text:
THE HYMN OF JESUS
by G.R.S.MEAD
" I would hope that I have at least established a strong presumption that the Hymn of Jesus is no hymn, but a very early Christian mystery-ritual, and perhaps the oldest Christian ritual of any kind preserved to us."
G.R.S.Mead
Published by The Theosophical Publishing Society, London and Benares, 1907
THE HYMN
Just as many other settings of the Sayings and Doings of the Lord existed prior to and alongside of the canonical Gospels, so were there, prior to and alongside of the subsequently selected or canonical Acts, many other narratives professing to record the doings and sayings of the Apostles and Disciples of the Lord.
Most of these originated in circles which were subsequently called heretical, and many of them were later on worked over by orthodox editors to suit doctrinal preconceptions, and so preserved for the edification of large numbers in the Catholic or General Church.
As Lipsius says: "Almost every fresh editor of such narratives, using that freedom which all antiquity was wont to allow itself in dealing with literary monuments, would recast the materials which lay before him, excluding whatever might not suit his theological point of view - dogmatic statements, for example, speeches, prayers, etc., for which he would substitute other formulae of his own composition, and further expanding and abridging after his own pleasure, or as the immediate object which he had in view might dictate."
Some of these edited and reedited documents, though for the most part they have come down to us in a very fragmentary condition, still preserve distinct traces of their Gnostic origin; and Lipsius has shown that their Gnosticism is not to be ascribed to third century Manichaeism, as had been previously assumed by many, but to the general Gnosis of the second century.
There was a very wide circulation of such religious romances in the second century, for they formed the main means of Gnostic public propaganda.
The technical inner teachings of Gnosticism were assailed by the subsequently orthodox Church Fathers with misrepresentation and overwhelmed with ridicule.
To these onslaughts the Gnostics, as far as we are aware, made no reply; most probably because they were bound by oaths of secrecy on the one hand, and on the other knew well that the mysteries of the inner life could not be decided by vulgar debate.
The mystic teachings of their Gospel were for those who knew the nature of the inner life by direct experience; for the rest they were foolishness.
Their Acts-romances also appear often to be based on actual occurrences of the inner life and on direct spiritual experience, subsequently worked up into popular forms; the marvellous complexity and baffling sublimity of apocalyptic ecstasy, and the overabundant and pregnant technology which delighted the member of the inner circles of the Gnostic Christians, were excluded, and all was reduced to simpler terms.
These marvellous narratives may seem vastly fantastic to the modern mind, but to every shade of Christianity in those days, they were entirely credible. The orthodox did not repudiate the marvellous nature of the narratives; what they opposed with such bitterness was the doctrinal implications with which they were involved.
These Acts-romances thus formed the intermediate link between the General Church and the inner teachings of Gnosticism, and they were so popular that they could not be disposed of by ridicule simply. Another method had to be used.
To quote from Lipsius again: "Catholic bishops and teachers knew not how better to stem this flood of Gnostic writings and their influence among the faithful, than by boldly adopting the most popular narratives from the heretical books, and, after carefully eliminating the poison of false doctrine, replacing them in this purified form in the hands of the public."
Fortunately for some of us, this "purification" has not been complete, and some of the "poison of false doctrine" has thus been preserved. Among other things of great beauty for which we are grateful, we especially thank a kindly providence for the preservation of the Hymn of Jesus.
The earliest collection of these Gnostic Acts is said to have been made by a certain Leucius, surnamed Charinus. There is a tradition, though of somewhat doubtful authenticity, that this Leucius was a disciple of John. If we accept it at all, this John must be taken for the writer of the Fourth Gospel, and not the John of the original Twelve.
It would be impossible here to enter into any discussion of the baffling Johannine problem; those of our readers, however, who are interested in the manifest Gnostic implications with which this problem is involved as far as it relates to the Fourth Gospel, should read Kreyenbuhl's exhaustive and instructive study Das Evangelium der Wahrheit (Berlin; 1900, 1905). His "new solution of the Johannine question," which Kreyenbuhl entitles "The Gospel of the Truth," boldly claims an immediate Gnostic origin for the Fourth Gospel; and this courageous pioneer of a new way even goes so far as to contend that the writer of what is indubitably the most spiritual of all the Gospels, was no other than Maenander, the teacher of Basilides. It is instructive to remark that this voluminous and important work has been passed over with complete silence in this country.
At any rate the Leucian Acts were early; in the opinion of Zahn this collection was made at a time when the Gnostics were not yet considered heretical, that is to say prior to 150 A.D.- say 130 A.D.
Lipsius on the other hand places them in the second half of the second century, towards the end, and so does Hennecke. This maximum of date they are compelled to concede, because Clement of Alexandria at the end of the second century quotes from the Gnostic Acts of John which indubitably formed part of the Leucian collection.
The controversy between Lipsius and Zahn was conditioned by the fact that they both agreed that the Acts of John quote from the Fourth Gospel. Zahn placed this Gospel earlier in date than Lipsius and was anxious to find in the Acts an early witness to that Gospel, indeed the earliest witness.
It has, however, been strongly contested by Corssen whether the Acts quote from the Gospel; and as afar as I can myself see from the passages adduced, there does not seem to be absolute evidence of any direct quotation. There is indubitably a close similarity of diction, as is so often the case in similar problems concerning nearly contemporary documents; but the problem is more easily satisfied by considering the writers as belonging to the same circle, than by seeking to prove direct literary plagiarism.
However this may be, we are not to suppose that Leucius invented the Acts; he collected and adapted and wrote up the material. If he had invented all of it, he would have been a genius of no mean order.
Leucius has a style of his own, and he also moved in a certain sweet atmosphere that is characteristic of the best in the Johannine tradition - the tradition of love, and intimacy, and simplicity; very different, for instance, from the more formal Pauline atmosphere.
The Acts of John are indubitably Leucian, and judging by literary style so are the Acts of Peter. As to the rest of the Acts of the original Leucian collection,there is at present no certainty, and those assigned to Leucius by later writers must be put on one side as far as their present remains are concerned.
It has been surmised by James that as Luke (Loukas) wrote the Orthodox Acts, the writer who wrote the Gnostic Acts called himself Leucius (Leukios) to suggest he was one and the same person; but this I consider highly improbable. The Gnostics are in general inventors and not copyists.
It is also of interest to note that Zahn considers that the account of the genesis of the Fourth Gospel given by the writer of the Muratorian Fragment (c. 170 A.D.) was taken from the Leucian Acts. This Gospel is there said to have been written by a certain John, who was "of the Disciples." His "fellow-disciples and bishops" had apparently urged him to write a Gospel, but John hesitated to accept the responsibility, and proposed that they should all fast together for three days, and tell one another if anything was revealed to them. On the same night it is revealed to Andrew, who is "of the Apostles", that while all revised John should write down all things in his own name.
If this information is taken from the Leucian Acts, it follows of course that their writer was acquainted with the Fourth Gospel. If we take this as certain - though from the adduced parallel phrases alone I cannot myself be quite certain - then the question arises how could Leucius have put into the mouth of John doctrines which are opposed to the teaching of the Gospel? To this question James gives the following answer:
"His notion is that St.John wrote for the multitude certain comparatively plain and easy episodes in the life of the Lord: but that to the inner circle of the faithful his teaching was widely different. In the Gospel and Epistles we have his exoteric teaching: in the Acts his esoteric."
This of course exactly reverses the relation that Corssen supposes to have existed between the Acts and Gospel; namely that the author of the Acts did not know the Gospel at all.
It is of course the general Gnostic position that all true scripture had an under-meaning. The gospel-narratives were written for the people, but at the same time in such a fashion as to set forth allegorically the mysteries.
If, then, any propaganda of these hidden mysteries was to be attempted in a less veiled form,it follows that a more spiritual standpoint had to be insisted on; and the popular narrative which was generally taken in a physical and material sense, was replaced by a more plastic and suggestive setting and exposition.
But - we may ask, at any rate in the case of the Fourth Gospel - was it the Gospel-narrative that was prior in date, and the Gnostic rewriting of Gospel-incidents subsequent; or was it that the Gnostic ideas existed prior to the writing of the Gospel, and the matter incorporated into the Gnostic Acts derived directly from the same body of ideas that inspired the Gospel?
As it now proved beyond all question that the Gnosis was pre-Christian, and that in what is generally called Gnosticism we are dealing with a Christianized Gnosis which demonstrably existed in the time of Paul, and which Paul found already existing in the Churches, we must conclude that there is nothing inherently improbable in the latter alternative.
Moreover, the Gnosticism of the Acts of John is general and simple and cannot be assigned to this or that particular school of the Christian Gnosis.
The marvellous and beautiful Hymn, which is the subject of this small volume, is found in what are without doubt the Leucian Acts of John. That, however, Leucius himself composed the Hymn is by no means to be taken for granted. Leucius was a collector and redactor - he used sources; and I have myself no doubt that the Hymn existed in Gnostic circles prior to the composition of the Acts - indeed, that it was a most precious document.
The first external testimony to our Hymn is found in its use by the Priscillianists, in Spain, in the last third of the fourth century. The great movement known under the name of Priscillianism was a powerful revival of Gnosticism and Oriental mysticism and theosophy which poured over the Peninsula.
The views of the Priscillianists on scripture were those of the rest of the Gnostics in general; their cannon was catholic in the widest meaning of the term. Just as the Jewish scriptures were an imperfect revelation as compared with the general Christian books, so were the popular scriptures of Christianity imperfect in comparison with the revelations of the Gnosis.
As the Old Covenant books were considered to be replete with types and figures, images and shadows of the Gospel-teaching, so were the books of the New Testament,in their turn, held to be figurative and symbolical of the inner teachings of the Gnosis. The former were intended for those of Faith, the latter for those in Gnosis.
Against this view Augustine and Jerome waged remorseless war; for the country was flooded with an immense number of Gnostic documents. The Priscillianists were persecuted and martyred and the main care of the orthodox bishops was to seize their books and destroy them.
Ceretius, one of the bishops presumably, had sent Augustine some of the books of these Gnostics; he himself seems to have been inclined to approve them. Augustine, in his answer, picks out for detailed criticism one document only - our Hymn. Concerning this he writes:
"As for the Hymn which they say is that of our Lord Jesus Christ, and which has so greatly aroused your veneration, it is usually found in apocryphal writings, not peculiar to the Priscillianists but used by other heretics."
Augustine adds a quotation from the introduction of the Gnostic M.S. of the Hymn, which runs:
"The Hymn of the Lord which He sang in secret to the holy Apostles, His disciples, for it is said in the Gospel: 'And after singing a hymn He ascended the mount." This Hymn is not put in the canon, because of those who think according to themselves, and not according to the Spirit and Truth of God, and that it is written: 'It is good to hide the sacrament of the King; but it is honourable to reveal the works of God.'"
The Gospel referred to cannot be either Matthew (xxvi.31) or Mark (xiv.26), both of which read: "And after singing a hymn they went out to the Mount of Olives." The second quotation I am unable to trace.
An important point which will concern us later on is that Ceretius found the Hymn by itself and not in its context in the Acts ; it was in all probability extracted for liturgical purposes.
It is, moreover, evident from what Augustine writes in the first passage we have quoted that the Hymn was well-known in Gnostic circles.
It would also seem as though Augustine, who wrote in Latin, was dealing with a Latin translation,rather than that he translated the quotation himself in his answer to Ceretius.
Part only of the Greek text of this famous Hymn was known prior to 1899, when James published a hitherto unknown and very important fragment of the Acts of John, found in a fourteenth century MS, in the Vienna Imperial Library. This contained what seems to be the full text of our Hymn, though, unfortunately, copied by a sometimes very careless scribe. Nearly the whole of this lengthy fragment consists of a monologue put into the mouth of John, and in it we have preserved to us a very remarkable tradition of the Gnostic side of the life of the Master; or, if it be preferred, of incidents in the "occult" life of Jesus.
