I wake from unsettled dreams. Voices echo in my head. I have seen such things, such horrors and such wonders, that I need to take time to catch my breath and shake off my slumber.
Sleeping Dogs is a game that you will lose sleep over, for good reason. Mainly because it's so damn cool. It's a Square Enix endorsed product, so we expect quality and depth, following the tradition of their excellent, epic Final Fantasy games, but I still wasn't ready for the amount of immersion that this game provided. It's so real that you could almost be in modern day Hong Kong. The way that the rain reflects the neon shop signs off the tarmac is solid and more realistic than anything I've seen in any other game. The backdrops are stunning, if you get time to look at them as you're hurtling by in your vehicle, which are sleek as heck, and the characters are all ultracool. Wei Shen is a satisfying main character to play as, not too dumb, conceited or annoying, he broods moodily just as a proper film noir detective should.
The game oozes a sense of foreboding. From the very beginning Wei is chewing over his past and the injustices done to his family, like a pork dumpling over-heating and ready to burst out of the pan on fire. The game starts with a chase. You assume that it's going to be linear, which would be fine, but oh no, that's just to break you in gradually. The help some people at the market to earn some respect, and then it all opens out… and out… and out! You meet an old pal, Jackie, then get into a fight. Ah, the fighting. It's an integral part of the game, and boy, is it enjoyable! The skill level improvements are pitched just right, you learn new moves at just the right time that they're required, and to sustain interest. The fight system is sturdy once you get stuck in, you can kick, punch and do a decent variety of combos or evasive manoeuvres. Perhaps one small complaint is that the variety of moves required could be altered for specific enemies to make the player think about which combo to apply, as you can just hammer the punch button to bring down most enemies, if you wanted, although that would avoid much of the fun, and miss out on some of the most graceful and brutal moves ever seen in a game.
Then there are the 'environment interaction' end moves. They are so much gory fun. You mean you can do THAT with THAT?! Woah.
Cut scenes are pithy, relevant, often exciting and don't get annoying on repetition like some games. In fact, the cut scenes in Sleeping Dogs are better than a lot of gangster films that I've seen.
The game doesn't clock in at a great amount of hours to finish, I did it in 36 hours, a fair amount, but this isn't a criticism in any way. In fact, it's a big compliment, as the visceral thrill of it all, the pumping adrenaline rush, was amazing from beginning to end. You can keep playing the open world sub-plots as long as you want to afterwards too, so there is technically many more hours of fun to be had. You are thrown right into the action (sometimes literally!), and if there is a longer driving section, it is covered by some decent, plot-developing dialogue. The drives aren't usually too far away, anyway, and the spectacular surroundings and sweet-looking vehicles will have you gob-smacked throughout. The driving mechanics are smooth and easy to control without careening into buildings too often, making for a slinky, satisfying experience.
Oh, and did I mention that you can leap from your moving vehicle and grab on to another one? YOU CAN LEAP FROM YOUR MOVING VEHICLE AND GRAB ON TO ANOTHER ONE!!! This gives you a killer buzz when you do it, it's James Bond type stuff, amongst many other elements of the game that make you want to punch the air and shout, "YEAH! WOO-HOO!", only you can't do the punching part as you're trying to steer your car while chasing after some criminals.
However, the thing that makes Sleeping Dogs truly great is its storyline. It's all meat, and no fat. United Front Games, the company that produced the game, should be given top credit for this. They take the traditional undercover cop theme, with the right amount of tough talking, as well as some genuine affection towards certain characters, and also some mean, blood-chilling villains. I'm not just talking schlock stock and too many smoking clichés. I'm talking people that you would not want to meet in a dark alley, or even in a day-lit one. The finale is immensely well planned, pitched and executed (no pun intended).


What is it like to be a bassoonist? Samuel Cottell catches up with Ben Hoadley, Omega Ensemble's bassoonist and discusses life as a bassoon player.
Read more about Omega Ensemble's first concert for the year, Haydn and Mozart, a feast of quartets and quintets.
In Omega Ensemble's first concert for 2017 starts ambitiously and in true Omega style, with a classic favourite, some rare gems and a wonderful new work by composer Ben Hoadley.
...Bassoon Concerto, the highlight of the evening, its soloist Ben Hoadley beautifully capturing the sonorous, lugubrious tones of this too often forgotten instrument.
Rowden and John Lewis's clarinets chirped in the scherzo over the burbling bassoons and the horns rang out their joyful calls in the last movement.
The first movement features difficult runs on the piano in which the pianist, Maria Raspopova shone. The cello was prominent in the introspective Adagio while the clarinettist, David Rowden, shone in the finale, a set of variations on the above song.
Introducing Ben Hoadley, part of the Omega Ensemble family in more ways than one.
Ben Hoadley, Bassoonist and Composer talks about working with Omega Ensemble. Don't miss the world premiere of his new work 'Four Preludes' on Sunday 29 May 2016 at the Utzon Room Sydney Opera House.


text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are observed in all wavelengths, from high energy gamma-rays to radio. GRBs are characterized by an energetic ``prompt emission'' of $\gamma$-rays followed by a much longer period of lower-energy emission called the ``afterglow'', lasting from hundreds of seconds to years. X-ray, optical, and radio afterglows are not observed equally: X-ray afterglows have been detected in $\sim 66\%$ of observed GRBs when we consider the full sample of detected GRBs including the GRBs which are not only observed by the Neihl Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift), optical afterglows in 38\%, and radio afterglows in only 6.6\% of all known GRBs (Greiner 2021).\footnote{\url{https://www.mpe.mpg.de/~jcg/grbgen.html}} Indeed, some GRBs are too faint to be detected in radio \citep{2012ApJ...746..156C}. With the new Square Kilometer Array (SKA) facilities \citep{2021ExA....51....1B} and SKA pathfinder \citep{2007PASA...24..174J, 2011apmc.conf.1178S} we will be able to observe the radio afterglows of more GRBs. Out of the total number of GRBs observed in radio, we count that the majority (152) are observed by the Very Large Array (VLA).

Swift light curves (LCs) resulting from GRB afterglows have highlighted complicated features inconsistent with a simple power law decay \citep{2007ApJ...669.1115S, 2009ApJ...703.1696Z}. Analysis of X-ray LCs has shown the existence of plateaus, or a flattening in the afterglow emission between the prompt emission and the subsequent afterglow decay \citep{2007ApJ...669.1115S, 2013ApJ...774..157D, 2020arXiv200311252F, 2020ApJ...905..112F}. These plateaus have also been confirmed in optical LCs \citep{2020ApJ...905L..26D}.

An interesting two-dimensional correlation between the luminosity, $L_a$, and the rest-frame end time of the plateau, $T_a^*$, known as the Dainotti correlation, was discovered more than a decade ago \citep{2008MNRAS.391L..79D, 2011ApJ...730..135D, 2013ApJ...774..157D, 2015MNRAS.451.3898D, 2016ApJ...825L..20D, 2017A&A...600A..98D, 2017ApJ...848...88D, 2020ApJ...904...97D, 2020ApJ...905L..26D, 2020ApJ...903...18S} and has been proposed as a tool to standardize the plateau sample of GRBs. These plateaus are thought to be produced by continuous energy injection. One proposed explanation is accretion falling back onto a black hole, where energy is released into the external shock, interacting with the surrounding medium and injecting energy into the observed afterglow \citep{2007ApJ...670..565L, 2012MNRAS.426L..86O}. Another interpretation involves the spin-down luminosity from a newborn magnetar providing the continuous energy injection \citep{1993ApJ...408..194T, 1992ApJ...392L...9D, 1992Natur.357..472U, 2001ApJ...552L..35Z, 2011MNRAS.413.2031M, 2014MNRAS.443.1779R, 2015ApJ...813...92R, 2018ApJ...869..155S, 2021ApJ...907...78F}.

Using the magnetar scenario, \citet{2013ApJ...774..157D} and \citet{2020ApJ...905L..26D} showed that this relation can be seen in both X-ray and optical wavelengths with a slope of $\approx -1$. This relation in X-ray has been used to build a GRB Hubble diagram with redshift values up to $z > 8$ \citep{2009MNRAS.400..775C, 2010MNRAS.408.1181C, 2014ApJ...783..126P, 2013ApJ...774..157D}. If this correlation also exists in radio, it could reveal information about the underlying GRB emission mechanisms and prove a step toward the standardization of the varied GRB population.

Our goal is to determine the existence of radio plateaus and examine the two-dimensional Dainotti correlation in radio. To our knowledge, this is the first such analysis with radio data, and thus the most complete multi-wavelength study of this relation. Our paper is organized as follows: in section~\ref{sec:sample}, we describe our data sample. In section~\ref{sec:results}, we discuss the multi-wavelength Dainotti correlation, distribution of the isotropic energy in the prompt emission, $E_{\rm iso}$ and the rest frame time duration of the prompt emission $T^*_{90}$, and correlation between $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. the rest frame end time of the plateau emission, $T_a^*$ and its correspondent luminisosity, $L_a$, as well as a comparison of $T_a^*$ in X-ray, optical, and radio. In section~\ref{sec:discussion}, we discuss the implications of the results achieved and present our conclusions.

