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The "Spiritual Capital" of the Rust Belt: Pittsburgh and the Postindustrial Transformation of North Atlantic Cities
Posted on 1. February 2016 by Global Urban History
Pittsburgh Street Scene, 1970s
Tracy Neumann, Harvard University / Wayne State University
In 1973, Daniel Bell's The Coming of Post-Industrial Society hit bookshelves just as the golden age of postwar capitalism wound to an end. In it, Bell described post-industrial society as one in which the basis of the economy had shifted from the production of goods to the provision of services. He argued that knowledge industries had replaced manual labor as the most important social force in advanced capitalist nations, and that a technical-professional class had supplanted the working class. For Bell, this marked progress toward a more just future characterized by shorter workdays, more leisure time, and a more equitable distribution of resources. Journalists, pundits, and politicians eagerly embraced Bell's thesis, and "post-industrial society" rapidly became part of the popular and professional lexicon.
When Bell predicted that manufacturing would decline and that professional services and technology industries would become increasingly important to industrialized economies, he was not telling planners and politicians in Detroit, Manchester, and the Ruhr Valley anything they did not already know. In those places, economic trends away from manufacturing and toward increased service sector employment had been clear for a decade or more.
In the United States, Canada, the UK, Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Belgium, and Spain, manufacturing employment declined between 1970 and 2000, while service-sector employment increased. The United States, the UK, and Belgium shed around half their manufacturing jobs; Germany lost 40 percent; Canada and France more than a third; and Italy 20 percent. Employment in services and the public sector increased by 10 to 20 percent over the same period.[1]
By the early 1980s, the crisis of manufacturing was discursively situated in the North American Rust Belt—an economically devastated region ranging west from New York into Southern Ontario and across the American Midwest. But Western Europe's steel and coal country corroded as well, and the changing geography of production made the industrial crises of the 1970s and 1980s a decidedly North Atlantic, rather than strictly national or truly global, phenomenon. Cities in coal and steel belts had been seats of industrial power in the early twentieth century. By the 1970s, the economic and political might of the North American heartland, Germany's Ruhr Valley, and the English Black Country had been significantly diminished by newly industrializing regions in the global South, from the U.S. Sunbelt and Mexico to South America, Asia, and the Middle East.
The decline of manufacturing and rise of services that Bell predicted would yield a socially just post-industrial society instead turned out to be harbingers of the rising inequality critics associated with neoliberalism. In manufacturing centers, as public resources dwindled, local officials made harsh calculations about whose needs they would no longer meet, rather than seeking to better meet the needs of all residents. And indeed, public officials employed the kinds of capital subsidies, supply-side interventions, central-city makeovers, and urban branding strategies that sociologists and geographers have described as central to neoliberal urbanism. Yet, as I argue in my forthcoming book, there was nothing essentially neoliberal, or even particularly new, about such policies—most had long histories as urban development tactics. Instead, they were deployed in new ways, with different intentions, and in changing institutional settings, at a time when liberals and conservatives increasingly came to share the same sense of political possibilities. One result was that coalitions of political and economic elites remade cities in ways that privileged the interest of corporations and the white-collar workers and tourists they hoped to attract, rather than the residents they already had. In the 1970s and 1980s, Manchester built urban malls and Glasgow subsidized the private redevelopment of industrial buildings in a historic wholesale district for middle-class housing targeted to young professionals. After shipbuilding declined in Belfast, city officials worked with private developers to turn shipyards on the River Lagan into an entertainment district with hotels, restaurants, and nightclubs. The Basque government pinned its hopes on a cultural strategy and in 1981 invited the Guggenheim to build a new museum in Bilbao's aging port district.
Downtown Pittsburgh before the Renaissance, ca. 1950
It was Pittsburgh, however, that became the "spiritual capital" of the Rust Belt.[2]To public officials and civic-minded businessmen in aging manufacturing centers around the world, postindustrial Pittsburgh represented a phoenix that rose from the ashes of the steel industry with a revived downtown; a lively cultural district; expansive university, medical, and technological complexes; and vibrant residential neighborhoods. International interest in Pittsburgh's urban regeneration strategies dated back to the city's "Renaissance," an urban renewal program that rebuilt the downtown core after World War II. Through the Allegheny Conference on Community Development, formed in 1944, local business elites forged an archetypal public-private partnership with local officials and directed Pittsburgh's urban development for the next fifty years. Coordinated by the Allegheny Conference and Mayor David Lawrence, the Pittsburgh Renaissance reflected the shared concerns of political and corporate elites that Pittsburgh's reputation as a smoke-filled industrial center would slow its postwar growth and deter new investment in both city and region. Most visibly and most importantly, projects undertaken jointly by political and corporate elites improved the city's environmental conditions through smoke, pollution, and flood controls. The private sector partners added office space to the downtown business district through skyscraper construction, while city officials undertook massive slum clearance projects in African American and working-class white neighborhoods, and used public funds to subsidize the expansion of a steel mill within the city limits. In the 1950s and 1960s, more than seventy national and international delegations of urban policy tourists who hoped to replicate the Renaissance arrived in Pittsburgh to see first-hand how Democratic mayors and Republican businessmen had worked together to scrub clean the streets and skies of the dirty, polluted, and flood-prone city. Visitors from Dayton and Detroit wanted to know more about Pittsburgh's urban renewal program and the public-private partnership behind it; so did officials from Canada, Australia, Brazil, Belgium, Germany, and Scotland.
Downtown Pittsburgh after the Renaissance, ca. 1969
If Pittsburgh's postwar urban renewal program made it a popular model for other aging industrial cities in the 1950s and 1960s, its postindustrial transformation in the 1970s and 1980s provided a blueprint for political and business elites who sought to revive declining manufacturing centers. When Richard Caliguiri became mayor in 1977, he set out to resuscitate the city at the heart of the collapsing American steel industry by remaking it for new kinds of residents. He dubbed his agenda for downtown redevelopment and neighborhood stabilization "Renaissance II." He and his planning department routinely downplayed the devastating effects of industrial restructuring on the region's blue-collar workers and focused instead on cultural development, high technology, and service sector job creation for the residents they hoped to attract to the city. Caliguiri revived the city's public-private partnership and introduced a wide array of public incentives for private development intended to encourage corporate leaders to build new headquarters buildings downtown and otherwise invest in Pittsburgh. During his tenure as mayor, nearly $2 billion in public and private funds reshaped Pittsburgh. Renaissance II opened up new, decentralized concentrations of economic activity, new areas for residential development, and new uses for sites once devoted to heavy manufacturing. Neighborhood commercial districts that had once served working-class residents were transformed into shopping and entertainment zones designed for and marketed to tourists and suburbanites. By the turn of the twenty-first century, most of the region's steel mills had been razed and two were replaced with malls, the literal transformation of sites of production into sites on consumption.
Downtown Pittsburgh, 2014. Photo: R.A. Kilmer
Popular narratives of the decline of basic industry in North America and Western Europe make the postindustrial transformation old manufacturing centers seem like a historical inevitability, the outcome of neutral market forces. The story of Pittsburgh and cities like it demonstrates, instead, that political and civic elites made decisions over the course of several decades about how to allocate resources in a way that exacerbated inequality and sacrificed the well-being of large portions of urban populations in order to "save" cities. In doing so, local officials abandoned social democratic goals in favor of corporate welfare programs, fostering an increasing economic inequality among their residents.
[1] OECD Structural Analysis (STAN) Databases, extracted December 10, 2014.
[2] Vince Rause, "Pittsburgh Cleans Up Its Act," New York Times, November 26, 1989.
Tracy Neumann is an Assistant Professor of History at Wayne State University and a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. She is the author of the forthcoming book, Remaking the Rust Belt: The Postindustrial Transformation of North America (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). She specializes in transnational and global approaches to twentieth-century US history, with a focus on postwar cities, neoliberal urbanism, and international development.
This entry was posted in Article and tagged 20th Century, City Politics, Consumer Culture, Economic History, Environment, Europe, Factories, Industry, North America. Bookmark the permalink.
1 Response to The "Spiritual Capital" of the Rust Belt: Pittsburgh and the Postindustrial Transformation of North Atlantic Cities
Mitch Fleischer says:
While the particular form of post-industrial shift that a city takes may have been under the control of local elites, the shift of capital away from their city (and North America/Western Europe) was not under their control. Is there an example of a city that has managed this shift in such a way as to not worsen inequality?
Leave a Reply to Mitch Fleischer Cancel reply