The whole setting of the christology is what is called "Docetic". Our fragment is thus a most valuable addition to our knowledge of Docetism, and at last gives us a satisfactory reason why this view was held so widely by the Gnostics. Indeed it is now the most important source we possess, and puts the whole question on a different footing. In future our fragment must always be taken first as the locus classicus in any discussion of the question.
Docetism was a theory which found its confirmation in narratives and legends of certain psychic or spiritual powers ascribed to the "perfect man".
The Christological and soteriological theories of the Gnostic philosophers were not, as many would have us believe, invented altogether à priori; they rested, I hold, on the basis of a veritable historical fact, which has for the most part been obscured out of all recognition by the flood of physical objective historicizing narratives of the origins.
After His death, I believe, as many a Gnostic tradition claims, the Christ did return and teach His disciples and true lovers in the inner circles, and this fact which was made known to their consciousness in many marvellous ways, was to a large extent the origin of the protean Gnostic tradition of an an inner instruction.
He returned in the only way He could return in this way of return - namely, in a subtle or "spiritual" mode or "body'. This "body" could be made visible at will, could even be made sensible to touch, but was, compared with the normally objective physical body, an"illusory" body - hence the term "docetic".
But just as the external tradition of those who are considered the original Jewish Christians, the Ebionim (or Poor), was gradually transmuted and sublimated, so that it, finally, exalted Jesus from the status of a simple prophet in which it originally regarded him, unto the full Power and Glory of Godhead itself; so the internal tradition extended the doubtlessly simple original docetic notion to every department of the huge soteriological structure raised by Gnostic genius.
The Leucian Acts of John pertain to the latter stream of tendencies, and "John" is the personification, so to say, of one of the lines of tradition of that protean Docetism, which had its origin in one of the best-known and most important facts of the spiritual life, or of "occult" experience, and of those marvellous teachings of initiation which became subsequently historicized or woven into historic settings, and which "John" in our fragment, sums up in the words:
"I held firmly this one thing in myself, that the Lord contrived all things symbolically and by a dispensation towards men, for their conversion and salvation."
That is to say, that all truly inspired narratives of the Doings and Sayings of the Christ are typical; or again , that He who is Christ, in all He does and says, as Christ, acts with the Cosmic Order. This is His "economy" and "ministry" - the doing of His "Father's business."
We will now turn to the Hymn itself, and first give a version of it from Bonnet's text. In the newly-recovered fragment it is introduced as follows:
"Now before He was taken by the lawless Jews - by them who are under the law of the lawless Serpent - He gathered us together and said:
"'Before I am delivered over unto them we will hymn the Father, and so go forth to what lieth before [us].'
"Then bidding us make as it were a ring, by holding each others' hands, with Him in the midst, He said:
"'Answer "Amen" to Me.'
"Then He began to hymn a hymn and say:
Glory to Thee, Father!
(And we going round in a ring answered to Him:)
Glory to Thee, Word (Logos)!
Glory to Thee, Grace (Charis)!
Glory to Thee, Spirit!
Glory to Thee, Holy One!
Glory to Thy Glory!
We praise Thee, O Father;
We give Thanks to Thee, O light;
In Whom Darkness dwells not!
(For what we give thanks to the Logos).
[Or, if we adopt the "emended" text:
For what we give thanks, I say:]
I would be saved; and I would save.
I would be loosed; and I would loose.
I would be wounded; and I would wound.
[Or, I would be pierced; and I would pierce.
Another reading has:
I would be dissolved ( or consumed for love); and I would dissolve.]
I would be begotten; and I would beget.
I would eat; and I would be eate
I would hear; and I would be heard.
[I would understand; and] I would be understood; being all Understanding (Nous).
[The first cause I have supplied; the last is probably a gloss.]
I would be washed; and I would wash.
(Grace leadeth the dance.)
I would pipe; dance ye all
I would play a dirge; lament ye all.
The one Eight (Ogdoad) sounds (or plays) with us.
The Twelfth number above leadeth the dance.
All whose nature is to dance [doth dance].
Who danceth not, knows not what is being done.
I would flee; and I would stay.
I would be adorned; and I would adorn.
[The clauses are reversed in the text.]
I would be at-oned; and I would at-one.
I have no dwelling; and I have dwellings.
I have no place; and I have places.
I have no temple; and I have temples.
I am a lamp to thee who seest Me.
I am a mirror to thee who understandest Me.
I am a door to thee who knockest at Me.
I am a way to thee a wayfarer.
Now answer to My dancing!
See thyself in Me who speak;
And seeing what I do,
Keep silence on My Mysteries.
Understand by dancing, what I do;
For thine is the Passion of Man
That I am to suffer.
Thou couldst not at all be conscious
of What thou dost suffer,
Were I not sent as thy Word by the Father.
[The last clause may be emended;
I am thy Word; I was sent by the Father.]
Seeing what I suffer,
Thou sawest Me as suffering;
And seeing, thou didst not stand,
But wast moved wholly,
Moved to be wise.
Thou hast Me for a couch; rest thou upon Me.
Who I am thou shalt know when I depart.
What now I am seen to be, that I am not.
[But what I am] thou shalt see when thou comest.
If thou hadst known how to suffer,
Thou wouldst have power not to suffer.
Know [then] how to suffer, and thou hast power not to suffer.
That which thou knowest not, I Myself will teach thee.
I am thy God, not the Betrayer's
I would be kept in time with holy souls.
In Me know thou the Word of Wisdom.
Say thou to Me again:
Glory to Thee, Word!
Glory to Thee, Holy Spirit!
But as for Me, if thou wouldst know what I was:
In a word I am the Word who did play [or dance] all things, and was not shamed at all.
'Twas I who leaped [and danced].
But do thou understand all, and, understanding, say:
(And having danced these things with us, Beloved, the Lord went forth. And we, as though beside ourselves, or wakened out of [deep} sleep, fled each our several ways.)
To me it seems almost certain, as I argued in the first edition of Fragments of a Faith Forgotten, in 1900, that this Hymn is no hymn, but a mystery-ritual and perhaps the earliest Christian ritual of which we have any trace.
We have a number of such mystery-rituals in the Coptic Gnostic works - the extract from the "Books of the Saviour" appended to the so-called Pistis Sophia document of the Askew Codex, and in the "Two Books of Ieou" of the Bruce Codex.
In a number of passages the Disciples are bidden to "surround" (that is, join hands round) the Master at certain praise-givings and invocations of the Father, who is addressed as: "Father of all Fatherhood, Boundless Light" - just as the Father is hymned as Light in the last three lines of our opening doxology.
The "Second Book of Ieou" ends with a long praise-giving, in the inner spaces; for these highly mystical treatises dead with the instruction of the Disciples by the Master out of the body. This praise-giving begins as follows (Carl Schmidt, Gnost, Schrift... aus d. Codex Brucianus - Leipzig, 1892 - pp. 187 ff.):
"And He spake unto them, the Twelve: Surround Me all of you!
And they all surrounded Him. He said unto them:
Answer to Me [Amen], and sing praise with Me; and I will praise My Father for the Emanation of all Treasures.
And He began to sing a hymn, praising His Father, and saying:
I praise Tee ....; for Thou hast drawn Thyself unto Thyself altogether in Truth, till Thou has set free the space of this Little Idea [?the Cosmos]; yet hast Thou not withdrawn Thyself. For what now is Thy Will, O Unapproachable God?
Thereon He made His Disciples answer three times: Amen, Amen, Amen!"
As far as I can discover from the most recent works of reference,"Amen" is considered by scholars to be a pure Hebrew word. It is said to have been originally an adjective signifying "stability", "firmness", "certainty", which subsequently became an interjection, used first of all in conversation, and then restricted to the most solemn form of asseveration; as, for instance, in oaths, and, in the temple ritual, in the responses of the congregation to the doxologies and solemn utterances of the priests and readers.
According to the Portuguese reading of the vowels it is pronounced Amen (the vowels as in Italian). The Greek transliteration is Amën.
In Revelation (iii. 14), Christ is called the Amen: "These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true Witness".
We are told that in the great synagogue at Alexandria, at the conclusion of the reader's doxology, the attendant signalled with a flag for the congregation to respond Amen.
This use of this sacred utterance was taken over by the Christian churches; so that we find Jerome writing: "Like unto celestial thunder the Amen re-echoes".
It is well know that Hebrew and Aramaic are exceedingly rich in loan-words from other languages. I have, however, never seen it yet suggested that Amen may be a loan-word. I would now, with all submission to Hebraist specialists, make this suggestion, for Plutarch in his treatise On Isis and Osiris writes (ix. 4):
"Moreover, while the majority think that the proper name of Zeus with the Egyptians is Amoun (which we by a slight change call Ammôn), Manethô, the Sebennyte, considers it His hidden one, and that His power of hiding is made plain by the very articulation of the sound.
"Hecataeus of Abdera, however, says that the Egyptians use this word to one another also when they call one to them, for that its sound has got the power of 'calling to'.
"Wherefore when they call to the First God - who they think is the same for every man - as unto the Unmanifest and Hidden, invoking Him to make Him manifest and plain to them, they say 'Amoun!'"
Ammôn or Amoun is usually transliterated directly from the hieroglyphics as Amen. We thus learn that in Egypt Amen was a "word of power", indeed the chief "word of power" in general theurgic use.
We cannot suppose that Hecataeus, in his History of Egypt, intended us to understand that the Egyptians shouted it after one another in the street. It was rather used as a word of magic, for evoking the Ka of a person, or as the chiefest of all invocations to the Invisible Deity.
The exact parallel is to be found today in the use of the "Word of Glory" (the Pranava), Om or Aum, in India.
The sacred dancing was common to all great mystery-ceremonies. Here it will be sufficient to quote from what Philo of Alexandria, in the first quarter of our era, tells us, in his famous treatise On the Contemplative Life, about the sacred dances of the Therapeuts or "Servants of God". He writes:
"Then the president rising chants a hymn which has been made in God's honour, either a new one which he has composed, or an old one of the ancient poets.
"For they have left behind them many metres and tunes in trimetric epics, processional hymns, libation-odes, altar-chants, stationary choruses, and dance-songs, all admirably measured off in diversified strains.
"And after him the others also, in bands,in proper order, take up the chanting, while the rest listen in deep silence, except when they have to join in the burden and refrains; for they all, both men and women,join in ...
"After the banquet they keep the holy all-night festival. And this is how it is kept:
"They all stand up in a body; and about the middle of the ceremony they first of all separate into two bands, men in one and women in the other. And a leader is chosen for each, the conductor whose reputation is greatest and the one most suitable for the post.
"They then chant hymns made in God's honour, in many metres and melodies; sometimes singing in chorus, sometimes one band beating time to the answering chant of the other, now dancing to its music, now inspiring it, at one time in processional hymns, at another in standing songs, turning and returning in the dance.
"Then when each band has feasted [that is, has sung and dance] apart by itself, drinking of God-pleasing nectar, just as in the Bacchic rites men drink the wine unmixed, they join together, and one chorus is formed of the two bands ...
"So the chorus of men and women Therapeuts ... , by means of melodies in parts and harmony - the high notes of the women answering to the deep tones of the men - produces a harmonious and most musical symphony. The ideas are of the most beautiful, the expressions of the most beautiful, and the dancers reverent; while the goal of the ideas, expressions, and dancers is piety.
"Thus drunken into morning's light with this fair drunkenness, with no head-heaviness or drowsiness, but with eyes and body fresher even than when they came to the banquet,they take their stand at dawn, when, catching sight of the rising sun, they raise their hands to heaven, praying for Sunlight and Truth, and keenness of Spiritual Vision".
And now we will turn to the text of our Hymn, which pertains to a still higher mystery,first of all dealing with the introductory words of the writer of the Acts.
The "lawless Jews" refers to those who are "under the law of the lawless Serpent"; that is to say, those who are under the sway of Generation as contrasted with those who are under the law of Regeneration, of carnal birth as opposed to spiritual birth; or again, of the Lesser as contrasted with the Greater Mysteries.
As the pre-Christian Greek redactor of the Naassene Document phrases it (T.G.H., i. 162)"
"For He [the Great Man, the Logos, the Serpent of Wisdom] is Ocean -'birth-causing of gods and birth-causing of men' - flowing and ebbing for ever, now up and now down."
And on this the early Jewish commentator remarks:
"When Ocean flows down, it is the birth-causing of men; and when He flows up, .... it is the birth-causing of gods."
And further on he adds:
"This is the Great Jordan, which flowing downwards and preventing the Sons of Israel from going forth out of Egypt, or from the Intercourse Below, was turned back by Jesus [LXX. for Joshua] and made to flow upwards."
This one and the same Serpent was thus either Agathodaimôm (or Good Spirit) or the Kakodaimôn (or Evil Spirit), according to the will of man. The regenerated or perfect man,the man of repentance, he who has turned Homewards, or has his "face" set Above, whose will is being atoned with the Divine Will, turns the waters of Ocean upwards, and thus gives birth to himself as a god.
