text:
O. Reg. 169/00: CALCULATION OF FEES FOR PUPILS FOR THE 2000-2001 SCHOOL BOARD FISCAL YEAR
under Education Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. E.2
revoked or spent February 12, 2007
August 23, 2000 – February 11, 2007
Amended to O. Reg. 43/07
CALCULATION OF FEES FOR PUPILS FOR THE 2000-2001 SCHOOL BOARD FISCAL YEAR
Note: This Regulation was revoked on February 12, 2007. See: O. Reg. 43/07, s. 1.
This is the English version of a bilingual regulation.
1. (1) In this Regulation,
"2000-2001 A.D.E. regulation" means Ontario Regulation 168/00; ("règlement sur l'effectif quotidien moyen de 2000-2001")
"2000-2001 grant regulation" means Ontario Regulation 170/00; ("règlement sur les subventions de 2000-2001")
"continuing education A.D.E.", for a board, means the continuing education average daily enrolment for the board, as calculated under section 3 of the 2000-2001 A.D.E. regulation; ("effectif quotidien moyen des cours d'éducation permanente")
"continuing education class or course" has the same meaning as in section 3 of the 2000-2001 A.D.E. regulation; ("classe ou cours d'éducation permanente")
"day school A.D.E.", for a board, means the day school average daily enrolment for the board, as calculated under section 2 of the 2000-2001 A.D.E. regulation; ("effectif quotidien moyen de jour")
"day school program" does not include continuing education or summer school classes or courses; ("programme scolaire de jour")
"elementary school pupil" means a pupil who is enrolled in any of junior kindergarten, kindergarten and grades one to eight; ("élève de l'élémentaire")
"high cost program" means,
(a) a special education program, or
(b) any other program which both the board and the party from whom the tuition fee is receivable agree is a high cost program for the purposes of this Regulation; ("programme à coût élevé")
"isolate board" means a school authority other than a section 68 board; ("conseil isolé")
"P.A.C.", for a pupil, means the pupil accommodation charge for a pupil as determined under subsections (3) and (4); ("frais de pension")
"secondary school pupil" means a pupil who is enrolled in any of grades nine to twelve or in a course leading to an OAC credit; ("élève du secondaire")
"section 68 board" means a board established under section 68 of the Act; ("conseil créé en vertu de l'article 68")
"summer school A.D.E.", for a board, means the summer school average daily enrolment for the board, as calculated under section 4 of the 2000-2001 A.D.E. regulation; ("effectif quotidien moyen des cours d'été")
"summer school class or course" means a summer school class or course as defined in subsection 4 (1) of the 2000-2001 A.D.E. regulation. ("classe ou cours d'été") O. Reg. 169/00, s. 1 (1).
(2) For the purposes of this Regulation, the day school A.D.E. of a pupil enrolled in a school operated by a board is the day school A.D.E. for the board calculated as if that pupil were the board's only pupil. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 1 (2).
(3) Subject to subsection (4), the pupil accommodation charge for a pupil is $141 in the case of an elementary school pupil or $282 in the case of a secondary school pupil. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 1 (3).
(4) If a board has entered into an agreement under subsection 188 (3) of the Act that provides for a payment by the Crown in right of Canada to provide classroom accommodation for a specified number of pupils, the pupil accommodation charge for each pupil accommodated as a result of the agreement is zero. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 1 (4).
(5) For the purposes of this Regulation, a pupil is a pupil of a board if he or she is a pupil of the board within the meaning of section 2 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 1 (5).
2. This Regulation applies in respect of the period September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 2.
Fees Paid to Boards by Canada or by Authority Providing Education for Indians
3. (1) This section applies in respect of a pupil who is enrolled in a day school program in a school operated by a district school board or an isolate board if a fee in respect of the pupil is receivable by the board from,
(a) the Crown in right of Canada; or
(b) a band, the council of a band or an education authority where the band, council of a band or education authority is authorized by the Crown in right of Canada to provide education for Indians. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (1).
(2) The fee in respect of a pupil described in subsection (1) shall be calculated as follows:
1. Take the base amount determined for the pupil under subsection (3), (4) or (5), as the case may be.
2. Multiply the day school A.D.E. of the pupil by the sum of,
i. the base amount determined under paragraph 1, and
ii. the P.A.C. for that pupil. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (2).
(3) For the purposes of paragraph 1 of subsection (2), the base amount for an elementary school pupil described in subsection (1) who is enrolled in a school operated by a district school board shall be determined as follows:
1. Determine the amount calculated for the board under paragraph 2 of section 13 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, on account of the foundation allocation for elementary school pupils.
2. Determine an amount on account of the special education allocation for elementary school pupils, as follows:
i. Take the 2000-2001 day school average daily enrolment of elementary school pupils of the board, counting only pupils enrolled in any of junior kindergarten, kindergarten and grades one to three.
i.1 Multiply the number determined under subparagraph i by $500, to obtain the enrolment-based special education amount for junior kindergarten to grade three.
i.2 Take the 2000-2001 day school average daily enrolment of elementary school pupils of the board, counting only pupils enrolled in any of grades four to eight.
i.3 Multiply the number determined under subparagraph i.2 by $376, to obtain the enrolment-based special education amount for grades four to eight.
ii. Calculate the part of the equipment ISA determined for the board under paragraph 2 of section 14 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation that is generated by elementary school pupils of the board.
iii. Calculate the part of the amount determined for the board under section 18 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation that is generated by elementary school pupils of the board.
iv. Total the amounts obtained under subparagraphs i.1, i.3, ii and iii.
v. Revoked: O. Reg. 478/00, s. 1 (2).
vi. Revoked: O. Reg. 478/00, s. 1 (2).
3. In the case of an English-language district school board, determine an amount on account of the language allocation for elementary school pupils, as follows:
i. Take the French as a second language amount for elementary school pupils of the board, as calculated under subsection 22 (3) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation.
ii. Calculate the part of the ESL/ESD amount for the board that is generated by elementary school pupils of the board, as follows:
A. Calculate the part of the ESL/ESD amount for the board, as calculated under paragraph 5 of subsection 24 (1) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, that is generated by elementary school pupils of the board.
B. Take the amount set out for the board in Table 1 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation.
C. Divide the amount taken under sub-subparagraph B by the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only pupils of the board.
D. Multiply the result obtained under sub-subparagraph C by the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only elementary school pupils of the board.
E. Add the amounts calculated under sub-subparagraphs A and D.
iii. Add the amount taken under subparagraph i and the amount calculated under sub-subparagraph ii E.
4. In the case of a French-language district school board, determine an amount on account of the language allocation for elementary school pupils, as follows:
i. Take the amount determined for the board under paragraph 1 of subsection 26 (1) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation.
ii. Divide the total of the amounts determined for the board under paragraph 7 of subsection 28 (4) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation by the total number of instructional units determined for the board under paragraph 3 of subsection 28 (4) of that regulation. Multiply the result by the total number of elementary instructional units determined for the board under paragraph 1 of subsection 28 (4) of that regulation.
iii. Calculate the part of the PDF funding level for the board, as calculated under subsection 28 (11) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, that is generated by elementary school pupils of the board.
iv. Total the amount taken under subparagraph i, the product obtained under subparagraph ii and the amount calculated under subparagraph iii.
5. Determine the sum of the amount calculated for the board under paragraph 4 of subsection 29 (11) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation and the amount calculated for the board under subsection 29 (18) of that regulation.
6. Determine an amount on account of the remote and rural allocation for elementary school pupils, as follows:
i. Take the amount determined for the board under paragraph 5 of section 30 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation.
ii. Divide the amount determined for the board under subparagraph i by the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only pupils of the board.
iii. Multiply the amount determined under subparagraph ii by the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only elementary school pupils of the board.
7. Determine an amount on account of the learning opportunities allocation for elementary school pupils, as follows:
i. Take the amount set out in Column 2 of Table 4 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation opposite the name of the board.
iv. Take the 2000-2001 day school average daily enrolment of elementary school pupils of the board, counting only pupils enrolled in any of junior kindergarten, kindergarten and grades one to three.
v. Multiply the amount determined under subparagraph iv by $115.
vi. Add the products determined under subparagraphs iii and v.
8. Determine the amount calculated for the board under paragraph 7 of subsection 33 (12) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, on account of the teacher compensation allocation for elementary school pupils.
9. Determine the amount calculated for the board under paragraph 2 of subsection 34 (2) or paragraph 5 of subsection 34 (3) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, as the case may be, on account of the early learning allocation.
10. Determine an amount on account of the administration and governance allocation for elementary school pupils, as follows:
11. Determine an amount on account of the school operations part of the pupil accommodation allocation for elementary school pupils, by multiplying the elementary school area requirement determined for the board under paragraph 2 of subsection 37 (3) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation or, where a supplementary elementary school area factor is approved for the board under subsection 37 (4) of that regulation, the adjusted elementary school area requirement determined for the board under paragraph 3 of subsection 37 (3) of that regulation, by the benchmark operating cost of $55.97.
12. Determine the amount calculated for the board under paragraph 16 of subsection 37 (3) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, on account of the top up amount for elementary school operations.
13. Determine the OMERS savings amount for elementary school pupils as follows:
i. Take the amount of the savings for the board for the 2000-2001 school year as a result of the suspension of employer contributions normally payable to the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement Fund on behalf of the board's employees who are members of the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System.
14. Total the amounts determined for the board under paragraphs 1 to 12 and then deduct the amount determined for the board under paragraph 13 from that total.
15. Divide the total obtained under paragraph 14 by the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only elementary school pupils of the board.
16. Revoked: O. Reg. 215/00, s. 1 (1).
O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (3); O. Reg. 215/00, s. 1 (1); O. Reg. 296/00, s. 1; O. Reg. 478/00, s. 1 (1, 2).
(4) For the purposes of paragraph 1 of subsection (2), the base amount for a secondary school pupil described in subsection (1) who is enrolled in a school operated by a district school board shall be determined as follows:
1. Determine the amount calculated for the board under paragraph 4 of section 13 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, on account of the foundation allocation for secondary school pupils.
2. Determine an amount on account of the special education allocation for secondary school pupils, as follows:
i. Multiply the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only secondary school pupils of the board, by $243.
ii. Calculate the part of the equipment ISA determined for the board under paragraph 2 of section 14 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation that is generated by secondary school pupils of the board.
iii. Calculate the part of the amount determined for the board under section 18 of the 2000-2001 grant regulation that is generated by secondary school pupils of the board.
