text:
Distal Radius Fractures
Distal radius fractures are one of the most common fractures encountered in practice and are often associated with falling onto an outstretched hand Hand The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves. Hand. These fractures are most frequently seen in older individuals, especially women. In this population, these fractures are related to an increase in falls due to gait instability with aging and associated osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis refers to a decrease in bone mass and density leading to an increased number of fractures. There are 2 forms of osteoporosis: primary, which is commonly postmenopausal or senile; and secondary, which is a manifestation of immobilization, underlying medical disorders, or long-term use of certain medications. Osteoporosis. In younger individuals, distal radius fractures are usually related to high-energy trauma. Individuals often present with pain Pain Pain has accompanied humans since they first existed, first lamented as the curse of existence and later understood as an adaptive mechanism that ensures survival. Pain is the most common symptomatic complaint and the main reason why people seek medical care. Physiology of Pain and a dinner fork deformity of the distal forearm Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term "forearm" is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles. Forearm. Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed with x-rays X-rays X-rays are high-energy particles of electromagnetic radiation used in the medical field for the generation of anatomical images. X-rays are projected through the body of a patient and onto a film, and this technique is called conventional or projectional radiography. X-rays of the wrist. Treatment can be operative or nonoperative depending on the age of the individual, articular involvement, and degree of displacement or angulation.
Distal Radius Anatomy
The radius is the lateral bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Structure of Bones of the forearm Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term "forearm" is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles. Forearm. This bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Structure of Bones is responsible for the vast majority of the axial load.
The distal radius:
Has approximately 20 degrees of radial inclination and 5–10 degrees of volar tilt
Articulates with the distal ulna through the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ)
Articulates with the scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist at the radiocarpal joint
The DRUJ:
Is primarily responsible for pronation and supination of the wrist
Contains a ligamentous complex, the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), which may be injured in association with a distal radius fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures
Anterior view of the radius featuring its bony landmarks and articular surfaces
Image by BioDigital, edited by Lecturio
Wrist joint Wrist joint The wrist connects the forearm to the hand. It consists of 8 carpal bones, multiple joints, and various supporting ligaments, as well as the distal bones of the forearm and the proximal portion of the 5 metacarpal bones of the hand. Wrist Joint and its articulations with the radius and ulna:
The distal radius articulates with the scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist at the radiocarpal joint. The distal radius also articulates with the ulna at the radioulnar joint.
X-ray of a left wrist, showing normal anatomy and no injuries
Image: "X-ray of normal wrist" by Mikael Häggström, M.D. License: CC0 1.0, edited by Lecturio.
Movements of distal radius:
Inclination of the radius, shortening of the radius, and volar tilt are radiologically measured values used to evaluate the radial joint in the setting of a distal radius fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures.
Radius – Bones and Surface Anatomy
Prevalence:
Distal radius fractures: 17.5% of all fractures in adults
Hand and forearm Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term "forearm" is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles. Forearm fractures account for 1.5% of ED visits.
Radius and/or ulna fractures: 44% of hand Hand The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves. Hand and forearm Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term "forearm" is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles. Forearm fractures
Ages of individuals who most commonly present:
Middle-aged to elderly due to low-energy mechanisms (fall on outstretched hand Hand The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves. Hand) as a result of increased bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Structure of Bones fragility
Young individuals due to high-energy mechanisms (e.g., car accidents, sports injury)
More common in females (F:M ratio is 2–3:1)
In the elderly: fall on outstretched hand Hand The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves. Hand is the most common mechanism.
In younger individuals:
High-energy trauma directly to the bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Structure of Bones
Compression load driving the scaphoid or lunate into the distal radius (e.g., punching a hard surface)
Classic Fractures
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Individual often reports:
Falling on an outstretched hand Hand The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves. Hand
Wrist pain Wrist Pain Hand and wrist pain is very common among the general population. Up to 30% of adults will have hand pain during their lives, and half of all cases progress to chronic pain. The causes of hand and wrist pain can be classified into mechanical (e.g., fractures, inflammation, ligament tear), neurologic (e.g., nerve entrapment), and systemic (e.g., autoimmune arthritis). Hand and Wrist Pain with associated swelling and deformity
Assess for previous fragility fractures as well as the degree of energy involved in the injury.
Physical exam:
Evaluate for deformity and skin Skin The skin, also referred to as the integumentary system, is the largest organ of the body. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (deep layer). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that undergo rapid turnover, while the dermis contains dense layers of connective tissue. Structure and Function of the Skin integrity:
Dinner fork deformity: dorsal angulation, displacement and impaction of distal segment of the radius
Absence of this deformity does not exclude fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures.
Evaluation of the wrist:
Range of motion: supination, pronation, flexion, and extension
Palpation of the ulna and radial surfaces for areas of tenderness and displacement
Palpation of anatomical snuffbox to evaluate for scaphoid fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures
Careful neurovascular examination:
Radial and ulnar pulses with capillary refill
Evaluation of sensory and muscular function of median, ulnar, and radial nerves
Index and thumb sensations should always be assessed because of increased risk of injury to median nerve with distal radius fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures
Evaluate for associated injuries:
Carpal fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures/dislocations
DRUJ injuries
Carpal ligament injuries
Digit tendon injuries
Colles fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures of the left hand Hand The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves. Hand:
Classic dinner fork deformity with posterior displacement clearly visible.
Image: "Colles fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures of the left hand Hand The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves. Hand" by Sylvain Letuffe. License: Public Domain
Diagnosis is clinical; however, imaging is needed for confirmation and evaluation of severity.
X-rays:
Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral, with optional oblique
Evaluate six A's:
Anatomy involved
Involvement of Articular surface
Alignment of the fragments
Degree of Angulation
Presence of Apposition
Acquire images of the joints above and below the injury; imaging is repeated after reduction if reduction is required.
Findings suggestive of fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures:
Radial shortening of ≥ 5 mm
Radial inclination change of ≥ 5 degrees
Articular step-off of ≥ 2 mm
Volar tilt with dorsal angulation of ≥ 5 degrees
May be used to evaluate intraarticular involvement
Useful for surgical planning
Frykman classification of distal radius fractures:
Types I/II: do not involve the joint; complications are rare once treated
Types III/IV: involving the radiocarpal joint
Types V/VI: involving the DRUJ
Types VII/VIII: involve both radiocarpal and DRUJ; tend to be very unstable
Specific examples of distal radius fractures
Colles fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures:
A common fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures of the distal radius, often low-energy
Generally extraarticular and dorsally displaced
Smith fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures:
Considered a reverse Colles fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures
Distal radius angulation is in the palmar direction.
Often seen if the fall occurs on a flexed wrist
Die-punch fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures:
Fracture of the distal radius resulting from an axial loading force
Intraarticular fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures of the lunate fossa of the distal radius
Barton fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures:
Intraarticular fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures/subluxation involving the dorsal or volar rim of the distal radius
Often appears as a triangular fragment of the distal radial styloid on x-ray
Hutchinson fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures (chauffeur's fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures):
Fracture through the base of the radial styloid
Occurs with forced hyperextension of the wrist
Lateral (a) and anteroposterior (b) wrist radiographs. Shown is a transverse distal radial metaphyseal fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures (arrows) with no intraarticular extension.
Image: "Colles fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures" by Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine. License: CC BY 4.0
Barton and reverse Barton fractures:
Lateral (a) and anteroposterior (b) right wrist radiographs. Shown is a comminuted oblique intraarticular fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures with dorsal migration of the carpus, consistent with Barton fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures.
Image: "Barton's and reverse Barton's" by Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine. License: CC BY 4.0
Radiographs (anteroposterior and lateral views) showing distal radius fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures
Image: "Radiographs anteroposterior and lateral view showing distal radius fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures" by Panthi S, et al. License: CC BY 3.0
Die-punch fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures of the radius shows a vertical depression fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures:
a: The entire lunate fossa is vertically depressed (left, anterior view; right, lateral view).
b and c: Anteroposterior (left) and lateral (right) radiographs
Image: "Vertical depression fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures" by Zhang J, et al. License: CC BY 4.0
Management, whether nonsurgical or surgical, is based on the type of fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures (based on articular involvement and displacement) and the age and activity level of the individual.
Nonsurgical management
Splinting:
Often used initially to allow swelling to decrease before casting
Simple splint (volar or sugar tong style) can be done for fractures with minimal/no displacement or after an adequate closed reduction ( x-rays X-rays X-rays are high-energy particles of electromagnetic radiation used in the medical field for the generation of anatomical images. X-rays are projected through the body of a patient and onto a film, and this technique is called conventional or projectional radiography. X-rays before and after reduction should be assessed)
In a sugar tong splint, the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees, with neutral positioning of the wrist
Swelling and pain management Pain Management Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is a subjective experience. Acute pain lasts < 3 months and typically has a specific, identifiable cause. Pain Management:
Circumferential casting should not be done in the acute setting because continued swelling may contribute to neurovascular injury (distal ischemia and carpal tunnel syndrome Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a complex of signs and symptoms caused by compression of the median nerve as it crosses the carpal tunnel. Presentation is with pain and paresthesia of the dermatomal target tissues innervated by the median nerve as well as weakness and atrophy of the nerve's myotomal targets. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome most common).
Elevation and ice are helpful to reduce swelling and to assist in pain Pain Pain has accompanied humans since they first existed, first lamented as the curse of existence and later understood as an adaptive mechanism that ensures survival. Pain is the most common symptomatic complaint and the main reason why people seek medical care. Physiology of Pain control for a properly reduced or nondisplaced fracture Fracture A fracture is a disruption of the cortex of any bone and periosteum and is commonly due to mechanical stress after an injury or accident. Open fractures due to trauma can be a medical emergency. Fractures are frequently associated with automobile accidents, workplace injuries, and trauma. Overview of Bone Fractures.
Active range of motion of shoulder and fingers are allowed and encouraged.
Pain management should be tailored to the individual's needs, using the smallest amount of the least potent medication possible.
Forearm sugar tong splint:
A simple splint, the sugar tong splint is indicated in distal radius and ulnar fractures that are not displaced. The splint impedes pronation/supination and immobilizes the elbow joint Elbow joint The elbow is the synovial hinge joint between the humerus in the upper arm and the radius and ulna in the forearm. The elbow consists of 3 joints, which form a functional unit enclosed within a single articular capsule. The elbow is the link between the powerful motions of the shoulder and the intricate fine-motor function of the hand. Elbow Joint.
Surgical management
Surgical management is indicated in the presence of:
Significant displacement or substantial articular involvement as demonstrated by:
Intraarticular step-off of the distal radius
Increased dorsal tilt
Loss of radial length
Neurovascular compromise without resolution after reduction
Inadequate reduction
Associated instability
Prognosis is favorable.
The majority of individuals resume their previous level of activity.
Some individuals have resultant loss of motion, instability, and posttraumatic degenerative joint disease.
Scaphoid fractures: A fall on an outstretched hand Hand The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves. Hand is associated with carpal bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Structure of Bones injuries. Physicians should specifically evaluate for scaphoid fractures by palpating the anatomical snuffbox area of the wrist. Range of motion is usually not restricted, and swelling/deformity of the wrist are usually minimal. Diagnosis is clinical, combined with radiographic findings. Treatment varies based on severity, ranging from surgical fixation to immobilization in a short- arm Arm The arm, or "upper arm" in common usage, is the region of the upper limb that extends from the shoulder to the elbow joint and connects inferiorly to the forearm through the cubital fossa. It is divided into 2 fascial compartments (anterior and posterior). Arm thumb spica cast with the wrist in slight extension for 4–6 weeks.
Triangular fibrocartilage complex injury: ligamentous joint that stabilizes the radioulnar juncture and commonly injured with falls on an outstretched hand Hand The hand constitutes the distal part of the upper limb and provides the fine, precise movements needed in activities of daily living. It consists of 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges, as well as numerous muscles innervated by the median and ulnar nerves. Hand. Symptoms include pain Pain Pain has accompanied humans since they first existed, first lamented as the curse of existence and later understood as an adaptive mechanism that ensures survival. Pain is the most common symptomatic complaint and the main reason why people seek medical care. Physiology of Pain over the ulnar aspect of the wrist, increasing with forearm Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term "forearm" is used in anatomy to distinguish this area from the arm, a term that is commonly used to describe the entire upper limb. The forearm consists of 2 long bones (the radius and the ulna), the interosseous membrane, and multiple arteries, nerves, and muscles. Forearm rotation and ulnar deviation. Management is primarily nonsurgical, involving NSAIDs, ice, and splinting.
Wrist sprain: common term for a strain of the radiocarpal ligaments. Presentation is typically with acute wrist pain Pain Pain has accompanied humans since they first existed, first lamented as the curse of existence and later understood as an adaptive mechanism that ensures survival. Pain is the most common symptomatic complaint and the main reason why people seek medical care. Physiology of Pain with minimal restriction of movement, usually after trauma. Management is conservative and supportive only. A sprained wrist can only be a diagnosis of exclusion, after all other pathologic processes have been ruled out.
Carpal fractures: common injuries that often occur secondary to falls. Fractures of the capitate, lunate, and trapezoid usually present with swelling, tenderness, and reduced range of motion of the wrist. Surgical repair may be indicated, depending on which bone Bone Bone is a compact type of hardened connective tissue composed of bone cells, membranes, an extracellular mineralized matrix, and central bone marrow. The 2 primary types of bone are compact and spongy. Structure of Bones is fractured.
Meena, S., Sharma, P., Sambharia, A.K., Dawar, A. (2014). Fractures of distal radius: an overview. J Family Med Prim Care 3:325–332. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25657938/
Chung, K.C., Spilson, S.V. (2001). The frequency and epidemiology of hand and forearm fractures in the United States. J Hand Surg Am 26:908–915. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11561245/
Lawson, G.M., Hajducka, C., McQueen, M.M. (1995). Sports fractures of the distal radius—epidemiology and outcome. Injury 26:33–36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7868207/
O'Neill, T.W., UK Colles' Fracture Study Group, et al. (2001). Incidence of distal forearm fracture in British men and women. Osteoporos Int 12:555–558. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11527052/
Gutow, A.P. (2005). Avoidance and treatment of complications of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin 21:295–305. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16039441/
Bozentka, D.J., et al. (2002). Digital radiographs in the assessment of distal radius fracture parameters. Clin Orthop Relat Res 397:409–413. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11953635/
Lafontaine, M., Hardy, D., Delince, P. (1989). Stability assessment of distal radius fractures. Injury 20:208–210. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2592094/


