text:
1.120th century
2Climate and geography
3Wine regions
3.1Atacama Region
3.2Coquimbo Region
3.3Aconcagua Region
3.4Central Valley Region
3.5Southern Chile
4Viticulture
5Winemaking
5.1Wine laws
6Grapes and wines
6.1Merlot and Sauvignon blanc
7International competitions
Chilean wine
Wine from Chile
Location of Chile in the Southern Cone of South America.
Chilean wines
View of Chilean vineyards in the foothills of the Andes.
Chilean wine has a long history for a New World wine region, as it was the 16th century when the Spanish conquistadors brought Vitis vinifera vines with them as they colonized the region. In the mid-19th century, French wine varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carmenère and Franc were introduced. In the early 1980s, a renaissance began with the introduction of stainless steel fermentation tanks and the use of oak barrels for aging. Wine exports grew very quickly as quality wine production increased. The number of wineries grew from 12 in 1995 to over 70 in 2005.[1]
A large number of French people immigrated to Chile during the late 20th century, bringing more viticultural knowledge to the country. Chile is now the fifth largest exporter of wines in the world, and the seventh largest producer.[2] The climate has been described as midway between that of California and France. The most common grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carmenère. So far Chile has remained free of the phylloxera louse, which means that the country's grapevines do not need to be grafted with phylloxera-resistant rootstocks.[3]
Pedro Lira's 1889 painting of the founding of Santiago by conquistadors. As the Spanish took over the native's land they brought grapevines with them.
European Vitis vinifera vines were brought to Chile by Spanish conquistadors and missionaries in the 16th century around 1554. Local legend states that the conquistador Francisco de Aguirre himself planted the first vines.[4] The vines most likely came from established Spanish vineyards planted in Peru which included the "common black grape", as it was known, that Hernán Cortés brought to Mexico in 1520. This grape variety would become the ancestor of the widely planted Pais grape that would be the most widely planted Chilean grape till the 21st century.[3] Jesuit priests cultivated these early vineyards, using the wine for the celebration of the Eucharist. By the late 16th century, the early Chilean historian Alonso de Ovalle described widespread plantings of "the common black grape", Muscatel, Torontel, Albilho and Mollar.[5]
During the Spanish rule, vineyards were restricted in production with the stipulation that the Chilean should purchase the bulk of their wines directly from Spain itself. In 1641, wine imports from Chile and the Viceroyalty of Peru into Spain were banned, severely damaging the wine industry in the colony. The market loss caused the huge surplus of grapes to be made into pisco and aguardiente. The concentration solely on pisco production, nearly eliminated wine production in Peru. For the most part the Chileans ignored these restrictions, preferring their domestic production to the oxidized and vinegary wines that didn't fare well during the long voyages from Spain. They were even so bold as to start exporting some of their wines to neighboring Peru with one such export shipment being captured at sea by the English privateer Francis Drake. When Spain heard of the event rather than being outraged at Drake, an indictment was sent back to Chile with the order to uproot most of their vineyards. This order, too, was mostly ignored.[6]
In the 18th century, Chile was known mostly for its sweet wines made from the Pais and Muscatel grapes. To achieve a high level of sweetness the wines were often boiled which concentrated the grape must.[5] Following his shipwreck off the coast at Cape Horn, Admiral John Byron (Grandfather of the poet Lord Byron) traveled across Chile and came back to England with a glowing review of Chilean Muscatel comparing it favorably to Madeira. The 19th century wine writer André Jullien was not as impressed, comparing Chilean wines to a "potion of rhubarb and senna".[6]
Despite being politically linked to Spain, Chile's wine history has been most profoundly influenced by French, particularly Bordeaux, winemaking. Prior to the phylloxera epidemic, wealthy Chilean landowners were influenced by their visits to France and began importing French vines to plant. Don Silvestre Errázuriz was the first, importing Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet franc, Malbec, Sauvignon blanc and Sémillon. He hired a French oenologist to oversee his vineyard planting and to produce wine in the Bordeaux style. Errázuriz saw potential in Chile and even experimented with the German wine grape Riesling.[6] In events that parallel those of the Rioja wine region, the entrance of phylloxera into the French wine world turned into a positive event for the Chilean wine industry. With vineyards in ruin, many French winemakers traveled to South America, bringing their experience and techniques with them.[3] At the time, Don Silvestre Ochagavía Echazarreta founded Ochagavia Wines in 1851 and Don Maximiano Errázuriz founded Viña Errázuriz in 1870, bringing and using grapes from France.
20th century[edit]
Chilean wine exports to Argentina were hampered by the lack of effective land transport and a series of war scares. This situation changed after the Pactos de Mayo were signed in 1902 and the inauguration of the Transandine Railway in 1909, making war unlikely and trade across the Andes easy. Governments agreed to sign a free trade agreement. Argentine winegrowers association, Centro Vitivinícola Nacional, dominated by European immigrants, protested vigorously against the free trade agreement since Chilean wines were considered a threat to the local industry. The complaints of Argentine wine growers in conjunction with that of cattle farmers in Chile ended up tearing down the plans for a free trade agreement.[7]
Political instability in the 20th century, coupled with bureaucratic regulations and high taxes tempered the growth of the Chilean wine industry. Prior to the 1980s, the vast majority of Chilean wine was considered low quality and mostly consumed domestically. As awareness of Chile's favorable growing conditions for viticulture increased so did foreign investment in Chilean wineries. This period saw many technical advances in winemaking as Chile earned a reputation for reasonably priced premium quality wines. Chile began to export extensively, becoming the third leading exporter, after France and Italy, into the United States by the turn of the 21st century. It has since dropped to fourth in the US, being surpassed by Australia, but focus has switched to developing exports in the world's other major wine markets like the United Kingdom and Japan.[3]
Climate and geography[edit]
See also: Climate of Chile
Chile's topography with the location of most of Chile's wine regions highlighted.
Chile is a long, narrow country that is geographically and climatically dominated by the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile's vineyards are found along an 800-mile stretch of land from Atacama Region to the Bio-Bio Region in the south. The climate is varied with the northern regions being very hot and dry compared to the cooler, wetter regions in the south. In the Valle Central around Santiago, the climate is dry with an average of 15 inches (38 centimeters) of rain and little risk of springtime frost. The proximity to the Dry Andes help create a wide diurnal temperature variation between day and nighttime temperatures. This cool drop in temperature is vital in maintaining the grapes' acidity levels.[8]
Most of Chile's premium wine regions are dependent on irrigation to sustain vineyards, getting the necessary water from melting snow caps in the Andes. In the developing wine regions along the Coastal Ranges and in the far south, there is not a lack in needed rainfall but vineyard owners have to deal with other factors such as the Humboldt Current from the Pacific which can bathe a vineyard with a blanket of cool air. For the rest of Chile's wine regions, the Coastal Ranges serve a buffer from the current and also acts as a rain shadow. The vineyards in these regions are planted on the valley plains of the Andes foothills along a major river such as the Maipo, Rapel and Maule Rivers.[8]
The vineyards of Chile fall between the latitudes of 32 and 38° s which, in the Northern Hemisphere would be the equivalent of southern Spain and North Africa. However the climate in Chile's wine regions is much more temperate than those regions, comparing more closely to California and Bordeaux. Overall, it is classified as a Mediterranean climate with average summer temperatures of 59–64 °F (15–18 °C) and potential highs of 86 °F (30 °C).[5]
Wine regions[edit]
See also: Natural regions of Chile
Since December 1994, the Chilean wine-producing regions have been officially defined as follows, to help identify the different features of wines produced in different parts of Chile's variable geography. The Chilean ministry of agriculture redefined in a decree of May 2018 the zonal winegrowing structure:[9]
Atacama Region[edit]
Named after the Atacama Region administrative territory, this region is divided into two valleys, Copiapó and Huasco, both of which are coterminous with the provinces of the same names. The region is known primarily for its Pisco[8] and table grapes,[5][10] but in the 1950s wine began to be produced on a small scale around Copiapó. Examples of wine from these valleys include "Vino Copiapino" (literally, "Copiapó's Wine") by Viña Fajardo[11] and Pajarete wine, a varietal from Spain that is now produced successfully in the Huasco Valley.[12]
Coquimbo Region[edit]
The Coquimbo Region contains three wine-producing sub regions: Elqui, Limarí and Choapa, all are coterminous with the provinces of the same name.
The Elqui Valley is located 530 km (330 mi) north of Santiago, at the southern end of the Atacama Desert in the Coquimbo Region. It is known for producing table grapes and other fruits, as well as Pisco, Chile's most popular liquor. But it is also notable for being the most commercially viable wine-producing region of northern Chile.
The region's vineyards extend from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Andes Mountains in the east, rising to an altitude of 2,000 m.a.s.l. (6,500 feet). Wine production began in the Elqui Valley in the 1990s when Chilean wine producers began to look at potential viticulture sites outside the Chilean Central Valley. Since then, 286 hectares (710 acres) of vines have been planted, mostly along the River Elqui valley, where grape growers have access to high-quality water for irrigation. The region is characterized by a sunny, desert-like climate, less than 70 mm (2.8 in) of annual rainfall, dry rocky terrain, steep valleys and temperate hills cooled by strong winds from the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains, producing excellent results for varietals like Syrah.[13]
The Limarí Valley is located roughly 470 km (290 mi) north of Santiago, in the Coquimbo region.
Vines were first planted here in the mid-16th century and have seen a recent resurgence, due to new technologies and winemakers seeking new terroirs. The area is best known for producing Sauvignon and Chardonnay, first planted during the 1990s, and also successfully produces Syrah and Pinot noir, with a climate similar to Marlborough in New Zealand.[14] The Pacific Ocean has a strong influence on the coast of the region with the cooling Camanchaca, a fog that enters the valley from the west each morning and retreats as the sun rises over the Andes from the east. With less than 4 inches of rainfall per year, drip irrigation is used to water the vines that grow in the mineral-rich soil. The combination creates fresh wines with a distinct mineral edge.[15]
The Choapa Valley lies around 400 km (250 mi) north of Santiago, in the southern part of the Coquimbo Region. Like the Atacama, this region is primarily known for Pisco and table grapes.[8]
It lies within the narrowest part of Chile, where the Andes meet the Coastal Range and consists of two sectors, Illapel and Salamanca. There are no wineries in either of these sectors, but vines planted on the rocky, foothill soils produce small quantities of high quality Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes with high acidity and low pH, which is increasing wine producers' interest in the area.[16] Only one brand of wine, De Martino Syrah, currently holds the DO of "Choapa Valley".[17]
Aconcagua Region[edit]
Main article: Aconcagua (wine region)
The administrative region of Valparaíso contains two wine-producing subregions, the Aconcagua and Casablanca valleys. The Aconcagua Valley is coterminous with the province of San Felipe de Aconcagua Province while the Casablanca Valley is coterminous with the commune of that name. The Panquehue commune is also gradually developing a reputation for high quality wine production.
In the Aconcagua Valley, snow melt from Aconcagua and the surrounding mountains is used to irrigate the vines.
The small 1,098 hectare winegrowing area is well known for its red wines, which have earned international acclaim, with Vina Errázuriz's "Seña" placing ahead of both Château Lafite and Château Margaux in blind tasting held in Berlin in 2004,[18] a milestone for the Chilean wine industry.[19] Although the valley is primarily known for the red grapes grown in its interior, white grapes are also now being grown in new coastal plantations.
The Casablanca Valley takes its name from the commune where it is located, and stretches roughly 30 km (19 mi) east-west from eastern border of the Valparaíso province in the Valparaíso region.
