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LAUREN J. HARTZ
She / Her
lhartz@jenner.com
Government Controversies and Public Policy Litigation
Yale Law School, J.D., 2014
Dartmouth College, A.B., 2009; Honors, summa cum laude
Maine, 2014
U.S. District Court, District of Columbia, 2018
Hon. Allyne R. Ross, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York 2015 - 2016
Hon. William J. Kayatta, Jr., U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit 2016 - 2017
Lauren J. Hartz is a litigator in the firm's Appellate and Supreme Court Practice. She has authored or co-authored briefs in courts across the country, including the United States Supreme Court. Ms. Hartz also has an active trial-level practice developing and executing legal strategy and drafting critical motions in high-stakes litigation.
Ms. Hartz's practice spans a broad spectrum of substantive areas and industries. She focuses on appellate and trial litigation involving complex issues of statutory, administrative, and constitutional law. Ms. Hartz also has significant experience with class action practice, including consumer and employment class actions. In addition, Ms. Hartz has advised clients facing challenges at the intersection of litigation, regulation, and enforcement. She has conducted internal and independent investigations, including investigating sexual misconduct allegations at an educational institution and advising on policy reform.
Embracing the firm's commitment to service, Ms. Hartz maintains an active pro bono practice centered on public benefits, indigent defense, and voting rights. She has achieved pro bono victories in the United States Supreme Court and the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.
Ms. Hartz is co-chair of the firm's Associates Committee and an associate trustee of the Washington Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs.
Ms. Hartz is a graduate of Yale Law School, where she served as a Coker Fellow in Constitutional Law and as Chair of Yale Law Women. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree summa cum laude and with Honors from Dartmouth College. After graduating from law school, Ms. Hartz joined a litigation boutique in Washington, DC, where her practice focused on employment law and constitutional litigation. She also served as a law clerk for the Honorable Allyne R. Ross of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York and for the Honorable William J. Kayatta, Jr. of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Ms. Hartz is admitted to practice in Maine and the District of Columbia.


Torrence Reed is a native of Durham, NC, and a proud graduate of Riverside High School. Mr. Reed has a diverse portfolio of unique experiences across various cultures and socioeconomic backgrounds. He has researched the digital and data-driven influences affecting the currently financial status of minorities. Torrence, an IT Professional, has over 17 years' experience as an Infrastructure Engineer, Serial Entrepreneur and Social Investor, Philanthropist, Speaker and Author.
Mr. Reed continues to heavily work with and advocate for the creation and sustainability of Black businesses, jobs and investors. Additionally, he is a major advocate for Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). His love for HBCUs has led to the creation of both HBCU Wall Street, LLC, HBCURealty, Inc.
Torrence also serves as the Chief Technology Office of Noirbnb, LLC , a global travel community that provides experiences and events with a focus on including and celebrating travelers of color.
A Co-Founder of two nonprofit organizations, "Standing Tall for Success, Inc." and "From Me 2 We, Inc.," Mr. Reed has assisted with the creation of several nonprofits and community-based organizations.
Mr. Reed has been featured in local and national news outlets such as NBC Blk (Black) and the national television series "Power 2 The People" on The Word Network." His work has provided him with opportunities to speak at conferences for major organizations, such as The Perkins Leadership Training Institute, The Harbor Institute and many institutions of higher education including Howard University, the University of Wisconsin, and Hampton University. Mr. Reed is also the Co-Author of "Dream Big. Dream Often. Dream Unrealistic. Sidelines to Get Off The Sidelines".
He is a 2018 Ciroc Young Influencer of The Year Honoree, 2018 Black Enterprise Modern Man and a 2017 Washington, DC The Made Man (TMM) Honoree and a proud graduate of North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University in Greensboro, NC, where majored in Management Information Systems, B.S.


Lyra and her daemon moved through the darkening hall, taking care to keep to one side, out of sight of the kitchen. The three great tables that ran the length of the hall were laid already, the silver and the glass catching what little light there was, and the long benches were pulled out ready for the guests. Portraits of former Masters hung high up in the gloom along the walls. Lyra reached the dais and looked back at the open kitchen door, and, seeing no one, stepped up beside the high table. The places here were laid with gold, not silver, and the fourteen seats were not oak benches but mahogany chairs with velvet cushions.
