Using your GPS unit and/or written directions provided by NGS, which are available for review by the public, you can seek out NGS survey markers and other items that have been marked in the USA.
At the top of peaks or in a village square, you probably walk by at least one every day.
In the last 7 days, 288 benchmarks have been logged by 88 users.
Overall, 162011 benchmarks have been recovered in 226507 logs.
There are 736425 total benchmarks in the database.
This FAQ has a lot of information about benchmark hunting, finding, and logging in it. Please don't let that put you off; benchmark hunting is fun! We wanted to write this FAQ to not only get beginners started, but also to serve as a reference for more advanced benchmark finders. A good first step is to read the index below to see what's in the whole FAQ page.
Do I need to have a GPS receiver to find benchmarks?
Where does the benchmark database come from?
Is there a pocket query for benchmarks?
What are the different parts of a datasheet and what do they mean?
What is the difference between "Location Adjusted" and "Location Scaled?"
How can I determine whether a particular mark is Location Adjusted or Location Scaled?
What is a box score?
What equipment do benchmark hunters use for finding benchmarks?
Can I hunt benchmarks byloading the coordinates for a bunch of benchmarks in my GPS receiver and not bring the datasheets?
Always ask for permission if the mark you wish to hunt is on private property.
What do I do when I find a benchmark?
How do I know whether I've found the right benchmark?
I am working on finding a triangulation station and its associated marks and I want to know how I can find the main station from the reference marks and vice versa.
How do I log a benchmark?
What do the choices "Found It", "Didn't Find It", "Destroyed", and "Post a Note" mean?
I looked for a disk in the place described in the datasheet but the disk is gone and only the stem remains. How should I log this?
What are the most common errors in logging benchmarks?
I found a benchmark, but it isn't in the database. Why?
The benchmark I found is not in the database, how can I log it?
I found a U.S. Geological Survey bench mark where there is a "BM" mark on a topographic map, but it isn't in the database. Where can I find more information about this kind of mark and how can I log them?
How can I find out more about a benchmark that isn't in the database?
Why do the coordinates of some benchmarks seem to be way off?
Can I log an official report to the NGS?
Do we have an agency code for reporting to the NGS?
I'm interested in finding out more about benchmarks. Where can I get more information?
What are some softwares that benchmark hunters use?
A benchmark is a point whose position is known to a high degree of accuracy and is normally marked in some way. The marker is often a metal disk made for this purpose, but it can also be a church spire, a radio tower, a mark chiseled into stone, or a metal rod driven into the ground. Over two centuries or so, many other objects of greater or lesser permanence have been used. Benchmarks can be found at various locations all over the United States. They are used by land surveyors, builders and engineers, map makers, and other professionals who need an accurate answer to the question, "Where?" Many of these markers are part of the geodetic control network (technically known as the National Spatial Reference System, or NSRS) created and maintained by NOAA's National Geodetic Survey (NGS).
No. A GPSr makes getting to the right area easier, but when you're there, you will (generally) be better off if you use the details of the benchmark's location description to locate it. Because most of these benchmarks were installed prior to the existence of GPS, the benchmark database is geared toward finding benchmarks from the descriptions, not the coordinates. Occasionally, however, a good GPSr will prove to be an invaluable tool in finding a benchmark, especially in situations where the location's description is inaccurate due to development and the passage of time. A good GPSr will also help you get to benchmarks in locations you are unfamiliar with.
In 2000, Geocaching.com imported a snapshot of the ever-changing benchmark database from National Geodetic Survey (NGS), a federal agency within the Department of Commerce. The NGS database contains all sorts of information about these benchmarks. In the NGS database, each geodetic control marker has a Permanent IDentifier, known as a PID and an associated datasheet of information about it.
Benchmarks can be divided into two general groups. The first group, "vertical control points" are objects that mark a very precise elevation above the standard datum plane (usually referred to as elevation "above sea level"). The second group are the "horizontal control points" - objects with precisely established latitude and longitude. At this point, we should explain that "benchmark" is a generic term that is used here at Geocaching.com to refer to all geodetic control points. In the surveying profession, however, the term bench mark (usually two words) is used specifically for points of known elevation, or vertical control. When the benchmark is established at known latitude and longitude, it is described as horizontal control. The generic terms favored by professionals to describe horizontal control are station or mark, rather than "benchmark".
These are the true "bench marks". Generally the words BENCH MARK will be printed on them near their rim if the mark is the disk type. Many vertical control marks are not the disk type, however, and can include bolts, rivets, chiseled squares, chiseled crosses, etc.
There are several types of horizontal control marks. They differ by which kind of horizontal control system was used in establishing them and the amount of precision they represent. Most horizontal control marks are marked with a disk, but some are other types such as a chiseled cross, bolt, drill hole, etc.
An intersection station is a prominent landmark, such as a water tower, radio tower, church spire, mountain top, or any other type of object that can be observed from a distance. These kinds of "large object" station markers, known as intersection stations because of the way their coordinates are calculated are usually landmarks higher in the air than any surrounding objects, which allows them to be seen from many miles away in several directions. By observing one or more such points through a telescope, surveyors can determine positions on the surface of the Earth through the use of trigonometry.
A triangulation station is usually a metal disk with a small triangle in its center Generally the words TRIANGULATION STATION will be printed on them near their rim. Its position has been determined by measuring distances and angles from other stations. Triangulation stations, also called tri-stations, are typically associated with nearby reference mark disks and an azimuth mark disk. More about that below.
There are several other types horizontal control marks. These include traverse stations, trilateration stations, and GPS stations and often those words are printed around their rim. Generally these horizontal control marks are not associated with reference marks or azimuth marks.
Triangulation stations usually have two or more reference marks associated with them. Reference marks are for helping to keep the location of triangulation stations from being lost and are not actually geodetic control marks. The triangulation station's description has accurate azimuth and horizontal (not slope) distance to each of its reference marks so that it can be re-set from them if necessary. These marks also have arrows in their centers that are supposed to point toward the triangulation station. A few reference marks are surveyed with adjusted coordinates and have their own PID in the database.
An azimuth mark, together with its associated triangulation station, provides an accurate azimuth (like a compass direction) that is based on true North rather than magnetic North. This azimuth is used to orient local traverse surveys. These marks also have arrows in their centers that are supposed to point toward the triangulation station.
Some disks that look like benchmarks exist principally to mark land boundaries. These marks, called cadastral marks, are actually not vertical or horizontal control (geodetic) marks. However, some of these marks are in the database because surveyors have made use of them for geodetic control purposes without having to monument a new benchmark in the area.
The NGS list of all types of benchmarks can be found in their Marker Code list. Drawings of various kinds of benchmark disks are on pages numbered 6 and 7 of this NGS document on horizontal control.
In order to find a benchmark, you must first get its datasheet, which contain its coordinates and a description of where to find it. There are several ways to get datasheets for benchmarks.
At the top of this page, enter a ZIP code.
At the top of this page, click on "Other search options", click the "By Coordinates" button, enter coordinates.
At the top of this page, click on "Other search options", click the "By Designation" button, enter the designation stamped on the disk, or part of it.
On a benchmark's page, click on "Nearest Benchmarks."
On a geocache's page, click on "Nearest Benchmarks."
On a waymark's page, click on "Nearest Benchmarks."
Click on "PIDs" to enter individual PIDs or a text file containing a list of PIDs.
Click on "Radial Search", then enter the coordinates of the center of the search, and a radius size.
Click on "USGS Quad" to enter a topographic quadrangle name.
Click on "COUNTY" to select PIDs from all the PIDs in a county. To download a whole county, it's better to get an archived file of all the datasheets in a county from the NGS Yearly Archives page.
No. What benchmark hunters do as a workaround is download a whole county's worth of datasheets as described in the NGS datasheets section above and then use the BMGPX program available here to convert an NGS .dat file into a .gpx file. Several different programs will read a .gpx file and they will allow you to put benchmark coordinates in your GPS receiver, indicate benchmark locations on computer maps, and store datasheet information on pocket computers.
A benchmark may be identified in two ways. NGS assigns each one a Permanent Identifier (PID) in the format AB1234 (two letters and four numerals). In addition, each benchmark has a name, called a designation, with no set format. It could be JONES or E 37 RESET or WASHINGTON MONUMENT 1913.
the original station description and the subsequent recovery reports. These contain the "to-reach" directions, the mark description, and the distances and compass directions from local landmarks to the station.
The different parts of various sample NGS datasheets are explained (and an index of these samples can be found) on their Sample Datasheets page. The specifications of the fields on the datasheets are given and explained on their dsdata page.
Geocaching.com datasheets were made by reformatting NGS datasheets. One thing to note is that Geocaching.com datasheets don't have the Box Score part that some NGS datasheets have. However, every Geocaching.com datasheet has a link called "view original datasheet" that is the original NGS datasheet. Note that this original datasheet is from 2000 so if you want the most up-to-date version you will need to get it from the NGS site.
Simply put, "location adjusted" means that the published coordinates are very accurate, and "location scaled" means that the published coordinates are not very accurate. The published positions for benchmarks with adjusted horizontal coordinates were computed using advanced surveying techniques and are far more accurate than even the finest handheld GPSr can get. The position of a benchmark with "scaled" coordinates was derived by a human in an office by estimating the location of the mark on a topographic map with a scale (ruler). As such, they can be off by 600 feet or more from the actual position though deviations in the 100 - 150 foot range are more common. Your handheld GPS may be very helpful in finding benchmarks with adjusted horizontal coordinates, but can be nearly useless for finding benchmarks with scaled horizontal coordinates. The good news is that only vertical control points have scaled horizontal coordinates. Trying to use your GPS "GOTO" function to find a benchmark with scaled horizontal coordinates will usually lead to frustration and failure.
How can I determine whether a particular mark is "Location Adjusted" or "Location Scaled?"
On a Geocaching benchmark datasheet, the second line under the coordinates will say either "location is ADJUSTED" or "location is SCALED".
On some NGS datasheets (usually the ones for triangulation stations), there is an area of data enclosed in a box made of dash characters and vertical bar characters. Inside this box are distances and azimuths from the PID to other stations, reference marks, or azimuth marks. Be aware that Geocaching.com datasheets do not include the box score information. However they do include a link to the original (circa 2000) datasheet that does include the box score (if a box score exists for that PID). When it exists, the box score information is extremely useful for finding the main station from its reference marks and vice versa. If you will be looking for a triangulation station, be sure to bring its box score information with you!
The first step in any benchmark hunt is to choose some benchmarks to search for and get their datasheets. Do not set out with coordinates only; you must have the verbal to-reach description in the datasheet with you when you go. A good first step is to search around your own Zip Code using the search window at the top right corner of this FAQ page. For your very first trip, select some benchmarks that have recently been found so that you will be sure to see one in person on your first trip. The easiest to find are the ones that have been found by someone else using Geocaching.com and have uploaded pictures showing the mark's location. If none near you have been found by people using Geocaching.com, then choose some that have recovery reports from the last 10 years, since the probability is greater that they are still there, and findable. You should select some that are location-scaled and some that are location-adjusted so that you see what that difference means in the field.
When you arrive at the area of a benchmark's location but before you get out of your car, read the datasheet carefully. The first thing to note is whether the mark is location-adjusted or location-scaled. Next, read all the benchmark's recovery notes from the most recent to the oldest. In each recovery note, the most important item of information is the distance and direction of the landmark that is the the shortest distance from the station. Start with the closest landmark of all the recovery notes and see if you can find it. The most accurate instrument you have is your tape measure, not your GPSr, so use the tape measure first. If the mark can't easily be found, continue with the next closest landmark and measure from it to an intersection area with the distance you measured from the first landmark. If you don't see the mark yet, probe the ground in the area with a probe, (benchmarks often get buried) searching for the disk plus its monumentation. If you haven't yet found the mark, read older recovery notes again to try to get more information, since many recovery reports don't bother repeating older recovery information that's still good.
Here are some items that benchmark hunters typically carry. What you need on any particular hunting trip depends on the kinds of marks you plan to hunt for and the type of terrain where you will be hunting.
Can I hunt benchmarks by loading the coordinates for a bunch of benchmarks in my GPS receiver and not bring the datasheets?
Definitely not. You must bring along the datasheet for each PID, either on paper or in a portable computer. The coordinates will get you within 15 feet or so only in the case of location adjusted marks. For location scaled marks, the coordinates could be up to a few hundred feet off. In both location scaled and location adjusted cases, distance measurements given in the datasheet description will provide more precision than a GPS receiver in finding the mark. Your tape measure is the most precise equipment you can bring for hunting benchmarks.
As with any outdoor activity, courtesy to the landowner is top priority. Try to determine from the location description whether or not the mark is on private property. If it is, ask for permission from the landowner. Experience shows that most landowners will give permission and many are interested in the history of the mark and the hunt and will want to help you find it.
You simply log your find on the Geocaching.com site by clicking on "Log this benchmark" near the top right of a Geocaching.com benchmark datasheet. You NEVER EVER take them, even when they appear to have been damaged. These markers are public property, are actively used in surveying, and are protected by law. In the unlikely event that you discover a marker lying loose on the ground, the best thing is to leave it where you found it and contact the agency who is listed on it.
Being sure you've found the right benchmark can sometimes be difficult and requires experience. The next 3 sections describe how to answer this question depending on the type of mark you're looking for.
If you found a disk that says: CEDAR then you have found the correct disk, even if it has a date with it, like CEDAR 1959.
If you found a disk that says: CEDAR RESET then you have not found the correct disk. Even if the disk is in the right place, it is not a find of station CEDAR.
If you found a disk that says: CEDAR RM1 then you have not found the correct disk. What you have found instead is a reference mark. Check the box score for CEDAR to find the azimuth and distance from it to CEDAR RM1. Reversing the azimuth will help you find the real station CEDAR.
If you found a disk that says: CEDAR AZ then you have not found the correct disk. This is the azimuth mark that is associated with station CEDAR but it is not station CEDAR.
If you found a disk that says: CEDAR 2 then you have not found the correct disk. Such a name usually means that the original station CEDAR was no longer findable or usable, and a new station was set nearby with a derivative name.
If you found a disk that has some other writing but not CEDAR, then you have not found the correct disk whether or not it is in exactly the right place.
The only reference marks and azimuth marks that can be logged on their own are those that have their own PID. If you're looking for a triangulation station and only find its reference mark or azimuth mark, you can't properly claim "Found it" (unless the reference mark or azimuth mark has its own unique PID, in which case you'd log it under that PID), but you could log it as "Couldn't find it" and even upload the picture of the reference mark.
Intersection stations are surprisingly tricky. Be sure to read the entire datasheet carefully. Pay particular attention to the first date the structure was reported or established as a survey mark (usually listed as the date "First Observed"). The structure you find must be one that you're certain existed and appeared the same way as it did on that date. If the structure was re-built then the station is effectively destroyed since the re-built version of the structure might be in a slightly different position. If you're uncertain about what happened during the time between when the structure was first monumented (observed) and the present, check with the structure's building manager. Since all intersection stations have adjusted coordinates, they must be at the published coordinates. If there is no such marker at the published coordinates, then the mark should be considered destroyed. If you find a structure that seems to be the correct one, but your GPS indicates that the position is incorrect, you have not found the correct mark.
If the intersection station is a water tower, read the datasheet carefully to note the details of the description of the water tower, and the first date the water tower was reported or established as a survey mark. For example, the datasheet says the water tower has 4 legs, has a cone shaped top, and was monumented in 1931.
If you found a water tower that has 6 legs or just one leg (a standpipe), then the water tower station has been replaced, and the water tower station described is destroyed.
If you found a water tower that looks newer than one built in 1931, then the water tower station has been replaced, and the water tower station described is destroyed.
If you found a water tower that has 5 legs and a round top, then the water tower station has been replaced, and the water tower station described is destroyed.
If you have found a water tower that is in the wrong coordinates, then it is not the correct water tower, even if it is what was described in the datasheet, because all water tower stations are location adjusted and cannot be at the wrong coordinates. You should go to the position of the datasheet's coordinates as indicated by your GPS receiver. If the correct water tower is not there, then the station is destroyed.
Be sure to read the entire datasheet carefully. Sometimes an older type of mark will be replaced by a disk but the datasheet will still indicate the older type of mark in the Marker Type or MARKER field. If the type of mark has officially changed, the change will be noted in one of the recovery reports, and the new type described in that recovery report. If there is no change in the type of mark indicated in any of the recovery reports, you must not assume a change in the type of mark and it will be as in dicated in the Marker Type or MARKER field of the datasheet.
If you find a disk instead of the item described in the datasheet, you have not found the correct mark. In such a case, it is very likely that another agency who used to use the former mark has monumented a disk there. The disk is not a find. If you find a metal nail, rivet, spike, and it is not exactly what is described then you have not found the correct marker.
I am working on finding a triangulation station and its associated marks and I want to know how I can find the main station from the reference marks and vice versa?
Triangulation stations usually have reference marks associated with them. NGS recovery reports of triangulation stations involve looking not only for the principal mark, but also for any associated reference and azimth marks. Usually at least one of these is fairly obvious and that will give you a start on finding the others.
The measurements between the triangulation station and the reference marks are almost always given in what's called the box score. The box score gives the true North azimuth from the triangulation station to each reference mark in the format Degrees Minutes Seconds (dddmmss.s) but using just degrees part is sufficient for hunting. A Geocaching datasheet does not have the box score feature, but you can click on "view original datasheet" to see if the (circa 2000) NGS-format version has one.
It helps to have a compass that reads to the nearest degree, but the most precise thing you will be using is the tape measure, so depend mainly on it. Make arcs on the ground at the required distance if you can, so as to use the tape to the greatest advantage. The ideal is to have two out of the three marks found, and then you can use an intersection of measurements to find the third mark. Usually reference marks are more or less at right angles to each other with respect to the triangulation station.
If you're looking for a reference mark from the triangulation station, use the azimuth from the box score. On the other hand, if you're trying to find the triangulation station from a reference mark, you need to convert the azimuth to the opposite direction using the following simple rule: If the azimuth is less than 180 degrees, add 180 degrees, otherwise subtract 180 degrees.
Azimuths in a box score are in terms of true North. Your compass points to magnetic North instead. To convert from one to the other, you must get the declination and use it. The declination is different everywhere on Earth and changes as time goes by, so you will need the current local declination at the approximate position of the triangulation station. Declinations are either positive or negative. In order to follow the azimuth that the box score calls for, subtract the local declination from the box score's azimuth, then follow your compass with the resulting value. For example, if the declination is -10 and the box score's azimuth is 87 degrees toward a reference mark, then on your compass, look in the direction of 87 - (-10) = 97 degrees toward the reference mark.
NOAA's Declination Website can be used to determine the declination for a given location. You can also find the declination on a Topozone map. The declination value is below the bottom right corner of the map and is the value next to "M=".
Since you will probably be using a tape measured in feet, you must convert the metric distances in the box score from meters to feet. It's probably best to do that at home on your datasheets before going on your hunt. To convert, multiply the number of meters by 39.37 and divide the result by 12. Then, if your tape is feet-and-inches, multiply the decimal part of the last result by 12 to get the number of inches.
Here is another tip: If you are wanting to find an azimuth mark from a triangulation station, first get the azimuth and distance from the triangulation station to the azimuth mark from the datasheet's box score. Then use the GeoCalc or the FORWARD program to convert this data into the azimuth mark's coordinates. Even though a more accurate way to find the azimuth mark would be to tape along the azimuth, the amount of tape required and the insufficient precision of your compass makes it impractical for a non-surveyor. Before going out on your hunt, use one of these programs to generate the coordinates of the azimuth station and write them on your datasheet!
On the benchmark's page, click on "Log this benchmark" at the top right corner of its page to log your find. After you have successfully logged your find, you can click on "upload images" to upload your pictures. When uploading images, you can put the station's Designation (name, not PID) as well as its State and location in the "Name:" field - it makes the benchmark gallery more interesting.
If you have a digital camera, we ask that you take a closeup picture of the mark, and another picture from a few feet away, making sure that the mark is in the view. Additional pictures are OK too. Even if you don't have a digital camera, just log your find for others to read.
A complete log for a triangulation station includes notes on not only the station itself, but also its reference marks and azimuth mark. If you don't look for them, please note that you didn't look for them. If you find them, include their pictures in your log. Also, include your GPS receiver's averaged coordinates for the azimuth mark.
If you find a disk with a scaled location, please include your GPS receiver's averaged coordinates for the disk's location in your log (unless somebody else has already done so).
Unless (in very unusual cases) the description says that there is a benchmark disk, surveying nail, or other small object that can't be seen from the ground, the top of the tower, steeple, or smokestack is the station. Do not climb it. Simply log your find, and if you have a digital camera, take the structure's picture from the ground.
You can log "Found it!" if you see the marker and know that it is the correct marker. If the marker is a survey disk, youmust read the disk. The designation (its name) stamped on it must match the Designation in the description. Reading the disk is necessary because another disk could have been set within a few feet of the one you're looking for. If the station has reference mark disks, they don't count as the find; you must find the station disk itself.
If you searched carefully, and could not find the marker, you should log "Didn't find it!" so that other benchmark hunters will know that the mark is going to be difficult or impossible to find. There is nothing wrong with doing a good job of looking and not finding the marker, since many of them are actually gone and many others are buried under dirt, asphalt, concrete, etc.
"Destroyed" means that you know that the benchmark cannot be in its original location because the structure it was on is gone. Don't log as destroyed unless you are absolutely 100% sure. If there is any doubt at all, it's best to refrain from using this option and let someone else have a chance at finding it. Remember, you can always seek advice from more experienced hunters by posting a message, which may enable you to increase your chances of success!
"Post a Note" is good for letting other benchmark hunters know about some special problem they may encounter looking for the benchmark, for an update on the benchmark's status, etc. Many experienced benchmark hunters use the "Post a Note" function to indicate that a benchmark is inaccessible (cannot be safely or legally searched for) because it is in a restricted area or on private property (and the owner withholds permission to access).
This 'diskless stem' situation is a difficult one and requires a lot of experience to help you make sure you've found actual evidence of the mark you're looking for. The most obvious features are the brass metal stem and the circular evidence of a disk having been mounted there. Often there is a circular indentation that held the disk and some of the mounting cement might remain. These situations should be reported as "Found It" instead of "Destroyed" since the stem of the disk could possibly still be used for some types of surveying. If you're not really sure you've found the correct remains (more than one disk could've been mounted in the immediate area, there are many holes in cement but few of them are where benchmarks were), report your findings as accurately as you can and log "Didn't find it". In all cases of diskless stems, photographic evidence in your log is extremely helpful.
Mistaking a reference mark for a triangulation station and incorrectly logging "Found it" for the triangulation station even though they didn't find it.
Logging as "Found it" a church steeple first observed in 1932, but the cornerstone on the church building says 1963 (the 1932 station is "Destroyed").
Logging as "Destroyed" a survey disk whose position is now under the recently-added lane of a paved road (the disk may survive under the pavement; should be logged as "Didn't find it").
Finding a disk stamped BITSKO RESET 1976 and logging as "Found it" a benchmark designated as BITSKO 1954 (BITSKO 1954 should be logged as "Didn't find it").
Logging as "Found it" a water tank first observed in 1948 but whose location is occupied by a watershpere (there aren't any waterspheres in the database, the 1948 water tank is "Destroyed").
Using "Post a Note" with the added explanation "Searched all over but could not find the disk" (should be logged as "Didn't find it").
Being affected by a bias toward declaring "Found It". Don't let your interest in increasing your 'find count' adversely affect the accuracy of your logs. Someone else finding the correct marker, thereby proving that you made an error by logging the wrong item as a find is much more embarrassing than someone else finding a benchmark that you could not find.
To answer this question, you need to understand a bit about what "the database" is. The database used by Geocaching.com is a copy (from around 2000) of the database that NGS maintains. Although the NGS database has lots of marks in it, it does not have them all. In order for a mark to get into NGS's database, it has to go through a process known as "bluebooking" which ensures the disk meets the minimum requirements to be of geodetic quality (aka the highest quality possible). The NGS is not the only organization that creates and uses benchmarks and other types of control markers. In order for any mark to get "in the database" they must be "bluebooked", which can take a lot of time and effort and is often not done to save money. Remember, even though some marks might not be in the database, they are still highly important, both to businesses and to individual citizens such as your neighbors, so please treat them with respect, while enjoying the thrill of the hunt. We'll try to find other databases and add them to the site as well. If you have access to one of these databases and would like to submit it to Groundspeak, contact us.
Since the Groundspeak benchmark database was obtained from the NGS in the year 2000, newer benchmarks and recent reports on older marks will not be visible here in Groundspeak's copy. Besides new disks, there are many cases of benchmarks monumented significantly before 2000 but entered the NGS database only after the year 2000.
If the benchmark is a disk-type marker or is referenced in an online database, you can log your find in the US Benchmarks category in Groundspeak's Waymarking site.
If the benchmark is in Canada, you can log it in the Canadian Benchmarks category in Waymarking.
The U.S. Geological survey (USGS) established thousands of benchmarks to help them make their topographic maps. The number next to the "BM" is the originally measured elevation of the disk. A large number of these USGS marks are not in the NGS database be cause they were never "bluebooked" as explained in the section above. The NGS and the USGS are separate government agencies so the inclusion of USGS marks in the NGS database is not automatic. Unfortunately the USGS did not get their paper records of benchmark location notes onto computer files. This makes those USGS marks that are not in the NGS database quite a challenge to find! You can log USGS disks you find that are not in the database in the US Benchmarks category in Groundspeak's Waymarking site.
If you find a marker that isn't in the database, please do not email the Geocaching site or the NGS with the information. Instead, feel free to challenge your fellow hunters to help you identify any markers you find by posting in the Benchmark Hunting Forum. If you have logged your find in the US Benchmarks category, you can include a picture in your post by linking to the picture in that log.
The benchmarks that have inaccurate coordinates are always the "location scaled" benchmarks. The "location adjusted" benchmarks always have extremely accurate coordinates. See the above section called "What is the difference between"Location Adjusted" and "Location Scaled"?" and the next section called "How can I determine whether a particular mark is Location Adjusted or Location Scaled".
Can I log an official report to NGS?
Yes. NGS appreciates the efforts of geocachers and encourages them to submit reports on the condition of benchmarks. However, keep in mind that although we seek out benchmarks and report them for fun, the NGS database is in use by professionals for real world purposes. (They ask for your name and email address.) If you are interested in reporting to the NGS, please consider visiting the National Geodetic Survey forum. There you will find a FAQ topic that gives additional information on what is entailed in reporting to NGS.
Yes, you can use the GEOCAC agency code for your report.
The good folks at the NGS have done an excellent job with their own Frequently Asked Questions Page. Check it out! The NGS also provides links to a large number of interesting articles on its on-line publications page. If you want to know all about the NGS database, check out its specifications section. The NGS has a fascinating page on the history of the NGS and its surveying and a new page on its 200 year anniversary. You can use the NGS search engines for finding control point datasheets (click on "Datasheets"). The NGS sample data sheet page is an excellent guidance for reading the datasheets.
Here are some links that you can use to find out more about benchmarks.
National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Maintainer of federal benchmark database. Includes various ways to retrieve up-to-date official datasheets.
Point of Beginning Online magazine for survey and geodesy professionals includes articles on current technology and history of the profession.
Berntsen International Leading manufacturer of benchmark disks and related products. A custom disk makes a fine gift.
Garmin, Magellan, Lowrance Major makers of handheld GPS receivers.
BMGPX - this software converts an NGS .dat file into a .gpx file, a format that many softwares use.
EasyGPS - this software will read .loc and .gpx files, show a plot of the locations and send or receive location data between your computer and your GPS receiver.
GSAK (Geocaching Swiss Army Knife) - this software will read .loc and .gpx files, show a plot of the locations and send or receive location data between your computer and your GPS receiver, convert to .html files for PDAs, and handles numerous other waypoint management tasks.
Google Earth - Google Earth will read both .gpx and .loc files and display markers for them on its map.


