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Title: Francisco Ferrer
Author: Voltairine de Cleyre
Topic: history
Source: Retrieved on March 24th, 2009 from dwardmac.pitzer.edu
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Voltairine de Cleyre
Francisco Ferrer
In all unsuccessful social upheavals there are two terrors: the Red — that is, the people, the mob; the White — that is, the reprisal.
When a year ago to-day the lightning of the White Terror shot out of that netherest blackness of Social Depth, the Spanish Torture House, and laid in the ditch of Montjuich a human being who but a moment before had been the personification of manhood, in the flower of life, in the strength and pride of a balanced intellect, full of the purpose of a great and growing undertaking, — that of the Modern Schools, — humanity at large received a blow in the face which it could not understand.
Stunned, bewildered, shocked, it recoiled and stood gaping with astonishment. How to explain it? The average individual — certainly the average individual in America — could not believe it possible that any group of persons calling themselves a government, let it be of the worst and most despotic, could slay a man for being a teacher, a teacher of modern sciences, a builder of hygienic schools, a publisher of text-books. No: they could not believe it. Their minds staggered back and shook refusal. It was not so; it could not be so. The man was shot, — that was sure. He was dead, and there was no raising him out of the ditch to question him. The Spanish government had certainly proceeded in an unjustifiable manner in court-martialing him and sentencing him without giving him a chance at defense. But surely he had been guilty of something; surely he must have rioted, or instigated riot, or done some desperate act of rebellion; for never could it be that in the twentieth century a country of Europe could kill a peaceful man whose aim in life was to educate children in geography, arithmetic, geology, physics, chemistry, singing, and languages.
No: it was not possible! — And, for all that, it was possible; it was done, on the 13th of October, one year ago to-day, in the face of Europe, standing with tied hands to look on at the murder.
And from that day on, controversy between the awakened who understood, the reactionists who likewise understood, and their followers on both sides who have half understood, has surged up and down and left confusion pretty badly confounded in the mind of him who did not understand, but sought to.
The men who did him to death, and the institutions they represent have done all in their power to create the impression that Ferrer was a believer in violence, a teacher of the principles of violence, a doer of acts of violence, and an instigator of widespread violence perpetrated by a mass of people. In support of the first they have published reports purporting to be his own writings, have pretended to reproduce seditious pictures from the walls of his class-rooms, have declared that he was seen mingling with the rebels during the Catalonian uprising of last year, and that upon trial he was found guilty of having conceived and launched the Spanish rebellion against the Moroccan war. And that his death was a just act of reprisal.
On the other hand, we have had a storm of indignant voices clamoring in his defense, alternately admitting and denying him to be a revolutionist, alternately contending that his schools taught social rebellion and that they taught nothing but pure science; we have had workmen demonstrating and professors and litterateurs protesting on very opposite grounds; and almost none were able to give definite information for the faith that was in them.
And indeed it has been very difficult to obtain exact information, and still is so. After a year's lapse, it is yet not easy to get the facts disentangled from the fancies, — the truths from the lies, and above all from the half-lies.
And even when we have the truths as to the facts, it is still difficult to valuate them, because of American' ignorance of Spanish ignorance. Please understand the phrase. America has not too much to boast of in the way of its learning; but yet it has that much of common knowledge and common education that it does not enter into our minds to conceive of a population 68% of which are unable to read and write, and a good share of the remaining 32% can only read, not write; neither does it at all enter our heads to think that of this 32% of the better informed, the most powerful contingent is composed of those whose distinct, avowed, and deliberate purpose it is to keep the ignorant ignorant.
Whatever may be the sins of Government in this country, or of the Churches — and there are plenty of such sins — at least they have not (save in the case of negro slaves) constituted themselves a conspiratical force to keep out enlightenment, — to prevent the people from learning to read and write, or to acquire whatever scientific knowledge their economic circumstances permitted them to. What the unconscious conspiracy of economic circumstance has done, and what conscious manipulations the Government school is guilty of, to render higher education a privilege of the rich and a maintainer of injustice is another matter. But it cannot be charged that the rulers of America seek to render the people illiterate. People, therefore, who have grown up in a general atmosphere of thought which regards the government as a provider of education, even as a compeller of education, do not, unless their attention is drawn to the facts, conceive of a state of society in which government is a hostile force, opposed to the enlightenment of the people, — its politicians exercising all their ingenuity to sidetrack the demand of the people for schools. How much less do they conceive the hostile force and power of a Church, having behind it an unbroken descent from feudal ages, whose direct interest it is to maintain a closed monopoly of learning, and to keep out of general circulation all scientific information which would tend to destroy the superstitions whereby it thrives.
I say that the American people in general are not informed as to these conditions, and therefore the phenomenon of a teacher killed for instituting and maintaining schools staggers their belief. And when they read the assertions of those who defend the murder, that it was because his schools were instigating the overthrow of social order in Spain, they naturally exclaim: "Ah, that explains it! The man taught sedition, rebellion, riot, in his schools! That is the reason."
Now the truth is, that what Ferrer was teaching in his schools was really instigating the overthrow of the social order of Spain; furthermore it was not only instigating it, but it was making it as certain as the still coming of the daylight out of the night of the east. But not by the teaching of riot; of the use of dagger, bomb, or knife; but by the teaching of the same sciences which are taught in our public schools, through a generally diffused knowledge of which the power of Spain's despotic Church must crumble away. Likewise it was laying the primary foundation for the overthrow of such portions of the State organization as exist by reason of the general ignorance of the people.
The Social Order of Spain ought to be overthrown; must be overthrown, will be overthrown; and Ferrer was doing a mighty work in that direction. The men who killed him knew and understood it well. And they consciously killed him for what he really did; but they have let the outside world suppose they did it, for what he did not do. Knowing there are no words so hated by all governments as "sedition and rebellion," knowing that such words will make the most radical of governments align itself with the most despotic at once, knowing there is nothing which so offends the majority of conservative and peace-loving people everywhere as the idea of violence unordered by authority, they have wilfully created the impression that Ferrer's schools were places where children and youths were taught to handle weapons, and to make ready for armed attacks on the government.
They have, as I said before, created this impression in various ways; they have pointed to the fact that the man who in 1906 made the attack on Alfonso's life, had acted as a translator of books used by Ferrer in his schools; they have scattered over Europe and America pictures purporting to be reproductions of drawings in prominent wall-spaces in his schools, recommending the violent overthrow of the government.
As to the first of these accusations, I shall consider it later in the lecture; but as to the last, it should be enough to remind any person with an ordinary amount of reflection, that the schools were public places open to any one, as our schools are; and that if any such pictures had existed, they would have been sufficient cause for shutting up the schools and incarcerating the founder within a day after their appearance on the walls. The Spanish Government has that much sense of how to preserve its own existence, that it would not allow such pictures to hang in a public place for one day. Nor would books preaching sedition have been permitted to be published or circulated. — All this is foolish dust sought to be thrown in foolish eyes.
No; the real offense was the real thing that he did. And in order to appreciate its enormity, from the Spanish ruling force's standpoint, let us now consider what that ruling force is, what are the economic and educational conditions of the Spanish people, why and how Ferrer founded the Modern Schools, and what were the subjects taught therein.
Up to the year 1857 there existed no legal provision for general elementary education in Spain. In that year, owing to the liberals having gotten into power in Madrid, after a bitter contest aroused partially by the general political events of Europe, a law making elementary education compulsory was passed. This was two years before Ferrer's birth.
Now it is one thing for a political party, temporarily in possession of power, to pass a law. It is quite another thing to make that law effective, even when wealth and general sentiment are behind it. But when joined to the fact that there is a strong opposition is added the fact that this opposition is in possession of the greatest wealth of the country, that the people to be benefited are often quite as bitterly opposed to their own enlightenment as those who profit by their ignorance, and that those who do ardently desire their own uplift are extremely poor, the difficulty of practicalizing this educational law is partially appreciated.
Ferrer's own boyhood life is an illustration of how much benefit the children of the peasantry reaped from the educational law. His parents were vine dressers; they were eminently orthodox and believed what their priest (who was probably the only man in the little village of Alella able to read) told them: that the Liberals were the emissaries of Satan and that whatever they did was utterly evil. They wanted no such evil thing as popular education about, and would not that their children should have it. Accordingly, even at 13 years of age, the boy was without education, — a circumstance which in after years made him more anxious that others should not suffer as he had.
It is self-understood that if it was difficult to found schools in the cities where there existed a degree of popular clamor for them, it was next to impossible in the rural districts where people like Ferrer's parents were the typical inhabitants. The best result obtained by this law in the 20 years from 1857 to 1877 was that, out of 16,000,000 people, 4,000,000 were then able to read and write, — 75% remaining illiterate. At the end of 1907 the proportion was altered to 6,000,000 literate out of 18,500,000 population, which may be considered as a fairly correct approximate of the present condition.
One of the very great accounting causes for this situation is the extreme poverty of the mass of the populace. In many districts of Spain a laborer's wages are less than $1.00 a week, and nowhere do they equal the poorest workman's wages in America. Of course, it is understood that the cost of living is likewise low; but imagine it as low as you please, it is still evident that the income of the workers is too small to permit them to save anything, even from the most frugal living. The dire struggle to secure food, clothing and shelter is such that little energy is left wherewith to aspire to anything, to demand anything, either for themselves or their children. Unless, therefore, the government provided the buildings, the books, and appliances, and paid the teachers' salaries, it is easy to see that the people most in need of education are least able, and least likely, to provide it for themselves. Furthermore the government itself, unless it can tax the wealthier classes for it, cannot out of such an impoverished source wring sufficient means to provide adequate schools and school equipments.
Now, the wealthiest classes are just the religious orders. According to the statement of Monsignor Jose Valeda de Gunjado, these orders own ,two-thirds of the money of the country and one-third of the wealth in property. These orders are utterly opposed to all education except such as they themselves furnish — a lamentable travesty on learning.
As a writer who has investigated these conditions personally, observes, in reply to the question, "Does not the Church provide numbers of schools, day and night, at its own expense?" — It does, — unhappily for Spain. It provides schools whose principal aim is to strengthen superstition, follow a mediaeval curriculum, keep out scientific light, — and prevent other and better schools from being established.
A Spanish educational journal (La Escuela Espanola) , not Ferrer's journal, declared in 1907 that these schools were largely "without light or ventilation, dens of death, ignorance, and bad training." It was estimated that 50,000 children died every year in consequence of the mischievous character of the school rooms. And even to schools like these, there were half a million children in Spain who could gain no admittance.
As to the teachers, they are allowed a salary ranging from $50.00 to $100.00 a year; but this is provided, not by the State, but through voluntary donations from the parents. So that a teacher, in addition to his legitimate functions, must perform those of collector of his own salary.
Now conceive that he is endeavoring to collect it from parents whose wages amount to two or three dollars a week; and you will not be surprised at the case reported by a Madrid paper in 1903 of a master's having canvassed a district to find how many parents would contribute if he opened a school. Out of one hundred families, three promised their support!
Is it any wonder that the law of compulsory education is a mockery? How could it be anything else?
Now let us look at the products of this popular ignorance, and we shall presently understand why the Church fosters it, why it fights education; and also why the Catalonian insurrection of 1909, which began as a strike of workers in protest against the Moroccan war, ended in mob attacks upon convents, monasteries, and churches.
I have already quoted the statement of a high Spanish prelate that the religious orders of Spain own two-thirds of the money of Spain, and one-third of the wealth in property. Whether this estimate is precisely correct or not, it is sufficiently near correctness to make us aware that at least a great portion of the wealth of the country has passed into their hands, — a state not widely differing from that existing in France prior to the great Revolution. Before the insurrection of last year, the city of Barcelona alone had 165 convents, many of which were exceedingly rich. The province of Catalonia maintained 2.300 of these institutions. Aside from these religious orders with their accumulations of wealth, the Church itself, the united body of priests not in orders, is immensely wealthy. Conceive that in the Cathedral at Toledo there is an image of the Virgin whose wardrobe alone would be sufficient to build hundreds of schools. Imagine that this doll, which is supposed to symbolize the forlorn young woman who in her pain and sorrow and need was driven to seek shelter in a stable, whose life was ever lowly, and who is called the Mother of Sorrows, — imagine that this image of her has become a vulgar coquette sporting a robe where into are sown 85,000 pearls, besides as many more sapphires, amethysts, and diamonds!
Oh, what a decoration for the mother of the Carpenter of Nazareth! What a vision for the dying eyes on the Cross to look forward to! What an outcome of the gospel of salvation free to the poor and lowly, taught by the poorest and the lowliest, — that the humble keeper of the humble household of the despised little village of Judea should be imaged forth as a Queen of Gauds, bedizened with a crown worth $25,000 and bracelets valued at $10,000 more. The Virgin Mary, the Daughter of the Stable, transformed into a diamond merchant's showcase!
And this in the midst of men and women working for just enough to keep the skin upon the bone; in the midst of children who are denied the primary necessities of childhood.
Now I ask you, when the fury of these people burst, as under the provocation they received it was inevitable that it should burst, was it any wonder that it manifested itself in mob violence against the institutions which mock their suffering by this useless, senseless, criminal waste of wealth in the face of utter need?
Will some one now whisper in our ears that there are women in America who decorate themselves with more jewels than the Virgin of Toledo, and throw away the price of a school on a useless decoration in a single night; while within a radius of five miles from them there are also uneducated children, for whom our School Boards can provide no place?
Yes, it is so; let them remember the mobs of Barcelona!
And let me remember I am talking about Spain!
The question naturally intrudes, How does the Church, how do the religious orders manage to accumulate such wealth? Remember first that they are old, and of unbroken continuance for hundreds of years. That various forms of acquisition, in operation for centuries, would produce immense accumulations, even supposing nothing but legitimate purchases and gifts. But when we consider the actual means whereby money is daily absorbed from the people by these institutions we receive a shock which sets all our notions of the triumph of Modern Science topsy-turvy.
It is almost impossible to realize, and yet it is true, that the Spanish Church still deals in that infamous "graft" against which Martin Luther hurled the splendid force of his wrath four hundred years ago. The Church of Spain still sells indulgences. Every Catholic bookstore, and every priest, has them for sale. They are called "bulas." Their prices range from about 15 to 25 cents, and they constitute an elastic excuse for doing pretty much what the possessor pleases to do, providing it is not a capital crime, for a definitely named period.
Probably there is no one in America so little able to believe this condition to exist, as the ordinary well-informed Roman Catholic. I have myself listened to priests of the Roman faith giving the conditions on which pardon for venal offenses might be obtained; and they had nothing to do with money. They consisted in saying a certain number of prayers at stated periods, with specified intent. While that may be a very illogical way of putting things together that have no connection, there is nothing in it to offend one's ideas of honesty. The enlightened conscience of an entire mass of people has demanded that a spiritual offense be dealt with by spiritual means. It would revolt at the idea that such grace could be written out on paper and sold either to the highest bidder or for a fixed price.
But now conceive what happens where a people are illiterate, regarding written documents with that superstitious awe which those who cannot read always have for the mysterious language of learning; regarding them besides with the combination of fear and reverence which the ignorant believer entertains for the visible sign of Supernatural Power, the Power which holds over him the threat of eternal punishment, — and you will have what goes on in Spain. Add to this that such a condition of fear and gullibility on the side of the people, is the great opportunity of the religious "grafter." Whatever number of honest, self-sacrificing, devoted people may be attracted to the service of the Church, there will certainly be found also, the cheat, the impostor, the searcher for ease and power.
These indulgences, which for 15 or 25 cents pardon the buyer for his past sins, but are good only till he sins again, constitute a species of permission to do what otherwise is forbidden; the most expensive one, the 25c-one, is practically a license to hold stolen property up to a certain amount.
Both rich and poor buy these things, the rich of course paying a good deal more than the. stipulated sum. But it hardly requires the statement that an immense number of the very poor buy them also. And from this horrible traffic the Church of Spain annually draws millions.
There are other sources of income such as the sale of scapulars, agnus-deis, charms, and other pieces of trumpery, which goes on all over the Catholic world also, but naturally to no such extent as in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, where popular ignorance may be again measured by the materialism of its religion.
Now, is it reasonable to suppose that the individuals who are thriving upon these sales, want a condition of popular enlightenment? Do they not know how all this traffic would crumble like the ash of a burnt-out fire, once the blaze of science were to flame through Spain? They EDUCATE! Yes; they educate the people to believe in these barbaric relics of a dead time, — for their own material interest. Spain and Portugal are the last resort of the mediaeval church; the monasticism and the Jesuitry which have been expelled from other European countries, and compelled to withdraw from Cuba and the Philippines, have concentrated there; and there they are making their last fight. There they will go down into their eternal grave; but not till Science has invaded the dark corners of the popular intellect.
The political condition is parallel with the religious condition of the people, with the exception that the State is poor while the Church is rich.
There are some elements in the government which are opposed to the Church religiously, which nevertheless do not wish to see its power as an institution upset, because they foresee that the same people who would overthrow the Church, would later overthrow them. These, too, wish to see the people kept ignorant.
Nevertheless, there have been numerous political rebellions in Spain, having for their object the establishment of a republic.
In 1868 there occurred such a rebellion, under the leadership of Ruiz Zorilla. At that time, Ferrer was not quite 20 years old. He had acquired an education by his own efforts. He was a declared Republican, as it seems that every young, ardent, bright-minded youth, seeing what the condition of his country was, and wishing for its betterment, would be. Zorilla was for a short time Minister of Public Instruction, under the new government, and very zealous for popular education.
Naturally he became an object of admiration and imitation to Ferrer.
In the early eighties, after various fluctuations of political power, Zorilla, who had been absent from Spain, returned to it, and began the labor of converting the soldiers to republicanism. Ferrer was then a director of railways, and of much service to Zorilla in the practical work of organization. In 1885 this movement culminated in an abortive revolution, wherein both Ferrer and Zorilla took active part, and were accordingly compelled to take refuge in France upon the failure of the insurrection.
It is therefore certain that from his entrance into public agitation till the year 1885, Ferrer was an active revolutionary republican, believing in the overthrow of Spanish tyranny by violence.
There is no question that at that time he said and wrote things which, whether we shall consider them justifiable or not, were openly in favor of forcible rebellion. Such utterances charged against him at the alleged trial in 1909, which were really his, were quotations from this period. Remember he was then 26 years old. When the trial occurred, he was 50 years old. What had been his mental evolution during those 24 years?
In Paris, where, with the exception of a short intermission in 1889 when he visited Spain, he remained for about fifteen years, he naturally drifted into a method of making a living quite common to educated exiles in a foreign land; viz., giving private lessons in his native language. But while this is with most a mere temporary makeshift, which they change for something else as soon as they are able, to Ferrer it revealed what his real business in life should be; he found teaching to be his genuine vocation; so much so that he took part in several movements for popular education in Paris, giving much free service.
This participation in the labor of training the mind, which is always a slow and patient matter, began to have its effect on his conceptions of political change. Slowly the idea of a Spain regenerated through the storm blasts of revolution, mightily and suddenly, faded out of his belief, being replaced, probably almost insensibly, by the idea that a thorough educational enlightenment must precede political transformation, if that transformation were to be permanent. This conviction he voiced with strange power and beauty of expression, when he said to his old revolutionary Republican friend, Alfred Naquet: "Time respects those works alone which Time itself has helped to build."
Naquet himself, old and sinking man as he is, is at this day and hour heart and soul for forcible revolution; admitting all the evils which it engenders and all the dangers of miscarriage which accompany it, he still believes, to quote his own words, that "Revolutions are not only the marvelous accoucheurs of societies; they are also fecundating forces. They fructify men's intelligences; and if they determine the final realization of matured evolutions, they also become, through their action on human minds, points of departure for newer evolutions." Yet he, who thus sings the paean of the uprisen people, with a fire of youth and an ardor of love that sound like the singing of some strong young blacksmith marching at the head of an insurgent column, rather than the quavering voice of an old spent man; he, who was the warm personal friend of Ferrer for many years, and who would surely have wished that his ideal love should also have been his friend's love, he expressly declares that Ferrer was of those who feel themselves drawn to the field of preparative labor, making sure the ground over which the Revolution may march to enduring results.