Lyra stopped beside the Master's chair and flicked the biggest glass gently with a fingernail. The sound rang clearly through the hall.
Her daemon's name was Pantalaimon, and he was currently in the form of a moth, a dark brown one so as not to show up in the darkness of the hall.
Crouching behind the high table, Lyra darted along and through the door into the Retiring Room, where she stood up and looked around. The only light in here came from the fireplace, where a bright blaze of logs settled slightly as she looked, sending a fountain of sparks up into the chimney. She had lived most of her life in the College, but had never seen the Retiring Room before: only Scholars and their guests were allowed in here, and never females. Even the maidservants didn't clean in here. That was the Butler's job alone.
"They do themselves well, don't they, Pan?" she said under her breath.
"What d'you think they talk about?" Lyra said, or began to say, because before she'd finished the question she heard voices outside the door.
It was the Master. As Lyra held her breath, she saw the servant's daemon (a dog, like all servants' daemons) trot in and sit quietly at his feet, and then the Master's feet became visible too, in the shabby black shoes he always wore.
The Butler bowed slightly and turned to leave, his daemon trotting obediently after him. From her not-much-of-a-hiding place Lyra watched as the Master went to a large oak wardrobe in the corner of the room, took his gown from a hanger, and pulled it laboriously on. The Master had been a powerful man, but he was well over seventy now, and his movements were stiff and slow. The Master's daemon had the form of a raven, and as soon as his robe was on, she jumped down from the wardrobe and settled in her accustomed place on his right shoulder.
The visitor mentioned by the Master, Lord Asriel, was her uncle, a man whom she admired and feared greatly. He was said to be involved in high politics, in secret exploration, in distant warfare, and she never knew when he was going to appear. He was fierce: if he caught her in here she'd be severely punished, but she could put up with that.
His daemon gave a soft brief squawk. The Master replied in an undertone, and looked around with his hooded, clouded eyes before leaving through the door he'd come in by.


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Tag: John Kirby
Remembering Maxine Sullivan on Her Birthday
The wonderful Maxine Sullivan was born 111 years ago today in Homestead, Penna. She's not as well known today as some singers of the era, but her understated, gently swinging style makes her a favorite of ours. We're featuring her music all day on Cladrite Radio, so tune in now!
10 Things You Should Know About Maxine Sullivan
Here are 10 things you should know about the wonderful Maxine Sullivan, born 110 years ago today. She's not as well known today as some other singers of the era, but her understated, gently swinging style makes her a favorite of ours.
We're featuring her music all day on Cladrite Radio so why not tune in now?
Spring is in on the air
03/18/2010 cladriteLeave a comment
The weather is beyond beautiful in New York City today, putting us in the mood to add some seasonally appropriate songs to the Cladrite Radio playlist.
We're hard-pressed to pick a favorite among those we chose. Sarah Vaughan's 1946 performance of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "It Might as Well Be Spring" from State Fair (1945), on which The Divine One accompanied by John Kirby and His Orchestra, is breathtaking. Honestly, it knocks us over.
But we also love Bing Crosby's 1946 rendition of "It's Anybody's Spring," on which he's backed up by J.S. Trotter and His Orchestra. The song, first sung by Crosby and Bob Hope in Road to Utopia (1946), features a sprightly arrangement of Jimmy Van Heusen's infectious melody, but Johnny Burke's lyrics are, we think, sublime (and we couldn't agree more with their sentiments). It all adds up to one of our favorite Crosby sides, and we think it just might prove to be one of yours, too.
We've made the performance from the movie this week's Cladrite Clip, but we think the Decca recording's the primo rendition. Give it a listen, and see if it doesn't give you a little, er, spring in your step.
Bing Crosby — "It's Anybody's Spring"
It's Anybody's Spring
You think that money is everything,
and yet it's anybody's spring.
Go make a fortune, become a king,
and still it's anybody's spring.
And if you flashed a bankroll,
do you suppose the brook would care?
Or that a rose would say,
"There goes a millionaire"?
It's more than diamonds around a ring,
because it's anybody's spring.
You may be born with a silver spoon,
and yet, it's everybody's moon.
You couldn't buy a ticket
to hear the first robin sing.
It's free because
it's anybody's spring.