\section{Data Selection} \label{sec:sample}

We take our sample from all published radio afterglows in the literature, mainly observed by the Very Large Array (VLA). The largest portion of our data comes from \citet{2012ApJ...746..156C}, consisting of 304 radio afterglows observed from 1997 to 2011. We extend our search to 2020, gathering an additional 100 GRBs from the literature for a total sample of 404 GRBs. We also note that of this sample, four GRBs have been observed by NAOJ-affiliated telescopes - two by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), one by the Nobeyama 45-m Radio Telescope, and one by the East Asian VLBI Network (EAVN).

We then put our sample through a filtering process to obtain LCs useful for our analysis. We first reject all radio observations reporting only upper limits, bringing our sample to 211 GRBs. To attempt a fit to the radio LCs, we require at least five observations within the same frequency, discarding 127 GRBs that do not fit that criteria. We further discard 2 GRBs without known redshift, leaving us with a final sample of 82 GRBs.

Where the data is available, we consider multiple LCs within different frequency bands for one GRB. We therefore attempt to fit 202 LCs in total from our sample of 82 GRBs - on average, we fit LCs in 2-3 frequencies for each GRB, though some have more LCs (i.e. GRB030329, has 9 LCs.) We perform the fit with a broken power law (BPL) model, using the equation:
\begin{equation}
    F(t)  =
    \begin{cases}
    F_a (\frac{t}{T_a})^{-\alpha_1} & t < T_a \\
    F_a (\frac{t}{T_a})^{-\alpha_2} & t \geq T_a\,,
    \end{cases}
\end{equation}
where $F_a$ is the flux at the end of the plateau emission in $\mathrm{erg}$ $\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, $T_a$ is the observed frame time in seconds at the end of the plateau emission, and $\alpha_1$ and $\alpha_2$ refer to the temporal power law decay indices before and after the break, respectively. The $\alpha_1$ index is important because it determines the flatness of the plateau. We compute the flux in these units for ease of comparison to X-ray and optical data.

To compile our final sample, we first discard 75 LCs because the data of the LCs are too scattered to be fitted with a BPL. Then, we discard 18 LCs, because they do not support the shape of the BPL with a plateau (i.e. their $|\alpha_1|>0.5$, or they can be fitted with a simple power law, etc.).
In addition, 70 LCs don't fulfill the \citet{1978A&A....66..307A} prescription regarding the $\Delta \chi^2$ analysis, namely, we varied the $\Delta \chi^2$ so that the 1 $\sigma$ bounds could be determined assuming that the $\Delta \chi^2$ shape is a parabola for each of the parameters involved in the fitting, see \citet{1978A&A....66..307A} for additional details.

With this selection we are left with 39 LCs that display a clear break - however, we further reject 9 too steep to present a plateau, with $|\alpha_1|> 0.5$, and 12 from repeated GRBs. Thus, we find 18 LCs that resemble a plateau with $0<|\alpha_1|<0.5$. We report the best-fit parameters for the sample of 18 plateau GRBs in Table~\ref{tab:table1}. All the errors quoted in this paper and gathered in Table 1 are calculated to 1 $\sigma$. We show the LCs of the plateau sample in figure \ref{fig:LCs1}.

Of these 18 GRBs, all are classified as long GRBs, with (GRB 020903) classified as an X-ray flash (XRF), 1 (GRB 141121A) considered X-ray rich (XRR), and 2 with Supernova associations \citep{2017A&A...600A..98D}. We classify GRBs with supernova associations according to the convention presented in \citet{2012grb..book..169H} in relation to the GRB-SNe Ic connection, with GRB030329 and GRB 980425 classified as ``type-A" or SN-A, indicating strong spectroscopic evidence for the association.

We note that two GRBs, GRB 020903 and GRB 120326A, have very large error bars in the $\alpha_2$ parameter - thus, we do not consider them in the subsequent analysis of the Dainotti correlation. However, we still include them in the plateau sample, as the sample size is small for the computation of the Efron \& Petrosian method. In addition,those GRBs meet all other criteria for acceptance of the fit. A plot of $\alpha_2$ vs. $\alpha_1$ for the sample of 16 GRBs with a plateau used in the correlation analysis is shown in the left panel of figure \ref{fig:alphas}. The same relation for the plateau sample plus the 9 additional GRBs with $|\alpha_1| > 0.5$, hereafter referred to as the ``break" sample (as they can be reliably be fitted with a broken power law model, but the slope is too steep to be considered a plateau), is shown in the right panel of Fig. \ref{fig:alphas}.

\begin{figure*}[t!]
\gridline{\fig{980329_8.46.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{980425_8.5.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{980703_8.46.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}}
\gridline{\fig{000926_4.86.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{010222_4.86.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{011030_8.46.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}}
\gridline{\fig{020903_4.86.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{021004_8.46.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{030329_43.3.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}}
\gridline{\fig{050713B_8.46.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{070612A.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{071003_8.46.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}}
\gridline{\fig{111005A_18.0.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{111215A_24.4.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{120326_7.1.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}}
\gridline{\fig{140304A_11.0.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{141121A_13.0.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}
\fig{171010A_15.5.pdf}{0.28\textwidth}{}}
\caption{LCs accepted to plateau sample from BPL fitting.\label{fig:LCs1}}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[ht!]
\gridline{\fig{alphadist_16.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}
\fig{alphadist_full_16.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}}
\caption{Left: $\alpha_2$ vs. $\alpha_1$ for ``plateau" sample. Right: distribution for ``plateau" sample plus the ``break" sample. \label{fig:alphas}}
\end{figure*}

From the observed radio flux, we then compute the luminosity $L_{a}$ at the time of break, $T_a$, using the equation:
\begin{equation}
L_{a}=4\pi D_L^2 (z) F_{a} (T_a)K\,,
\end{equation}
where $F_{a}$ is the observed flux at $T_a$, $D_L^2 (z)$ is the luminosity distance assuming a flat $\Lambda \textrm{CDM}$ model with $\Omega_M=0.3$ and $H_0=70$ $\mathrm{km}$ $\mathrm{ s^{-1}}$ $\mathrm{Mpc^{-1}}$, and K is the k-correction:
\begin{equation}
K=\frac{1}{(1+z)^{\alpha_1-\beta}}\,,
\end{equation}
with $\beta$ as the radio spectral index of the GRB \citep{2012ApJ...746..156C}. The $\beta$ values were gathered from the literature; where no value existed, the average of the existing values, $\beta = 0.902$, was assigned, with the average of the known uncertainties $\sigma_\beta = 0.17$.

\section{Results} \label{sec:results}
\subsection{Luminosity-time correlation} \label{sec:LT}

For the LCs resembling a plateau, we examine the Dainotti correlation between $L_a$ and the rest-frame time of break $T_a^{*} = \frac{T_a}{(1+z)}$ (the star * denotes the rest frame), similar to the work in \citet{2017ApJ...848...88D} and \citet{2020ApJ...905L..26D} (figure~\ref{fig:correlations}). For a review on the afterglow correlations see \citet{2017NewAR..77...23D, 2018PASP..130e1001D, 2018AdAst2018E...1D}. We use the Bayesian D'Agostini method with the {\tt\string cobaya} Python package to obtain our fitting parameters. Uncertainties are given to 1 $\sigma$. The luminosity-time (Dainotti) correlation in radio is defined as:
\begin{equation}
\textrm{log} L_{a,radio}=C_o+a_{rad}\times \textrm{log} T_a^*\,,
\end{equation}
where $C_o$ is the normalization constant and $a_{\rm rad}$ is the slope determined by the linear fit. Using the sub-sample of 16 GRBs from the full plateau sample, we find best-fit parameters $C_o= 55.42 \pm 3.91 $ and $a_{\rm rad} = -2.34 \pm 0.66$. An ANOVA test gives a p-value that this correlation is drawn by chance of $p = 0.005$, and the Spearman $\rho$ coefficient for this correlation is $\rho = -0.6$, indicating that the correlation is significant.

\begin{figure*}[ht!]
\epsscale{1.15}
\gridline{\fig{radplot_nc_16.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}
\fig{radplot_c_14.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}}
\gridline{\fig{rox_plot_16.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}
\fig{rox_plot_14.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}}
\caption{Top left: uncorrected $L_a-T_a^*$ correlation for 16 LCs, with GRBs differentiated by class: ``L" refers to long GRBs, ``XRR" corresponds to X-ray rich GRBs, and ``SN-C" and ``SN-A" correspond to type-A and type-C supernovae as described in section \ref{sec:sample}. Upper right: correlation corrected for selection biases, and with low-redshift outliers removed. Lower left: multi-wavelength $L_a -T_a^*$ correlation in X-ray, optical and radio shown in blue, red, and purple respectively. Lower right panel: correlation corrected for evolutionary effects with the same color code.
\label{fig:correlations}}
\end{figure*}

We compare the results of the $L_a-T_a^*$ correlation in radio to the corresponding correlations in X-ray and optical \citep{2013ApJ...774..157D, 2020ApJ...905L..26D}. We take our sample of 222 X-ray LCs from \citet{2013ApJ...774..157D}, Dainotti et al. (2021a in preparation) and our sample of 131 optical LCs from \citet{2020ApJ...905L..26D}, Dainotti et al. (2021b in preparation). To our knowledge, this is the first time such a comparison has been considered. We find a slope in X-ray of $a_X = -1.25 \pm 0.07$ and in optical of $a_{opt} = -0.97 \pm 0.07$. The radio slope agrees with these values within 2.1 $\sigma$.