It has been a tumultuous period for the pound, with changes in the prospect of a soft or hard Brexit sending sterling sharply higher or lower on the foreign exchanges. This is evident from the GBPUSD exchange rate, which has risen from around 1.288 to 1.334 and then fallen back to 1.296 before recovering again all in the course of the last 30 days. It may not sound much, but these are massive moves and will have a huge impact on the value of your overseas investments.
The situation is particularly complicated where you hold one or more global investment trusts in your portfolio, as these offer varying levels of non-sterling exposure and will all be affected in different ways.
Whenever the probability of a deal with Brussels increases, the pound tends to strengthen on the foreign exchanges. This has a larger negative impact on the global funds with the highest non-sterling exposure as the value of these overseas holdings is worth less when translated back into pounds. The opposite is also true, with these funds being the biggest beneficiaries each time the prospect of leaving without a deal comes back into play.
Recent research by Stifel has identified the non-UK exposure at the end of February of each of the different investment trusts operating in the global sector. These vary from 100% in the case of Henderson International Income (LON:HINT) right down to 6% for the Independent Investment Trust (LON:IIT).
The funds with the highest non-sterling exposure are Henderson International Income (LON:HINT) (100%), British Empire (LON:BTEM) (99%), Scottish Mortgage (LON:SMT) (97%), Monks (LON:MNKS) (94%), Mid Wynd International (LON:MWY) (93%), JPMorgan Global Growth & Income (LON:JPGI) (92%), Martin Currie Global Portfolio (LON:MNP) (90%), Murray International (LON:MYI) (90%) and Foreign & Colonial (LON:FCIT) (90%).
At the other end of the scale are Independent Investment Trust (LON:IIT) (6%), Law Debenture Corporation (LON:LWDB) (21%), Lindsell Train (LON:LTI) (21%) and Majedie (LON:MAJE) (22%), with all of the others ranging between 49% and 85%.
Most of these funds do not publish their actual non-sterling exposure on a regular basis, so the analysts have used the geographic analysis of the underlying holdings as a proxy. This should be pretty accurate unless the managers actively hedge their currency risk.
The majority of funds operating in the global sector have the ability to hedge currencies, but very few do this on a regular basis, although it is possible that some have adopted a specific policy on Brexit without going public about it.
RIT Capital Partners (LON:RCP) is the only oneto have an active currency overlay strategy. This significantly changes its profile, as at the end of January the fund had a sterling exposure of 51%, whereas its UK geographic weighting was just 6% of NAV.
Another point to bear in mind is that the currency exposure is only one aspect of the fund to consider, as the sensitivity to the value of the pound will also depend on how and where the underlying companies operate. Unfortunately this sort of data isn't quantified in any meaningful way.
If you own any of these funds it is important to make sure that you are aware of their non-sterling exposure and that you are comfortable with their possible returns in each of the different Brexit scenarios.