iv. Total the amounts obtained under subparagraphs i, ii and iii.
3. In the case of an English-language district school board, determine an amount on account of the language allocation for secondary school pupils, as follows:
i. Take the French as a second language amount for secondary school pupils of the board, as calculated under subsection 22 (5) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation.
ii. Calculate the part of the ESL/ESD amount for the board that is generated by secondary school pupils of the board, as follows:
A. Calculate the part of the ESL/ESD amount for the board, as calculated under paragraph 5 of subsection 24 (1) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, that is generated by secondary school pupils of the board.
D. Multiply the result obtained under sub-subparagraph C by the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only secondary school pupils of the board.
4. In the case of a French-language district school board, determine an amount on account of the language allocation for secondary school pupils, as follows:
ii. Divide the total of the amounts determined for the board under paragraph 7 of subsection 28 (4) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation by the total number of instructional units determined for the board under paragraph 3 of subsection 28 (4) of that regulation. Multiply the result by the total number of secondary instructional units determined for the board under paragraph 2 of subsection 28 (4) of that regulation.
iii. Calculate the part of the PDF funding level for the board, as calculated under subsection 28 (11) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, that is generated by secondary school pupils of the board.
6. Determine an amount on account of the remote and rural allocation for secondary school pupils, as follows:
iii. Multiply the amount determined under subparagraph ii by the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only secondary school pupils of the board.
7. Determine an amount on account of the learning opportunities allocation for secondary school pupils, as follows:
8. Determine the amount calculated for the board under paragraph 9 of subsection 33 (13) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, on account of the teacher compensation allocation for secondary school pupils.
9. Determine an amount on account of the administration and governance allocation for secondary school pupils, as follows:
10. Determine an amount on account of the school operations part of the pupil accommodation allocation for secondary school pupils, as follows:
i. Multiply the secondary school area requirement for the board determined under paragraph 11 of subsection 37 (3) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation or, where a supplementary secondary school area factor is approved for the board under subsection 37 (9) of that regulation, the adjusted secondary school area requirement determined for the board under paragraph 12 of subsection 37 (3) of that regulation, by the benchmark operating cost of $55.97.
ii. Add to the amount determined under subparagraph i the amount calculated for the board under paragraph 18 of subsection 37 (3) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation, on account of the top up amount for secondary school operations.
11. Determine the OMERS savings amount for secondary school pupils as follows:
13. Divide the total obtained under paragraph 12 by the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only secondary school pupils of the board.
O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (4); O. Reg. 215/00, s. 1 (2); O. Reg. 478/00, s. 1 (3, 4).
(5) For the purposes of paragraph 1 of subsection (2), the base amount for a pupil described in subsection (1) who is enrolled in a school operated by an isolate board shall be determined as follows:
1. Take the approved expenditure of the board within the meaning of subsection 51 (1) of the 2000-2001 grant regulation.
2. Deduct the amount of the approved expenditure referred to in paragraph 1 that relates to transportation.
3. Deduct the amount of the approved expenditure referred to in paragraph 1 that relates to school renewal.
4. Divide the amount obtained under paragraph 3 by the day school A.D.E. for the board, counting only pupils of the board. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (5).
(6) The fee in respect of a pupil described in subsection (1) who is enrolled in a Native language program in a school operated by a district school board and whose fee is receivable from the Crown in right of Canada or from a band, the council of a band or an education authority where the band, council of a band or education authority is authorized by the Crown in right of Canada to provide education for Indians, may, at the option of the district school board, be increased by an amount equal to the allocation for Native language that would be generated for the pupil if he or she were a pupil of the board, determined in accordance with section 23 or 27, as the case may be, of the 2000-2001 grant regulation. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (6).
(7) The fee in respect of a pupil described in subsection (1) who is enrolled in a high cost program may, at the option of the board, be increased by multiplying the fee by a factor agreed on by the board providing the instruction and the party from whom the fee is receivable or, in the absence of agreement, by a factor determined in accordance with subsection (8). O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (7).
(8) If the board providing the instruction and the party from whom the fee is receivable cannot agree on a factor, the factor shall be determined by three arbitrators, appointed as follows:
1. One arbitrator shall be appointed by the board that provides the instruction.
2. One arbitrator shall be appointed by the party from whom the fee is receivable.
3. One arbitrator shall be appointed by the arbitrators appointed under paragraphs 1 and 2. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (8).
(9) The decision of the arbitrators or a majority of them is final and binding on the board providing the instruction and the party from whom the fee is receivable. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (9).
(10) This section does not apply in respect of a pupil to whom subsection 49 (6) of the Act applies. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 3 (10).
Fees Charged to Parties Residing in Ontario
4. (1) This section applies in respect of a pupil described in subsection 46 (2) of the Act who is enrolled in a day school program in a school of a district school board or an isolate board and who resides in a school section, separate school zone or secondary school district in which the pupil's parent or guardian resides, on land that is exempt from taxation for the purposes of any board. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 4 (1).
(2) The fee that a board shall charge in respect of a pupil described in subsection (1) to the parent or guardian is $40 for each month or part of a month the pupil is enrolled in a school of the board. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 4 (2).
(3) A board charging a parent or guardian a fee of $40 for any month or part of a month under subsection (2) in respect of a pupil described in subsection (1) who is enrolled in a school of the board shall not charge the parent or guardian any fee under subsection (2) for the same month or part of a month in respect of another pupil described in subsection (1) who is enrolled in a school of the board. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 4 (3).
(4) This section does not apply in respect of a pupil to whom subsection 49 (6) of the Act applies. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 4 (4).
Fees Charged to Parties Not Residing in Ontario
5. (1) The fee in respect of a pupil who is enrolled in a day school program in a school of a district school board or an isolate board and whose parent or guardian does not reside in Ontario shall be such fee as the board may determine, but shall not exceed the maximums set by subsections (2) and (3). O. Reg. 169/00, s. 5 (1).
(2) Except as is provided in subsection (3), the fee in respect of a pupil who is enrolled in a school of a district school board or an isolate board and whose parent or guardian does not reside in Ontario shall not exceed the amount calculated as follows:
1. Add the base amount determined under paragraph 1 of subsection 3 (2) and the P.A.C. for the pupil.
2. Multiply the amount obtained under paragraph 1 by 0.1.
3. Multiply the result obtained under paragraph 2 by the number of months or part months during which the pupil is enrolled in a school operated by the board. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 5 (2).
(3) Where the pupil is enrolled in a high cost program, the maximum set by subsection (2) shall be increased by an amount that does not exceed the additional cost to the board of providing the high cost program to the pupil. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 5 (3).
Fees in Respect of Pupils to whom Subsection 49 (6) of the Act Applies
6. (1) The fee in respect of a pupil who is enrolled in a day school program and to whom subsection 49 (6) of the Act applies shall be the amount determined in accordance with a fees policy developed for the purposes of this section by the board that operates the school in which the pupil is enrolled. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 6 (1).
(2) The policy referred to in subsection (1) shall not, in the case of a district school board or isolate board, provide for a fee in respect of a pupil that is less than the amount that would be chargeable by the board in respect of the pupil under section 3. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 6 (2).
(3) The policy referred to in subsection (1) shall not, in the case of a section 68 board, provide for a fee in respect of a pupil that is less than the amount that would be chargeable by the board in respect of the pupil under section 7. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 6 (3).
Fees Paid to Section 68 Boards
7. Except where section 6 applies, the fee that a board shall charge in respect of a pupil who is enrolled in a day school program in a school operated by a section 68 board and whose parent or guardian does not reside in Ontario shall be an amount determined as follows:
1. Take the expenditure of the board for the 2000-2001 fiscal year that is acceptable to the Minister for grant purposes, excluding,
i. expenditures for debt charges,
ii. expenditures for the purchase of capital assets, as defined in the 2000-2001 grant regulation,
iii. expenditures for the restoration of destroyed or damaged capital assets, as defined in the 2000-2001 grant regulation, and
iv. provisions for reserves for working funds and provisions for reserve funds.
2. Deduct the revenue of the board for the 2000-2001 fiscal year from,
i. any organization on whose property a school of the board is located, and
ii. refunds of expenditure of the kind described in subparagraph 1 i, ii or iii.
3. Divide the amount obtained under paragraph 2 by the total number of pupil days for the board for the period September 1, 2000 to August 31, 2001. For the purposes of this paragraph, the total number of pupil days for the board for the period is the sum of the number of instructional days for which each pupil was enrolled in the school during the period.
4. Multiply the result obtained under paragraph 3 by the number of instructional days for which the pupil is enrolled in the school. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 7.
Fees in Respect of Summer School and Continuing Education
8. (1) The fee in respect of a pupil to whom subsection 49 (6) of the Act applies and who is enrolled in a continuing education or summer school class or course provided by a district school board or an isolate board shall be the amount determined by the board. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 8 (1).
(2) The fee in respect of a pupil described in subsection 3 (1) or 5 (1) who is enrolled in a continuing education class or course provided by a district school board or an isolate board shall be the amount agreed on by the board and the party from whom the fee is receivable or, in the absence of agreement, the amount determined as follows:
1. Determine the expenditure of the board in the 2000-2001 fiscal year for continuing education classes or courses.
2. Divide the amount determined under paragraph 1 by the continuing education A.D.E. for the board.
3. Multiply the result obtained under paragraph 2 by the continuing education A.D.E. for the board, counting only pupils described in this subsection. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 8 (2).
(3) The fee in respect of a pupil described in subsection 3 (1) or 5 (1) who is enrolled in a summer school class or course provided by a district school board or an isolate board shall be the amount agreed on by the board and the party from whom the fee is receivable or, in the absence of agreement, the amount determined as follows:
1. Determine the expenditure of the board in the 2000-2001 fiscal year for summer school classes or courses.
2. Divide the amount determined under paragraph 1 by the summer school A.D.E. for the board.
3. Multiply the result obtained under paragraph 2 by the summer school A.D.E. for the board, counting only pupils described in this subsection. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 8 (3).
No Fees Payable by Boards
9. No fee is payable under this Regulation by one board to another board. O. Reg. 169/00, s. 9.