This then was the ripened condition of his mind, especially after the death of Zorilla, and all his subsequent life and labor is explicable only with this understanding of his mental attitude.
In the confusion of deafening voices, it has been declared that not only did he not take part in last year's manifestations, nor instigate them; but that he in fact had become a Tolstoyan, a non-resistant.
This is not true: he undoubtedly understood that the introduction of popular education into Spain means revolt, sooner or later. And he would certainly have been glad to see a successful revolt overthrow the monarchy at Madrid. He did not wish the people to be submissive; it is one of the fundamental teachings of the schools he founded that the assertive spirit of the child is to be encouraged; that its will is not to be broken; that the sin of other schools is the forcing of obedience. He hoped to help to form a young Spain which would not submit; which would resist, resist consciously, intelligently, steadily. He did not wish to enlighten people merely to render them more sensitive to their pains and deprivations, but that they might so use their enlightenment as to rid themselves of the system of exploitation by Church and State which is responsible for their miseries. By what means they would choose to free themselves, he did not make his affair.
How and when were these schools founded? It was during his long sojourn in Paris, that he had as a private pupil in Spanish, a middle-aged, wealthy, unmarried, Catholic lady. After much conflict over religion between teacher and pupil, the latter modified her orthodoxy greatly; and especially after her journeys to Spain, where she herself saw the condition of public instruction.
Eventually she became interested in Ferrer's conceptions of education, and his desire to establish schools in his own country. And when she died in 1900 (she was then somewhat over 50 years old) she devised a certain part of her property to Ferrer, to be used as he saw fit, feeling assured no doubt that he would see fit to use it not for his personal advantage, but for the purpose so dear to his heart. Which he did.
The bequest amounted to about $150,000; and the first expenditure was for the establishment of the Modern School of Barcelona, in the year 1901.
It should be said that this was not the first of the Modern School movement in Spain; for previous to that, and for several years, there had sprung up, in various parts of the country, a spontaneous movement towards self-education; a very heroic effort, in a way, considering that the teachers were generally workingmen who had spent their day in the shops, and were using the remainder of their exhausted strength to enlighten their fellow-workers and the children. These were largely night-schools. As there were no means behind these efforts, the buildings in which they were held were of course unsuitable; there was no proper plan of work; no sufficient equipment, and little co-ordination of labor. A considerable percentage of these schools were already on the decline, when Ferrer, equipped with his splendid organizing ability, his teacher's experience, and Mlle. Meunier's endowment, opened the Barcelona School, having as pupils eighteen boys and twelve girls.
So proper to the demand was this effort, that at the end of four years' earnest activity, fifty schools had been established, ten in Barcelona, and forty in the provinces.
In 1906, that is, after five years' work, a banquet was held on Good Friday, at which 1,700 pupils were present.
From 30 to 1,700, — that is something. And a banquet in Catholic Spain on Good Friday! A banquet of children who have bade good-bye to the salvation of the soul by the punishment of the stomach! We here may laugh; but in Spain it was a triumph and a menace, which both sides understood.
I have said that Ferrer brought to his work splendid organizing ability. This he speedily put to purpose by enlisting the co-operation of a number of the greatest scientists of Europe in the preparation of text-books embodying the discoveries of science, couched in language comprehensible to young minds.
So far, I am sorry to say, I have not succeeded in getting copies of these manuals; the Spanish government confiscated most of them, and has probably destroyed them. Still there are some uncaptured sets (one is already in the British Museum) and I make no doubt that within a year or so we shall have translations of most of them.
There were thirty of these manuals all told, comprising the work of the three sections, primary, intermediate, and superior, into which the pupils were divided.
From what I have been able to find out about these books, I believe the most interesting of them all would be the First Reading Book. It was prepared by Dr. Odon de Buen, and is said to be at the same time "a speller, a grammar and an illustrated manual of evolution," "the majestic story of the evolution of the cosmos from the atom to the thinking being, related in a language simple, comprehensible to the child."
20,000 copies of this book were rapidly sold.
Imagine what that meant to Catholic schools! That the babies of Spain should learn nothing about eternal punishment for their deadly sins, and should learn that they are one in a long line of unfolding life that started in the lowly sea-slime!
The books on geography, physics, and minerology were written in like manner and with like intent by the same author; on anthropology, Dr. Enguerrand wrote, and on evolution, Dr. Letourneau of Paris.
Among the very suggestive works was one on "The Universal Substance," a collaborate production of Albert Bloch and Paraf Javal, in which the mysteries of existence are resolved into their chemical equivalents, so that the foundations for magic and miracle are unceremoniously cleared out of the intellectual field.
This book was prepared at Ferrer's special request, as an antidote to ancestral leanings, inherited superstitions, the various outside influences counteracting the influences of the school.
The methods of instruction were modeled after earlier attempts in France, and were based on the general idea that physical and intellectual education must continually supplement each other. That no one is really educated, so long as his knowledge is merely the recollection of what he has read or seen in a book Accordingly a lesson often consisted of a visit to a factory, a workshop, a studio, or a laboratory, where things were explained and illustrated; or in a class journey to the hills, or the sea, or the open country, where the geological or topographical conditions were studied, or botanical specimens collected and individual observation encouraged.
Very often even book classes were held out of doors, and the children insensibly put in touch with the great pervading influences of nature, a touch too often lost, or never felt at all, in our city environments.
How different was all this from the incomprehensible theology of the Catholic schools to be learned and believed but not understood, the impractical rehearsing of strings of words characteristic of mediaeval survivals! No wonder the Modern Schools grew and grew, and the hatred of the priests waxed hotter and hotter.
Their opportunity came; indeed, they did not wait long.
In the year 1906, on the 31st day of May, not so very long after that Good Friday banquet, occurred the event which they seized upon to crush the Modern School and its founder.
I am not here to speak either for or against Mateo Morral. He was a wealthy young man, of much energy and considerable learning. He had helped to enrich the library of the Modern School and being an excellent linguist, he had offered to make translations of text-books. Ferrer had accepted the offer. That is all Morral had to do with the Modern School.
But on the day of royal festivities, Morral had it in his head to throw a bomb where it would do some royal hurt. He missed his calculations, and the hurt intended did not take place; but after a short interval, finding himself about to be captured, he killed himself.
Think of him as you please: think that he was a madman who did a madman's act; think that he was a generous enthusiast who in an outburst of long chafing indignation at his country's condition wanted to strike a blow at a tyrannical monarchy, and was willing to give his own life in exchange for the tyrant's; or better than this, reserve your judgment, and say that you know not the man nor his personal condition, nor the special external conditions that prompted him; and that without such knowledge he cannot be judged. But whatever you think of Morral, pray why was Ferrer arrested and the Modern School of Barcelona closed? Why was he thrown in prison and kept there for more than a year? Why was it sought to railroad him before a Court Martial, and that attempt failing, the civil trial postponed for all that time?
Because Ferrer taught science to the children of Spain, — and for no other thing. His enemies would have killed him then; but having been compelled to yield an open trial, by the outcry of Europe, they were also compelled to release him. But I imagine I hear, yea hear, the resolute mutter behind the closed walls of the monasteries, the day Ferrer went free. "Go, then; we shall get you again. And then — "
And then they would do what three years later they did, — damn him to the ditch of MONTJUICH.
Yea, they shut their lips together like the thin lips of Fate and — waited. The hatred of an order has something superb in it, — it hates so relentlessly, so constantly, so transcendently; its personnel changes, its hate never alters; it wears one priest's face or another's; itself is identical, inexorable; it pursues to the end.
Did Ferrer know this? Undoubtedly in a general way he did. And yet he was so far from conceiving its appalling remorselessness, that even when he found himself in prison again, and utterly in their power, he could not believe that he would not be freed.
What was this opportunity for which the Jesuitry of Spain waited with such. terrible security? The Catalonian uprising. How did they know it would come? As any sane man, not over-optimistic, knows that uprising must come in Spain. Ferrer hoped to sap away the foundations of tyranny through peaceful enlightenment. He was right. But they are also right who say that there are other forces hurling towards those foundations; the greatest of these, — Starvation.
Now it was plain and simple Starvation that rose to rend its starvers when the Catalonian women rose in mobs to cry against the command that was taking away their fathers and sons to their death in Morocco. The Spanish people did not want the Moroccan war; the Government, in the interest of a number of capitalists, did; but like all governments and all capitalists, it wanted workingmen to do the dying. And they did not want to die, and leave their wives and children to die too. So they rebelled. At first it was the conscious, orderly protest of organized workingmen. But Starvation no more respects the commands of workingmen's unions, than the commands of governments, and other orderly bodies. It has nothing to lose: and it gets away, in its fury, from all management; and it riots.
Where Churches and Monasteries are offensively rich and at ease in the face of Hunger, Hunger takes its revenge. It has long fangs, it rends, and tears, and tramples — the innocent with the guilty — always. It is very horrible! But remember, — remember how much more horrible is the long, slow systematic crushing, wasting, drying of men upon their bones, which year after year, century after century, has begotten the Monster, Hunger. Remember the 50,000 innocent children annually slaughtered, the blinded and the crippled children, maimed and forsaken by social power; and behind the smoke and flame of the burning convents of July, 1909, see the staring of those sightless eyes.
Ferrer instigate that mad frenzy! Oh, no; it was a mightier than Ferrer!
"Our Lady of Pain" — Our Lady of Hunger — Our Lady with uncut nails and wolf-like teeth — Our Lady who bears the Man-flesh in her body that cannon are to tear — Our Lady the Workingwoman of Spain, ahungered. She incarnated the Red Terror.
And the enemies of Ferrer in 1906, as in 1909, knew that such things would come; and they bided their time.
It is one of those pathetic things which destiny deals, that it was only for love's sake — and most for the love of a little child — who died moreover — that the uprising found Ferrer in Spain at all. He had been in England, investigating schools and methods there from April until the middle of June. Word came that his sister-in-law and his niece were ill, so the 19th of June found him at the little girl's bedside. He intended soon after to go to Paris, but delayed to make some inquiries for a friend concerning the proceedings of the Electrical Society of Barcelona. So the storm caught him as it caught thousands of others.
He went about the business of his publishing house as usual, making the observations of an interested spectator of events. To his friend Naquet he sent a postal card on the 26th of July, in which he spoke of the heroism of the women, the lack of co-ordination in the people's movements, and the total absence of leaders, as a curious phenomenon. Hearing soon after that he was to be arrested, he secluded himself for five weeks. The "White Terror" was in full sway; 3,000 men, women, and children had been arrested, incarcerated, inhumanly treated Then the Chief Prosecutor issued the statement that Ferrer was "the director of the revolutionary movement."
Too indignant to listen to the appeals of his friends, he started to Barcelona to give himself up and demand trial. He was arrested on the way.
And they court-martialed him.
The proceedings were utterly infamous. No chance to confront witnesses against him; no opportunity to bring witnesses; not even the books accused of sedition allowed to offer their mute testimony in their own defense; no opportunity given to his defender to prepare; letters sent from England and France to prove what had been the doomed man's purposes and occupations during his stay there, "lost in transit"; the old articles of twenty-four years before, made to appear as if recent utterances; forgeries imposed and with all this, nothing but hearsay evidence even from his accusers; and yet — he was sentenced to death.
Sentenced to death and shot.
And all Modern Schools closed, and his property sequestrated.
And the Virgin of Toledo may wear her gorgeous robes in peace, since the shadow of the darkness has stolen back over the circle of light he lit.
Only, — somewhere, somewhere, down in the obscurity — hovers the menacing figure of her rival, "Our Lady of Pain." She is still now, — but she is not dead. And if all things be taken from her, and the light not allowed to come to her, nor to her children, — then — some day — she will set her own lights in the darkness.
Ferrer Ferrer is with the immortals. His work is spreading over the world; it will yet return, and rid Spain of its tyrants.
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If you're looking for a used pickleball paddle or other equipment you've come to the right place. The quality of new paddles on the market continues to impress, with new technology and high-end materials being added all the time.
This cool near gear comes at with a high price tag, with many of the new pickleball paddles currently retail for $100-$150 which is a steep price to pay, especially if you are just getting into the sport or don't have the budget for an expensive paddle.
The good news is that there is an active market for used paddles and several places to find quality second-hand paddles. Some of these are in great condition, but there are a few things to be careful of when shopping for used paddles which we warn you about below. If you are lucky, you may even find paddles that have barely been used – sometimes in near mint condition.
Tournament Prizes: Someone won it as a prize for winning a tournament (many are sponsored by pickleball manufacturers and the prize packages often include their branded equipment: paddles, pickleball bags or other accessories.
Demo Paddles: Some bands give free equipment to professional sponsored pickleball players, coaches, public figures and brand reps to test the gear, give feedback and spread the word about their company. Eventually, some of these lightly used paddles may end up in the second-hand market.
Online Giveaways: When companies launch new products, it's become very common to do giveaways. Entrants improve their chances of winning by sharing on social media (facebook, instagram, etc).
With the increase of equipment being sold online, I see more and more giveaways (especially small companies launching pickleball paddles on Amazon). However, the prize winners may not actually want to use the particular paddle so it ends up being sold used ("like new") online or even wind up at garage sales.
One piece of pickleball equipment NOT to buy used!
Garage Sales/Estate Sales: This one may seem obvious but it's worth mentioning, the best places to check are neighborhoods with active senior communities that have pickleball facilities and areas of town with lots of courts.
Pickleball Courts: Check bulletin boards at your local club or recreation center. If they allow it, put up a "wanted" sign and specify that it must be in good condition.
For example, here are search results for Florida showing current items for sale in the Orlando area…there is a drop-down menu at the top of the screen to select other cities.
Craigslist is very user-friendly so you could just "Google it" yourself, but we thought we'd save you a few minutes of clicking around and searching to find used pickleball stuff in your area.
OfferUp: If you are looking local to buy a used pickleball paddle, another option is OfferUp. It is a website and app (available on Android and Apple) that matches local buyers and sellers of second-hand stuff.
For example, here is a search for used "Pickleball" for sale within 50 miles (based on your current location).
Used on Amazon: it's become a household name, but although most people know Amazon for new products some people may not even be aware that there are also pre-owned items on Amazon. Some of these are sold by large manufacturers (for example selling demo paddles or returned unboxed items) or individual Amazon users that sell items they personally own.
Here is a link showing all the used pickleball items currently for sale on Amazon.
The screen will display a list of all pickleball related products that have used options.
Once you click on a product, you'll see a link under the price showing "More Buying Choices" and a link to both new & used offers.
If you click on that link it will show you all the options for that product, along with with the price, condition, seller information, seller rating for each and an option to "Add to Cart" if you decide you want to buy it.
Condition: "Refurbished", "Used-Like New", "Used-Very Good", "Used-Good", "Used-Acceptable". Most of those are self-explanatory but if click here if you'd like to see Amazon's full description of condition. I personally stick to "Like New, Very Good and Good". It's unlikely sporting goods would be listed as refurbished but if so I would probably avoid.
Delivery: Double check the delivery estimate for used items (the next column over from condition).
Some offer very quick delivery, especially sellers using FBA (Fulfilled by Amazon) since those products are already in Amazon's warehouse. Other merchants may have longer delivery times.
Seller Information: This shows the star rating on a 5 point scale of the seller's feedback from previous buyers and the number of times they have been rated. I generally stick to sellers with 90% or more positive feedback percentage and I like see at least 100+ ratings, anything would be a very new seller although if it's a great deal I might still go with a brand new seller since you have still had the confidence of buying on Amazon if anything were wrong with the purchase.
eBay: The most well-known online auction site where you buy directly from the owner of the item. If you haven't bought on eBay before it's relatively simple. If you find something you want to buy you place a bid on the auction. If you have a price limit you are willing to spend on the item you can place your max bid and the system will automatically bid for you up to that amount.
More and more sellers are giving a "Buy It Now" price also so if you just want to buy it for that price you can skip the whole auction. Although when it first launched it was known for second-hand items, there are now lots of new items for sale and full-blown stores on ebay that have large inventory selling new and used items.
Ebay processes payments through Paypal allowing you to pay with any major credit card. I can understand some people are may be nervous buying off a platform for the first time but I've bought and sold many items on Ebay and have found some great deals. I've personally never had any issues but ebay does off a "Worry Free" Money Back Guarantee on all purchases if you were to have an issue with a seller not sending you the item or if the item were not as described.
Factory seconds technically aren't "Used" because they are not pre-owned. Seconds are usually unused paddles sold direct from the factory or equipment manufacturer at a steep discount. They usually have minor cosmetic defects. The paddle face may be scratched or have small dents or air pockets- decals, logos or vinyl graphics may be faded or uneven.
Factory seconds can be a great way to pick up a cheap pickleball paddle since normally the defects are minor and do not have a negative impact on your game. You can get some great deals, sometimes even half price. It's a good way for the paddle makers to recoup some of their losses rather than throwing the paddles away…because of the savings they normally sell very quickly and are hard to find. You may need to contact the brand directly and inquire if they have any "seconds" for sale.
Although it can be tempting to buy used shoes since they are still in the box and sometimes the seller claims they've never been worn, I never buy used shoes even if they claim they are in perfect condition.
I buy new pickleball shoes online from sites that offer free returns. Click here to see our top picks for pickleball shoes.
Grip: Check the condition of the grip. If the grip is worn bare or to the point where the cushioning is gone you'll need to replace it. Although the cost is minimal- you can get a quality replacement paddle grip for around $10-$15, it's another cost to factor into the price. And you'll still have to redo the grip, with a little practice you can get the grip to feel brand new, but if it's your first time doing it- you may not get that plush comfy feel of a brand new paddle grip has.
Dead Spots: paddles are exposed to repeated contact and after banging thousands of balls, the repeated impact takes its toll on the paddle surface. The vibration and repeated shock can cause the layers of the paddle face (graphite, fiberglass, etc) to separate from the paddle core material (Nomex®, polymer, aluminum).
When the layers separate it can cause "dead spots" where the paddle loses responsiveness, the ball just does not bounce off the surface as you would expect. This can be a frustrating experience for the player since it creates inconsistencies in shots as some fall shorter or bounce farther than others.
No Guarantee: If you buy a new paddle, you are normally covered by some kind of guarantee. Some companies offer limited warranties against manufacturer defects.
Paddletek actually offers a 5-year guarantee against dead spots! When you buy a used paddle, you are pretty much at the mercy of the seller.
You can limit the chances of getting a paddle that spent it to look for paddles in "like new" condition or lightly used demo paddles. If I buy used gear online sites (such as ebay) I contact the seller first before I buy with some follow up questions, such as- when they bought the paddle, how many hours they estimate they've used the paddle, etc….But of course, a lot of that comes down to the honor system of how much honest details the seller gives you. Even if it's just a quick question it's a good test to see if the respond quickly and seem legit.
If you are buying in person, for example, if you are meeting a local seller off of Craigslist, bring a pickleball ball with you to the meeting. That way you can test out the paddle -otherwise, you are stuck just kind of looking at it! That's fine to check out the cosmetic condition of the paddle and if it has any major damage but you really want to be able to "feel" the paddle.
Even if you are just meeting in a parking lot you can find a nearby wall and hit the ball for a couple of minutes. No wall- just hit the ball off your paddle straight into the air. Make sure to hit the ball on both sides of the paddle and try to hit different parts of the paddle face, checking for any differences, inconsistencies or dead spots.
Another thing you can do is hit down on the ball off the ground and back…similar to some players' pre-serve routine. This allows you to hit the ball harder than just bouncing in the air, do this repeatedly checking for responsiveness.
I hope this post helped you in your search for a used pickleball paddle (or other second-hand equipment). Buying used can be a great way to get quality items at a substantial discount and I definitely think there are some good deals out there worth looking out. You can find some gear that in almost new condition.
Take time compare prices and vet online sellers by checking their feedback on previous sales. Asking the right questions before buying and physically testing the paddle (when possible and practical) also helps avoid a bad buying experience.
How to save money on Pickleball Sets.
Instead it has a flat sound.
It's a composit type. Not sure if to send it back. I read that there is different types of composite material used.
I'm actually not familiar with "Saku" brands of paddles…I've seen a lot of paddles but never that brand.
some will give more "pop" than others. Nomex cores are harder and the ball tends to pop off the paddle face more than others.
The Z5 Graphite Pickleball Paddle is one of the best selling paddles with Nomex cores. Here's a link to the Z5 paddle on Amazon if you want to take a closer look.


