution she would not testify against defendant. Without
Lorene?s testimony at trial, the prosecution could proceed against defendant only
if it could use, as evidence of defendant?s guilt, the testimony that Lorene had
previously given at the preliminary hearing.
Because the prosecution could not show that it had used reasonable
diligence in securing Lorene?s attendance at defendant?s trial (Evid. Code, ? 240,
subd. (a)(5)), and because without such a showing it could not use at trial the
testimony that Lorene had given at the preliminary hearing, it asked the trial court
to dismiss the case. A new complaint against defendant was then filed. The
parties stipulated that defendant could be held to answer on the complaint and that
the complaint could be deemed the information. The case was set for trial on
December 20, 2005.
On November 2, 2005, the prosecution asked the San Diego Superior Court
that, in accordance with the Uniform Act, a request be made to the Denver District
Court in Colorado for the issuance of a subpoena to Lorene. The court did so. As
required under the Uniform Act, the subpoena request was accompanied by a
round-trip airplane ticket from Denver to San Diego, plus a daily allowance for
food and hotel expenses.
In mid-December 2005, the San Diego Superior Court vacated the
December 20 trial date, and set a new trial date for January 31, 2006. On
December 20, in a telephone call to the prosecution in California, Lorene said she
would not testify at defendant?s trial. Thereafter, the prosecution made no further
efforts to contact Lorene, fearing that she would view this as ?intimidation,? and
that if she were told about the new January 31, 2006, trial date before she had been
subpoenaed she would try to evade service of the subpoena. Instead, the
prosecution again asked the San Diego Superior Court to have the Denver,
Colorado court subpoena Lorene to appear as a material witness at defendant?s
San Diego trial, rescheduled for January 31, 2006. Again, the request was
accompanied by a round-trip airplane ticket to San Diego and a daily allowance
for food and hotel expenses. The prosecution did not request, as permitted under
the Uniform Act, that Lorene be taken into custody and brought to San Diego to
testify.
The Denver, Colorado court issued the subpoena, and the Denver
District Attorney then confirmed that the subpoena was served on Lorene on
January 20, 2006, and that Lorene was given the requisite plane ticket and
witness fees.
When on February 1, 2006, the first day of defendant?s trial in San Diego,
Lorene did not appear, the prosecution asked the trial court that, because Lorene
was ?unavailable as a witness? (Evid. Code, ? 1291, subd. (a)) notwithstanding the
prosecution?s use of reasonable diligence in attempting to secure her presence (id.,
? 240, subd. (a)(5)), the prosecution be allowed to use as evidence at defendant?s
trial Lorene?s previously given preliminary hearing testimony. The prosecutor
explained: ?[Lorene] has stated to me and to my investigator . . . that she has had
as much of this matter as she can possibly handle. [?] She?s had contact from the
family members of the defendant, from her prior friends. Given the small nature
of the deaf community,[1] she lives in Colorado to escape what she has lived
through here. And she has emotional issues with coming back here to court. She
informed me prior to yesterday at the last trial call that she would not be here.?
Defendant objected, unsuccessfully, that the prosecution had not used reasonable
diligence to secure Lorene?s attendance as a witness because of its failure to ask a
Colorado court to order that, as allowed under the Uniform Act, Lorene be taken
into custody and brought to San Diego to testify at defendant?s trial.
Both defendant and Lorene are deaf.
Based primarily on Lorene?s preliminary hearing testimony, the jury
convicted defendant as charged. In a bifurcated proceeding, the jury found that
defendant had a prior serious felony conviction (Pen. Code, ?? 667, subds. (a), (b)-
(i), 668), that he had served a prison term for that conviction and had not remained
free from any new offense for 10 years after his release (id., ?? 667.5, subd. (a),
667.6, subd. (a)), and that a previous conviction for forcible rape made him a
habitual sex offender (id., ? 667.61, subds. (a), (c), (d)). The trial court sentenced
defendant to consecutive indeterminate terms of 50 years to life on two counts of
rape, and it imposed a consecutive term of five years for his prior serious felony
conviction. On the remaining counts, the court imposed concurrent sentences.
On appeal, defendant reiterated the argument he had made in the trial court
that to show reasonable diligence in securing Lorene?s presence at trial, the
prosecution should have invoked the Uniform Act?s custody-and-delivery
provision. The Attorney General responded that the prosecution could not resort
to that provision because Code of Civil Procedure section 1219?s subdivision (b)
(hereafter section 1219(b)) prohibits the confinement of a sexual assault victim
who refuses to testify about the arrest. That provision states: ?Notwithstanding
any other law, no court may imprison or otherwise confine or place in custody the
victim of a sexual assault . . . for contempt when the contempt consists of refusing
to testify concerning that sexual assault . . . .? (Ibid.)2
The Court of Appeal reversed defendant?s convictions, holding that section
1219(b) ?does not . . . limit the power of a California court to utilize the custody
and delivery provisions of the Uniform Act.? The purpose of section 1219(b), the
As discussed later, the Attorney General no longer argues that this
provision barred the prosecutor from asking that Lorene be taken into custody
under the provisions of the Uniform Act.
Court of Appeal stated, is to forbid the confinement of a sexual assault victim
based on ?a finding of contempt arising from a refusal to testify.? (Italics added.)
But, the court explained, the ?custody and delivery provision of the Uniform Act
is a device to assure the attendance of a witness at trial and not a punishment for
contempt arising from a refusal to testify.? Thus, the Court of Appeal held,
section 1219(b) ?did not forbid the use of the act?s custody and delivery provisions
to secure Lorene?s attendance at trial.?
The Court of Appeal further stated that because ?the prosecution was on
notice that it was highly probable Lorene would not return to California even if
ordered by a court to do so,? the prosecution did not use ?every reasonable means
to secure her attendance and, therefore, did not exercise reasonable diligence? in
securing Lorene?s presence at defendant?s California trial. Therefore, the Court of
Appeal concluded, the trial court erred in declaring Lorene unavailable as a
witness and in allowing the prosecution to use at defendant?s trial Lorene?s
preliminary hearing testimony. This error, the Court of Appeal held, was
prejudicial, because without the use of that testimony at defendant?s trial there was
no evidence of his guilt.
We granted the Attorney General?s petition for review.
We here consider the interaction among four statutes: the Uniform Act,
which allows a prosecutor or a defendant in a criminal case to request that an out-
of-state witness be subpoenaed and be taken into custody and transported to the
prosecuting state in which trial is pending; Evidence Code sections 240 and 1292,
which permit the use of prior testimony by an unavailable declarant; and Code of
Civil Procedure section 1219(b), which prohibits the confinement of a sexual
assault victim for contempt based on a refusal to testify about the assault. A brief
review of each follows.
A. The Uniform Act
The Uniform Act was initially approved by the National Conference of
Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1931. The commissioners approved a
revised version of the act in 1936, which California adopted in 1937. There are
slight differences between the version of the Uniform Act adopted in Colorado
(Colo. Rev. Stats., ? 16-9-201 et. seq.) ? the state where sexual assault victim
Lorene was living at the time of the trial in this case ? and the version adopted in
California (Pen. Code, ? 1334 et seq.), but none is pertinent here.
Under the Uniform Act, as adopted in California, when a person located in
a sister state that has also adopted the Uniform Act is a ?material witness? in a
?prosecution pending in? California, the judge of the court in which the
prosecution is pending ?may issue a certificate . . . specifying the number of days
the witness will be required,? which ?shall be presented to a judge of a court of
record in the county of such other state in which the witness is found.? (Pen.
Code, ? 1334.3, subd. (a); see also Colo. Rev. Stats., ? 16-9-203(1).) A witness
who travels by airplane is compensated for the flight, and a small allowance is
provided to cover the witness?s expenses. (Pen. Code, ? 1334.3, subd. (a); see also
Colo. Rev. Stats., ? 16-9-203(2).) The witness is paid statutory witness fees, is
reimbursed ?for any additional expenses of the witness which the judge . . . shall
find reasonable and necessary? (Pen. Code, ? 1334.3; the Colo. law does not
contain this requirement), and may not be arrested or served with legal documents
while present in the state where the witness is testifying (Pen. Code, ? 1334.4; see
also Colo. Rev. Stats., ? 16-9-202 (2)).
Under the Uniform Act, a sister state court that receives a certificate
described in the preceding paragraph must direct the witness named on the
certificate to appear at a hearing. (Pen. Code, ? 1334.2; see also Colo. Rev. Stats.,
? 16-9-202(1).) If at that hearing the sister state court ?determines that the witness
is material and necessary, that it will not cause undue hardship to the witness to be
compelled to attend and testify? (Pen. Code, ? 1334.2), that ?the laws of the state
in which the prosecution is pending? will give the witness protection from arrest
while the witness is present, and that the witness will be paid the fees mentioned in
the previous paragraph, the court ?shall issue a subpoena . . . directing the witness
to attend and testify in the court where the prosecution is pending? (ibid.; see also
Colo. Rev. Stats., ? 16-9-202(2)).
At issue here is a provision of the Uniform Act that permits a party in a
criminal case to ask the trial court to ?recommend[] that the witness be taken into
immediate custody and delivered to an officer of this state to assure his or her
attendance in this state? (Pen. Code, ? 1334.3, subd. (a); see also Colo. Rev. Stats.,
? 16-9-202(3)), and that gives the court in the state where the witness is located
the power to act upon that recommendation. This provision of the Uniform Act
mirrors statutes in California and in most states allowing a trial court to order the
confinement of material witnesses to ensure their presence at trial. (See Pen.
Code, ?? 879, 881, 882; Studnicki, Material Witness Detention: Justice Served or
Denied? (1994) 40 Wayne L.Rev. 1533.)
B. Evidence Code sections 240 and 1291
Hearsay evidence, which is ?evidence of a statement that was made other
than by a witness while testifying at the hearing and that is offered to prove the
truth of the matter stated? (Evid. Code, ? 1200), is generally inadmissible in
California (id., subd. (a)). But there are several statutory exceptions. Pertinent
here is the one that allows admission at trial of a person?s former testimony if that
person is ?unavailable as a witness? and ?[t]he party against whom the former
testimony is offered was a party to the action or proceeding in which the testimony
was given and had the right and opportunity to cross-examine the declarant with
an interest and motive similar to that which he has? at trial. (Id., ? 1291, subd.
(a).) A witness is considered to be unavailable if ?the proponent of his or her
statement has exercised reasonable diligence but has been unable to procure his or
her attendance by the court?s process.? (Id., ? 240, subd. (a)(5), italics added.)
C. Code of Civil Procedure section 1219
Code of Civil Procedure section 1219, originally enacted in 1872, provides
that when a person has been found in contempt of court for refusal to perform an
act that the person is capable of performing, the court may order the person jailed
until that act is performed. (In re Mark A. (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1124, 1143.)
Section 1219(b), added to section 1219 in 1984, stated at the time of defendant?s
trial in this case: ?Notwithstanding any other law, no court may imprison or
otherwise confine or place in custody the victim of a sexual assault for contempt
when the contempt consists of refusing to testify concerning that sexual assault.?
(Stats. 1993, ch. 219, ? 69.7, p. 1587.) (After defendant?s trial, the Legislature in
2008 amended section 1219(b) to include victims of domestic violence.)
In this court, the Attorney General has abandoned the argument he made in
the Court of Appeal that section 1219(b) prohibited the prosecution from invoking
the Uniform Act?s custody-and-delivery provision. He now accepts the Court of
Appeal?s holding that section 1219(b), which prohibits the jailing of sexual assault
victims for contempt of court based on their refusal to testify, does not preclude
the prosecution from using the Uniform Act?s custody-and-delivery provision.
The Attorney General now argues that even though the prosecution in this case
could have invoked that provision of the Uniform Act, it was not required to do so
in order to show in this case the sexual assault victim?s unavailability as a witness
at defendant?s trial. We agree, as discussed below.
In requiring that prior testimony be admissible at trial only when the person
who previously testified has later become unavailable to testify, the Legislature
sought to ensure that ?only when necessary? is prior testimony to be substituted
for live testimony, which is generally ?the preferred form of evidence.? (People
v. Reed (1996) 13 Cal.4th 217, 225.) Live testimony compels a witness ?to stand
face to face with the jury? so it ?may look at him and judge by his demeanor upon
the stand and the manner in which he gives his testimony whether he is worthy of
belief.? (Mattox v. United States (1895) 156 U.S. 237, 242-243.) But that
assessment by the jury ? ?is severely hampered? ? when the ? ?witness is absent
and when his prior testimony is read into evidence. [Citation.] Only if the
necessity . . . is clearly demonstrated may the defendant?s right of confrontation be
overcome . . . .? ? (People v. Louis (1986) 42 Cal.3d 969, 983.) Such necessity is
shown, for instance, if a witness is unavailable to testify at trial notwithstanding a
party?s use of ?reasonable diligence? in attempting to secure the presence of the
witness. (Evid. Code, ? 240, subd. (a)(5).)
Reasonable diligence, often called ?due diligence? in case law, ? ?connotes
persevering application, untiring efforts in good earnest, efforts of a substantial
character.? ? (People v. Cromer (2001) 24 Cal.4th 889, 904.) Here, the Court of
Appeal faulted the prosecution for not doing enough to obtain Colorado resident
Lorene?s presence as a material witness at defendant?s trial. What the prosecution
should have done, the Court of Appeal said, was to invoke the Uniform Act?s
provision that would have permitted the prosecution to ask a Colorado court to
have Lorene taken into custody and transported to California as a witness for the
prosecution.
As there is no published California case involving the Uniform Act?s
provision on custody and delivery of a material witness, the parties here rely on
decisions from other states that have considered the issue. Three of these cases ?
Gray v. Commonwealth (Va.Ct.App. 1993) 431 S.E.2d 86, People v. Thorin
(Mich.Ct.App. 1983) 336 N.W.2d 913, and People v. Arguello (Colo.Ct.App.
1987) 737 P.2d 436) ? generally support the Attorney General?s view that to
establish an out-of-state witness?s unavailability at trial, a party is not required to
invoke the Uniform Act?s custody-and-delivery provision. A fourth case ? State
v. Archie (Ariz.Ct.App. 1992) 831 P.2d 414 ? generally supports defendant?s
contrary view. In all four, however, the facts are quite different from the case
before us. None of them resolves the issue before us here: Did the prosecution
have to invoke the Uniform Act?s custody-and-delivery provision before it could
establish its use of due diligence in securing sexual assault victim Lorene?s
presence at defendant?s trial? Our answer is ?no,? as explained below.
To have a material witness who has committed no crime taken into custody,
for the sole purpose of ensuring the witness?s appearance at a trial, is a measure so
drastic that it should be used sparingly. (See, e.g., State v. Reid (Ariz. 1976) 559
P.2d 136, 145 [?Confinement of a witness, even for a few days, not charged with a
crime, is a harsh and oppressive measure which we believe is justified only in the
most extreme circumstances.?].) Confinement would be particularly problematic
when, as in this case, the witness is a sexual assault victim.
Although any crime victim may be traumatized by the experience, sexual
assault victims are particularly likely to be traumatized because of the nature of
the offense. To relive and to recount in a public courtroom the often personally
embarrassing intimate details of a sexual assault far overshadows the usual
discomforts of giving testimony as a witness. And the defense may, through
rigorous cross-examination, try to portray the victim as a willing participant. (See
generally, Berger, Man?s Trial, Woman?s Tribulation: Rape Cases in the
Courtroom (1977) 77 Colum. L.Rev. 1.) Also, seeing the attacker again ? this
time in the courtroom ? is for many sexual assault victims a visual reminder of
the harrowing experienced suffered, adding to their distress and discomfort on the
witness stand. (See Ellison, The Adversarial Process and the Vulnerable Witness
(2001) pp. 16-17.) It comes as no surprise, therefore, that often a victim of sexual
assault is hesitant to report the crime. Even fewer such crimes would be reported
if sexual assault victims could be jailed for refusing to testify against the assailant.
Recognizing these concerns, the California Legislature in 1984 amended
Code of Civil Procedure section 1219 to add subdivision (b). (Sen. Bill No. 1678
(1983-1984 Reg. Sess.) ? 2.) That provision, as mentioned earlier, prohibits a trial
court from jailing for contempt a sexual assault victim who refuses to testify
against the attacker. As the author of that legislation explained to his fellow
senators: ?The purpose of [section 1219(b)] is not only to protect victims of
sexual assault from further victimization resulting from imprisonment or threats of
imprisonment by our judicial system, but also to begin to create a supportive
environment in which more victims might come forward to report and prosecute
[perpetrators of] sexual assault.? (Sen. Floor Statement by Sen. Dan
McCorquodale on Sen. Bill No. 1678, May 1, 1984.) Enactment of section
1219(b) reflects the Legislature?s view that sexual assault victims generally should
not be jailed for refusing to testify against the assailant.
In this case, the prosecution acted reasonably when it chose not to request
? even though permitted under the Uniform Act?s custody-and-delivery provision
? to have sexual assault victim Lorene taken into custody and transported from
Colorado to California to testify at defendant?s trial. As mentioned earlier,
Lorene?s refusal to testify at defendant?s first scheduled trial led to a dismissal of
the case against defendant. Thereafter, the prosecution refiled the charges against
defendant. Lorene again told the prosecution she would not testify against
defendant, and she ignored a subpoena ordering her to appear at defendant?s trial.
It is highly unlikely that had Lorene been taken into custody, she would have
become a cooperative witness. Moreover, if she had been transported against her
will to California and then refused to testify, the trial court could not have held her
in contempt and jailed her until she agreed to testify, because that remedy
(ordinarily available when a witness refuses to testify) is not available when the
witness who refuses to testify is a sexual assault victim. (? 1219(b).) Having
spoken directly to Lorene, the prosecutor was in the best position to assess the
strength of her determination not to testify at defendant?s trial. Based on that
assessment, the prosecutor could reasonably conclude that invoking the Uniform
Act?s custody-and-delivery provision would not have altered Lorene?s decision
not to testify again about the sexual assault, and thus it would have been a waste of
time and resources.
In holding that the prosecution in this sexual assault case did not use
reasonable diligence in securing Lorene?s presence at defendant?s California trial,
the Court of Appeal pointed to the prosecution?s failure to invoke the Uniform
Act?s custody-and-delivery provision. In the court?s words: ?Lorene was an
essential witness in this case, her appearance was crucial. The prosecution did not,
under the circumstances of this case, use every reasonable means to secure her
attendance and, therefore, did not exercise reasonable diligence.? But
confinement of a sexual assault victim to ensure her presence at the assailant?s
trial would, for reasons we discussed earlier, not be a reasonable means of
securing the witness?s presence.
Pertinent here is our decision in People v. Smith (2003) 30 Cal.4th 581. In
that case, the trial court ruled that a sexual assault victim?s refusal to testify at the
defendant?s trial made her unavailable as a witness. We rejected the defendant?s
argument that to get the victim to testify the trial court should have threatened to
fine her. We said: ?Trial courts ?do not have to take extreme actions before
making a finding of unavailability.? ? (Id. at p. 624.) In this sexual assault case,
the prosecution?s resort to the Uniform Act?s custody-and-delivery provision to
ensure victim Lorene?s presence at defendant?s trial would have been an action far
more extreme than the fine at issue in Smith. Thus, the Court of Appeal here erred
in reversing the trial court?s ruling that Lorene was unavailable as a witness
notwithstanding the prosecution?s use of reasonable means to secure her presence
at defendant?s trial, and that therefore the prosecution could use at that trial the
testimony that Lorene had previously given at defendant?s preliminary hearing.
We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeal. We remand the matter to
that court for consideration of defendant?s remaining claims, which the Court of
Appeal did not address.
KENNARD, J.
GEORGE, C. J.
BAXTER, J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
MORENO, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.
Name of Opinion People v. Cogswell __________________________________________________________________________________
Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted XXX 156 Cal.App.4th 698
Rehearing Granted
Opinion No. S158898
Date Filed: April 1, 2010
Court: Superior
Judge: John S. Einhorn
Attorneys for Appellant:
Patricia A. Scott, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant.
Attorneys for Respondent:
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Donald E.
De Nicola, Deputy State Solicitor General, Gary W. Schons, Assistant Attorney General, Steve Oetting,
Rhonda Cartwright-Ladendorf, Kristen Kinnaird Chenelia and Melissa Mandel, Deputy Attorneys General,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):
Patricia A. Scott
Melissa Mandel
Deputy Attorney General
110 West A Street, Suite 1100