Taste of the Wild will feature several small plates of local and wild foraged plants, vegetables, game, and fish prepared by Jug Bay naturalists and volunteers.
Set your taste buds WILD with a selection of small plates prepared with local and wild foraged plants, vegetables, game, and fish. Relax and enjoy music and local wines, including wine from the Jug Bay Farm Preserve vineyard. Menu will be set with no substitutes available. Limited vegetarian options. Payment due at registration, no refunds after Saturday, September 7th when registration closes. Reservations made before September 7th, the cost per person is $65 for FOJB members, $75 for non-FOJB members. Reservations made after September 8th, the cost per person is $75 for FOJB members, $85 for non-FOJB members. Please call (410) 741-9330 for reservations and payment options.


The SSE Arena, Wembley, celebrated its busiest year on record in 2018. More than one million fans attended events at the 12,500 cap. arena over the year, the largest number of annual visitors since the venue opened its doors in 2006.
Last year, 157 performances took place in the 12,500-capacity London venue. Events included the world premiere of the Golden Globe-winning film Bohemian Rhapsody, three sold-out nights for Arcade Fire, the first ever all-nighter from drum'n'bass legend Andy C, an exclusive Smashing Pumpkins show, George Ezra's biggest headline concert to date and a sold-out show for Slayer as part of their historic final world tour.
Venue developments in 2018 included the unveiling of a brand-new 200-cap. restaurant, the Empire Bar & Grill, as well as an accompanying 50-cap. VIP Empire Lounge. 12,000 visitors downloaded the venue's new app, which allowed them to skip out food and drink queues, with many outlets in the arena offering dedicated collection lanes for those ordering through the app.
SSE, the venue's naming partner, invested in free in-auditorium wifi, mobile phone charging points and social activations. Members of the SSE Reward programme received exclusive offers to ticket presales, and enjoyed a dedicated VIP entrance and customer lounge.
"Our building is 85 years old this year, but constant reinvention and innovation ensure we are ready to hit more heights through 2019 and beyond," says Drury, optimistic for an even busier 2019.


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How Rabbinical Court Cases are Decided
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In this CLE, a well known rabbinical court judge describes the relevance of secular law to proceedings in beit din (rabbinical court) under Jewish law. A rabbinical court judge and director of the Beth Din of America, a rabbinical court based in New York, walks listeners through an actual case arbitrated (and ultimately mediated) at the Beth Din of America, and concludes with a description of some of the unique procedural issues that arise in a beit din.
Rabbi Shlomo Weissmann, Esq.
Rabbi Weissmann received rabbinical ordination from RIETS in 2001 and advanced rabbinical ordination (Yadin Yadin) in 2014. He is a graduate of Columbia Law School, where he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar. Prior to his association with the Beth Din of America, Rabbi Weissmann worked as an attorney at several prominent law firms, including Debevoise and Plimpton LLP.
Rabbi Mordechai Willig
Rabbi Willig, a rosh yeshiva (professor of Talmud) at the university's Yeshiva Program/Mazer School of Talmudic Studies since 1973, and s'gan rosh kollel L'Horaah Yadin Yadin (assistant head of the post-graduate institute) since 1987, is one of the world's leading authorities on issues pertaining to the agunah, a Jewish woman who cannot obtain a religious divorce because of a recalcitrant husband. Rabbi Willig received a bachelor's degree in math in 1968 and a master's degree in Jewish history in 1971. That year he also received semikhah (rabbinic ordination) from RIETS. Rabbi Willig is spiritual leader of the Young Israel of Riverdale.
National Academy of Continuing Legal Education is a provider of accredited CLE courses throughout the United States. To view our accreditation details for Connecticut, please click here.

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We've talked about the benefits of urban agriculture and how it reduces fossil fuels expended in the shipping of food and is a boon to creating community. TreeHuggerTV brought you Edible Estates and an Urban Homestead. The film Seeds, Hope, and Concrete (US, 2006, Documentary, 14min by Will Hommeyer) shows how the uncommon scenario of growing arugula, squash, and snap peas on concrete is cropping all over the US due to the efforts of Heifer International. Communities are learning sustainable agricultural solutions, even where concrete is the norm. With the debate raging about whether or not to continue air-freighting organic food, going local is the way to grow.You've still got until September 29th to enter your film in the Wild & Scenic Film Festival and check for the tour in your area.


I am working on a project involving the 10th Reinforcements of 28 Battalion AIF that went to Egypt departing on 1 April 1916. The HMAT Ulysses A38 held just over 2,000 troops, many of them sappers in the Mining Corps - featured in the recent film 'Beneath Hill 60'.
By way of learning about the voyage overseas I am keen to access the ship's diary - I seem to recall seeing mention of these, but now cannot locate a reference.
I would be grateful for advice as to whether the diaries exist and if so how they may be accessed.
Apologies for the delay in responding to your posting. The Australian War Memorial holds AIF unit diaries, for more information see http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/records/. The WWI war diaires that have been digitised by the AWM can be found at https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/records/awm4/ (please note, not all diaries have been digitised), and the diary for the unit you are interested may may make mention of the voyage.
From the AWM's website, it appears that the commanding officers of ships provided monthly or quarterly reports on their ship's activities. The AWM have digitised some of these from WWII, and I am unsure whether this type of record was kept in WWI.
I recommend you contact the AWM's research centre as they will be able to advise if the diaries exist and will be able to help find one if they do.


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Home > Faculty Scholarship > Articles > 2231
Cardozo on the Supreme Court: Meeting High Expectations
Richard D. Friedman, University of Michigan Law SchoolFollow
President Trump announced his nomination of Neil Gorsuch — the sixth most senior judge on a federal appellate court in the hinterland—for a seat on the Supreme Court in a formal, nationally televised ceremony. Judge Gorsuch squeezed the shoulder of his wife, a gesture that signaled not only his thrill at the nomination but his joy at being able to share it with her. There followed a bitterly partisan process, featuring hearings at which the nominee testified and deflected questions about his substantive views. A change in the Senate rules, ending the possibility of a filibuster, was necessary to bring the nomination to a vote. That change was adopted by a virtual party line-vote, and then Judge Gorsuch was confirmed by a similar vote.
Now compare the nomination of Benjamin Cardozo in 1932. Cardozo was the chief judge of the New York Court of Appeals, the highest court in the largest and most important state in the nation, at a time when (as John Goldberg has pointed out) state courts occupied a greater position in the national consciousness than they do now. He was the most revered and probably best known judge in the nation not on the Supreme Court. When Justice Holmes retired, and interest immediately centered on Cardozo, he insisted privately that he wished not to be asked and that he did not believe he ought to accept the nomination if it were offered. But in fact he resolved that if asked he would accept—as he put it a few months later, "as one must accept sickness or death." And so, when the offer came, by telephone, he accepted immediately. The White House announced without fanfare or elaboration that the President had sent Cardozo's name to the Senate. The nomination was received with nearly universal acclaim. As was the practice in those days, the hearing was quick and the nominee did not testify. Confirmation was unanimous, without need for a roll-call vote. Do not bet on that happening any time in the near future!
Friedman, Richard D. "Cardozo on the Supreme Court: Meeting High Expectations." Touro Law Review 34, no. 3 (2018): 741-756.
Judges Commons, Legal Biography Commons, Supreme Court of the United States Commons