The doxology of our Hymn is triadic - Father, Son, Mother.
Charis, Grace or Love, is Wisdom, or God's Goodwill, the Holy Spirit, or Great breath; that is, the Power and Spouse of Deity.
The order of the triple praise-giving is then reversed: Mother, Son, Father; for Glory is the Great Presence,the Father.
And finally there is a trinity in unity, Praise being given to the Father as Light; the same as the oft-recurring invocation in the Coptic Gnostic works: "Father of all Fatherhood, Boundless Light!"
The doxology being ended, we come to a striking series of double clauses or antitheses. I at once submit that these were not originally intended to be uttered by one and the same person. On the contrary they are evidently amoebaean; that is, answering as in a dialogue. Nor were they addressed to the Disciples; there was some single person for whom the whole was intended, and to whom much of it is addressed.
If, then, we have before us not a hymn, but the remains of a mystery-ritual, there must have been two people in the circle. One of them was the Master, the Initiator. Who was the other? Manifestly, the one to be initiated.
Now the ultimate end of all Gnosis was the at-one-ment or union of the little man with the Great Man, of the human soul with the Divine Soul.
In the great Wisdom-myth, the human soul was regarded as the "lost sheep", the erring and suffering Sophia fallen into generation, from which she was saved by the Christ, her true Lord and Spouse.
On the side of the Great Descent we have the most wonderful attempts made by the Gnostics to pierce the veil of the mysteries of cosmogony - to catch some glimpse of how the Cosmos came into existence, and was fashioned by the creative power of the Logos, the Supernal Christ. This was called the "enformation according to substance" - the "substance" being the Sophia or Wisdom Herself as viewed in Her self-isolation from the Pleroma or Fullness of Divine Being, the Transcendent Presence.
On the way of the Great Ascent or Return,the Gnosis attempted to raise the veil of the mysteries of soteriology, or of the rescue of the separated human soul, and its restoration to the Bosom of the Divine. This was called the "enformation according to gnosis" - that is, Self-consciousness.
The duologue is therefore carried on by those who are acting out the mystery of the Sophia and the Christ; through we should never forget that they are in reality or essentially one and the same Person,the lower and higher self in the Presence of the Great Self.
The twelve disciples are the representatives of the powers of the Master, sent forth (apostles) into the outer worlds, corresponding with the Great Twelve of the Presence,the Twelve Above; and they dance to the dancing or cosmic motions of the Twelve, even as the candidate, or neophyte, the Sophia below, dances to the cosmic motion of the Charis or Grace or Sophia Above.
And if this rite be duly consummated, the Presence that enwraps the doers of the mystery is Divine. The Presence is that of the Father Himself, who has no human form, but is as it were a "Heart" or "Head", a "Face", a Shekinah or Glory. How the seers of the Gnosis conceived this marvel of the Godhead may perhaps be seized dimly in the following passages from the "Untitled Apocalypse" of the Bruce Codex (F.F.F., p. 548):
"The Outline of His Face is beyond all possibility of knowing in the Outer Worlds - those Worlds that ever seek His Face, desiring to know it; for His Word has gone forth into them, and they long to see Him.
"The Light of His Eyes penetrates the Spaces of the Outer Pleroma; and the Word that comes forth from His Mouth penetrates the Above and the Below.
"The Hairs of His Head is the number of the Hidden Worlds, and the Outline of his Face is the type of the Aeons [i.e. Perfect Spheres and Eternities].
"The Hair of His Face are the number of the Outer Worlds, and the Outspreading of His Hands is the manifestation of the Cross ....
"The Source of the Cross is the Man [Logos] whom no man can comprehend.
"He is the Father; He is the Source from which the Silence [the Mother of the Aeons] wells".
And as to the consummation of at-one-ment and the state of him who makes joyful surrender of himself unto the Powers, "and thus becoming Powers he is in God", as Poemandres teaches, some intuition may be gleaned from the same document which tells of the Host of Powers, "having wreaths (or crowns) on their heads" - that is Aeons or Christs or Masters crowned their Twelve Powers, and all the other orderings of spiritual energies (F.F.F., p. 556):
"Their Crowns send forth Rays. The Brilliancy of Their Bodies is as the Life of the Space into which They are come.
"The Word (Logos) that come out of Their Mouth is Eternal Life; and the Light that comes forth from Their Eyes is Rest for Them.
"The Movement of Their Hands is Their Flight to the Space out of which They are come; and Their Gazing on Their own Faces is Gnosis of Themselves.
"The Going to Themselves is a repeated Return; and the Stretching forth of Their Hands establishes Them.
"The Hearing of Their Ears is the Perception in Their Heart; and the Union of Their Limbs is the in-gathering of Israel.
"Their Holding to one another is Their Fortification in the Logos".
All this is doubtless "foolishness" to many but is Light and Life and Wisdom for some few, who would strive towards becoming the Many in One, and One in Many.
But to the somewhat lesser mysteries of our ritual. All the terms must, I think, be interpreted as mystery-words; they contained for the Gnostics a wealth of meaning, which differed for each according to his understanding and experience. If, then, I venture on any suggestions of meaning, it should be understood that they are but tentative and ephemeral, and as it were only rough notes in pencil in the margin that may be rubbed out and emended by every one according to his knowledge and preference.
"I would be saved".
The human soul is "wandering in the labyrinth of ills", as the Naassene Hymn has it (T.G.H., i. 191); is being swirled about by the "fierce flood" of Ignorance as the Preacher, in one of the Trismegistic sermons, phrases it (T.G.H., ii. 120). The soul is being swirled about in the Ocean of Genesis, in the Spheres of Fate.
She prays for safety, for that state of stability which is attained when the worlds of swirl in the Magna Vorago, or Great Whirlpool, to use a term of the Orphic tradition, are transcended, by means of at-one-ment with the Great Stability, the Logos - "He who stands, has stood and will stand", as the Simonian Great Announcement calls Him.
In its beginnings this safety expresses neither motion nor stability, but a ceasing from agitation; the mind or anxiety is no longer within the movement, the Procession of Fate.
The tempest-tossed self cries out to be drawn apart from the swirl; while the other self that is not in the swirl would like to enter.
The self within, or subject to, the "downward" elements has to unite with the self of the "upward" elements in order to be saved from the swirling of the passions; while the "higher" self has to be drawn into the "lower", so to say, and unite with it, in order to be "saved" from the incapacity of self-expression.
"I would be loosed".
That is, loosed from the bonds of Fate and Genesis. In some of the rites the candidate was bound with a rope. In Egypt he rope symbolized a serpent, the Typhonic "loud-breathing serpent" of the passions, as the "Hymn of the Soul" of Bardaisan calls it (F.F.F., p.477).
"I would be wounded".
Or "I would be pierced". This suggests the entrance of the ray of the higher self into the heart whereby the "knot in the heart", as the Upanishads phrase it, may be unloosed, or dissolved, or in order that the lower self may receive the divine radiance of the higher. This interpretation is borne out by the alternative reading from a Latin translation, which may have originated in a gloss by one who knew the mystery, for he writes: "I would be dissolved"; that is, "consumed by love".
And so we continue with the mysteries of this truly "Sacred Marriage", or "Spiritual Union", as it was called.
"I would be begotten".
This is the Mystery of the Immaculate Conception, or Self-birth. "I would be begotten" as a Christ, the New-Man, or True Man, who is in verity the Alone-begotten - that is, Begotten-from-Himself-alone, or Self-begotten.
"I would eat".
By "eating", food and eater become one. The Logos is called the "Bread of Life"; that is, the Supersubstantial Bread, one of the Elements of the Eucharist. The soul desires to "eat" the Life in everything; this expresses how the soul must become everything before it can enjoy cosmic consciousness, and be nourished by the Life in all.
So it is that men can become part of the Cosmos through right action. But to reach this consummation we must no longer long to live and act our little life, but rather to be, if one may so phrase it, in our turn "eaten"; that is to say, to have our own self-will eaten out of us. And then our fate or life or activity becomes part of the Great Records, and the man becomes a Living Oracle or Drama, a Christ. All Life then becomes a happening with meaning; but this can never be until the man surrenders his self-will and becomes one with the Great Will.
This "eating" signifies a very intimate kind of union, in which the life of a man becomes part of a Great Life.
"I would hear".
It is to be remarked that there is no "I would see". If we can legitimately lay any stress on this, it is presumably because the candidate is already "seeing"; he has already reached the "epopt" stage, and therefore this "hearing" is beyond the probationary stage of "hearing" or of the "mystes".
Hearing is much more cosmic or "greater" than seeing, as we learn later on from our fragment, in the Vision of the Cross, where John "sees the Lord Himself above the Cross, not having any shape, but only a voice".
In such hearing the hearer draws nigh unto the Root-sound, or Breath (Atman), which creates all that it is possible to see. To see there must be form, even if the form is only an idea.
Again, hearing may be said to be the verb of action when power is being conveyed to a person; while seeing is the verb of action of that person after receiving the power.
"I would understand".
This recalls the idea of "standing", "stability". Plato attributes this understanding to the Sphere of Sameness (the Eight), in this , I believe, handing on an echo from Egypt. It is by means of this stability of the true mind that consciousness is enabled to link on the happenings in the whirling spheres, or whorls, of Fate to the Great Things or Things-that-are, and so perceive greater soul-records in phenomena. The last clause is evidently a gloss, but by a knowing scribe. The Logos is the true Understanding or Mind (Nous).
"I would be washed".
That is, I would be baptized, or immersed wholly in the Ocean of Living Water, the Great Oneness. It may mean simply "I would be purified". But the full rite of baptism was immersion and not sprinkling; as Thrice-greatest Hermes says in the sermon "The Cup", or "The Monad" (T.G.H., ii.86):
"He filled a Mighty Cup (Krater) with it (Mind), and sent it down, joining a Herald to it, to whom He gave command to make this proclamation to the hearts of men:
"Baptize thyself with this Cup's baptism, what heart can do so, thou who hast faith thou canst ascend to Him Who hath sent down the Cup, thou who dost know for what thou didst come into being!'
"As many then as understand the Herald's tidings and dowsed themselves in Mind, became partakers in the Gnosis; and when they had 'received the Mind' they were made 'perfect men'.
The Cup is perchance the Presence substantially.
"Grace leadeth the dance".
In the text this has the next sentence run on to it; but I am myself inclined to think that it is a note or a rubric rather than an utterance of the Initiator.
The ceremony changes. Hitherto there had been the circle-dance, the "going round in a ring", which enclosed the mystery-drama, and the chanting of the sacred word.
Contact is now mystically established with the Great Sphere, Charis or Sophia, the Counterpart or Spouse or Syzygy of the Supernal Christ, or of the Christ Above. She "leads the dance"; that is to say, the actors begin to act according to the great cosmic movements.
"I would pipe".
In the Naassene Document (T.G.H.,i.183), we read:
"The Phrygians also say that that which is generated from Him is Syriktes".
Syriktes is the Piper, properly the player on the syrinx, or seven-reeded Pan-pipe, whereby the music of the spheres is created.
"For that which is generated is Spirit in harmony".
That is to say, Spirit, or Sophia the Holy Breath, is harmony; and the Harmony was the name of the Seven Spheres encircled by the Eight. Curiously enough, later on in our fragment the Logos is called "Wisdom in harmony".
The Greek word for "dance" in the sentence "dance ye all" is different from that in the phrase "leadeth the dance". It reminds us of the "orchestra" in the Greek theatre.
The Greek drama, I hold, arose from the Mysteries. The general view, however, is that it "sprang from the choral dances round the altar of Dionysus", and so the architectural form of the Greek theatre "was developed form the circular dancing place", the orchestra.
The dance is to represent the dance of the world-mystery, and therefore of the man-mystery - of joy and sorrow, of rejoicing and beating the breast.
It is hardly necessary here to remind the reader of the Gospel-saying taken by the first (Matth., xi.17) and third (Lk., vii. 27) Evangelist from a common source;
"We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced;
"We have played a dirge unto you, and ye have not lamented".
Is it possible that there was an inner tradition of a scripture in which this Saying stood in the first person singular? I think I have made out a presumption in my analysis of the Naassene Document (T.H.G., i.195) that the Christian commentator, in his parallels with the Fourth Gospel, legitimately opens up for us the question whether or no he was in touch with "sources" of that "Johannine" document.
In any case, I would suggest that for the Gnostic there was an under-meaning, and that it is here in our Hymn expressed for us though still mystically hidden
The higher quaternion, or tetrad, as the Gnostic Marcus would have phrased it, of joy is to blend with the lower tetrad of sorrow; and both together are to form an octave,whereby the man is raised from his littleness into the Greatness; that is to say, he can now respond to cosmic music.
Therefore what was apparently originally a rubric ("The one Eight" etc.), has been put by an unknowing scribe into the mouth of the Initiator, and an Amen added.