However, for a comparison that accounts for biases and redshift evolution, we apply the Efron-Petrosian (EP) method \citep{1992ApJ...399..345E} to recover their intrinsic slopes of the full sample of 18 plateau GRBs due to the the paucity of the data \citep{2013ApJ...774..157D, 2015ApJ...800...31D, 2015MNRAS.451.3898D}. To this end, we need to mimic the evolution of the variables with redshift with a simple function of redshift, $f(z)=(1+z)^\delta$, where $\delta$ is the slope of the evolutionary function determined by the EP method through the computation of a modified version of the Kendall $\tau$ statistics. The slope $\delta$ is found when $\tau = 0$, corresponding to the removal of the evolution. We update the analysis of the evolution in the X-ray sample (Dainotti et al. 2021a in preparation) and we find $T_a^{*'} = \frac{T_a^*}{(1+z)^{\delta_{T_a^*}}}$ where $\delta_{T_a^*} = -1.2 \pm 0.28$ and $ L_a^{'} = \frac{L_a}{(1+z)^{\delta_{L_a}}}$ where $\delta_{L_a} = 2.4 \pm 0.65$. For an updated optical sample (Dainotti et al. 2021b in preparation), we find $\delta_{T_a^*} = -2.1 \pm 0.60$, which agrees with the X-ray value within 1.5 $\sigma$, and $\delta_{L_a} = 3.97 \pm 0.45$, which agrees within 2.4 $\sigma$. This is more likely due to a difference in sample size than a result of an underlying physical process.

For the radio data, the luminosity limit {has been determined} using a method described in \citet{2021ApJ...914L..40D}, in which a complete ``parent'' sample of GRBs with known peak fluxes are compared to a sub-sample of GRBs with known peak flux and known redshift. Here, the peak radio flux is defined as the highest flux observed in the LC, which coincides with $T_a^*$ for the majority of the ``break" sample. We therefore take the same convention for the parent sample.

The two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test is then used to quantify the probability, as a function of flux limit, that the sub-sample is pulled from the parent sample. We find $>90\%$ probability for all flux limits, with an observed increase in p-value beginning at $f_{lim} = -17.8$, in units of erg~cm$^{-2}$~s$^{-1}$, and reaching a plateau at 100\% probability at $f_{lim} = -17.2$. Therefore, we choose -17.2 as the radio luminosity limit and find $\delta_{T_a^*} = -1.94 \pm 0.86$, which agrees with the value in X-ray and optical within 1 $\sigma$, and $\delta_{L_a} = 3.15 \pm 1.65$, which also agrees within 1 $\sigma$.

After applying the EP method using this prescription for limiting luminosity, we find the slope for the Dainotti correlation in radio as $a_{\rm rad} = -0.26 \pm 0.71$. This is compatible with the corresponding correlation in X-ray, with a corrected slope of $a_{\rm X}= -1.02 \pm 0.07$, within 1.07 $\sigma$, and the corrected slope in optical, $a_{\rm opt}= -0.79 \pm 0.06$, within 0.75 $\sigma$. However, we note that two GRBs, GRB 980425 and GRB 111005A, appear to be outliers, with lower radio luminosity and redshift than the rest of the sample - if those GRBs are removed from the radio correlation, the slope of the corrected correlation becomes $a_{\rm rad} = -0.45 \pm 0.47$. This value of the correlation, which we consider as the intrinsic value, has been corrected for the effects of selection bias and redshift evolution and does not consider systematically different, low-luminosity GRBs. This slope agrees with the slope of the corrected correlation in X-ray within 1.26 $\sigma$ and the corrected optical correlation within 0.72 $\sigma$.
We here stress that these two outliers are the closest GRBs at the smallest redshift - an order of magnitude less than the redshift of GRB 030329. It is highly likely that these two GRBs are off-axis GRBs and this is the reason why their luminosities are substantially lower than the ones expected at their specified redshift, for additional details see \citet{2015ApJ...799....3R}. The radio Dainotti correlation for the plateau sample is shown without the EP method corrections in the upper left panel of figure \ref{fig:correlations}, and with the correction (and removal of outliers) in the upper right panel. The multi-wavelength correlations in X-rays, optical and radio, without corrections (left) and with corrections and removal of outliers (right), are shown in the lower panels. The X-ray, optical and radio data are shown in red, blue, and  purple, respectively.

Looking at the distribution of radio data within the luminosity-time correlation by class (figure~\ref{fig:correlations}), we observe no particular clustering of any type of GRBs.

\subsection{$E_{\rm iso} - T^*_{90}$ distribution and the presence of LC breaks} \label{sec:ET}

To further investigate the behavior of the GRBs that present a break, we examine whether there is a relation between the existence of the break and the energy and duration of the prompt emission properties of a GRB. Thus, we investigate the distribution of the isotropic energy, $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. the rest-frame burst duration, $T^*_{90} = \frac{T_{90}}{(1+z)}$ for a subsample of 80 GRBs of the 82 GRBs considered for fitting, for which we could either find a value of $E_{\rm iso}$ in the literature or compute the value from the literature - where no value could be found (GRBS 050509C and 170105A), we compute the $E_{\rm iso}$ using the following equation:
\begin{equation}
E_{\rm iso}=4\pi D_L^2 (z) S K\,,
\end{equation}
where $S$ is the fluence, $D_L^2 (z)$ is defined as in equation (2), and $K$ is the correction
\begin{equation}
K=\frac{1}{(1+z)^{1-\beta}}\,,
\end{equation}
with $\beta$ as the spectral index of the GRB. The $S$ and $\beta$ values are taken from the Swift/BAT GRB catalog \footnote{\url{https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/results/batgrbcat/index_tables.html}}. We plot the distribution of the $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $T^*_{90}$, shown in Figure~\ref{fig:ET90}. In the upper panels, we color-code the sample according to whether it presents a break – the blue refers to the 18 GRBs that present a break resembling a plateau, with $0<|\alpha_1|<0.5$; the red refers to the 9 GRBs that present a break, but with steeper $|\alpha_1|>0.5$, and the grey refers to 53 GRBs that do not present a break. In the lower panels, we note from which satellite and instruments the GRBs have been observed: the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), the Fermi Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM), and Swift/BAT are shown in purple, blue, and cyan, respectively. The left panels show the GRB variables without the EP method correction, the right panels show the variables after correction for selection bias and redshift evolution.

\begin{figure*}[ht!]
\gridline{\fig{ETbreak_NC.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}
\fig{ETbreak_C.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}}
\gridline{\fig{ETenergy_NC.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}
\fig{ETenergy_C.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}}
\caption{Left panel: $E_{\rm iso}-T^{*}_{90}$ distribution color-coded according to whether the sample includes the break. Right panel: distribution color-coded by instrument. The lower left and right panel show the corrected distributions correspondent to the above panels.
\label{fig:ET90}}
\end{figure*}

Similar to the analysis performed for the Dainotti relation in radio shown in the previous section, we correct the $E_{iso} - T^*_{90}$ distribution for selection biases and redshift evolution using the EP method, which gives $E_{\rm iso}^{'}=\frac{E_{\rm iso}}{(1+z)^{\delta_{E_{\rm iso}}}}$ and $T_{90}^{*'}=\frac{T^*_{90}}{(1+z)^{\delta_{T^*_{90}}}}$ where $\delta_{E_{\rm iso}} = 0.39 \pm 0.88$ and $\delta_{T^*_{90}} = -0.65 \pm 0.27$. The $\delta_{T^*_{90}}$ value agrees with values previously reported in \citet{2019MNRAS.488.5823L, 2020MNRAS.494.4371L} within 1 $\sigma$, while the $\delta_{E_{\rm iso}}$ agrees within 2.17 $\sigma$. We show the corrected distribution in the lower two panels of figure~\ref{fig:ET90}, and find no particular trend or clustering after correction. An examination of the corrected $T^*_{90}$ distribution alone (figure \ref{fig:Tdist}) shows overlap between the GRBs with a break and those without. A KS test between the two samples yields $KS=0.18$ with $p=0.56$, suggesting that they are drawn from the same parent sample.