Orthodontic Treatment Planning is a very important part of any orthodontic treatment. Without planning the treatment the result could not be achieved. The treatment planning starts with the diagnosis of the patient where the patient's chief complaint is highlighted and planned to achieve by following the orthodontic protocols. In this article, we will discuss various aspects of Orthodontic Treatment Planning.
Orthodontic treatment planning follows a number of processes to fulfil the patient needs and what can be done by a treatment. To plan the treatment an Orthodontist analysis the case and considers the all possible solution to each problem. Generally, the most important problem is always highlighted and given priority. The process also involves, distinguishing the case in moderate or severe according to the problem and severity.
Diagnosis and treatment planning is the most important aspect of any medical field. In the diagnosis or examination, an orthodontist came to the actual problems and needs of the patient. It includes the patient's intra & extraoral images. In intraoral images, the doctor requires the frontal, left, right, upper and lower teeth images and front, left, the right profile picture of the patient to know the skeletal aspects. Some patient takes the orthodontic treatment to improve their looks basically to correct skeletal irregularities.
Malocclusion is a malalignment problem of teeth that leads to several mouths and general health diseases. Occlusion is a term that is used to refer to the alignment of your teeth. Ideally, your teeth should fit easily within your mouth without any crowding or spacing issues. Also, none of your teeth should be rotated or twisted. The teeth of your upper jaw should slightly overlap the teeth of your lower jaw so that the pointed ridges of your molars fit into the groves of the opposite molar.
Functional Orthodontic Planning:In functional orthodontic planning the children who are developing simply growing up have skeletal or dental irregularities are treated by fixed appliances like braces to correct such problems.
Orthodontic Treatment Planning: The fully developed teeth are treated in this category. The adults undergo the diagnosis and other examinations to know the dental problem. Then Orthodontist plans the treatment to correct the bite and other requirements.
Surgery with Orthodontic: An oral and maxillofacial surgeon (OMS) performs orthognathic surgery or corrective jaw to align a vast category from minor to major dental & skeletal irregularities. It also corrects the jaws and teeth misalignments. Surgery can improve chewing, speaking and breathing. While the patient's appearance may be dramatically enhanced as a result of their surgery, orthognathic surgery is performed to correct functional problems.
Surgery required but patient not interested/willing: Some patients hesitate to do a surgery, some people feel it is risky. In such cases, Orthodontists treats the patient with a proper orthodontic treatment after analyzing the case.
The patient goal and desires.
The complexity of the treatment.
Malocclusion and the timings of treatment.
Clear aligners are an alternative to metal/ceramic/lingual braces that can correct various malocclusion. In clear aligners, the treatment plan is also important. As the treatment plan is done on the computer by using an Orthodontic Treatment Planning software. The study and results have shown the technology used for making treatment plan is accurate and effective. The most beneficial thing in orthodontic software is that the results can be shown before starting the treatment of course on the system. The Orthodontic software used for treatment planning shows the 3D view of teeth from various angles. There is much popular software available on the market for creating the orthodontic treatment plan.


The F/A-22 is destined to replace the F-15 and become the next-generation fighter of the USAF. Together with the competing F-23 it is one of the first fighter designs optimised for stealth. In addition, it was designed to "supercruise", i.e. fly at supersonic speeds without afterburner. The F/A-22 has a relatively conventional appearance, with twin tails and flat fuselage sides. The engines have two-dimensional thrust vectoring nozzles. To conserve a low radar cross-section, the armament is carried in internal weapons bays. First operational F-22 made it's debut in December 2005. Plans for a naval version, intended to replace the F-14, with extensive changes to make the aircraft suitable for carrier use, have been shelved.
First look/first kill in all environments- A combination of improved sensor capability , improved situational awareness, and improved weapons provides first-kill opportunity against the threat. The F-22 possesses a sophisticated sensor suite that allow the pilot to track, identify, and shoot the threat before it detects the F-22. Significant effort is being placed on cockpit design and avionics fusion to improve the pilot's situational awareness. Advanced avionic technologies allow the F-22 sensors to gather, integrate, and display essential information in the most useful format to the pilot.
Reduced observables- Advances in low-observable technologies provide significantly improve survivability and lethality against air-to-air and surface-to-air threats. The F-22's combination of reduced observability and supercruise accentuate the advantage of surprise in a tactical environment.
Supersonic persistence- The F-22 engines produce more thrust than any current fighter engine, especially in the military (non-afterburner) power. This characteristic allows the F-22 to efficiently cruise at supersonic airspeeds without using afterburner (supercruise). This capability greatly expands the F-22's operating envelope in both speed and range over current fighters which must use afterburner to operate at supersonic speeds.
Increased maneuverability- The F-22 has been extensively designed, tested, and refined aerodynamically during the Demonstration/Validation (DEM/VAL) process and coupled with high-maneuver capability. The sophisticated F-22 aerodesign and high thrust-to-weight provides the capability to outmaneuver all current and projected threat aircraft.
Improved combat radius on internal fuel- To ensure the F-22 provides air superiority for deep-interdiction aircraft, it operates at medium and high altitude at ranges superior to current generation air-superiority aircraft.
Improved reliability and maintainability- To ensure operational flexibility, the F-22 has better reliability and maintainability than any military fighter in history. Increased F-22 reliability and maintainability pays off in less manpower required to fix the aircraft and consequently less aircraft required to support a deployed squadron. Additionally, reduced maintenance support provides the benefit of reduced life cycle cost and the ability to operate more efficiently from prepared of dispersed operating locations. The F-22 exceeds current fighter sortie surge rates with a reduced support structure.
Increased lethality and survivability- The above characteristics provide a synergistic effect that ensures F-22 lethality against an advanced air threat. The combination of reduced observability and supercruise drastically shrinks surface-to-air engagement envelopes and minimizes threat capabilities to engage and shoot the F-22.
Air-to-surface capability- The F-22 has a secondary role to attack surface targets. The aircraft will be capable of carrying 2 x 1,000 pound Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAMs) internally and will use on-board avionics for navigation and weapons delivery support.
Remarks It is estimated that internal bays can carry about 2,000 lb (907 kg) worth of bombs, and/or missiles. Four external hardpoints can be fitted to carry weapons or fuel tanks, each with a capacity of about 5,000 lb (2267 kg), albeit at the expense of stealth.
The ATF (Advanced Technology Fighter) programme began in September 1983, when design contracts were awarded to seven companies; in October 1986, development contracts were awarded to two consortia, one consisting of Lockheed (prime contractor), Boeing, and General Dynamics, the other of Northrop (prime contractor) and McDonnell Douglas. The first Northrop/MD YF-23A (unofficially "Black Widow II") flew on 27 August 1990, followed by the first Lockheed/Boeing/GD YF-22A (unofficially "Lightning II") on 29 September 1990. In April 1991, the YF-22A was selected for development and eventual service.
Recent budget cuts have slowed down the schedule slightly; the first flight of the production Lockheed/Boeing F-22A (General Dynamics sold its fighter division to Lockheed in December 1992), originally scheduled for June 1996, will now be in September 1997. Service entry is expected to begin in 2005; the USAF is currently fighting an attempt by the General Accounting Office to delay this to 2010. Total production, originally planned to be 648 aircraft, has now been reduced to 339.
Vital statistics (YF-22A): length 18.90 m, span 13.56 m, empty weight 15422 kg, max weight 28123 kg, max speed 2655 km/h (Mach 2.5), ferry range 3704 km; power plant: two 155.68 kN Pratt & Whitney F119-100 augmented turbofans; armament: 20mm cannon, internal bays for two AIM-9 and four AIM-120A or six AIM-120C air-to-air missiles, or two AIM-9, two AIM-120, and two air-to-surface missiles, external hardpoints for four more AIM-120s or other ordnance; radar: Westinghouse/Texas Instruments APG-77.


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Q: Harmonic Oscillator - Zero Point Energy and the Correspondence Principle I have been studying the harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics.
I fully understand the origin of the zero-point energy and how it can be mathematically shown using the uncertainty principle that the harmonic oscillator cannot have $0$ energy.
However, on a classical scale, in our daily lives, we can see/imagine zero energy, for example, a ball at rest on the ground.
My question is, how does a quantum system's inability to occupy $0$ energy and our classical 'intuition' of zero-energy relate?
I hope my question is clear.

A: I'm assuming by zero-point energy you are asking a simple harmonic oscillator problem in the quantum mechanics context. Then that's equivalent to ask how could you go to classical limit of a quantum system. Well, quite simple: by taking $\hbar\rightarrow 0$. Therefore you obtain the zero-point fluctuation vanishes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


They are based in the south-east but will cover most of England if required. Both trips were one-way collections of newly purchased bikes which went very well - in one case they actually offered to front the money, when I mentioned how much hassle I was having with making a payment. In the end it wasn't necessary, but they work on a trust basis and are very professional with it.
In contrast to most ebay couriers of motorcycles they use newish but totally anonymous unmarked vans in order to avoid attracting unwanted interest - they fit them out with custom ramps, racks and strap fittings. I met the owner in person (told me to pop round to his home, since I was local!) and can't think of anything that gave me any concern about the bikes or the cash. Although one of the drivers could talk the hind legs off a donkey, it was about bikes and quite interesting as well!
I and many classic bike acquaintances use Jerry Fiford. He's semi-retired and a Ducati and Honda racer who does deliveries/collections when he hasn't got his race bikes in his van.
He's in S London but goes all over U.K. at reasonable rates. Just give him a 'from' and a 'to' postcode and he'll quote.


Falls Church Youth Lacrosse Needs Volunteers to help!
The Falls Church Youth Lacrosse Club is a non-profit youth sports organization,that needs and welcomes your assistance. We offer a wide range of opportunities to help support programs for children of all ages and abilities. FCYLC is always seeking volunteers to help with coaching, managing and special events. If you have a player involved we would like your help in making this the most successful program in Falls Church.
As a all-volunteer, non-profit community organization, FCYLC needs and welcomes fundraising. Help the club secure sponsorship, fund raising, secure sponsors for special events, invite special guests to promote the club.
Assist Team Parent are also needed!
Help coordinate club special events that might benefit the Lacrosse players in Falls Church.
Work with Head Coach, Field Commissioner and assigned Referees to keep official score for all games FCYLChosts at our home field. This position should be on a team basis and rotated amoung various team families.
Help coordinate and setup field for games that FCYLC hosts. May be required to act as a referee in the event that the official referees do not show up for a game. (This may be an issue in 2005 with the new Refere Contract). Ideally this position will be a Team function and rotated through the Team Parent.
Requires reasonable lacrosse skills plus an understanding of sports strategies and tactics. If you have coached basketball, soccer, or other sports lacrosse might be a nice fit as well. USA Lacrosse Certification is required for the spring league season and the necessary clinics are covered by the club.