The Ogdoad or Eight (in music the full Octave), "sounds with us"; that is, we are now beginning to dance to the Music of the Spheres.
And this being so, the sense of the initiated soul may be said to become cosmic, for it begins to vibrate with , or answer back to, or become in sympathy with, the ordered motions of the Greatness; and therefore the Higher Twelve, the Powers that transcend the separated soul, -and which crown or surround the Great Sphere, now lead the dance.
Or, to speculate more daringly; the indications seem to denote a belief that at this stage in the rite there was present the Presence of Masterhood; and this would mean for the aspirant - as is so nobly set forth in the Trismegistic "Secret Sermon on the Mount" which might very well be called "The Initiation of Tat' - that he passes out of himself to greater things.
And so his "twelve disciples", as it were, begin to dance above him or outside him; for the real disciples or apostles of a new-born Christ are not the things he has been taught on earth as man, but powers raying forth from the true Person into still greater regions.
Apostles who go forth into the world of men are but reflections of Great Powers who now go forth from the true Person and link him on to the Great Cosmos.
It is not easy to conjecture the meaning of the phrase "all whose nature is to dance doth dance", for the text is so faulty that we cannot be certain of a correct version. If, however,this be the right rendering, then I would suggest that the "all" is the cosmic order; and that now all is made ready, and spiritual communion has ben established between the church, or circle below, and the Church Above, who again is the Supernal Sophia.
"Who danceth not, knows not what is being done".
The soul must dance, or be active in a corresponding way,with the Great Dance, in order to know, or attain true Gnosis. Knowledge of the Great World can only be attained when the man has abandoned his self-will and acts in harmony with the Great Happenings.
This reminds us of the Saying in the Fourth Gospel (vii. 17): "If a man will to do His Will, he shall know of the Doctrine"; and again (ix.31): "If a man be a worshipper of God and do His Will, He will hear him". And the Will of God is HIs Divine Spouse, the Sophia or Wisdom, by Whom and In Whom He has made the worlds.
"I would flee".
It may be that here the new-born is in fear; the new motions of the Great Passions are too great for him. Or, again, it may signify the necessity of balance, or equilibrium; the soul feels itself swept away into the infinitudes, and is held back by the greater power of the Master - the that in him which alone is stable; these two are then the centrifugal and centripetal powers.
"I would be adorned".
The original Greek term suggests the idea of being rightly "ordered" (kosmein).
It may also mean "clothed in fit garments"; that is, the soul prays that his little cosmos, which has previously been awry or out of order, may be made like unto the Great Order, and so he may be clad in "glories" or "robes of glory" or "power" like unto the Great Glories of the Heavenly Spheres.
"I would be at-oned".
We now approach the mystery of union, when the soul abandons with joy its separateness, and frees itself from the limitations of its 'possession" - of that which is "mine" as apart from the rest.
And so we have the triple declaration as to the loss of "dwelling", "place" and "temple" (the very "shrine" of the soul), and the assurance of the gain of all"dwellings", "places" and "temples". And in illustration of this sublime idea we may yet again quote from the "Untitled Apocalypse" of the Bruce Codex (F.F.F., p.554):
";Holy, Holy, Holy is He, the [here come the seven vowels each three times repeated]'
"That is to say:
"Thou art the Holy One among the holy.
"'Thou art Being among beings.
"'Thou art Father among Fathers.
"'Thou art God among gods.
"'Thou art Lord among lords.
"'Thou art Space among spaces.'
"Thus too do they praise Him.
"'Thou art the House;
"'And Thou art the Dweller in the House.'
"And yet again do they praise the Son hidden in Him:
"'Thou art; Thou art the Alone-begotten - Light, Life and Grace'".
"The Son of Man hath nowhere to lay His head" - for indeed He has all "places" in His possession.
Then follow the comfortable words that the Christ, the Logos, is the Lamp, the Mirror, the Door and the Way for the human soul; the Divine Soul is all things for the beloved.
In the worlds of darkness and uncertainty Christ is the Lamp,whom we must follow, for He leads us along the Way.
For those who can perceive the Christ-essence in all, this Christ-essence is a Mirror reflecting the great truths of the higher worlds.
There is one means alone of passing through the Wall of Separation between the Higher and the Lower, and that is Christ the Mediator. He is the Door; even as Thrice-greatest Hermes calls the Mind the "Inner Door" (T.G.H.,iii.274). And Parmenides in his "Truthwards" refers to the same mystery when he describes the Gates, twixt Day and Night, or Light and Darkness.
For him who truly knocks at this Door, that is who turns all his attention and power in this direction, the Great Wall or Limit will be no more, and he shall go in and out at will.
Again, Christ the Logos is the Way. He is our Path to God, both on the Light-side of things and on the Substance-side; either as a Lamp, or that for which the pure minds looks, or a Way, that on which the feet walk. In either case the Christ is that which leads to God.
The ceremony again changes with the words: "Now answer to My dancing ".
All now may be believed to be taking place within the Master-Presence. Union of substance has been attained, but not yet union of consciousness. Before that final mystery can be consummated,the knowledge of the Passion of Man, that is of the Great Passion or perpetual experience of the Great Act, must be achieved.
The soul is to gaze upon the mystery as upon its own Passion. The perfected soul can gaze upon the mystery in peace; as yet, however, the soul of the aspirant is not perfected in gnosis, but in substance only, so that it may feel the Great Passion in itself, and yet as apart from itself.
Hereupon in the lower rite, the mystery-drama, the Passion of Man, must have been shown. What it may have been is not easy to conjecture; it must, however, have been something of a most distressing nature, for the neophyte is moved or shaken completely - that is to say,unnerved. He had not the strength of perfect faith in the Power of the Master; for,presumably,he saw that very Master dismembered before his eyes, or becoming many from one, or in some way done to death.
After the Passion-drama or Passion-vision comes the instruction; for in such rites - such passions or experiences for the sake of knowing - there must be the actual experience in feeling before there can be gnosis.
This knowledge is given by the Master Himself, the Logos in man: Wherefore it needs must be the lover should first behold the Beloved suffering.
And then follow the comfortable words:
"I am a couch; rest thou upon Me". For the Suffering Christ is but the translation into manifestation in time and space of the Triumphant Eternal Christ, the Aeon. It is here that that mystery of Docetism, of what the Vedanta calls Maya, receives a philosophical meaning. This mystery is suggested in many a logos: but here I will quote only from the Trismegistic sermon called "The Inner Door" (T.G.H., iii.275):
"And being so minded and so ordering his life, he shall behold the Son of God becoming all things for holy souls, that he may draw her (the soul) forth from out the region of the Fate into the Incorporeal.
"For having power in all, He becometh all things , whatsoever He will; and in obedience to the Father's nod, through the whole Body doth He penetrate, and pouring forth His Light into the mind of every soul. He starts it back into the Blessed Region, where it was before it had become corporeal - following after Him, and led by Him into the Light".
"Who I am thou shalt know when I depart".
This and the two following sentences seem to suggest - that is, if we may venture to believe that there was rue vision of an inner mystery accompanying the outer drama- some such idea as this.
The substantial nature of the Presence, the Body, so to speak, of atmosphere, which may have been seen - with some suggestion of an idea of human form as its "pillar" or "support" and at the same time of a sphere or completeness holding it together - this, says the Master, is not my true Self. I am not this Mirror of the World, I am not this Word or Living Symbol which contains the whole world, and also stamps it with meaning and idea. What the nature of the real Christ is thou shalt know when thou comest, or becomest Him.
"If thou hadst known how to suffer".
The sentences so beginning are perhaps the most pregnant in meaning in the whole of this marvellous ritual. It seems in one sense (for there are infinite meanings ) to signify: If the substance of your body had really known how to dance, and so been able to respond exactly to My Passion (that is, the manifestation in activity of real life and consciousness), then you would have had the power to have kept stable about the Mystic Centre, and not have been dragged back into your body of suffering, or in-harmony; you would not have been dragged back onto the dramatic side of things and been swamped by the drama.
"That which thou knowest not, I Myself will teach thee".
That which the soul unaided cannot know, the Master will teach. That is to say, presumably: This Power or Presence is a link between your own 'body" or atmosphere and the realities of Great Things.
As soon as the sphere - "body" (the psychic envelope of normal man is said to be ellipse, egg-shaped, imperfect) is capable of dancing, the Power of the Master will stamp it with meaning. The little self cannot do this. The Power is not connected with little things. It comes from the greater worlds as a natural result of the perfect dancing of the substances of all man's "bodies".
"I am thy God, not the Betrayer's"
Taken in connection with the introductory words before our Hymn, this will probably suggest to most readers the thought of Judas. But the Gnostics moved in a wider circle of ideas.
The Betrayer is rather the lawless Serpent, the Kakodaimon, that which hands the soul over to the bodies of death - a mystery that is not touched upon in our ritual.
"I would be kept in time with holy souls".
This sentence appears to me to be misplaced. One of its meanings seems to be that as the soul watches the Dance, it prays to be brought into harmony with "Holy Souls"; that is to have its consciousness and form brought into such perfect relationship as to become one. Then the little soul would become a Great Soul or Master, a Perfect or Balanced Soul.
The concluding sentences are evidently drawn from two different traditions of the original text; they are two separate endings copied down one after the other. It is thus to be conjectured that there were several variants of this ritual, and that it was, therefore, widely known and used in Gnostic circles.
It must, however, have been at first kept very secret, for later on in the text of our fragment we read the injunction of the Master to John:
"That Passion which I showed unto thee and unto the rest in the Dance, I will that it be called a mystery".
Can it be that in the the original form, it was John, the Beloved himself, who was the candidate?
It may have been so; but even if so, "John" would not be understood by a Gnostic to be the name of one single historical character. There had been, there were, and there would be many Johns.
From the Twelve Three; and from the Three One.
For just as we find that there were Three - Peter, James and John - who were nearest the Lord in His Great Moments, so also do we find in the Johannine tradition that of these Three, it was John who was nearest to Him in His Great Acts.
Moreover, just as in the Trismegistic tradition we find that out of the Three - Ammon, Asclepius and Tat - it is Tat, the most spiritual of the disciples, who succeeds his "Father", Thrice-greatest Hermes, when He is taken to the Gods; so also do we find in the Johannine tradition that it is John who succeeds Jesus when He ascends to the Father of all "Fathers".
"Father" was the technical name of the Master, or Initiator, and the Head of the community.
And so, in a codex of the Fourth Gospel, preserved in the archives of the Templars of St.John of Jerusalem, in Paris - that is to say in all probability in a document that belonged to those who came into contact with the Johannine tradition in the East - we find (Thilo, Code. Apoc. N.T., p.880) the following additions which are absent from the Textus Receptus.
To John, xvii. 26:
"Amen, I say unto you, I am not of this world; but John shall be your Father, till he shall go with Me into Paradise. And He anointed them with the Holy Spirit".
And to John, xix. 26-30:
"He saith to His Mother: Weep not; I go to My Father and to Eternal Life. Behold Thy Son. He will keep My place.
"Then saith He to the Disciple: Behold thy Mother!
"Then bowing His Head He breathed forth His Spirit".
But if it be willed that that which "I showed unto thee .... in the Dance" be "called a mystery", it must equally be willed that it be kept a mystery.
I therefore offer my surmises on the altar of the Outer Court, though hardly venturing to think they will be regarded as reasonable oblations to the Great Presence by many of the Many who serve there.
I would , however, venture to hope that I have at least established a strong presumption that the Hymn of Jesus is no hymn, but a very early Christian mystery-ritual, and perhaps the oldest Christian ritual of any kind preserved to us.
ECHOES FROM THE GNOSIS
Under this general title is now being published a series of small volumes, drawn from, or based upon, the mystic, theosophic and gnostic writings of the ancients, so as to make more easily audible for the ever-widening circle of those who love such things, some echoes of the mystic experience and initiatory lore of their spiritual ancestry. There are many who love the life of the spirit, and who long for the light of gnostic illumination, but who are not sufficiently equipped to study the writings of the ancients at first hand, or to follow unaided the labours of scholars. These little volumes (of which the Hymn of Jesus is one) are therefore intended to serve as introduction to the study of the more difficult literature of the subject; and it is hoped that at the same time they may become for some, who have, as yet, not even heard of the Gnosis, steppingstones to higher things.