–Jimmy Van Heusen/Johnny Burke

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The stealth tax on retiree income
When Social Security was created, one of the fundamental promises was that benefits would never be taxed. The taxation of Social Security benefits is entirely a tax on middle-class people who happen to be retirees. [...] let's see how a tax bill changes by comparing taxes for normal taxable income - such as pensions, retirement account distributions, and interest. According to the Social S ...>>
Increased dividends Computer Task Grp .06 from .05 First Financial Nwst .05 from .04 Fortress Invest .08 from .06 Infinity Prop Cas .36 from .30 Ryman Hosp Prop .55 from .50 Scorpio Tankers .08 from .07 Melco Crown Entert ADS .3441 Suspended or omitted Dividend Equal Energy Ltd Declared stock splits Stock splits this week Annual earnings higher GAAP fully diluted Target Corp 3.07 vs ...>>
Women's Council of Realtors: "Building a Better Business 2014" event. 12:30 p.m., Admiral Room at Endeavour Marina. Four hours of training with business coach Jase Souder, followed by a happy hour and a hypnotist show. Worldwide Employee Benefits Network: Employer strategies for health care reform. Asian Chamber of Commerce: Betty Lo, vice president public affairs, Nielsen Co. Topic: H ...>>
Small-business Q&A: Do your homework before your first hire
First determine what type of employee would be the most beneficial. Do you need someone to help with the administrative tasks, someone to generate more sales, or someone to give you a hand with the work you do? Pay particular attention to cash flow. USA Today columnist and small-business expert Rhonda Abrams has published a "Hire Your First Employee" guide that you can download for free at http ...>>
Forbes list has 14 Houston billionaires
Forbes magazine's annual list of billionaires came out Monday with two new local names but missing a pair of perennials well known to Houstonians for decades. George Mitchell and Kenneth "Bud" Adams Jr., oilmen best known for their more public endeavours - Mitchell developed The Woodlands and Adams owned the Houston Oilers, a football team he eventually moved to Tennessee - were among 16 ...>>
Texas reports strong GDP growth
While the energy industry contributed the most to economic growth in Texas, durable goods manufacturing - which includes the making of oil and gas field machinery - was also an important factor for the state. Sparsely populated North Dakota grew by 13.4 percent last year, led by energy exploration and production but also helped by strong growth in construction, wholesale trade and transportation ...>>
Tax issues sock personal incomes in U.S., Texas
Personal income dropped 1.2 percent nationwide during the first quarter which ended March 31 -and dipped 0.9 percent in Texas during that same period - largely because of a couple of unusual tax-related circumstances, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis reported Friday. The holiday - in which employees saw their portion of Social Security taxes cut from 6.2 percent to 4.2 percent during 2011 and ...>>
Clothing and fuel send local price index higher
Area residents paid more for clothing, gasoline and college tuition and fees during the two-month period, the bureau reported. "Clothing prices are extremely seasonal, to say the least," said Cheryl Abbot, regional economist with the bureau in Dallas, referring to the 4.9 percent rise between July and August. The increase reflects higher prices for housing, electricity, natural gas and restauran ...>>
Job growth decent for 2014
The Houston area is expected to create 65,000 new jobs next year, said Bill Gilmer, director of the Institute for Regional Forecasting at the University of Houston. That represents a year-over-year gain of 2.2 percent. Gilmer, who made his remarks at an annual economic forecasting luncheon Thursday that was attended by more than 800 business leaders, also predicted that the Houston area will end u ...>>
Experts: Nation's economy getting stronger
The nation's economic recovery, slow and uneven since the end of the Great Recession, is starting to pick up steam, two economists told the business forecast luncheon Wednesday sponsored by the MIT Enterprise Forum in Houston. Papanyan predicts that business spending will increase in part because some of the uncertainty swirling around the economy was removed when Congress gave its stamp ...>>
More camera time coming for Howard
Rockets center Dwight Howard is putting his stamp on Houston off the basketball court with a new television program, "The Dwight Howard Show", which will premiere on CSN following the Miami game on Tuesday. In the first installment, Howard interviews hip-hop artist Nelly and takes fans behind the scenes at All-Star weekend. The show was Howard's idea and he has had a hand in every st ...>>
Dynamo/Dash report: Orange gives way to white