Launched in 2005, the National Network of Marist Schools gives a sense of solidarity in their Marist identity to the member schools.
The National Network of Marist Schools is designed to maintain and enhance the Marist nature of the schools members of the Society of Mary used to staff and to associate like-minded Marist schools in order that through education, people may more effectively engage people in live the Gospel in a Marian way.
Schools in New Zealand without Marist Priests and Brothers, and with lay people wanting to keep the Marist Spirit alive in their schools, signals a new beginning for Marist education in New Zealand.
The concept for the Marist Network of Marist Schools (NNMS) came from three principals of Marist schools, who wanted to keep alive what is special about Marist schools and Marist education.
The National Network of Marist Schools is seen as a contemporary realisation of the aspiration of the first Marists who on 23 July 1816, pledged themselves to form a Marist Society at the shrine of Notre Dame du Fourviere, Lyon, France.
The expression of the Marist Spirit in education always takes on a local dimension, however the Marist Spirit in education is not solely unique to an individual school, and while the expression of the Marist Spirit in education takes on a local dimension, the National Network of Marist Schools seeks to provide a backbone and structure upon which the Marist Spirit in education can not only be preserved, but develop.
be one contemporary realisation of the aspirations of the first Marists who pledged themselves to form a Marist society at the shrine of Notre Dame de Fourviere, France, on 23rd July 1816.