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Home Actress Kaley Cuoco Net Worth
Kaley Cuoco Net Worth
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Kaley Cuoco Net Worth: $100 Million
Kaley Cuoco was born 30 November 1985 in Camarillo, CA. Most notable for her appearances on the ABC sitcom playing Bridget Hennessy 8 Easy Rules and Penny on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory. She appeared in Chuck Lorre's hit-show The Big Bang Theory. She evolved into a nationally ranked amateur tennis player as she grew up. As Karin, she made her film debut in the film Virtuosity in 1995. She is one of the accomplished actress on TV. She has been ranked on the list of those famous people born on 30 November 1985. She is one of the CA born Wealthiest TV Star. She also holds a spot on Most Famous TV Actress list. Kaley Cuoco is one of our database's popular men, aged 33.
Kaley Christine Cuoco
Kaley Cuoco at Emmy Awards 2014
Kaley Cuoco is currently 34 according to her birthdate November 30, 1985
Camarillo, California, USA
She was homeschooled since she was in the seventh grade because she didn't like the private school.
Actress, voice actress
Father – Gary Carmine Cuoco (Realtor)
Mother – Layne Ann (Wingate) (Homemaker)
Others – Briana Cuoco (Sister)
She is represented by –
SDB Partners, Inc.
Brillstein Entertainment Partners
Kaley has dated –
Thad Luckinbill (2002) – American actor best known for playing J.T. Hellstrom on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless for 11 years, dated Cuoco in 2002.
Kevin Zegers (2003-2004) – Canadian actor and model had a relationship with Kaley Cuoco in the past. They worked together in the 2004 film "Josh Henderson".
Jaron Lowenstein (2005-2006) – American musician, one part of the former twin pop act Evan and Joran, also dated Maxim model Kaley during this time.
Al Santos (2007) – Kaley was rumored to be dating with former American model and actor, who is best known for playing the character of Johnny Bishop in the WB TV series Grosse Pointe. They met during filming the thriller movie "Killer Movie" and they were rumored to be an item.
Josh Henderson (2007-2008) – They first met in the TV series "8 Simple Rules" in 2002, when Al Santos had a guest appearance in this sitcom. They started dating 5 years later in 2007.
Johnny Galecki (2007-2010) – Johnny, who is best known for performing his role as "Leonard Hofstadter" in the hit CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" dated his co-star Kaley. Their relationship status was not known to anyone until they broke up in 2010. He was also asked on American morning talk show "The View" regarding his girlfriend. He said, "Do I have a girlfriend? No. But I wouldn't tell you right now even if I did."
Chris French (2011) – They dated from May to June 2011. But, nothing came out of it.
Josh Resnik (2011-2012) – an addiction specialist and former bassist for Danzig, dated Kaley. She announced her engagement with him in October 2011. But, in March 2012 she was no longer in any relation with him.
Bret Bollinger (2012-2013) (See pic) – American singer, Bret commenced dating Kaley in March 2012 and they were seen kissing at LA Lakers game later in that year. The duo separated in 2013.
Henry Cavill (2013) – Superman Henry had a fling with Kaley Cuoco. They hardly dated 2 weeks. They became an item on June 30, 2013, and dated until July 11, 2013.
Ryan Sweeting (2013-2015) – Bahamian-born American professional tennis player, Ryan Sweeting started dating Cuoco in August 2013. She was seen with him on August 2, 2013, for the first time. After just more than a month of dating, Kaley engaged him on September 20, 2013. On November 7, she also had a fake marriage on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. But, the real marriage happened on New Year's Eve (December 31, 2013) in Santa Susana, California. The duo split on September 25, 2015.
Paul Blackthorne (2015) – In December 2015, she was RUMORed to have hooked up with British actor, Paul Blackthorne.
Karl Cook (2016-Present) – In March 2016, she started dating equestrian Karl Cook. On November 30, 2017 (Kaley's 32nd birthday), the couple got engaged. In June 2018, the couple got married in San Diego, California.
Ryan Sweeting and Kaley Cuoco at Emmy Awards 2014.
She has Italian ancestry due to her dad and is of English and German descent on her mother's side.
Lopsided grin
Curvy figure
Blonde hair and green eyes
Narrow Eyebrows
Bubbly personality
35-24-36 in or 89-61-91.5 cm
6 (US) or 10 (UK) or 38 (EU)
Brand Endorsements
She has served as the spokesmodel for ProActiv (2012).
She has appeared in lot many television commercials such as for Priceline.com (2012, 2013, 2014), "Wish Granted, Son Safer" for the Toyota Rav4 (2013), "Wish Granted, Baby Talking" for the Toyota Rav4 (2013), "Wish Granted, Spare Tire, Infinite Witches" for the Toyota Rav4 (2013), and others.
Best Known For
Her role as Penny on the Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning comedy series The Big Bang Theory.
1992 thriller film Quicksand: No Escape for her role as Connie Reinhardt. It was a television film. She didn't have a starring role in this 84-minute long movie.
She has done many films after that in 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000 and so on, the list goes on.
First TV Show
American teen drama television series My So-Called Life which aired on ABC from August 25, 1994, to January 26, 1995, is Cuoco's debut TV show. She appeared in this show in the "Father Figures" episode in 1994.
She likes horse riding a lot and goes to stable to ride her horse "Falcon". She says –
"It's the perfect combination of a mental and physical workout."
She does a maximum of 1 hour of horse riding. After that, she goes to the gym. But, she later said that this workout routine was making her feel bore. So, she decided to modify this routine and replaced gym session with spinning. Now, she is enjoying her spinning classes, for which she is spending her time 3 times a week.
Diet Cola, Kaley's favorite drink in the world, is the thing she used to have 4 times a day. Now, to cope with the workout, she cut down the frequency of her favorite drink to occasional. Now, instead of taking desserts after her meal, she drinks diet cola. She eats granola, skimmed milk, and fruits in the breakfast. See her full workout routine and diet plan.
Kaley Cuoco Favorite Things
Favorite Food – There is no specific declaration from her side regarding food. But, she has told that she likes only vegetarian food.
Favorite TV Programs – Charmed (1998-2006), 8 Simple Rules (2002-2005), Games of Thrones, The Big Bang Theory
Favorite People – Britney Spears, Taylor Swift, Jennifer Aniston
Favorite Book – The Lovely Bones (By Alice Sebold published in 2002)
Favorite Colors – Green, Pink
Favorite Designer – Gucci
Favorite Lipgloss – Rosebud Salve
Does Emiru Dead or Alive?
As per our current Database, Kaley Cuoco is still alive (as per Wikipedia, Last update: March 3, 2020).
Facts About Kaley Cuoco
Kaley Cuoco's age 33 years old.
Birthday November 30, 1985.
Birth Sign Sagittarius.
She appeared in the 2007 film To Be Fat like Me and the 2014 film Authors Anonymous.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
by Anjelica Ibuyan
Researchers found a connection between excess intake of Vitamin B and hip fracture / Photo Credit: Shutterstock
B vitamins provide essential benefits to a person's overall bodily function. Most people, especially healthy ones, take them in high doses to increase their effect on energy levels, brain function, and cell metabolism. However, taking B vitamins in a high dosage doesn't necessarily enhance the effect on healthy individuals, meaning it should be taken only when a person has a vitamin B deficiency.
In fact, high doses of certain B vitamins—B6 and B12—can actually pose a more negative effect on the body. A new study suggests healthy women who take too many vitamins B6 and B12 are more likely to experience hip fractures than those who don't. The researchers say the results support previous studies suggesting that vitamin supplements should be taken with caution.
B vitamins and hip fractures
Earlier research found a link between vitamins B6 and B12 to a decreased risk of heart disease, although results were mixed and some studies also associated these vitamins to fractures in older adults.
In the cohort study, the researchers followed 75,846 American women for 21 years and conducted dietary surveys about every four years. They also recorded information on hip fracture incidence among the participants at the beginning of the study as well as data on the women's diet, AFP News reported via Yahoo! News.
The results were published in the journal JAMA Network Open, wherein the researchers concluded that excess intake of vitamins B6 and B12 supplements have been linked to increased risk of hip fracture. AFP News said the highest risk was found in women who took high doses of B6 and B12 together—47 percent higher compared to women who took a low intake of both vitamins.
Data indicated that 2,304 women developed hip fractures during the study and half of them had the fracture before turning 76.
The dosage in the study was at least 3.6 milligrams of B6 and 20 micrograms of B12—much higher than the recommended dietary allowances of 1.5 milligrams of B6 for women beyond 50 and 2.4 micrograms of B12 for women aged 14 and up, as per US dietary guidelines.
Unexpected adverse effects
Lead author Haakon Meyer from the University of Oslo, Norway said many people take supplements even without solid evidence of increased benefits, especially because high-dose vitamin supplements are easily accessible in drug stores and on the internet.
"Our results add to other reports suggesting that high-dose vitamin supplementation can lead to unexpected adverse effects," Meyers told Reuters via email. "Normal intakes of these vitamins, corresponding to recommended dietary allowances, were not associated with increased fracture risk."
However, the authors noted that the study wasn't designed to provide evidence if or how vitamin B6 and B12 intake contributes to risk for hip fractures. Reuters added that the study may not also indicate the outcome for all older American women since the participants were mostly white, insured, and middle-class women.
But the results still highlighted the importance of going through a checkup prior to taking any vitamin supplement, according to Karen Hansen from the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health.
"Women should seek their primary care provider's advice on whether to take a vitamin B supplement," Hansen, who was not involved in the study, told Reuters. "If the provider documents a vitamin deficiency, then a supplement is clearly warranted."
Noting the outcomes of previous studies, the researcher added that the intake of vitamin B6 and B12 "will not improve skeletal health and might even be harmful" without a documented deficiency.
Vitamin B still needed
Meyer said the study is "transferable to Norway" despite American women using more supplements compared to their Norwegian counterparts.
"We suspected this when we re-analyzed data from two major Norwegian studies in 2017," the lead author said, as per web-based medical and health news service Medical Express.
Using the same intervention, the two Norwegian studies also found an increased risk of hip fracture for participants who were given high doses of vitamin B compared to those who were given a placebo supplement. This finding has been confirmed by the recent American study.
It is important to consult a doctor first before taking any supplements / Photo Credit: Shutterstock
However, the researchers were quick to point out that vitamin B12 alone doesn't result in increased risk. They said some elderly people actually need extra vitamin B12 supplements—and there is no established evidence that the vitamin would increase the risk of hip fracture.
There is also no clear possible biological explanation for the findings in the recent study. Previous work suggests high concentrations of vitamin B6 may accelerate bone loss by counteracting the balancing effect of estrogens on steroid receptors.
"A recent paradox theory proposes that large doses of pyridoxine, the inactive form of vitamin B6 included in supplements and found in foods, inhibit the [vitamin's] active form pyridoxal phosphate," the researchers explained.
They added that there is also no clear explanation as to how vitamin B12 contributed to increased fracture risk.
B vitamin supplements, hip fractures, increased risk, cohort study