\subsection{Correlation of $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $L_a$ and $T_{a}^*$}
To better understand the relation of the prompt emission to the radio afterglow, we further analyze the correlation of $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $L_a$ and $E_{iso}$ vs. $T_a^*$, similar to the work done in \citet{2011MNRAS.418.2202D} in X-rays. For the sample of 16 GRBs with a plateau considered for the $L_a$-$T_a^*$ correlation without correction, we find that the slope of the correlation between $E_{\rm iso}$ and $T_a^*$ is $-2.14 \pm 0.96$, while the slope of the correlation between $E_{\rm iso}$ and $T_a^*$ is $0.97 \pm 0.17$. After correction for evolutionary effects and removal of the two low-luminosity GRBs, we find the slope after correction for $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $T_a^*$ is $0.23 \pm 0.7$, while the slope for the corrected $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $L_a$ correlation is $0.61 \pm 0.42$. This indicates that both correlations are susceptible to evolutionary effects - indeed, the correlation between $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $T_a^*$ nearly vanishes after correction, indicating that the original result is very likely a result of selection bias and redshift evolution. These results are shown in fig \ref{fig:ETL}, with $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $T_a^*$ in the top panels and $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $L_a$ in the lower panels. The left panels show the uncorrected correlation, while the corrected correlation is shown in the right panels.

\begin{figure*}[ht!]
\gridline{\fig{Eiso_Ta_nc.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}
\fig{Eiso_Ta_c.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}}
\gridline{\fig{Eiso_La_nc.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}
\fig{Eiso_La_c.png}{0.5\textwidth}{}}
\caption{Top left: Uncorrected $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $T_a^*$ for sample of 16 GRBs with a plateau considered in section \ref{sec:LT}. Top right:  $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $T_a^*$ after correction for evolutionary effects. Bottom panels: Uncorrected and corrected $E_{\rm iso}$ vs. $L_a$ correlation for sample of 14 GRBs considered in the corrected Dainotti correlation, shown in left and right panels, respectively.
\label{fig:ETL}}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Comparison of $T_a^*$ in X-ray, optical and radio}
We compare the $T_a^*$ distribution between the uncorrected and the corrected X-ray, optical, and radio samples to determine if the distributions are drawn from the same parent population (figure~\ref{fig:Tdist}), similar to the work presented in \citet{2020ApJ...905L..26D}. The X-ray sample of 222 GRBs presented in \citet{2020ApJ...904...97D, 2020ApJ...903...18S, 2021PASJ...73..970D} and the extended optical sample (131 GRBs vs 102 GRBs presented in \citet{2020ApJ...905L..26D}) show significant overlap, and a KS test between the two samples without correction gives a value of 0.16 with $p \approx 0.03$, while the comparison of the corrected samples gives a value of 0.31 with $p \approx 0$, indicating a slightly greater difference after correction. However, though both the X-ray and optical samples have an average $T_a^*$ of $\sim 10^4$ seconds, the radio sample has a later average $T_a^*$ of $\sim 10^6$ seconds. A KS test of the radio sample without correction vs. the X-ray and optical samples without correction produces a value of $KS=0.96$ and $KS=0.91$ with a p-value of $\approx 0$, respectively, while a comparison of the corrected samples produces a value of $KS=0.99$ and $KS=0.89$, respectively, with a p-value of $\approx 0$ in both cases, indicating that in both the uncorrected and corrected samples the radio sample is significantly different. We discuss the possible physical mechanisms for this difference in section \ref{sec:discussion}.

\begin{figure*}[ht!]
\gridline{\fig{Tadist_16.pdf}{0.5\textwidth}{}
\fig{T90dist_NC.pdf}{0.5\textwidth}{}}
\gridline{\fig{Tadist_C_14.pdf}{0.5\textwidth}{}
\fig{T90dist_C.pdf}{0.5\textwidth}{}}
\caption{Left panels: Distribution of break time $T_{\rm a}^*$ for X-ray, optical, and radio samples. Right panels: $T^{*}_{90}$ distribution for the sample of 80 GRBs, differentiated between GRBs with or without a break. Lower panels show the same distributions corrected for selection bias.
\label{fig:Tdist}}
\end{figure*}

\centerwidetable
\begin{deluxetable*}{lCCCCCCCCCc}[h!]
\tablenum{1}
\tablecaption{Sample of 18 GRBs that display a break and a plateau. Full sample of 82 GRBs used for fitting available online.\label{tab:table1}}
\tablewidth{0.5pt}
\tabletypesize{\scriptsize}
\tablehead{
\colhead{GRB} & \colhead{z} & \colhead{$T_{90}$} & \colhead{log $F_a$} & \colhead{log $T_a$} & \colhead{$\alpha_1$} & \colhead{$\alpha_2$} & \colhead{log $L_a$} & \colhead{$\beta$} & \colhead{ log $E_{\rm iso}$} & \colhead{ref}\\
\colhead{} & \colhead{} & \nocolhead{(s)} & \colhead{(erg/s $cm^2$)} & \colhead{(s)} & \colhead{} & \colhead{} &  \colhead{(erg/s)} & \colhead{} & \colhead{(erg)} & \colhead{}}
\startdata
980329	&	3.9	&	58	&	-16.64	\pm	0.04	&	6.59	\pm	0.09	&	-0.08	\pm	0.06	&	0.83	\pm	0.32	&	43.75	\pm	0.12	&	1.7	\pm	0.17	&	54.32	\pm	0.18	&	[1]	\\
980425	&	0.0085	&	31	&	-15.07	\pm	0.01	&	6.52	\pm	0.01	&	-0.46	\pm	0.05	&	1.55	\pm	0.08	&	38.14	\pm	0.01	&	0.75	\pm	0.17	&	48.20	\pm	0.13	&	[1]	\\
980703	&	0.966	&	90	&	-15.99	\pm	0.11	&	5.95	\pm	0.13	&	-0.33	\pm	0.40	&	0.86	\pm	0.03	&	41.92	\pm	0.12	&	0.46	\pm	0.2	&	52.84	\pm	0.07	&	[1]	\\
000926	&	2.039	&	25	&	-16.78	\pm	0.05	&	6.01	\pm	0.05	&	-0.22	\pm	0.20	&	0.45	\pm	0.15	&	42.24	\pm	0.10	&	0.902	\pm	0.17	&	53.43	\pm	0.11	&	[1]	\\
010222	&	1.477	&	170	&	-17.38	\pm	0.33	&	6.80	\pm	0.28	&	0.06	\pm	0.19	&	1.33	\pm	0.64	&	41.09	\pm	0.34	&	0.902	\pm	0.17	&	54.12	\pm	0.13	&	[1]	\\
011030	&	3	&	1500	&	-16.89	\pm	0.05	&	6.32	\pm	0.07	&	-0.21	\pm	0.20	&	0.91	\pm	0.25	&	42.67	\pm	0.11	&	0.902	\pm	0.17	&	51.69	\pm	0.50	&	[1]	\\
020903	&	0.25	&	13	&	-16.79	\pm	0.29	&	7.16	\pm	0.10	&	0.45	\pm	0.38	&	7.29	\pm	11.20	&	39.53	\pm	0.29	&	0.902	\pm	0.17	&	49.36	\pm	0.12	&	[1]	\\
021004	&	2.33	&	50	&	-16.27	\pm	0.04	&	6.44	\pm	0.04	&	-0.12	\pm	0.08	&	1.30	\pm	0.14	&	42.89	\pm	0.10	&	0.9	\pm	0.17	&	52.58	\pm	0.14	&	[1]	\\
030329	&	0.168	&	63	&	-13.65	\pm	0.02	&	5.94	\pm	0.02	&	-0.09	\pm	0.05	&	1.84	\pm	0.16	&	42.21	\pm	0.02	&	-0.54	\pm	0.02	&	52.26	\pm	0.13	&	[1]	\\
050713B	&	0.55	&	54.2	&	-16.68	\pm	0.06	&	6.31	\pm	0.07	&	0.25	\pm	0.14	&	1.90	\pm	1.05	&	40.53	\pm	0.07	&	0.902	\pm	0.17	&	49.71	\pm	0.41	&	[1]	\\
070612A	&	0.617	&	368.8	&	-16.07	\pm	0.03	&	6.96	\pm	0.05	&	-0.21	\pm	0.07	&	1.52	\pm	0.45	&	41.37	\pm	0.05	&	0.902	\pm	0.17	&	51.96	\pm	0.13	&	[1]	\\
071003	&	1.1	&	150	&	-16.40	\pm	0.12	&	5.82	\pm	0.20	&	-0.12	\pm	0.31	&	0.68	\pm	0.25	&	41.74	\pm	0.14	&	0.902	\pm	0.17	&	51.55	\pm	0.03	&	[1]	\\
111005A	&	0.0133	&	26	&	-15.53	\pm	0.05	&	6.44	\pm	0.04	&	0.00	\pm	0.09	&	2.26	\pm	0.90	&	38.08	\pm	0.05	&	2.03	\pm	0.27	&	48.00	\pm	0.17	&	[2]	\\
111215A	&	2.06	&	796	&	-15.40	\pm	0.02	&	6.06	\pm	0.02	&	0.15	\pm	0.03	&	1.08	\pm	0.08	&	43.45	\pm	0.08	&	0.902	\pm	0.17	&	53.29	\pm	0.12	&	[3]	\\
120326A	&	1.798	&	69.6	&	-16.40	\pm	0.17	&	6.59	\pm	0.27	&	-0.12	\pm	0.30	&	2.04	\pm	2.92	&	42.40	\pm	0.19	&	0.902	\pm	0.17	&	52.51	\pm	0.04	&	[4]	\\
140304A	&	5.283	&	31.2	&	-16.56	\pm	0.04	&	5.73	\pm	0.07	&	-0.11	\pm	0.11	&	0.89	\pm	0.16	&	43.88	\pm	0.32	&	1.1	\pm	0.4	&	53.14	\pm	0.03	&	[5]	\\
141121A	&	1.47	&	33.2	&	-16.72	\pm	0.08	&	6.29	\pm	0.11	&	0.28	\pm	0.18	&	1.10	\pm	0.71	&	41.23	\pm	0.08	&	-0.18	\pm	0.07	&	50.83	\pm	0.16	&	[6]	\\
171010A	&	0.3285	&	104	&	-15.40	\pm	0.02	&	5.52	\pm	0.03	&	-0.11	\pm	0.09	&	1.11	\pm	0.05	&	41.40	\pm	0.02	&	1.9	\pm	0.05	&	53.26	\pm	0.01	&	[7]	\\
\enddata
\tablecomments{Note - Includes GRB ID, redshift, duration, best-fit parameters $F_a$, $T_a^*$, $\alpha_1$, $\alpha_2$, luminosity at time of break $L_a$, radio spectral index $\beta$, and $E_{iso}$. Redshift and $T_{90}$ taken from Greiner (2021) and GCNs when not given in the literature. Best-fit parameters computed from BPL and reported as given by the fit, with the uncertainties at 1 $\sigma$}. $L_a$ computed from best-fit parameters. $\beta$ taken from the literature or set as the average. $E_{iso}$ taken from the literature. References are as follows:
[1] \citet{2012ApJ...746..156C}, [2] Michalowski et al. (2018), [3] \citet{2013ApJ...767..161Z}, [4] \citet{2015ApJ...814....1L}, [5] \citet{2019ApJ...884..121L}, [6] \citet{2015ApJ...812..122C}, [7] \citet{2019MNRAS.486.2721B}
\end{deluxetable*}