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Columnists Home
Norton Canes, MI5 and a very fishy business
By Craig Brown for the Daily Mail
Norton Canes, between Junction 6 and Junction 7 of the M6 in Staffordshire, is one of the newest service stations in the United Kingdom, having opened on March 9, 2004.
Yet only a very small proportion of its thousands of daily visitors are aware of the extraordinary man after whom it is named.
In his fascinating new history of motorway service stations, Professor Hilton Park devotes an entire chapter to the strange life of Sir Norton Canes, whose corpse is now buried beneath the fresh fruit juice refrigerator in Costa Coffee in the north-west corner of the site.
Motorway memories: Norton Cannes service station is named after an extraordinary man with an exceptional story to tell
So who was Norton Canes? Fans of John le Carre's novel The Lift Operator (1986) will no doubt recognise him as the shadowy figure 'P', who is ostensibly employed to operate the lift in the old MI5 building in Mayfair but who is in reality the Deputy Head of Counter-Surveillance (Worldwide).
What we now know is that every word of this novel was true. Over the course of 23 years of operating the lift, 'P' takes secret notes detailing which senior officer alights at which floor.
By compiling charts showing their movements, he is convinced he will be able to determine the identity of 'Stickleback', the highly-placed operative responsible for passing all the department's post-war secrets on to the KGB.
But when 'P' finally collates all his thousands of charts showing all the exits and entrances from the MI5 lift over the course of two decades, he discovers, to his dismay, that no one has ever got out on the wrong floor.
Something fishy: It's believed Norton Cannes was able to compile charts showing the movements of a highly-placed operative responsible for passing post-war secrets on to the KGB
Years later, a junior personnel officer is going through the list of employees when he chances upon the name Stickleback.
It turns out that Stickleback is not an ingenious pseudonym, as was previously thought, but Sir Geoffrey Stickleback, a mainstay in Accounts who has for the past three decades been operating undercover as a full colonel in the KGB.
But some experts still refuse to accept abject incompetence as an explanation for Norton Canes's poor record in uncovering spies. In Unmasked (1991) veteran journalist Tom Bower goes so far as to point the finger at Canes as the Twenty-Seventh Man, citing six key pieces of evidence as proof of his guilt:
Canes attended an English public school, where he read poetry after lights-out and was breathtakingly bad at games.
He took an interest in art, and even went so far as to acquire a small collection of 19th century English watercolours.
He was married with two children — a textbook alibi.
He was once nearly seen drinking a glass of cheap brandy in Soho.
He secretly wore a homburg hat after hours.
As an undergraduate at Cambridge University, he was once overheard expressing an interest in Labour politics.
Others, however, argue that Norton Canes was a figure of unimpeachable integrity, a man fully deserving of the knighthood he was awarded on his retirement from the secret service.
They cite the sterling work he did in retirement — he was Chairman of Betamax in the early 1980s and prominent on the board of the Sinclair C5, later becoming a guiding force behind the New Millennium Experience —as proof of his abilities.
More from Craig Brown for the Daily Mail...
Fly me to the moon in my hush puppies! CRAIG BROWN reveals eight more things you never knew about Apollo 11 18/07/19
CRAIG BROWN: To infinity and beyond with Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong! Nine things you didn't know about Apollo 11 16/07/19
CRAIG BROWN: @Henry VIII is a real tweetie pie! 11/07/19
CRAIG BROWN: Is an untidy car a sign of a messy mind? It won't make one Toyota of difference! 08/07/19
CRAIG BROWN: Knock, knock, the old ones are the best! 04/07/19
CRAIG BROWN: Ooh er, Carry On Crumpet anyone? 01/07/19
A-ha! Jeremy Hunt's little secret is out: CRAIG BROWN offers some fun facts about the wannabe PM 26/06/19
CRAIG BROWN: Brexhausted? Try a double Brexpesso! 25/06/19
CRAIG BROWN: A quick furtle could winkle out a turtle 20/06/19
For many years, Canes also played a leading role in the MSSM, or Motorway Service Station Movement, a philanthropic body passionately devoted to erecting motorway service stations the length and breadth of Britain.
'In the 1960s, many highly intelligent figures believed that motorway service stations, with their beautiful clear lines and truly democratic spirit, were the key to the future,' writes Professor Park.
'Norton Canes in particular was convinced that they should flourish independent of motorways.
'He proposed a major motorway service station on Dartmoor, for instance, another beside Beatrix Potter's cottage in the Lake District and another on a platform in the North Sea.
'He even believed that in the not-too-distant future every single person in Britain would have his or her own miniature motorway service station in their garden or window-box.'
Small wonder, then, that when it came to naming the new M6 service station in 2004, the two words that sprang to the committee's lips were 'Norton Canes'.
'His name sums up everything progressive, modern and exciting about Britain in the 21st century,' says the Earl of Wessex, Chairman of the Motorway Services Enterprise Board. 'And it is fitting that he should be honoured in this way.'
A Short History Of Motorway Service Stations In The United Kingdom by Professor Hilton Park (Cambridge University Press 567pp)
DAILY MAIL COLUMNISTS
BAZ BAMIGBOYE
ALEX BRUMMER
STEPHEN GLOVER
RICHARD KAY
EPHRAIM HARDCASTLE
SEBASTIAN SHAKESPEARE
MAX HASTINGS
QUENTIN LETTS
RICHARD LITTLEJOHN
PETER MCKAY
BEL MOONEY
ANDREW PIERCE
AMANDA PLATELL
MARTIN SAMUEL
RUTH SUNDERLAND
TOM UTLEY
SARAH VINE
MAIL ON SUNDAY COLUMNISTS
LIZ JONES
OLIVER HOLT
RIGHTMINDS BLOGGERS
CHAPMAN & CO
STEVE DOUGHTY
ADRIAN HILTON
MARY ELLEN SYNON
STEPHEN WRIGHT


A lot of planning went in to this incredible wedding at Estancia La Jolla. But despite the gorgeous location and beautiful details, the most important part is that Laura and Jonathan got to celebrate their love with all of the their families and friends to witness it. I think you'll see from the photos the amount of laughter and happiness that was radiating out all day. It was truly a special day and they had the most fun reception ever! I think I need to be adopted into their families!
Laura and Jonathan, I wish you both continued love, laughter and happiness together!
A storybook wedding, love is in every picture!


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Home » News » Work on Kootupole Bridge on Karnataka-Kerala border resumes
Work on Kootupole Bridge on Karnataka-Kerala border resumes
Virajpet: Virajpet MLA K.G. Bopaiah recently inspected the work on a bridge across Kootupole near Makutta which provides connectivity between Karnataka and Kerala.
The bridge is at the Karnataka-Kerala border and is part of the Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP) road between Thalassery and Valavupara. The bridge work has resumed as Karnataka Wildlife Board has decided to give permission for the construction of the bridge.
The old bridge, built during the British era across Kootupole, has been providing interState connectivity at Makutta and it was narrow and in dilapidated condition. With the construction of Kannur International Airport, the density of vehicles on the old bridge had increased. To provide connectivity to the Airport, the Kerala Government had developed a 55-km road at an estimated cost of Rs. 360 crore till Kootupole.
However, the Karnataka Forest Department had stalled the work in 2017 considering that the land belonged to Brahmagiri Wildlife Division. Now, the work has resumed once again.Though the claim of Kerala was that the river is in its territory, the Karnataka authorities claimed that a portion of the bridge is in Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka and also they claimed that half the river belongs to them, following which the work had to be stopped.
The project has already missed many deadlines. Though Kerala had given the documents to assert its right over the river and the officials held meetings at various levels, there were many objections on the part of Karnataka authorities. This road is a major link between Kerala and Karnataka and it would be beneficial for the residents in many parts of Karnataka, including Kodagu to come to Kannur Airport.
READ ALSO Nipah virus threat: Entry Check
Realising the importance of the bridge, Bopaiah had brought the issue of the stalling of work to the notice of Chief Minister B.S. Yediyurappa, who in turn had brought it to the notice of the Central Government.
The Central Government cleared the hurdles for the bridge and the work has commenced. The MLA said that the Central and State Governments have given conditional approval for the work on the bridge. The completion of the bridge will benefit passengers travelling to Mysuru and Hassan from Kodagu.
K.G. Bopaiah Karnataka-Kerala border Kodagu Makutta Virajpet
Siddharamaiah urges for commissioning of ethnographic survey of Kurubas
Vegetable vendors to be evicted from Dasara Exhibition Grounds


The ReMARKable Back to School Sale 2016 is coming to a close. There is less than 36 hours left to save 25% and get free shipping on your next order with ReMARKable.
If you've been planning a massive whiteboard wall for your office, home or school, now is the time to jump on the savings before its too late!
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Dayana Andrea Amigo Jardua (Santiago, 13 de noviembre de 1981) es una actriz chilena. Se hizo conocida por su papel de Titi Larraín en la serie de Mega Casado con hijos.

Biografía
Dayana Amigo estudió en el Colegio San Agustín y egresó de la carrera de comunicación escénica en la UNIACC.

Su carrera profesional comenzó actuando en el programa Pasiones donde protagonizó más de doscientos casos de la vida real y en las recreaciones del mismo estilo en el programa de Carlos Pinto El día menos pensado de TVN.

El salto lo dio en Mega, donde interpretó a Titi Larraín en Casado con hijos, adaptación chilena de Married with children. Debido al éxito, la serie grabó cuatro temporadas y junto a Javiera Contador y Fernando Godoy protagonizaron un spot para la tienda Ripley.

Una vez terminadas las cuatro temporadas de la sitcom, actuó en la película Mansacue y fue contratada por Chilevisión para integrar el elenco de las teleseries Mala conducta y Sin anestesia.

En 2010 volvió a Mega con la serie de época Adiós al séptimo de línea y la sitcom La colonia, que buscó revivir el éxito de Casado con hijos. En 2015, se une a la telenovela Eres mi tesoro, donde da vida a Susana Pizarro. En 2016, se une a Pobre gallo donde interpreta a Jacqueline.