Tasha Marbury is an American reality television personality who has an estimated net worth of $45 million. She is the newest cast member of the reality series Basketball Wives on VH1, joining for its fifth season, which premiered on August 19, 2013.
LaTasha Marbury was born on January 11, 1976 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She is a 1998 graduate of North Carolina State University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology, and completed a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing at Fairleigh Dickinson University in 2002.
Tasha is the wife of ex-basketball star Stephon Marbury, who she married on September 14, 2002. They have two children, Xaviera and Stephon II. She has a stepdaughter, Stephanie, from her husband's previous relationship.
Stephon had a successful 17 years in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He earned $150 million in salary during his playing years, hitting a peak of $20.8 million during his 2008-2009 season with the New York Knicks. He currently plays basketball for the Beijing Ducks in China.
Mrs. Marbury was one of the original choices for the first season of the show, but her husband did not approve of it. She will be joining on to replace departing cast members Royce Reed, Jennifer Williams and Kesha Nichols.


With elegant furnishings and warm decor, you'll be wrapped in comfort from the moment you arrive. Relax in the spacious living area and enjoy a good book or a movie.
The gourmet kitchen has granite countertops and stainless steel appliances, perfect for making meals and snacks with your guests.
With a king bedroom, a queen bedroom and a third bedroom with two twin beds, there is plenty of space for everyone.


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Swiss Prog Ensemble Zenit Release Highly Anticipated Third Album 'The Chandrasekhar Limit'
Switzerland - One of the most respected progressive rock bands ever to emerge from Switzerland, Zenit, have released their third album 'The Chandrasekhar Limit' on Galileo Records on January 28, 2013. Possibly the most ambitious release of 2013, right from the beginning of Zenit's new 69-minute masterpiece, Andy Thommen (formerly Clepsydra), affixes a seal with his distinctive bass playing on the first song ("Awaken"). Later, with the start of the guitar, you will somewhat be reminded of the Clepsydra sound: awesome guitar-bass team play! Here is the beginning of what to expect from this brilliant album – quality!
Says Andy Thommen, "We've chosen 'The Chandrasekhar Limit' as the title because this mathematical threshold defines if a white dwarf star remains a star or becomes a black hole... So, as a band we feel that we are passing a crossroads without knowing where this track leads to. We do not know if we are above or below the Chandrasekhar limit."
Zenit was founded in Switzerland in 1998 by bass player Andy Thommen, Keyboardist Ivo Bernasconi and drummer Gigio Pedruzzi, based on their wealth of experience with bands like Clepsydra, Changes and Brainstorm. In 2001, now with the addition of singer Lorenzo Sonognini, Zenit released their debut CD 'Pravritti' with Italian and English lyrics, followed by various inspiring live performances in relevant prog festivals. In 2006, with the addition of Luigi Biamino on guitars, the band released the second album called 'Surrender'. With captivating, elaborate songs and music that harkens to the work of bands such as Genesis, Marillion, Supertramp, Kansas and Gentle Giant, Zenit's second album garnered praise from critics and fans alike worldwide.
Says Andy, "After 'Surrender' we did several shows, and we already had different pieces of tunes for this new album we were working on or just playing to see how it feels. On our show in Montreux, which was also filmed, we played two songs that made it onto 'The Chandrasekhar Limit': 'Awaken' and 'PiGreco'. We started writing and demoing the new album with our previous drummer Luigi Pedruzzi. For most of the songs we started on a rough idea by our keyboardist Ivo Bernasconi, then the whole band worked on it, until it was ready for a demo recording. Working on it for us means play it over and over again with absolute freedom to improvise changes, and normally when we get a few 'wow' reactions in the band we know we are close. The longest track 'The Daydream Suite' (25 minutes) was different. Ivo had just a basic idea; we started playing on it, it just came one note after the the other, one chord after the other. This was a magic band experience. When we finished recording the demos our drummer left the band. We made one single call to a friend and drummer. As he was teaching drums in Lausanne (in the French speaking part of Switzerland) we asked him if by chance he knew someone... His answer was 'Me'! Within a bit more than a half a year he was ready to record the drum tracks for 'The Chandrasekhar Limit' with a fresh breath of new energy! In sum, the essence of our way to work is: play it, play it and play it again until it sounds good, and only then you can start recording."
"The new Zenit album 'The Chandrasekhar Limit' is superb, some of the best modern prog rock I've heard for a long, long while". - Paul Baker, ARfm, UK
Zenit's musical influences are varied and diverse and include artists such as Genesis, Pink Floyd, The Flower Kings and Spock's Beard. Stand out tracks on Zenit's new album: The marvelous 17-minute song "Matrimandir" brings a breath of Asian sounds in a very subtle but delicate way without being brash, despite the Sanskrit lyrics now and then. The 25-minute opus "The Daydream Suite" brings to mind the work of Pink Floyd, including all the main elements a prog suite should have: crazy keyboard solos, melodic guitar lines, cool bass parts and complex choirs, harmoniously in action. The rocking instrumental sound of "Pulsar", the sweet and sinful ballad "Club Lady" and the screaming-jazzy "PiGreco" song, jointly make up an impressive and progressive rock album of the 21st century.
Says Andy, "There was no structured plan for this album. No plan to make it symphonic, epic, neo or retro...it just came out as it is. There are jazzy and samba rhythms, even Sanskrit lyrics bits and Indian sounds and ambiances. The only thing we wanted to create was an ensemble of very different ambiances and feelings, and transmit to the listener the fun we have playing these songs." Plans to tour in support of the release of Zenit's 'The Chandrasekhar Linit' are currently in the works.
GR035 / GLR112CD Zenit - The Chandrasekhar Limit: January 28, 2013
To purchase Zenit – The Chandrasekhar Limit CD: http://cdshop.galileo-records.com/index.php?dispatch=products.view&product_id=82
For more information: http://www.fragile.net/
By Glass Onyon PR at February 27, 2013
Labels: Prog Rock, Progressive Rock, Zenit

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Use panda3D in 2.7.3 OSX Lion I have currently Panda3D working in the ppython version that is shipped with Panda3D. But how do I link Panda3D to the python version shipped with OSX Lion 2.7.1?
I read things about ~/.bash_profile and I tried the following including the rest of the bash profile:
# Setting PATH for EPD-7.2-2
# The orginal version is saved in .bash_profile.pysave
PATH="/Library/Frameworks/EPD64.framework/Versions/Current/bin:${PATH}"
export PATH

export PYTHONPATH="/Developer/Panda3D/lib/direct":$PYTHONPATH

export PYTHONPATH

MKL_NUM_THREADS=1
export MKL_NUM_THREADS

But I still get an
ImportError: No module named direct.showbase.ShowBase

A: The following two lines worked for me on Lion (I also had to set python to prefer 32 bit)
sudo cp /Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/Panda3D.pth /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/
export VERSIONER_PYTHON_PREFER_32_BIT=yes

The export command should be put into .bashrc or equivalent.


When your baby is around three months old you might want to introduce a bedtime routine; a familiar routine can help to regulate your baby's body clock and help to establish a good sleeping pattern. The theory is that your little one will feel more relaxed if they know what's coming next – the more relaxed they are, the better chance you have of getting them off to sleep easily and quickly.
1. Introduce a regular bedtime – aim for somewhere between 6.30pm – 8pm. Any later and your baby may become overtired.
2. Keep your routine short and simple to begin with – no more than 30 minutes long.
3. What you do as part of your routine is up to you, but make sure that it's something calming!
4. Some ideas for your routine include: talking quietly, having a bath, changing into pyjamas, reading a bedtime story, singing a lullaby, giving a gentle massage, kissing them goodnight.
8. Don't worry if your baby takes time to settle into the routine – it is best to remain calm otherwise baby may pick up on how you're feeling and this could upset them more.
9. The warm water of a bath may help to relax your baby at bedtime but not all babies like baths at first – if your little one gets upset or over-excited when they have a bath, leave a bath out of your routine for now.
10. Say goodnight to everyone! Babies like the ritual of saying 'night-night' to family, pets, favourite toys and even objects – but again keep it simple and quiet – you don't want them getting over-excited!


2001-08-26T23:00:02-04:00https://images.c-span.org/Files/eb2/164982-m.jpgMr. Fleming talked about his book, The New Dealers' War, published by Basic Books. The book describes a flawed and troubled President Franklin D. Roosevelt who struggled to manage World War II. Starting with the leak to the press of Roosevelt's famous Rainbow Plan, then going back to FDR's faulty prewar diplomacy with Japan, and his various attempts to lure Japan into an attack on the U.S. Fleet in the Pacific, the book shows struggles and debates that went on in Washington, the nation, and the world as the New Dealers, led by FDR, strove to impose their will on the conduct of the War. Mr. Fleming criticized President Roosevelt's insistence on "unconditional surrender" for Germany that perhaps prolonged the war by as many as two years, and his often uncritical embrace of and acquiescence to Stalin and the Soviets as an ally.


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A Library full of React Components to use in Projects or just for learning React. First installation with windows and yarn could take awhile.