text:
Indoor shooting range to open in Monroe this summer
Dave Schatz
MONROE – After several years of delays and controversy, an indoor shooting range will open at 25 Mott Ave. this summer, according to its owner.
David Tarantino said Recoil NJ will offer a variety of firearms classes, from beginner to advanced. But the 15-lane range will not sell firearms. As part of the review process, required permits to sell firearms were denied because "neighbors were worried about their kids," Tarantino said.
"(But) the only complaints we had from neighbors were based on anti-gun sentiment and the 'not in my backyard' mindset," said Tarantino. "It made no sense to (us)."
The new 25-yard indoor gun range will be separated from homes on one side by St. James Cemetery. On the other side is woods, while directly across the street there are no homes.
READ:Monroe gun club to open this winter
READ:Monroe welcomes 6 new police officers
READ:Monroe teen remembered after succumbing to cancer
Tarantino said he expects construction to be completed by this summer. Once open to the public, Recoil will remain open on a year-round basis, holding competitions on it air-conditioned and heated lanes. No outdoor shooting will take place.
The owners are hoping to create a "family-friendly environment," where "everyone's safety and health" comes first.
"We want to be sure anyone who is interested in the sport can learn how to properly handle a firearm and be comfortable in all aspects of the sport," Tarantino said.
The project was originally slated to open in 2015. While a use variance was approved by the end of the summer in 2012, the preliminary site plan was approved in the fall of 2014, according to a Recoil update.
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection approved the range in May 2015, and the project had several appearances before the zoning board.
"Our biggest challenge has been getting construction started. We had a lot of setbacks in all aspects of the project since it is such a specialized building," said Tarantino, citing "the many complexities" of the project.
"The block is complete and we are supposed to be installing the steel and trusses in the next few weeks, then the roof," said Tarantino, who added that the project's construction also has had some weather setbacks.
"We will pour the floor once we have consistent warmer weather, but that is not holding us up since there is plenty of steel, truss and roof work to be completed in the meantime," he added.
The owners have said that they have had to invest more than expected to continue the project. Among the surprises was finding out through a soil report that the property decades ago was graded over with topsoil.
Because the owners couldn't build on topsoil, they had to excavate about 8 feet of soil and recompact and regrade the site.
Supplemental construction procedures, though not required by the township, are being taken to ensure safety, Tarantino added. For instance, the block will be filled solid with concrete.
Tarantino also said the ventilation system — one of the most important aspects of an indoor range since it removes contaminants created during the firing of a weapon from peoples' respiratory zones — was designed by a leading ventilation systems installer.
While the cost of an annual membership is $279, those not purchasing the "all-you-can-shoot," option, can rent a lane for $20 an hour. Recoil will begin accepting memberships when it opens, and initial discounts will be available.
Tarantino said safety classes will be taught by trained professionals, including instructors certified by the National Rifle Association, and/or law-enforcement officials.
For more information, visit http://www.recoilnj.com.