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In recent years, California's ban on plastic bags, also known as Proposition 67, has impacted and brought statewide awareness. California is known as the first state to ban plastic bags, which has positively influenced the nation as a whole. As stated on the website, Ballotpedia, under the title, California Proposition 67, Plastic Bag Ban Veto Referendum (2016), states, "The measure was designed to prohibit large grocery stores and pharmacies from providing plastic single-use carryout bags and ban small grocery stores, convenience stores, and liquor stores from doing so the following year. It allowed single-use plastic bags for meat, bread, produce, bulk food, and perishable items. The measure required stores to charge 10 cents for recycled, compostable, and reusable grocery bags" (Ballotpedia). As a result, grocery stores offer paper bags at the cost of the individual. If customers forget their tote bag, then they have the option to either purchase a 10 cent paper bag or carry their grocery items out of the store if they do want to purchase a paper bag. The former option came into effect state wide beginning January of 2017. Analyzing the impacts of paper bags through an environmental ethics and political economy lens will support the notion that paper bags are an alternative problem and not a solution.
Historically, the invention of grocery paper bags date back to the 1840's, by the inventor, Francis Wolle, whose design met the demand for grocery bags by producing bags at a massive scale during the Industrial Revolution. Although this early invention of paper bags was convenient for the time being, they contained inconvenient flaws; one for the most being they were not self-standing bags. Since the bottom of bags were sealed in a form of an envelope, which also caused issues especially for those carrying a few pounds of produce. As stated in The Evolution of the Grocery Bag, "The history of design has yet to see the development if a perfect object, though it has seen many satisfactory ones and many substantially improved ones. The concept of imperative improvement is embedded in the paradigm for invention, the better mousetrap" (Petroski, 100). As a result of being early inventions, grocery paper bags needed some improvements. In the years that followed, Margaret E. Knight invented the "durable" paper bag dating to 1870. The updated versions of paper bags consisted of handles and were able to hold a few pounds of produce. The patent version of Knight's invention, "improvement in paper-feeding machines", consisted of "the basis of the flat-bottomed bag". As started by Petroski, "Knight's machines performed its greatest magic by shaping the end of the tube into a flat bottom by means of a series of three folds, and the drawings that delineate the three-step mechanical folding process look like instructions for "industrial origami": the first fold formed the end of the tube slit diamond, the second creased one tip of the diamond over to make a pentagon, and the third creased the other tip over to form an elongated hexagon" (Petroski, 104). In other words, Knight's complex invention completely changed and revolutionized paper bags; of course she faced scrutiny for being a female inventor during the Victorian Era where social structures limited women as housewives and viewed men as wage earners, which created barriers for entrepreneurial women.
Moreover, paper bags have been of significant use since the 1940's, during World War II, paper bags were being tested for durability. As shown in the 1944 archival article, Paper Finds New Uses, Morrow examined possibilities for paper bags to immerse into combat clothing and tents. More specifically, crepe paper was used as an alternative parachute to deliver supplies during World War II; paper bags were tested for durability in order to protect supplies against weathering. A description under an image of paper bags being drenched is captioned, "DRENCHED- To test the ability of paper bags to withstand rough treatment, paper shipping sacks developed by Bemis Bro. Bag Co. and the American Cyanamid and Chemical Corp. were sprayed for 24 hours" (Morrow). Evidently, paper bag usage has evolved throughout western history, for the purpose of consumerism and warfare. Taking into account its mass production from Bemis Bro. Bag Co, one may wonder how many trees were extracted for the military to consume paper bags. In general, the use of paper bags, have evolved since their earlier inventions from Francis Wolle and Margaret E. Knight. Important to realize, is that paper bag consumption reveals human and environmental relationship. The process of paper bags stems from resource extraction that creates environmental degradation linked to monoculture farming of trees.
Analyzing paper bags through the environmental ethics lens brings questions of anthropocentric views, which is defined as, "an ethical standpoint that views humans as the central factor in consideration of right and wrong action in and toward nature" (Robbins, 316). Notably, degradation of land from resource extraction for paper bag consumption is environmentally unethical. With the use of technological advancements, resource extractions have more than quadrupled since the turn of the century. In this case, the paper bag industry has produced more bags than what was produced during Francis Wolle and Margaret E. Knight era. With an increase of paper bag production, comes an increase of man-made monocultures that have a great impact on the environment. Considering that paper bags come from tree plantations, which are monocultures that provide little biodiversity of other species. Specifically, an environmental problem associated with monoculture, is soil degradation cause by cultivating the same crop within a limited amount of land space. In the case of the United States for paper bag consumption, corporations contribute to a massive scale of resource extraction from tree plantations, causing detrimental impacts on the environment. As stated in the Tree chapter in the textbook, Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction, Robbins states that in the United States of America, "there are more than 17 million hectares of planation forest, created and maintained by the government in conjunction with timber companies, That is a figure larger than the total forest cover of most countries in the world" (Robbins, 169). Important to note are the effects plantations have on the environment, since they lack biodiversity exposing the land to poor soil conditions, which makes it susceptible to catch fungal disease brought by unwanted pest. Due to the lack of biodiversity, natural occurring processes like ecosystem services are depleted alongside with forest, which endanger native species. For these reasons, consumption of paper bags is environmentally concerning for the future of land usage.
Furthermore, taking into account ecosystem services and forest depletion, species that once inhabited the land are put in danger from our unethical consumption behavior. With this in mind, natural forest and land that stood in place before the tree plantation occurred for paper bag production are depleted to make room for synthetic tree plantations. These paper bags are only built to last for a single-use that entails a short trip from the grocery checkout stand to the consumer's home. Indeed, paper bags are resource-intensive and a waste of natural resources. As stated on the, Paper vs. Plastic Bags-The Studies, on the section of solid waste, states, "paper bags have much greater mass and weigh five to seven times more than plastic bags so they add five to seven times more tonnage to the waste stream for municipalities to manage. This in turn results in a fivefold to sevenfold increase in greenhouse gas emissions" (Canadian Plastics Industry Association). Evidently, the environmental impacts of paper bags outweigh its consumer benefits. In general, paper bags generate high level of carbon emissions from intensive energy usage; since paper weighs more than plastic it requires more energy to transport from different sites than plastic would. As noted in the article, Paper of Plastic?, by the Environmental Literacy Council, "It would take approximately seven trucks to transport the same number of paper bags as can be transported by a single truck full of plastic bags" (Environmental Literacy Council). Evidently paper bags are more energy intensive considering the weight and size of paper in comparison to plastic, transportation emits pollution, which affects air quality although the results are not visible, environmental impact of smog appear years later. Taking an ethical stance against the use of paper bags, raises questions of environmental ethics since paper bags are produced from monoculture-tree plantations, why are they an option at the checkout stand in grocery stores across California- a state that banned plastic bags for their environmental impacts? This question also addresses a political economy standpoint.
Further critical analysis of paper bags through the political economy lens interconnects capitalist values with environmental degradation in the manufacturing process of paper bags. Specifically, tree plantations, which are viewed as property of the human industry through the notion of "Production of Nature", which is defined as, "the idea that the environment, if it ever did exist separate from people, is now a product of human industry or activity" (Robbins, 321). In other words, the paper bag industry establishes ownership of water, trees and soil, in order to profit from commodities that are made from these natural resources. Yet, the conditions of production of paper bags have been reported to be more resource heavy than creating plastic bags. As stated in, The Scottish Report (2005) section states, "[A] paper bag has a more adverse impact than a plastic bag for most of the environmental issues considered. Areas where paper bags score particularly badly include water consumption, atmospheric acidification (which can have effects on human health, sensitive ecosystems, forest decline and acidification of lakes) and eutrophication of water bodies (which can lead to growth of algae and depletion of oxygen)" (All About Bags). Evidently, the production of paper bags creates negative externalities that raise questions of environmental concerns that are just as harmful as plastic bag manufacturing and consumption.
Moreover, the environment and human relationship within the paper bag industry is influenced by economic incentives that generate monetary value for the industry. In order for the industry to continue striving, they must seek to maximize profit. As stated by Robbins in the Trees chapter of, Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction, about the capitalist market economy, "requires sustained accumulation of capital and its continued circulation through the system" (Robbins, 109-110). In other words, in order for the industry to flourish they must continue to meet consumer demands even if it depletes the environment. Granted that paper bags are market driven, these corporations face competition, which influences land use extension. As stated by Robbins, "As prices fall further in commodity crisis, the need to continue to extend farming into more forest land and to intensify production using modern, forest-averse techniques becomes greater. Producers continue to expend and intensify production to make up for losses accrued in falling markets leading to poorer prices, more forest clearance, and more intensive mining of soil" (Robbins, 176). In this case, tree plantations owned by the paper bag industry promote deforestation and is seen as an "inevitable crisis in capitalist agriculture", due to the competitive market values. In brief, those benefiting from the industry often times ignore socioeconomic and environmental issues.
Ultimately, paper bags raise questions of concern that exposes the industries flaws. Approaching it form the environmental ethics and political economy lens depicts unethical land treatment and pollution caused from the manufacturing process. It is important to note that paper bags are not a sustainable solution to plastic bag consumption. In either case, both paper and plastic bags are a burdensome for the environment and human health. To illustrate the interconnectedness of paper bags, massive production influenced by economic profits causes environmental negative externalities, which are hazardous for human health. All things considered, should single-use paper bags continue to be an option at the grocery checkout stands nation-wide? Especially when our consumption for paper bags have environmental impacts that are hazardous for non-humans who cannot protect themselves from daunting anthropocentric values that are interconnected with the global economy. For the future of the planet we need to take into consideration the affects of mass consumption and focus on how to live "intune" with nature even if it means skipping on the 10 cent paper bag and caring produce to your home.
Morrow, Martha. "Paper Finds New Uses." The Science News-Letter, 8 Jan. 1944.
"Paper or Plastic?" The Environmental Literacy Council, the Environmental Literacy Council, 2015.
"Paper vs. Plastic Bags- The Studies." All About Bags, Canadian Plastics Industry Association. 2012.
Petroski, Henry. "The Evolution of the Grocery Bag." The American Scholar, vol. 72, no. 4, Aug. 2003, pp. 99–111.
Robbins, Paul, et al. Environment and Society: A Critical Introduction. 2nd ed.,Wiley Blackwell, 2014.