Vines were first planted here in the mid-1980s during the revitalization of the Chilean wine industry and the area quickly became known for its white wines, most notably Sauvignon blanc and Chardonnay, as well as Pinot noir, which thrives in its cooler climate. Although the valley is located at 33°S, much closer to the Equator than any European vineyard, viticulture here is possible because of the cooling influence of the Pacific Ocean, in the shape of cool morning fog and greater cloud cover than is found elsewhere in the north of Chile. Free-draining clay and sandy soils, whilst good for viticulture, encourage nematodes, so grafting onto nematode-resistant rootstocks is common.[20]
San Antonio Valley is a small wine region known for producing Pinot noir, Sauvignon blanc and Chardonnay.
It is located very close to the sea around the city of San Antonio, Chile, south of the Casablanca Valley and only 55 miles (89 km) west of Santiago. As in other Chilean wine regions, like the Casablanca Valley, San Antonio is highly influenced by the cooling effect of the Pacific Ocean which makes wine production possible in this area. Soils are in the valley are granitic, poor and well drained with a topsoil of clay, providing a good substrate for vines.[21] Rains are concentrated mainly in the winter season and the vineyards require drip irrigation for the rest of the year, using water from the Maipo river. The San Antonio Valley is seen as an up-and-coming wine region and the wine industry is expected to continue growing in the future.[22]
Central Valley Region[edit]
A Cabernet Sauvignon from the Valle Central
Main article: Central Valley (Chilean wine region)
The Central Valley spans the O'Higgins (VI) and Maule (VII) administrative regions as well as the Metropolitana Region. Within it are four subregions: the Maipo Valley, the Rapel Valley, the Curicó Valley and the Maule Valley. This is Chile's most productive and internationally known wine region, due in large part to its proximity to the country's capital, Santiago. It is located directly across the Andes from Argentina's most well known wine region, Mendoza Province[8] The soil of Maipo Valley is noted for high salinity stemming from irrigation from the Maipo river and low potassium level which has some impact on the grapevines. Vineyards in the Maule also suffer from low potassium as well as deficient nitrogen levels. Advances in viticultural techniques have helped vineyards in these regions compensate for some of these effects.[5]
The Maipo Valley is the closest to Santiago and extends eastwards from the city to the Andes and westward to the coast, stretching south toward the towns and subzones of Padre Hurtado, Peñaflor, Talagante, Isla de Maipo and Melipilla.
The Maipo Valley can itself be divided into three sub-regions:
Alto Maipo
This sub-region is located in the foothills of the Andes and is highly influenced by the mountains. The climate, cold during the night and sunny and hot during the day, combined with the poor, porous, rocky soil, puts the vines under stress which in turn produces a characteristically bold, elegant Cabernet Sauvignon.[23]
Central Maipo
Corresponds to the area surrounding the Maipo river. Cabernet Sauvignon dominates wine production here, but the area has also started producing Carmenere wines. This sub region has rocky alluvial soils and is the warmest and driest part of the Maipo, requiring drip irrigation.
The Pacific Maipo
Area benefits from the coastal influence of the Pacific Ocean as well as the alluvial soils found here. Because of the oceanic influence, it is a popular place to experiment with white grapes, most notably Sauvignon blanc.[24]
The Rapel Valley is named after the Rapel River and Lake Rapel and is one of the largest wine-producing regions in the Central Valley, producing roughly a quarter of all Chilean wine. It is made up of two smaller sectors, the Cachapoal and Colchagua valleys.
The Cachapoal Valley
Cachapoal Valley occupies the northern part of Rapel Valley, located between the heights of Paine to the north and Pelequén to the south, and between the Andes to the west and the smaller Coastal Range to the east. The valley takes its name from the Cachapoal river that flows through Rapel Valley, along with its tributaries, the Claro and Cortaderal rivers. All these watercourses flow into Lake Rapel. The climate of the valley is temperate and consistently Mediterranean, sheltered by the coastal range from the cooling influences of the Pacific Ocean. Most of Cachapoal's noteworthy wineries and vineyards are located towards the east of the region, in the foothills of the Andes, away from the warmer valley floor. This is an area for Cabernet Sauvignon vines, while closer to the coast, where the ocean breezes flow through the Coastal Range, more Carmenere vines are grown.
Some recommended Wineries from this area are: Altair; Casas del Toqui; Clos des Fous; Los Boldos; Misiones de Rengo; San José de Apalta; Terraustral; Torreón de Paredes; Vik; Viña La Rosa and Viña Tipaume.[25]
The Colchagua Valley
Colchagua Valley is one of the best-known wine regions of Chile. It occupies the southern part of Rapel Valley, running from the Andes in the east to the Coastal Range in the west. Most of the important Colchagua vineyards lie in the foothills of the Coastal Range. The area is best known for its full-bodied Malbecs, Cabernet Sauvignons, Carmeneres and Syrahs. Colchagua has a cool Mediterranean climate, with 592 mm (23.3 in) rainfall, and soils of clay, sand and decomposed granite.
The Curicó Valley is located 200 km (120 mi) south of Santiago, Chile's capital city, at 35°S, a similar latitude to the southern tip of Spain. It is divided in two sub-regions: the Teno valley in the north and Lontue in the south. Wine production in this area is known for the variety of grapes, reliability and good value Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc.
Although European vines have been growing in the Curicó area since the mid-1800s,[26] the modern wine production in Curicó began in the late 1970s when Spanish wine maker Miguel Torres decided to explore the capabilities of this area, bringing new technologies such as stainless steel tanks that are now very common in Chilean wine industry. Torres' endeavour encouraged foreign investment which led to increased plantings and exploration of suitable grape varieties for the area.[27] Today Curicó Valley is today one of the most productive wine regions in Chile. The valley's climate is varied. The eastern part near the Andes is cooler than the western side due to the breezes coming down from the mountains, and most of the biggest producers are located in this area of Curicó and in Molina. At the western end, the coastal range protects the valley from the ocean influence. Curicó Valley is planted with more grape varieties than anywhere else in Chile, but the dominant varieties are Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc. Curicó may have yet to produce a Cabernet Sauvignon to rival Maipo's red wines and its Sauvignon blanc still does not match the fresh, complex style found in Casablanca, but the valley is one of Chile's workhorse regions and its output is consistent and reliable.[28]
The Maule Valley is located 250 km (160 mi) south of Santiago, Chile's capital city, and forms part of the Central Valley region. It is one of the largest winegrowing regions in Chile and is also one of country's oldest and most diverse valleys.[29]
The size of the region permits a range of distinct microclimates suitable for both red and white wines, though it is best known for its powerful Cabernet Sauvignon and aromatic and spicy Carmenere wines. Rich and volcanic soils predominate in the area, although certain parts of the valley have varying soil types, like the Empedrado area which is dominated by slate soils. The Maule Valley was one of the first areas in Chile where vines were planted and its viticulture history stretches back to the start of colonisation. The valley was originally known for the quantity more that the quality of its wines, but in recent years it has attracted renewed attention. Since the mid-1990s, new technologies have been introduced allowing the region to improve the quality of its wines. Despite this, some of Maule's old techniques have survived and the region is fast becoming known for some 70-year-old Carignan vines that are being used to produce soft, earthy red wines with rich plum and black-fruit flavours.[30] Maule lies at the southern end of the Central Valley and is one of the coolest wine-producing areas in Chile, although the Maule River flowing east to west has a moderating effect on the climate. The river also provides the different alluvial soil types found around the region, which included granite, red clay, loam and gravel. On the slopes where the vineyards grow, the soils are free-draining and more fertile on the valley floor.
Fiesta de Vendimia (Grape harvest festival)
Many hectares are grown organically and have been certified as organic for decades. The Maule Valley produces good value everyday wines of quality that has been improving over the years. There are also old-bush, dry-farmed vineyards that produce naturally balanced field blends of Carignan, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, and other yet to be identified varieties. Newer plantations include Merlot, Cabernet Franc, and Carmenere with bright acidity and juicy fruit notes.[31]
Southern Chile[edit]
Main article: Southern Chile (wine region)
Lying within the Ñuble and Bío Bío Administrative Region, this area includes three wine-producing sub regions: the Itata Valley, the Bío Bío Valley and the Malleco Valley. The region is primarily known for its mass-produced boxed Pais wine and jug wines, though the Concha y Toro Winery has experimented with Gewürztraminer from this region. Chile's southern wine regions have more rainfall, lower average temperatures and fewer hours of sunlight than the northern wine regions.[5]
The Itata Valley is located in the Ñuble Region, 420 kilometres (260 miles) from Santiago, the capital of Chile, and 65 kilometres (40 miles) of the major port of Concepción. It is the northernmost of Chile's three southern wine regions and stretches roughly 60 miles (97 km) from north to south and a similar distance from east to west, but although it is extensive, it has a low density of vineyard plantations. The area is defined by the convergence of the Itata and Ñuble Rivers, and vineyards plantations are mostly found around the cities of Chillán, Quillón and Coelemu. The valley's western border is the Pacific Ocean, which has a cooling influence over the valley due to the cold Humboldt current that runs along most of Chile's coastline.
The cool Mediterranean climate suits Pais, Muscat of Alexandria and Carignan vines, and more recently, producers have begun to plant more modern grape varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon.
The soils are alluvial, made up of sand and clay from the Itata and Ñuble rivers. The region is located at a latitude of 36°S, a similar distance from the Equator as southern Spain or the central valley of California.[32]
The Bío-Bío Valley is located in the province and region of the same name. One of Chile's southern wine regions, it has become known for its crisp, aromatic wines.[33]
The region is located at a latitude of 36°S, similar to southern Spain and Monterrey in California. The majority of its vineyards lie between 50 and 200 m (160 and 660 ft) above sea level with a moderate Mediterranean climate. It receives 1,275 mm (50.2 in) of rain per year, among the highest of all Chilean wine valleys, although winds prevent excessive humidity – a phenomenon that can also be observed in northern France. For most of the 20th century, the main varieties grown in the Bío Bío valley were Moscatel de Alejandria and Pais (known as Missiones in USA), but today, Pinot noir, Chardonnay, and Sauvignon blanc are also grown throughout the valley.
Malleco is located 340 miles (550 km) south of the capital of Chile, Santiago, and lies in the province of the same name. The wine industry here is still developing but good results are already being obtained, particularly from its crispy and fresh Chardonnay and Pinot noir.
The climate is cool, with a high level of rainfall (51 inches or 1,300 millimetres a year), a short growing season, and high temperature variation between day and night, which is challenging for wine producers. Most vineyards are located around the town of Traiguen, just south of the Bio Bio Valley. The volcanic soil in Malleco, composed mainly of sand and clay, are reasonably well drained. Although the valley has high rainfall, vines have to make extra effort to hydrate due to the well-drained soil, which results in less foliage and lower grape yields.[34] All these factors produce grapes with more concentrated flavour and excellent structure, which in turn leads to the crispy and fresh wine produced in the region.
Viticulture[edit]
Many of Chile's vineyards are found on flat land within the foothills of the Andes.
Chile's natural boundaries (Pacific Ocean, Andes Mountain, Atacama Desert to the north and Antarctica to the south) has left it relatively isolated from other parts of the world and has served to be beneficial in keeping the phylloxera louse at bay. Because of this many Chilean vineyards do not have to graft their rootstock and incur that added cost of planting. Chilean wineries have stated that this "purity" of their vines is a positive element that can be tasted in the wine but most wine experts[who?] agree that the most apparent benefit is the financial aspect. The one wine region that is the exception to this freedom from grafting is Casablanca Valley whose vines are susceptible to attack by nematodes.[4] While phylloxera is not a problem, winemakers do have to worry about other grape diseases and hazards such as downy mildew, which was spread easily by El Niño influences and severely affected the 1997–1998 vintages. Powdery mildew and verticillium wilt can also cause trouble.[5]