text:
Antiope, è un personaggio immaginario posseduto dalla DC Comics e si basa sul personaggio mitologico di Antiope. Nei fumetti fu la sorella della Regina Ippolita, e quindi zia di Wonder Woman. Fu la fondatrice delle Amazzoni di Bana-Mighdall, che loro adorano come un'antenata sacra.

Origini

Nella continuità corrente, Antiope e il resto delle Amazzoni Themysciriane furono create per la prima volta da un gruppo selezionato di pochi dei greci, che inclusero Artemide, Atena, Estia, Demetra e Afrodite. Presero le anime di donne trucidate nel tempo per mano degli uomini e li inviarono al centro del Mare Egeo. Le anime quindi cominciarono a formare dei corpi dalla creta nel letto del mare. Una volta che raggiunsero la superficie i corpi di creta divennero Amazzoni viventi di carne e sangue.

La prima ad uscire fuori dall'acqua fu Ippolita, e quindi fu nominata Regina della nuova razza. La seconda Amazzone ad affacciarsi fu sua sorella Antiope, che divenne la comandante in seconda di Ippolita in tutti gli affari.

Ognuna delle dee che crearono le Amazzoni le benedisse con doni personali: abilità di caccia (Artemide), saggezza (Atena), abilità domestiche/caldi focolari (Estia), raccolti abbondanti (Demetra) e bellezza interna ed esterna (Afrodite). Come simbolo dei loro titoli di guida, gli dei diedero ad Ippolita ed Antiope una Cintura Dorata di Gea ognuna che aumentò la loro forza e le loro abilità in modo significativo. Le Amazzoni, infine, fondarono la città di Themyscira in Anatolia e divennero note come feroci guerriere in pace in Turchia, Grecia e Roma.

Phthia

Durante il loro regno, Antiope ed Ippolita incrociarono una donna con una bambina su un cavallo. La donna, malata, si identificò loro come la regina Ipsipile, e la bambina era sua figlia, la Principessa Phthia. Esse erano le governanti dell'isola di Lemno in una società matriarcale molto simile a quella Amazzone di Themyscira.

Spiegò che quando l'argonauta Giasone approdò la sua nave Argo sulla loro isola mise incinta la Regina che partorì due gemelli, un maschio e una femmina. Phthia era loro figlia. Dopo che Giasone se ne andò per continuare le sue avventure, la Regina fu lasciata a sé stessa e subì una ribellione. I suoi sudditi uccisero il maschio, Euneo, e maledissero lei con la lebbra. Bandite dalla loro isola, la Regina e la Principessa vagarono per le terra insediandosi infine a Nemea.

Infine, l'aurispice Calcante si incontrò con la Regina dicendole che avrebbe dovuto ritornare a Lemno, scortata da una delle Regine Guerriere, così che la lezione potesse essere imparata. Antiope ed un gruppo di Amazzoni decisero di accompagnare Ipsipile al fine di scoprire quale verità sarebbe stata svelata. Ippolita, invece, sarebbe tornata a Themyscira. Quando Antiope e le sue compagne giunsero, scoprirono che le donne di Lemno erano morte da tempo, perendo per loro stessa mano poiché le guerre interne le avevano consumate. Scoprendo tutto ciò, Ipsipile morì di dolore. Antiope adottò Phthia, e le due formarono un legame molto più stretto di quello derivante dal sangue.

Caduta dalla grazia

Poco dopo, il geloso e vendicativo dio Ares tentò di screditare i nomi di Antiope e Phthia facendo sì che il suo fratellastro semi-dio Ercole invadesse le Amazzoni e le sminuisse, rubando nel frattempo le Cinture Dorate di Gea.

Quando Ercole si fece avanti per la prima volta cercando la battaglia, Ippolita e Antiope lo incontrarono fuori dai cancelli della città e tentarono di ragionare con lui tramite negoziati pacifici. Quando questo non funzionò e Ercole attaccò la Regina Ippolita utilizzando la sua mitica forza a suo vantaggio, Ippolita girò facilmente la faccenda utilizzando la saggezza e le abilità combattive per sottometterlo. Cercando ancora la pace, Ippolita invitò Ercole e suoi uomini nella città per celebrare una potenziale amicizia con una festa. Nascondendo la sua rabbia e l'umiliazione per essere stato costretto ad arrendersi a una donna, Ercole accettò l'invito.