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Luis De Jesus Named Assistant Professor | Sarbajit Banerjee Named 2021 Recipient of American Chemical Society Diversity Award
Luis De Jesus Named Assistant Professor
With support from the DMREF program, we have built and sustained an authentic partnership with the University of Puerto Rico Cayey. One of our UPR students, Luis De Jesus, was a PhD student with Sarbajit Banerjee at Texas A&M. He was a huge contributor to both the research and outreach aspects of our project. After completing a post-doctoral stint at University of Pennsylvania, Luis has accepted an offer for a tenure-track faculty position in the Department of Chemistry at the University at Buffalo, exemplifying a significant success with training of members of underrepresented groups to a career in academia. Luis is one of several underrepresented minority students with excellent outcomes across our two institutions.
American Chemical Society Diversity Award
Sarbajit Banerjee has been named the 2021 recipient of the SWRM American Chemical Society Stanley C. Israel Award for Advancing Diversity in the Chemical Sciences recognizing in part the Texas A&M and University at Buffalo Initiative funded by the DMREF award to forge a partnership with the University of Puerto Rico Cayey. The award recognizes individuals who have advanced diversity in the chemical sciences & significantly stimulated or fostered activities that promote inclusiveness. He has also been named the 2021 recipient of Texas A&M Leadership in Equity & Diversity Award.
Related Project: A Blueprint for Photocatalytic Water Splitting: Mapping Multidimensional Compositional Space to Simultaneously Optimize Thermodynamics and Kinetics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Summary: In his brief but hard-hitting Letter No. 7, Centinel waxes eloquent on his fellow citizens' budding realization of the Founding Lawyers' subterfuge. He is cautiously optimistic that this awakening will take hold; that the flash of names and celebrity will not blind them to the scam taking place in their midst.