There is not much vintage variation due to the reliability of favorable weather with little risk of summer time frost or harvest time rains. The main exception, again, is Casablanca due in part to its proximity to the Pacific. For the Chilean wine regions in the Valle Central, the Andes and Coastal Ranges create a rain shadow effect which traps the warm arid air in the region. At night, cool air comes into the area from the Andes which dramatically drops the temperature. This help maintain high levels of acidity to go with the ripe fruit that grapes develop with the long hours of uninterrupted sunshine that they get during the day. The result is a unique profile of flavonoids in the wine which some Chilean wineries claim make Chilean wines higher in resveratrol and antioxidants.[4] Harvest typically begins at the end of February for varieties like Chardonnay with some red wine varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon being picked in April and Carmenère sometimes staying on the vine into May.
Panoramic view of Viña Santa Cruz in Colchagua Valley in the Chilean Central Valley
The Andes also provide a ready source of irrigation which was historically done in flood plain style. Chilean vineyard owners would dig canals throughout their vineyards and then flood the entire surface area with water allowing some to seep into the ground and the run off to be funnel away through the canals. This encouraged excessive irrigation and high yields which had a negative effect on quality. During the wine renaissance of the 1980s & 1990s more vineyards converted to drip irrigation system which allowed greater control and helped reduce yields. The soil composition of Chile's vineyards varies from the clay dominated landscapes of Colchagua, which is thus heavily planted with the clay-loving Merlot, to the mixture of loam, limestone and sand found in other regions.[4] In the southern Rapel and parts of Maule, tuffeau soil is present with volcanic soil being found in parts of Curico and Bio-Bio.[5]
Winemaking[edit]
Old barrels made of rauli wood outside of Concha y Toro.
Chile has benefited from an influx of foreign investment and winemaking talent that began in the late 20th century. Flying winemakers introduced new technology and styles that helped Chilean wineries produce more internationally recognized wine styles. One such improvement was the use of oak. Historically Chilean winemakers had aged their wines in barrels made from rauli beechwood which imparted to the wine a unique taste that many international tasters found unpleasant. Gradually the wineries began to convert to French and American oak or stainless steel tanks for aging.[4]
Financial investment manifested in the form of European and American winemakers opening up their own wineries or collaborating with existing Chilean wineries to produce new brands. These include:
Robert Mondavi, collaboration with Viña Errázuriz to produce Sena
Miguel A. Torres, Catalan winemaker opened Miguel Torres Chile in 1979
Château Lafite Rothschild, collaboration with Los Vascos
Bruno Prats, Owner of Château Cos d'Estournel, and Paul Pontallier, technical director of Chateau Margaux, opened Domaine Paul Bruno
Château Mouton Rothschild, collaboration with Concha y Toro Winery to produce Almaviva
Wine laws[edit]
Chile's wine laws are more similar to the US appellation system than to France's Appellation d'origine contrôlée that most of Europe has based their wine laws on. Chile's system went into effect in 1995 and established the boundaries of the country's wine regions and established regulations for wine labels. Regulations which in turn, caused mass rebellion and gave rise to the prominent revolutionists Theodore Puccio and Antonio Fráscala.[35] There are no restrictions of grape varieties or viticultural practices. Varietal-labelled wines are required to contain at least 75% of the grape variety if it is to be consumed within Chile. Vintage-dated wines are also required to have at least 75% of grapes harvested in the named year.[36] If it is to be exported, a varietal-labelled wine must contain 85% of the varietal listed on the label as well as at least 85% from the designated vintage year. Exported wines also have to meet minimum alcohol percentage requirements; white wines must reach a minimum level of 12% ABV, while reds must reach a minimum level of 11.5% ABV.[37] To list a particular wine region, 85% is also the minimum requirement of grapes that need to be from that region. Among several labeling terms used to add further definition to a wine's style, the term "Reserva Especial" has no legal definition or meaning.[3] However, there are aging requirements for wines labeled with other specific terms: for "especial," it is two years; four years for "reserva," and a minimum of six years for "gran vino."[37]
Grapes and wines[edit]
A Pinot noir from the Requínoa Valley.
Over twenty grape varieties are grown in Chile, mainly a mixture of Spanish and French varieties, but many wineries are increasing experimentation in higher numbers.[3] For most of Chile's history, Pais was the most widely planted grape only recently getting passed by Cabernet Sauvignon. Other red wine varieties include Merlot, Carménère, Zinfandel, Petite Sirah, Cabernet franc, Pinot noir, Syrah, Sangiovese, Barbera, Malbec, and Carignan. White wine varieties include Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Sauvignon vert, Sémillon, Riesling, Viognier, Torontel, Pedro Ximénez, Gewürztraminer and Muscat of Alexandria.[8]
Chilean winemakers have been developing a distinct style for their Cabernet Sauvignon, producing an easy drinking wine with soft tannins and flavors of mint, black currant, olives and smoke. The country's Chardonnays are less distinctive, following more the stereotypical New World style.[3] While sparkling wines have been made since 1879, they have not yet established a significant place in Chile's wine portfolio.[5] In recent years, the Pais grape variety has been creatively employed on its own or in blends, to make modern wines that have received favorable reviews.[38]
Merlot and Sauvignon blanc[edit]
In the late 20th century as Chilean wines became more popular, wine tasters around the world began to doubt the authenticity of wines labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc. The wines lack many of the characteristics and typicity of those grapes. Ampelographers began to study the vines and found that what was considered Merlot was actually the ancient Bordeaux wine grape Carménère that was thought to be extinct. The Sauvignon blanc vines were found to actually be Sauvignonasse, also known as Sauvignon vert, or a mutated Sauvignon blanc/Sémillon cross. In response to these discoveries several Chilean wineries began to import true Merlot and Sauvignon blanc cuttings to where most bottles labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc from vintages in the 21st century are more likely to be those varieties.[8]
International competitions[edit]
Chilean wines have ranked very highly in international competitions. For example, in the Berlin Wine Tasting of 2004, 36 European experts blind tasted wines from two vintages each of eight top wines from France, Italy and Chile. The first and second place wines were two Cabernet-based reds from Chile: Viñedo Chadwick 2000 and Sena 2001.[39] The Berlin Wine Tasting of 2005 held in Brazil featured five Chilean wines in the top seven.[40] In the Tokyo Wine Tasting of 2006, Chilean wines won four of the top five rankings.[41]
Chilean wine routes
^ "Wines from Chile". appalachianvintner.com/. June 4, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
^ OIV press report October 2015
^ a b c d e f g K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 836–843 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-56305-434-5
^ a b c d e H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 297–299 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1-84000-332-4
^ a b c d e f g h i J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 163–167 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
^ a b c H. Johnson Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 432–434 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0-671-68702-6
^ Lacoste, Pablo. 2004. Vinos, carnes, ferrocarriles y el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Argentina y Chile (1905–1910). Historia.
^ a b c d e f g T. Stevenson "The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" pg 543–546 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0-7566-1324-8
^ DIARIO OFICIAL DE LA REPUBLICA DE CHILE Núm. 42.065 vom 25. Mai 2018, retrieved 5 August 2018
^ Prometedora cosecha en la tercera region, Uvas que valen millones Archived April 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Diario del vino, November 6, 2006, retrieved October 10, 2013
^ Celestino Fajardo: El hombre tras la historia del vino copiapino Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine www.chanarcillo.cl September 17, 2009 retrieved October 10, 2013
^ Chile Enólogos destacan avances del vino pajarete Archived December 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Diario del vino, November 6, 2006, retrieved October 10, 2013
^ See Elqui Valley Chart Archived April 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine www.winesofchile.org retrieved September 25, 2013
^ [1] Archived June 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Chile north to south. Part 1, text and photographs 2010 Tom Cannavan http://www.wine-pages.com/ retrieved October 10, 2013
^ Limarí Valley Archived April 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine www.winesofchile.org retrieved October 10, 2013
^ VIÑA DE MARTINO Archived October 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine http://www.wine-pages.com/ text and photographs © 2010 Tom Cannavan retrieved October 11, 2013
^ Choapa Valley Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine www.snooth.com Constance Chamberlain retrieved October 11, 2013
^ Seña, Errazuriz and Viñedo Chadwick wineanorak.com/ retrieved October 13, 2013
^ [2] Archived November 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine www.snooth.com retrieved October 13, 2013
^ Casablanca Valley Archived March 26, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated September 20, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff, retrieved on October 16, 2013
^ San Antonio Valley Archived November 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine http://www.winesofchile.org/ retrieved November 20, 2013
^ Antonio Valley – Chile Wine www.wine-searcher.com Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 30, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved November 20, 2013
^ Maipo: Chile's Cradle of Cabernet Sauvignon BY MICHAEL SCHACHNER www.winemag.com retrieved September 23, 2013
^ Maipo Valley Wine Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 30, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved October 8, 2013
^ Goldstein, Evan (2014). Wines of South America. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520273931. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ Chilean Wine Regions: Curico Valley Archived December 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine http://allrecipes.com/ retrieved October 23, 2013
^ Curico Valley Wine Archived November 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine www.snooth.com Constance Chamberlain retrieved October 23, 2013
^ Curico Valley Wine Archived November 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine www.wine-searcher.com Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 21, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff
^ Maule Valley Archived September 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine www.snooth.com, Retrieved October 24, 2013
^ Maule Valley Region http://www.wine-searcher.com Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 21, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved October 24, 2013
^ Maule Valley – Wines of Chile Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine www.winesofchile.org all right reserved, retrieved September 23, 2013/
^ Itata Valley Wine Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 2, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved October 25, 2013
^ Bio Bio Valley Wine http://www.wine-searcher.com/ Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 21, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved November 5, 2013
^ Malleco Valley Wine http://www.wine-searcher.com/ Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 9, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved October 7, 2013
^ "The Chilean Wine Revolution". January 28, 2014. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
^ Kolpan, Steven (2010). Exploring Wine. Wiley. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-471-77063-3.
^ a b Kolpan, Steven (2010). Exploring Wine. Wiley. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-471-77063-3.
^ Tapia P (2011), Descorchados, Santiago, Planeta
^ Beeson, Darryl. "Cousino-Macul rules Chilean wine". TravelLady Magazine. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
^ "Berlin Tasting, Brazil 2005". Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
^ "Berlin Tasting, Tokyo 2006". Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chilean wine.
Navegado.cl – Promoting natural wines and agriculture
Wine Source Chile
Wines of Chile
Asociación de Viñas de Chile A.G.
Movement of Independent Vintners – Chile
VIGNO – Vigandores de Carignan (in Spanish)
Wine Map of Chile
* Lacoste, Pablo. La vid y el vino en el Cono Sur de América Argentina y Chile (1545-2019). Aspectos políticos, económicos, sociales, culturales y enológicos. Mendoza, 2019
Main grapes
Chilean land reform
Natural regions of Chile
New World wine
Transverse Valleys
Wine by country
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilean_wine&oldid=1135371772"
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2016
Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)