Una volta nella loro fortezza, Ercole e i suoi uomini drogarono il vino delle Amazzoni e le fecero prigioniere. Dopo che Ercole rubò la Cintura Dorata di Ippolita, e i suoi uomini abusarono delle Amazzoni e le stuprarono, Ippolita pregò Atena perché le aiutasse a fuggire. Atena disse che le avrebbe aiutate a condizione che le Amazzoni non avessero cercato vendetta su Ercole e i suoi uomini, poiché sarebbe stato al di sotto degli ideali per cui erano state create. Ippolita accettò con astio, e le catene delle Amazzoni furono spezzate, nonché fu loro restituita la sobrietà. Una volta che furono fuori dal loro stato drogato, le Amazzoni si riempirono di odio e vendetta. Rompendo il giuramento di Ippolita ad Atena, le Amazzoni cominciarono a massacrare i loro assalitori, ma furono costernate dallo scoprire che Ercole e il suo generale, Teseo, erano già partiti per la loro terra.

Dopo il massacro, Atena rimproverò le Amazzoni per aver disobbedito al suo ordine. Così ordinò che le Amazzoni subissero una pena per le loro azioni. Anche se Ippolita accettò i desideri della dea, Antiope si fece beffe di Atena per essere arrabbiata con loro per aver ucciso i loro rapitori. Antiope quindi denunciò ogni torto agli dei dell'Olimpo e disse addio a sua sorella, dando a Ippolita la sua Cintura Dorata di Gea per rimpiazzare quella che le aveva rubato Ercole. Antiope partì per la Grecia, insieme a metà della nazione Amazzone che la supportava nel suo nuovo viaggio per continuare la battaglia contro Ercole e Teseo per riottenere il loro onore, e ricatturare la cintura di Antiope.

Vita in Grecia

Con l'arrivo in Grecia, Antiope incontrò Teseo che, sorprendentemente, si innamorò della Regina Amazzone. Anche se la cosa fece infuriare le sue fedeli Amazzoni, Antiope cambiò sentimenti verso Teseo, e anche lei si innamorò di lui. I due si sposarono, combinando le forze di Teseo con le Amazzoni di Antiope. Anche se insieme formarono un'armata potente, l'alleanza non veniva vista di buon occhio dalle Amazzoni poiché quelli erano gli stessi uomini che le avevano schiavizzate e stuprate a Themyscira, e anche perché non ricevevano alcun rispetto dagli uomini di Teseo. Phthia soprattutto fu contro il matrimonio, perché le ricordava l'inizio della vita maledetta condotta da sua madre dopo l'incontro con Giasone. Tuttavia, accettò le decisioni della sua madre adottiva, e a malincuore accettò il loro matrimonio.

Durante il loro matrimonio, Antiope diede vita ad un figlio, Ippolito. Dato che Antiope fu in grado di dare a Teseo un erede maschio, l'ex moglie di Teseo, Arianna, divenne pesantemente gelosa e acida. Così, cercò l'aiuto di Circe per vendicarsi. Circe trasportò Arianna nella camera da letto della Regina, dove accoltellò Antiope nel sonno. Cercando ancora di più di offuscarne il nome, Arianna fece sì che sembrasse che Antiope fosse stata uccisa dalla sua figliastra, Phthia, che giunse sulla scena del crimine. Phthia fu quindi catturata, e gettata nelle prigioni di Teseo, ora in lutto, finché non fosse stata giustiziata per i suoi "crimini".

La voce della morte di Antiope, e la falsa accusa verso Phthia raggiunse le Amazzoni, che liberarono la Principessa dalle prigioni di Teseo, lasciando la Grecia per sempre insieme alla Cintura Dorata rubata precedentemente da Ercole. Phthia prese il posto di Antiope come capo delle Amazzoni, e la tribù di guerriere finirono per diventare le Amazzoni di Bana-Mighdall.

L'eredita di Antiope

A causa del tradimento di Arianna verso Antiope, le Amazzoni di Bana-Mighdall utilizzarono il nome ariadna per descrivere ogni persona di cui non ci si poteva fidare. In più, a causa delle precedenti trasgressioni eseguite dagli uomini contro le Amazzoni, le Amazzoni di Bana-Mighdall disprezzarono gli uomini al punto di separarsi da loro per secoli. L'unica eccezione fu il figlio di Antiope, Ippolito, che le Amazzoni di Bana-Mighdall tennero in alta considerazione nella loro cultura.

Nel corso dei secoli, le Amazzoni di Bana-Mighdall tennero sia la Cintura Dorata di Gea ritrovata da Antiope che un busto di lei durante la sua vita come sacra reliquia. Quando Ippolita creò una sua figlia, Diana, ella modellò la bambina perché avesse le fattezze della sorella caduta. Così, quando finalmente Diana incontrò sua zia in forma spirituale molti secoli dopo la morte di Antiope, le due si dimostrarono identiche eccezione fatta per il colore dei capelli.

Dopo la morte di sua sorella Ippolita, Antiope comparve in forma di fantasma a sua nipote Diana. Antiope le disse "Ci sono altre Amazzoni là fuori. Discendenti della mia tribù. Altre fuoricasta - Diana, devi cercarle, e guidarle - e rappresentarle nel mondo degli uomini". Antiope e Ippolita rivelarono che sarebbero rimaste come guardiane fantasma di Diana, guidando e proteggendo il suo spirito nonostante fossero ora serve del dio dei morti, Ade.

Nella serie televisiva Wonder Woman, fu mostrato che Diana aveva una cugina di nome Evadne, interpretata dall'attrice Dorrie Thomson che fu una rivale nel torneo tenuto per diventare Wonder Woman. Questo fu l'unico riferimento ad una possibile zia di Diana nella serie.

Abilità

Tutte le Amazzoni Themysciriane possiedono un alto grado forza, velocità, resistenza e sensi straordinariamente acuti e super umani, e sono tutti doni con cui furono benedette dagli dei. Come mostrato da numerosi membri della tribù, hanno la capacità di spezzare l'acciaio e il calcestruzzo a mani nude, saltare fino a 32 metri d'altezza da ferme, un'alta resistenza, guarigione velocizzata, e l'abilità di assorbire e interpretare una vasta quantità di nozioni in un breve periodo di tempo.

Le Amazzoni Themysciriane possiedono anche l'abilità di guarire il proprio corpo dalle ferite fisiche e dalle tossine diventando un tutt'uno con la Terra e riformando nuovamente il proprio corpo. La prima volta che lo fece Diana pregò la dea Gea dicendo "Gea, ti prego. Dammi la forza. Tu sei la Terra che mi ha allattata, che mi ha nutrita e allevata. Attraverso te tutta la vita è rigenerata. Il cerchio senza fine. Ti prego, madre Gea, riprendimi nel tuo grembo. Ti prego, rendimi meritevole". Durante il periodo di John Byrne come scrittore della serie, si affermò che questo era un rituale molto sacro per le Themysciriane, da essere utilizzato solo in circostanze di estremissima necessità.

Altri media

Cinema
Il generale Antiope compare col volto dell'attrice Robin Wright nel film Wonder Woman diretto da Patty Jenkins, distribuito nel 2017 e ambientato all'interno del DC Extended Universe. Nel film Antiope è di nuovo del colore di capelli diverso da quello di Diana e muore dopo che un soldato tedesco, mentre l'esercito invade Themyscira, le spara in petto, uccidendola sul colpo.

Note

Voci correlate

Wonder Woman
Ippolita (DC Comics)
Amazzoni (DC Comics)
Dei dell'Olimpo

Collegamenti esterni

Personaggi creati da George Pérez
Personaggi di Wonder Woman
Regine immaginarie
Amazzoni nelle opere di fantasia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to store a DataRow after removing it from a DataTable for further use? I'm trying to implement undo redo in my DataGrid which is bound to a DataTable.
DataTable table;
DataRow row;
public InsertRowCommand(DataTable dt, DataRow dr)
{
    table = dt;
    row = dr;
}

public void Execute(object param)
{
    bool redo = (bool)param;
    if (redo)
    {
        table.Rows.Add(row);  //RowNotInTable Exception

    }
    else
    {
        table.Rows.Remove(row);
    }
}

After undo I should be able to add the same row back to the DataTable on redo.
I know that a DataRow should always be associated with a DataTable. How should I store that information?
EDIT : After the suggestion posted I tried doing the following
DataTable table;
    DataTable tableRemoved = new DataTable();
    DataRow row;
    DataRow rowRemoved;
    public InsertRowCommand(DataTable dt, DataRow dr)
    {
        table = dt;
        row = dr;
        rowRemoved = dr;
    }

    public void Execute(object param)
    {
        bool redo = (bool)param;
        if (redo)
        {
            row = tableRemoved.Rows[0];
            tableRemoved.Rows.Clear();
            table.Rows.Add(row);
        }
        else
        {
            table.Rows.Remove(row);
            tableRemoved.Rows.Add(rowRemoved); //ArgumentException thrown
        }
    }

On undo, when I try to add the row to the new table, Argument Exception (This row already belongs to another table.) is thrown.
Edit : Using tableRemoved.ImportRow(row) worked.

A: Add another DataTable tableRemoved; that has not any DataRow.
After removing each row in table add that row to this tableRemoved, then you have what you want.