PM Razak said Africa is experiencing a form of economic resurgence with an average economic growth of 5% in the recent past compared to 4,2% being experienced globally.
He said Malaysia is looking forward to producing more and promoting the SMEs sector and he called on African countries to look more to developing economies such as Malaysia for their products.
He also highlighted the need to curb rural-to-urban migration through appropriate technologies and to be committed to the attainment of the UN Millennium Development Goals.
He shared with participants to the 2011 dialogue how Malaysia has strategised towards the achieving of its national vision through the people first approach, the prioritisation of innovation and other policies.
At the same ceremony the Malaysian PM announced a US$12 million scholarship programme for African students to study at Malaysian universities.
Limkokwing, which has campuses in Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland, offered the scholarships to deserving students for Smart Technology and Creativity degree programmes to all African countries.
The scholarship programme comprise 45 full-tuition scholarships, 450 partial scholarships whose tuition fees are 30% less, and 5 day training in transformational leadership for 150 government officers.


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El argumento de la industria naciente es una justificación económica para el proteccionismo. La esencia del argumento es que las industrias nacientes a menudo no tienen las economías de escala que sus competidores más desarrollados de otros países, y por lo tanto deben ser protegidas hasta que puedan alcanzar economías de escala similares. El argumento fue enunciado por primera vez por Alexander Hamilton en su Informe sobre las manufacturas de 1790, desarrollado de forma sistemática por Daniel Raymond, y recogido posteriormente por Friedrich List en su trabajo de 1841 El sistema nacional de economía política, a raíz de su exposición a la idea durante su residencia en los Estados Unidos en la década de 1763.<ref name="kick">Chang, Ha-Joon. "Kicking Away the Ladder: How the Economic and Intellectual Histories of Capitalism Have Been Re-Written to Justify Neo-Liberal Capitalism".  Post-Autistic Economics Review 8 de septiembre 2002: Número 15, Artículo 3. Obtenido el 8 de octubre de 2008.</ref>