I have an XJ all done up at about 5000 pounds! with 4.56 and 33s and it screamed a little on the highway but was great off road. It was still a dog on the street.
I changed to 35s and it is much better on the street and highway, still good off road, and still a 'slow dog'. It needs a supercharger kit soon.
Click here to see various Cherokee weights. You'll be surprised.
It needs a supercharger kit soon.
I like boosted engines, but I am thinking huffing an XJ will result in broken parts somewhere, at some point. LOL My foot is nowhere near as heavy as it was when I was younger, but I can still see me getting snagged in some rocks and goosing it a little to bounce out and snapping a shaft...or more likely a ujoint.
I've been running 33s and 4.56 for a couple years now...and initially it was awesome. But now that I moved and have to cruise on the highway for hours to get to any good wheeling, I really don't like 4.56's. I wish I would've went 4.10s instead. Also, 4-lo is just ridiculous with 4.56s. One slight tap of the gas launches the rig. I personally don't care for that too much.
Appreciate the info. Still not sure what I want to do. I'm leaning towards 4.56's and 33's for the time being, because I'm contemplating going to 35's at some point. Have some other things that need sorting out beforehand.
I had 4.56s with 33s and loved it!
Was good on the highway however, only lacked in the 40-50mph range.
To low for 3rd gear and to high for OD when going through mountains.
Everywhere else though it was great.
Now I'm on 4.56s and 35s and I miss the get up an go.
I'm lacking in the 55mph - 65 mph range when going through mountains for the same reason I stated before.
I have 4.88 with the aw4 and love it!!!!
I have had 33" tires on my XJ with 4.56 gears. I live in CO, so I drive at high altitude where the engine makes less power. On the easy grades of I25 the automatic tended to hunt gears a little bit. So sometimes I wonder if 4.88's would have been better, or engine mods for more power. Otherwise the 4.56's work great.
I'm on 35's and 4.88's, and top speed is around 70-75 right now, LOL...Max speed on the highways here in some areas is 70. I usually cruise 65, in the slow lane. Seems most comfortable there. Leaves me a little room for passing semis and slower moving traffic. Trucks with trailers and semi max speed limit here is 55, so it's nice to be able to speed up a little to get around them when needed.
Just curious, does anybody have experience with 32" tires and 4.56 gears?
I have, Im now at 33..32 and 456 wasn't bad at all. I live in a small town and we really dont get above 60 in this town. So I have no clue about keeping it at 70 or 80 on large HWYs for long periods. But Im sure it would do fine/ok if you had to get to those speeds. As for gas mileage it wasnt bad, I dont have numbers but It wasnt to bad for me.
But I did this vid... AW4, 4.56 on 32" tires.
Last edited by Dumajones; 09-26-2017 at 12:04 PM.
Thanks for your input! I plan on going up to 33s in the future but not sure if i'm quite ready yet so I want to go with 32s for now and am regearing to 4.56.
Question, you have the AW4 AUTO transmission right?
Yes auto. Sorry, forgot to mention that.