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News > Medscape News UK
UK COVID-19 Update: Shielding to be 'Paused' in England
Tim Locke
These are the UK coronavirus stories you need to know about today.
Shielding to Be 'Paused' in England
People in England in vulnerable groups who've been shielding can take part in gatherings of up to 6 people outdoors, and can form a 'support bubble' with another household from 6th July.
From 1st August, shielding will be "paused".
"Right from the start, we've been clear that we didn't want the shielding advice to be in place any longer than is clinically necessary," Health and Social Care Secretary for England, Matt Hancock told the Downing Street briefing.
He'll be writing to those affected to explain the changes.
Dr Jenny Harries, deputy chief medical officer for England said: "When this programme started we used a precautionary principle. New evidence is telling us that the risks for individuals are often more clearly due to a combination of factors in that individual, such as age, ethnicity, obesity levels for example, as well as the medical conditions that they have."
She added: "The new risk assessment research methodology is being published today by academic colleagues, led by Oxford University. In the future, therefore, those who we advise to take action may be a slightly different group to those who shielded through this new disease peak."
She said many children who are shielding now, such as those with well-controlled asthma, should be able to go back to school next term.
Professor Donal O'Donoghue, Royal College of Physicians, commented in a statement: "Today's announcement will be met with mixed emotions by many. The past few weeks and months have been challenging and we know that many patients will be unsure about what lies ahead.
"It is crucial that the government builds trust by regularly communicating and engaging with those who have been shielding up to now. Patients are likely to have many questions and we need to ensure that frontline NHS staff are equipped with the detailed scientific evidence base to be able to support patients to make their shared decisions based on individual assessments of risk and their personal priorities."
He added: "As we begin to restart wider NHS services, we must also consider how the NHS can best support shielding healthcare staff. By now, we expect that all NHS staff in priority groups should have received an individual risk assessment which employers and staff should use to make decisions about individual deployments."
BAME Doctors' Risk Assessments
Doctors from black, Asian, and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds are significantly more likely than white doctors to be asked to work on hospital wards without personal protective equipment (PPE), a BMA member survey suggested.
Only 29% of BAME doctors felt they were fully protected from contracting COVID-19 at work, compared with 46% of white colleagues.
Polling of 7497 doctors received between 16th and 18th June also revealed that 36% of ethnic minority doctors were unaware of any risk assessments taking place, compared with 41% of white colleagues.
Dr Chaand Nagpaul, BMA council chair, called the findings "extremely troubling".
Meanwhile, Wales' BAME COVID-19 Expert Advisory Group has made more than 30 recommendations to the Welsh Government. The group's chair Professor Emmanuel Ogbonna commented: "There's an overall theme running through our research for this report. It centres on long-standing racism and disadvantage and the lack of BAME representation within decision-making processes."
He continued: "Many of the issues we've highlighted have been identified and discussed previously, but they haven't been addressed in any systematic and sustained way."
Meat Factory Outbreaks
Meat factories and abattoirs have been the focus of recent COVID-19 case clusters in the UK and Germany.
Public Health Wales has confirmed COVID-19 cases among workers at the 2 Sisters chicken factory in Llangefni on Anglesey. All all staff have been told to self-isolate.
A number of cases have also been linked to the Kober meat factory in Cleckheaton, Yorkshire.
Dr Michael Head, senior research fellow in global health at the University of Southampton, commented via the Science Media Centre: "Whilst refrigeration may be a contributory factor to the spread of the virus, the key factors are likely to be the number of people close together in indoor conditions. Some of these factories have onsite or nearby accommodation where there are several people in each dormitory, they may be transported on a bus to the site of work, and they will be indoors together all day. Levels of adherence to measures such as washing hands is uncertain and there is unlikely to be widespread use of PPE."
Daily Deaths and Data
Another 128 UK COVID-19 deaths were announced on Saturday, 43 on Sunday, and 15 today, taking the total to 42,647. Today's is the lowest rise in deaths since 15th March. However, numbers are usually lower after a weekend due to reporting delays.
There were 139,659 tests counted yesterday. This figure includes home tests that have been sent out but not yet processed. This takes the total tests to 8,029,757.
Figures for the number of people tested were last given on Friday 22nd May.
Another 958 positive cases were reported today taking the total UK confirmed cases to 305,289. The number is below 1000 for the first time since the UK passed the peak of cases.
"The virus is in retreat," Mr Hancock said.
There were 380 people admitted to hospital in the UK (excluding Scotland), and 330 mechanical ventilator beds are in use by coronavirus patients.
There are 4869 people in hospital with COVID-19, down from 5512 a week ago.
Coronavirus Concerns
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) has published more data on the social impacts of COVID-19 in Great Britain.
Among 16 to 29-year-olds, the main concerns were the effects on schools or universities (24%), wellbeing (22%), work (16%) and household finances (16%).
As well as being unable to attend their educational establishments, young people who reported an impact on schools or universities were concerned about exams and qualifications (58%), quality of education (46%), and a move to homeschooling (18%).
Dawn Snape, assistant director of the ONS Sustainability and Inequalities Division, commented: "Younger people were generally more optimistic about lockdown, with more than half expecting life to return to normal within 6 months."
A decision is due tomorrow on reducing social distancing rules in England from 2 metres to 1 metre. Professor Stephen Powis, national medical director of NHS England, told the Commons Public Accounts Committee: "SAGE has provided advice, summarised the scientific evidence, but it's [up to] the Government then, as in all matters, to decide policy."
The abandoned NHSX contact tracing app has cost NHS England £11.8 million so far. The figure was given by the health minister Lord Bethell.
No-swab saliva home test kits are being trialled by Southampton University. The Optigene system is being tested by more than 14,000 GP and university staff, and key workers in a 4 week pilot.
NHS Providers is warning of a real risk of the NHS in England being overwhelmed in a winter COVID-19 second surge if the Government makes the wrong decisions on funding NHS capacity for the rest of the year. Chief Executive Chris Hopson commented: "Forward planning conducted by trusts over the last month indicates that the nightmare scenario is a second COVID-19 surge coinciding with winter when the NHS always struggles to keep up with demand."
The daughter of an 88-year-old man believed to have died with COVID-19 in a care home has begun legal action against Matt Hancock, Sky News reported. Dr Cathy Gardner wants the claim retracted that a "protective ring" had been placed around care homes.
British companies involved in the pandemic response, such as PPE makers, will be protected against takeover attempts under changes to the Enterprise Act 2002. Business Secretary Alok Sharma commented: "These powers will send an important signal to those seeking to take advantage of those struggling as a result of the pandemic that the UK government is prepared to act where necessary to protect our national security."
Sewage in Wales is to be studied to help track levels of COVID-19 in the community. Professor Andrew Weightman, head of the Organisms and Environment Division at Cardiff University's School of Biosciences, said: "Research suggests people start to shed the virus in faeces up to about 2 weeks before they get symptoms so this approach can also be used as an early warning system to indicate when levels of the virus are rising in the community."
See more global coronavirus updates in Medscape's Coronavirus Resource Centre.
© 2020 WebMD, LLC
Send comments and news tips to uknewsdesk@medscape.net.
Cite this: Tim Locke. UK COVID-19 Update: Shielding to be 'Paused' in England - Medscape - Jun 22, 2020.
UK Editor, Medscape
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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E3 2018 ARTICLE: Super Smash Bros. Ultimate brings back every Smash fighter ever!
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, the series' first Nintendo Switch game, will have more than 60 fighters. And that includes every single character ever featured in a Super Smash Bros. game.
The Super Smash Bros. Ultimate section of the Nintendo Direct presentation kicked off by showing several characters we remember, from Mario to Bayonetta, before cutting to what serves as a fitting tagline for the game: "Everyone is here." That includes previously cut fighters, like Ice Climbers, Pichu and Young Link, as well as characters previously released as paid downloadable content, like Cloud and Ryu.
Each one will be included in the base game, and Nintendo promises to make them much simpler and quicker to unlock than in previous entries. We shouldn't expect the majority of these old faces to be available from the start of the game, of course, but players will be able to choose from an entire plethora sooner than later.
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate will launch, with all your favorite fighters (and more) in tow, on Dec. 7, 2018.