# Install
```
  yarn
  or
  npm install
```

# Start Storybook
```
  yarn storybook
  or
  npm run storybook
```

# Start without Storybook
```
  yarn start
  or
  npm run start
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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0 Review: Conan Doyle for the Defense
Conan Doyle for the Defense
by Margalit Fox
Published June 26th 2018 by Random House
Arthur and George meets The Suspicions of Mr Whicher: how the creator of Sherlock Holmes overturned one of the great miscarriages of justice.
Just before Christmas 1908, Marion Gilchrist, a wealthy 82-year-old spinster, was found bludgeoned to death in her Glasgow home. A valuable diamond brooch was missing, and police soon fastened on a suspect - Oscar Slater, a Jewish immigrant who was rumoured to have a disreputable character. Slater had an alibi, but was nonetheless convicted and sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment in the notorious Peterhead Prison.
Seventeen years later, a convict called William Gordon was released from Peterhead. Concealed in a false tooth was a message, addressed to the only man Slater thought could help him - Arthur Conan Doyle. Always a champion of the downtrodden, Conan Doyle turned his formidable talents to freeing Slater, deploying a forensic mind worthy of Sherlock Holmes.
Drawing from original sources including Oscar Slater's prison letters, this is Margalit Fox's vivid and compelling account of one of the greatest miscarriages of justice in Scottish history.
I was vaguely aware that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was, at times, consulted to solve crimes before I read Conan Doyle for the Defense by Margalit Fox. I watched the series Arthur & George (2015) a few years ago that introduced me to this aspect of Doyle, which I knew nothing about. So, when this book crossed my path, I was more than eager to read it. After all, it checked off several of my interest boxes: true crime, history, one of the greatest mystery writers of all time (according to my subjective opinion).
I was immediately blown away by the way that Margalit Fox laid out the story for the readers. Its narrative read as well as any good fiction book, only everything in the book really happened. If you're looking for a book strictly about Doyle, you will be disappointed. Though, I did walk away from this book with a better understanding of the author. This book is mainly about Oscar Slater, who was accused of a crime he didn't commit, jailed, and the author who pleaded for his case to be overturned.
In 1908, Marion Gilchrist, a wealthy old lady, was murdered in her Glasgow home. A diamond broach was found missing and the police had only one suspect in mind--Oscar Slater. Even though Slater had an alibi, he was still found guilty of the crime. His only 'crime' seemed to be that he was Jewish and had a disreputable character.
After reading about the case, Doyle became obsessed by the great injustice done to this man. He used the methods made famous by Sherlock Holmes to help solve the mystery of what really happened so that Slater could go free. He spent his time talking to witnesses, looking over transcripts, noting the inconsistencies in the police statement (oh yes, you will find many wtf moments when you read it.), and more. It's amazing how the case affected so many aspects of the justice system as well as police procedure when investigating a crime.
The injustice that was done to Oscar Slater is a story that should never be repeated, but sadly it is. The Edwardian anti-immigration, religious, and ethnic bias is still alive and well today. Slater spent many years in prison, hoping that Doyle would be able to help him win his freedom, which he did. And while this story has a happier ending than it could of had, it wasn't without cost.
Conan Doyle for the Defense by Margalit Fox is a fascinating and informative read. I'm grateful for all the time Fox spent in the archives researching this book. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, like Sherlock Holmes, was an incredible detective. I absolutely recommend this book for your next read!
Sidebar: Arthur & George is really good as well. It's based on the book by the same name, which I haven't read, by Julian Barnes. But I've added it to my wishlist, so maybe one day I'll get to it.
*I received a copy of this book from the publisher for review purposes. This has in no way influenced my opinions.
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The Wedding from Hell, Part 2: The Reception is av...


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

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	content="Like A Bossa is a band that plays live jazz, latin, funk, pop and rock music in the Greater Chicago area and Greater Minneapolis / St. Paul / Duluth area. Book us for musical entertainment at your event, wedding, fundraiser.">
	<meta name="author" content="Daniel Caspers">

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	<meta property="og:url" content="http://www.likeabossa.com" />
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	<title>Like a Bossa - Live Jazz and Latin Band</title>
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				Like a Bossa

					Live Jazz and Latin Music
					for Any Venue

What We Do

Music

Song List

Meet the Band

Book Us

Contact

					Live Music

The Way It Should Be...

Like a Bossa (Nova)

					Tell Me More

What We Do

We are musicians who would love to play for your event!

Live Entertainment

Nothing quite spices up an event or venue like live music!
						Whether we are playing at a coffee shop or a concert,
						we find ways to make our performances more than just a treat for the ears.

Dinner/Ambient Music

If you don't want us to be the centerpiece, we understand.
						We can play our concert quality music at an unobtrusive volume so that your
						guests can still hold conversations comfortably.

Personalization

We want to work with you make your event the best it can be!

Provide Equipment

No sound system? No problem! We have all of our own gear, but we can work with yours if you'd rather. Best of all, we know how to best set it up in your space for clarity, volume and coverage.

Listen To Us

Song List

Here are some of the songs we cover. We also take song requests in advance!

All of Me

Autumn Leaves

Bennie and the Jets

Isn't She Lovely

Just the Two of Us

Moondance

Once I Loved

Oye Como Va

Recordame

Spooky

Stella By Starlight

Take Five

The Girl From Ipanema

Waiting in Vain

Wave

You Don't Know Me

A Symphony of Two

We are a small, seasoned duo with 6+ years of experience!

Dan Caspers

Developer by Day, Keyboardist by Night

							Dan is a software engineer at Shure Inc., where he geeks out about audio and collaborates with a smart and musical product development team to build software that is as legendary as their microphones and other audio electronics.
							He graduated from the University of Minnesota with a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science with an emphasis in Human Computer Interaction.
							Outside of Like a Bossa, he has also worked with locally regarded vocalist Janet Steinberg from the Minneapolis / St. Paul, MN area.
							His musical background lacks the pedigree of many keyboardists, but by sampling from wide musical tastes and from lesser known artists he has developed a sound that his colleagues have called "one of a kind".

Gordon Hayes

Saxophonist, Composer and Arranger

							Gordon is working towards a Bachelor of Music in Jazz Studies under
						 Ryan Frane and
						 Adam Booker,
							in addition to studying reed instruments with Theodore Schoen.
							His musical vision is divided between trying to develop a personal music aesthetic and trying to revive the sounds of the masters who inspired his career.
							An avid listener as well as performer, he's studied the sounds of recording giants like Stan Getz, Dexter Gordon, Chet Baker, and Miles Davis to breathe character and soul into his sound.
							He has also worked outside of the realm of jazz with local professionals like Zeitgeist and performs gospel and pop music in the
							annual University of Minnesota - Duluth - Vocal Jazz Cabaret. This flexibility, combined with the fusion of experimentation and deep rooted tradition, elevates Like a Bossa from a cover band to something truly unique.

						Like a Bossa formed back in our high school years. Most of our performances then were unpaid opportunities to bring live music into the community.
						We performed at celebrations in our hometown and events at our high school, but the highlight of those years was a concert for disadvantaged young students; some of them had never heard jazz music or even seen a live performance before.
						After a couple of weeks of classroom visits to motivate the students to join the school band, we took to the auditorium stage to help inspire the next generation of musicians.
						We managed to hold the attention of kids between ages 6-11 for around an hour, putting a spin on music ranging from Disney classics to Chic Corea and Stevie Wonder while also giving them plenty to watch.
						With Dan playing two pianos at a time and Gordon captivating the audience by dancing around and playing his familiar melodies, we were able to bring joy to those children in a way unlike anything we had seen before.

						Although distance has complicated rehearsing, our song selection is ever growing.
						Our combined musical taste promotes sampling from numerous genres and is delightful for listeners of all ages.
						No matter what your event is, we hope to help you make it truly remarkable! --Like a Bossa

Book Us

Contact Us

Let's get this party started

We are so glad that you are interested in having us play for you!
										Send us an email letting us know what kind of musical entertainment you have in mind for your event.

										(Image Credit: Stuart Miles)

Let's Plan Together

Event planning just got easier

										We will work with you to complement your vision for the event through song choice, dress code, crowd engagement and sound reinforcement.

										(Image Credit: Stuart Miles)

We Practice While You Prepare

...Buffering...

										While you continue preparing for your event, we'll be practicing to ensure that our performance is polished.
										If the event changes, we can still work with you to adapt as best we can.
										(Image Credit: Salvatore Vuono)

We Perform

The day we have all been waiting for

										Now it is our turn to wow the audience!
										We will keep your guests entertained with our passionately performed music and do our best to field requests from you and your guests during the event.

Some of our clients

Contact

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									<input type="tel" class="form-control" placeholder="Your Phone Number" id="phone">

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									<button type="submit" class="btn btn-xl">Send</button>

					</form>

					Credits for web development to
						Dan Caspers and
						 Start Bootstrap


I am NNA and LSS trained and certified, serving all of Clark County, Las Vegas Nevada area efficiently with immediate updates. If you need someone who is professional, understands the documents, explains them to the signer and contacts you immediately with any questions then contact me. The main point is that I pay attention to detail, am professional, meticulous and efficient with your documents. I am experienced with Loan Modifications, Refinance, Purchase, HELOC, VA / FHA Loan Signings, Debt Resolution and numerous other documents. Please contact me for your next signing.