The Dynamo kicked off their weeklong march to Saturday night's MLS opener at home against the New England Revolution by unveiling their new secondary uniform, which is predominantly white. The shirt, which has a V neck, features the Dynamo crest on the left breast, light blue and orange on the neckline, the U.S. flag on the left sleeve and the Texas flag on the left side at the bottom of the ...>>
Scouting report: vs. Miami
Three things to watch in Tuesday night's game: 1. Strength vs. strength: The Rockets have ranked among the league's best teams throughout the season at forcing opponents to miss, limiting opponents to 43.7 percent shooting, fifth-best in the league despite all the easy baskets their offense gives away with turnovers. But the Heat have been by far the league's toughest team to stop, making 51 ...>>
LeBron James makes history in Heat win against Bobcats
By Tim Reynolds The Associated Press MIAMI An hour after what he called the best regular-season game he's ever played, LeBron James simply explained why this performance was like none other. The basketball, he said, felt small as a golf ball. The basket, to him, looked as wide as the ocean. Best player in the game. Best game of his career. James rewrote his record book Monday night, etched ...>>
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Heights (1356)
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Republican Party of Armenia
Find sources: "Republican Party of Armenia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Republican Party of Armenia (RPA, Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետական Կուսակցություն, ՀՀԿ; Hayastani Hanrapetakan Kusaktsutyun, HHK) is a national-conservative[2] political party in Armenia. It was the first political party in independent Armenia to be founded (April 2, 1990) and registered (May 14, 1991). It is the largest party of the right-wing in Armenia, and claims to have had, at its heyday 140,000 members.[1] After the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election, the party failed to attain the minimum 5% threshold for representation in the Armenian Parliament, and is now an extra-parliamentary opposition party.
Հայաստանի Հանրապետական Կուսակցություն
Serzh Sargsyan
Eduard Sharmazanov
Deputy Leader
Vigen Sargsyan
Ashot Navasardyan
140,000 (claimed, 2008)[1]
National conservatism[2]
Syncretic politics[3][4]
Armenian nationalism
Tseghakron
Political position
Centre-right to right-wing[5]
Big tent[3] (de facto)
European affiliation
European People's Party (observer)
Politics of Armenia
The party's seal
The Economist magazine has described the RPA as a "typical post-Soviet 'party of power' mainly comprising senior government officials, civil servants, and wealthy business people dependent on government connections."[6] It has been described by political commentators as essentially lacking political ideology.[3][4]
1 Ideology
2.1 Establishment and later years
2.2 Becoming a ruling party
2.3 Cancellation of EU Association Agreement
2.4 Velvet Revolution and collapse of the party
3 Allegations of political corruption
3.1 RPA-affiliated oligarchs
3.2 RPA official accused in corruption
4 Electoral record
5 Election results
5.1 Presidential elections
IdeologyEdit
The Republican Party's national-conservative ideology is based on tseghakron, an early 20th-century Armenian nationalist ideology (roughly translated as "nation-religion"). It was formulated by Garegin Nzhdeh and holds that the Armenian national identity and state should carry religious significance for all ethnic Armenians.[7] "Tseghakron" literally means "carrier of race", referring to those who represent and carry what is the spiritual and biological essence of the "classical" Armenian. However, it is often erroneously interpreted to mean "race-religion".[8]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Establishment and later yearsEdit
The party headquarters on Melik-Adamyan street in Yerevan
The Republican Party of Armenia was established in 1990 by Ashot Navasardyan.
The birth of the RPA is also organically linked to the 1988 National Awakening, fight for independence and Artsakh national liberation struggle. The military-political unit Army of Independence, formed at the outset of the struggle, became the organizational basis of the RPA establishment. On April 2, 1990 the founding council composed of the detachment commanders of the Army of Independence proclaimed the establishment of the Republican Party of Armenia in Yerevan and became the first officially registered socio-political organization in Armenia (registered on May 14, 1991).
During the war first as the Army of Independence, later the detachments composed of RPA members had an active participation in the struggle for the defense of the borders of Armenia and liberation of Artsakh. On May 27, 1990 these detachments were among the first to resist the Soviet troops in Nubarashen. They were also actively involved in the nationalization of the Soviet army weaponry and its transfer to the bordering areas of Armenia.