text:
# Callback Verification

Some verification operations cannot be performed well on RDBMS servers. Other
times, you may be unsure which RDBMS system you will be using long-term, and
need to ensure authentication will work consistently. For these situations, you
can use the `Zend\Authentication\Adapter\DbTable\CallbackCheck` adapter.
Similar to the [CredentialTreatmentAdapter](credential-treatment.md), it
accepts a table name, identity column, and credential column; however, instead
of a credential treatment, it accepts a *credential validation callback* that
is executed when the database returns any matches, and which can be used to
perform additional credential verifications.

## Configuration options

The available configuration options include:

- `tableName`: This is the name of the database table that contains the
  authentication credentials, and against which the database authentication
  query is performed.
- `identityColumn`: This is the name of the database table column used to
  represent the identity.  The identity column must contain unique values, such
  as a username or e-mail address.
- `credentialColumn`: This is the name of the database table column used to
  represent the credential. Under a simple identity and password authentication
  scheme, the credential value corresponds to the password.
- `credentialValidationCallback`: A PHP callable to execute when the database returns matches. The callback will receive:
  - the value of the `credentialColumn` returned from the database
  - the credential that was used by the adapter during authentication

## Basic Usage

Many databases do not provide functions that implement a cryptographically
secure hashing mechanism. Additionally, you may want to ensure that should you
switch database systems, hashing is consistent. This is a perfect use case for
the `CallbackCheck` adapter; you can implement the password hashing and
verification within PHP instead.

The following code creates an adapter for an in-memory database, creates a
simple table schema, and inserts a row against which we can perform an
authentication query later. This example requires the PDO SQLite extension to
be available:

```php
use Zend\Db\Adapter\Adapter as DbAdapter;

// Create a SQLite database connection
$dbAdapter = new DbAdapter([
    'driver'   => 'Pdo_Sqlite',
    'database' => 'data/sqlite.db',
]);

// Build a simple table creation query
$sqlCreate = 'CREATE TABLE [users] ('
    . '[id] INTEGER  NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, '
    . '[username] VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL, '
    . '[password] VARCHAR(255) NULL, '
    . '[real_name] VARCHAR(150) NULL)';

// Create the authentication credentials table
$dbAdapter->query($sqlCreate);

// Build a query to insert a row for which authentication may succeed
$sqlInsert = "INSERT INTO users (username, password, real_name) "
    . "VALUES ('my_username', 'my_password', 'My Real Name')";

// Insert the data
$dbAdapter->query($sqlInsert);
```

As you add users, you will need to create a hash of the password provided and
insert that into the database. For users on PHP 5.5+, you can use
[password_hash()](http://php.net/password_hash):

```php
$hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
```

> ### Password hash length
>
> As of the time of writing, PHP uses a bcrypt algorithm by default for hashing
> passwords with `password_hash()`, and this produces 60 character strings. However,
> the default may change over time, and php.net recommends using 255 character
> fields for storage to allow for larger hash sizes in the future.

To verify a password, we'll create a callback that uses
[password_verify()](http://php.net/manual/en/function.password-verify.php):

```php
$passwordValidation = function ($hash, $password) {
    return password_verify($password, $hash);
};
```

Now that we have the database connection and a password validation function,
we can create our `Zend\Authentication\Adapter\DbTable\CallbackCheck` adapter
instance, passing the options to the constructor or later via setter methods:

```php
use Zend\Authentication\Adapter\DbTable\CallbackCheck as AuthAdapter;

// Configure the instance with constructor parameters:
$authAdapter = new AuthAdapter(
    $dbAdapter,
    'users',
    'username',
    'password',
    $passwordValidation
);

// Or configure the instance with setter methods:
$authAdapter = new AuthAdapter($dbAdapter);

$authAdapter
    ->setTableName('users')
    ->setIdentityColumn('username')
    ->setCredentialColumn('password')
    ->setCredentialValidatinCallback($passwordValidation);
```

At this point, the authentication adapter instance is ready to accept
authentication queries. In order to formulate an authentication query, the
input credential values are passed to the adapter prior to calling the
`authenticate()` method:

```php
// Set the input credential values (e.g., from a login form):
$authAdapter
    ->setIdentity('my_username')
    ->setCredential('my_password');

// Perform the authentication query, saving the result
$result = $authAdapter->authenticate();
```

In addition to the availability of the `getIdentity()` method upon the
authentication result object, `Zend\Authentication\Adapter\DbTable\CallbackCheck`
also supports retrieving the table row upon authentication success:

```php
// Print the identity:
echo $result->getIdentity() . "\n\n";

// Print the result row:
print_r($authAdapter->getResultRowObject());

/* Output:
my_username

Array
(
    [id] => 1
    [username] => my_username
    [password] => my_password
    [real_name] => My Real Name
)
*/
```

Since the table row contains the credential value, it is important to secure
the values against unintended access.

When retrieving the result object, we can either specify what columns to
return, or what columns to omit:

```php
// Specify the columns to return:
$columnsToReturn = [
    'id',
    'username',
    'real_name',
];
print_r($authAdapter->getResultRowObject($columnsToReturn));

/* Output:

Array
(
   [id] => 1
   [username] => my_username
   [real_name] => My Real Name
)
*/

// Or specify the columns to omit; when using this approach,
// pass a null value as the first argument to getResultRowObject():
$columnsToOmit = ['password'];
print_r($authAdapter->getResultRowObject(null, $columnsToOmit);

/* Output:

Array
(
   [id] => 1
   [username] => my_username
   [real_name] => My Real Name
)
*/
```

## Advanced Usage

While the basic use case will fit most scenarios, there may be cases where you have
specialized needs, such as additional criteria that needs to be met for a user to
match.