El año 2019 obtiene su primer papel protagónico en cine en la cinta "No Quiero Ser Tu Hermano" de Los Hermanos Badilla con quienes ya había colaborado en roles secundarios en las películas Mamá Ya Crecí y Maldito Amor. La película fue un éxito taquilla y se convirtió en "La Comedia Chilena más vista en cines el año 2019". Luego de eso el director Diego Rougier la llama para ser parte del elenco protagónico de la película "Desconectados" de Amazon Prime Video, el cual fue su segundo protagónico en una película.

Filmografía

Cine

Telenovelas

Series y unitarios

Programas de televisión
 Pasiones (TVN, 2004) - Varios personajes
 Fruto prohibido (TVN, 2011) - Invitada
 Zona de Estrellas (Zona Latina, 2012) - Invitada
 Desfachatados (Mega, 2012) - Varios personajes
 Mujeres primero (La Red, 2013) - Invitada
 Más vale tarde (Mega, 2014) - Invitada

Teatro
 ¿Cuál es tu log? (2007)
 El hijo de la peluquera (2010)
 La familia ante todo (2010)
 Acassuso (2009)
 La cenicienta (2012)
 Paul & John (2013)

Vídeos musicales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de cine de Chile
Actrices de teatro de Chile
Actrices de televisión de Chile
Actores de Santiago de Chile
Alumnado del Colegio San Agustín de Santiago
Nacidos en Santiago de Chile
Alumnado de la Universidad de Artes, Ciencias y Comunicación

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Director Karen Tiller has directed Three Decembers three times now, and obviously loves this opera by Jake Heggie. In this interview she talks about her love for the piece as well as for her deep appreciation for its connection between drama, text and music. At the heart of the matter, she says, the message of this opera is that "life is messy", a direct quote from the libretto. Spend a few minutes with this artist and you'll see why we're so excited to present this opera, opening March 8th!


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Romania readies itself for first female and first Muslim prime minister
EURACTIV.ro | translated by Sam Morgan
Sevil Shhaideh could become Romania's first female prime minister, as well as the first Muslim to hold the position. [digi24]
Romania could appoint its first female and first Muslim prime minister after the Social Democratic Party (PSD) put its support behind Sevil Shhaideh, in a shock move following the Eastern European country's 11 December elections. EURACTIV Romania reports.
Shhaideh, a 52-year-old who hails from a family with Tartar-Turkish ancestry and who is married to a Syrian, has unexpectedly gained the confidence of the PSD, who managed to secure 45% of the vote in elections held on 11 December.
The economics graduate is a close ally of PSD President Liviu Dragnea, having worked with him during her time at Romania's regional development ministry.
Her nomination, supported by the Liberal Democratic Alliance (ALDE), came as a shock, as Dragnea had not announced or given much indication about who would be backed to succeed outgoing technocrat Prime Minister Dacian Cioloș.
Romanian PM says election promises must not fuel populism
Romanian politicians are making unrealistic pay promises ahead of the 11 December parliamentary election that fuel populism and damage voters' understanding of the need for reform, outgoing technocrat Prime Minister Dacian Cioloș told Reuters on Tuesday.
Dragnea himself was effectively ruled out of the running when Romania's president and head of state, Klaus Iohannis, confirmed that he would not accept the nomination of an individual that had been convicted of a crime or whose integrity was in question, citing an existing law on the matter.
Dragnea was convicted in 2015 of organising electoral fraud during Romania's 2012 referendum on the impeachment of then-President Traian Băsescu. His initial one-year punishment was doubled in April of this year by the Court of Cassation but remained a mere suspended sentence.
Ex-Romanian president's Moldovan citizenship withdrawn
Incoming Moldovan President Igor Dodon is reportedly planning to strip former Romanian President Traian Băsescu of his Moldovan citizenship. EURACTIV Romania reports.
However, his conviction did not stop him leading the PSD to election victory this month or being elected chamber president.
This is where Shhaideh comes into the picture. As a trusted collaborator of Dragnea, her appointment would prevent any further political turmoil in a country that is still struggling to get over the shockwaves caused by the resignation of Victor Ponta's cabinet last year.
Dragnea said that Shhaideh is "a person I fully trust" after meeting with Iohannis yesterday (21 December), adding that she would be the only candidate his party would put forward.
Muslims only make up a tiny percentage of Romania's population, just 0.3%, mostly Tartar-Turkish. The largest minority, 86%, are orthodox.
The president is expected to announce a decision either today or tomorrow (23 December).
Romania's financial contribution to UK healthcare highlighted
Romania makes a significant financial contribution to the UK's National Health Service (NHS), the Eastern European country's ambassador told a House of Lords committee on Monday (17 October). EURACTIV Romania reports.
Klaus Iohannis
Liviu Dragnea
Romanian elections