There are many times that kids will choose to bypass doing a worksheet and play instead. Of course they will, they want to play and have fun. That is why I enjoy so much providing hands on learning activities. Kids are having so much fun that they have no idea just how much they are learning. This is absolutely the case with these Uppercase Alphabet Pattern Block Mats.
My kids LOVE pattern blocks. They can follow mats or create their own designs. They enjoy it so much! That is why this alphabet activity with pattern block is so popular with kids. They literally think they are having fun when in reality they are taking beginning steps to reading and strengthening critical finger muscles.
Learning uppercase letters has never been so easy or fun!
The first step for children in learning how to read is being able to identify all 52 letters, both upper and lowercase. The next step is to recognize beginning sounds. The great thing about these pattern block mats is that it works with BOTH! That being said, you don't HAVE to work with beginning sounds yet. If your child or students are not ready for beginning sounds, this activity is still incredibly beneficial!
To Prep: Print out this free printable. Using some sort of protector for activities is a must for me. It can be either laminating or dry erase pouches. Both are work well and have their own benefits.
Lamination is more permanent, obviously, but dry erase pouches are much quicker. If choosing to laminate, go ahead and do so. If you choose to use the pouches, add the Alphabet Pattern Block Mat to the pouch.
To Use: You can start with whichever letter sheet you are choose. You can go with A-Z or completely random.
We start the activity off by stating which letter it is. We speak what the letter name is and then start with beginning sounds. I point to the picture and ask what the picture is and then emphasize the beginning sounds.
Next we build the letter with the pattern blocks, while using the diagram on the sheet. When the letter is formed, we use the dry erase marker to trace the letter.
We also talk about what the pictures are, on the left side. These are all pictures of words that begin with letter on the mat. This is a great introduction or reminder of beginning sounds.
The last part of the mat is to count the number of each shape used. It is fantastic to integrate a little math with our literacy stations! We count the number of each block and write them inside the block picture.
When we are done with the first letter, we move the pattern blocks off and start on our next letter.
If you child seems confused on the formation of certain letters, use it as a teaching moment to discuss with them how it is different than we would write it and see if they can develop a better way to form the letter with the pattern blocks. This will actually help them remember the correct shape of the letters because more of their brain and body is involved.
This is EXCELLENT for a literacy center activity or for students who are early finishers. This would also make a perfect activity for a letter of the day series! I also really like that this activity can be done with flexible seating and on trays, it is not restricted to just a table or desk.
Not only does this activity help with the formation and identification of each letter, as well as beginning sounds, it also is fantastic for assisting in strengthening fine motor skills.
We know that fine motor skills are critical for so many real life tasks as in handwriting, tying shoes, zipping up a zipper, eating and so much more!
I also love that kids don't know they are doing a learning activity. They may understand that they are practicing letters, but because they are having so much fun, they don't grasp just how many skills they are strengthening! We try to incorporate 'toys' into learning activities as much as we can.


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Roster

|-

Stagione

Risultati
  Serie A1:
 prima fase:   3ª classificata prima fase su 12 squadre (17-5)
 poule finale: 2ª classificata su 4 squadre (3-3)
 playoff: finalista (3-3)
 Coppa delle Coppe: finalista (6-5)

Bibliografia
 Renato Lemmi Gigli (a cura di). 100mila canestri – storia statistica della Virtus Pallacanestro. La Fotocromo Italiana, 1988.

Collegamenti esterni

1977-1978
Stagione 1977-1978 delle squadre di pallacanestro

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Conspiracy Theory (Conspiración en España, El complot en Hispanoamérica) es una película de Estados Unidos dirigida por Richard Donner. Se estrenó en 1997 y los actores protagonistas son Mel Gibson y Julia Roberts.

Argumento

Jerry Fletcher, un taxista de Nueva York obsesionado con las teorías de conspiraciones, cree saber todo acerca de los propósitos secretos y asesinos de aquellos que nos acechan y quieren controlar el mundo, y ese es el tema de conversación con sus clientes. Con el fin de poner estos hechos en conocimiento de una joven abogada del Departamento de Justicia de los EE. UU. Alice Sutton, pronto ambos se verán envueltos en una conspiración en la que participan la CIA y el FBI

Reparto
 Mel Gibson - Jerry Fletcher
 Julia Roberts - Alice Sutton
 Patrick Stewart - Dr. Jonas
 Cylk Cozart - Agente Lowry
 Steve Kahan - Sr. Wilson
 Terry Alexander - Flyp
 Alex McArthur - Cynic

Curiosidades
 Jodie Foster fue inicialmente considerada para el papel de Alice (Julia Roberts).
 La película que se ve cuando Jerry entra al cine es Ladyhawke, también dirigida por Richard Donner.
 El libro El guardián entre el centeno con el que Jerry está obsesionado, hace mención al asesino de John Lennon que lo llevaba encima cuando lo mató.
 El propio director hace de uno de los pasajeros del taxi de Jerry.

Enlaces externos

Películas de Warner Bros.
Películas de Silver Pictures
Películas de Mel Gibson
Películas de Julia Roberts
Películas de acción
Películas dramáticas
Películas de suspenso
Películas sobre esquizofrenia
Películas rodadas en Nueva York
Películas ambientadas en Nueva York


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Michael Pagan In Concert at Schmitt Music Kansas City
In Concert Solo Piano: Original jazz compositions and creatively styled arrangements
Pianist Michael Pagan was recently described as a "dynamic artist and musical force in today's jazz world" by allaboutjazz.com and a "brilliant, intense" performer of jazz piano by KC Confidential.
Sunday, September 9th from 3pm – 5pm
Schmitt Music Kansas City
Seating is limited! Please RSVP to this event here or call 913-663-4756 if you are planning to attend.
Michael Pagan appears regularly in the numerous jazz venues of Kansas City as a solo pianist, with his own trio, with vocalist Millie Edwards, and with Greg Carroll's Midnight Blue Jazz Quartet.
As a composer/arranger Pagán has written over 150 works, mostly in the jazz idiom. His big band recording Pag's Groove garnered international critical acclaim. In 2010 he released two recordings, Michael Pagán Trio Three for the Ages with bassist Bob Bowman and drummer Ray DeMarchi on Capri Records and 12 Preludes and Fugues for saxophone quartet, a work of over 70 minutes on Tapestry Records. A live duo recording with Millie Edwards entitled Millie and Mike Live was released in April, 2011 on the Artists Recording Collective label.
In addition to a heavy schedule of performing, composing and recording, Michael Pagán has taught at the college level for over 20 years and is currently adjunct professor of jazz piano at Ottawa University in Ottawa, KS.
Click here to visit Michael's website!


Bangladesh Navy Job Circular 2018 has been published on newspaper for few post with 01 categorizes. It's a lucrative job circular and it's great chance to get job for unemployment people. This job is perfect to build up a good career. Those,who want to work,they should be taken out of this opportunity.Ministry of Religious Affairs is a renowned institute.


Mike Scarff Subaru of Auburn — Netstar, Inc.
"We were working with a cable provider who said they would charge us $6,000 to build cable out to our location. Initially we ruled them out because of the high cost. And then we talked to Netstar. Not only did they get the carrier to build out the cable for free, but the service they recommended with that carrier reduced our annual telecom expense by 30%.
When we switched to the new data cable, Netstar disconnected our existing services and took care of all the paper work. That freed up my staff's time to focus on more important things.
"When we switched to the new data cable, Netstar disconnected our existing services and took care of all the paper work. That freed up my staff's time to focus on more important things."