Please call for pricing as it differs upon the type of documents needed to be signed.


In lieu of me beginning a new chapter in life (just joined grad school) I'm kicking off August with a fresh start. Only one recommendation for this week: Reset to zero.
I agree with the author's idea completely, only want to add one point that we should also reset our mindset/thoughts. I keep Sundays free of work (as in no studying/checking mails etc.) It is harder than you think, with the constant fear of missing out but it is worth it. Just a single day without any obligations (work/study) recharges me fully for the week ahead. Especially for students like me, there are no set work-hours and we are expected to do a lot (more so in grad school) with all the classes, self-studying, exams, social gatherings, dating etc. etc. It becomes essential to have breaks otherwise the stress piles over and leads to depression and anxiety. Anyway I can ramble on but here is the message: RESET.
I'm off to my break. bye!


text:
Hall Render Continues National Expansion with a New Office in Maryland
Posted on October 31, 2016 in Firm News
Hall Render continues its national expansion with the addition of a new office and six attorneys in Annapolis, Maryland.
The joining group includes Al Adelman, who formerly served as the president of the American Health Lawyer's Association ("AHLA"); Tim Adelman, who currently serves on AHLA's Board; and Lew Morris, who previously served as Chief Counsel to the Office of Inspector General before more recently entering private practice. Others joining are health lawyers Ron Sheff, Patrick Garcia and Eric Crowder.
"We look forward to continuing to serve the East Coast and beyond with a firm that provides legal and strategic counsel to a client base that encompasses every aspect of the health care industry," Al Adelman said.
"Having locations across the country better positions our firm to be a more accessible and informed legal resource to the entire health care industry," said John Ryan, president and managing partner of Hall Render. "The group of health attorneys joining us in Annapolis will add even more depth and experience to our team of over 200 health lawyers and better allow us to deliver high value health care legal services regardless of the complexity, size or location of the project. We are delighted to further grow the firm's presence in the East with the addition of an office in Annapolis."


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Immediately after the release of Infinix Hot 4, Hot 4 Lite and the Hot 4 Pro, the company has yet added another new versions to the Hot-series called Infinix Hot 5 and the Hot 5 Lite.
Both versions are theme-ly called MyMobilecinema. They both featured a 5.5HD screen, Dual front speaker, 3D Dirac Stereo, 4000mah battery capacity.
I still can't spot out the main selling point of these devices. I don't want to be biased here anyway. Both devices almost shared the same specifications and features. They are more focused on entertainment with its key features; 5.5HD screen display as mentioned above, dual front speakers at the top and bottom of the smartphone with 3D Dirac stereo surrounding to boost sound.
In addition to the specs, Infinix Hot 5 features a non-removable 4,000mAh battery, 2GB RAM + 16GB inbuilt memory which can also be expanded with an sd card of 32GB.
The device is packed up with an 8MP rear camera + 5MP front facing camera, pre-installed with Infinix own custom UI XOS 2.2, a fingerprint sensor which is rear mounted and came running on Android 7.0 Nougat.
Infinix Hot 5 was designed for mobile entertainment compared to its predecessor Infinix Hot 4.
Coming to the price of these devices, the new Infinix Hot 5 will retail for N37,500 and Infinix Hot 5 lite for N32,000. Both versions will be available on the 30th of August, 2017 on Jumia.com.ng and at all Slot retail outlets nationwide Nigeria.
Let me ask you, can you drop your present smartphone for this phone? Kindly comment below and please share this post.
its nice.... but pple still flexing with infinix 4lite and infinix finger print..
Good phones with good specifications, thanks for sharing this.
Infinix phones happened to be the phones I like, they are trying, these two phones are good.
Infinix is back now, good features.


text:
Q: OleCreateFromFile returns 0x80040154: Class not registered Calling OleCreateFromFile with a *.docx file path returns 0x80040154: Class not registered. This is on a Windows 7 system with Office 2010 installed and Visual Studio 2008, but the issue has been reproduced on a variety of systems and also with Office 2003.
How do I determine which class was attempted to be registered? Calling GetClassFile with the same file path argument results in a valid CLSID for Microsoft Word, which can indeed be instantiated from within the application. An older version of this application with the exact same call to OleCreateFromFile does not exhibit this problem.

A: What you can relatively easily do is to use Performance Monitor to trace registry activity between your calling OleCreateFromFile API and getting REGDB_E_CLASSNOTREG back. You will see queried registry keys, esp. under HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, and you will be able to follow the attempt of the API to instantiate the object.


It is Pulmonary Disease Powerpoint Presentation if you desire to have the amazing shots regarding Pulmonary Disease Powerpoint Presentation, click save icon to download the pics in your computer. These are prepared for save, if you love and wish to grab it, just click save symbol in the page, and it'll be instantly saved in your notebook computer.
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text:
The secret killer lurking in your child's fave snack
Three-quarters of rice-based products in Australia have concentrations of arsenic exceeding European guidelines, putting children at risk.
by Jackie Sinnerton
22nd Jan 2020 7:33 PM
KIDS who feast on popular rice crackers may be exposed to dangerous amounts of arsenic, Australian scientists have found.
Research has found that 75 per cent of rice-based products have concentrations of arsenic that exceeded European guidelines for safe rice consumption for babies and toddlers - Australia has no safety standards specifically for children.
The study, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, found Australian children who eat large amounts of rice-based food may be exposed to dangerous amounts of arsenic.
Senior researcher Associate Professor Suzie Reichman, an environmental toxicologist at RMIT University, said the research used European guidelines because Australia does not have safety standards specifically for children.
"While all the products we tested meet Australian guidelines, these do not reflect the latest scientific understanding on how arsenic affects the body," Assoc Prof Reichman said.
"Children are far more vulnerable to the long-term toxic effect of metals like arsenic, but our rice guidelines are based on adults. The guidelines are also based on out-of-date dietary habits, when rice was generally eaten less often by Australian families. This study shows the need to develop new standards specifically for children and ensure our guidelines are in line with what we now know about safe rice consumption," she said.
The scientist said rice-based products were a popular alternative for the growing number of children with gluten intolerances.
"Rice can be safely eaten as part of a well-rounded, balanced diet but if it's a child's main source of carbohydrates, that could be a problem. As a general rule, we recommend that children under five eat rice in moderation and parents should avoid serving rice at every meal, to minimise the risk of exposure to arsenic," she said.
Arsenic is a naturally occurring metal widely found in air, soil and groundwater that comes in both organic and inorganic forms. Organic arsenic is relatively safe but inorganic arsenic is a carcinogen linked with cancers of the bladder and skin. Long-term exposure to high amounts of inorganic arsenic is dangerous to human health.
The study tested 39 rice products for babies and toddlers found in Australian supermarkets, including milk formula powder, cereal, crackers and pasta made from brown, white, organic and non-organic rice.
Hidden problem with 5:2 diet
Mum 'shaken' as 3yo opens pool gate
Premium Content 'Just horrible': Little Neveah's brave battle to survive
children editors picks health poison rice
Premium Content Stanthorpe star uses spotlight to reignite arts support


text:
package org.apache.sysds.test.functions.pipelines;

import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ExecMode;
import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ExecType;
import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixValue;
import org.apache.sysds.test.AutomatedTestBase;
import org.apache.sysds.test.TestConfiguration;
import org.apache.sysds.test.TestUtils;
import org.junit.Ignore;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.util.HashMap;

public class BuiltinImageTransformTest extends AutomatedTestBase {
	private final static String TEST_NAME = "image_transform";
	private final static String TEST_DIR = "functions/builtin/";
	private final static String TEST_CLASS_DIR = TEST_DIR + BuiltinImageTransformTest.class.getSimpleName() + "/";

	private final static double eps = 1e-10;
	private final static int rows = 135;
	private final static int cols = 500;
	private final static double spSparse = 0.1;
	private final static double spDense = 0.9;
	// rotate 30 degrees around the center
	private final static double a = Math.sqrt(3) / 2;
	private final static double b = -1.0 / 2.0;
	private final static double c = cols / 4.0 * (3 - Math.sqrt(3));
	private final static double d = 1.0 / 2.0;
	private final static double e = Math.sqrt(3) / 2;
	private final static double f = rows / 4.0 * (1 - Math.sqrt(3));

	@Override
	public void setUp() {
		addTestConfiguration(TEST_NAME, new TestConfiguration(TEST_CLASS_DIR, TEST_NAME, new String[] {"B"}));
	}

	@Test
	public void testImageTransformMatrixDenseCP() {
		runImageTransformTest(false, ExecType.CP);
	}

	@Test
	public void testImageTransformMatrixSparseCP() {
		runImageTransformTest(true, ExecType.CP);
	}

	@Ignore
	@Test
	public void testImageTransformMatrixDenseSP() {
		runImageTransformTest(false, ExecType.SPARK);
	}

	@Ignore
	@Test
	public void testImageTransformMatrixSparseSP() {
		runImageTransformTest(false, ExecType.SPARK);
	}

	@Test
	public void testImageTranslatePillow() throws Exception {
		loadTestConfiguration(getTestConfiguration(TEST_NAME));
		final int w = 500, h = 135, out_w = 550, out_h = 330;
		final double fill_value = 128.0;
		double[][] input = TestUtils.readExpectedResource("ImageTransformInput.csv", h, w);
		double[][] reference = TestUtils.readExpectedResource("ImageTransformTransformed.csv", out_h, out_w);
		String HOME = SCRIPT_DIR + TEST_DIR;
		fullDMLScriptName = HOME + TEST_NAME + ".dml";
		programArgs = new String[] {"-nvargs", "in_file=" + input("A"), "out_file=" + output("B"), "width=" + cols,
				"height=" + rows, "out_w=" + out_w, "out_h=" + out_h,
				"a=" + a, "b=" + b, "c=" + c, "d=" + d, "e=" + e, "f=" + f, "fill_value=" + fill_value};
		writeInputMatrixWithMTD("A", input, true);
		runTest(true, false, null, -1);

		HashMap<MatrixValue.CellIndex, Double> dmlfile = readDMLMatrixFromOutputDir("B");