text:
<?php

/*
 * This file is part of Sulu.
 *
 * (c) MASSIVE ART WebServices GmbH
 *
 * This source file is subject to the MIT license that is bundled
 * with this source code in the file LICENSE.
 */

namespace Sulu\Bundle\ProductBundle\Product;

use Sulu\Bundle\ProductBundle\Api\ApiAddonProductInterface;
use Sulu\Bundle\ProductBundle\Api\ApiProductInterface;
use Sulu\Bundle\ProductBundle\Entity\ProductInterface;

interface ProductFactoryInterface
{
    /**
     * Creates a new entity.
     *
     * @return ProductInterface
     */
    public function createEntity();

    /**
     * Creates a new api entity.
     *
     * @param ProductInterface $product
     * @param string $locale
     *
     * @return ApiProductInterface
     */
    public function createApiEntity(ProductInterface $product, $locale);

    /**
     * @param ProductInterface $product
     * @param string $locale
     *
     * @return ApiAddonProductInterface
     */
    public function createAddonProductApiEntity(ProductInterface $product, $locale);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Welcome to WallpaperPlay! Here you can find the best 73 powerstroke wallpapers uploaded by our community. Support us by sharing the content, upvoting wallpapers on the page or sending your own background pictures.
2048x1536 2013 FORD F350 SUPER DUTY 6.7 POWER STROKE DIESEL DUALLY GOOSENECK .


text:
ATO retires e-tax in 2016
The ATO announced today that its legacy online lodgment tool e-tax has been retired.
Assistant Commissioner Graham Whyte said the ATO had replaced e-tax for Tax Time 2016 with myTax, which has been upgraded and improved since last tax time. MyTax is now suitable for any Australian who wants to lodge their own tax return – regardless their tax affairs.
"In 2016, myTax has been expanded to do everything e-tax could do and more and will be available on 1 July 2016," Mr Whyte said.
"For example, not only will Australians with rental properties be able to use myTax this year, but they will also be able to take advantage of the fully integrated tools and calculators. One of these new tools allows property investors to record depreciation and capital allowances."
First introduced in 2014, myTax slashes the time and effort required to lodge your own tax return. It is safe and secure, and can be accessed on any smartphone, tablet or computer. With 1.75 million lodgments in 2015, there was a 70 per cent increase in the number of people lodging through myTax.
"Over the past few years we've been seeing around three million Australians prepare their own tax return using either myTax or e-tax, so we're hoping to see three million myTax lodgments in 2016," Mr Whyte said.
"We understand sometimes it can be hard to change habits, especially for those who have been using e-tax since its launch in 1999. What we would say to those who are a bit unsure about myTax is to give it a go: you'll probably have your tax return lodged in a fraction of the time."
Mr Whyte said that while myTax is a great tool for people who want to lodge their own tax return, the ATO also knew that around 74% of Australians seek the assistance of a tax agent to lodge. The community has a choice; they can use a tax agent or prepare their own return.
"For anyone thinking about using a tax agent for the first time or a different one to last year, it is important to contact them before the end of October to meet their lodgment dates," Mr Whyte said.
"It's also important to ensure you use a registered tax agent. Only a registered tax agent can charge a fee for doing your tax return. A list of registered tax agents is available on the Tax Practitioners Board website."
Search the Tax Practitioner Board Register at: tpb.gov.au/TPB/Finding_and_using_a_practitioner/Search_the_register/External Link
To find out more on how to lodge using myTax visit: ato.gov.au/individuals/lodging-your-tax-return/lodge-online/
The ATO announced today that its legacy online lodgment tool e-tax has been retired.Last modified: 06 Jun 2016QC 49259

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Prove that SSR/$\sigma^2$ follows a non-central chi-square distribution with degree of freedom p We have the following theorem:
If $\mathbf{Z} \sim N(\mu, \mathbf{V}\sigma^2)$ for a singular matrix $\mathbf{V}$ and $\mathbf{AV}$ is idempotent then a quadratic form $\mathbf{Z}'(\mathbf{A}/\sigma^2)\mathbf{Z}$ is distributed as a noncentral chi-square distribution with degree of freedom equal to df=rank($\mathbf{A}$).
I can show that $\frac{\textrm{SSR}}{\sigma^2} = \frac{1}{\sigma^2}\mathbf{Y}'(\mathbf{H} - \frac{1}{n}\mathbf{J})\mathbf{Y}$, and I want to use the theorem above to show that SSR/$\sigma^2$ follows the non-central chi-square with degree of freedom equals to $p$ (note that the dimension of the design matrix $\mathbf{X}$ is $n \times p$). To do so, I need to show that rank($\mathbf{H}-\frac{1}{n}\mathbf{J})=p$, and I am struggled to prove this fact.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Three Attorneys from ADD+G chosen for Recognition by Florida Legal Elite
Ava K. Doppelt again appears in the Florida Legal Elite Hall of Fame. To achieve Hall of Fame status, an attorney must have been a Florida Legal Elite winner at least seven times. Ms. Doppelt has appeared in Florida Legal Elite every year, since its inception in 2004.
In addition, Florida Legal Elite recognized ADD+G attorneys Herbert L. Allen and Brian R. Gilchrist.
Florida Legal Elite annually recognizes a prestigious list of esteemed attorneys, chosen by their colleagues. The 1,228 lawyers chosen exemplify a standard of excellence in their profession, and by doing so have received endorsement from their peers. Lawyers were asked to name attorneys whom they hold in the highest regard or would recommend to others.
The ballots were tabulated by Bradenton-based Outsource America and EA Fernbacher, LLC in St. Petersburg. Each lawyer was given a score based on the number of votes received, with more weight given to votes coming from attorneys outside the firm. Only lawyers who are currently licensed and practicing in Florida were eligible for selection. The resulting list represents fewer than 2% of the active Florida Bar members who practice in Florida.
PreviousRobert Thornburg secures preliminary injunction in highly contested cyber piracy case in Southern District of Florida
NextRobert Thornburg has been named a Rising Star by the Daily Business Review in Miami