The RPA was among the founders of the first Armenian military cemetery – Yerablur pantheon.
Since its foundation and up to November 1997 Ashot Navasardyan was the chairman of RPA. After his death and until March 2007 Andranik Margaryan headed the party.
The party made a crucial contribution to the work of the coordinating council of voluntary armed detachments. Following the formation of the Armenian regular army it issued a statement on its demilitarization.
The RPA has convened nine ordinary (in 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009) and three extraordinary congresses (in 1996, 2002, and 2006). In 1999 the office of the party chairperson was abolished, and restored later in 2005.
The RPA has constantly focused on inter-party ties and has been actively involved in setting up different political alliances. The party was among the founders of the National Alliance formed in 1992 after the deterioration of the situation in Artsakh. The RPA had an active participation in the work of the Civil Accord constitutional council shaped in 1993.
In 1995, with the active involvement of the RPA, the Republic pre-election association was set up. However, due to the disagreements on the regulation of the Artsakh problem, the RPA left the association in February 1998.
In July 1998 the RPA, the Yerkrapah Volunteers' Union and the parliamentary Yerkrapah deputy group issued a joint statement, which commenced the political consolidation process within the RPA. Given the common ideology and political positions the Yerkrapah Volunteers' Union sector engaged in politics was included in the RPA. Vazgen Sargsyan became the party leader. In 1999 together with the People's Party of Armenia the Republican Party set up the Unity pre-election alliance.
Becoming a ruling partyEdit
Following the parliamentary elections in 1999 the role of the RPA in the Armenian political life increased greatly. If in the 1990 Supreme Council (parliament) the RPA was represented by one member—Ashot Navasardyan and in the 1995 National Assembly of the first convocation—by five MPs, in the National Assembly of the second convocation elected in 1999 the RPA was the party with the biggest number of MPs (30). Functioning within the parliamentary majority Unity faction, in 1999, for the first time, the RPA was enabled to participate in forming the Government. Vazgen Sargsyan was appointed Prime Minister, with several RPA member ministers in his Cabinet.
Following the tragic events of October 27, 1999, RPA representative Aram Sargsyan was appointed Prime Minister. Later, in May 2000 political rearrangements resulted in appointing Andranik Margaryan, chairman of the RPA council and the leader of the Unity faction, in capacity of Prime Minister. During his years in the Prime Minister's office significant positive moves took place in the country's economic and governing systems, and a tangible activity was carried out towards increasing the weight of national ideology in the social, political and public life.
Being an ideological structure, the RPA has always focused on disseminating and enrooting its ideology and approach in the society. The Republican, the party's official newspaper, the book series The Nationalist, Tseghakron and Taronakan teachings, many analytical booklets highlighting Garegin Nzhdeh's life and work, various commemorations and celebrations, pilgrimages, etc. served this target.
In 2001, on the initiative of Prime Minister Andranik Margaryan, Garegin Nzhdeh's 115th anniversary was celebrated at the state level. A number of educational and scientific institutions were involved in the celebrations, Nzhdeh's works were published in two volumes, newly discovered works written by the great Armenian were brought to our country from Bulgaria.
The parliamentary elections of May 24, 2003, resulted in increasing the number of the Republican Party's seats in the Parliament, compared to 1999 elections. Thus, in the Parliament of 3rd convocation the Republican Party had the biggest faction with 40 MPs.
In 2003, as a result of negotiations, the three political forces supporting RA President Robert Kocharyan—the Republican Party of Armenia, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and the Rule of Law Party (Orinats Yerkir)—formed a parliamentary coalition and confirmed it with a Memorandum signed by the leaders of the three parties.
Andranik Margaryan continued to head the Armenian Government, where seven ministers nominated by the RPA were in the office. The Parliament Deputy Speaker and three out of the six chairpersons of parliamentary standing committees were also elected from the Republican Party.
In May 2006 the Rule of Law Party left the parliamentary majority, and the National Assembly was subject to rearrangements of political forces, which resulted in RPA Chairman Tigran Torosyan becoming the Speaker of the Parliament.
The RPA 10th extraordinary congress of July 2006 proclaimed the Republican Party of Armenia a national conservative party. The congress decided to restore the office of the party council chairperson, which had been abolished in 2005. Serzh Sargsyan was elected a chairperson of RPA Council.