Study Design. A multicenter, randomized, intrapatient controlled trial.
Objective. This study investigated whether lumbar fusion patients blinded to the harvest site (A) can identify the iliac crest used for bone harvesting and (B) whether this iliac crest is more painful than the contralateral side.
Summary of Background Data. Spinal fusion with iliac crest autograft is a frequently performed surgical procedure. A widely reported disadvantage of the harvesting procedure is potential donor site morbidity. This has driven the development of many bone graft substitutes. However, more recently the incidence and severity of donor site pain is debated, especially in lumbar fusion surgery.
Methods. Ninety-two nontraumatic adult patients underwent a posterolateral (thoraco)lumbar fusion. Iliac crest bone graft was harvested unilaterally through the primary midline incision. At 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year follow-up, patients were asked to identify the donor site and to rate pain in their back, left iliac crest and right iliac crest on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
Results. Ninety patients, 44 males and 46 females with a mean age of 54 years, were analyzed. The left/right distribution of the iliac crest donor site was 50/50 and 89% of the patients underwent a lumbar fusion below L3. Only 24% patients identified the harvest site correctly. Moreover, the VAS pain scores for the donor site and contralateral iliac crest did not differ and were at each timepoint lower than the scores for back pain.
Conclusion. This study showed that, during the first year after lumbar fusion surgery via a single midline incision approach, patients could not reliably identify the iliac crest used for bone graft harvesting and this iliac crest was not more painful than the untouched contralateral iliac crest. Therefore, donor site pain should not be the main reason to use bone graft alternatives for lumbar spinal fusion.
Donor site pain after unilateral iliac crest bone graft harvesting for instrumented posterolateral lumbar fusion was analyzed in 90 adult patients blinded to the harvest site. Patients could not reliably identify the harvest site and this iliac crest was not more painful than the untouched contralateral iliac crest.
§Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
The device is FDA-approved or approved by corresponding national agency for this indication.
The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of the University Medical Center Utrecht received a restricted academic research grant from NuVasive Inc (San Diego, CA) to partially fund this investigator-initiated study.
Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that frequently involves a bone grafting procedure to establish a permanent bony fusion between vertebral segments. It is most commonly performed in the lumbar spine, followed by the cervical spine. Over the last decades, the number and costs of spinal fusion as treatment for various spinal conditions increased significantly.1–3 With more than 500,000 procedures performed annually in the United States,4 spinal fusion is likely the largest single indication for bone grafting.
Interestingly, some recent studies have debated the incidence and severity of donor site pain. Especially in lumbar fusion surgery, where the pain related to the primary surgical site may interfere with perceived iliac crest pain and a less traumatic harvesting technique avoiding separate incisions can be used.19–23 However, most of these studies are limited by their retrospective design, nonblinded assessment of subjective outcomes or small sample size, which contributes to the controversy about donor site morbidity in this specific group.
We investigated the relevance of pain attributed to the donor site after instrumented posterolateral lumbar fusion in a prospective cohort of patients blinded to the bone graft harvest site. These data are collected as part of a multicenter, blinded, randomized, intrapatient controlled trial to investigate the noninferiority of a ceramic bone graft substitute compared with autograft. The current study investigated (A) whether patients can identify the iliac crest that is used for bone harvesting and (B) whether this iliac crest is more painful than the contralateral side.
The study involves a cohort of 92 adult patients who underwent an open, instrumented, posterolateral fusion between T10 and S1, as part of a multicenter, randomized, intrapatient controlled trial on safety and efficacy of AttraX Putty (NuVasive Inc, San Diego, CA; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01982045). One side of the fusion trajectory was grafted with the ceramic bone graft substitute; the contralateral side was grafted with autologous bone from the iliac crest combined with local decompressive bone (autograft). Unilateral iliac crest bone graft harvesting was done through the same midline incision as used for the primary fusion surgery. Allocation of the graft type (left vs. right), and therefore the iliac crest bone graft harvest site, was based on computerized simple randomization. So each patient was blinded to both the allocation of the graft types and the iliac crest donor site. Radiological and clinical assessments were performed preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery.
Patients between 18 and 80 years of age were enrolled and treated in four Dutch hospitals between November 2013 and July 2016. Indications for fusion surgery were deformity, structural instability and/or expected instability (for example as a result of decompression for spinal stenosis). Exclusion criteria included recent traumatic spinal fracture, primary or metastatic spinal tumor, active local or systemic infection, any previous surgical attempt for spinal fusion or previous autologous bone grafting procedures that comprised the quality and amount of iliac crest bone graft.
All patients underwent a standard single or multilevel, instrumented, posterolateral fusion, with or without an additional interbody fusion device filled with local bone, at any of the segments between T10 and S1 via a posterior midline approach. The allocation side of the bone graft substitute was disclosed peroperatively after placement of all spinal implants, by opening a sealed envelope.
Iliac crest bone graft was harvested through the primary midline skin incision if possible, from the posterior iliac crest at the same side as placement of the autograft was allocated. Typically, a separate fascia incision was made and cancellous bone was harvested through a unicortical window using osteotomes and surgical spoons or gouges. The use of hemostatic sponges was according to the surgeon's preference. For the autograft side, a total of 10 cc autograft per fusion level, comprising of at least 50% iliac crest bone, was intended. The volume was assessed by gentle pressure of the graft in a 20 cc syringe.
After placement of both grafts around the posterior instrumentation and in the decorticated lateral gutters, the wound was closed in layers according to the surgeon's preference. No local anesthetics in the wound were used.
Patients received a set of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Pain in the lower back, left iliac crest area and right iliac crest area was measured using a continuous Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ranging from 0 ("no pain at all") to 100 ("intolerable pain"). In addition, patients were asked to identify the iliac crest used for bone graft harvesting ("left" or "right") at all postoperative timepoints.
Data were processed in Research Online for Researchers (Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht) and analyzed using SPSS Statistics Version 22 (IBM). Baseline characteristics, surgical details, and the identified harvest site were summarized using descriptive statistics.
To investigate whether patients could identify the iliac crest used for bone graft harvesting during the first year after surgery, their responses at each timepoint were summarized into three categories: "consistently correct" (harvest site identified correctly at each follow-up), "consistently incorrect" (contralateral iliac crest identified as harvest site at each follow-up) and "no idea/alternating responses" (no idea or alternating responses between follow-up visits). These categories were analyzed with descriptive statistics.
Patients who completed less than two postoperative questionnaires were excluded from all analyses. Missing values were handled by pairwise deletion of cases, except for the mixed models. Normally distributed data are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD), whereas non-normally distributed data are presented as median and range or interquartile range (IQR).
This investigator-initiated study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the University Medical Center Utrecht and the Institutional Review Board of each participating hospital. All study procedures were performed in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (version October 2008) and the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). Written informed consent was obtained from each individual patient included in the study.
The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of the University Medical Center Utrecht received a restricted academic research grant from NuVasive Inc. to partially fund this investigator-initiated study.
In 92 of the 100 patients operated on, the iliac crest bone graft was harvested through the primary midline incision and they were blinded to the donor site. The remaining eight patients were excluded as a separate incision was used. Two other patients were excluded, because they completed the PROMs at only one postoperative timepoint (Figure 1).
Baseline characteristics and surgical details of the 90 patients included in this study are presented in Table 1. There were 44 males and 46 females with a mean age of 54.4 ± 12.1 years (range 27–79). The majority of the patients underwent a single level (67%) or two-level (20%) fusion. All fusions involved the lower lumbar area (L3 or more caudally), whereas 89% underwent a low lumbar fusion between L3 and S1. Additional posterior lumbar interbody fusion and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion procedures were performed in 49% and 14% of the patients respectively. The left/right distribution of the iliac crest donor site was 50/50. The amount of obtained iliac crest bone graft ranged from 5 to 40 cc, with a median of 6 cc. A total of 73 patients (81%) completed all PROMs. Two patients dropped out after 3 and 6 months of follow-up respectively. The remaining 15 patients completed follow-up, but had one or more missing values.
Iliac crest bone graft harvesting was uneventful in all patients and there were no deviations from the assigned iliac crest based on bone quality. One patient was unblinded after 3 months because of concerns about pain in the iliac crest area. The pain was indeed on the donor site and no further treatment was required.
To gain some insight in the extra surgical time required for harvesting, this was recorded in the last 36 patients. The median time to obtain median 5 (5–40) cc bone graft was 7.5 (5–25) minutes.
To the question "Is bone graft harvested from your left or right iliac crest?", 46 patients (51%) consistently reported the same iliac crest site at each follow-up (Figure 2). Of these patients, only 22 (48%) identified the harvest site correctly (consistently correct); the other 24 (52%) patients identified the nonoperated iliac crest (consistently incorrect). The remaining 44 (49%) patients had no idea which iliac crest was used for bone graft harvesting or their responses alternated between follow-up visits. Looking at the iliac crest reported most frequently by these patients, 20 (45%) guessed the harvest site correctly.
Post-hoc subgroup analyses using Mann–Whitney U tests showed no difference in number of segments fused (P = 0.444) or amount of iliac crest bone graft harvested (P = 0.471) between the 22 patients that identified the harvest site correctly and the other 68 patients.
The results of the VAS pain scores are summarized in the Tukey boxplots in Figure 3, each representing at least 84 patients. Although the pain scores varied widely, the VAS for back pain was higher than the iliac crest pain scores at all timepoints measured. The highest scores for both back pain and iliac crest pain were observed preoperatively. Postoperatively, the median VAS for iliac crest pain ranged between 8 and 18 mm (IQR 1–41), whereas the median VAS for back pain ranged between 28 and 35 mm (IQR 8–61). Based on a MCID of 15 mm, no relevant changes in pain scores over time were observed, except for a mean decrease of 28 mm (SD 32) in the VAS for back pain at 6 weeks follow-up compared with the preoperative score.
The mixed model for iliac crest pain, corrected for preoperative pain scores, showed no difference between the VAS pain scores for the donor site compared with the contralateral iliac crest (estimated difference 0.57 mm, 95% confidence interval −3.57 to 4.71, P = 0.787). In addition, there was no effect of time after surgery (P = 0.807) and no relation between the VAS for donor site pain and the amount of bone graft harvested (P = 0.574). There was a strong relation between iliac crest pain and back pain (P < 0.0005). Analysis of the estimates of covariance parameters showed that 34% of the variance in iliac crest pain can be explained by back pain.
Despite numerous articles that highlight the morbidity of iliac crest bone graft harvesting, there is actually controversy regarding the true morbidity of this procedure in spinal surgery. Especially in lumbar fusion surgery, where donor site pain might be overestimated due to the close proximity of the primary surgical site. The incidence and severity of iliac crest donor site pain reported in the literature varies widely, probably explained by poor (unblinded) study designs, as well as different study populations and surgical techniques.
In this current prospective, patient-blinded, randomized, controlled trial, the perceived pain during the first year after instrumented posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine via a single midline incision approach could not be related to the actual donor site. Half of the patients had no idea from which iliac crest the bone graft was harvested and of the other half, only 48% identified the donor site correctly. In other words, the correct identification of the donor site followed a perfect random distribution. Moreover, the patient reported VAS pain scores for the donor site and untouched contralateral iliac crest did not differ and were at each timepoint lower than the scores for back pain. Remarkably, the highest iliac crest pain scores were observed preoperatively. These findings are actually in line with some recently published studies, which underlined the difficulty to distinguish iliac crest pain from other potential sources of back pain after lumbar fusion surgery.7,13,19–21,25 In a similar, patient-blinded, randomized study with 32 patients and 12 months follow-up, also no difference in iliac crest VAS pain scores was identified and highest pain scores were measured preoperatively.25 Delawi et al 19 found that pain attributed to the donor site at mean 7.3 (range 2.3–11.6) years follow-up was significantly lower in patients who underwent a high lumbar fusion compared with low fusions, suggesting an interference from the primary surgical site or residual back pain. By investigating the incidence of iliac crest pain in patients with and without unilateral iliac crest harvesting for lumbar spinal fusion, Howard et al 20 demonstrated that iliac crest pain is a poor marker for donor site morbidity.
Bone graft harvesting from the iliac crest, whether or not via a separate incision, is an invasive procedure, inherent to donor site morbidity. Especially the harvest of large structural grafts via a separate incision may be problematic. However, the vast majority of iliac bone graft is used for lumbar spinal fusion surgery and can often be obtained via the primary skin incision. As shown in the current study including 90 patients, this iliac crest bone graft harvesting technique does not lead to clinically relevant pain that can be attributed to the actual donor site. This knowledge is important since the presumed donor site pain is the main reason for many surgeons to use expensive commercially available bone graft alternatives. We believe that, until alternatives have demonstrated clear superiority over autologous bone graft, the added value of these materials in lumbar fusion surgery is limited to specific cases where the quality or quantity of the autologous bone graft is limited or to shorten the surgical procedure. The knowledge from this study may also help to manage patient's expectations.
Strengths of this study include the prospective and blinded design with multiple measurements including at baseline, as well as the relatively large sample size. Blinding is known to reduce the risk of bias, especially in trials with subjective outcome measures like pain scores.26,27 In addition, pain in both iliac crests and the back were measured separately. However, there are also limitations. First of all, this study was a priori powered to determine noninferiority of a bone graft substitute and not to detect differences between iliac crest pain scores. However, as the 95% confidence interval around the estimated difference in iliac crest pain is much narrower than the MCID of 15 mm on the VAS, it is unlikely that we missed a clinically relevant effect. Second, the exact locations of perceived pain in the iliac crest/hip region and lower back region were not assessed. In addition, the type of pain (e.g., sharp, aching, or tingling) and interference with functioning in the direct postoperative phase and daily activities were not measured. Pain sensation may also be influenced by satisfaction with treatment.11 Regarding donor site identification, patients were not asked for the level of confidence in their responses. To account for guessing, the corresponding question was repeated at each follow-up and responses were summarized into three categories. Finally, the bone graft harvesting procedure was not standardized, although all surgeons applied a comparable cortical window technique without heat necrosis.
In conclusion, patients surgically treated for lumbar spine fusion could not reliably identify the iliac crest used for bone graft harvesting and this iliac crest was not more painful than the untouched contralateral iliac crest. Therefore, donor site pain should not be the main reason to use bone graft alternatives for lumbar spinal fusion surgery.Key PointsWe investigated the relevance of iliac crest donor site pain after instrumented posterolateral lumbar fusion in a prospective cohort of 90 adult patients blinded to the bone graft harvest site.Iliac crest bone graft was harvested unilaterally through the midline incision and each patient served as its own control.During the first year after surgery, only 24% of the patients were able to identify the iliac crest used for bone graft harvesting correctly at each follow-up.The VAS pain scores for the donor site and contralateral iliac crest did not differ and were lower than the scores for back pain.
The authors acknowledge the contributions of the local study coordinators Marit Sterenborg, MSc; Femke Hagenmaier, MD; Annemiek Hol, MSc; and Inge Wiljouw, MSc; the statistical consultant Rebecca Stellato, PhD, as well as the participating spine surgeons of the University Medical Center Utrecht, OLVG Amsterdam, Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem and Amphia Hospital Breda.
1. Rajaee SS, Bae HW, Kanim LEA, et al. Spinal fusion in the United States: analysis of trends from 1998 to 2008. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:67–76.
2. Harris IA, Dao ATT. Trends of spinal fusion surgery in Australia: 1997 to 2006. ANZ J Surg 2009; 79:783–788.
3. United States Bone and Joint Initiative. The Burden of Musculosketal Diseases in the United States: Prevalence, Societal and Economic Cost. Rosemont, IL Available at: http://www.boneandjointburden.org. Accessed January 22, 2018.
4. McDermott K, Freeman W, Elixhauser E. Statistical Brief #233: Overview of Operating Room Procedures During Inpatient Stays in U.S. Hospitals, 2014; 2017. Available at: https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/statbriefs.jsp. Accessed January 11, 2018.
5. Kadam A, Millhouse P, Kepler C, et al. Bone substitutes and expanders in Spine Surgery: a review of their fusion efficacies. Int J Spine Surg 2016; 10:33.
6. Campana V, Milano G, Pagano E, et al. Bone substitutes in orthopaedic surgery: from basic science to clinical practice. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2014; 25:2445–2461.
7. Fernyhough JC, Schimandle JJ, Weigel MC, et al. Chronic donor site pain complicating bone graft harvesting from the posterior iliac crest for spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1992; 17:1474–1480.
8. Dimitriou R, Mataliotakis GI, Angoules AG, et al. Complications following autologous bone graft harvesting from the iliac crest and using the RIA: a systematic review. Injury 2011; 42:S3–S15.
9. Banwart JC, Asher MA, Hassanein RS. Iliac crest bone graft harvest donor site morbidity. A statistical evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995; 20:1055–1060.
10. Goulet JA, Senunas LE, DeSilva GL, et al. Autogenous iliac crest bone graft: complications and functional assessment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997; 339:76–81.
11. Summers BN, Eisenstein SM. Donor site pain from the ilium: a complication of lumbar spine fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1989; 71:677–680.
12. Younger EM, Chapman MW. Morbidity at bone graft donor sites. J Orthop Trauma 1989; 3:192–195.
13. Robertson PA, Wray AC. Natural history of posterior iliac crest bone graft donation for spinal surgery: a prospective analysis of morbidity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001; 26:1473–1476.
14. Kurz LT, Garfin SR, Booth RE. Harvesting autogenous iliac bone grafts: a review of complications and techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1989; 14:1324–1331.
15. Allied Market Research. Bone Grafts and Substitutes Market by Product (Allografts, Bone Grafts Substitutes, and Cell-Based Matrices), by Application (Spinal Fusion, Long Bone, Foot & Ankle, Craniomaxillofacial, Joint Reconstruction, and Dental Bone Grafting) - Global Opportunity.; 2016. Available at: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/bone-graft-substitutes-market. Accessed January 15, 2018.
16. Transparency Market Research. Bone Grafts and Substitutes Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2015–2023.; 2015. Available at: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/bone-grafts-substitutes-market.html. Accessed January 11, 2018.
17. GlobalData. MediPoint: Bone Grafts and Substitutes - Global Analysis and Market Forecasts.; 2014. Available at: https://www.marketresearch.com/product/sample-8021855.pdf. Accessed January 11, 2018.
18. GlobalData. MediPoint: Bone Grafts & Substitutes - Global Analysis and Market Forecasts.; 2017. Available at: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170620005822/en/Bone-Grafts-Substitutes---Global-Analysis-Market. Accessed January 11, 2018.
19. Delawi D, Dhert WJA, Castelein RM, et al. The incidence of donor site pain after bone graft harvesting from the posterior iliac crest may be overestimated: a study on spine fracture patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007; 32:1865–1868.
20. Howard JM, Glassman SD, Carreon LY. Posterior iliac crest pain after posterolateral fusion with or without iliac crest graft harvest. Spine J 2011; 11:534–537.
21. Pirris SM, Nottmeier EW, Kimes S, et al. A retrospective study of iliac crest bone grafting techniques with allograft reconstruction: do patients even know which iliac crest was harvested? J Neurosurg Spine 2014; 21:595–600.
22. Bezer M, Kocaoğlu B, Aydın N, et al. Comparison of traditional and intrafascial iliac crest bone-graft harvesting in lumbar spinal surgery. Int Orthop 2004; 28:325–328.
23. David R, Folman Y, Pikarsky I, et al. Harvesting bone graft from the posterior iliac crest by less traumatic, midline approach. J Spinal Disord Tech 2003; 16:27–30.
24. Ostelo RWJG, Deyo RA, Stratford P, et al. Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33:90–94.
25. Sheha ED, Meredith DS, Shifflett GD, et al. Postoperative pain following posterior iliac crest bone graft harvesting in spine surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Spine J 2018; 18:986–992.
26. Jacobs WC, Kruyt MC, Moojen WA, et al. No evidence for intervention-dependent influence of methodological features on treatment effect. J Clin Epidemiol 2013; 66:1347.e3–1355.e3.
27. Wood L, Egger M, Gluud LL, et al. Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 2008; 336:601–605.