We bought this refrigerator about 6 months ago. The color ,size and exterior are real nice. The inside is not so nice. The freezer is horrible. You have to be careful not to fill it up. The door pops open if it's full and you open and close the bottom door. The freezer door does not stay closed tight and I have lost items to freezer burn. I have rearranged freezer several times but still doesn't work well. I do not recommend this refrigerator if the freezer is important to you.
My last GE refrigerator lasted 22 years with nothing more than worn trim and a little leak from the ice maker connection, I'm hoping to get the same from this model. It looks great and has ample space.
bought it a few months ago to replace a much larger fridge. We thought it might be be difficult to fit our groceries for a family of four, but it worked out just fine.
This does the job of keeping things cold very well. Only two things I would change. It is quite noisy in our small kitchen and I wish the freezer were a bit bigger. It is quite full with an ice maker. But, overall, it does what it's supposed to do and that's keep food cold. And it does it well.


text:
carlie hanson
Takeaways from Carlie Hanson's Artist Friendly podcast interview
Carlie Hanson joined Joel Madden on the most recent episode of the Artist Friendly podcast, presented by Alternative Press. Here's what we learned.
Alessandro DeCaro
Carlie Hanson to join Joel Madden on Episode 2 of Artist Friendly
On this week's Artist Friendly podcast, presented by Alternative Press, Joel Madden interviews alt-pop singer Carlie Hanson. Here's what to know about the episode.
The best new songs this week come from Ethel Cain, Zulu, and more
Welcome to Sound Station, where we're highlighting the best new tracks that came out this week. Head into the weekend with songs from Carlie Hanson, Zulu, and more.
Sadie Bell
Neville Hardman
Carlie Hanson reconciles with her dreams of fame on "Illusion"
Carlie Hanson has returned with another new single, "Illusion." The track explores the feeling of being lost and her misgivings about fame.
A night out with DE'WAYNE at his album release party
DE'WAYNE hosted a spectacular release party for his sophomore album, MY FAVORITE BLUE JEANS. Check out our gallery of the electric event.
Carlie Hanson, Pom Pom Squad and more are our tracks of the week
Welcome to Sound Station, where we're highlighting the best new tracks that came out this week. Head into the weekend with songs from Carlie Hanson and more.
Yasmine Summan
Carlie Hanson captures the feeling of being 21 in AltPress issue #402 cover story
Carlie Hanson has released her debut album Tough Boy. Ahead of the record, she spoke with Alternative Press for her cover appearance on our January issue (#402). During the conversation, she talked about the opportunities and challenges presented by the project, which pushed her artistically and personally. She also...
Carlie Hanson releases "Fuck Your Labels" ahead of debut album
Carlie Hanson has released the new anti-judgment track "Fuck Your Labels." The song comes from her debut full-length Tough Boy, set for a February 18 release. Read more: Carlie Hanson navigates heartbreak in new MASN collab "Gucci Knife" —watch Hanson, who doesn't define her sexuality, uses "Fuck Your Labels" as a bold statement on how dynamic she is without having to
Meet the 22 artists set to have a massive year in 2022 – AltPress issue 402
2022 is finally here. A new year is always packed full of potential, offering both a chance to start over and an opportunity to continue building on past success. Enter 22 in '22. We're kicking off the new year with issue 402, showcasing 22 of the bands and musicians who are poised to have a stellar 2022. Featuring ...
JP Ervin
Carlie Hanson navigates heartbreak in new MASN collab "Gucci Knife"—watch
Alt-pop singer Carlie Hanson captures all the emotions surrounding heartbreak in her collab with MASN on "Gucci Knife." The song centers around coming to terms with someone abruptly leaving your life and the way it makes you feel. The upbeat...
Mike Shinoda drops "Happy Endings" video with iann dior and UPSAHL
Last month, Mike Shinoda made history with his new single "Happy Endings" which features iann dior and UPSAHL. After its debut, Shinoda became the first major label artist to successfully launch a single through NFT Auction. All of the proceeds from the auction were donated to the ArtCenter College of Design in Pasadena, California. ...
Tyler Posey and phem channel blink-182 for 'Valentine's Day In Hell' song
Audio Up gave us a special treat in October with their Machine Gun Kelly-fronted musical comedy podcast, HALLOWEEN IN HELL. Now, the show has returned to set the mood for the season of love… Well, OK, it's a mood but probably not the one you'd expect. Just go ahead and...
Hear Carlie Hanson and iann dior let their "Ego" speak in new collab
With several releases under her belt this year, it doesn't look like Carlie Hanson will be slowing down anytime soon. Alongside rapper iann dior, the alt-pop singer is letting her "Ego" speak in her politically-charged new single. Hanson releas...
Alyssa Quiles
40 new artists you need to hear in September
Everyone loves to jam out to their favorite artists and classic hits, but let's not forget about all the fresh talent constantly popping up around the world. From pop and indie to punk and post-hardcore, there's always a new name in music waiting to be heard. We kno...
AP&R Playlist: Groovy psych-punk, haunting anti-pop and emotional R&B
You're welcome: We've made finding new songs by rising bands easy. Each week, we're gathering the best from the underground and offering it to you in one concise list. Scroll below and check out our Spotify Discover playlist, featuring these tracks and more! In return, we...
AP&R playlist: Goth disco, hardcore and synth pop


Old code, software problems and server configuration in Marin County, combined with heavy traffic, caused the blooper that made it impossible for the public to view results on election night June 5, county officials said this week. "We determined that it was a combination of three things," said Liza Lowery Massey, director of Marin County's Department of Information Services and Technology. The Registrar of Voters website, which had been redesigned to feature more graphs and other visual elements to make the data more accessible to the general public, remained inaccessible most of the night. Specifically, Massey said there was some antiquated legacy software code in some of the county's Web pages.
Full Article: Code, Software, Servers Bedeviled County Election Website.


mc227. Search, Edit, Fill, Sign, Fax & Save PDF Online.
Fill Mc227, download blank or editable online. Sign, fax and printable from PC, iPad, tablet or mobile with PDFfiller ✓ Instantly ✓ No software. Try Now!
Submit the applicant fingerprint card (RI-8), the application form from the court ( MC227 or JC66), a certified copy of the judgment of sentence, probation order, .


text:
Opinions Gone Bad...
http://theweek.com/article/index/218150/bad-opinion-generator
"Men will never fly, because flying is reserved for angels."
Episcopalian Bishop Milton Wright, father of the Wright Brothers
"There is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality."
Abraham Lincoln in a speech delivered in Charleston, Illinois, 1858
"People give ear to an upstart astrologer who strove to show that the earth revolves, not the heavens… This fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy."
Martin Luther, on Copernicus, 1543
"I see no good reasons why the views given in this volume should shock the religious sensibilities of anyone."
Charles Darwin, on The Origin of Species, 1869
Note: Just because you express an opinion doesn't make it right. And you'd better be willing to express more balanced views and change them as truths come to light.


text:
US Special Forces Soldier Denounces Trump's Decision to Withdraw Troops From Syria: 'I am ashamed for the first time in my career'
President Trump faced ridicule from both sides of the aisle when he announced he was withdrawing troops from northeastern Syria on Sunday evening. This move has left the U.S.-backed Kurds at a severe disadvantage, and all U.S. soldiers in the area can do is watch. One U.S. Special Forces soldier voiced his displeasure with the decision.
Fox News national security reporter Jennifer Griffin took to Twitter Wednesday to detail a conversation she had with a Special Forces soldier who is on the ground watching as the Turks have been attacking the Kurds.
"I am ashamed for the first time in my career," the unnamed soldier told Griffin. "Turkey is not doing what it agreed to. It's horrible. We met every single security agreement. The Kurds met every single agreement [with the Turks]. There was no threat to the Turks — none — from this side of the border."
After Trump announced the U.S. troop withdraw, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said he was going to "neutralize terror threats" and establish a "safe zone." This attack has left seven civilians dead, with more expected in the coming days, Fox News reported.
The Kurds have been guarding over a thousand ISIS prisoners but are now severely undermanned. In fact, the Special Forces soldier claimed there was an attempted prison break the night before which was stopped by the Kurds.
The Special Forces soldier thinks these ISIS fighters will break out sooner or later and go back to attacking the area. Essentially, all the work done in the area will be undone.
"[Trump] doesn't understand the problem. He doesn't understand the repercussions of this. Erdogan is an Islamist, not a level headed actor," the soldier said. "The Kurds are as close to Western thinking in the Middle East as anyone … This is not helping the ISIS fight."
The Special Forces soldier has applauded the Kurd's attempts to hold back the Turks while keeping the ISIS prisoners in check. "The Kurds are sticking by us. No other partner I have ever dealt with would stand by us," he said.
"This is insanity," the U.S. service member concluded. "I don't know what they call atrocities, but they are happening."