\section{Discussion and conclusions} \label{sec:discussion}

Using the largest compilation of published GRB radio afterglows to date, we achieve two main findings : 1) 18 GRBs resemble a plateau feature in their LCs, and, 2) using this sample, the Dainotti correlation still holds for this radio sample, comparable within 2.1 $\sigma$. After correction for evolutionary effects and removal of outliers, we find that the Dainotti radio correlation is compatible with the corresponding X-ray and optical correlations within 1.5 $\sigma$, with a slope of $a_{\rm rad} = -0.45 \pm 0.47$.
As the slope of the corrected radio correlation agrees with -1 within 1.17 $\sigma$, similar to the slope found in X-ray, this could indicate that the energy reservoir is conserved. One likely candidate for the production of the plateau is a black hole central engine, where the energy injection is driven by fall-back accretion onto the black hole. \citet{2008Sci...321..376K} suggests that the prompt emission is driven by accretion of the outer stellar core, while the plateau phase seen in X-ray LCs is caused by the accretion of the stellar envelope of the progenitor, or is possibly driven by the magnetar.

Another important finding is that the radio break times occur significantly later than the other wavelengths. On average, the X-ray and optical plateaus last $\sim 10^4$ seconds, while radio plateaus last $\sim 10^6$ seconds. However, there are cases in which longer X-ray plateaus have been seen to last upwards of $\sim 10^5$ seconds, such as GRB 060218 and GRB 980425, detailed in \citet{2017A&A...600A..98D}. The late break times in radio could be a result of the peak of the spectrum appearing in the radio band at later times as the jet decelerates, consistent with the afterglow standard synchrotron shock model.

On the other hand, the late break could indicate that $T_a^*$ is not the end of a plateau, but a break observed in radio wavelengths. The dynamics of the afterglow emission for an outflow propagating into surrounding constant-density medium has been widely explored \citep{1995ApJ...455L.143S, 1996ApJ...473..204S, 1997ApJ...489L..37S, 1999ApJ...519L..17S}. The outflow transfers a large amount of its energy to this surrounding medium during the deceleration phase. Since the outflow launched into a cone of opening angle $\theta_{\rm j}$ sweeps the surrounding medium, it decelerates, thus increasing the angular size of the emitting region ($\propto 1/\Gamma_{\rm j}$). Once $1/\Gamma_{\rm j}\approx \theta_{\rm j}$, there will be no additional radiating elements from the jet if we assume a ``top hat'' jet, or another structure with a steep drop-off in energy per unit angle outside the core, producing a steepening in the LC. This  ``break" is expected to last from several hours to days \citep[e.g., see][]{2015PhR...561....1K}. After this phase, the energy flux at radio bands is expected to evolve as $F_\nu\propto t^{-p}$ for $\nu_{\rm m} < \nu < \nu_{\rm c}$  and $\propto t^{-\frac{1}{3}}$ for  $\nu < \nu_{\rm m} <  \nu_{\rm c}$ \citep{1999ApJ...519L..17S}.
In our sample, the $\alpha_2$ values, referring to an evolving slope of the decay phase, range from -0.27 to -0.9 with an average of -0.5, which could potentially support a decay within the $\nu < \nu_{\rm m} <  \nu_{\rm c}$ regime.

Regarding whether the presence of the break is related to the prompt emission, we investigate the distribution between $E_{\rm iso}$ and $T^{*}_{90}$ with and without correction for redshift evolution. We do not observe any trend or clustering in the sample of GRBs that present a break and those without, suggesting that $E_{\rm iso}$ and $T^{*}_{90}$ are not indicators of a jet break within a radio LC. More analysis is needed to determine if there is another physical reason for this distinction.

In conclusion, we find:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item After correction, the slope of the Dainotti correlation in radio agrees with the X-ray and optical within 1.5 $\sigma$, instead of within 2.1 $\sigma$ when evolutionary effects are not considered. This emphasizes the importance of correcting for selection bias and that the two correlations can be interpreted within the same mechanism if we consider the slope of the correlation as a discriminant among models.

    \item The time of break in the radio sample occurs later than in X-ray and optical, and the radio sample is found to be statistically different from the X-ray and optical samples. The late break time can be a result of the passage of the synchrotron characteristic break ($\nu_{m}\propto t^{-\frac32}$) through radio wavelengths
    during the lateral expansion phase. After the break, the flux at radio bands is expected to evolve first as $F_\nu\propto t^{-\frac{1}{3}}$ for  $\nu < \nu_{\rm m} <  \nu_{\rm c}$ and later, as   $\propto t^{-p}$ for $\nu_{\rm m} < \nu < \nu_{\rm c}$ \citep{1999ApJ...519L..17S}. Another plausible explanation could be that the flux that dominates the radio bands is emitted in a wider decelerated shell \citep[e.g., see][]{2014MNRAS.437.1821M, 2013ApJ...778..107S, 2021ApJ...907...78F}.
    \item Analysis of the $E_{\rm iso}$ and $T^*_{90}$ of 80 GRBs demonstrates that GRBs with and without a break in the LC appear to be drawn from the same parent population.
    \end{enumerate}

\section{Acknowledgements}
\begin{acknowledgements}
This work was made possible in part by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists (WDTS) under the Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships (SULI) program. We thank Dr. Cuellar for managing the SULI program at Stanford National Accelerator Laboratory. We also acknowledge the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan for their support in making this research possible, as well as Aleksander Lenart for helpful discussions during the writing of this paper. PC acknowledges support of the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, under project no. 12-R\&D-TFR-1155 5.02-0700.
\end{acknowledgements}

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text:
'Not a bigger club': Pundit reacts as Arsenal star linked with Europa League outfit
Arsenal fans react as Shkodran Mustafi is linked with Italian club Lazio
Mark Lawrenson predicts Southampton vs Arsenal result
(Photo by Stuart MacFarlane/Arsenal FC via Getty Images)
Although Arsenal are in the process of offloading a number of players this month, one who is unlikely to go anywhere in January – or indeed this year – is Kieran Tierney.
However, this hasn't stopped the rumour mill from linking the Gunners full-back with a surprise move away from the Emirates Stadium.
According to The Telegraph, Napoli have made the 23-year-old a long-term target after missing out on him at the start of last season.
The outlet claims that, while the Italian giants are looking elsewhere this month for a short-term solution at left-back, Tierney is one they've earmarked for the future.
Tierney joined Arsenal in 2019 from Celtic in a reported £25million deal, arriving at the Emirates Stadium to much fanfare given his heroics for the Scottish Premiership team.
He has established himself as a key player in Mikel Arteta's defence and is going from strength to strength, his consistency standing out even during the Gunners' struggles earlier this season.
Last week, Marsh tipped the "great" Scot to potentially move to a "big club" at the end of the season:
>Young Tierney looks great at Arsenal. Could move to a big club at the end of the season…..
And, in response to the Daily Mail's article on the report, the Manchester City legend said the following:
>Napoli are not a bigger club than Arsenal…..
— Rodney Marsh (@RodneyMarsh10) January 11, 2021
TBR View:
Tierney has been one of Arsenal's best and most consistent players, shining amid a sea of mediocrity earlier this season and now looking more inspired than ever as the team gets back on track.
He is obviously in Arteta's long-term plans, given his age, talent, attitude and leadership skills, and any interest from potential suitors is likely to be rejected right away.
Besides, as Marsh says, Napoli aren't really a bigger club than Arsenal, so even if the Gunners were – hypothetically – to green-light an approach, why would Tierney even consider such a move?
Related Topics:Arsenal FC, Kieran Tierney, premier league, Rodney Marsh, transfer talk
More in Arsenal
Arsenal centre-back Shkodran Mustafi is reportedly wanted by Italian side Lazio – and some Gunners fans...
Sky Sports are claiming that Arsenal have made an approach to take Martin Odegaard on loan...
Mark Lawrenson has told BBC Sport that he expects Mikel Arteta to name a strong side...
Exclusive: Martyn discusses potential Roberts loan, and an Arsenal striker for Leeds?
Arsenal fans react to club's Gabriel Martinelli update

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This cutter is simply stunning in all respects. design, layout, craftmanship, equipment and maintenance are all up to a very high standard. The layout is very suitable for 4 persons with a roomy owners cabin and a more than comfortable guest cabin. First and only owner who kept her in a superb condition.
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text:
Q: The present of FileOutputStream cause the InputStream.read error I have some problem with Java IO, this code below is not working, the variable count return -1 directly.
public void putFile(String name, InputStream is) {

    try {

        OutputStream output = new FileOutputStream("D:\\TEMP\\" + name);