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Molecular phenotype of simian virus 40 large T antigen-induced primitive neuroectodermal tumors in four different lines of transgenic mice.
Publications // Jan 01 1994
PubMed ID: 7508007
Author(s): Fung KM, Chikaraishi DM, Suri C, Theuring F, Messing A, Albert DM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Molecular phenotype of simian virus 40 large T antigen-induced primitive neuroectodermal tumors in four different lines of transgenic mice. Lab Invest. 1994 Jan;70(1):114-24.
Journal: Laboratory Investigation; A Journal Of Technical Methods And Pathology, Volume 70, Issue 1, Jan 1994
BACKGROUND We compared the molecular phenotypes of central nervous system tumors arising in four different lines of transgenic mice (TGM) carrying the Simian virus 40 large T antigen driven by different promoters or enhancers. Two of the four lines developed primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) in the brain stem or pineal gland. A third TGM line developed retinoblastomas (a PNET-like tumor of the retina) as well as PNETs in the mesencephalon, while the fourth TGM developed retinoblastomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of developmentally regulated polypeptides specific for the neuronal or glial lineage was examined in these PNETs using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.
RESULTS Neoplastic cells in all of the PNETs exhibited neuronal, but no glial specific markers as evidenced by the invariable expression of synaptophysin, but no detectable glial fibrillary acidic protein or myelin basic protein. PNETs with a more differentiated neuronal phenotype expressed multiple neuronal polypeptides. The phenotypic properties of these PNETs closely resembled those found in human brain PNET biopsy samples and cell lines derived therefrom.
CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Simian virus 40 T antigen-induced PNETs in TGM exhibit the molecular phenotype of developing neurons or neuronal progenitor cells. Although many factors could influence the phenotype of these experimental PNETs (e.g., promoter, site of integration of the transgene) these PNETs appear to be suitable TGM models of human PNETs of the central nervous system.
Endogenous systemic IFN-gamma has a protective role against ocular autoimmunity in mice.
Magnetic resonance angiography.
Last updated on: February 7, 2022