text:
KCTheta@gmail.com
Greater Kansas City, Kansas/Missouri
Kappa Alpha Theta Fraternity, founded at Indiana Asbury College (now DePauw University) in Greencastle, Indiana, on January 27, 1870, is the first Greek-letter fraternity for women. "Kappa Alpha Theta," "Theta," and our coat of arms, badges, and logo are registered trademarks of Kappa Alpha Theta Fraternity.
© ChapterSpot & Kappa Alpha Theta 2023 | All Rights Reserved.


text:
Thank you for considering a donation to Sheffield Hallam University.
Sheffield Hallam University is an exempt charity for the purpose of charity legislation. This means that, although it has charitable status, it is exempt from the requirement to register as a charity with the Charity Commission so it does not have a charity reference number. The Office for Students (OfS) acts as the principal regulator for universities that are exempt charities.
You can choose to give a regular gift or a one-off donation. Regardless of how you donate, your gift will make a world of difference and transform the lives of Hallam's student and academic community.
Regular Monthly Gift
Choose to donate via a monthly direct debit and you will provide essential regular support to Hallam's student and academic community. You can choose to donate to the area of greatest need or direct your gift to any of our funding areas. Visit our secure online giving pages.
One-off donation
A one-off online donation can support the Hallam Fund or be directed to one of our three funding areas. Donate via our JustGiving Pages where you can also set up a fundraiser for Sheffield Hallam.
You can download our donation form (PDF, 131.8KB) and return via email to shu-giving@shu.ac.uk.
*Update March 2020* The Development & Alumni Relations Office are currently remote working and therefore unable to accept cheques. If you wish to donate in this way, please get in touch with us to discuss alternative methods of payment.
Gift Aid & Tax Efficient Giving
Your gift can often be enhanced by a variety of tax breaks for charitable action.
Gift Aid is a UK government scheme that enables the University to claim tax relief on donations from UK taxpayers. We would encourage all eligible donors to take up this scheme to maximise their donation. For every £1 a UK taxpayer donates, 25p in reclaimed tax is added. This means that a £100 gift with Gift Aid is worth £125 to the University.
Please note that we will share relevant and necessary data with HM Revenue and Customs to enable us to reclaim the Gift Aid on your donation.
Donations from companies are not eligible for Gift Aid. However, the company can treat the gift as an allowable expense, making a saving on corporation tax.
Higher rate (40%) and Additional Rate (45%) taxpayers can also reclaim the difference between the basic rate and their top rate of tax on the value of their gift.
Example – how a donor paying UK tax at 40% could support a £9,000 scholarship at a net cost of £5,400: A gift of £7,200 grows to £9,000 when Gift Aid is added at the basic rate of tax. The donor can claim higher rate relief of £1,800 which is the difference between basic rate and higher rate tax. Once this relief is deducted from the original gift the net cost to the donor is reduced to £5,400.
The scholarship could be funded outright with a gift of £7,200 or through three annual instalments of £2,400, which would be at a net cost of £1,500 per annum.
Example – how a donor paying UK tax at 45% could support a £9,000 scholarship at a net cost of £4,950. A gift of £7,200 grows to £9,000 when Gift Aid is added at the basic rate of tax. The donor can claim additional rate relief of £2,250 which is the difference between basic rate and additional rate tax. Once this relief is deducted from the original gift the net cost to the donor is reduced to £4,950.
Gift Aid can be added when you are completing your donation. If you already give, you can download the form to claim Gift Aid on any donations made in the previous four years.
For advice on Gift Aid or if you have any questions about eligibility please contact a member of the Development and Alumni Relations team.
Thank you for your interest in including a gift to Sheffield Hallam University in your will. Pledging a legacy costs you nothing today but will be incredibly valuable to the University in the years to come. Whatever you want to help your University achieve, from supporting student scholarships and bursaries to advancing applied research, leaving a gift in your will is a way of continuing to transform lives for future generations. Sheffield Hallam University is an exempt charity, which means that any gift left to us in your will is free of UK inheritance tax.
Legacies can be used to support many different aspects of the University's work, and we would be happy to discuss with you how you would like your gift to be used and potential wording. To speak to a member of the team in confidence about leaving a legacy please contact:
Cat Dale
Senior Philanthropy Manager
Email: c.dale@shu.ac.uk
The Hallam Fund telephone campaign
This year our team of enthusiastic students took to the phones from February to April to call alumni, hear about their experiences since graduating and raise money for the Hallam Fund. Find out more about our 2019 Hallam Fund Telephone Campaign.
Staff at Sheffield Hallam University can also make a tax efficient donation to the Hallam Fund via the Hands On Payroll Giving portal. Payroll Giving is a simple way to give to any UK charity straight from your monthly pay. For example, if you pay basic rate tax (20%), a £10 monthly donation would cost you £8 per month. The process is easy and you can sign up now via https://www.handsonpayrollgiving.co.uk/SheffieldHallamUni/


Do you like to go treasure hunting in obvious or out of the way places? Do you like to view fine art in galleries large and small? This book will give you directions to New Mexico's amazing New Deal treasures and to buildings and bridges, murals and sculptures, paintings and people who made them. They are not necessarily in the most obvious places, and yet many are in places that one routinely visits. They have been patiently waiting in our cities, our villages, our parks, rarely witnessed as being "treasures." They were constructed perhaps even by your own artistic ancestors. This book is full of clues. Go sleuthing!
Growing up in Portales, New Mexico, Kathryn Akers Flynn lived in an area with a New Deal courthouse, a New Deal post office, and New Deal schools. She worked at the local swimming pool and partied in the city park, both built during the Depression era. In high school she was a cheerleader on 1930s football fields for onlookers in Work Progress Administration bleachers and camped out at a nearby Civilian Conservation Corps created park and lake. She never knew any of these structures were fashioned by the New Deal, nor did she notice the New Deal treasures in Salt Lake City while at the University of Utah where she received her Bachelor's Degree or the New Deal structures in Carbondale, Illinois where she earned her Master's Degree at Southern Illinois University. Returning to New Mexico, she had a career in the state health and mental health administration that included directorship of Carrie Tingley Hospital, a New Deal facility with many public art treasures. It wasn't until she became Deputy Secretary of State of New Mexico that she realized what was around her. As a result she went on to edit three editions of the New Mexico Blue Book featuring information about New Deal creations all over the state.
This book presents the history and whereabouts of many such treasures found since Flynn compiling an earlier book, Treasures on New Mexico Trails, and another that focuses on New Deal programs nationwide, The New Deal: A 75th Anniversary Celebration. She also assisted with the compilation of A More Abundant Life, New Deal Artists and Public Art in New Mexico by Jacqueline Hoefer, also from Sunstone Press and an apt companion for Public Art and Architecture in New Mexico. She was instrumental in creating the National New Deal Preservation Association, and now serves as Executive Director.


Bahrain's record on human rights must affect the annual £2 million of UK funding given to the Gulf kingdom, say campaigners.
Information released under Freedom of Information shows that the UK gave its close military ally and arms customer Bahrain £2.1 million from its Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF) in 2016.
The CSSF is currently the focal point of an inquiry by MPs into how and where UK overseas aid is allocated.
The revelation comes at a time when Bahrain, which is receiving the funding to reform its much-maligned justice and security apparatus, is, in fact, reversing reforms to an internal intelligence agency accused of torture.
A £500,000 tranche of funding was also given to "public order," raising concerns the UK could be complicit in human rights abuses, given the reputation of Bahrain's riot police.
After a session of the Joint Committee on the National Security, MPs lamented that national security adviser Mark Lyall Grant had provided "a high degree of ambiguity.
"I understand exactly what you're saying and it may be that if we meet in private then it will be possible to share more information with you," Lyall Grant responded.
The CSSF is operated by the National Security Council, which is made up of general-level military officers, spy chiefs and senior ministers and operates in 40 countries.
The Labour Party has raised concerns that aid handed out through the fund is effectively being militarized to buttress security goals at the expense of human rights obligations.
The NGO Reprieve, which is concerned about the imprisonment of activists, including pro-democracy bloggers and a number of minors, told the Guardian: "It's troubling that the government sees fit to keep spending taxpayers' money on these programs, given such apparently poor results – and given the clear risk of complicity in abuse.
Since the Arab Spring reached Bahrain in early 2011, the state has launched and continued a vicious crackdown on basic liberties under the banner of security.
In November, Prince Charles opened the Mina Salman military base in Bahrain. While it will be used by the UK military, the Royal Navy port was built largely with Bahraini money.