A: The instance is tied with the DataTable. ImportFunction() makes an actual copy of the row.
tableRemoved = table.Clone();
public void Execute(object param)
    {
        bool redo = (bool)param;
        if (redo)
        {
            //Yet to implement
        }
        else
        {
            tableRemoved.ImportRow(row);
            table.Rows.Remove(row);

        }
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


rangers fan central and rangers fans at old firm clash home improvement ideas diy.
baseboard buddy bed bath and beyond let us help you find your next vacuum try vacuum advisor baseboard buddy bed bath and beyond.
valley maker crane valley maker photos the mission valley maker chords.
mat kearney young love mat photo 1 mat kearney young love album download zip.
star trek room star trek fact files star trek transporter room bath mat.
how to wash a peacoat classic wool pea coat wash pea coat in washer.
64oz of water summit water bottle 64 oz water in ml.
r console deals black game deals console deals.
sims 2 steam this is steam bot he comes directly from the steampunk age to make your neighbourhood be full of rusty tin and inventions sims 2 downloads steampunk.
crayola light bulb mini lumen led light bulb equivalent 4 pack crayola color changing light bulb canada.


In this Women's History Month, Perfect Muslim Wedding would like to recognize a few of the many distinguished Muslim women of the past and present. These are women of character, courage and commitment who have made or are making differences for the greater good of humanity in education, social-issues, politics, arts, sports, fashion, science and more.
In honor of Women's History Month, we want to bring together the rich history of culture and contribution from a faith that has so much to offer not only Muslims but humanity at large. Below is the list of 40 women, feel free to share.
Ā'ishah bint Abī Bakr, First female scholar who memorized more than 2210 hadith.
Aida Hadzialic, First and youngest Muslim ever to serve as a minister of education in Sweden.
Amani Al-Khatahtbeh , Founder of MuslimGirl becomes first Muslim company in Forbes annual 30 Under 30 list.
Ameena Jandali, Co-founder Islamic Networks Group, dedicated to educating the public about Islam.
Anousheh Ansari , First American-Muslim woman in space.
Ayguel Oezkan, Germany's first Muslim woman minister.
Baroness Sayeeda Warsi , Youngest member and Muslim of House of Lords in England.
Benazir Bhutto, First Muslim female head of state, served 1988-1990 and 1993-1996.
Bilquis Edhi , Co-Founder of Edhi Foundation, largest welfare organization in Pakistan.
Dalia Mogahed , First Muslim woman in President Obama's administration.
Dian Alyan , Founder Givelight Foundation, building beautiful homes for orphans around the world.
Suzanne Barakat, Muslim Activist, Doctor, and sister of Chappell Hill, North Carolina Victims.
Eqbal Asa'd, A Palestinian Muslim woman who at age 20 became youngest doctor in the world.
Ibtihaj Muhammad, First Muslim woman to compete for the United States in international competition in her sport.
Ingrid Mattson, First Woman President of largest American-Islamic Organization Islamic Organization (ISNA).
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, First woman to accept Islam.
Lubna of Córdoba, First Muslim Andalusian intellectual and founder of the famous library of Medina Azahara.
Mariam Sultana, First Pakistani woman to earn a doctorate in astrophysics.
Mehreen Saeed Faruqi, First Muslim woman to be a member of any Australian parliament.
Merve Kavakçı, First elected Turkish First Muslim MP with hijab prevented from taking oath, 1999.
Nana Asma'u, Princess, poet and teacher fluent in multiple languages and in 1830 formed the first mobile school educating women in poor and rural areas (Nigeria, 1793-1864).
Nzinga Knight, First Hijabi American-Muslim featured on Project Runway and featured designer at New York Fashion week.
Rima Fakih, First Muslim to win the Miss USA title, 2010.
Saarah Hameed Ahmed, India's first known Muslim commercial pilot.
Salma Yaqoob, Co-Founder and First chair of UK's Respect party.
Samina Baig, First Pakistani woman to climb Mount Everest.
Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, First Pakistani to win an Academy Award.
Sultan Raziyya, First women Sultan of Delhi from 1236 to 1240.
Tahrir Hammad, First woman permitted to perform Muslim marriages in the Palestinian territories.
Tawakkol Karman, Human rights activist and first Yemeni and first Arab woman to win Nobel Peace Prize.
Wafaa Yaakoub, First hijabi Muslim to win, Miss Arab World 2007.
Yasmin Mogahed, First American-Muslim Woman Spiritual Teacher and Author.
Yasmin Ratansi , Canada's First Muslim Woman MP, 2004.
We wanted to follow our previous popular post Top 10 Muslim Wedding Honeymoon Destinations with new destinations for you, that expand the go-to places like the Maldives, Mecca and Istanbul.
Below are the top 13 picks by Perfect Muslim Wedding for adventurous honeymoon destinations. We selected cities and places that have some aspect of Muslim culture whether it be population, faith or other. As with any adventure you want to read and talk to people who can advise you of the dos and don'ts including travel-shots and safety tips.
In a great honeymoon you not only get to explore new places, but more importantly you have a chance to explore your relationship. Although most couples choose to go to the honeymoon immediately after the wedding, you can choose to delay it for a later more convenient or budget-friendly time. Because of course, there is budget and amount of vacation time to consider.
Outside Istanbul, this is one of the most popular destinations in Turkey. From romantic hotels in caves to riding hot-air balloons, this is a great honeymoon retreat for the adventurous couple.
Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan and the largest city in the Caucasus. It sits between two continents Europe and Asia and offers a cultural heritage influenced by both West (Russia) and East (Persia).
The Sultanate of Brunei. A small, but significant state adjoining Malaysia can be compared to Dubai and Singapore. With historical sites and grand mosques it offers a diverse range of attractions for the honeymoon couple.
Marrakesh, Tangier and Casablanca are more well-known destinations in Morocco. For the adventurous traveler, however, Chefchaouen is a city known for its buildings in all hues of blue, is a must-consider.
With natural, historic sites as well as luxury beach resorts, Dakar offers a lot of diversity. It is a great hub from which you can visit wildlife and go on nature tours.
Although Qatar, like Bahrain and other UAE member countries gets overshadowed by Dubai, it has still things to offer. From The Museum of Islamic Art to beaches and ultra-modern hotels this a worthwhile destination to consider.
With the thawing of relations between Iran and the West, there are many tourist opportunities that open up. Although there are many go-to destinations in Iran, including Tehran and Shiraz, we picked Isfahan as it offers the greatest show-stopping beauty. It is known as "Half the World" as it encompasses so much allure and artistry. From ancient mosques to markets, this should be an important finalist on your honeymoon destination list.
Sitting on the mouth of the Atlantic coast and the Gambia river, the smallest country in Africa is also one of the most approachable. It has a diversity of landscapes from beaches to forests and wooded savannah that combine with colonial architecture to make this a go-to destination. Gambia has a over 95% Muslim population and compared to some of its neighbors, is a relatively stable country.
Petra, is the most popular tourist destination in Jordan. It is a historical and archaeological city known for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system. Along with this, Jordan, relative to some of its neighboring countries, is stable and offers many other attractions for budding couples.
Although Bangkok and Phuket are major tourist magnets, Phi Phi is a heaven-on-earth destination. A beautiful archipelago in the Krabi Province not too far from Phuket, it offers turquoise water and great resorts. It has a strong Muslim heritage with a mosque and over 80 percent Muslim population.
As a former Soviet republic, most people don't give this city and country the recognition it is due. Uzbekistan, with its famous twin cities of Samarkand and Bukhara, offer a rich share of culture and history including the Silk Road that passed through them. Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Central Asia with a rich Muslim heritage.
Although infamous for the start of World War I, and the tragic Balkans War of the 1990s, Sarajevo, along with other cities like Mostar, offer a rich Ottoman heritage of sites to visit and people to meet in the heart of Europe.
Sitting on the Mediterranean coast with golden beaches, Tunis and in turn Tunisia offer a cosmopolitan culture with a mix of ancient and modern.
Any others you would like to add to the list? If so, please comment below!
Love means something different to everyone, but one thing is certain, we all need it. Take a look at these 22 Muslim love quotes that we think you'll love.
Take a look at our 33 Muslim Wedding and Love Quotes.


Keynotes traditionally look to the future but let's briefly consider the recent past because we have seen so much change in recent times.
In the early 2000s most people were still struggling with BI when Big Data suddenly appeared and we embraced the new, NoSQL database engines in order to analyse it. Just as we were getting used to that, neural nets finally emerged from the long shadow of their 50 year gestation period and gave us an entirely new approach to analytics. Their importance is difficult to over emphasise because suddenly we (the humans) are not the only ones who can induce the rules. That brings benefits but also huge ethical and moral issues.
All of this means that the world of analytics has been experiencing hugely turbulent times. In truth my prediction for the immediate future is a period of consolidation, albeit with further developments. So, not much food for a keynote then? On the contrary, I think there is a fascinating class of data that has been around for a while which most people are ignoring to their cost – Dark Data.
So this talk will define the different flavours of Dark Data and give examples where its analysis has proved particularly fruitful.
Mark Whitehorn is a specialist in Analytics and Machine Learning. On the commercial side he works as a consultant for national and international organisations (such as the Bank of England, Standard Life and Sainsbury's) designing analytical systems and Data Science solutions. Mark has written eleven books and published around 1,200 articles and white papers. He is the Emeritus Professor of Analytics at the University of Dundee where he teaches a Masters course in Data Science and conducts research into the development of analytical systems and proteomics.