On March 25, 2007 the RPA chairman Andranik Margaryan died, and the council chairman Serzh Sargsyan assumed the duties of the RPA chairman. On April 4 Serzh Sargsyan was appointed Prime Minister.
At the parliamentary elections of 12 May 2007, 33.9% of voters supported the Republican Party of Armenia. RPA faction was formed with 64 MPs. RPA Vice Chairman Tigran Torosyan was elected Speaker of the Parliament. The Republican Party signed a coalition memorandum with the Prosperous Armenia Party, and a memorandum of cooperation with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.
Government led by Serzh Sargsyan was formed based on the results of parliamentary elections.
On 10 November 2007 the 11th ordinary congress of the RPA was held, and some amendments to the Charter were made. The office of the party council chairperson was abolished, and the RPA Executive body was elected as the permanently functioning governing body, while the RPA Council was elected as the party's representative body. Serzh Sargsyan was elected RPA chairman.
At the presidential elections of February 2008 Serzh Sargsyan was elected President of Armenia. The Republican Party of Armenia, the Prosperous Armenia Party, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and the Rule of Law Party signed a coalition agreement, and based thereon was formed the Government led by Tigran Sargsyan.
Following Tigran Torosyan's resignation in September 2008 Hovik Abrahamyan, member of the RPA executive body, was elected Speaker of the National Assembly.
At the 12th congress of the RPA held in November 2009 RA President Serzh Sargsyan was re-elected as party chairman.
The elections to the Yerevan City Council of Elders were held in May 2009, where the RPA gained the overwhelming majority of mandates and formed the largest faction in the Council of Elders. Immediately after, RPA nominated candidates for the Mayor and First Deputy Mayor positions. In 2009, following the Council of Elders resolution, Mr. Gagik Beglaryan, member of RPA Executive body, was elected mayor. In 2010 a member of RPA faction in the Council of Elders Mr. Karen Karapetyan became elected as mayor. Deputy Mayor and member of RPA Council Mr. Taron Margaryan was elected mayor in 2011.
In November 2011 after the resignation of the NA President Mr. Hovik Abrahamyan, Mr. Samvel Nikoyan, member of RPA Council, was elected NA President.
The party scored well in the 2012 parliamentary election, winning 69 seats and retaining its absolute majority.
Cancellation of EU Association AgreementEdit
The government led by the Republican Party, concluded negotiations for an Association Agreement which included a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the European Union in July 2013. However in September 2013, the party led by Serzh Sargsyan suddenly decided not to sign the agreement and declared that Armenia would instead join the Russian-led Eurasian Union.[9] Despite not signing an Association Agreement with the EU, the party insists that it does support developing closer political and economic relations with the EU, as well as maintaining strong relations with both Russia and the United States. Other political parties criticized the governments last-minute decision to cancel the Association Agreement with the EU and vocally opposed Armenia's membership in the Eurasian Union. Many criticized Russia for pressuring Sargsyan to abandon the deal with the EU.[10]
Velvet Revolution and collapse of the partyEdit
The 2017 parliamentary election saw another victory for the Republican Party, winning 58 seats of 105. Soon after the election, a coalition government was formed together with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.
In April 2018, Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan resigned and former president Serzh Sargsyan was proposed by the RPA as new Prime Minister, despite Sargsyan's promises not to become Armenia's new leader following the end of his presidency. The move sparked mass protests in the country, starting the so-called Velvet Revolution.
The National Assembly approved Sargsyan as the new Prime Minister on 16 April 2018, causing furious protests in the streets of Yerevan. On 23 April, Sargsyan resigned from his post, while on 25 April the Armenian Revolutionary Federation withdrew from the government coalition and went into opposition. Karen Karapetyan was appointed as acting Prime Minister.
On 8 May 2018, opposition leader Nikol Pashinyan was appointed by the National Assembly as the new Prime Minister and formed a coalition government comprising all political forces (Tsarukyan Alliance, Way Out Alliance and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation) except the Republican Party of Armenia, which thus went into opposition.
The 2018 snap election saw the collapse of the Republican Party of Armenia, which only scored 4,7% of the votes and lost all political representation in the National Assembly for the first time since Armenia's independence.