Muchos países se han industrializado con éxito detrás de barreras arancelarias. Por ejemplo, desde 1834 hasta 1855, los aranceles en EE. UU. estaban entre las más altas del mundo. De acuerdo con Ha-Joon Chang, «Casi todos los países recientemente desarrollados han adoptado alguna forma de estrategia de promoción de industria naciente cuando estaban en posiciones retrasadas. En muchos países, la protección arancelaria fue un componente clave de esta estrategia, pero no fue ni la única ni necesariamente el componente más importante en la estrategia.»

A pesar de ello, la protección de la industria naciente como medida de actuación económica es polémica. Al igual que otras justificaciones económicas para el proteccionismo, a menudo es objeto de abuso por los que buscan vivir de las rentas. Aun cuando la protección de la industria naciente sea bien intencionada, es difícil que los gobiernos sepan qué industrias deben proteger; puede que las industrias nacientes no crezcan con respecto a los competidores extranjeros maduros''. Por ejemplo, durante la década de 1980 Brasil aplicó un estricto control sobre la importación de computadores extranjeros en un esfuerzo por crear su propia industria naciente de computación. Esta industria nunca maduró; la brecha tecnológica entre Brasil y el resto del mundo se ensanchó, mientras que las industrias protegidas simplemente copiaban computadoras de baja gama extranjeras y los vendían a precios inflados. Además, los países que ponen barreras a las importaciones a menudo se enfrentan a barreras en sus exportaciones en represalia, lo que podría perjudicar a los mismos sectores que la protección de la industria naciente está destinada a ayudar.

Ernesto Zedillo, en su informe de 2001 al Secretario General de la ONU recomendó «Legitimar una protección limitada, circunscrita a un período de tiempo concreto, de ciertas industrias de los países que se encuentran en las etapas iniciales de la industrialización. Por muy equivocado que fuera el antiguo modelo de protección generalizada, cuyo fin era fomentar industrias que sustituyeran a las importaciones, sería un error pasarse al otro extremo y negar a los países en desarrollo la posibilidad de fomentar activamente el desarrollo de un sector industrial.»