OCD – Explaining the fears to someone without OCD.
OCD is something that can be managed, controlled, and even cured. It is important that both partners show a willingness to stop the OCD, of course, because without that willingness change will not happen. But obsessive compulsive disorder is controllable with the right help.... In common parlance, "OCD" is used to refer to someone who likes things a particular way, or who seems overly concerned with cleanliness. In the world of mental health, obsessive-compulsive disorder refers to something more serious.
Anxiety OCD & depression. Can it come and go?
10/12/2010�� I've had Obsessive Compulsive Disorder for seven years, and during that time I've tried to explain it to people several times and even the people closest to me simply don't understand what's going on in my head.


text:
Екатерина Львовна Олицкая (26 декабря 1899 (7 января 1900), Воронеж — 1974, Умань) — российская деятельница партии эсеров послереволюционного периода, мемуаристка. Многолетняя узница ГУЛАГа.

Биография
Отец — Лев Степанович Олицкий, происходил из семьи состоятельных еврейских коммерсантов. Народоволец. Приговорён к ссылке.

Выросла в имении родителей Сорочин Верх в Курской губернии. В 1907—1916 гг. училась в Мариинской женской гимназии в Курске.

Член партии социалистов-революционеров с 1918 года. Участница подпольного движения 1920-х — 1930-х годов.

В 1924 году была арестована, была приговорена ОСО к 3 годам заключения по ст. 58-10, 58-11 УК РСФСР. Отбывала срок в СЛОН, в Савватьевском скиту на «политрежиме».  Там стала возлюбленной Александра Васильевича Федодеева, также заключенного эсера-"черновца". В апреле 1926 года вместе с Федодеевым и другими заключенными в СЛОН эсерами была этапирована в Верхнеуральский политизолятор. После освобождения в 1927 году по решению ОСО вместе с Федодеевым и их новорожденной дочерью Марией была сослана на 3 года в Чимкент.

В 1930 году была освобождена из ссылки, перебралась в Рязань, работала там делопроизводителем в государственном издательстве (ГИЗ). В связи с кризисной ситуацией в стране и усилением репрессий, угрозой нового ареста решила протестовать путем издания листовок. Отправила дочь к бабушке в Москву, перешла с мужем на нелегальное положение, поселилась по поддельному паспорту на имя Зои Камышниковой в Серпухове, где работала счетоводом. Вместе с мужем печатала антисталинские листовки на шапирографе, посылала их в Москву и Ленинград. Пятилетняя дочь умерлаРязанский матриролог.

В апреле 1932 года была арестована вместе с А. Федодеевым. В марте 1933 года ОСО приговорило их к 5 годам заключения. Они были этапированы в Суздальский политизолятор.

В январе 1937 года была разлучена с мужем и этапирована в Ярославский централ. Там она вместе с другими политзаключенными участвовала в коллективной голодовке, требуя смягчения режима. К ней применили искусственное кормление.

В апреле 1937 года по решению ОСО срок заключения Олицкой продлили ещё на 5 лет. Её муж А. В. Федодеев был расстрелян.

Весной 1938 года Олицкая была этапирована в Севвостлаг, работала в строительной бригаде, на лесоповале, на сельхозработах.

Была освобождена лишь в 1947 году, но оставлена на Колыме. В 1949 году была вновь арестована. Была освобождена лишь в 1956 году и вместе с подругой по заключению Н.В. Суровцевой поселилась в городе Умань.

После освобождения написала мемуары «Мои воспоминания», распространявшиеся в СССР в самиздате.

В последние годы жизни поддерживала отношения с украинскими диссидентами. В 1972 году на квартире Н. В. Суровцевой и Е. Л. Олицкой прошёл обыск по делу Л.И. Плюща.

Сочинения
 Олицкая Е. Мои воспоминания: В 2-х т. — Франкфурт-на-Майне: Посев — 1971. — Т.1 — 318 с.; Т.2 — 270 с.

Ссылки
 Биография на сайте Центра Сахарова
 Олицкая Е. Л. Мои воспоминания
 СОЛОВЕЦКИЙ МАРТИРОЛОГ. Соловецкие лагерь и тюрьма особого назначения

Примечания

Выпускницы Курской Мариинской гимназии
Персоналии по алфавиту

Репрессированные в СССР
Мемуаристы России

Заключённые Соловецкого лагеря особого назначения
Заключённые Севвостлага
Эсеры


text:
Masterpeace es el sexto álbum de estudio de la banda estadounidense de heavy metal Metal Church, publicado en 1999 por Nuclear Blast y SPV/Steamhammer Records. Este es su primer trabajo desde Hanging in the Balance (1993) y reúne a cuatro de los cinco miembros que grabaron el álbum debut (1984), ya que el guitarrista Craig Wells fue reemplazado por John Marshall por motivos personales.

Una vez que salió al mercado recibió reseñas entre mixtas y favorables, cuyo consenso en general recalcó que su sonido era una reminiscencia a los discos de la década de 1980 editados con Wayne. A pesar de aquello, el guitarrista Kurdt Vanderhoof afirmó que la reunión no funcionó como se esperaba y la consideró «horrible».

Lista de canciones

Músicos
 David Wayne: voz
 Kurdt Vanderhoof: guitarra y mellotron
 John Marshall: guitarra
 Duke Erickson: bajo
 Kirk Arrington: batería

Referencias

Álbumes de Metal Church
Álbumes de 1999
Álbumes de Nuclear Blast Records
Álbumes de SPV/Steamhammer Records
Álbumes de thrash metal
Álbumes de heavy metal
Álbumes en inglés


i found the salling clicker software to use the t637 as a remote for my mac, but i was wondering if anyone knew if there is a way to use it as an infrared remote for a tv. i would love to be able to do that, someone takes away the actual remote and i still have the power to change the channel. what is the ir on the phone actually meant for?i cant wait to get bluetooth for my mac so i can start being lazy and using the remote feature. has anyone here used the salling clicker software yet, if so, what do u think of it?
Probably not. Salling Clicker doesn't 'see' the IrDa port.


A genetic predisposition to higher waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (a measure of abdominal adiposity [fat]) was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease, according to a study appearing in the February 14 issue of JAMA.
Obesity, typically defined on the basis of body mass index (BMI), is a leading cause of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, for any given BMI, body fat distribution can vary substantially; some individuals store proportionally more fat around their visceral organs (abdominal adiposity) than on their thighs and hip. In observational studies, abdominal adiposity has been associated with type 2 diabetes and CHD. Whether these associations represent causal relationships remains uncertain.
Sekar Kathiresan, M.D., of Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, and colleagues examined whether a genetic predisposition to increased waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI was associated with cardiometabolic quantitative traits (i.e., lipids, insulin, glucose, and systolic blood pressure), type 2 diabetes and CHD.
Estimates for cardiometabolic traits were based on a combined data set consisting of summary results from 4 genome-wide association studies conducted from 2007 to 2015, including up to 322,154 participants, as well as individual-level, cross-sectional data from the UK Biobank collected from 2007-2011, including 111,986 individuals.
The researchers found that genetic predisposition to higher waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI was associated with increased levels of quantitative risk factors (lipids, insulin, glucose, and systolic blood pressure) as well as a higher risk for type 2 diabetes and CHD.