Allegations of political corruptionEdit
Most of Armenia's so-called "oligarchs" (government-connected entrepreneurs who enjoy de facto monopoly on lucrative forms of economic activity) are affiliated with the RPA.[11]
In an RPA congress held in Yerevan in November 2007, then Prime Minister and presidential candidate Serge Sargsyan acknowledged that bribery, nepotism, and other corrupt practices are widespread in Armenia. "Tax evasion and corruption must be regarded as a disgraceful and condemnable phenomenon," said Sarkisian. "We must not take into account family ties and friendship and must not regard as friends and supporters those people who will avoid paying taxes and tolerate this vicious phenomenon." However, his opponents have long accused him of sponsoring the oligarchs enjoying the economic kickbacks.[11]
RPA-affiliated oligarchsEdit
RPA-affiliated entrepreneurs who enjoy de facto monopolies in Armenia include:
Samvel Aleksanyan (Lfik Samo), a parliament deputy with close ties to former President Robert Kocharian and former President Serzh Sarkisian, whose Salex Group has a monopoly on imports of sugar, flour, cooking oil, butter and other basic foodstuffs.[12] Aleksanyan has been accused of hiding his true income, declaring his income for 2015 was 10 million AMD in addition to his 6.2 million AMD salary as an MP. His wife Shogherina Mkrtchyan declared her cash assets for 2016 as 3.7 billion AMD and 8.8 million US dollars, and had purchased property at over 4 million US dollars. The Aleksanyan family also owns the Yerevan City supermarket chain.[13]
Aleksandr Sargsyan (Sashik), brother of President Serge Sargsyan and parliament deputy who has a fifty percent stake in Multi Lion, Armenia's leading supplier of liquefied gas to households, cars and buses (the other fifty percent is owned by Gagik Tsarukian's Multi Group).[14]
Ruben Hayrapetyan (Nemets Rubo), is a former parliament member with close ties to former President Robert Kocharian and former President Serzh Sarkisian. Ruben Hayrapetyan resigned from parliament in June 2012 following the controversial death of an army doctor, (Vahe Avetyan) at a restaurant owned by him. Hayrapetyan is currently the President of the Football Federation of Armenia.
Mher Sedrakyan (Tokhmakhi Mher), a member of the National Assembly.
RPA official accused in corruptionEdit
In September 2008, the Audit Chamber of Armenia accused Suren Khachatryan, governor of the southeastern Syunik Province, and government officials subordinated to him of embezzling 575 million drams (US$1.9 million) worth of public funds and property. Surik Khachatrian claims he is innocent.[15]
Electoral recordEdit
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)
Election resultsEdit
329,000 43.9
1st Government
1st Government (2017-18)
Opposition (2018–19)
59,059 4.7
4th Extra-parliamentary
* As part of Republic bloc.
** As part of Unity bloc.
Presidential electionsEdit
Year Candidate Votes % Position
Ashot Navasardyan 0.16% 6
did not participate
endorsed Robert Kocharyan
Serzh Sargsyan 862,369 52.82% 1
Conservatism portal
Programs of political parties in Armenia
^ a b Leader Admits Tensions In Ruling Party, Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), October 28, 2008.
^ a b Provisions of RPA Program, Republican Party of Armenia, 2008.
^ a b c Iskandaryan, Alexander (23 May 2012). "Armenian Elections: Technology vs. Ideology" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest. ETH Zurich: 3. Both major parties in the Armenian parliament [Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia] represent elite groups. With almost no ideology to speak of, they are catch-all parties, a phenomenon becoming typical in the modern world.
^ a b Azadian, Edmond Y. (14 March 2014). "When Ideology Meets Reality". Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Retrieved 8 June 2014. ...the ruling Republican Party being most devoid of any political philosophy...
^ Shubladze, Rati (4 December 2018). "Armenian snap elections seen as the final chapter of the Velvet Revolution". Europe Elects. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^ Armenia's murky politics, The Economist, April 11, 2007.
^ Armenia: Vote 2007 - Republican Party of Armenia, Eurasianet.org, 2007.
^ Our ideology is based on the Tseghakron doctrine of Njdeh - Hetq.am
^ a b Sarkisian Blasts Ter-Petrosian As Election Showdown Looms, Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), November 12, 2007.