Referencias

Ideologías económicas
Comercio internacional

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


All of the UN member states have agreed to the goal of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2030. This commitment includes access to quality essential health services (EHS); safe, effective, quality and affordable medicines and vaccines; and financial risk protection. As a result, we are seeing significant efforts at the global and local level to increase coverage of EHS, reduce out-of-pocket payments and expand domestic resources for financing health. The Third International Conference on Financing for Development released an outcome document which provides the framework to ensure that governments own, measure and finance their health activities in collaboration with international and other domestic stakeholders — in a way that aligns with social, economic and environmental priorities.
The design and implementation of EHS requires integrating the dialogue on health financing with the quality and delivery of a people-centered EHS package. Following the principles outlined in the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978, the EHS package should be responsive to the national and local context, as well as a reflection of national priorities, regional or subnational variations in burdens of disease, financial resources and health systems capacity. However, many low- and middle-income countries lack the necessary resources or data to systematically assess, define and update their service packages through inclusive means, which both improve health governance and promote shared accountability.
In the past, efforts to design EHS packages have been met with varied success. The WHO has generated multiple guidelines and interventions to support decision makers in determining the strategies, interventions — including prevention, counseling and care — and essential medicines required to deliver a package of services. In some countries, packages have been influenced by the 1993 World Development Report. International agencies and donors tied to such global agendas rather than local needs have played a central role in designing the content of these packages. This can be seen in the case of Afghanistan, where the initial basic package was developed with little input from the Ministry of Public Health and limited country-specific information and data. At the request of donors, the EHS package was later redesigned with global technical assistance and local expertise, leading to Afghanistan's final Basic Package of Health Services. In other instances, EHS packages have remained facility focused and fail to incorporate measures preventing or treating local, epidemic and endemic diseases in the community.
There have been multiple efforts to determine criteria for service selection. To encourage countries to fulfill a commitment to fairness — and the overlapping concern for equity — the WHO Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage has recommended three criteria to be considered in service selection and prioritization: cost effectiveness, financial risk protection, and prioritization of services needed by the poor. The Lancet Commission on Global Health 2035 includes some recognition of the trade offs between health outcomes and financial protection. Yet beyond the measure of cost effectiveness, there has been no revision of these global guidance processes or criteria in support of service selection for EHS packages — either at primary care level or higher levels of service delivery.
To support regional and global UHC monitoring, the global community has identified 16 tracer health service indicators. This set of indicators was developed after considerable review, using the criteria of feasibility, suitability and relevance. The final tracer health service coverage indicators involve a range of health interventions that should benefit individuals. However, these high level outcome indicators were designed with cross-country comparison and reporting in mind; they are retrospective, focusing on what is — rather than what should or could be — available. Thus, a gap in guidance remains in order to support the design of a rights-based package, which includes a full range of preventative and curative primary health care services and is responsive to the needs of a country and its sub-populations.
The approach of the past two decades has created vertical interventions which focus on maternal and child health, TB, malaria and HIV/AIDS, while excluding other interventions. Even where political will and capacity exists, many low- and middle-income countries do not have a health system that can provide "access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all," as described in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) — both in SDG 3.8 and the overall goal to improve health and wellbeing. With the re-opening of this discussion regarding the SDGs, there is a window of opportunity to pursue an integrated, primary health care systems approach which delivers an EHS package to lessen the limitations of verticalization.
All of these issues must be addressed for healthy lives and well-being. To overcome limited resources, donors, technical partners and countries must come together urgently to develop cross-cutting partnerships and avoid trade-offs that isolate diseases. In order to support this, external resources and partnerships for health programming require greater coordination that reduces fragmentation and builds national health systems that are resilient, secure and responsive.
Addressing these challenges and delivering integrated, people-centered care requires a primary health care systems approach. A primary health systems approach does not simply focus on strengthening the delivery of clinical care — it is a broader view of health systems strengthening, including preventative health services, community health, and intersectoral collaboration to provide responsive care at all levels of the health system. This approach to health systems strengthening seeks to improve performance and health equity, and requires consistent funding and leadership that can think beyond silos to guarantee universal coverage.
Strategic investments in public spending for health can drive improvements in service coverage. There are many ongoing discussions about the variations in the dollar amount required for improved health outcomes and financial protection. Estimates dictate that low-income countries would need to spend on average USD 86 per capita to deliver a set of essential health interventions, and spend — at minimum — five percent of their GDP on health, as recommended in the World Health Report 2010. As countries look for innovative ways to increase domestic resources in order to meet the rapidly rising cost of financing health care and the goal of five percent of GDP for health spending, donors and funding mechanisms have an important role to play. Partnerships and resources such as Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and the Global Financing Facility have the ability to systematically fill the gaps in country spending. This can be accomplished through strengthening systems and providing support where the EHS package cost exceeds five percent or USD 86 per capita.
We must rally together, as it is time to integrate discussions on financing with quality and delivery of people-centered primary health care. Global guidance should support governments in designing fair and equitable EHS packages to meet the needs of their populations.


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Peace Now Settlement Watch: Establishing a New Settlement in Hebron - More Information Revealed
News from Peace Now's (Israel) Settlement Watch:
Following our exposure regarding the possible establishment of a settlement in Hebron's "Plugat Hamitkanim" military base, below is new information uncovered in the past 24 hours.
1. It appears that former Defense Minister, Moshe Ya'alon, approved the allocation of a portion of the land where the military base is located to the Ministry of Housing. The Housing Ministry is now preparing a plan to build 28 housing units in the area. If implemented, the plan would increase the number of settlers in Hebron by approximately 100 (an increase of over 10% to the settler population in the city). The planning process at the Civil Administration's High Planning Committee has not yet begun.
2. A legal opinion of the Legal Advisor of the Civil Administration on West Bank issues from 2007 states that it is forbidden to establish a settlement in this area of the base, and yet the Netanyahu government approved the planning of 28 housing units there. The legal opinion, written by Brigadier General Sharon Afek (who now serves as the Military Advocate General), dealt with the question of the residence of six families of settlers in the military base of "Plugat Hamitkanim" in the heart of Hebron. The legal opinion states that it is forbidden to allocate the land, which was owned by Jews before 1948 and therefore is now considered as government property) to settlers, since the land is leased to the Hebron municipality in a protected lease agreement. According to the legal advisor, revoking the right of the Hebron Municipality as protected tenants is illegal, and therefore, once the security necessity is no longer relevant and the military base is no longer needed there, the land must go back to the Hebron Municipality. According to the legal opinion, the only way for the six families of settlers to continue residing in the area, was through a military seizure order and not through the allocation of the lands for them. (While settling on land seized for military purposes is illegal according to the High Court verdict of Alon More from 1979, the settling of the six families despite of that was permitted due to procedural issues and there was never a verdict on this matter in court.) In the current case, despite this 2007 legal opinion the Netanyahu government chose to allocate the land used by the military base for the planning of the settlement.
The Ministry of Justice, commenting on the story in the Army Radio, stated that the change in the legal stance resulted from an internal discussion in which is was made clear that "essentially the protected tenancy ended in the area, and that on the face of this there are extenuating circumstances on the matter."
It is important to note that the reason for stopping the protected tenancy was the military and security need for establishing a military base in the area. Today the intention is to use the land for a settlement rather than for a security need. The argument that the right of the Hebron Municipality for protected tenancy has ended is essentially a way of turning the military seizure order to a land expropriation.
Peace now: The government invests massive efforts into establishing a settlement in Hebron out of all places, the city where the daily reality of the occupation is the harshest and the most disgraceful. The only thing that changed since the previous legal opinion is the strengthening of the Israeli right wing. We are witnessing a worrying process of the loosening of legal standards in favor of settlement expansion, including by the legal system itself, which cannot withstand the pressure coming from the government. The government can still prevent the establishment of this new settlement in Hebron, and stop letting the most extreme settlers risk Israel's future.
From the legal opinion: "from a property perspective the area is a property of the government ("Jewish lands"), run by the Custodian's Office, but there are protective tenancy rights to the Hebron Municipality. This tenancy was never ended through a judcial decree, as needed according to the Jordanian Law, and based on the position of the Ministry of Justice today, there is doubt if it can be ended in the foreseeable future. Thus, a military seizure order is needed in order to use the area."
Read the previous post on this here.
Peace Now Settlement Watch: Settlers' Residence Being Prepared in a Hebron Military Compound
Peace Now Settlement Watch News Flash: High Court Rejects Givat Eitam (Nahla) Landowners' Petition, Removes Legal Obstacle to Establish a Settlement in E2
New York Times Features Peace Now Report: 99.7% of West Bank Public Land Goes to the Settlers
Peace Now's Settlement Watch: Land Allocation in the West Bank – For Israelis Only
Settlements in Focus: Vol. 1, Issue 7 - "Bypass Roads of the West Bank"
Peace Now Settlement Watch: Land Expropriation Advanced for a New Settlement on JNF Lands
Settlements in Focus - Vol. 2, Issue 4: Settlers vs. Palestinians: Double Standards and Illegal Construction

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hojicha Co. Expands Tea Collection With Its 5th Japanese Roasted Green Tea
Hojicha Kukitori is the Latest Roasted Tea Distributed by the Canadian Direct to Consumer Brand
TORONTO, ON, January 7, 2020 - Hojicha Co. is happy to announce the release of Hojicha Kukitori, the latest Japanese roasted green tea in its loose leaf collection.
With the addition of Hojicha Kukitori to its store, Hojicha Co. currently offers the largest selection of roasted tea products available directly to consumers in North America, allowing more people to discover and enjoy this uniquely Japanese beverage at home.
True to the brand's promise to offer the most authentic products, Hojicha Kukitori is a rare and exclusive tea, roasted in small batches from a single tea farm in Kyoto, Japan. The new tea, crafted in the fall 2019, is rich in tencha stems. Tencha is a Japanese tea material typically ground into powder to produce matcha after it has been grown in the shade for a month.
Hojicha Kukitori has a woody aroma and a delicate flavor of toasted pecans. Danielle Geva, Co-Founder of Hojicha Co. explains: "I'm glad that once again we have successfully sourced a roasted tea with a very distinct and pleasant taste that everyone can enjoy at home." Co-Founder Francois Mathieu adds: "Even though we already offer a wide range of flavors, we are only getting started on our journey to build the largest hojicha store in North America."
Hojicha Kukitori is available for purchase in 80 g resealable bags on the Hojicha Co. tea shop as of January 7, 2020 and at select markets and events throughout the year.
About Hojicha Co.
Hojicha Co. is the first brand to specialize in Japanese roasted green tea in North America. We offer the most authentic hojicha products packaged fresh from the fields of Kyoto, Japan. We are proud to distribute small batch, single origin teas which are naturally low in caffeine, contain no additives, and no unnecessary blending or processing. Roasted green tea originated in Kyoto 100 years ago and offers many of the benefits of traditional Japanese green tea while containing virtually no caffeine or bitterness. The Hojicha Co. roasted tea collection includes four unique loose leaf teas and the highly versatile Hojicha Powder, sold directly to consumers and businesses through our online tea shop.
SOURCE Hojicha Co.
For further information: Email: hi@hojicha.co, Phone: 1-866-416-5913
https://hojicha.co
https://hojicha.co/products/hojicha-kukitori-roasted-tencha-stems
https://www.facebook.com/hojicha.co/
https://www.instagram.com/hojicha.co/
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZEOIJWTvEPRIhqPZzQCSag
https://twitter.com/HojichaCo