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The 5 Nonnegotiable Factors of Any Successful Partnership
About 80 percent of partnerships fail. By following these 5 guidelines, you'll increase your chances of creating a winning and lasting team.
By Marissa LevinFounder and CEO, Successful Culture@marissalevin
Steve Schwarzman is the billionaire chairman and CEO of the Blackstone Group LP, the world's largest private equity manager with more than $360 billion in assets and trades. His net worth is $12.5 billion.
Growth came with challenges. Schwarzman recently sat down with Bloomberg's Jason Kelley to share how he handled the struggles of moving from a small advisory business to an industry leader.
"I was working 18-hour days, the business kept growing very rapidly, and the demands on me were astonishing. Beside the fact of living a life of perpetual over-stimulation as we were growing, I could see that I couldn't get to everything," shared Schwarzman.
Schwarzman revealed what he says was "probably the single best decision I've made"--one that helped his company remain at the forefront of their industry.
"... it became clear to me that doing mergers and private equity deals was unsustainable if I was going to grow the firm. So, I decided we needed somebody else to help at a similar level."
Schwarzman's best decision was hiring Tony James as president to help him run his company. He gave up some the control of Blackstone because he realized it was best for both him and the company.
"I called three people who'd known me from my few months at DLJ and had also worked with Tony, and it turned out he'd done similar things to what I had done...when I started interviewing Tony, it was like interviewing myself -- except that we have a different personality type, and he's somebody who was smarter than I was, which I sort of liked."
One of the best decisions many business owners make is to bring a partner into their business. Unfortunately, statistics show that more than 50% of business partnerships end in divorce -- a rate that James H. Krefft, Ph.D. and president of The Center for Third Age Leadership, says is more likely around 80%.
Business Insider shares these tips to increase your chances of success:
Make it Legal.
Eager business owners may overlook the importance of a solid partnership agreement. They often engage with a potential partner to try out the fit without a formal contract. If things go south, it can turn ugly, and expose you to unnecessary risk.
Clearly Define Roles.
Unclear roles will drive conflict. Partners generally know their strengths and weaknesses. Each may lean toward the aspect of the business that suits them best. However, problems will arise if duties are not explicitly defined.
Create Clear Exit Strategies.
Decide what will happen if one partner leaves or passes away, if there are changes among company principles, or if the business is closed down.
Varsity Tutors CEO Chuck Cohn says, "Make sure you have a great operating agreement written by a seasoned attorney that outlines what happens to the business under all possible scenarios...It will be an expensive investment, but it will serve as the foundation for your relationship."
Create Conflict Resolution Strategies.
There are bound to be conflicts in a partnership. If you both have equal stakes in the company, what happens if you cannot agree? Even if one partner has more legal power, there will still be conflict if there are disagreements.
Create a reasonable, respectful method to resolve conflicts and work through disagreements. If necessary, you may need to bring in a mediator or advisor for assistance.
Mitch Gordon, founder and CEO of Go Overseas, says, "It's vital to ensure that everyone uses conflict as a way to move the business forward, rather than create divisions in the company...When bringing in a new partner, it's important to make sure that he will be a good cultural fit. The sooner you have an impassioned disagreement about something important, the sooner you'll figure out if he is a good match."
Select Complementary Skillsets.
Andrew Schrage is Partner and Editor-in-Chief at MoneyCrashers.com, a top personal finance website.
He advises, "Make sure your partner's skill set complements yours, but is not identical. Having two bean counters run an operation is not a recipe for success, and if two creative types make a go of it, the accounting and other more mundane aspects of the business could suffer or even be ignored."
Bringing in a partner requires a complete mindset shift. If you've been going it alone for a while, you may have to strengthen your collaboration muscle. You'll enjoy the benefit of a fresh perspective, of added bandwidth, and the ability to delegate tasks that you need to complete but don't fall into your sweet spot. You will also, however, have increased accountability, and won't be able to make as many on-the spot decisions.
Ultimately the decision to partner comes down to your desire to scale. No one business owner can do everything, and no one business owner can do most things well.


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Прыгун Коимбры () — вид приматов семейства Саковые. Назван в честь бразильского зоолога Адельмара Коимбры.

Описание
Этот прыгун имеет чёрный лоб и макушку, а также узор из тёмных и светлых полос на спине. Отличается от других прыгунов формой черепа и челюстей: череп меньше, зубы U-образные, тогда как у других прыгунов V-образные.

Поведение
Как и остальные прыгуны, этот вид всеяден, в рационе листья, фрукты, мелкие животные.

Образует небольшие группы, состоящие из трёх—пяти особей. Группа состоит из взрослых самца и самки и их потомства. Территория группы от 2 га до 20 га. Каждая группа агрессивно защищает свою территорию.

Распространение
Населяют прибрежные дождевые леса в районе устья рек Сан-Франсиску и Итапикуру в Бразилии. Общая площадь ареала всех популяций этого вида около 300 км².

Примечания

Литература
 Marc G. M. van Roosmalen, Tomas van Roosmalen und Russell A. Mittermeier: A Taxonomic Review of the Titi Monkeys, Genus Callicebus Thomas 1903, with the Description of two New Species: Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stepehnnashi, from Brazilian Amazonia. In: Neotropical Primates 10 (2002), S. 1-52 PDF

Саковые
Животные, описанные в 1999 году
Млекопитающие Южной Америки
Коимбра

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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McLEAN, Va. (June 19, 2013) – Values for used plug-in electric vehicles are expected to decline nearly 30% this year—the highest depreciation out of all vehicle segments, according to the NADA Used Car Guide in its latest report, Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Market Analysis and Used Price Forecast.
For example, in the May 2012 edition of the NADA Official Used Car Guide, average trade-in values for the 2011 Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf were $31,060 and $24,857, respectively. In May 2013, values for the Volt and Leaf had fallen by a combined average of nearly $10,000, to $21,235 and $14,792, respectively. As a percentage of MSRP, the Volt retained only 49% of its value and the Leaf retained 42%.
By comparison, average trade-in values for a 2011 Toyota Prius hybrid fell by $4,735, to $16,490 over the same period, while values for a 2011 Chevrolet Cruze with a four-cylinder gasoline engine dropped by $2,548, to $11,602, placing retained values at 63% and 62%, respectively.
Considering the limited range of plug-in electric vehicles — coupled with substantial incentives, tax credits and moderating gasoline prices — NADA estimates the annual rate of depreciation for used plug-in electric vehicles will improve little over the next two years, with annual losses going from 31.5% in 2012 to 29.7% in 2013 and 27.4% in 2014.