Today is another special dish from Athamma's mom, who used to make this dish when they were kids. Athamma has been telling me about this dish, which was normally done when they were short of time and wanted a quick dish for their Jowar rotis. It now served with chapathis, whereas during their childhood days, Athamma's mom used to make with Jowar rotis.
I wanted to make this when I was planning to make the theme "Cooking with Onions". Somehow I didn't get around making it. So it surely suited my needs when I was asking Athamma for dishes that she makes from her mom. Athamma had made this once before but I didn't get to taste it that time. So I asked Athamma to make this again.
I was able to taste this and realised how delicious it tastes. Simple, yet classic side dish for Chapati.
Konda's exams got over today, she was so excited about the exams finally getting over. Now the boys have school until end of this month. Anyway I need to find ways to keep them occupied.
Coming to the recipe, you can use as much of onions you want, as this only onions with masala.
Cut the onions as juliennes.
Grind the coconut and garlic into a fine powder. Since the coconut is dried, you will get a powder when you grind.
Heat a non stick pan with oil, saute the onions. After sauting it for 5 mins, add the slit green chilies, turmeric powder and salt.
After 5 mins, add the tomatoes, coriander powder. Then add the coconut garlic powder. Saute well and add water as required. Bring to boil and simmer till everything is cooked. This takes about 7 – 10 mins.
Switch off when the gravy thickens.
That is surely an interesting dish…Sindhi's use lot of onion in their dishes, but not coconut.I can relate to the flavor of the dish…like the way you have thrown in those green chillies .I would pick and eat all of them.
Flavourful curry, excellent side dish for rotis,drooling over that last pic.
Perfect side dish for chapati must be delicious….
Nice curry for onion lovers like me it will be a hit!
Very easy and interesting side dish, since onions are always there at home its something that can be whipped up asap!
Simple one to put together.We make it without the coconut and garlic and call it tomato gojju.
We used to prepare this without onions and will try with tomatoes next time.. Perfect combo..
I don't think it was exactly this, but i remember eating an onion curry with Jowari roti in a traditional Bangalorean restaurant. I'm not too big on onions, but the combo was great. I love the looks of this curry!
Simple and quick side dish for roti. Sometimes I use to scratch my head bookmarking this.
The curry would pair so well with rotis!
Such a flavorful onion curry. Bookmarked!!
A good side dish for chapati! Never tried adding coconut though!
i always thought onions and coconut do not go together.. this is looking interesting!!!
AnonYes this needs salt of course!
Can i replace green chilli with red chilli?
Ranjita Red Chilli powder will not lead the same taste as green chilies. However no harm in trying if you don't have green chilies on hand.
My Avva (Mother) used to make tasty onion pallya (Curry) only with Onion , Green chillies , oil, turmeric and salt.
Excellent dish..very tasty tried it yesterday!!!


Bernard, A., Munschy, M., Rotstein, Y.&Sauter, D., 2005. Borissova, I., Moore, A., Sayers, J., Parums, R., Coffin, M.
Geological framework of the Kerguelen Plateau and adjacent ocean basins, Geoscience Australia Record 2002/05.
D., Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, USA.
Kerguelen Plateau crustal structure and basin formation from seismic and gravity data, J.
The Aegir Riftcrustal structure of an extinct spreading axis, Marine Geophys.
Gondwana events and palaeogeography: a palaeomagnetic review, J.
Gravity, Magnetic and Structural Patterns at the Deep-Crustal Plate Boundary Zone between West Gondwana and East Gondwana in Sri-Lanka, Precambrian Res., 66, 7791.
Development of volcanic passive margins: three-dimensional laboratory models, Tectonics, 21,doi:10.1029/2001TC901019.
Origin and evolution of a submarine large igneous province; the Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge, southern Indian Ocean, Earth Planet. Struture of the Cretaceous Kerguelen volcanic province (southern Indian Ocean) from wide-angle seismic data, J. Subsidence of the Kerguelen Plateau: the Atlantis concept. Archaean and Proterozoic high-grade terranes of East Antarctica (4080 E); a case study of diversity in granulite facies metamorphism, in High-Temperature Metamorphism and Crustal Anatexis, pp. Atlantic continental margin, offshore South Carolina, from coincident ocean bottom and multichannel seismic data, J. Structure and development of a microcontinent; Elan Bank in the southern Indian Ocean, Geochem. Effect of finite extension rate on melt generation at rifted continental margins, J. "Breakup and Early Seafloor Spreading between India and Antarctica." Geophysical Journal International 170, no. References Antretter, M., Steinberger, B., Heider, F., Soffel, H. Paleolatitudes of the Kerguelen hotspot: new paleomagnetic results and dynamic modelling, Earth Planet. Dietmar Mller, Belinda Brown, Takemi Ishihara, and Sergey Ivanov. 2007 The Authors, GJI Journal compilation C 2007 RAS Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica 17Dunbar, J. Seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies south of Sri Lanka, Marine Geol., 229, 227240.
Madrigal-in-training is a fanfiction author that has written 45 stories for Naruto, Harry Potter, Pokémon, Pride and Prejudice, Katekyo Hitman Reborn. Percy Jackson.
Silver Queen is a fanfiction author that has written 35 stories for Yu-Gi-Oh, Inuyasha, Harry Potter, Spirited Away, DC Superheroes, Batman, Buffy X-overs, Star Wars.
Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the scientific method of dating tree rings also called growth rings to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze.


Digiworld Corporation (Digiworld) is a leading Distributor for high quality IT and advanced 3C products in Vietnam, listed in VNR500 (Top 500 biggest companies based on the revenue in Vietnam) continuously from 2007 to 2014.
In 2014, Digiworld has achieved USD 230 millions, increased 60% compared to 2013.
Digiworld is now the Authorized Distributor of IT and mobility product for the world famous brands such as: Acer, Asus, HP, Dell, Toshiba, Samsung, Gateway, Genius, Logitech, Belkin, APC, Lenovo, Fuji Xerox, Nokia, Alcatel, Lenovo, AOC, Ricoh, Wiko, Obi Worldphone, CINK TAB, Apple, BenQ, Rapoo. With a nationwide cover 63 provinces distribution channel of 6000 Resellers, Supply Chain system managed by SAP, ERP, Digiworld is proud to bring to the Vietnamese consumers the advanced technologies and products in a cost effective way.
Digiworld is actively realizing the Mission "ELEVATING VIETNAM – Nothing is impossible".