text:
Nuclear Issues--Iran nuclear program (39)
Governance--Middle East policy (17)
International Relations--Sanctions (16)
Nuclear Issues--Nuclear weapons (16)
Nuclear Issues--Nuclear proliferation (12)
(-) International Security & Defense--Negotiation (11)
International Security & Defense--Democracy (4)
International Relations--Islam (3)
Nuclear Issues--China nuclear issues (3)
(-) Nuclear Issues--India nuclear program (3)
Conflict & Conflict Resolution--Rogue/Repressive States (2)
Economics & Global Affairs--Economics of National Security (2)
Conflict & Conflict Resolution--Corruption (1)
Economics & Global Affairs--Oil & Energy Prices (1)
Nuclear Issues--Dirty bombs (1)
Nuclear Issues--Nuclear Security Matters (1)
(-) Nuclear Security Matters--Security for Nuclear Weapons and Weapons-Usable Material (1)
Nuclear Security Matters--Threats and Vulnerabilities (1)
Middle East & North Africa (11)
Applied History Project (1)
Managing the Atom (90)
(-) Middle East Initiative (11)
AP/Evan Vucci
Analysis & Opinions - Foreign Policy
Dear President Trump, Let's Talk About Iran
Read more about Dear President Trump, Let's Talk About Iran
Stephen Walt writes an open letter to Donald Trump on how to deal with the Islamic Republic—and his own administration.
AP/Vahid Salemi
The Art of the Regime Change
Read more about The Art of the Regime Change
Stephen Walt writes that Donald Trump's goal in withdrawing the United States from the JCPOA is to prevent Iran from establishing normal relations with the rest of the world.
AP/Cliff Schiappa
America Can't Be Trusted Anymore
Read more about America Can't Be Trusted Anymore
Stephen M. Walt asks the following question: Is the real problem that Washington can't trust others, or rather that other states can't trust it?
Sharon Wilke/Belfer Center
Analysis & Opinions - Future of Diplomacy Project
India: Quiet confidence in deterrence
Read more about India: Quiet confidence in deterrence
Air Vice Marshall (Ret.) of the Indian Air Force and Fellow at Harvard's Asia Institute, Dr. Arjun Subramaniam spoke at the Future of Diplomacy Project with its Faculty Director, Nicholas Burns about the intricacies of the India-China relationship.
AFP/LiveMint
Analysis & Opinions - Live Mint
India-US ties after the Westinghouse setback
Ronak D. Desai
Read more about India-US ties after the Westinghouse setback
Nuclear energy powerhouse Westinghouse Electric Co. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on 29 March, with its parent company Toshiba writing off more than $6 billion in losses connected to its US businesses. Westinghouse was engaged in negotiations to build six AP1000 nuclear reactors in India as part of the landmark US-India civilian nuclear agreement. The bankruptcy filing raises fresh questions, not just about the fate of the reactors, but also about the future of the nuclear deal.
Why Do So Many People Want So Little From the Agreement With Iran?
Read more about Why Do So Many People Want So Little From the Agreement With Iran?
"...[K]eeping Iran at arm's length (or worse) reduces U.S. diplomatic leverage and flexibility. As long as U.S. Middle East policy remains fixated on its 'special relationships' with Israel, Saudi Arabia, and to some extent Egypt, these states will continue to take U.S. support for granted and ignore U.S. preferences more often than we'd like. But if the United States had decent working relations with every state in the region — including Iran — it could work constructively with any or all of them."
What do we learn from the Iran agreement experience?
Rami Khouri
Read more about What do we learn from the Iran agreement experience?
"Now that President Barack Obama has secured more than enough votes in the U.S. Senate to assure the implementation of the agreement with Iran on nuclear issues and sanctions, we can focus on the lessons learned from the process' intense political dynamics. Three in particular stand out: U.S.-Israeli, U.S.-Saudi Arabian/Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and GCC-Iranian relations. U.S.-Israeli bilateral ties get the most attention these days, but all three are equally important, and turbulent in their own ways."
Bibi Blows Up the Special Relationship
| March 2, 2015
Read more about Bibi Blows Up the Special Relationship
"...[A]nyone who questions the special relationship or the role the lobby plays in preserving it is still likely to be accused of anti-Semitism (if a gentile) or self-hatred (if Jewish). The special relationship has rested to some degree on intimidation, and as noted most people don't like being bullied. The question, therefore, is whether this flap will turn out to be an isolated incident or whether more people will begin to say what they really think."
Analysis & Opinions - Agence Global
Respect and Reciprocity Should Rule
Read more about Respect and Reciprocity Should Rule
"The sudden positive expectations surrounding the resumption of direct high-level contacts between the United States and Iran will soon lead to meaningful negotiations. This reflects concrete and politically substantive developments, not wishful thinking, by both sides: The election of Hassan Rouhani as Iran's president, and the explicit backing he has received from the highest levels of the Iranian government for negotiations based on verifiably limiting the degree and amount of Iran's enriched uranium; and, the two important American government concessions of a willingness to accept Iranian uranium enrichment with safeguards that prevent the development of a nuclear weapon, and a clear position that the United States is not working to overthrow the Iranian regime (as it recently admitted it did in 1953)."
A Critical Moment in Israeli-American Relations
Read more about A Critical Moment in Israeli-American Relations
"The visit by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu this week to the United States and the United Nations General Assembly signals a critical moment in diplomatic developments in the Middle East, including potentially a decisive reckoning in Israeli-American relations. This is because on the important issue of how the United States and the West deal with Iran's nuclear industry, the trends of both public opinion and leadership sentiments in Israel and the United States are moving in opposite directions."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Abstract: Papers (1859-1936) including correspondence, minute book, time book, ledger, photographs, genealogy, letters on symptoms and treatment of disease, and miscellaneous.
Extent: 0.65 Cubic feet, 220 items , consisting of correspondence, minute book, time book, ledger, photographs, genealogy, and miscellaneous. Includes oversized material.
Personal correspondence among members of the Braswell and Cutchin families, who were related through marriage, constitutes the bulk of this collection. Archelaus Braswell, Sr., married Margaret Anne Sylvester Cutchin in 1848. Their son, Archelaus Braswell, Jr., married his cousin Mary E. Cutchin around 1894. The majority of the correspondence centers around Archelaus Braswell, Jr., and Mary E. Cutchin and their friends and relatives.
Although the bulk of the correspondence is of a personal nature among family and friends, there are several letters of interest to researchers studying women's history. One letter (June 16, 1875) describes the unsuccessful attempts of the Grange in southwestern Georgia to recruit women for membership. This same letter contains a woman's opinion on female participation in organizational leadership positions. Other letters describe a practical joke in which a woman poses as a man (May 26, 1875), and the ostracizing of a white girl by her peers for expressing the opinion that blacks should have equal rights (Dec. 20, 1885).
Other letters of interest discuss the differences between living in eastern and western N.C. (Feb. 28, 1891) and a wedding gown (Oct. 15, 1878). Also described is local news in turn-of-the-century Mt. Olive, N.C., including the selling of bonds to buy land on which to erect a Graded School, the shipping of holly and mistletoe for profit, and the trucking of strawberries (May 20, 1903). Of particular interest are those letters which comment on symptoms and treatments of such diseases as typhoid (Aug. 5, 1903), diphtheria (Nov. 7, 1903), and fever (Nov. 27, 1902); and deaths resulting from apoplexy (Oct. 14, 1902) and childbirth (April 13, 1925).
Additional items of interest include letters written by Archelaus Braswell, Jr., as a student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Student retaliation to a university ordinance prohibiting bicycle riding on sidewalks (March 15, 1888), campus elections (Dec. 2, 1884), a university holiday in celebration of its ninetieth anniversary (Oct. 12, 1885), and a sports assembly in the university gymnasium (Nov. 30, 1885) are discussed. Limited Civil War correspondence provides insight into the effects of war on the homefront. Expressions of fear, a longing for peace, the necessity of learning to weave cloth at home because of high prices in Bainbridge, Ga., (Jan 31, 1865), and the desolation of Wayne Co., N.C., after Sherman's attack (June 5, 1866) are mentioned.
Photographs consist of images of various identified and unidentified persons and scenes. Included are portraits of Archelaus Braswell, Sr., a young woman who was probably Virginia Braswell, and the Baptist church at Mt. Gilead, N.C. Group shots (ca. 1900) and a few portraits constitute the unidentified photographs.
A variety of other topics are covered in this collection. Speeches, compositions, and sermons constitute the writings folder. Compositions include a short story written by Jenny Cutchin (1887?) describing a search for an uncle lost during the Civil War, a resolution of respect written after the death of Jenny Cutchin (Feb. 27, 1891), and a declamation written for a high school graduation (Mar. 8, 1912). Also of importance are a manuscript by J. M Cutchin describing his service during the Civil War in Co. A., 1st N.C. Infantry Regiment and in Co. I, 17th N.C. Infantry Regiment (Jan. 16, 1915) and a manuscript attributing North Carolina's slow economic growth to a lack of immigration. A speech by J. M. Cutchin discusses tariffs and the need for monetary reforms. Various other fragments of sermons and speeches also can be found within the writings folder.
Genealogy is another important part of the collection. "Genealogy of the Bulluck and Allied Families," by W. M. Creasy (1936) contains information about the Braswell, Cutchin, Sugg, Best, Banks, Southerland, Bulluck, Routh, Cromwell, and Bryant families. Also of interest are notes on the Braswell family, newspaper clippings, and a manuscript entitled "A Record of the Braswells." Financial and legal papers include promissory bonds for a tract of land (Mar. 16, 1873; Jan. 13, 1874), a writ of arrest for a suspected thief (July 11, 1898), a handwritten will (Aug. 7, 1928), and receipts and contracts. A postcard, report card, greeting card, and fragments of papers compose miscellaneous material.
Volumes consist of a minute book, ledger, time book, a personal account book, and an elementary spelling book. Minutes from the Wrendale, N.C., Farmers' Alliance contains names of officers, new members, and brief summaries of meetings (1891-1893). Completed membership applications are enclosed within the minute book. The "Workmen's Monthly Time Book" (1898-1901), which includes names, work hours, and wages, also contains enclosures. The ledger (1871-1872) not only records monthly accounts but also has various clippings of turn-of-the-century fashions, furniture, automobiles, and household items.
One issue of the Tarboro-Southerner, January 1, 1925, constitutes the oversize material.
For related material see Cutchin Family Collection (Collection #476.1) in this repository.
September 14, 1983, 220 items; Papers (1859-1923) of the Braswell and Cutchin families of Edgecombe Co., N.C., including correspondence, photographs, minute book, time book, and a genealogy. Gift of Mrs. Audrey Thompson, Whitakers, N.C.
Braswell Family Papers (#477), East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.


You are here: Home » Blog » Guidance and Advice » Smoke alarms – tested yours recently?
Smoke alarms – tested yours recently?
Have you heard the one about little Johnny?
Little Johnny's hand shot up and the firefighter called on him.
All very humorous. But writing this has really made me think.
My longest relationship ever was with a 19 year old collie cross, called Zak.
I'd had Zak, a rescue dog, from the age of 5 months and it was obvious he had been in a fire. Cigarette smoke scared him, a BBQ terrified him and the sound of the smoke alarm had him quivering like a feather.
I can clearly remember one night, about 3 years ago, standing in the pouring rain, jammies on at 10:30pm, outside in the pitch black with him as the batteries were 'on the blink' and the alarm was going crazy. It was easier to keep him outside – he was shaking like a leaf! Like lots of folk, I was annoyed, climbed on a stool and almost did a 'Mrs Doyle" through a window to take the batteries out.
Did I replace them? I'm ashamed to say no. It hadn't crossed my mind.
57 people died in fires in 2011-12, compared with 52 in 2010-11.
There were 6,149 house fires.
In total, 45% of fatal house fires were caused by matches and smoking ma terials.
Cooking appliances were responsible for 58% of accidental house fires, which the latest statistics showed had left 978 people injured in 2010-11.
In line with the previous year's figures, drink or drugs were suspected to be a factor in 17% of accidental house fires.
In nearly 50% of house fires in 2010-11 there was either no smoke alarm, or the smoke alarm did not work.
I'm pleased to say that my smoke alarm is now working. Is yours?
And, if not, you might want to watch this.
Fiona Poustie is a PR consultant who believes that effective communications engage the emotions as well as the intellect. She believes that PR is about building reputation, solving problems, being there when needed and knowing what to say when horsemeat is found in your burgers.
This entry was posted in Guidance and Advice and tagged alarms, Assessment, dumbartonshire, fiona poustie, Fire, glasgow, inverclyde, lanarkshire, renfrewshire, Risk, Safety, scotland, services, smoke, stirling, test, training. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
«Аварія — дочка мента» () — російська радянська гостросюжетна молодіжна драма режисера  Михайла Туманішвілі. Фільм знятий за сценарієм  Юрія Короткова на кіностудії «Мосфільм» в 1989 році.