Okay so I'm sure by now you've all heard about the Ice Bucket Challenge but I really wanted to post about it. Before all this was started I didn't know anything about the disease behind the challenge but after a little Google search I realized how heart breaking it is. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neurone disease can effect up to 30,000 Americans at any time, with many passing away within the first 5 years of being diagnosed. You can donate money towards the research here.
Hoped you all enjoyed my horrific Ice Bucket Challenge video and donated towards ALS research!
So as you might know, tomorow I'm jetting off to Turkey for a week with Sean. But don't worry, I wont be neglecting my blog. I've scheduled a few things to be posted while I'm away, so hopefully that will give you something to look at till I get back!
Walking my little Blue | I won a Miss Selfridge gift card from Paige Joanna | My August Glossy Box | The cute cupcakes I made | My amazing New Balance trainers | My holiday countdown is almost over!
The last few weeks have been really busy but this week I actually managed to get some time to myself to relax. Sean Introduced me to Minecraft at the end of last week so that's pretty much all we've been doing. I've also been getting the last few bits and bobs ready from my holiday this week and you wouldn't believe how hard it is to find a pair of white flipflops under £10! But I'm basically ready to jet off for a week of exploring and relaxing with Sean.
Well that was this week, I wont be doing my next weekly roundup until the 7th of September now as my holiday falls over next Sunday.
1. Lalique L'Amour - I'm one of those girls who has her favorite perfumes she always sticks to but I actually really like this one. I've never heard of this brand before but I'm looking forward to using this little sample. I tested it when I first got the box and it smelt lovely, although I probably wont be buying a the full product just yet as its a little pricey for me.
2. Yves Rocher Pink Nail Polish - When I first opened the box I was happy to see this little pink nail varnish. Although I was slightly disappointed at the size, I love the shade and I'm tempted to paint my nails with it for my holiday next week. I will definitely be doing a review of this, so keep a look out!
3. Essence Longlasting Lipstick in #7 Natural Beauty - When I saw I had a lipstick it this months box I was a little apprehensive as I had received one before that didn't suit me at all. I have to say I was pleasantly surprised when I took the lid off. Its a lovely subtle shade that will be perfect for every day use. Although I haven't tried it yet, its not too different from the shades I usually use so I'm excited to try it.
4. Philip Kingsley Elasticizer - I'm really really excited to try this out. I always love trying out new hair products and I cant wait to give this one a go. It was originally created for Audrey Hepburn and its meant to give your hair more bounce and shine. Here's hoping it makes my hair happy.
5. Kryolan Highlighter Cashmere - I was sent a highlighter a few boxes back and I love it. It will take a lot for this highlighter to even come close to my current one but either way I'll give it a go.
6. Figs & Rouge Mini Hand Cream - I'm slightly apprehensive about trying this one out. I have quite bad eczema and I have to be very careful with what I put on my skin. Although I usually use prescription creams on my hands I'm still going to try it and see how it goes.
So that was my August Glossy Box! I'll be reviewing these products in the next few so keep a look out!
I've been so busy again this week. I don't know how anyone can blog and work and the same time honestly!
I haven't really done much this week, just worked and shopped. I have so so so much new stuff I have to show you, I might just put it all in a video? What do you think about me making haul videos? I've considered doing Youtube for a while now but I haven't really got the confidence to do it yet. I'd love to hear your thoughts about it.
For my birthday Sean bought me three lovely Bourjois eye shadows, in pink, purple and gold. Today I'm going to review my favorite of the three, the gold.
I've been using this eye shadow most days since I got it and I absolutely love it. Its a really really sparkly girly eye shadow and its just perfect for me. I thought It would be more vivid than it is and I was slightly disappointed when I first tried it, But after using it a few times I decided I preferred it being less obvious as I could wear it every day. I usually just brush it lightly over my eyelids for a really faint sparkle but for nights out I brush it over a plain gold eye shadow for a really glittery effect.
One of the things I love about this eye shadow is the mirror in the lid. This is the only eye shadow (apart from my pallets) I own with a mirror in it and that's great for when I'm out and about.
I don't know how much it was as it was a gift but I would say its worth investing in as a staple product in your make-up bag.
Overall I love this product and would give it a 7/10.
I bought this bath bomb a few weeks ago. It was a major impulse buy but I'm glad I picked it. Honestly I only picked it because of how pretty it looked, I didn't even take note of the description so I cant really say a lot about it other than it smelled good and looked good. I think it was about £3.25 which is average for a Lush bath bomb, and I was happy to pay that to have a purple/pink bath.
When I put it in the bath it didn't fizz, it just keep spinning round and round for ages gradually turning the water a pink colour. After it stopped spinning it fell to the bottom of the bath, fizzing and creating Jacuzzi like bubbles. This went of for ages as well and I would say the whole thing lasted over 5 minutes which I thought was a long time for a bath bomb. I was left with a gorgeous pinky purple bath that smelt amazing.
Pro:voke Touch Of Silver - I use any basic blonde dye to lighten my hair, but this doesn't always leave it looking that natural. I often get brassy yellow tones and the best thing to fix that is this shampoo. I've tried cheaper versions of silver shampoo and honestly nothing comes close to this stuff.
B. Quick #157 Cosmical - I received this nail varnish in one of my glossy boxes and I'm in love with the colour. It doesn't stay on and long as I would like but as been as I usually paint my nails to look nice for one night, this doesn't bother me all that much.
Carmex Classic Lip Balm - This is another glossy box goody that I've taken a liking too, I think I've actually used it everyday since getting it. This is one of those products I cant recommend enough. It literally stays on for so long, I put it on before work and its still on after my shift is finished!
Absolute Eye shadow Primer - oh dear, yet another glossy box item. I'd been after a primer for so long. I have fairly veiny eyebrows, so any help in hiding that is appreciated. The primer works really well and stops my eye shadow forming wrinkles on my lids. I don't really have anything to compare it to but so far I'm happy!
So if you haven't already guessed, this week I turned 20. I cant believe it if I'm honest, I still feel and act about 15. I had such a lovely birthday and I was really lucky with everything I received. I'll do a 'What I got' post if anyone's interested.
I also got to go to the Safari park this week. I hadn't been there in so long and its every bit as amazing as I remember it, plus they now have a BABY ELEPHANT!
I hope everyone else's week has been brilliant too!


text:
Xiaomi Mi 5 'Extreme' With Beefed-Up Specifications Spotted
Xiaomi's flagship Mi 5 smartphone is available in a new "Extreme" version in China. Priced at CNY 1,999 (approximately Rs. 20,000), the new Mi 5 "Extreme" version is available via a third-party online retailer in Xiaomi's home country and sports overclocked processor, GPU, and RAM. Rest of the specifications are in line with the 'regular' Xiaomi Mi 5.
At the time of writing, the new "Extreme" version of the Xiaomi Mi 5 was not listed on Xiaomi's website, so it's not clear if this is an 'official' variant or some kind of crazy third-party mod, not usually seen in the smartphone world.
The new Xiaomi Mi 5 "Extreme" version comes with the same Snapdragon 820 processor and includes 3GB of RAM alongside an Adreno 530 GPU. When compared to the original Mi 5, the new "Extreme" version is clocked at 2.15GHz compared to 1.8GHz; GPU is clocked at 624MHz as against to 510MHz, and RAM is overclocked at 1866MHz from 1333MHz.
Five months after the launch of the Mi 5, slashed its official price in China last month, bringing down the retail price to CNY 1,799 (roughly Rs. 18,100). In India, the Mi 5 smartphone also received a price cut of Rs. 2,000, and is now available at Rs. 22,999.
To refresh on the specifications, the Xiaomi Mi 5 is a dual-SIM (Nano + Nano) smartphone and sports a 5.15-inch full-HD (1080×1920 pixels) with curved 3D Ceramic glass, and a pixel density of 428ppi. It features a 16-megapixel Sony IMX298 camera sensor with PDAF (phase detection autofocus) and LED flash. The rear camera also sports 4-axis OIS (optical image stabilisation) and sapphire glass protection lens. The smartphone supports 4K video recording. It also sports a 4-megapixel front camera with 2-micron pixels. Both cameras feature an f/2.0 aperture. It measures 144.5×69.2×7.25mm and weighs 129 grams. The Mi 5 packs a 3000mAh battery and supports Qualcomm Quick Charge 3.0. Also on board is a USB Type-C port and other connectivity options include VoLTE support, Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/ac, 4G, Bluetooth 4.2, Glonass, and NFC.
["source-gadgets.ndtv"]
'Extreme' 5 Beefed-Up Mi Specifications Spotted With Xiaomi	2016-09-14


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text:
Q: TypeScript: custom error class, object array interface basically i'm trying to make a custom error, to display the following structure:
message: ''
statusCode: ''
type: ''
errors: [
    {
      "field": "name",
      "code": "missing_field"
    }
    {
      "resource": "Issue",
      "field": "email",
      "code": "missing_field"
    }
]

In other words, I need to create an array in my function, to store the field errors and send to my error, if it is more than an input, an array or just an object of:
export interface errors_fields {
  field: string;
  code: string;
}

My Custom Error Class:
export interface errors_fields {
  field: string;
  code: string;
}

export class UnprocessableEntity extends Error {
  message: string;
  statusCode = 422;
  errors: [errors_fields] | errors_fields | null;
  type: 'UnprocessableEntity';
  public response;
  constructor(message: string, errors: [errors_fields] | errors_fields | null) {
    super(message);
    this.response = { message: message, errors: errors, statusCode: this.statusCode, type: 'UnprocessableEntity' };
  }
}

My async func
type InputErrors = {
  field: string;
  code: string;
};
  async findOrCreate(data: Partial<User>): createUser {
    let validationErrors: InputErrors | [InputErrors];
    let user = await this.userRep.findOne({ where: { email: data.email } });
    //email length
    if (!(data.email.length > 1 && data.email.length < 250)) {
      validationErrors.push({ field: 'email', code: 'invalid_field' });
    }
    console.log(validationErrors);
    // if (user) throw new Error(errorName.UNAUTHORIZED);
    data.password = await bcrypt.hash(data.password, 12);
    user = await this.userRep.save({
      ...data,
    });
    return user;
  }

but i got error here:
  if (!(data.email.length > 1 && data.email.length < 250)) {
      validationErrors.push({ field: 'email', code: 'invalid_field' });
    }

with this:

Property 'push' does not exist on type '{}'. 27
  validationErrors.push({ field: 'email', code: 'invalid_field' });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tri-County School District #2358 (commonly shortened to TCS) is a public school district located in northwest Minnesota, United States.  The school district consists of an elementary and high school consolidated into one building located in the town of Karlstad.  Tri-County School District #2358 was the result of the consolidation of three school districts:  Lake Bronson School District, Karlstad School District, and Strandquist School District.