		double[][] dml_res = TestUtils.convertHashMapToDoubleArray(dmlfile, out_h, out_w);
		TestUtils.compareMatrices(reference, dml_res, eps, "Pillow vs. DML");
	}

	private void runImageTransformTest(boolean sparse, ExecType instType) {
		ExecMode platformOld = setExecMode(instType);
		disableOutAndExpectedDeletion();

		try {
			loadTestConfiguration(getTestConfiguration(TEST_NAME));
			double sparsity = sparse ? spSparse : spDense;

			String HOME = SCRIPT_DIR + TEST_DIR;
			fullDMLScriptName = HOME + TEST_NAME + ".dml";
			programArgs = new String[] {"-nvargs", "in_file=" + input("A"), "out_file=" + output("B"), "width=" + cols,
				"height=" + rows, "out_w=" + cols, "out_h=" + (rows * 1.2),
				"a=" + a, "b=" + b, "c=" + c, "d=" + d, "e=" + e, "f=" + f};

			fullRScriptName = HOME + TEST_NAME + ".R";
			rCmd = "Rscript" + " " + fullRScriptName + " " + inputDir() + " " + expectedDir() + " " + cols + " " + rows + " " + cols + " " + (rows * 1.2) + " " + a + " " + b + " " + c + " " + d + " " + e + " " + f;

			//generate actual dataset
			double[][] A = getRandomMatrix(rows, cols, 0, 255, sparsity, 7);
			writeInputMatrixWithMTD("A", A, true);

			runTest(true, false, null, -1);
			runRScript(true);

			//compare matrices
			HashMap<MatrixValue.CellIndex, Double> dmlfile = readDMLMatrixFromOutputDir("B");
			HashMap<MatrixValue.CellIndex, Double> rfile = readRMatrixFromExpectedDir("B");
			TestUtils.compareMatrices(dmlfile, rfile, eps, "Stat-DML", "Stat-R");
		}
		finally {
			rtplatform = platformOld;
		}
	}
}


text:
MSChristian
MS and Demyelinating Diseases
MS Medications
Web RSS Feeds
MS News Related Sites
MS Basics
MS Resources
Information for Family
Information for Friends
MS and the Workplace
Health Sites with MS Information
Here are a few examples of how you can use the search feature:
Entering this and that into the search form will return results with both "this" and "that".
Entering this not that into the search form will return results with "this" and not "that".
Entering this or that into the search form will return results with either "this" or "that".
Entering "this and that" (with quotes) into the search form will return results with the exact phrase "this and that".
Search results can also be filtered using a variety of criteria. Select one or more filters below to get started.
Search All Webmaster
Search All Devotions From the Web Medical Links General MedPage Today Neurology MS Articles from the Web MS Glossary MS Medications MS News Related Sites MSChristian Links Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Diseases Q and A Site Info Social Security Uncategorised
Search All All English (UK)
Search All Articles Authors Categories EasyBlog Languages News feeds Types Web links
Assuming tied is required, the following results were found.
Boys' IQ Tied to Endocrine Disruptor Exposure in Utero
Specifically, greater exposure to a mixture of 26 various endocrine disruptors during the first trimester of pregnancy was tied to a lower IQ in young boys, according to Eva Tanner, PhD, MPH, of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York,...
https://mschristian.org/index.php/blog/boys-iq-tied-to-endocrine-disruptor-exposure-in-utero
How MS Affects Sleep Quality - Plus: Sleep Tips for People with Multiple Sclerosis
9. Poor temperature regulation: Some patients can experience difficulties regulating temperature. As our sleep/wake cycle is tied to body temperature changes, this can lead to insomnia. 10. Poor sleep schedule: Daytime napping is often necessary to...
https://mschristian.org/index.php/blog/how-ms-affects-sleep-quality-plus-sleep-tips-for-people-with-multiple-sclerosis
Waves of CSF Flow Into the Brain During Sleep
The brain's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulses during deep sleep and this appears to be tied to brain wave activity and blood flow, an exploratory study showed. Large oscillations of CSF inflow to the brain appeared about every 20 seconds and were...
https://mschristian.org/index.php/blog/waves-of-csf-flow-into-the-brain-during-sleep
Rare Shrew-Borne Illness Tied to Fatal Encephalitis
Additional evidence emerged in Germany that Borna disease virus, which resides in shrews, was associated with fatal encephalitis in people there. Analysis of brain tissue in eight cases of encephalitis believed to have a viral origin -- going back as...
https://mschristian.org/index.php/blog/rare-shrew-borne-illness-tied-to-fatal-encephalitis
T2D Plus Menopause Tied to Sleep Troubles
(MedPage Today) -- Assess midlife women with diabetes for fatigue, headaches, anxiety, and more, researchers suggest Original link (MedPage Today) -- Assess midlife women with diabetes for fatigue, headaches, anxiety, and more, researchers suggest...
https://mschristian.org/index.php/blog/t2d-plus-menopause-tied-to-sleep-troubles
How new gene discoveries could guide precision medicine in multiple sclerosis
medicine for treating the disease as well as the development of new therapies, they believe. The Johns Hopkins team tied vision loss in MS to three "complement system" genes, which make proteins that are normally associated with immune function. Using...
https://mschristian.org/index.php/blog/how-new-gene-discoveries-could-guide-precision-medicine-in-multiple-sclerosis
#ECTRIMS2019 – Tysabri During Pregnancy and After Delivery Seems Safe, Reduces Relapse Risk, Study Finds
after the last dose pre-delivery. Prior studies suggested that Tysabri use over the first trimester of pregnancy is not tied to major fetal risks. However, the medicine can be found in the blood of newborns, and they commonly have blood alterations,...
https://mschristian.org/index.php/blog/ectrims2019-tysabri-during-pregnancy-and-after-delivery-seems-safe-reduces-relapse-risk-study-finds
PTAC OKs Model to Boost Stroke Care at Rural Hospitals
for the Center for Healthcare Quality and Payment Reform in Pittsburgh, said that payment in the ACCESS model needs to be tied to quality. For instance,if services are not delivered in a timely manner, or if a clinician gives a bad recommendation, the...
https://mschristian.org/index.php/blog/ptac-oks-model-to-boost-stroke-care-at-rural-hospitals
Do minerals play a role in development of multiple sclerosis?
479 of the women developed MS. The researchers evaluated the women's intake of the minerals to see if higher intake was tied to a higher or lower risk of MS. No such relationship was found. Researchers looked at mineral intake at the beginning of the...
https://mschristian.org/index.php/blog/do-minerals-play-a-role-in-development-of-multiple-sclerosis


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6 Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high; I cannot attain it. 7 Where shall I go from your Spirit? Or where shall I flee from your presence? 8 If I ascend to heaven, you are there! If I make my bed in Sheol, you are there!
Following the psalmist's exclamation, the meditation on God's boundless presence (omnipresence) continues as he asks two questions in verse 7, immediately providing answers in verse 8. The psalmist employs the use of opposites in verse 8 to remind us that nowhere we could go is out of God's reach. On this usage, Bruce Waltke commented, "The extremes of 'heaven' and 'Grave' on the vertical axis are inaccessible to living mortals and represent the Immortal's omnipresence. 'Heaven' and 'Grave' are the highest and lowest points in the psalmist's cosmos… The former is the most desirable space, the place of God's unique presence, and the latter is the least desirable, the place of the dead." Anywhere you might be, no matter the season or the sin, there God is near. Let us respond in praise and humility!


text:
Encephalitis: recent advances and challenges ahead
Posted in Clinical Review Article on 6th Dec 2012
Julia Granerod and Nicholas Davies
Julia Granerod is an Epidemiologist at the Health Protection Agency. Julia obtained her first degree in Medical Microbiology (Hons) at the University of Edinburgh and subsequently went on to complete a Masters in Clinical Tropical Microbiology at University College London. She has spent time in both Thailand and Tanzania working on infectious disease epidemiology. For the last seven years Julia's work has focused on encephalitis. She completed a PhD on the incidence and causes of encephalitis in England at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. She was the lead scientist and national coordinator of a multicentre prospective study of encephalitis in England and has received a further grant to continue with various encephalitis projects. She has published numerous peer reviewed papers and is a Member of the Professional Advisory Panel for the Encephalitis Society.
Nicholas Davies is a Consultant Neurologist at Chelsea & Westminster and Charing Cross Hospitals in London, UK. He trained in neurology in London and HIV neurology in Sydney, Australia. His subspecialty interest is neurological infection.
Dr Julia Granerod, PhD, Health Protection Agency, Microbiology Services Division: Colindale, Virus Reference Department, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
Email. Julia Granerod
Coma accompanying fever, which now would be termed encephalitis, was described by Sydenham as early as the 17th century, although associations between fever and brain dysfunction were recognised even earlier.1 Since then, much progress has been made in understanding the causes, biological mechanisms, epidemiology and treatment of encephalitis; however, numerous gaps still exist in our knowledge: there is still a long way to go.
One reason for the increased interest in encephalitis is the recognition that it is a sentinel condition for new and emerging infections (Table 1). Consequently numerous national studies have been implemented in different continents to investigate its aetiology and epidemiology.2-5 The recent discovery of antibody-associated forms of encephalitis has given added impetus to this effort. Other reviews have described what is already known about encephalitis.6,7 This paper will focus on the challenges faced in studying encephalitis and recent advances of direct clinical relevance that have occurred in the field.
Although considered a rare syndrome in resource-rich settings, the incidence of encephalitis is likely to be higher than previously estimated. It was estimated that only 700 cases of encephalitis occur per year in England;8 however, new data suggest that this is an underestimate and that the occurrence of encephalitis is substantially higher (Granerod et al., submitted). Outcomes remain poor: over one-third of encephalitis patients recruited to a multicentre prospective study of encephalitis in England either died or were left with severe disabilities.2 The median age of patients in this study was only 30 years; 34% of cases occurred in children <18 years of age. Other studies have shown similarly poor outcomes. In a contemporary French study 10% of patients died in the acute phase of the illness.3 After three years follow-up of 167 surviving patients, a further nine patients had died of encephalitis-related causes and 15% were severely impaired or in a vegetative state.9 It is estimated that ~70,000 cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE), considered the most important of the viral encephalitides in Asia, occur annually in the 24 JE-endemic countries.10 This is predominantly a disease of children; approximately 20–30% of cases are fatal and 30–50% of survivors have significant neurological sequelae.10 Survivors who make a seemingly good recovery are often left with milder impairments that impact upon quality of life. Encephalitis has significant implications not only for patients directly but also wider economic and public health implications.