Сюжет
Аварія (Валерія) — школярка, тоді як її батько, Олексій Ніколаєв — старший лейтенант міліції, який з одного боку змушений за службовим обов'язком відловлювати таких, як вона, «неформалів», а з іншого — витягувати свою дочку з відділу міліції, куди вона була доставлена за порушення громадського порядку разом з іншими представниками молодіжної субкультури. Конфлікт батька і доньки зумовлений зміною епох, коли навіть шкільні вчителі не можуть відповісти учням, чому вони ще вчора говорили одне, а тепер — інше. Лихе життя, в якому знаходиться місце і втечі з дому, і порізаним венам, доводить Аварію до групового зґвалтування бандою мажорів. Нещастя примиряє батька і доньку. Тепер міліціонер Ніколаєв мстить ґвалтівникам, нехтуючи законом, на сторожі якого він завжди стояв. Мажори гинуть в автомобільній аварії, Ніколаєва тут же заарештовують колеги. Валерія просить вибачення у свого батька.

У ролях

 Оксана Арбузова —  Валерія Ніколаєва, «Аварія»
 Володимир Ільїн —  Олексій Ніколаєв, батько Валерії
 Анастасія Вознесенська —  Віра Ніколаєва, мама Валерії
 Микола Пастухов —  дід Валерії
 Борис Романов —  Андрій Олегович
 Олег Царьов —  «Діловий», хлопець з білої «п'ятірки» (ВАЗ-2105)
 Ігор Нефьодов —  «Лисий», хлопець з білої «п'ятірки»
 Сергій Воробйов —  Боб, водій білої «п'ятірки»
 Юрій Шумило —  Алік, хлопець з білої «п'ятірки»
 Любов Соколова —  Юлія Миколаївна, вчителька історії
 Олександр Потапов —  Микола, сержант міліції
 Аліса Прізнякова —  однокласниця Валерії
 Ірина Афоніна —  епізод
 Микола Бармін —  епізод
 Володимир Басов-молодший —  сутенер
 Валентина Березуцька —  пасажирка автобуса
 Ігор Букатко —  однокласник Валерії
 Віра Бурлакова —  пасажирка автобуса
 Марія Виноградова —  контролерка
 Федір Гаврилов —  син робітника-металіста
 Володимир Дмитрієв —  епізод
 Ольга Жукова —  епізод
 Юрій Коротков —  епізод
 Ян Пузиревський —  принциповий однокласник
 Олег Савосін —  епізод
 Олександр Фадєєв —  епізод
 Ольга Федоріна —  лікар швидкої допомоги
 Ладлена Фетисова —  подруга «Ділового»
 Борис Юрченко —  робітник-металіст
 Олександр Залдостанов —  байкер
 Валентина Березуцька — пасажирка автобуса в окулярах

Знімальна група
 Сценарій:  Юрій Коротков
 Режисер: Михайло Туманішвілі
 Оператор:  Борис Бондаренко
 Композитор:  Віктор Бабушкін
 Художник: Тетяна Лапшина

Посилання

Фільми СРСР 1989
Фільми студії «Мосфільм»
Фільми Російської РФСР
Молодіжні фільми СРСР
Фільми Михайла Туманішвілі
Фільми про байкерів
Фільми російською мовою
Фільми про зґвалтування


Not difficult to imagine a situation in which a boy and girl playing or watching TV, but the perception of the interests they are quite different. Therefore, in most cases two different gameses viewer want to play, watch and are interested in different entertainment. Boy more interested in the various films action, racing, fights. A girl, first of all, draw the game to build a relationship. And above all, the interests of all the girls demonstrate their themed game simulators for girls. Simulation - an incredible opportunity to experience a little life of a character, which you can do almost any kind of real-world activities, experience the profession, which recently burdened soul, but can not. For example, try on the role of teacher or a pilot, try to open a small business or become the owner of nail salon. Simulation Games for girls on the example of the beauty salons, variety fitting, master classes manicure and pedicure, simulators dating it's not only fun and entertaining girls, but also gives them the kind of training. Going into the game online simulator for girls, everyone will have to assume responsibility for important decisions and perform the tasks. In games simulators for girls you can take a variety of activities: try on the image of the director of the company, firm, to build himself a cabin, or a mother and take care of the child. Range of opportunities for all is virtually endless, and everyone can make a choice that he is closer to their liking. No matter what it is: an exercise cleaning, shop manual, service, organization of parties, or someone close care of a kitten, puppy game simulators give you the opportunity to do what he likes. Over time, online games for girls begin simulators cover a wide range of interests of the younger generation. Already we can see that the girls are interested not just any kind of fitting shop, dress and so on, and try to prove themselves in other areas, such as the hospital management, driving and more. Simulator games for girls always take into account the interests and so the games for girls simulators now allow anyone to not only play in the "Doctor", but even conduct major surgery to be a simple buyer at the store, or have become the mistress of a fashion boutique and defend his reputation the world market.


text:
"""
Tools for network communication.
"""

import abc
import io
import json
import socket
import struct
import sys
import time
import zlib

import dh.ejson
import dh.log
import dh.utils

# NumPy is only needed for some parts and is optional
try:
    import numpy as np
except ImportError as e:
    _NUMPY_ERROR = e
else:
    _NUMPY_ERROR = None

###
#%% socket message types
###

class SocketMessageType(abc.ABC):
    """
    Base class providing `send()` and `recv()` methods for sending and
    receiving (higher-level) messages via the socket `socket`.
    """

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def send(self, socket, x):
        pass

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def recv(self, socket):
        pass

class ByteSocketMessageType(SocketMessageType):
    """
    Class providing methods for sending and receiving byte *messages* of up to
    4 GiB in size via a given socket.

    Each message has a fixed-length (four byte) header, specifying the length
    of the message content. Thus, calls to `send()` and `recv()` always
    ensure that the entire message is being sent/received.

    If `compress` is `True`, messages are compressed before sending and
    decompressed after receiving. This reduces the network load but costs more
    time. The value for `compress` must be the same for both the server and the
    client.
    """

    def __init__(self, compress=False):
        self._compress = compress

    def _recvn(self, socket, byteCount):
        """
        Receive and return a fixed number of `byteCount` bytes from the socket.
        """
        b = io.BytesIO()
        while True:
            currentByteCount = b.getbuffer().nbytes
            if currentByteCount >= byteCount:
                break
            packet = socket.recv(byteCount - currentByteCount)
            if len(packet) == 0:
                return None
            b.write(packet)
        return b.getvalue()

    def send(self, socket, b):
        if self._compress:
            b = zlib.compress(b)
        header = struct.pack(">I", int(len(b)))
        socket.sendall(header + b)

    def recv(self, socket):
        header = self._recvn(socket, 4)
        if header is None:
            return None
        length = struct.unpack(">I", header)[0]
        b = self._recvn(socket, length)
        if self._compress:
            b = zlib.decompress(b)
        return b

class NumpySocketMessageType(ByteSocketMessageType):
    """
    Class providing `send()` and `recv()` methods for sending and receiving
    NumPy ndarray objects via the given socket.
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if _NUMPY_ERROR is not None:
            raise _NUMPY_ERROR
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def send(self, socket, x):
        b = io.BytesIO()
        np.save(file=b, arr=x, allow_pickle=False, fix_imports=False)
        super().send(socket, b.getvalue())

    def recv(self, socket):
        b = io.BytesIO(super().recv(socket))
        return np.load(file=b, allow_pickle=False, fix_imports=False)

class JsonSocketMessageType(ByteSocketMessageType):
    """
    Class providing `send()` and `recv()` methods for sending and receiving
    JSON-serializable objects via the given socket.
    """

    def send(self, socket, x):
        j = json.dumps(x, ensure_ascii=True)
        b = bytes(j, "ascii")
        super().send(socket, b)

    def recv(self, socket):
        b = super().recv(socket)
        j = b.decode("ascii")
        x = json.loads(j)
        return x

class ExtendedJsonSocketMessageType(ByteSocketMessageType):
    """
    Class providing `send()` and `recv()` methods for sending and receiving
    JSON-serializable (with extended range of supported types, see
    `dh.ejson`) objects via the given socket.

    .. seealso:: `dh.ejson`.
    """

    def send(self, socket, x):
        j = dh.ejson.dumps(x)
        b = bytes(j, "ascii")
        super().send(socket, b)

    def recv(self, socket):
        b = super().recv(socket)
        j = b.decode("ascii")
        x = dh.ejson.loads(j)
        return x

###
#%% extended socket with support for multiple message types
###

class MessageSocket():
    """
    This is a wrapper class for `socket.socket` which supports the methods
    `msend()` and `mrecv()`, which send/receive entire (higher-level) messages.

    For both methods, the `messageType` argument must be an instance of the
    class `SocketMessageType`.