The district covers parts of Kittson, Marshall, and Roseau counties.

The enrollment for the 2021-2022 school year was 170 students, with 95 students at the elementary school level, and 75 at the high school level.

Athletics
Sports teams fielded by Tri-County Schools include Football and Volleyball in the fall, Boys and Girls Basketball in winter, and Baseball, Track, and Golf in the spring.  The school does not charge a fee for participating in sports, as the fee is covered by the sports boosters group. Tri-County is consolidated with Marshall County Central High School of Newfolden, Minnesota for all sports. The consolidated nickname is Northern Freeze.
  In the fall of 2007, the girls volleyball team, Northern Freeze, won the Section 8A Championship and participated in the Minnesota State Volleyball Tournament.  The Northern Freeze lost the consolation championship game to Wheaton.

References

External links
Tri-County School District

School districts in Minnesota
Education in Kittson County, Minnesota
Education in Marshall County, Minnesota
Education in Roseau County, Minnesota
School districts established in 1905


text:
Ellis, Neenah
Married Noah Adams (a senior correspondent for NPR). Education: Earned degree from Drake University, 1977.
Home—Takoma Park, MD. E-mail—[email protected]
Journalist, author, and documentary producer. National Public Radio (NPR), writer for series Making the Music, 1995, producer for programs Anthem, 1998-99, and All Things Considered, and staff member for Weekend Edition Sunday. Freelance reporter and producer for Discovery Channel, National Park Service, and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Producer of "North Carolina Voices: Understanding Poverty" for North Carolina Public Radio (WUNC).
Association of Independents in Radio.
Corporation for Public Broadcasting grant, 1997; three George Foster Peabody Awards; Radio-Television News Director's Edward R. Murrow Award; Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Award and Casey Medal, both 2006, both for "North Carolina Voices: Understanding Poverty."
The Summer of Love (sound recording), National Public Radio (Washington, DC), 1982.
If I Live to Be 100: Lessons from the Centenarians, Crown Publishers (New York, NY), 2002.
ADAPTATIONS:
If I Live to Be 100 has been adapted as a sound recording, HighBridge Audio, 2002.
Neenah Ellis, an award-winning documentary writer, producer, and editor, is the author of If I Live to Be 100: Lessons from the Centenarians. In 1999, Ellis, who spent a number of years working as a staff producer for All Things Considered on National Public Radio (NPR), began recording interviews with centenarians across the United States. The result, One Hundred Years of Stories, was broadcast on NPR's Morning Edition in 2000. "During the course of these interviews, certain themes recur, impelling the listener to wonder about cause and effect," noted Rose Speranza in the Oral History Review. "Nearly all the people are active physically and seem to be in amazingly good shape. They maintain a wide range of relationships—family, friends, and spouses. Most have interests—painting, gardening, political activities, intellectual pursuits—which keep them mentally engaged."
Two years later, Ellis presented the interviews in If I Live to Be 100. "Describing those voices for the printed page caused me no end of frustration," Ellis stated on the NPR Web site. "It took me paragraphs to achieve the same complexity of information that the sound of a voice can convey in a few seconds." In the work, wrote Natural Health reviewer Francesca Forrest, "Ellis explains how hearing these stories changed her view of growing old—and to some degree silenced her own fear of aging." A critic in Kirkus Reviews similarly noted that the author "finds herself being drawn farther and farther into each of these twilight worlds, sensing rather than extracting into words the feelings of her subjects." According to New York Times contributor John Langone, If I Live to Be 100 "is a testimonial to resilience and the perseverance of individuals whose life expectancies are just a few additional years."
Booklist, August, 2002, Carol Haggas, review of If I Live to Be 100: Lessons from the Centenarians, p. 1896.
Kirkus Reviews, July 15, 2002, review of If I Live to Be 100, p. 1005.
Natural Health, December, 2002, Francesca Forrest, "The Secret of Living to 100: This New Book Reveals What It Takes to Reach a Ripe Old Age," p. 88.
New York Times, June 22, 2004, John Langone, "Secrets of the Happy Life," review of If I Live to Be 100, p. F7.
Oral History Review, summer-fall, 2002, Rose Speranza, review of One Hundred Years of Stories (sound recording review), p. 159.
Publishers Weekly, June 17, 2002, review of If I Live to Be 100, p. 50.
NPR Web site,http://www.npr.org/ (October 2, 2002), Neenah Ellis, "If I Live to Be 100."
Third Coast International Audio Festival,http://www.thirdcoastfestival.org/ (March 20, 2007), Johanna Zorn, "Behind the Scenes with Neenah Ellis, producer of One Hundred Years of Stories."
"Ellis, Neenah ." Contemporary Authors. . Encyclopedia.com. 29 Dec. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Ellis, Neenah ." Contemporary Authors. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 29, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/ellis-neenah
"Ellis, Neenah ." Contemporary Authors. . Retrieved December 29, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/ellis-neenah
Jon Agee , AGEE, Jon 1960- Personal Born 1960, in Nyack, NY; son of a teacher and an artist; married June, 2002; wife's name, Audrey. Education: Cooper Union Sc… William Nicholson , Nicholson, William 1948- PERSONAL: Born 1948, in England; married Virginia Bell (a writer); children: three. Education: Christ's College, Cambridge U… Jerry Spinelli , SPINELLI, Jerry 1941- Personal Born February 1, 1941, in Norristown, PA; son of Louis A. (a printer) and Lorna Mae (Bigler) Spinelli; married Eileen… Kathleen Krull , Krull, Kathleen 1952- (Kathleen Cowles, Kathryn Kenny, Kevin Kenny) Krull, Kathleen 1952- (Kathleen Cowles, Kathryn Kenny, Kevin Kenny) Personal Born… Elizabeth Knox , Knox, Elizabeth 1959- (Elizabeth Fiona Knox) Personal Born February 15, 1959, in Wellington, New Zealand; daughter of Ray (a journalist) and Heather… Tom Stoppard , Stoppard, Tom Personal Born Tomas Straussler, July 3, 1937, in Zlin, Czechoslovakia; naturalized British citizen; son of Eugene Straussler (a physici…
Vowell, Sarah 1969–
Parker, Michael 1959-
ROTHENBERG, Laura 1981-2003
Zuber, Isabel 1932-
Prial, Dunstan 1970(?)-
Kincaid, Nanci 1950–
Berg, Elizabeth 1948–
Goodman, Allegra
Ellis, Mina A. (1870–1956)
Ellis, Mina A.
Ellis, Mary Relindes 1960-
Ellis, Mary (1897–2003)
Ellis, Markman
Ellis, Mark (Karl)
Ellis, Lucille (c. 1915–)
Ellis, Keith
Ellis, Kathleen (1946–)
Ellis, Kate
Ellis, Julie 1933-2006 (Alison Lord, Jeffrey Lord, Susan Marino, Julie Marvin, Richard Marvin, Susan Marvin, Susan Richard)
Ellis, Julie
Ellis, Joseph J. 1943–
Ellis, John Tracy
Ellis, Jimmy 1940–
Ellis, Jerry 1947-
Ellis, Jerry
Ellis, Jamellah
Ellis, Herb
Ellis, Henry Havelock 1859–1939
Ellis, Hattie
Ellis, Harvey
Ellis, Harry Bearse
Ellis, Harold
Ellis, Osian (Gwynn)
Ellis, Patricia (1916–1970)
Ellis, Perry (1940-1986)
Ellis, Peter
Ellis, Peter Berresford
Ellis, Peter Berresford 1943–
Ellis, Philip (Michael)
Ellis, Ralph D.
Ellis, Reuben
Ellis, Reuben 1955-
Ellis, Richard (J.)
Ellis, Richard 1938-
Ellis, Richard J. 1960-
Ellis, Robert 1954-
Ellis, Ron(ald Walter) 1941-
Ellis, Royston
Ellis, Ruth (1927–1955)
Ellis, Sarah
Ellis, Sarah 1952-
Ellis, Sarah Stickney (c. 1799–1872)
Ellis, Stephen 1953-
Ellis, Steven G.
Ellis, Terry (1966–)
Ellis, Thomas Sayers
Ellis, Trey


text:
Прирі́ччя — село в Україні, у Любомльському районі Волинської області. До 1964 р. село носило назву Бовтуни.

Населення становить 48 осіб. Орган місцевого самоврядування — Вишнівська сільська громада.

Історія
У 1906 році село Бережецької волості Володимир-Волинського повіту Волинської губернії. Відстань від повітового міста 47  верст, від волості 8. Дворів 12, мешканців 92.

Населення
Згідно з переписом УРСР 1989 року чисельність наявного населення села становила 61 особа, з яких 25 чоловіків та 36 жінок.

За переписом населення України 2001 року в селі мешкало 48 осіб. 100 % населення вказало своєю рідною мовою українську мову.

Примітки

Джерела
 Список населених місць  Волинскої губернії. —  Житомир: Волинська губернська типографія, 1906. —- 219 с.