We are a leading UK supplier in hotel contract furniture.
Zip & link and divan bed bases are some of our most popular products, offering superior quality and detail.
Our unique set up at HotelContractBeds means that we`re able to offer any customer a complete bespoke build service. Our customers are able to stipulate the size of their hotel beds and customise their contract mattress dimensions to find the perfect bed for their requirements.
This service is open to ALL customers; so whether you`re looking to furnish an entire hotel or just purchase one hotel quality bed, we`ve got just the product for you. With no minimum order value, we can supply large hotel chains with standard size or custom built contract beds, or individuals just looking to recreate the perfect`s night sleep enjoyed at their favourite hotel. We supply a large variety of contract beds suited to guest accommodation and for commercial use, such as guest houses, B&Bs, hotels, student accommodation, hostels and more.
You can purchase safe in the knowledge that all our products adhere to strict UK and EU fire regulatory standards.


text:
Q: TypeError: View is not a constructor EJS Hi
I'm getting this error when I try to render an EJS page... I guess the error is on my side, so can you please help me debug?
ERROR
TypeError: View is not a constructor
at Function.render (/home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/node_modules/express/lib/application.js:570:12)
at ServerResponse.render (/home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/node_modules/express/lib/response.js:1008:7)
at /home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/app.js:16:9
at Layer.handle [as handle_request] (/home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/node_modules/express/lib/router/layer.js:95:5)
at next (/home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/node_modules/express/lib/router/route.js:137:13)
at Route.dispatch (/home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/node_modules/express/lib/router/route.js:112:3)
at Layer.handle [as handle_request] (/home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/node_modules/express/lib/router/layer.js:95:5)
at /home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/node_modules/express/lib/router/index.js:281:22
at Function.process_params (/home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/node_modules/express/lib/router/index.js:335:12)
at next (/home/bot_king/nodelearn/project/node_modules/express/lib/router/index.js:275:10)

CODE
var express = require("express");
var app = express();
var port = 8080;
var ejs = require('ejs');
app.use(express.static("src/view"));

app.set("view", "./src/view");
app.set("view engine", "ejs");

app.use(express.static("public"));
app.listen(port, function(err){
console.log("The server is running on port " + port);
});

app.get("/", function(req, res){
res.render("index", { list: ["first", "2nd", "3rd"]})
});

HTML
<ul>
<% for(var i = 0; i<list.length; i++){%>
    <li> <h4> <%=list[i] %> </h4> </li>
<%}%>
</ul>

A: It should be Views not View, so you have to change the below line,
app.set("view", "./src/view");

as,
app.set("views", "./src/view");

If you still face the issue (even after making the change try removing the ./src fragment from the above statement and make it as,
app.set("view", "./view");

Hope this helps!
See express.js settings table in documentation. There is views property.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Germs are omnipresent in our everyday lives. In particularly critical areas, such as hospitals, medical practices and nursing facilities, hygiene is an ongoing issue. Also in public and semi-public buildings like workplace, sports facilities or airports, hygiene requirements are high. This is why they are an essential part of the respective building concept. However, awareness of hygiene issues has not just increased in public areas but in the private sphere, too. The consistent use of disinfectant and hygiene measures helps to kill or inactivate microorganisms. Modern concepts combine the targeted use of sterilising substances with preventive measures, including surface coatings. For years, sanitaryware manufacturers have been researching solutions that will give their products antibacterial properties.
Sanitaryware or tile surfaces are given functional surface treatments and coatings in order to achieve the desired effects. The aim is to kill pathogenic microorganisms, ensuring that surfaces are as germ-free as possible. The oligodynamic effect of positively charged metal ions (for details, see info box) prevents germ cells from dividing and reduces the formation of colonies. A method that has proven extremely effective against micro-organisms but that is not harmful to the human body. "As silver has antimicrobial properties, at Duravit, we also started by researching the use of silver ions on ceramic surfaces", says Sebastian Sander, development engineer at designer bathroom manufacturer Duravit AG in Hornberg in the Black Forest. "However, we weren't impressed with the results, so we decided against the use of silver ions and, instead, to research more effective alternatives in this area", continues Sander.
The result of this research is a new antibacterial glaze. This development is not a superficial coating but an antibacterial ceramic glaze that provides indefinite effectiveness. A tin-zinc mix is integrated into the glass matrix during firing. Baked into the ceramics and extending from the interior to the rim of the toilet or urinal, HygieneGlaze is effective in the areas particularly susceptible to the accumulation of bacteria and germs. Compared with ceramics with conventional surface glazes, HygieneGlaze destroys 99.9 percent of germs within 24 hours. The effectiveness of the HygieneGlaze antibacterial properties has been scientifically proven by hygienic and microbiological tests performed by the Institute for Hygiene and Public Health at the University of Bonn: the special glaze kills bacteria and germs. With the antibacterial glaze toilets and urinals offer long-term hygiene – without the use of aggressive cleaning agents and disinfectants that are harmful to the environment.
More information about Duravit you will find here.


It would be our honour to welcome you to our Sunday morning church services, which are the highlight of our week.
We are excited to get together to worship God and to learn more about Him, to enjoy time with each other and get to know great people.
Wherever you are at on your faith journey, we would love to welcome you here at HOPEcommunity on a Sunday morning.