^ Armenia Hit By Sugar Shortage, Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), October 23, 2007.
^ Grisha Balasanyan "Just A "Regular Joe"; MP Samvel Aleksanyan's Wife Paid $4 Million For Two Tracts Of Land", HETQ 2 March 2016 [3]
^ Sarkisian's Brother Admits Business Interests Abroad, Armenia Liberty, October 3, 2005.
^ Regional Governor Accused Of Corruption, Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), September 24, 2008.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Armenia&oldid=999817758"


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What is a Total Bond Fund?
Mutual Fund Prices
Total Bond Fund
Total Bond Market Index Fund
Bond Investments
Bond Investing
International Bond Fund
K.M. Doyle
A total bond fund is a mutual fund that is made up of a mix of bonds designed to reflect a broad bond market.
A total bond fund is a mutual fund that is made up of a mix of bonds designed to reflect a broad bond market. This type of fund will include bonds of short, medium and long maturities, from both public and private issuers. A total bond fund can also be an exchange-traded fund, or ETF. Because bonds are less liquid than stocks, sometimes bonds from multiple issues will need to be purchased in order to mimic the characteristics of a single bond that is unavailable for purchase.
The Lehman Aggregate Bond Index is the benchmark for total bond funds. This index is made up of government securities, mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and mortgage-backed securities. All of the bonds in the index have maturities greater than one year. Investors cannot purchase the index itself, but there are exchange-traded funds that track the index.
Total bond funds utilize an asset allocation strategy to diversify their portfolios in accordance with their goals. A total bond fund can also play an important role in the asset allocation of an individual portfolio. While no investment provides a risk-free rate of return, a total bond portfolio attempts to replicate the rate of return and risk tolerance of the index. Because the bond fund holds different types of securities, it generally will have a higher risk than a government security, but it should provide a better return as well.
Another type of bond fund is a municipal bond fund, which invests in municipal bonds. Municipal bonds are issued by states, counties, or some other entity such as a school district, in order to raise money for projects. A state may issue municipal bonds for a new bridge or a school district may have a bond issue to fund the construction of a new school or renovations to an existing school. Municipal bond funds are popular as a relatively safe investment with favorable tax implications, as the interest paid on them is exempt from federal tax, and usually from state tax if the purchaser is a resident of the state.
A complementary investment to the total bond fund is the total stock fund. A total stock fund owns all of the stocks of a certain type. It may be a large-cap total stock fund, which holds the stock of all companies with market capitalizations over $10 billion U.S. Dollars (USD), or the total stock fund of a given exchange or country.
What is a Municipal Bond Index?
What is the Municipal Bond Market?
How do I Choose the Best Bond Index Funds?
What is the Lehman Aggregate Bond Index?
What is an Allocation Rate?
What is a Composite Index?
By: leungchopan


Bitcore (BTX) is not new coin it launched in March 2017 , and this is a Bitcoin forked coin. It is using same Blockchain which Bitcoin is using. But after getting forked it is now having its own blockchain.
In short if you are using a wallet address before March2017 , it is valid for BTC as well as BTX. Also you are elible to get 50% BTX of the amount you have in your BTC wallet before the fork date.
Where to get bitcore Wallet ?
Best wallet is always QT from Developer which u can get from Bitcore Website. Also there is paperwallet for Bitcore which is easy. Personally i am using Bitcore QT wallet installed in my PC.
I got two airdrops from Developer after i registered my address for it. All i did was downloaded QT wallet from there site. Signed signature in my address " Airdrop " and applied for AirDrop.
There are some faucet with simple shorten clicks.


Freshman college students across the country learn one important lesson even before classes begin, and that is about the dangers of beer goggles. But it turns out that a phenomenon we can only call reverse beer goggles is just as real. According to a study out of the University of Bristol in England, people look more attractive not only after you drink but also after they consume alcohol. The researchers photographed students before and after each one had a glass of wine. The team then showed those pictures to a group of sober folks who judged the students' looks. Here's the crazy result: Judges consistently rated people who had consumed a glass of wine as more attractive.
The organizers suggest a few explanations for this, ranging from the fact that wine can give you rosier complexion (a sign of good health, and subconsciously, of attractiveness) to more subtle reasons like greater pupil dilation.