text:
Navigation: Home / Forums / Nintendo 3DS / Moving on to the Next-Gen 3DS System
Topic: Moving on to the Next-Gen 3DS System
Zeargo
Fri 23rd Jun 2017
For years now, I have been enjoying my old 3DS, which I think I got back in October 2011. Haven't really been playing much recently, but if there was a game that took my interest, that was when I would be back playing on the system. Ever since I got the Wii U at the beginning of 2013, the 3DS was starting to be avoided. When new 3DS games came out, I would play them, but immediately return to the Wii U to play the next game. Eventually the 3DS was practically ignored, not caring much about the news of any new game. Although I did eventually pick up a new game now and than.
When the New 3DS systems was announced or released, I didn't care about them, as my old 3DS is still good and I don't really see wasting money just for a new system to have Amiibo support or a C-stick. However, after playing games on the Wii U GamePad (and now the Nintendo Switch), the 3DS just seems a little small for me now. (Yes, I don't own an XL.) With some recently new and exciting 3DS games coming out this year, I have decided to refocus my mind on the 3DS. Except my 3DS looks so small, I decided to get a new 3DS system. And luckily the New Nintendo 2DS XL is out recently, and took my interest in getting.
After a long time of thinking and investigating, I have decided to get the New Nintendo 2DS XL. I actually decided to get the 2DS and not a 3DS for the simple reason it lacks the 3DS feature. I did use it in the past, but eventually I stopped and got annoyed by it. Also it is good that the New 2DS XL is compact as well, which is the most displeasing thing about it's 2DS predecessors. I guess I am lucky to decide to move on at this time, when such a good system was recently released. It has many good features, extra large screens as I wanted, light weight and compact. I'll be looking forward to this when I get it.
Your all probably thinking, why is this guy telling me this? I just wanted to share my story, that's all. And it may be good to start a topic about others sharing thier stories about moving on to the Next-Gen 3DS system as well. It is very nice to listen to be people stories. If you got a nice story, someone may listen to it.
A simple guy can never help. But a great guy will never help.
Nintendo Network ID: Zeargo
CrazyOtto
I hate to be the one popping this bubble but I think there will be a smaller sized model of the Switch instead of a direct 3DS successor unless the Switch starts sinking all of the sudden (which is why they're continuing the 3DS alongside the Switch for now).
Edited on Fri 23rd June, 2017 @ 03:13 by CrazyOtto
3DS Friend Code: 4511-0465-7453 | Nintendo Network ID: MrSRArter
Pokefanmum82
They are not just going to have the Switch as the only console they make. I don't know why everyone seems to think the Switch is the end of the 3DS. If they weren't planning on supporting the 3DS line, they wouldn't keep releasing iterations of it.
Want: Harvest Moon: One World, Story of Seasons: Pioneering Town, Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury
Finished the Alola Dex.
Now playing New Horizons, Wrath of White Witch and Sword
And I..... will always love you... eh, my Older 3DS XL.
I have both Older and New 3DS XL.
With two 3DS, I can easily get Street Pass.
@Pokefanmum82 I don't know where that came from, but the 3DS is really successful as a portable gaming console. Switch may indeed be portable, but its not duel screen and it's also used to play on the TV as well.
Back when the Switch was still known as NX, I had many different thoughts about the new system. One of them was a possibility to make a TV Console play old console games (Wii and Wii U) and 3DS. As well as somehow involve the 3DS to communicate with the console as well. So I won't be surprised if the Switch somewhere along it's lifespan, will be able to play 3DS games and/or make the 3DS communicate with the console. To be honest, I think there will be a new 3DS that may be created to significantly support the Switch. But that's just my thoughts.
skywake
Pokefanmum82 wrote:
Everyone is saying it because the 3DS line has little reason to continue now the Switch exists. Think about it rationally for a second rather than being all starry eyed. What would a next generation portable system from Nintendo actually look like? I imagine you're picturing a 3DS with more horsepower right? Other than the second screen how is that any different from the Switch?
The way I see it Nintendo didn't replace the Wii U with the Switch. Nintendo released a 3DS successor and retired their home console line. I think everyone has it backwards. The question isn't what can the portable line do that the Switch isn't doing. The question is what reason does Nintendo have for a lower spec home console when modern portable hardware is capable of doing a good enough job
Now that doesn't mean that they're going to drop the 3DS overnight. They've rarely done that when they've released a new generation portable. The GBA Micro came out almost a year after the DS, Pokemon was still a DS game well into the life of the 3DS. All I'm saying is that I don't think there'll be a 4DS. The Switch is your 4DS.
Edited on Fri 23rd June, 2017 @ 05:31 by skywake
Some Aussie musics: Pond, TFS, Genesis Owusu
"Don't stir the pot" is a nice way of saying "they're too dumb to reason with"
easygoingthief
I need to upgrade to a new DS XL as my current one is getting tired. The trouble I am having is I have a switch and I enjoy using it and I use it as a portable. The only thing I miss on the Switch is the streetpass and Mii Plaza etc. So if Nintendo added streetpass and Plaza to the switch I would probably drop the DS. Will the full Mii world eventually come to the switch is my question?
i disagree especially with the Switch being way too expensive. It's more than a PS4. I just don't see Nintendo dropping a budget system until the price goes down on the Switch which the way the economy is going won't be anytime soon. Not everyone can afford a Switch on minimum wage but most people can afford a 3DS, hence the 66 million install base.
@Pokefanmum82 That's probably the reason why they're keeping the 3DS around. Once the Switch drops to $250, or lower, I think they're going to retire the 3DS.
Hikingguy
If they weren't planning on supporting the 3DS line, they wouldn't keep releasing iterations of it.
Nintendo has done it before. The DS was released in 2004 and the Game Boy Micro was released in 2005. Nintendo did not support the GBA for much longer but still released the Game Boy Micro nonetheless.
The 2DS is par for the course with Nintendo and I think is a pretty nice product. If I did not already own a newer 3DS, I would seriously think about getting one too.
Adjusted for inflation the 3DS at launch was about the same price as the Switch is now. Also the price gap between DSi and 3DS was similar to the price gap between 3DS and Switch. The same was true with the GBA and DS, the same was true with the GBC and GBA. The previous generation console is always the budget option early in a new console cycle. What you're saying isn't proof of anything, it's just how it's always been.
Also the install base is less important than the number of active users. What I mean by that is that the 3DS install base is about 1.6x bigger than it was in 2013 but software sales are down. Slowing software sales means a shrinking audience. When that happens usually platform holders start to look at what the next thing will be. The 3DS' software sales peaked in 2013.
And anyways, if install base and price were the only things that mattered Nintendo would only be developing games for the original DS. A console with an install base of 150mill that you can get second hand for less than 1/4 of the price of the New 2DS XL. But they didn't, they transitioned to the more expensive 3DS and started again with an install base of 0.
Haywired
I think people are reading too much into Nintendo's future commitment to the 3DS line. It's more a case of eeking every last sale out of it that they can. Of course they're not going to say it's dead, just as they said the DS was the "third pillar".
I'd say it's highly unlikely they'll be a 3DS successor. Instead I think they'll be a smaller, portable-only Switch Mini of some sort. Shortly before he passed away, Iwata said that there would be a more iPhone/iPad-type relationship between consoles going forward. In that they play all the same games, but they're just in slightly different forms. Nintendo's future is Switch/Switch Mini and Mobile. A very elegant solution imo that a new 3DS just doesn't fit into (not to mention the fact that, after the 3DS, Nintendo isn't touching 3D with a barge-pole for a long time. And you could say the same with dual screens after the Wii U).
Edited on Fri 23rd June, 2017 @ 16:02 by Haywired
@Haywired
I agree with you almost entirely except for one point. The Switch being able to connect to a TV costs them almost nothing. Lets not kid ourselves, the dock doesn't do much and its RRP when sold separately is heavily inflated. The thing that adds cost to the Switch is making it portable. The screen and battery.
I can see a Switch Mini down the line or something similar if that's what the market wants. I can see a price drop and a cheaper SKU along the lines of the 2DS or Wii Mini. I think there's also a slim possibility of them doing a TV only Switch for a significantly lower price well into the life of the Switch. I just don't think a portable only SKU makes a lot of sense.
They could simply sell a "mini dock" separately, or a regular cable that does the same thing.
It'd be the best "plug & play".
I dunno, at least in my case I'd much more likely to buy a portable-only version than a tv-only version.
Edited on Fri 23rd June, 2017 @ 14:39 by Eel
@Meowpheel
In theory sure, but what if the prices were along these lines:
32GB Regular Switch: $470AU
32GB Portable only Switch: $450AU
500GB TV only Switch: $350AU
Why would they even bother adding that much more storage to one of them (the cheapest one, of all things)? That's not a Nintendo thing to do.
Because being forced to use flash is one of the limitations of being portable. They could do something like that if they were to make a non-portable SKU. A portable only SKU on the other hand is just the Switch as it is without the dock in the box. There are no massive cost savings and no extra options available.
Even in that case, at most maybe they'd add in support for external hardrives, but still cut costs by using the exact same in-system storage as in the other versions.
Chances are they'd leave it exactly as it is, though (with support for micro sd cards only).
Well I concede I was being a bit hyperbolic. It would probably either be 500GB via a HDD at the same price or the same 32GB of flash at significantly less. But you get the idea. A non-portable SKU would be able to offer a lot more.
If you think that's crazy talk consider what the Switch is. NVidia sell what is essentially a non-portable version of the Switch already. Tegra X1, wireless AC, HDMI, Gigabit Ethernet, Bluetooth, 2X USB 3.0 ports, MicroSD etc, etc. One is a 16GB Flash version for $199US, the other a 500GB HDD version for $299US. If Nintendo was to put a Switch version of either of those out at those prices? I think it's fair to say some people would be interested.
Well yeah. I'd totally expect a tv-only option to be cheaper (although not by that much, since you gotta pay the Nintendo fee).
I did say I would be more likely to buy a portable-only switch than a tv-only switch, though. And that's got nothing to do with price, really, I simply have not much use for home consoles.
Round Up: The Pokémon Legends: Arceus Reviews Are In


To install tacacs+ just follow these instructions.
Are you having problems? You can always remove tacacs+ again by following the instructions at this link.
Which will install tacacs+ and any other packages on which it depends.


There are vodka shots galore as Martha Stewart and Snoop Dogg cook family recipes -- and is there romance in the air?!
Martha and Snoop: They're just like us! Starring in a family-themed episode last night, the hosts walked us through some of their family traditions and histories. With lots of vodka in hand, they were joined by husband-and-wife Evan Ross and Ashlee Simpson Ross as they prepared childhood favorite recipes and revealed details about their past that we're sure will keep you thoroughly entertained.
When asked about the best advice that his parents have ever given him, Snoop responds: "To get out of their house and start my own mission" and path in life. "I think I'm doing a good job," he continues. We agree, Snoop.
Offering to prepare her mother's stuffed cabbage dish (golumpki), Martha enlists the help of guests Evan Ross and Ashlee Simpson Ross when cooking it on set—and, given how clearly complex the recipe is, we'll be sure to ask for some help when making it ourselves at home as well.
Snoop opts to prepare his family's spaghetti Bolognese. "I spell my Bolognese: B-O-W-L-YA-N-E-S-E," he exclaims. As the audience laughs at his joke, he calls in his uncle Reo.
Martha prods uncle Reo to reveal the sauce's secret ingredient: "Jesus!" he exclaims. "When you have Jesus in there, you don't need nothing else."
...although we're dealing with two different types of rolling. While preparing her golumpki, Martha starts rolling the stuffed cabbage. "Let me know if you know how to roll," jokes Snoop. She laughs while commenting on what each of them really means when using the word.
When asked what TV family is most like his own, Snoop mentions a classic '70s show: "I think it has to be the Good Times."
Asking each other about the worst family vacations, the hosts and guests take a trip down memory lane. "I never went on vacation," reminisces Martha. "We couldn't afford vacations: [maybe] a day at the lake or a day at the shore." How about Snoop? "My worst family vacation was when we had to go visit my cousin at the penitentiary," he says. "We all [went] on a two-day trip to see this dude locked up in jail." Ha.
At the end of the episode, uncle Reo clearly hits on Martha -- and we're loving it. "I'm going to move back and give them space," jokes Snoop, who is sitting in-between them.