        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
        int count = is.read(buf);
        while( count >0) {
            output.write(buf, 0, count);
            count = is.read(buf);
        }

    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {

    } catch (IOException e) {

    }

}

But if I commented the OutputStream such as
    public void putFile(String name, InputStream is) {

    try {

        //OutputStream output = new FileOutputStream("D:\\TEMP\\" + name);

        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
        int count = is.read(buf);
        while( count >0) {
            //output.write(buf, 0, count);
            count = is.read(buf);
        }

    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {

    } catch (IOException e) {

    }

}

The count will return the right value (>-1).
How is this possible ? Is it a bug ?
I'm using Jetty in Eclipse with Google plugins and Java 6.21 in Windows 7.
PS :I change the original code, but it doesn't affect the question

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text:
Seminar to Launch Reports on Conflict Resolution in Asia
Date: Wednesday, 27 July 2011
Time: 2 – 5pm
Venue: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS)
Click play to listen to the audio recording of the seminar.
Main Speaker: Dr Michael Vatikiotis, Regional Director, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre), Singapore.
Speakers: Mr Ouseph Tharakan, Project Officer, HD Centre, Singapore; and Dr Muridan Widjojo, Center for Political Studies at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta.
Chairperson: Associate Professor Ralf Emmers, Acting Head, RSIS Centre for Non-Traditional Security (NTS) Studies, Nanyang Technological University (NTU).
This seminar marked the launch of three country reports from the Comparative Perspectives on Conflict Management and Peacemaking in Asia project undertaken by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) and its partners. The HD Centre's primary role across the globe is to facilitate dialogue and mediate in armed conflicts. Its collaborators in this project, which began in 2009, included the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Current Asia, the Institute of Bangsamoro Studies and the Delhi Policy Group.
The three country reports aim to offer a comparative perspective on approaches to conflict resolution, with each focusing on specific cases:
India: Kashmir, Manipur and the Naxalite insurgency.
Indonesia: Papua, Maluku and Sulawesi.
Philippines: The emphasis is on the use of civilian militia, a thematic issue of pressing concern in many peace processes, including in its southern provinces.
The seminar was led by Dr Michael Vatikiotis, Regional Director of the HD Centre. The authors of two country reports, Mr Ouseph Tharakan and Dr Muridan Widjojo, also presented.
Dr Michael Vatikiotis highlighted that the examination of the successes and challenges of peacemaking in Asia is ultimately to provide practitioners in the area of conflict resolution with lessons learned and best practices.
Although the contexts of the case studies were quite varied, he noted that each started with the same lines of inquiry: What are the different ways the state engages with armed groups? What negotiation strategies have been used by parties to the conflict? How have armed actors other than armed opposition groups, such as militia groups, been dealt with? What is the role and potential of civil society in peacemaking and conflict resolution?
While recognising the complexity and diversity of the various case studies, he noted that the project identified some common observations (and lessons learned):
The appropriate (fair/proportionate) use of security forces is critical to resolving conflict.
Civil society has the potential to play an important peacemaking role, albeit being dependent on sustained support and the space to operate.
The role of women in the decision-making processes of peace talks is a frequently neglected aspect; indeed, they are still often relegated to the role of victim.
Coordination within government is paramount.
More policy-relevant material is needed for parties to peace processes, even at the community level, in order to share lessons and provide examples for local peacemaking efforts.
In the absence of a representative from the Institute of Bangsamoro Studies, Dr Vatikiotis pointed out the significance of the Filipino case study. In the Philippines, while a lot of attention has been on the internal conflict in Mindanao, relatively little critical examination has been undertaken on the role of armed civilian militia groups, which are often aligned with the government and other private, political actors, in sustaining the violence. Thus, the Philippines report considers the pressures on peacemaking posed by these groups and identifies measures aimed at sustainably disbanding civilian militia groups.
Dr Muridan Widjojo's presentation focused on the Papua conflict and drew from research that had been carried out by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences in 2004–2006 and 2008, which resulted in the 2009 'Papua Road Map: Negotiating the Past, Improving the Present and Securing the Future'. He began by outlining the historical and political background to the current conflict and stalemate, and then highlighted the importance of a Papua-Jakarta dialogue, including how the ground might be prepared, as well as some key challenges.
He set the scene by drawing out four root causes of the conflict: the marginalisation and discrimination of indigenous Papuans; the failure of development, particularly in health and education; the conflicting versions of history and perceptions of political status; and the lack of accountability for past state violence and human rights abuses.
Against this backdrop, the Special Autonomy Law was enacted in 2001. However, it ultimately failed to win over the Papuan people. Dr Widjojo noted its weak implementation, and attributed its failure to achieve its objective to several factors, including the questioning of its legitimacy by both parties; a failure to address and act upon crucial components of the Special Autonomy Law; government policies which undermined the law's objectives, such as the division of territory and the banning of Papuan symbols; the narrowing of the Special Autonomy Law on the part of Indonesia's government to budget-mounting and physical development aspects; and finally, poor leadership and governance among Papuan leaders.
Demonstrating the discontent, there have been several major violent clashes since the Special Autonomy Law was enacted and low-level violent conflict is ongoing in many areas of Papua. Since 2004, the Free Papua Movement (OPM), a low-level armed guerilla movement, has become active again. Various youth groups have become more radicalised, particularly since 2006. The arrests and detention of political prisoners have further inflamed tensions and spread separatist sentiment.
The ostensible failure of the Special Autonomy Law and the ongoing violence demonstrates the urgency of establishing a dialogue between Papua and Jakarta in order to develop workable solutions. To this end, groups such as the Papua Peace Network are working to prepare the ground for dialogue from the bottom-up – developing relationships with diverse stakeholders, such as civil society organisations, members of parliament, Indonesian government officials, the President and pro-independence groups; preparing Papuans for dialogue, such as through public consultations; lobbying strategic state institutions; and securing international support.
While there have been substantive successes over the past two years, Dr Widjojo also outlined some potential challenges, including differing concepts of 'dialogue', particularly vis-à-vis the notion of third-party engagement; the potential spoiling role of Papuan pro-referendum hardliners; and faction rivalries, weak leadership and ambiguous objectives among Papuan leaders. Overall though, despite the challenges, Dr Widjojo's evaluation was that room for dialogue between Jakarta and Papua is slowly opening up for the reformulation and better implementation of the Special Autonomy Law.
Mr Ouseph Tharakan's presentation focused on the case of Manipur in India. Despite recording the highest number of insurgency-related fatalities among north-eastern states in 2008 and 2009, relatively little has been written to date on this case. There has also not been any major attempt at reducing the violence or bringing about peace.
After outlining Manipur's historical and political background, Mr Tharakan went on to highlight six main issues of conflict. First, many Manipuris continue to question and contest the merger with India in 1949, specifically the manner in which the merger agreement was signed, and this has led to a separatist rebellion. The hill-valley divide is another issue of conflict. There are internal tensions arising from inequalities between the Meiteis and the hill tribes (including the Nagas and Kukis), for instance, over land ownership; it was noted, though, that tensions also arise from inter-tribal rivalry. Third, across the north-east region, there is a sense of being distinct from mainstream India in terms of culture and attitude. This sense of alienation is one that is felt even more acutely in Manipur given that it is a majority Hindu state and might thus expect greater solidarity and consideration. Fourth is the issue of a Greater Nagaland. With the Government of India engaging in formal negotiations with the major rebel group in the neighbouring state of Nagaland, which lays claim to a Greater Nagaland encompassing part of the hill districts of Manipur, this holds the greatest potential to trigger conflict. The fifth issue is underdevelopment and institutional breakdown, including widespread corruption and extortion, rampant poverty and high unemployment, leading to an easy pool of recruits for armed groups, and a complete breakdown of governance, local political leadership, commitment to welfare, and respect for the rule of law. Sixth, the Armed Forces Special Powers Act constitutes a major cause of discontent. The Act has been blamed for creating a culture of impunity by providing immunity to national security forces undertaking counter-insurgency operations.
Mr Tharakan then outlined the dynamics of and among the main parties to the conflict in Manipur: the ethnic armed groups and the state security forces. He noted the presence of intersecting conflicts in the state – struggles against the central government, inter-ethnic conflict and inter-tribal conflict. Within the ethnic armed groups, there are also diverse and numerous strands of thought on the desired end goal of their struggles, ranging from a reversal of the annexation of Manipur to the overthrow of both the state and central governments, a return to Manipur's pre-Hindu past, and, on the part of the Kukis, a demand for the formation of a separate Indian state. Potentially complicating the situation further, state security forces commonly have links with insurgent groups, for instance, through the receipt of funds from such groups and election support. Thus, there is also a symbiotic relationship between the two main parties in conflict. In terms of civil society, it is not given much space to operate in Manipur, and tends to be divided along sectarian lines.
The case for political dialogue remains very strong. Given that the various conflict dynamics depend for legitimacy on competing perceptions of history and geography, it is important that there be a long-term effort to discuss and reconcile different perceptions over the contested space. In terms of lessons learned, these included the importance of development; the need to manage ethnic groups so as not to prioritise the rights or demands of one over another; the importance of a regional approach as compared to a single-track negotiation, which takes into account the groups' diverse views and demands; the importance of confidence-building measures early on in the discussions; the necessity of enabling talks without preconditions on the part of the participants; the potential role of civil society in preparing the ground for dialogue; and finally, the importance of government coordination, in this case between New Delhi and the state government.
The discussion brought up a wide range of issues and questions, including the issue of preconditions for dialogue and mediation; questions of legitimacy and how peacemakers choose who to engage in dialogue; and issues of terminology, including the different implications of using the concepts of peacemaking, conflict resolution and peacebuilding.
The issue of when a conflict would be considered 'ripe' for effective mediation was raised. In response, it was noted that while the presence of preconditions for mediation constitutes an important consideration, it is perhaps a morally weak approach or framework to be adopted by a practitioner interested in resolving the conflict. For instance, in Manipur, while the situation would not be considered ripe, the scene is nonetheless set for initiatives to start to ready the stage for an eventual dialogue process. Similarly, in the Papuan case, while both sides are currently not very well prepared, it was argued that the situation must merely be made ripe. Thus, the question should instead be 'can we make it ripe?'
In terms of how the HD Centre and similar actors choose who to engage in dialogue, it was noted that it should ultimately be considered 'an art and not a science', and essentially a matter of trial and error. Indeed, identifying and reaching out to various actors is a critical component of the preparation for dialogue. In terms of legitimacy issues in engaging certain actors, it was responded that there should be (and are) no taboos concerning who to engage in dialogue; sanctioned groups who are typically the parties to violence may be included.
Regarding theoretical approaches and terminology, one participant asked about the specific approach of the HD Centre project, given that terms such as peacemaking, conflict resolution and peacebuilding are often used interchangeably although each has different implications. In response, it was noted that the HD Centre's approach is primarily to avoid the use of such terms; its approach more simply reflects the view that dialogue is a tool for mediation to resolve conflict. Thus, the HD Centre prefers to use the terms 'mediation' and 'dialogue'. Nonetheless, the concept of peacebuilding is of specific relevance in the cases of Poso and Maluku, in terms of measures that are being taken once conflicts have officially been resolved.
During the discussion on terminology, it was also suggested that, for the sake of the wider profession, 'peacemaking' might be the most appropriate as it represents a catch-all phrase that covers all aspects of conflict resolution, while 'conflict resolution' merely refers to the mechanics of the process.
About the speakers:
Michael Vatikiotis is Regional Director for the Geneva-based Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre). Based in Singapore, he works on promoting dialogue and conflict resolution in Asia. Formerly editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review, Michael has been a writer and journalist in Asia for 20 years. He has lived in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand as well as Hong Kong. He has written two books on regional politics: Indonesian Politics under Suharto and Political Change in Southeast Asia. His published fiction books include The Spice Garden, a novel on religious conflict in Eastern Indonesia published in 2004 and Debatable Land, a collection of short stories on Southeast Asia. Michael is a graduate of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, earned his doctorate from Oxford University and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Maryland. He is a member of the Asia Society's International Council.
Ouseph Tharakan is a Project Officer at the HD Centre in Singapore. He has a Master's degree in International Relations from the University of Essex. Before joining the HD Centre in 2007, he worked with the International Trade Centre (UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development/WTO – World Trade Organization) and the South Centre in Geneva. Ouseph was a co-author of the Manipur case study.
Muridan Widjojo graduated in anthropology and French literature from the University of Indonesia. After conducting archival and local research in Papua and Maluku, he was awarded a PhD from the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. In 1993, he joined the Center for Political Studies at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences in Jakarta and specialises in the concerns of Papua and Maluku. He was also a member of the investigation team of the National Commission of Human Rights in 2000 and has acted as a consultant for various organisations in Papua since 2000. Muridan was involved in the research and drafting of the Papua study.
Posted on: 27/7/2011 2:00:00 PM | Topic: Internal and Cross-Border Conflict
Can Indonesia Advance Peace in Mindanao
Can Indonesia Advance the Mindanao Peace Process?
Enhancing Global and Regional Mechanisms for Conflict Management and Resolution
ASEAN, the Rohingyas and Myanmar's Responsibility to Protect
Myanmar President Pledges Commitment to Reform (published in The Straits Times)
Recalibrating Intervention in Southeast Asia
Myanmar's Road to Democracy (published in The Straits Times)
Ending the Displacement Cycle: Finding Durable Solutions through Return and Resettlement Regional Centre
Books and Monographs
Cambodia's Legacy and the Responsibility to Protect in Asia
Myanmar Perceptions of the Social Economics of Myanmar: A Textbook
Air Strikes Opposed (published in China Daily) adapted from "Mercenaries" in Libya: Impact of Legal Impunity - Analysis
"Mercenaries" in Libya: Impact of Legal Impunity - Analysis (published in Eurasia Review) adapted from "Mercenaries" in Libya: Impact of Legal Impunity - Analysis
Applying the Ethnic Rebellion Model and Risk Assessment Model to Conflict in Myanmar (published in Burma Digest) adapted from Applying the Ethnic Rebellion Model and Risk Assessment Model to Conflict in Myanmar
Aung San Suu Kyi: Critic or Bridge Builder? (published in The Jakarta Post) adapted from Aung San Suu Kyi: Critic or Bridge Builder?
Suu Kyi release could boost Burma's economy (published in Bangkok Post)
The West Still Needs to Think Big
Myanmar Elections 2010: Civilianising The Military Government? (published in the Eurasia Review) adapted from Myanmar Elections 2010: Civilianising the Military Government?
The TNI: Strategic changes and implications (published in The Jakarta Post) adapted from Indonesia's National Defence Forces: Recent Strategic Changes and Implications
Preventing mass atrocities in Southeast Asia
The battle for Thailand's soul
On Thailand, what would Trotsky say?
Global Responsibility to Protect (GR2P)
Political Change, Democratic Transitions and Security in Southeast Asia
The US and Myanmar: Moving into a New Phase