text:
Why Do People Work with an Elder Law or Estate Planning Attorney?
Catch Sarah and Peter's latest conversation with WHBY's Josh Dukelow here.
Josh: We welcome now back into the Miron Construction Studio our friends Peter Harbach and Sarah Kons from Hooper Law Office. Sarah, Peter, welcome back to the show. Thanks for coming back you guys and thanks for everything, today, the three-year anniversary of Fresh Take today. So very excited about that and very thankful to Hooper Law Office for making that possible they have been great supporters and partners of the show for a long, long time. Really appreciative of that and thanks for being part of us here monthly. When you get to come in to chat, I really like it.
Sarah: Thanks, Josh. Happy anniversary.
Josh: Thank you so much. I really appreciate it. Couldn't do without you and it's been a really great partnership. So, I want to start here, I want to ask you what usually brings people to your office in the first place. How does it how do these conversations usually start? Is there a life event? Is there something in the news? What often will get people in that door for that first conversation?
Sarah: There's usually one of three things. Either it is the decline of health of a loved one so they're coming in because there's something happening to somebody else. They've hit retirement. So retirement tends to mean I've got this list of things that I need to do, and dealing with planning my estate is one of those things. The third, and probably the most common one is people come in and say I just had to deal with my parents or my brother or whoever's estate. I don't want to do this to my family because it was very difficult. I want to make it as easy as possible.
Josh: So there could be sort of that acute need, somebody's condition changes. There could be the circumstance changing like retirement where you're like ok now is the time I'm going to start thinking about this or that last scenario and I'm not surprised that that's the most common is they've had to deal with someone else's vision lack of a plan or not outstanding planning and they don't want to do that same thing. They don't want to be in that same situation.
Sarah: Exactly. And it happens pretty commonly and it's funny because the people said exactly what they say. I don't want to do this to, usually, my kids.
Josh: That's it, they don't want to put someone else in the situation. They just had to go through. So, do you find yourselves having to do some handholding and maybe some encouraging, saying "it's OK we're going to be able to do this"? Is there some panic usually when people come in? Is there a concern of that level?
Sarah: Not really. Usually, the panic is more in people that are dealing with the decline of health in other people. When people are being proactive it's almost a proactive interaction for them because it's "I want to be able to do this. This is a good thing that I'm doing in taking care of the people that I love and making things easier for them." So they leave the experience feeling very positive about what they're doing and like it's a good investment.
Josh: When people come in, Peter, for that first conversation. How long does that first meeting usually take, and what are you trying to accomplish in that first meeting?
Peter: So we always block a two-hour period of time and a lot of people are surprised thinking "oh you know my situation this is simple, so I don't know in the world we are going to get through a couple of hours and do anything productive" And every time by the end of it they say "oh my god, there is so much more to this than what I expected. You brought up so many things that I didn't think of." But that's our job. If somebody can think of all of these things on their own, we wouldn't be necessary.
Josh: Well that's really the point here and that's what we're getting into today. There are so many things even when something happens to bring the notion of estate planning front and center in their life whatever that might be, there's a lot of things that we're not thinking about in that process. [...] What are some of those things that people aren't thinking about?
Peter: Well, you know, a lot of people will come in thinking "oh, you know I need to get a Will" or "It's been a lot of years since I've done a Will". [...] One of the first things is always, what if you don't die but you just need help? What if you're not in a position to be able to handle your financial assets and everything. Who do you Trust? Who are we gonna put in charge of your financial decisions and your health care decisions, to make sure that you've got a team built around you so that if you do decline, you've got people who are on deck who have the powers and provisions that they need to be able to do the best job in helping you.
Josh: Not to mention the powers you want them to have. The powers you have given them, the people you have selected.
Peter: Yes, absolutely. Because one of the most overlooked things and we harp on this all the time, is that if you have any concerns about the costs of long term care there's provisions you could put within your estate plan that gives the family different powers to help you through that if suddenly you're facing long term care costs. And look, those could be very valuable [...] including setting assets aside to make sure that somebody does not completely run out of funds. But, they only have that power if it's explicitly within their Estate Plan.
Josh: That's right. That's where that proactive action is so important. What are some of the other things people are overlooking or not thinking about in the beginning stages, Sarah?
Sarah: Well, you know it's funny when I have a conversation with people, it's very common that they're immediately flipping to the financials. They want it while "everything's going to be really easy, I have everything at this bank and this advisor," and they're immediately talking about money but it's the people that are in your life that you end up planning around. The money is absolutely important and the property and everything else and there are legacy aspects to different things.
Sarah: And the financial side of it makes your estate plan work, but you're building it for people usually. You want to have the individuals in different roles and responsibilities, you want to make sure that you're including people that maybe aren't legal heirs of yours, or you have a different definition of family. So I mean, there are all sorts of examples of famous people that have passed away and they've lost contact with maybe their blood relatives. But the people that have surrounded them during their life and supported them are now completely left out because there was no estate plan. So it's kind of the same with people, it's the individuals in your life that you're fighting for.
Josh: I remember this from the process I went through in getting my plan in order. II was thinking too, "OK, I better have all my money my statements and forms and all these things." But that's later because in order to know what to do with those assets you need to know who I care about, what I want to accomplish, who I'm responsible for. Those big questions about the relationships. It's in my life. And, it's important now might seem easy. But, it's not always as easy as we think, is it? Those relationships are complex.
Sarah: Exactly. And they go through changes.
Josh: Yes, that's the big one. So, talk a little bit about that. What are some of the changes people maybe not thinking about up front? Or, some of the specific circumstances that present challenges later.
Sarah: A lot of times we're talking about the people that they want to include. Do they have concerns about money management? Do they have someone that has a substance abuse issue in their family that they want to support health wise but not make things available for drugs or alcohol? Is it a relationship issue with one of the individuals, some potential divorce or something like that? Are there stepchildren that you consider to be children or grandchildren but wouldn't be included unless you specify it? So there can be a lot of different examples of what's happening with the different individuals. And then there's also kind of the proactive side of it as well. So making sure that when you're laying out your plan you have the roles and responsibilities specified. Peter was talking about making sure that different people have the authority to help you. Well, what about you helping other people? I talk all the time with clients that have kids that are between ages of 18 and 30. They're they're adults. They're legal adults but usually between especially 18 and 25 maybe they're not real adults yet.
Josh: Less and less each year. But this is important because you are deciding who's going to be responsible for your decision making and your finances. These are big decisions, and you want to make sure that you understand the options that you have. I think this is the most important part, there is not one tool. There are many, many, many tools. I know in our process, Sarah, my big one was my dog. I don't know if Leroy's going to be around longer than me. And I want to make sure he's cared for as long as he is around. So, we created a special pet trust that put some money aside, specifically for his needs, designated a series of people in order that are going to be responsible for that. And now I have total peace of mind that if I'm not here to pick care of him, someone is.
Sarah: Well, and he had particular health issues that were a bit more expensive. So, sometimes when you're designating an animal with someone they're a great caretaker but they wouldn't have the resources to support an animal. So that's where that, in particular, would be helpful.
Peter: People make fun of the concept the pet trusts because they think of some eccentric old lady that leaves a million dollar to a couple of cats. But in reality, it's just allocating money so that you're certain that there is something there to provide for the manner of living for the pet so that they're taken care of and not you know dumped off of an animal shelter for lack of funds.
Sarah: This is particularly true. Yes, dogs and cats. But any exotic pets that do have special demands or needs... like horses.
Josh: Oh gosh, talk about the costs related there. I mean you're talking about a really big obligation. You don't want to just foist that on someone without appropriate resources go with it.
Sarah: And I do a lot of special needs planning and it's not unusual for there to be therapy animals. Horses are very common therapy animals, so making sure those are available for those people.
Josh: And if you want it to happen, when you're not here, it's got to be in the plan. And so, you've got to talk about it. You have to plan for it. And I highly recommend you talk to Peter and Sarah about it because they know the questions to ask. They understand the tools that are available.
Josh: Peter Sarah thanks so much. Always a pleasure.
Peter: Thanks, Josh.
How can I help my spouse insist upon a prenuptial agreement?
What is a creditor?
Who can Inherit an IRA?
What is the SECURE Act and how could it impact your Estate Plan?


text:
Eugenie Pappenheim (geboren zwischen 1842 und 1849 in Wien; gestorben Juni 1924 in Los Angeles) war eine österreichisch-amerikanische Opernsängerin (Sopran).

Leben
Pappenheim debütierte in Linz 1866 als "Valentine" in Die Hugenotten. Es folgten weitere Engagements an deutschen und österreichischen Opernhäusern; namentlich Gastspiele 1874 in Hamburg.

1875 wanderte Pappenheim als Mitglied der Wachtel Opera Company von Theodor Wachtel nach Amerika aus. 1876 trat sie als "Senta" in der amerikanischen Erstaufführung von Der fliegende Holländer in Philadelphia auf. 1877 gründete sie mit weiteren Musikern eine eigene Operntruppe, mit der sie eine USA-Tournee unternahm. Namensgeber dieser Adams-Pappenheim Opera Company war neben ihr der Tenor Carl Adams. In Gastspielen trat sie auch noch einmal in Europa auf, darunter in Berlin. Nach dem Ende ihrer Bühnenlaufbahn war sie in New York und Los Angeles als Gesangspädagogin tätig.

In den USA heiratete sie den aus Hamburg stammenden Geschäftsmann Rudolf Ballin (1860–1922), der 1880 dorthin eingewandert war. Er starb zwei Jahre vor ihr. Eugenie Ballin vermachte in ihrem Testament jeweils 10.000 US-Dollar an die Städte Hamburg und Wien, mit denen sie sich besonders verbunden fühlte; unter der Bedingung, dass das Geld armen Hamburger Kindern zugutekommen müsse. Entsprechend richtete die Stadt Hamburg 1925 die Rudolf-Ballin-Stiftung ein, welche achtzig Jahre später im Jahr 2005 zwölf Kindertagesstätten betrieb.

Einzelnachweise

Opernsänger
Sopran
Person (Österreich-Ungarn)
Österreichischer Emigrant in den Vereinigten Staaten
US-Amerikaner
Geboren im 19. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1924
Frau


Michael Holding was labelled as Whispering Death by umpire Dicky Bird for his quiet approach to the wicket, followed by destructive pace.
Holding was the scalpel of speed that evolved in the formula of supreme pace. Along with Andy Roberts, Joel Garner and Colin Croft — and later, Malcolm Marshall — he was part of the famed quartet of pacemen deployed by the Windies in the late 1970s and 1980s.
Holding describes his entry into the West Indies team on the ill-fated 1975/76 tour of Australia. He recounts the plight of Brian Close and John Edrich at Old Trafford in 1976 as payback to Tony Greig's grovel remark.
He charts his career highs and lows, including kicking out the stumps in the first Test against New Zealand at Carisbrook in February in 1980.
Interview during the 4th Test, RSA v AUS, J'burg, March 2018.


text:
NHS launch Security Awareness Month
Earlier this year the NHS SMS conducted a pilot across five PCT areas to test how reporting procedures for violence and abuse were being used in primary care settings, and how reporting could be improved.
The pilot revealed that there was little knowledge or use of the new reporting systems in primary care settings, and therefore the NHS Security Management Service will be conducting a long term communications programme to ensure that violence and abuse in those settings is reported. This will help us deal with the wider problems and act on individual cases. Aims are:
· To identify and increase the reporting of violent and abusive incidents in primary care settings.
· To identify and increase the number of prosecutions against offenders.
· To illustrate the NHS SMS's commitment to tackling violence and abuse in primary care.
Since 2003, the NHS SMS has established structures and procedures in the NHS to allow the accurate and timely reporting of physical assaults. This has not only allowed meaningful statistics to be compiled for the first time, but has also allowed action to be taken against offenders
The creation of the local security management specialists (LSMSs), to oversee security issues in every health body, means there is now a single point of contact in each PCT area to report violence to. This staff member can liaise with police and is trained to ensure that appropriate action is taken. They can advise GPs on appropriate security measures they can take, such as providing conflict resolution training
A national reporting structure (the Physical Assault Reporting System, or PARS) was set up to ensure that cases of this nature are reported to the NHS SMS, and appropriate action considered. The NHS SMS has also signed 'get tough' agreements with the Association of Chief Police Officers and the Crown Prosecution Service to commit all three organisations to work together investigating all reported cases of physical assault
All NHS SMS documents referred to can be viewed at www.cfsms.nhs.uk


A group of young people from Finland with the help of three organisations working with the youngsters (local Leader group, local 4H association and youth sector of the municipality of Kuortane) are trying to find a partner for a youth exchange during the year 2019 (or 2020). The group would like to travel to a destination first and later (during the year 2020) they could also welcome a group to Kuortane, Finland.
The participants are interested in the countries' cuisine and culture. Also healthy lifestyle and exercise as a part of it is important for them. Photographing is also something that they all are interested in.
The theme of the youth exchange could be for example media literacy, development of critical thinking and international dialogue. They would like to get to know more about these themes with training and networking and by using their areas of interest (exercise, photographing, cooking). However, the group is flexible with the topic and other suggestions are very welcome!
We can plan the program together.
Deadline for this partner request: 2019-03-31, but the sooner you contact us, the better!


text:
Touch Up may refer to:

Touch Up, function in Portrait Professional
Touch Up, product in Nice 'n Easy (hair coloring)
Touch Up (Mother Mother album)

See also
"Touch Me Up", single by Aretha Franklin from Sweet Passion	1977