text:
30 years 30 Favorite: How Insiders Do Las Vegas
The Wrangler National Finals Rodeo is celebrating its 30th year in Las Vegas in 2014. Safe to say, in those 30 years, cowboys and cowgirls have found just about every way possible to enjoy the city.
Chelsea Shaffer
The Wrangler National Finals Rodeo is celebrating its 30th year in Las Vegas in 2014. Safe to say, in those 30 years, cowboys and cowgirls have found just about every way possible to enjoy the city. They know the ins and the outs on and off the strip, and these Vegas regulars have routines they've developed over their years. Sure, they know how to have a good time with their families, but they also know how to get away from the crowds and enjoy a nice dinner off the strip, too. Whether you're looking to take in the crowds or chat with some gold-buckle winners in a more low-key setting, here are some current and past NFR contestants' suggestions to make the most of your time in Vegas.
Clay Tryan
Where he stays: MGM Grand, mgmgrand.com, 702-891-1111
Favorite feast: Craftsteak at MGM Grand, craftrestaurantsinc.com, 702-891-7318
"I get the bone-in ribeye. The kids get steak and French fries and Bobbie and I can get the best food in town."
For the kids: World Championship Dummy Roping, worldchampionshipdummyroping.com "My kids rope in it, so I clear my schedule to be there. It's awesome to see them rope, and they have a blast."
Sign up: Autograph sessions
"It might sound corny, but I really do like meeting everyone who comes to Vegas. It's good to check in with my sponsors who've supported me for so long and it's great to see everyone who comes by the booths."
Bobbie stays busy: Shopping "Bobbie likes to shop when she's there. She's a shopaholic. She goes to every store, from the Stetson Country Christmas at the Sands and the Roper Cowboy Marketplace at Mandalay Bay to the NRS Shopping Experience at the MGM Grand and Cowboy Christmas at the Convention Center."
Can't forget: The Rodeo Itself, nfrexperience.com
"I love the rodeo. It's the coolest sporting event I've ever been to in my life. I've been to playoff games in football, baseball and basketball, and even before I ever made the Finals, I just thought it was the best sporting event I've ever seen in my life. It's just something you have to see."
Shada Brazile
Where she stays: MGM Grand, mgmgrand.com, 702-891-1111
Won't miss: Elevation Sunday facebook.com/elevationsunday
"This is where the cowboys and fans can come together and take a moment to worship God in the casino. We've never missed it."
Not alone in this: World Championship Dummy Roping
"Now that we have two kiddos in it, Treston will be in the older age group this time, he'll have his work cut out for him. Style is in the 6 & Under, and Treston will come prepared and Style might dance while she's on stage, there's no telling. She's been known to do it. She'll be entered, but whether she's prepared or not, I don't know. This year we'll be there two different days because hers is on Thursday and his is Friday. In the past that's one thing Trevor's cleared his schedule for."
Great cause: Pro Rodeo League of Women Style Show and Luncheon, justincowboycrisisfund.com "I've never missed it as long as I've been coming to Vegas since 1998. They do a feature on All Around Baby, and the NFR contestant's kids model the new collection. Plus it's a great fundraiser to be a part of."
Where she plays: Gold Buckle Zone at MGM Nightly, mgmgrand.com/nfr
"It's the place to be at the MGM every night. Everyone goes to hang out after the rodeo, and we get to see all our friends and meet some fans, too. All of Trevor's world championship saddles and buckles will be on display, too. And the Trevor Brazile Wrap Up Party at the Gold Buckle Zone is Dec. 13 after Round 10, and it's the best place to celebrate all of the new World Champs!"
Load up: NRS Shopping Experience at MGM Grand, nrsevents.com/nfr, 800-467-6746
"You can get just about everything you could ever need at the NRS Shopping Experience. There's Relentless everything there, and all kinds of wild, fun clothes you can't get anywhere else. Load up on everything to wear to the performance and the after parties, and get gear to take home to use on your own horses and in your own arenas."
Erich Rogers
Where he stays: Mandalay Bay, mandalaybay.com, 702-632-7777
Take a stroll: See the Sites
"You've got to enjoy the casinos' neon lights. Take a walk down the strip—that's a huge part of what Vegas is all about."
Gotta meet: The Fans
"Come to the autograph signings our sponsors put on, because I love seeing the fans and meeting new people. It's great to see new faces and people who come back every year."
Stop by: The Buckle Ceremony, southpointcasino.com, 702-796-7111
"I sure like going to the buckle ceremony at the South Point when I can get there. I've been there once a year. Maybe I'll be there three or four times this year—that's the plan."
Food for thought: Benihanas, benihanas.com, 702-732-5334
"It's an original Chinese/Japanese grill and it's so good. I take my whole family when I go. You sit around the grill and they cook the food in front of you."
Purchase power: Cowboy Christmas, nfrexperience.com
"I don't get much time for shopping but I always wander through Cowboy Christmas on my way to signings, and there's so much to get. I try to pick up Christmas presents and souvenirs for friends at home."
Bobby Mote
Starting the day right: MGM's Fitness Center
"They've got a great fitness center and steam room. I like to start my day out with a good workout and then I sit in the steam room. It's peace and quiet in there, and my phone isn't ringing and I can really clear my head."
Break time: PF Changs, pfchangs.com, 702-792-2207
"I like the food and the atmosphere, basically. It's good, and it's bright and it's open and it's not in a casino. It's somewhere we started going a long time ago, and now we go every year for a calm lunch."
Good eats: Del Frisco's Double Eagle Steakhouse, delfriscos.com, 702-796-0063
"I love a good steak dinner. I go to the Craft Steak at the MGM, too. You just can't beat a good steak dinner when you're in Vegas working like crazy."
Night out: Gold Buckle Zone
"I go down there on occasion and I see lots of fans and lots of friends, too. That Gold Buckle Zone has every big name in rodeo at night, and it's a great time."
Mandatory stop: Buckle Ceremony
"I've won 24 or 25 rounds, and I get to make an appearance over at the South Point from time to time for a buckle ceremony. It means so much to stand on that stage, and the fan support is unbeatable there."
Sherry Cervi
Where she stays: Non-casino hotel
Brazilian-Style: Fogo de Chão, fogodechao.com, 702-431-4500 "It's got an amazing salad bar and they just bring you all the meat that you can eat. It's a fun, different place to go."
Showtime: O by Cirque du Soleil at the Bellagio, bellagio.com, 888-987-6667 "At the Bellagio, the O show is my favorite. But I've been to most of the Cirque du Soleil shows and I love them all. It's entertaining and amazing to see what people can do with their bodies. The athleticism is something different than I see everyday. I'm around rodeo 10 months a year, and it's great to dress up in clothes I don't usually wear and do something different."
Off the beaten path: Café Rio, caferio.com, 702-987-3600
"Café Rio on the college campus is off the beaten path. It really lets me decompress and have something different. It's a fast-food Mexican chain restaurant, but it's so good and we don't have one in Marana. It gives me a chance to get away from a lot of the chaos of the week and relax. "
Three cheers: Silverado Steakhouse in the South Point, southpointcasino.com, 702-797-8075
"If somebody in our bunch wins a round, we go to the Silverado. It's our treat when we win, and it's something we all look forward to. That's probably the place we eat the most while we're in Vegas."
Clay O'Brien Cooper
Where he says: Non-casino hotel, near the arena
Dinner time: Whatever sounds good "Basically the only time I have to myself is about an hour and a half in the morning and an hour and a half after the rodeo is over. That hour and a half after the rodeo, we try to go to dinner. We like the steakhouses, Italian places, even Chilis. Olive Garden, Outback Steakhouse, BJ's. Occasionally we'll go to a casino that has a good steakhouse. We try to stay away from the casinos because of the smoke and the traffic getting out."
Big payouts: World Series of Team Roping Finale, wstroping.com "There's so much going on at the South Point, and so much roping to watch. It seems like so many people spend their day at the South Point, and of course there's the shopping there, too."
Drink up: Starbucks
"I go there every morning to get a savory cup of coffee after I feed my horses. I get my wife and myself a cup of coffee and bring it back to the room, and we spend about an hour drinking our coffee before I head out to my autograph signings."
Kendra Santos, Editor
"If ever I get a spare hour between meetings, I go to the South Point and watch the World Series ropings. That's where I get to see everyone. If I have an hour, I will do that because people like Leo Camarillo will call and say to come say hello, so I do."
Chelsea Toy, Group Managing Editor
"This year I'm looking forward to slipping into the Orleans when I've got a spare minute to watch the World Series jackpots they'll have there. It will be a short break from the madness, and I'll make a point to stop at Big Al's Oyster Bar while I'm there to get some good Creole-style seafood. That's my one get-away plan!"
Trisha Miller, Art Director
"I try to make a walk-through of the M&M Store. I like all of the colors (and chocolate). If your inner Monet is calling, the Bellagio Gallery of Fine Art brings in the finest exhibitions not to be missed. I've never been to In-and-Out Burger, but I hear it's great!"
Originally From Spin To Win RodeoNFR
Chelsea Shaffer was the managing editor for Spin To Win Rodeo for seven years, and is now the editor of the new Team Roping Journal. She grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and now lives with her husband Tory and daughter Elise in Fort Lupton, Colorado. In her free time, she competes barrel races and rodeos and works the chutes in the practice pen for her husband.


text:
Splice Construction Under 17 Men's squad announced
The Splice Construction Northern Districts Under 17 Men's squad for the National Tournament has been named.
Taking place at the New Zealand Cricket High Performance Centre in Lincoln from January 4-11, the National Tournament will begin with a two-day match before transitioning to a one-day competition.
Counties Manukau have contributed the most players to the side with four, while three players from Hamilton and Waikato Valley have also been included.
Two further players have come from Bay of Plenty and one from Northland.
The side will be coached by Clintin Price.


Jill Scott and Alex Lelchuk may have met as neighbors while attending college in laid-back southern California, but their wedding day was all glamour. Picking the perfect venue, though, was tough. "We were having trouble finding somewhere that checked off all our boxes," Jill says. "When I walked into Paikka, I knew it was the one." Jill loved that the walls could open up, creating the perfect flow between inside and out. "I also liked that we could really transform the space into exactly what we wanted, rather than something more cookie-cutter." To achieve that effortless chic vibe, they filled the space with lots of greenery and flowers. As Alex is Russian, the couple chose a Russian caterer to provide appetizers and Russian desserts. "Walking into our venue and seeing everything I had pictured and planned for nine months come to life was an amazing feeling," Jill says.