text:
The Dripby Fern Shen8:33 amDec 23, 20210
Roland Park inks deal to buy 20 acres from the Baltimore Country Club for a public park
The $9 million sale price came after "multiple bids" due to "higher than anticipated" market pressure, the Roland Park Community Foundation said
Above: The conceptual plan for "Hillside Park" in Roland Park. (rolandpark.org)
The hilly green swath of land owned by the Baltimore Country Club in north Baltimore won't be a retirement facility or high-end single-family houses.
The Baltimore Country Club has agreed to sell a 20-acre portion of its land to the Roland Park Community Foundation for $9 million, allowing the group to move ahead with plans for a public park to be called Hillside Park. It is expected to be open in 2024.
"Park design will feature passive and active areas, walking paths, open vistas, possible playing fields or other spaces for sports," the Foundation said in an announcement yesterday.
Located between the clubhouse at 4712 Club Road and Falls Road, the parcel will next undergo "a public input phase and design process" involving Morgan State University's Graduate Landscape Architecture students, plus multiple neighborhoods and local schools.
A steering group for the new park will be formed in the coming months, with the goal of determining "the best ways to create a safe, fun, welcoming public space," the announcement said.
"We believe it will be the largest public park to open in Baltimore City in over 100 years," Marty Brunk, president of Baltimore Country Club and Mary Page Michel, chair of the Roland Park Community Foundation, said in the joint statement.
Development Pressure
The deal ends a period of uncertainty and, at times contention, as the 123-year-old Country Club began shifting its operations to its Timonium campus and interest was expressed by various parties including, in 2008, the Keswick Multi-Care Center.
• Bid for 20-acre tract submitted; Roland Park awaits word (6/3/21)
"Due to strong market demand from developers interested in single-family housing on the property, the price was higher than anticipated," the Foundation said, noting that it "had to increase its bid several times."
The fundraising campaign, which has so far raised about 70% of the purchase price, will continue, the groups says.
An FAQ on the Roland Park website has more information on the land purchase and plans for the park.
It notes that the park will be designed in the style of Frederick Law Olmsted, creator of New York City's Central Park, and that it will be maintained by private donations, not city funds.
The answer to one of the questions – "Can we sled on the hill this winter?" – will disappoint neighborhood kids.
"Unfortunately, no! Due to liability concerns, it is anticipated that BCC will strictly enforce its no trespassing policy. Out of respect for the cooperation between BCC and the Foundation, we hope neighbors will respect this rule."
The DripJan 17, 2022
How could Mosby claim financial hardship on businesses that her spokeswoman and prior lawyers said were not operating? "I don't know how you define operational. . . They were running."
The DripJan 5, 2022
Renter advocates dispute Scott's claim he has no authority to suspend evictions
Jack Young halted evictions in 2020 and the current mayor should do so again, they say.