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text:
Tara Gilbee, Sean Samon & Hayley West SPACE CAPSULE
Opening: Tuesday 20 May, 6-8pm Dates: Tuesday 20 May-7 June 2003
Tara Gilbee was born in Australia where she currently works and lives. She has recieved a BFA in Sculpture at Victoria College of the Arts in 1996. Her work is varied and encompasses photography, installation, sound and video.
Tara Gilbee works across mediums and disciplines to explore transitional and ephemeral states. Her art work varies in relation to the space in which it is presented or the artists she works with. She has worked in collaboration with a range of practioners from video, sound and live arts practices.
Tara has created themes and propositions for artist to respond to, such as the internal space of a carved book or the liminal space between display cabinets. Some interesting sites that have been part of her work are a Hospital, railway passage, shipping container, Chinese restaurant, disused toilet block and a derelict porcelain factory in France. In her individual works she often engages an underlying psychology that has a dark beauty and entrancing phenomena. Investigating traces, drawing out illusions and the particular textures or actions that create a fascinating new viewing of what is observed.
Tara is a curatorial collaborator in the space in between artist group. She is a member of the artist group Punctum Inc and has been working with this group as a photomedia artist for 6 years.She has been awarded grants to create work and attended residencies Nationally and Internationally. She has written articles for key arts publications, lectured at Victorian Universities about her work and is collected in Public and Private collections.


text:
We Finally Know Why The Olympic Diving Pool Turned Green
Carli Velocci
For nearly a week now a mystery has surrounded the Olympics and it wasn't what country would reign supreme: why did those pools turn green?
Officials Don't Know Why the Olympic Diving Pool Turned Green [Update: They Maybe Figured It Out]
As the women's synchronized diving teams took to the pool in Rio de Janeiro today, they were…
Officials have run the gamut on possible explanations, including algae bloom and a chemical imbalance caused by too many people using the pool. Now, Olympic officials are handing out a final verdict on what caused the pools, which should've been all prepared for a Summer Olympics but weren't, to turn murky and green seemingly overnight.
Somebody made a mistake.
According to the New York Times, somebody accidentally added 160 liters of hydrogen peroxide on Aug. 5 to the pool used for diving, which neutralized the chlorine and caused it to turn green. Basically, eliminating the chlorine allowed for the growth of "organic compounds," including what might've been algae.
Hydrogen peroxide can be used as a cleaning agent for pools, but not when combined with chlorine. The former neutralizes the latter, which doesn't help when electronic monitoring systems have to measure the amount of chemicals in the water.
Gustavo Nascimento, director of venue management for the Rio Olympics, said in a news conference that the monitors did pick up the chlorine, but failed to notice that it was no longer working.
So before the synchronized swimming event on Sunday, where athletes kind of need to see each other underwater in order to perform, officials said they had plans to drain the 3.7 million-liter pool and replace it with clean water from a nearby practice pool.
By Sunday, according to NBC, the pool was back to its correct color. So the medium in which athletes, some who traveled thousands of miles to compete, can perform and show off what they've trained years for, is now back to a state where it won't harm or hinder their results in any way, which is a good baseline for the Olympics.
Officials are of course embarrassed by the instance.
"Of course it's an embarrassment," said Mario Andrada, a spokesman for the Rio Games. "We are hosting the Olympic Games, and athletes are here, so water is going to be an issue. We should have been better in fixing it quickly. We learned painful lessons the hard way."
[The New York Times]