Our goal is to provide the owners and managers of already existing real estate on the national real estate market with overall services, exploring the synergies. We offer our services at a high level, with clear processes, along with value added, therefore we aim to achieve the market leader role all service segments we are present in.
Our mission involves raising the quality of the service levels and we aim to add to the development of an acknowledged and appreciated industry in Hungary using our professional skills and international experience.
Dome Facility Services Group considers it highly important to provide professional support to industries where its services are provided. For this reason either Dome Facility Services Group or some of its officers are members of a professional organization. Through the membership in these organizations we are part of a professional information network which provides us with up-to-date data and gives us an opportunity to share our direct experience with other companies. This activity provides further guarantee to our clients that they are provided with the best service by Dome Facility Services Group.
Mr. Gábor Décsi, the managing partner of Dome Facility Services Group is a member of the HREA management committee. He undertook an assignment in 2007 to represent HREA in the "Benchmark Club" of HFMS and his intention was to deliver an opportunity as a result of the cooperation for a common professional publication that may fill a gap for the facility management and operation profession.
Mr. Gábor Décsi became a professional member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) in 2011.
Dome Facility Services Group has a general, employer, environmental contamination and service liability insurance of 200 000 000 HUF per year.


text:
Imported products run circles around others in the markets
When you're expecting a crowd at the last minute and don't know what to cook, the best solution may be not to cook at all. Just think "ham for the holidays," and opt for the exquisite air-cured European varieties readily found in specialty and gourmet shops as well as in many supermarkets.
Light-years removed from the humble ham that's used to stuff a workaday sandwich, they include the prosciutto of Parma and San Daniele del Friuli of Italy, the jamon Serrano and Iberico of Spain, and the speck of the Alto Adige in northeastern Italy. Sliced paper thin, artistically plated, and presented with a complement of crudites or blanched vegetables, fresh or dried fruits, and assorted crackers, olives and cheeses, these hams are a classy and satisfying solution to a harried host's entertainment dilemma.
But which to choose?
"Most people want Parma," said Ronald Lasofsky, a senior sales consultant with Harry Wils & Co. of Secaucus, which supplies specialty foods to restaurants and hotels. "Some young American chefs are using speck — they want to be the first ones to try something new." "A lot of people are asking for prosciutto lately," said David Cafasso of Cafasso's Fairway Market in Fort Lee. "But Serrano must have been mentioned in a lot of recipes. People are asking for it specifically." He favors Italy's San Daniele prosciutto, however. "The sweet-saltiness is perfectly balanced in that particular product," he said.
Most of these dry-aged hams fall into the $18 to $24 per pound range, with Iberico — billed as the most costly ham in the world — going for three times as much. Top-of-the-line jamon Iberico de bellota is made from free-range pigs that are at least 75 percent Black Iberian (popularly known as pata negra, or black hoof) and that feed exclusively on acorns (bellota is Spanish for acorn). There are other Iberico hams from pigs that are fed a combination of grain and acorn or only grain, however, so it is important for consumers to be aware of what they're purchasing.
Serrano hams tend to be drier than Italian prosciuttos because of Spain's warmer drying conditions, explained Tony Grande, chef-owner of Il Capriccio in Whippany and owner of La Famiglia Gourmet in Mendham, which sells various Italian hams as well as jamon Iberico. "The producer has a lot to do with the quality of the product," he added. "Every time they go to a store, customers should ask 'What brand do you use?' because there is a difference." Some prosciuttos are cured for 12 month; Grande believes the best are cured for 16 to 24 months. "When you eat a prosciutto, it has to feel like velvet, not raw meat," he said.
Similarly, not all specks are equal. Of the 100 Italian speck producers, only 27 are allowed to carry the Speck Alto Adige IGP (protected geographical indication) designation and only two have USDA approval to export their product to the United States. Whereas the German word speck typically refers to smoked meat made from pork belly, the speck of Italy's Alto Adige — which is also known as the South Tyrol and was part of the Austrian Empire until 1919 — is from the leg and blends the Northern European tradition of preserving meat by smoking with the Mediterranean tradition of air-curing, explained Franz J. Mitterrutzner, an administrator with the Speck Alto Adige Consortium in Bolzano, Italy. Salted and then seasoned with a formula of herbs and spices that varies from producer to producer, speck Alto Adige is smoked with nonresinous woods, such as beechwood and apple, instead of the resinous pine used to produce Black Forest and Westphalian hams, he added.
Regardless of how these hams are produced, "when you open a great one, there's a sweet aroma that comes off the ham," said Michael Haimowitz, executive chef at Arthur's Landing in Weehawken. At his restaurant, he serves San Daniele prosciutto from Italy — not to be confused with domestic or Canadian brands with a similar name. "I had the opportunity to see how it's made and the care that goes behind it. It's incredible to me how all that goes into it is salt — and time," he said. "It's pink, creamy, very silky on the palate."
Antonio Mora, executive chef at Avenue in Long Branch, similarly became captivated by Serrano ham 10 years ago, during a visit to the Aragon region of Spain with his father. "Everywhere we drove there were these huge — they looked like telephone poles — hanging hams," he recalled. He occasionally serves a baked roulade of blanched asparagus that's rolled in Serrano ham and strudel leaves and coated in crumbled manchego cheese. "I like the flavor of it. It's a little more subtle to me than the prosciutto. And I do like that it's drier; it doesn't seem as oily."
At Fascino in Montclair, executive chef Ryan DePersio faithfully uses only a 24-month-aged prosciutto di Parma to embellish his romaine salad with ricotta salata, chicken saltimbocca and raw sea scallops. "The texture is so buttery," he said.
Those who know dry-cured hams best realize that they derive much of their distinctive flavor and mouth feel from the fat that rims and streaks the meat. Retailers, however, often are asked to remove the fat encircling the leg before slicing. Though Cafasso said he has tried to convince customers otherwise, he accommodates such requests by carefully beveling the layer of fat that edges the portion to be cut. Cesare Casella, dean of Italian studies at the International Culinary Center in New York and co-owner of Salumeria Rosi, a Manhattan store and cafe showcasing Italian cured pork products, is not as cooperative. "I'm sorry; I refuse, because it's not the way to eat prosciutto," he said. "It's a question of education. The quality of the prosciutto depends on the fat. The fat is part of the experience."
Traditionally savored in much the same way as a Spanish jamon or Italian prosciutto, speck also complements eggs in make-ahead breakfast casseroles that are ideal for late-morning breakfast and brunch gatherings, said Barbara Seelig-Brown of Lafayette, author of "Stress-Free Cooking" and a spokeswoman for speck Alto Adige. But in authentic South Tyrolean fashion, sliced speck is served at room temperature with horseradish, pickles, and plenty of crusty bread and wine. What could be easier than that?


On Sunday, a Federal delegation was in Jalingo, Taraba State, to pay condolences to the families of the eight who lost their lives in a stampede on February 7 during the APC Presidential rally in the capital.
The Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Boss Mustapha, who hails from Adamawa, led the condolence visit. The eight dead hailed from different parts of Taraba but the bereaved families received the condolence party at the Jalingo residence of one of the victims, the late Safiya Haruna Ardo.
The late Safiya Ardo, 54, is survived by a serving Colonel in the Nigerian Army.
Addressing the bereaved families and sympathizers, Boss Mustapha said they were in town to show sympathy and condole with the families of those who died in the Jalingo incident.
He said the President promised to ensure that their sacrifices for democracy would not go in vain. If re-elected, continued Mustapha, President Muhammadu Buhari will implement policies and programs that will impact the ordinary Nigerian.
He described the deaths as painful, but prayed God to grant the departed eternal rest and give the families they left behind the fortitude to bear the irreparable loss.
Some of the bereaved, who spoke to our Correspondent, thanked President Buhari for his show of concern, which they described as the first of its kind in the history of Taraba State.
The delegation which also included Gov. Muhammad Umaru Jibrilla of Adamawa, Federal Capital Minister Muhammad Bello, Sen. Ali Ndume, presidential aide Femi Adesina, and Sheik Ali Fantami had paid condolences to Gov. Darius Ishaku of Taraba and Emir of Muri, Alhaji Abbas Tafida. They also visited other victims who were hospitalized at Jalingo.


The Never Ending Toilet Roll. Yes buying toilet paper will be a thing of the past! Now all you need is one toilet roll. As you reach the last sheet of paper just drop the roll in a bowl of lukewarm water and hey presto! A full roll of toilet paper.
Yes with the Never Ending Toilet Roll you will never feel that dreaded panic again.
Guaranteed labrador puppy repellant too.


A lorry driver has been jailed for killing a woman when he crashed into her car on the QE II bridge at Dartford because he was watching a video on his phone.
Two Dartford drug dealers have been jailed following a planned raid by police on local premises.
A man has appeared before Maidstone Crown Court today, Thursday January 17, accused of murdering missing Sarah Wellgreen.
A warning about rogue traders has been issued by police after an elderly woman was targeted in Dartford.
Crack cocaine found inside a toilet has helped convict three Gravesend drug-dealers who have been jailed for a collective total of more than eight years.
A Greenhithe man has avoided jail after he used the personal details of his friends to make a series of fraudulent claims for made-up crashes totalling around £15,000.
A clubber who ploughed his car into a packed Gravesend club's dance floor in a drink and drug-fuelled rage after being thrown out by bouncers has been jailed for 28 years.
Police are appealing for witnesses following a robbery at a supermarket in Dartford.
Christmas presents stolen from a home in Vigo were returned by Kent Police officers with one day to spare.
A health trust has been fined £300,000 after two nurses were stabbed by a patient at a medium secure psychiatric unit.
A man has been jailed for seven years after he was found guilty of wounding with intent at a flat in Gravesend.
The family of a man who was stabbed to death for his watch by a Dartford man and an unknown accomplice have today (Thursday, December 6) made a fresh appeal for information to help catch the second man involved in the fatal attack.
Detectives investigating a reported robbery in Northfleet are appealing for any witnesses to come forward.
Police have charged two people with drug offences after they were arrested by officers from Gravesham's community policing unit.
A man suspected of driving a stolen car was arrested on November 24 after it failed to stop for police officers in Dartford.
Kent Police are appealing for information following a burglary in Dartford.
Eight charges have been made against two men following a proactive stop check by officers in Dartford.
A cyclist killed under a lorry in Silvertown died after the driver failed to spot him fall off his bike on a muddy road, an inquest heard.
Officers are appealing for witnesses to a burglary in Dartford.
Detectives investigating the theft of high value watches and luxury handbags from a home in Gravesend have released images of three men who may be able to assist with their enquiries.
Three people have been arrested by officers patrolling Gravesend town centre during the weekend.
Detectives investigating two burglaries on the same Gravesend road have charged a teenager with both offences.
Kent Police are appealing for witnesses after a van was used to break into a shop in Gravesend.