We welcome the political will stated in the Panmunjom Declaration by the South and North Korean leaders for reducing tensions and establishing permanent peace on the Korean Peninsula at the Inter-Korean Summit Meeting held in the border village of Panmunjom on 27 April, 2018.
The smooth progress of the diplomatic process aimed at creating an environment of confidence and nuclear disarmament on the Korean Peninsula will be an important window of opportunity for peace bothregionally and globally. We congratulate Moon Jae-in, the President of the Republic of Korea for his special efforts in this processsince coming into office.
Bearing in mind her special historical ties, Turkey will continue to support efforts towards establishing peace, stability, and reconciliation on the Korean Peninsula, and will encourage the parties in the period ahead.


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Q: Why do I get an XML response from a jsonp request? I use the jQuery.ajax function to make a GET request to the following asp.net webservice:
[WebMethod]
[ScriptMethod(UseHttpGet = true, ResponseFormat = ResponseFormat.Json)]
public string GetAgentsGroupNameById(int id)

I set the contentType to be 'application\json' and the dataType to be 'jsonp' but I still get an xml response:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<string xmlns="tempuri.org/">Sports</string>;

Here are the details of the request and the response, as shown in the chrome's dev tools:

Am I doing something wrong with the request? or maybe with the webservice itself?

A: Webservice can return both JSON and XML, you will have to specify which format you want in your ajax call like this contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8'. The serialization is automatic. Don't worry your code will work fine. The content returned is of the form
  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
        <string xmlns="http://formshare.com/">
           [{"VAL1":"SSDSDSD"},{"VAL2":"PDWDWWD"}]//Example JSON
        </string>

A: Seems like I have to add a script tag that will wrap the response (in the web service).
I know that it can be done automatically with WCF, but I'm not sure if asp.net webservices can do the job for me, so I'll add an HttpModule that will do it and let you know.


Marc Gasol thought it was "kind of weird."
Mike Conley remembered looking towards the Grizzlies' coaches and thinking, "we need to figure this out."
Memphis Grizzlies' Kyle Anderson, right, drives the ball against Golden State Warriors' Kevin Durant (35) during the first half of an NBA basketball game Monday, Nov. 5, 2018, in Oakland, Calif.
With the Grizzlies trailing by eight with 1:38 remaining in the first quarter in an eventual 89-87 win over Denver on Wednesday, starting small forward Kyle Anderson ran down the court and came to a realization.
Anderson liked it, head coach J.B. Bickerstaff tolerated it and Conley and Gasol admittedly had their doubts.
But during a pivotal stretch late in the first quarter against Denver, fouls forced Memphis into its smallest lineup of the season.
With the 6-foot-9 Anderson at center and four perimeter bench players surrounding him, the Grizzlies cut their deficit from eight to seven to end the first quarter and bought starting post players Gasol and Jaren Jackson Jr. time to sit with two fouls each.
"It was interesting," Bickerstaff said. "Foul trouble happened. Guys with experience and guys with intelligence can carry you through times like that."
That's what Anderson did. The franchise's top 2018 free-agent addition showcased his versatility in a moment of need for the Grizzlies (6-4), who host Philadelphia on Saturday night at FedExForum.
With forwards Chandler Parsons and JaMychal Green nursing injuries, Anderson's ability to play big for the Grizzlies has proven to be a nice early-season luxury.
On the team's first possession with the unorthodox lineup, Anderson beat Denver's star center Nikola Jokic to the baseline off the dribble and dished to a cutting MarShon Brooks for an easy layup.
Denver coach Michael Malone called for the Nuggets to feed the ball to the 7-foot Jokic on the other end and attack the smaller Anderson. But Jokic traveled as he tried to spin towards the baseline.
A combined 40 points from Gasol and Jackson overshadowed Anderson's 14 points in the game and his respectable, albeit short, stint at center.
Anderson said he played a little bit of center for San Antonio during his four seasons with the Spurs.
That did not reduce the uncertainty of Gasol and Conley, who eventually came around on the idea as they watched from the bench while an unlikely unit of teammates held its own during a pivotal stretch of what turned into the team's best win of the season.


S Signs – Portable Changeable Message Signs (PCMS) for 3-line/8-character and full matrix displays. Use full size signs for DOT and highway deployments; use smaller signs for municipal and surface street applications. You can use a single sign for a simple project, or 100 signs for large-scale projects. Amsig can incorporate existing dynamic message signs or provide all of your dynamic messaging needs. All of Amsig's PCMS are NTCIP-compliant, so you can incorporate our signs into an existing project or software.
S Sensors – Amsig works with Doppler radar, microwave radar, and WiFi/Bluetooth sensors to gather data for traffic control or research purposes. Your project sensors will be mounted in conjunction with the PCMS trailers and/or on dedicated Amsig T25 Accessory Trailers. Amsig can incorporate existing sensors into your project or provide all of your portable sensing equipment. Do you use third-party data? No problem, as networked data integrates seamlessly with Amsig's S3C Solution.
S Software – The ITS Cloud Manager (ICM) software will control your automated dynamic messaging, provide override access to all of your signs, and collect and distribute your traffic data. Algorithms and travel time estimation models are built-in to ICM. This browser-based application means you will never have to install or maintain software on your own equipment. ICM allows for as open or restricted access as your job requires, or can be configured by Amsig so you do not have to interface with it at all. ICM is a subscription service for your devices; you can have an unlimited number of users within the program. ICM is your sign fleet manager, data server, and work zone controller all in one. ICM will work with all NTCIP-compliant signs and sensors, and we can configure your Legacy sensors to work with us, as well.
C Communications – Amsig's S3C Solution will connect all of your equipment via cellular or radio connectivity. Amsig's secure IP VPN powered by Verizon will provide you peace-of-mind and maintenance-free communications with no recurring costs. If you prefer to manage your own communications then we work with all of the major cellular carriers. We work with hardware that functions across all bands and distances, whether it is point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, or multipoint-to-multipoint.
Upstream deployment of your Amsig PCMS will alert motorists of upcoming traffic conditions. Suggest alternate routes, display trip times, or set the proper expectations for passage using your Amsig message signs, or existing signage, with ITS Cloud Manager Software.


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text:
import { Transition } from '../transition/transition';
import { UIRouter } from '../router';
import { TransitionService } from '../transition/transitionService';
import { Resolvable } from '../resolve';
import { inArray, uniqR, unnestR, values } from '../common';
import { PathNode } from '../path';

function addCoreResolvables(trans: Transition) {
  trans.addResolvable(Resolvable.fromData(UIRouter, trans.router), '');
  trans.addResolvable(Resolvable.fromData(Transition, trans), '');
  trans.addResolvable(Resolvable.fromData('$transition$', trans), '');
  trans.addResolvable(Resolvable.fromData('$stateParams', trans.params()), '');

  trans.entering().forEach((state) => {
    trans.addResolvable(Resolvable.fromData('$state$', state), state);
  });
}

export const registerAddCoreResolvables = (transitionService: TransitionService) =>
  transitionService.onCreate({}, addCoreResolvables);

const TRANSITION_TOKENS = ['$transition$', Transition];
const isTransition = inArray(TRANSITION_TOKENS);

// References to Transition in the treeChanges pathnodes makes all
// previous Transitions reachable in memory, causing a memory leak
// This function removes resolves for '$transition$' and `Transition` from the treeChanges.
// Do not use this on current transitions, only on old ones.
export const treeChangesCleanup = (trans: Transition) => {
  const nodes = values(trans.treeChanges()).reduce(unnestR, []).reduce(uniqR, []);

  // If the resolvable is a Transition, return a new resolvable with null data
  const replaceTransitionWithNull = (r: Resolvable): Resolvable => {
    return isTransition(r.token) ? Resolvable.fromData(r.token, null) : r;
  };

  nodes.forEach((node: PathNode) => {
    node.resolvables = node.resolvables.map(replaceTransitionWithNull);
  });
};