text:
Adam Shearer
The Renown Alialujah Choir to Perform at The Sou'Wester During Spartan Rally
Posted on Fri, July 12
The Alialujah Choir will be performing at the Sou'wester Lodge on July 27th during the first ever all Spartan Rally. They will perform at 8 p.m. on Saturday evening.
The Alialujah Choir consists of a rotating collection of collaborators including the Portland Cello Project, but it's core is the trio of Adam Shearer and Alia Farah of Wienland, and Adam Selzer (Norfolk & Western) founder of the famed Type Foundry Recording Studio in Portland. The group was founded after coming together to create a song for OPB's Live Wire! Radio Show's "Dearly Departed" benefit album, the band has gone on to record its debut album released by Jealous Butcher Records and garner international awards for the video and song , 'A House, A Home', directed by Mark Smith.
The group has appeared on VH1, MTV Canada, & Indie Wire. Its unique sound has been praised far and wide. NPR said, "You'll notice the sparse nature of the arrangements, which purposely throw the trio's harmonies into the spotlight." Willamette Week wrote, "Alialujah Choir has got the full package: With these talents it's no surprise the songs are melodically engaging (nor that they are brilliantly produced in Selzer's capable hands), but the excellent lyricism is a bit surprising". Willamette Week also called them, "the best possible kind of supergroup", and added "This is one of the prettiest albums to come out of Portland".
The Alialujah Choir is well known for its sparse instrumentalism and harmonized vocals. They have remained committed "to escaping the commercial pressures of their other bands and return to their love for roots folk music" thus staying true to the art and craft of music making, and have maintained a recording process whereby "no one else could play on the album, or even be present in the studio while the tape was rolling". This has lead to an equally sparse live show schedule. The Sou'Wester Lodge is lucky to host a band of such high caliber and such rare performances, as they have performed only ten times in three years. Their music is a bit of a throwback to the sound made famous by the 4AD label in the 1980s and 90s, but with a distinctly Northwest twist.
This first annual "Spartan Only Rally" is first time ever that Spartan trailer owners have held a rally of exclusively the trailers produced by the Spartan Aircraft Company from 1946 until 1960. Also at the rally, will be guest lecturer Shirley Wallace who as a child traveled in an early Spartan Trailer, and even helped her father remodel the trailer, including adding a second floor to the structure.
Organizers of the Spartan Rally are even trying to bring the first Spartan to ever roll off the assembly line "The Silver Queen" to this event, the owners of that trailer are holding a fundraiser to cover the transport expense, and welcome donations of all sizes at: http://www.gofundme.com/31kcyk.
The Spartan Rally is open to the public during the day on July 26 noon to 4pm. Visitors are welcome to come see these amazing vintage trailers up close. Lectures are always free & open to all at The Sou'Wester Lodge in Seaview, Washington. Performers do accept donations and will have CDs and other merchandise available for sale.
• For more information on The Alialujah Choir: http://alialujah.com/
• See The Alialujah Choir's award winning music video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_X29ja3BiQ
• More information on the Spartan Only Rally (July 26-27): https://www.facebook.com/events/101692466690639/
• For times and activities, or to reserve a room or a trailer at The Sou'Wester:
The Sou'Wester Lodge
3728 J Place
Seaview WA, 98644
souwesterlodge@gmail.com
http://souwesterlodge.com
Tagged Portland Cello Project, Adam Selzer, Adam Shearer, Alia Farah, Alialujah Choir


It seems that at some point in my life, in between leaving school and starting work, I learned how to bury my head in the sand firmly enough to avoid worrying about anything, and ending up worrying about everything.
Time to really sort out the house (hey, I've heard that before).
Oh, and I hate cars.


The digital printing process is the modern-day answer to high quality, fast prints – which is what makes it the most-favoured of printing methods today. Instead of using printing plates as is the case with offset printing, artwork is sent directly to the printer, significantly reducing set up costs and allowing for faster turnaround times.
Shereno Printers has the most advanced wide and small format digital printing technologies to produce high resolution outdoor and indoor print solutions at affordable prices.


Step out in style this Autumn/Winter in a pair of these mens brown chelsea boots by Silver Street. They showcase a glossy exterior, rounded toe front, buckle detailing and a gripped outer sole. Additionally, the boots showcase fine stitch detailing and a small heel height for added support and comfort.
Wore the shoes all day first day. No problems at all.
I'm feeling a little guilty for buying such a good quality,well fitting,leather pair of shoes online from Shoezone at such a low price. Mind you,in the past I've always been pleased with my 'High Street ' purchases for comfort & value ! Thank you.


"Denied- Not Enough Revolving History"
lovinlifeinkc's review: I live in MO, they pulled Equifax where my score is 650's. Said I didnt have enough of a revolving credit history- which I dont. I applied for a Cap one same evening and was approved. Guess I felt greedy. Anxious to rebuild.
I heard they were easy to get as well. Not if you dont have some kind of revovling credit history. That was reason for denial.
Surprised. One thing... HSBC USA Credit Cards is being sold to Capital One FInancial and maybe things are in a transition?!
Didnt know that. Interesting this is Capitol One approved me with no revolving history.
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text:
Q: Is it a bad practice to set focus programatically to controls that's earlier in the reading order because the focused element has to be disabled? There are two buttons 'Show Less' and 'Show More'. I cannot use toggle buttons here because there is a middle state(displays one line of content by default) in the default view.
Let's say a user tabs to 'Show more' and activates the button, the section below expands and Show more button gets disabled.
When user selects one of the buttons, is it reasonable to set focus to opposite buttons button even if it's one step backwards in the reading order(for example Show Less is before Show More).

A: From an accessibility perspective, you normally don't want to move the focus off a button after it's been selected, but when a button becomes disabled after selecting it, you'd be ok moving the focus to the previous button.  You could leave the focus where it is and the screen reader would announce that the button is no longer active, but that can sometimes cause another accessibility issue if the focus indicator disappears because the element became inactive (2.4.7 - Focus Visible).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
November Poetry of the Streets
Moaning, crying, shouting, begging./ A man with rags;/ Children with scratchy, thin, worn-out/ blankets, infested with mold and lice./ A baby, with nobody to hold her,/ comfort her,/ or even feed her./ We can help.
Answers to Our Prayers: The Bearing Witness Chronicles
Features Uncategorized
I was sitting at a cafe watching the world go by when the world came to me and taught me about answered prayers and belonging. A homeless person who had been sitting near us said, "I believe in miracles." I turned to him and said, "Oh yeah?"
The Mosaic Tree: A Community Creation
The tree we created is a fascinating reminder of what can be accomplished by a full spectrum of people working together toward a worthwhile cause. When it storms, this tree will hold fast to its roots. Raindrops can resemble tears. And like tears, they will one by one dry.
Elderly Man Injured After Falling on Broken Sidewalk
The Oakland Public Works Department is faulted for ignoring the dangerous conditions that resulted in an Oakland resident in his 80s falling and being badly injured and hospitalized. The ruptured, crumbling sidewalk has caused the injuries of several people, yet is still ignored by city officials.
Preserve Affordable Housing in Berkeley
Any proposed development at the vacant lot on the corner of Haste and Telegraph Avenue that precludes the replacement of the 77 lost units of SRO housing is a theft of irreplaceable housing. Berkeley has systematically destroyed its SRO housing, replacing it with high-end condos and rental units.
Frail, Elderly Woman, Age 92, Lives in Fear of Eviction by Wealthy Landlord
"Rasheed wants to evict me, and he is making life very hard for me," Smith said. "This is the second time that he is trying to evict me, and now I am so worried that I can barely sleep at night any more. Now that I am 92, Rasheed knows that I need help to survive, and he keeps trying to make life very hard on me," said the frightened, elderly woman.
International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
While Occupy Oakland protesters were marching in the streets, another wing of the anti-poverty movement gathered to take a stand against injustice. Instead of marching, they were drumming. Despite the harsh reality of poverty, people at St. Mary's manage to find hope amidst the struggle to survive.
Occupy Wall Street: Elites Betrayed the Social Contract
Under the brutal economic Darwinism of Reaganomics, the nation was subjected to class warfare between haves and have-nots. Since the Reagan era, the top one percent of U.S. earners has enjoyed a six-fold increase in income. Now, this nation's economic elites are in for the fight of their lives.
San Diego's Freedom Square Attacked by Police
As one young man told me, the war for Middle-Earth has begun. The occupiers, mostly youth, had been camped near San Diego City Hall to proclaim solidarity with the Occupy Wall Street protests nationwide. They were challenging privilege, wealth and the ugly specter of militarism on the streets of San Diego.
Why We Should Support the Wall Street Occupation
The president has bailed out Wall Street but left millions of Americans unable to pay their mortgages. Greed is trashing the global economy and desecrating the natural world. October 2011 will mark a time in our history when the people of the United States rose up to demand economic justice
Stop the Machine and Create a New World
The occupation in Washington, D.C., was a massive outcry against Wall Street, the Pentagon, and a government run by corporations. The Occupy Wall Street movement is a beacon of hope. We are not alone. We are the 99%, and with courage and a commitment to nonviolence, we shall overcome.
Occupy Oakland: Timeline of a Resistance Movement
Occupy Oakland is at the forefront of a grass-roots movement against injustice that is sweeping the country. Oakland's massive marches and encampments have gained national significance. This chronology of the first month of demonstrations is a record of the amazing accomplishments of this people's movement for social justice.