    Note: in this context, 'message' means a high-level, user-defined object,
    not the 'message' used in the context of `socket.socket.recvmsg` and
    `socket.socket.sendmsg`.
    """

    def __init__(self, socket):
        self._socket = socket

    def msend(self, messageType, x):
        messageType.send(self._socket, x)

    def mrecv(self, messageType):
        return messageType.recv(self._socket)

###
#%% socket servers/clients
###

class ServerLoggerFormatter(dh.log.LongLoggerFormatter):
    def __init__(self, host, port):
        super().__init__()
        self.host = host
        self.port = port

    def getPreAndPostfixes(self, level, timestamp, **kwargs):
        (pre1, pre2, post1, post2) = super().getPreAndPostfixes(level=level, timestamp=timestamp, **kwargs)
        customPre = "[{}:{}]  ".format(self.host, self.port)
        return (customPre + pre1, " " * len(customPre) + pre2, post1, post2)

class SocketServer(abc.ABC):
    """
    Simple socket server which accepts connections on the specified `host`
    and `port` and communicates with the client as specified in
    `communicate()`.

    See http://stackoverflow.com/a/19742674/1913780 for an explanation of
    `nodelay`.
    """

    def __init__(self, host="", port=7214, backlog=5, nodelay=True, logger=None):
        hostStr = host if len(host) > 0 else "*"

        # set up logger
        self.logger = logger
        if self.logger is None:
            self.logger = dh.log.Logger(ServerLoggerFormatter(host=hostStr, port=port))

        self.logger.info("Creating socket...")
        self._socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        self._socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        if nodelay:
            self._socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)

        self.logger.info("Binding socket to {}:{}...".format(hostStr, port))
        self._socket.bind((host, port))
        self._backlog = backlog
        self._nodelay = nodelay

        self.requestCount = 0

    def run(self):
        self._socket.listen(self._backlog)
        while True:
            self.logger.info("Waiting for connection...")
            sys.stdout.flush()
            (connectionSocket, connectionAddress) = self._socket.accept()
            self.requestCount += 1
            self.logger.info("[request #{}]  Accepted connection from {}:{}".format(self.requestCount, connectionAddress[0], connectionAddress[1]))
            t0 = time.time()
            try:
                self.communicate(MessageSocket(connectionSocket))
                connectionSocket.close()
            except Exception as e:
                self.logger.error("[request #{}]  {}: {}".format(self.requestCount, type(e).__name__, e))
            else:
                self.logger.success("[request #{}]  Finished request from {}:{} after {} ms".format(self.requestCount, connectionAddress[0], connectionAddress[1], dh.utils.around((time.time() - t0) * 1000.0)))

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def communicate(self, socket):
        """
        Implements the entire communication happening for one connection with a
        client via high-level socket messages (see `SocketMessageType`).

        Counterpart of `SocketClient.communicate`. See specific client/server
        implementations for examples.
        """
        pass

class SocketClient(abc.ABC):
    """
    Simple socket client which connects to the server on the specified `host`
    and `port` each time `query()` is called. The communication with the server
    is specified in `communicate()`.

    See http://stackoverflow.com/a/19742674/1913780 for an explanation of
    `nodelay`.
    """

    def __init__(self, host, port=7214, nodelay=True):
        self._host = host
        self._port = port
        self._nodelay = nodelay

    def query(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # establish connection with the server
        self._socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        if self._nodelay:
            self._socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
        self._socket.connect((self._host, self._port))

        # actual communication, keep result
        result = self.communicate(MessageSocket(self._socket), *args, **kwargs)

        # close connection
        self._socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
        self._socket.close()

        return result

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def communicate(self, socket, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Implements the entire communication happening for one connection with a
        server via high-level socket messages (see `SocketMessageType`).

        Counterpart of `SocketServer.communicate`. See specific client/server
        implementations for examples.
        """
        pass

class ImageProcessingServer(SocketServer):
    """
    Special case of `SocketServer` which accepts a NumPy array and JSON-encoded
    parameters and returns a NumPy array. The counterpart is the
    `ImageProcessingClient` class.

    To specify the processing behavior, sub-class this class and implement
    the static method `process(data, params)`.
    """

    def communicate(self, socket):
        # receive input image and parameters
        data = socket.mrecv(NumpySocketMessageType())
        params = socket.mrecv(JsonSocketMessageType())

        # process
        try:
            result = self.process(data=data, params=params)
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error("[request #{}]  {}: {}".format(self.requestCount, type(e).__name__, e))
            result = np.zeros(shape=(0, 0), dtype="uint8")

        # send result image
        socket.msend(NumpySocketMessageType(), result)

    @staticmethod
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def process(data, params):
        """
        This function specifies the processing behavior of this server and must
        be implemeted by the user.
        """
        pass

class ImageProcessingClient(SocketClient):
    """
    Special case of `SocketClient` which sends a NumPy array and JSON-encoded
    parameters and receives a NumPy array. The counterpart is the
    `ImageProcessingServer` class.

    The processing behavior is specified by sub-classing
    `ImageProcessingServer` and implementing the static method
    `process(data, params)`.
    """

    def communicate(self, socket, data, params):
        # send input image and parameters
        socket.msend(NumpySocketMessageType(), data)
        socket.msend(JsonSocketMessageType(), params)

        # receive result image
        return socket.mrecv(NumpySocketMessageType())

    def process(self, data, params):
        """
        Just another name for the `query` method (to better show the connection
        to the server's `process` method).
        """
        return self.query(data=data, params=params)

class ImageProcessingServer2(SocketServer):
    """
    Special case of `SocketServer` which accepts a NumPy array and JSON-encoded
    parameters and returns a NumPy array plus a JSON-encodable object. The
    counterpart is the `ImageProcessingClient2` class.

    To specify the processing behavior, sub-class this class and implement
    the static method `process(data, params)`.
    """

    def communicate(self, socket):
        # receive input image and parameters
        data = socket.mrecv(NumpySocketMessageType())
        params = socket.mrecv(JsonSocketMessageType())

        # process
        try:
            (result, info) = self.process(data=data, params=params)
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.error("[request #{}]  {}: {}".format(self.requestCount, type(e).__name__, e))
            result = np.zeros(shape=(0, 0), dtype="uint8")
            info = None

        # send result image and info
        socket.msend(NumpySocketMessageType(), result)
        socket.msend(JsonSocketMessageType(), info)

    @staticmethod
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def process(data, params):
        """
        This function specifies the processing behavior of this server and must
        be implemeted by the user.
        """
        pass

class ImageProcessingClient2(SocketClient):
    """
    Special case of `SocketClient` which sends a NumPy array and JSON-encoded
    parameters and receives a NumPy array and a JSON-encoded object. The
    counterpart is the `ImageProcessingServer2` class.

    The processing behavior is specified by sub-classing
    `ImageProcessingServer` and implementing the static method
    `process(data, params)`.
    """

    def communicate(self, socket, data, params):
        # send input image and parameters
        socket.msend(NumpySocketMessageType(), data)
        socket.msend(JsonSocketMessageType(), params)

        # receive result image
        result = socket.mrecv(NumpySocketMessageType())
        info = socket.mrecv(JsonSocketMessageType())
        return (result, info)

    def process(self, data, params):
        """
        Just another name for the `query` method (to better show the connection
        to the server's `process` method).
        """
        return self.query(data=data, params=params)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Women are Heroes
by JR
Portraits, studies and other photos from the WOMEN project will be pasted up, particularly on bridges, the embankments and a City of Paris building. Some posters are anamorphic, making the image suitable for viewing from the embankment opposite. Using a street audio guide system, passers-by can dial a free number from their mobile phones, to hear interviews with these women and their life-stories.
JR owns the biggest art gallery in the world. He exhibits freely in the streets of the world, catching the attention of people who are not the museum visitors. His work mixes Art and Act, talks about commitment, freedom, identity and limit.
After he found a camera in the Paris subway, he did a tour of European Street Art, tracking the people who communicate messages via the walls. Then, he started to work on the vertical limits, watching the people and the passage of life from the forbidden undergrounds and roofs of the capital.
In 2006, he achieved Portrait of a generation, portraits of the suburban "thugs" that he posted, in huge formats, in the bourgeois districts of Paris. This illegal project became "official" when the Paris City Hall wrapped its building with JR's photos.
In 2007, with Marco, he did Face 2 Face, the biggest illegal photo exhibition ever. JR posted huge portraits of Israelis and Palestinians face to face in eight Palestinian and Israeli cities, and on the both sides of the Security fence / Separation wall. The experts said it would be impossible. Still, he did it.
In 2008, he embarked for a long international trip for "Women", a project in which he underlines the dignity of women who are often the targets of conflicts. Of course, it didn't change the world, but sometimes a single laugher in an unexpected place makes you dream that it could.
JR creates "Pervasive Art" that spreads uninvited on the buildings of the slums around Paris, on the walls in the Middle-East, on the broken bridges in Africa or the favelas in Brazil. People who often live with the bare minimum discover something absolutely unnecessary. And they don't just see it, they make it. Some elderly women become models for a day; some kids turn artists for a week. In that Art scene, there is no stage to separate the actors from the spectators.
After these local exhibitions, the images are transported to London, New York, Berlin or Amsterdam where people interpret them in the light of their own personal experience.
As he remains anonymous and doesn't explain his huge full frame portraits of people making faces, JR leaves the space empty for an encounter between the subject/protagonist and the passer-by/interpreter.
This is what JR is working on. Raising questions…
Visit JR's Website
Visit the official Women are Heroes website