Посилання
 Погода в селі Приріччя

Населені пункти Ковельського району (1940—2020)
Села Волинської області


The Facebook page of the dancer known as Reggae Pops has been filled with memories over the past hours as longtime club-goers pay honor to a smooth-moving fixture on the city's night-life scene. Pops, born Nemencio Jose Andujar, died earlier this week, leaving a huge hole on the city's dance floor.
Best known to many for his star turn in the video for Lianne La Havas' "Age," Pops could be seen throughout the city's groovier clubs, be it the regular Wednesday night reggae party Dub Club, the summer Grand Performances series in downtown Los Angeles or anywhere a rhythm could be found.
Lollapalooza 2013: Which day rocks the hardest?


Welcome to season two of The X-Files! Mulder and Scully are separated, but that doesn't stop them! In "Little Green Men", Mulder travels to Puerto Rico, and in "The Host", the show gives us perhaps its scariest episode yet. Promising start to the season!


text:
Forensics Detectors Launches A Groundbreaking Vape Detector for Schools
By: AB Newswire
October 07, 2022 at 21:34 PM EDT
Leading gas measurement company, Forensics Detectors, announces the launch of its versatile, user-friendly Wall Mount Vape Detector for schools
Forensics Detectors recently announced the launch of the Wall Mount Vape Detector, a vape detector designed to help schools, institutions, colleges and public facilities. The launch of the Wall Mount Vape Detector reiterates the company's commitment to providing the world's best and most affordable gas detectors, meters, and analyzers. The vape detectors for schools are equipped with laser technology detect vape, regular cigarette smoke, e-cigarette, weed smoke that serves as a deterrent to smoking and vaping in prohibited indoor spaces and areas.
Vaping is prohibited in many facilities and spaces including schools. School administrators in many school districts have enacted measures to reduce vaping and modern smoke inhalation methods. Unfortunately, many such systems do not effectively address the concerns of schools in terms of user-friendliness, cost and visual deterrence. However, Forensics Detectors aims to make a difference with the introduction of the Wall Mount Vape Detector.
The Wall Mount Vape Detector is designed with the latest technology and features, such as a large LED alarm and buzzer with adjustable sensitivity levels and thresholds. Unlike other similar products, the vape detector is the first of its kind that detects particles from 1 micron all the way up to 10 microns, sensitive enough for all smokes coming from consumer smoke and vape products.
The Forensics Detectors Wall Mount Vape Detector is designed with a large digital readout screen to deter possible offenders, with use-case considerations in schools, K-12, restrooms, businesses, hospitality toilets, bathrooms, and confined spaces to detect the slightest vapor, smoke, or aerosol particles.
For further information about the Wall Mount Vape Detector and other top-notch products from Forensics Detectors, visit - https://www.forensicsdetectors.com/.
Forensics Detectors can also be found across all major social media platforms, including Twitter and Instagram.
About Forensics Detectors
Forensics Detectors is a comprehensive gas measurement company with a reputation for offering the world's best and most affordable gas detectors, meters, and analyzers. The company has grown over the years to provide all major types of gas meters and detectors for various sectors such as oil and gas, R&D, transport, food, construction, electronics, and occupational safety, providing professional gas measurement, detection, and monitoring equipment with expert technical support.
Company Name: Forensics Detectors
Contact Person: Sarah Kong
Website: https://www.forensicsdetectors.com/


Welcome to the LGBT+ formal dinner page! Tickets go on the sale Monday and Tuesday this week so don't miss out. Tickets cost £25 (includes a three course meal) and are available in the SU (we need to give an estimate to the resteraunt so please let us know you're coming by tomorrow at 4PM). Hope to see you all there!


text:
You are at:Home»Crime»Outrage as petrol tanker crushes newly-wedded Okada rider to death
Outrage as petrol tanker crushes newly-wedded Okada rider to death
By polisadmin on	 December 7, 2018 Crime
A truck laden with petroleum products, which belongs to the Nigeria National Petroleum Cooperation, NNPC, has crushed a motorcycle operator popularly known as "Okada rider" to death in Akure, the Ondo State capital.
The accident, which claimed the live of the okada rider on the spot, occurred at the popular Iye-Oma junction in Alagbaka area of the state capital.
It was gathered that the truck, which was coming from an end of the Oba Adesida road, rammed into the Okada rider due to alleged brake failure while approaching the Oba-Ile axis of the road.
An eyewitness, who is also an Okada rider by name: Femi, told DAILY POST that the deceased identified as Kayode Esan, who hailed from Ita-Ogbolu in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State, was trying to avoid the tanker when he was hit by the truck.
The eyewitness, who was visibly shaking at the scene of the accident, stated that the deceased recently got married.
The accident caused gridlock at Alagbaka area of the city as other Okada riders tried to set the truck ablaze, but were prevented through the quick intervention of security operatives who were called in to calm the already heightened tension.
Meanwhile, men of the Federal Road Safety Corps, FRSC, have evacuated the corpse as at the time of filing this report, as well as put under control the traffic which was on standstill for hours as a result of the accident.
Policeman takes prostitute home, discovers he is a man wearing female outfits


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text:
Democrats Head To Nevada, The First Truly Diverse State To Weigh In
In the race for the Democratic nomination, Nevada is the next state up. Democrats caucus there on Saturday. For the first time, there is also early caucusing, and thousands of people have already done it. Nevada is the first truly diverse state to weigh in. That makes it a big test of candidates' ability to earn the support of black and brown voters who are a key part of the Democratic base nationally.
NPR's Tamara Keith joins us from an early caucus site in Henderson, Nev. And Tam, what are you seeing there? How does this all start out?
TAMARA KEITH, BYLINE: Well - so Nevada is a caucus state. That is a traditionally very involved in-person event that happens on a Saturday. But this year, the state Democratic Party added, for the first time, early caucusing, where people can go and register their preference on paper. They mark down their first, second, and third choices - up to five choices, actually.
So I'm here at Sun City Anthem in Henderson, and the line to go in and do this thing wraps around, down a long hallway into a large ballroom, where then it snakes around the room. And this is a retirement community, so there are a lot of older people. So they've set up chairs along the line for people to sit in as they wait. And that wait is long.
Leslie (ph) and Dale Doughman (ph) came about 10 minutes before the doors opened this morning.
LESLIE DOUGHMAN: It was about a two-hour wait. But you know, I brought a book. I was ready. So it was all right, you know?
DALE DOUGHMAN: It was OK.
L DOUGHMAN: Yeah.
D DOUGHMAN: It's too important not to. So you just wait.
KEITH: And yesterday, I went to a caucus site in Las Vegas. There was a line there, too, but it was only taking about 20 minutes there. At both sites, talking to people as they came out, they said that it was a positive experience and that the actual process of registering their preference, once they finally got to, was easy.
CORNISH: You know, we're focused on who's showing up because people have been talking about turnout. Can you tell us - kind of put this in perspective for us what's going on in Nevada?
KEITH: The Democratic Party of Nevada says that more than 26,000 people participated in the first two early days of the caucusing process. To put that in perspective, in 2016, 84,000 people came out on caucus day itself, but there was no early caucusing. What we don't know - we're about halfway through early caucusing - we can't really draw any conclusions about turnout, though, because we don't know if these people would otherwise have shown up on caucus day.
And then the other big question is, how is this new process going to integrate into what happens on caucus day? Certainly, people here are hoping not to have the problems that Iowa had, but we may not know until Saturday.
CORNISH: We've been hearing that Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders is leading in the polls. Is that the impression you get on the ground?
KEITH: Yeah, that it's his state to lose. Now, we don't want to make any predictions here, but Sanders is certainly riding high off of his performance in Iowa and again in New Hampshire. He has a massive field operation here that has been working particularly hard in Latino communities. They started last spring, opened their first office in East Las Vegas. And there's certainly an excitement among his volunteers that you don't always hear from some of the other campaigns in the same way.
CORNISH: So what are the other campaigns saying?
KEITH: You know, we used to talk about the progressive lane and the moderate lane in this primary, and that was always a little simplistic. But it's now becoming clear that there is a Bernie Sanders lane and an everyone else lane. I talked to a surrogate for Vice President Joe Biden who said that the field absolutely needs to narrow. He is making a pitch for Biden that he needs a strong performance in Nevada and a great performance in South Carolina. What is a strong performance? They're saying, well, anything better than fifth place. So talk about setting expectations low.
CORNISH: That's NPR's Tamara Keith in Henderson, Nev.
KEITH: You're welcome. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


Seksdagsprogram i utrolige Tokyo. Velkommen til en mosaik af øst og vest!
A metropolis with skyscrapers, flaming neon lights and international life on one side and artistic japanese tree houses and peaceful gardens that give you a unique space to be alone with your thoughts on the other. We can arrange an experience beyond the usual for you and your attendees.
Tokyo has on multiple occasions devastated. Two of the very big events that caused these devastations were the Kanto earthquake in 1923, and just as the city was rebuilt, the bombing of the city during the Second World War destroyed it once again. But despite these events the city has managed to rise itself from the ashes and has become an amazing metropolis.
Tokyo offers many experiences. You could for example start the day with an overview of the city by visiting Tokyo Tower from where your can see most of the city. Then you can head on to the emperor's palace and dive into the history at Asakuna Sensoji temple.
After a long day with meetings it is worth visiting the japanese gardens and just enjoy the peace and incredible nature.
If you want to end the day in a truly japanese manner, you should visit a karaoke-bar. It may seem transgressive at first, but it is a really fun experience.
This proposal is a draft of how the program could look like. We are happy to talk to you about how you would like your program to be.
If you want to give your attendees a bit extra, you can extend the trip with a night in the historical city of Kyoto.
Do you want more information about this program?