Current problems
Encephalitis is challenging to diagnose, manage and study. It is a syndrome of multiple aetiologies and pathogeneses. Pathogenetic mechanisms for the parenchymal inflammation of encephalitis range from direct infectious to immune-mediated; however, specific mechanisms within each of these groups are diverse and often incompletely understood. For example, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is increasingly implicated in encephalitis; however, its exact role (i.e. whether through direct infection or as a trigger for immune-mediated disease) remains controversial due to incomplete understanding of the biology of the organism and host immune response to it, and inherent limitations of its specific microbiological diagnostic test in the context of central nervous system (CNS) disease.11-13
Despite greater than 100 known causes, in most cases of encephalitis neither a pathogenetic mechanism nor aetiology is identified. Accurate and complete case ascertainment of encephalitis cases is made difficult by the complexity of the syndrome, difficulties in distinguishing it from non-encephalitis mimics, and the lack of standard clinical case definitions. There is no standard laboratory diagnostic algorithm for encephalitis in the United Kingdom (UK); although most laboratories test for herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and enteroviruses nucleic acid sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of immunocompetent patients. This practice is supported in the recently published National Guidelines for the Management of Suspected Viral Encephalitis in the UK.14 Testing beyond this varies greatly between centres. To complicate matters further, the test specificity following detection of some viruses, such as lymphotropic herpes viruses (EBV; CMV; HHV-6), in CSF is much lower than for the neurotropic herpesviruses (HSV; VZV). For certain viruses, such as EBV, calculation of the CSF EBV viral load can be helpful: higher values are more likely indicative of aetiological significance.15 However, one pitfall for the diagnostician and researcher is HHV-6. A minority of patients have chromosomal integration of HHV-6 DNA; such patients have consistently high levels of HHV-6 DNA in CSF, blood and plasma.16,17 For other agents, such as West Nile Virus (WNV), detection of an acute serological response in CSF or serum provides strong evidence for causality. Although written primarily for epidemiological studies proposed diagnostic criteria for infectious aetiologies of encephalitis may aid the clinician in interpreting these laboratory results.18
There is growing evidence that an increasing number of viruses can cause encephalitis in human hosts (Table 1). Many recently emerged zoonotic viruses, including Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus, have presented with an encephalitic syndrome in humans.19 European bat lyssavirus resulted in the death of a man from rabies in Scotland in 2002.20 Two outbreaks that occurred in Bangladesh in 2001 and 2003 marked the re-emergence of Nipah virus encephalitis.21 A Vietnamese child, whose death in 2004 was reported to be from encephalitis of unknown cause, was later found to be infected with avian influenza H5N1, suggesting a wider clinical spectrum than previously recognised for this microbe.22 The 1999 outbreak in New York marked the detection of WNV in the Western hemisphere for the first time; it has since spread across America and as far south as Argentina.23 Although some aetiological agents are at present geographically restricted, global warming, ecological change, and an increase in international travel may help infectious agents to cross boundaries. The experience of WNV in North America illustrates the potential for diseases to be introduced to new areas if the vectors are present and the environment supportive.24 Hypothetically, new infectious causes could be found amongst the many encephalitis cases of unknown aetiology. Clinicians are encouraged to notify cases of acute encephalitis, as the prime purpose of the statutory notification system is to allow for rapid detection of potential outbreaks and epidemics.
Aetiological developments
Determining aetiology is a key first step to improve patient outcome. Several recent advances in the field of encephalitis are pertinent to the large proportion of cases of unknown cause.
A recent study by the Health Protection Agency (HPA) showed that systematic and extensive testing in a prospective cohort significantly reduced the proportion of cases of unknown aetiology from 60% previously described to 37%.2,8 It highlighted the importance of rigorous investigation for known causes of encephalitis – achieved in this study by involvement of a wide multidisciplinary team with expertise ranging from the clinical to laboratory.
The HPA study represents the largest prospective cohort of encephalitis patients to date in the British Isles. HSV was confirmed as the most common known aetiological agent, consistent with the findings of other international studies.3 It reinforces maintaining a low threshold for initiating acyclovir treatment in patients with suspected encephalitis. Interestingly of 38 HSV cases, three were diagnosed through detection of intrathecal production of HSV-specific antibody; these samples were PCR negative and would have been missed using only the latter diagnostic technique.25 Sampling CSF early (<3 days after the onset of neurological symptoms) or late (>14 days) in the disease course reduces the probability of a positive viral PCR.26 Thus, if CSF HSV PCR is not performed acutely, a later CSF and serum, taken 10-14 days after symptom onset, should be tested for intrathecal production of HSV antibodies to confirm the diagnosis.14
Arguably the most important recent aetiological development in the field of encephalitis is the recognition of antibody-associated forms of encephalitis, in particular N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-antibodies and voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)-complex antibodies. In the HPA study almost 10% of all encephalitis cases were associated with these antibodies. This was the first study to highlight their significance within a cohort of encephalitis patients, suggesting that they are more common than initially thought and emphasising the importance of considering this diagnosis, especially in patients with prominent seizures, normal cranial imaging, absence of fever, and only mild CSF pleocytosis. These syndromes are amenable to treatment if it is initiated promptly. Almost 60% of patients with antibody-associated encephalitis in the HPA study either died or were left severely disabled; their antibody status was only recognised retrospectively at the end of the study.2
The California Encephalitis Project (CEP), initiated in 1998 to study the epidemiology and aetiology of encephalitis in California, has reported similar findings.4 Since 2007, when NMDAR-antibodies were first reported, cases of encephalitis of uncertain aetiology in individuals ≤30 years of age referred to CEP have been tested for these antibodies. The frequency of NMDAR-antibody encephalitis was found to surpass that of individual viral aetiologies, including HSV.27
Antibody-associated encephalitis
There has been enormous interest over the last few years from researchers worldwide with regard to encephalitis associated with antibodies that target synaptic proteins. As mentioned above, the most common type is NMDAR-antibody encephalitis, followed by encephalitis associated with leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibodies.28 Encephalitis has also been associated with antibodies to another VGKC-complex protein, namely contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR-2). Still further antibodies have been described in limbic encephalitis, including those to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB) receptors. More recently, antibodies to metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) have been described in limbic encephalitis, as have antibodies to white matter glial or myelin antigens in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.29 The field of antibody-mediated CNS disease is only in gestation; more antibody-associated syndromes may yet be identified amongst the many encephalitis cases of unknown cause. Rapidity of testing for antibody-associated encephalitis will be considerably assisted with the development of commercial assays. It is hoped that these will soon be available.29
Other developments
The recent HPA study led to the development of published clinical and aetiological case definitions, which informed how cases were classified.18 These present the UK perspective on aetiological case definitions for acute encephalitis; they include immune-mediated causes. Wide usage of these definitions is encouraged to facilitate better comparison between studies. They are the basis for an International Working Group that aims to determine by consensus an optimal set of criteria/case definitions to recommend for use in clinical practice, public health, and research internationally.
Within the UK a major practice development is the recent publication of National Guidelines for the Management of Suspected Viral Encephalitis in Adults and Children, briefly referred to above.14,30 The guidance covers initial investigation of all patients with suspected acute encephalitis; it includes specific management advice for the viral encephalitides, particularly HSV, VZV and enteroviral encephalitis; as well as advice for assessment of encephalitis in the immunosuppressed and returning traveller. A management algorithm is included modelled on the successful guidance for management of suspected bacterial meningitis. It can be downloaded from: http://www.braininfectionsuk.org/resources/documents/YJINF2823.pdf.
Whilst high dose intravenous acyclovir is well established as treatment for HSV encephalitis the role of other treatments, such as steroids, are not.31,32 There is circumstantial and animal model evidence to suggest that corticosteroids with acyclovir might improve clinical outcome in HSV encephalitis.33 The German trial of Acyclovir and Corticosteroids in Herpes-simplex-virus-Encephalitis (GACHE) is a multicentre, multinational, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that aims to assess the efficacy of acyclovir and corticosteroids in the treatment of HSV encephalitis; it is recruiting at present.34
Despite numerous advances in the field of encephalitis, many challenges remain. Cases of unknown aetiology still form the largest subgroup. Virus discovery methods, which sought to amplify nucleic acid sequences of novel pathogens, did not prove fruitful in the HPA study. However, almost a quarter of unknown cases were shown to have intrathecal synthesis of IgG, for which antigenic specificity was not found following screening against of battery of microbial antigens.25 The presence of intrathecal IgG gives weight to an inflammatory or infective pathogenesis in these cases – they are less likely to be non-inflammatory syndromic mimics. Studying the antigenic specificity of intrathecal IgG could provide clues to the cause in these cases.35 Future studies could use peptide libraries to seek putative antigenic targets for CSF antibodies: such a technique might reveal novel infectious or autoimmune aetiologies.