### Adding criteria to match

Since the validation callback is only provided the hash value from the database
and the credential provided by the user, you cannot do more complex matching
within it. However, you can add criteria to the SQL sent to the server by
retrieving the `Zend\Db\Sql\Select` instance is uses.

As an example, many websites require a user to activate their account before
allowing them to login for the first time. We can add that criteria as follows:

```php
// Create a basic adapter, with only an MD5() credential treatment:
$adapter = new AuthAdapter(
    $db,
    'users',
    'username',
    'password',
    $passwordValidation
);

// Now retrieve the Select instance and modify it:
$select = $adapter->getDbSelect();
$select->where('active = "TRUE"');

// Authenticate; this will include "users.active = TRUE" in the WHERE clause:
$adapter->authenticate();
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


What is the best approach for hyperparameter tuning of a neural network?
What are the most important hyperparameters to focus on tuning?
What are the suitable ranges of values for each hyperparameter?
For which hyperparameters will tuning potentially increase our chance of overfitting/underfitting?
I don't know the details of that algorithm. But the values you tweak is stuff like how many layers in the network, what the activation function is going to be (e.g relu) and so on. The model itself should learn all those thousands of weights in the hidden layer(s).
To figure out the best params for your problem is most likely going to be a whole lot of trial and error.
If you split your date into training, dev set, and test set you probably don't have to worry that about over-fitting. (the idea being you experiment with different parameters on the dev set).
If you constantly tweak parameters on the dev set and NOT the test set, then you reduce the risk of 'cherry picking' the best hyperparameters for a given test set.
When tweaking hyperparams in some sense the programmer is his own worst enemy; if you keep on tweaking and use results on the test set as evidence of doing the right thing then you of course risk over-fitting. So really, the trick it to know when to stop.
If you can acquire more data (e.g. via data augmentation techniques) then in a lot of cases more data will outperform hyperparam tweaking. So yeah, don't get carried away with hyperparams when there is a lot more "simple stuff" you could be doing to improve performance.
Regularization constant (lambda) , drop-out rate , learning-rate , number of epochs , Optimizer , activation function , additional parameters of optimization function etc . The important ones that affect accuracy are : regularization constant , drop-out rate , learning -rate , number of epochs,optimizer .
I don't have any ideas on exact range of values . Choose the commonly applied values range .
As regularization constant increases the training accuracy decreases and over-fitting decreases, under fitting increases . The same applies for drop-out rate . Increasing number of epochs increases the training set accuracy but increases over-fitting . But dropout rate and regularization rate determines the under-fitting/over-fitting of the model more than other parameters .
I don't choose the network architecture in the same way as tuning other hyper parameters . Try some neural network architectures and choose one of them . Tune the hyper parameters for that chosen architecture .
L2_regularization and dropout are the major factors in determining the accuracy in cross-validation and test data set .


text:
Celina Seghi (6 March 1920 – 27 July 2022) was an Italian alpine skier. Born in Abetone, Tuscany, she was the youngest child in a family of nine and earned her first Italian championship medal, a bronze in the slalom, in 1934.

Biography
In 1937 Seghi earned three national titles, her first victories at that level, by winning the slalom, downhill, and combined events. In total she won a total of 25 gold, 6 silver, and 3 bronze medals at the Italian National Championships: gold seven times, silver thrice, and bronze twice in the downhill, gold and silver once each in the giant slalom, gold ten times, silver twice, and bronze once in the slalom, and gold seven times in the combined.

On the international level Seghi won gold in the slalom and silver in the combined event at the 1941 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships, but the results of the tournament were nullified by the International Ski Federation due to the limited participation from only German-friendly nations. She resumed skiing after World War II and next appeared at the 1948 Winter Olympics, where she finished fourth in both the women's downhill and combined, and joint-fourteenth (with Laila Schou Nilsen) in the slalom. In 1950 she captured her only recognized World Championship medal, bronze in the women's slalom, and two years later participated in the 1952 Winter Olympics, finishing fourth in the women's slalom, seventh in the giant slalom, and joint-fifteenth (with Silvia Glatthard) in the downhill. She retired from active competition in 1956, shortly before the 1956 Winter Olympics, married a surgeon in 1970, and moved to Pistoia, where she continued to ski into her 90s. She turned 100 in March 2020 and died on 27 July 2022 at the age of 102 in Pistoia.

Notes

References

External links

1920 births
2022 deaths
Italian centenarians
Italian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1948 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1952 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Italy
Women centenarians
Sportspeople from the Province of Pistoia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HomeNET WORTHKeanu Reeves Net Worth
Keanu Reeves Net Worth
Glusea brings to you Keanu Reeves net worth
Keanu Charles Reeves is a Canadian actor, author, director and musician.
Keanu Reeves net worth is $360 million
Keanu Reeves Profile
Keanu Charles Reeves was born in Beirut, Lebanon, on September 2, 1964.
Read Richest Actors in the world
His father is from Hawaii, and is of Chinese, English, Irish, Native Hawaiian, and Portuguese descent.
His father earned a GED while serving time in prison for selling heroin at Hilo International Airport.
Keanu's mother was working in Beirut when she met his father, who abandoned his wife and family when Reeves was three years old. Reeves last met his father on the island of Kauai when he was 13.
After his parents divorced in 1966, his mother moved the family to Sydney, Australia, and then to New York City, where she married Paul Aaron, a Broadway and Hollywood director, in 1970.
Reeves attended four different high schools, including the Etobicoke School of the Arts, from which he was expelled. Reeves said he was expelled because he was "just a little too rambunctious and shot his mouth off once too often .
When Reeves was nine, he took part in a theatre production of Damn Yankees. At 15, he worked as a production assistant on Aaron's films.
he made his acting debut in an episode of the television series, called Hangin' In. In 1985, he played Mercutio in a stage production of Romeo and Juliet at the Leah Posluns Theatre in North York, Ontario.
Read Richest Actors in South Africa
Reeves gained recognition in his breakthrough role as Ted "Theodore" Logan in the science fiction comedy Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure in 1989.
https://www.instagram.com/p/B_doUZzDLn1/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link
Business and philanthropy
Aside acting, Keanu is involved in a lot of business deals.
He co-founded a production company, Company Films, with friend Stephen Hamel.
Reeves also co-founded Arch Motorcycle Company, which builds and sells custom motorcycles
In 2017, Reeves and Alexandra Grant founded book publisher, X Artists' Books (also known as XAB).
Read Top Richest Actors in India
He has written two books: Ode to Happiness and Shadows, both of which are collaborations with Grant; he provided the text to her photographs and art.
In Philanthropy, Reeves founded a private cancer foundation, which aids children's hospitals and provides cancer research. He has also volunteered for a Stand Up to Cancer telethon and worked closely with animal rights group PETA.
https://www.instagram.com/p/B8QRLeBDC7F/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link
Keanu Reeves Net Worth is $360 million. Reeves reportedly gave approximately $80 million of his $114 million earnings from The Matrix to the people of the special effects and makeup departments.
Gail Miller Net worth 2023
Dan Pena Net Worth


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text:
If Eskom collapse not halted, SA might never recover - warns Maimane
By TimesLIVE - 24 March 2019
Mmusi Maimane
Image: Mmusi Maimane via Twitter
If the collapse of Eskom is not immediately halted and reversed, it could plunge South Africa into a downward spiral from which it might never recover, DA leader Mmusi Maimane has warned.
Speaking while on the election campaign trail in the Ngwathe region in the Free State on Saturday, Maimane said the country was facing a critical energy crisis the likes of which it had not seen since the dawn of democracy.
"Beyond the inconvenience of going without electricity for hours at a time, we face serious risks to our water distribution network, our sewage system and our primary healthcare. The continuous interruptions are also causing extensive damage to our electricity distribution system, which wasn't built to be switched off and on all the time. Simply put, if this load-shedding carries on much longer, or if it escalates to stages 5 and beyond, we could be looking at a complete collapse of both our infrastructure and our currency," he cautioned.
'Power outages won't impact ANC'
ANC President Cyril Ramaphosa says he's "not worried" that rolling power outages by Eskom will cost the party votes ahead of the May 8 elections.
He said already the effects of load-shedding had been devastating to the economy, with small businesses suffering heavy losses, and some already having to shut their doors.
"For every small business that closes shop, dozens of employees and family members immediately lose their only income. And the effects these power cuts will have on future investment in our economy cannot even be calculated.
"This is a national crisis, and we have very little time to fix it before the damage is too great and our economy collapses entirely. What we need, more than anything else right now, is the truth. We need our government to tell us just how severe this crisis is so that we can prepare ourselves," Maimane said.
He added that this coming Friday, a National Day of Action would be held where South Africans across the country could show the government exactly who held the power, and that they would not allow the country "to implode at the hands of the ANC".
"This will not be a party political action, but rather an effort to harness the power of all South Africans to save our country. We did so before when we said no to Jacob Zuma and state capture, and it is now time for us to unite again."
Mdantsane folk bemoan beastly cuts
Bongeka Mnqibise of Mdantsane is being hit from above and below, by Eskom and izinyoka.
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Former president Jacob Zuma has defended his lobbying for a proposed R1tn nuclear energy deal with Russia, saying it would have solved the country's ...
Lights stay on for some
Many big industries in Buffalo City and Nelson Mandela Bay are exempt from load-shedding while hospitals and schools are having to turn to generators ...
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Learn to master Xactimate specifically for use as a storm restoration contractor for estimating, supplementing, and disproving adjusters' objections using Xactimate language and definitions, as well as learning to LITERALLY cut your estimating time in HALF with our favorite tips, hacks, and 90+ prebuilt macro templates. All online for you and your team to refer back to continually.
Have questions? Want to talk more about what we've got to offer or how I can help you grow your business, increase your sales volume, or sharpen your skills with training? Click here to schedule a few minutes to talk with Becca directly 1-on-1.