For sporadic and epidemic causes of infectious encephalitis it is not understood why only a minority of individuals exposed to an infection develop encephalitis – the majority of encephalitic patients are not immunosuppressed. Host and pathogen-related factors are likely to be important. It has been shown in horses that a naturally occurring variation in a single amino acid position of the viral DNA polymerase enzyme results in differing pathogenic potential of a herpesvirus.36,37 Whether distinct strains of human HSV differ in their pathogenic capacity has yet clearly to be established in cases of HSV encephalitis. Host factors are increasingly implicated in encephalitis. Alleles in the innate immune effectors TLR3 and UNC93B have been identified that mediate susceptibility to herpes encephalitis in children.38,39 Further studies to address both pathogen neurovirulence and host susceptibility could increase our understanding of the pathogeneses of encephalitis, perhaps even providing potential targets for novel treatment strategies.
The HPA study showed that rigorous and systematic laboratory testing in a prospective study reduced the proportion of cases of unknown aetiology. Now a standard diagnostic algorithm for laboratory investigation is needed incorporating testing for infectious and antibody-associated causes. Such a development should be combined with improved access to specialist diagnostic tests performed in centres participating in rigorous quality control programmes.
Research and development programmes are currently underway in the UK addressing some of these issues. A major new NIHR programme grant on "Understanding and improving the outcome of encephalitis" is being co-ordinated by the Brain Infections Group in Liverpool. Further research co-ordinated by the HPA is underway to better define associations between neuroimaging results and specific encephalitis aetiologies, and to assess specific post-encephalitic morbidities in the UK. Furthermore, multicentre prospective studies in other parts of the world, including Australia, are underway to study aetiology seeking emerging infections.
Encephalitis has only recently become a priority for researchers, funders and policy makers. Recent research, particularly the emerging field of antibody-mediated CNS disease, has decreased the proportion of cases of unknown aetiology. But the proportion of encephalitic patients for whom no aetiology is found remains unacceptably high. Both novel infectious aetiologies and new antigenic targets for immune-mediated encephalitis could underlie these cases. Recent advances are encouraging but there is still a way to go.
1. Sydenham T. Of the continued fever of the years 1673, 1674, 1675. Wallis G, ed. The work of Thomas Sydenham MD on acute and chronic disease with annotations by George Wallis. London: Robinson, Otridge, Hayes & Newbery; 1788. 299.
2. Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, Clewley JP, Walsh AL, Morgan D et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10(12):835-44.
3. Mailles A, Stahl JP. Infectious encephalitis in France in 2007: a national prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49(12):1838-47.
4. Glaser CA, Honarmand S, Anderson LJ, Schnurr DP, Forghani B, Cossen CK et al. Beyond viruses: clinical profiles and etiologies associated with encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43(12):1565-77.
5. Huppatz C, Durrheim DN, Levi C, Dalton C, Williams D, Clements MS et al. Etiology of encephalitis in Australia, 1990-2007. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15(9):1359-65.
6. Granerod J, Crowcroft NS. The epidemiology of acute encephalitis. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2007;17(4-5):406-28.
7. Granerod J, Tam CC, Crowcroft NS, Davies NWS, Borchert M, Thomas SL. Challenge of the unknown: a systematic review of acute encephalitis in non-outbreak situations. Neurology 2010;75:924-32.
8. Davison KL, Crowcroft NS, Ramsay ME, Brown DW, Andrews NJ. Viral encephalitis in England, 1989-1998: what did we miss? Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9(2):234-40.
9. Mailles A, De Broucker T, Costanzo P, Martinez-Almoyna L, Vaillant V, Stahl JP. Long-term outcome of patients presenting with acute infectious encephalitis of various causes in France. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(10):1455-64.
10. Campbell GL, Hills SL, Fischer M, Jacobson JA, Hoke CH, Hombach JM et al. Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2011;89(10):766-74.
11. Lewis P, Glaser CA. Encephalitis. Pediatr Rev 2005;26(10):353-63.
12. Kolski H, Ford-Jones EL, Richardson S, Petric M, Nelson S, Jamieson F et al. Etiology of acute childhood encephalitis at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, 1994-1995. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26(2):398-409.
13. Bitnun A, Richardson SE. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Innocent Bystander or a True Cause of Central Nervous System Disease? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010;12(4):282-90.
14. Solomon T, Michael BD, Smith PE, Sanderson F, Davies NW, Hart IJ et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults–Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines. J Infect 2012;64(4):347-73.
15. Majid A, Galetta SL, Sweeney CJ, Robinson C, Mahalingham R, Smith J et al. Epstein-Barr virus myeloradiculitis and encephalomyeloradiculitis. Brain 2002;125(1):159-65.
16. Ward KN, Leong HN, Nacheva EP, Howard J, Atkinson CE, Davies NW et al. Human herpesvirus 6 chromosomal integration in immunocompetent patients results in high levels of viral DNA in blood, sera, and hair follicles. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:1571-4.
17. Isaacson E, Glaser CA, Forghani B, Amad Z, Wallace M, Armstrong RW et al. Evidence of human herpesvirus 6 infection in 4 immunocompetent patients with encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40(6):890-3.
18. Granerod J, Cunningham R, Zuckerman M, Mutton K, Davies NW, Walsh AL et al. Causality in acute encephalitis: defining aetiologies. Epidemiol Infect 2010;138(6):783-800.
19. Paterson BJ, Mackenzie JS, Durrheim DN, Smith D. A review of the epidemiology and surveillance of viral zoonotic encephalitis and the impact on human health in Australia. NSW Public Health Bull 2011;22(5-6):99-104.
20. Warrell MJ, Warrell DA. Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. Lancet 2004;363(9413):959-69.
21. Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, Ali MM, Ksiazek TG, Kuzmin I et al. Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10(12):2082-7.
22. de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, Vo MH, Tran TT, Nguyen BH et al. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med 2005;352(7):686-91.
23. Petersen LR, Hayes EB. West Nile virus in the Americas. Med Clin North Am 2008;92:1307-22.
24. Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2(9):519-29.
25. Ambrose HE, Granerod J, Clewley JP, Davies NW, Keir G, Cunningham R et al. Diagnostic strategy used to establish etiologies of encephalitis in a prospective cohort of patients in England. J Clin Microbiol 2011;49(10):3576-83.
26. Davies NWS, Brown LJ, Gonde J, Irish D, Robinson RO, Swan AV et al. Factors influencing PCR detection of viruses in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with suspected CNS infections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:82-7.
27. Gable MS, Sheriff H, Dalmau J, Tilley DH, Glaser CA. The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(7):899-904.
28. Graus F, Dalmau J. CNS autoimmunity: new findings and pending issues. Lancet Neurol 2012;11(1):17-19.
29. Zuliani L, Graus F, Giometto B, Bien C, Vincent A. Central nervous system neuronal surface antibody associated syndromes: review and guidelines for recognition. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:638-45.
30. Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, Mehta B, Easton A, Hemingway C et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children – Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines. J Infect 2012;64(5):449-77.
31. Skoldenberg B, Forsgren M, Alestig K, Bergstrom T, Burman L, Dahlqvist E et al. Acyclovir versus vidarabine in herpes simplex encephalitis. Randomised multicentre study in consecutive Swedish patients. Lancet 1984;2(8405):707-11.
32. Whitley RJ, Alford CA, Hirsch MS, Schooley RT, Luby JP, Aoki FY et al. Vidarabine versus acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis. N Engl J Med 1986;314(3):144-9.
33 Meyding-Lamade UK, Oberlinner C, Rau PR, Seyfer S, Heiland S, Sellner J et al. Experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis: a combination therapy of acyclovir and glucocorticoids reduces long-term magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. J Neurovirol 2003;9(1):118-25.
34. Martinez-Torres F, Menon S, Pritsch M, Victor N, Jenetzky E, Jensen K et al. Protocol for German trial of Acyclovir and corticosteroids in Herpes-simplex-virus-encephalitis (GACHE): a multicenter, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled German, Austrian and Dutch trial [ISRCTN45122933]. BMC Neurol 2008;8:40.
35. Burgoon MP, Owens GP, Carlson S, Maybach AL, Gilden DH. Antigen discovery in chronic human inflammatory central nervous system disease: panning phage-displayed antigen libraries identifies the targets of central nervous system-derived IgG in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Immunol 2001;167(10):6009-14.
36. Goodman LB, Loregian A, Perkins GA, Nugent J, Buckles EL, Mercorelli B et al. A point mutation in a herpesvirus polymerase determines neuropathogenicity. PLoS Pathog 2007;3(11):e160.
37. Nugent J, Birch-Machin I, Smith KC, Mumford JA, Swann Z, Newton JR et al. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks. J Virol 2006;80(8):4047-60.
38. Lauring AS, Cheng HH, Eiden MV, Overbaugh J. Genetic and biochemical analyses of Pit1determinants for FeLV-T suggest a novel mechanism for entry. J Virol 2002;76:8069-78.
39. Webster DR, Hekele AG, Lauring AS, Fischer KF, Li H, Andino R et al. An enhanced single base extension technique for the analysis of complex viral populations. PLoS One 2009;4:e7453.


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Q: Salesforce - Limit_Exceeded - Error I have piece of code for inserting case from back end -
I checked the logs - and the error is as below

System.DmlException: Insert failed. First exception on row 0; first
  error: LIMIT_EXCEEDED, limit exceeded: []

This error is only for one of the sandbox and not in all sandboxes.
I checked system over view - and no limit is exceeded.  I also tried to research if we are hitting the email limit , but could not find it in the system

A: We got this issue today and the root cause for this is mentioned in below link.
https://help.salesforce.com/s/articleView?id=000317857&type=1
When error messages says LIMIT_EXCEEDED, limit exceeded: [] with no more info, check your Omni Channel limits. Make sure its less than defined number. And proceed with given resolution steps to resolve this.
The exact error message here from Salesforce logs is :
Exceeded MAX_PENDING_SERVICE_ROUTINGS of 200000"""common.exception.LimitExceededException: Exceeded MAX_PENDING_SERVICE_ROUTINGS of 200000


Defines the available values for BayesFilter.Algorithm property to specify the algorithm which should be used to calculate spam score of e-mail messages.
GrahamAlgorithm 1 Use Graham algorithm (faster).
ChiSquareAlgorithm 2 Use Chi-Square algorithm (more accurate).