Now, where did we put that busted toaster?
For most of us here in 2019, our days are powered by electronics — our routers, TVs, computers and coffee pots make our world go 'round. But our tech-centric lifestyles pose a new problem: What do we do with our old electronics once we're done with them?
Electronics Recycling Unplugged is solving that problem with a two-day recycling drive at Verizon Arena. From 7 a.m. - 2 p.m. on Tuesday and Wednesday, April 23-24, Pulaski County residents can drop off their unneeded, broken, or obsolete e-waste for free to be securely recycled.
Essentially, if it plugs into the wall, they'll take it off your hands. All you have to do is drive up to the VIP parking area on East Washington Avenue and drop it off.
Still not sure what's allowed? Click here for the full list of recyclable items.
To learn more about recycling in Little Rock, visit the Regional Recycling website.


text:
NFL Draft Player Rankings - 2019
Players: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Become an Insider to access ESPN.com's complete NFL draft coverage, plus exclusive player grades, rankings and expert analysis. Sign up today »
Ranked Players
NAME POS HT WT SCHOOL GRADE DRAFTED BY PK(OVR) OVR RANK
Nick Bosa* DE 6'3¾" 266 Ohio State 95 San Francisco 2(2) 1
Quinnen Williams* DT 6'3" 303 Alabama 95 NY Jets 3(3) 2
Ed Oliver* DT 6'1⅞" 287 Houston 94 Buffalo 9(9) 3
Devin White* ILB 6'0" 237 LSU 94 Tampa Bay 5(5) 4
Josh Allen OLB 6'4⅞" 262 Kentucky 93 Jacksonville 7(7) 5
T.J. Hockenson* TE 6'4¾" 251 Iowa 92 Detroit 8(8) 6
Christian Wilkins DT 6'3¼" 315 Clemson 92 Miami 13(13) 7
Devin Bush* ILB 5'11" 234 Michigan 91 Pittsburgh 10(10) 8
Kyler Murray* QB 5'10⅛" 207 Oklahoma 90 Arizona 1(1) 9
Jawaan Taylor* OT 6'5" 312 Florida 90 Jacksonville 3(35) 10
Marquise Brown* WR 5'9⅜" 166 Oklahoma 90 Baltimore 25(25) 11
Noah Fant* TE 6'4⅛" 249 Iowa 90 Denver 20(20) 12
Rashan Gary* DE 6'4⅜" 277 Michigan 90 Green Bay 12(12) 13
Brian Burns* OLB 6'4¾" 249 Florida State 90 Carolina 16(16) 14
Dwayne Haskins* QB 6'3⅜" 231 Ohio State 90 Washington 15(15) 15
Jeffery Simmons* DT 6'3¾" 305 Mississippi State 90 Tennessee 19(19) 16
Jonah Williams* OT 6'4½" 302 Alabama 90 Cincinnati 11(11) 17
Garrett Bradbury C 6'2⅞" 306 NC State 90 Minnesota 18(18) 18
Andre Dillard OT 6'5" 315 Washington State 90 Philadelphia 22(22) 19
Johnathan Abram S 5'11⅜" 205 Mississippi State 90 Las Vegas 27(27) 20
Clelin Ferrell* DE 6'4⅜" 264 Clemson 89 Las Vegas 4(4) 21
Montez Sweat DE 6'5¾" 260 Mississippi State 89 Washington 26(26) 22
Josh Jacobs* RB 5'10" 220 Alabama 89 Las Vegas 24(24) 23
Drew Lock QB 6'3¾" 228 Missouri 89 Denver 10(42) 24
Cody Ford* OT 6'3¾" 329 Oklahoma 89 Buffalo 6(38) 25
Dexter Lawrence* DT 6'4½" 342 Clemson 89 NY Giants 17(17) 26
Byron Murphy* CB 5'10¾" 190 Washington 88 Arizona 1(33) 27
Darnell Savage Jr. S 5'10¾" 198 Maryland 88 Green Bay 21(21) 28
Greedy Williams* CB 6'1⅞" 185 LSU 88 Cleveland 14(46) 29
Ryan Finley QB 6'4" 213 NC State 88 Cincinnati 2(104) 30
Rock Ya-Sin CB 5'11¾" 192 Temple 88 Indianapolis 2(34) 31
Jerry Tillery DT 6'6½" 295 Notre Dame 88 Los Angeles 28(28) 32
The complete list of NFL draft player rankings are availabe to Insiders. Become an Insider
Grading Scale
90-100 Rare Prospect
Player demonstrates rare abilities and can create mismatches that have an obvious impact on the game. Is a premier college player that has all the skill to take over a game and play at a championship level. He rates in the top 5 players in the nation at his position and is considered a first round draft prospect.
80-89 Outstanding Prospect
Player has abilities to create mismatches versus most opponents in the NFL. A feature player that has an impact on the outcome of the game. Cannot be shut down by a single player and plays on a consistent level week in and week out. He rates in the top 10 at his position and is considered a second round draft prospect.
70-79 Solid Prospect
Still a standout player at the college level that is close to being an elite player. He has no glaring weaknesses and will usually win his individual matchups, but does not dominate in every game, especially when matched up against the top players in the country. He will usually rate in the top third of players at his position and is considered a third round draft prospect.
60-69 Good Prospect
This player is an good starter that will give a solid effort week in and week out, but he is overmatched versus the better players in the nation. His weaknesses will be exposed against top competition. He is usually a prospect that is missing something from his game. For example, he has the size and skills to be an outstanding prospect, but lacks the speed. He will usually rate in the top half of the players at his position and is considered a middle round draft choice.
50-59 Adequate Prospect
These are usually players that play at a high level in college, but lack some measurables or skills to play at that same level in the NFL. He may be a player that has a lot of developmental qualities, or could be a player that will contribute right away on special teams or in a situational capacity. He will usually rate in the second-third at his position and is considered a fifth round draft choice.
21-49 Borderline Draft Prospect
These are players that teams like something about, but certainly do not have the full package in terms of NFL talent. A lot of times, teams will take chances on character players or developmental type athletes with this grade. And often, these are players that come from smaller schools or did not standout at the college level. NFL teams are looking for 'diamonds in the rough' with this type of prospect. He will usually rate in the bottom third of players at his position and will be considered a late round draft choice or un-drafted free agent.
20 Free Agent Prospect
These are players that did not make our original 'evaluation list' but are prospects that need to be monitored. Especially in the pre-season, these players will fluctuate up and down depending on performance in their final year of eligibility.
10 Not a legitimate Prospect
These are players that lack NFL measurables and/or skills. They are players that we feel would not even make a solid contribution as a training camp body.
Analysis by ESPN Scouts Inc.
Streak for the Cash
SPORTSNATION
Daily Line
ESPN THE MAGAZINE
SPORTSCENTER
TEAM ESPN
ESPN FRONT ROW


Documentary film The Legend Lives On: Atlanta's Fox theatre was released in December of 2016.
The Legend Lives On: Atlanta's Fox Theatre focuses on the historic Atlanta theatre and it's rich history in the city. Despite foreclosure, fire, and bankruptcy, Atlanta's Fox Theatre has managed to live for nearly a century and continues to show the latest theatrical performances, musical performances, movies, and operas in its fanciful and spectacular environment.


text:
How Accurate Are Memories of 9/11?
Recollections of the circumstances of how we first heard of the 2001 terrorist attacks may feel extraordinarily vivid and true, but they are flawed
By Ingfei Chen on September 6, 2011
Credit: Yann Arthus-Bertrand Getty Images
Editor's Note (9/11/18): Scientific American is re-posting the following article, originally published September 6, 2011, in light of the 17th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States.
For most Americans, as the nation's thoughts turn to the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, memories of that day readily come flooding back. People can remember with great clarity what they were doing or to whom they were speaking when they learned of the crisis—whether via a sister's phone call or a first-hand glimpse of the World Trade Center on fire.
Decades ago, psychologists theorized that the brain imprints such details into its memory, like a photograph, when we learn of sudden, tragic national events. These highly emotional recollections were dubbed "flashbulb memories"—but the notion of photographic accuracy didn't bear out in later research. [For more about the psychology of 9/11, read the Streams of Conscious blog, "Forgetting About 9/11"]
How much can we trust, then, of what we remember of 9/11? Some answers are provided by a national study of 9/11 memories conducted by researchers at intervals of one week, one year and three years after the attack. The team surveyed more than 3,000 people in New York City, Washington, D.C., Boston, and four other cities in Connecticut, Missouri and California. Last month, the scientists did a 10-year follow-up survey—data yet to be analyzed—making the project the longest prospective study of how flashbulb memories change over time. Scientific American spoke with New York University psychologist Elizabeth A. Phelps, a lead investigator of the survey.
[An edited transcript of the interview follows.]
New York University (NYU) is only two miles from the World Trade Center site. What was it like when you got to your lab the morning of 9/11?
By then, the second plane had hit the towers. There was nobody else in the office at that point, but one person. I went to his office, which looked out at the World Trade Center, and we saw one tower go down. You just couldn't even believe it. And then it was kind of a weird day. Some people came into the office. You really couldn't focus on work. So eventually I went home, watched CNN and ended up trying to go give blood.
How did the 9/11 memory project come about?
Phone service was hit or miss that day, but John Gabrieli, a friend and neuroscientist who was then at Stanford, managed to call me. He just wanted to make sure I was okay. We started talking about doing a study of 9/11, because every memory researcher knows about the classic studies of memories of the Challenger space shuttle explosion or the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. Then after a day or so, we decided to do it.
We worked very fast. John started putting the survey questionnaire together with Kevin Ochsner, a postdoc in his group. We got in touch with Bill Hirst, Marcia Johnson, Chandan Vaidya and other researchers who joined the consortium. By September 18, we had survey tables in front of the NYU library and in Washington Square, and Bill [Hirst] had tables up around 14th Street, at the New School for Social Research. Right after 9/11, people in New York really wanted to be around other people and to do things that were helpful. And I think taking our survey was something that people thought would contribute to the greater good.
My entire lab worked on the 9/11 project. At the time, it would have been hard for us to work on anything else. The streets were closed around NYU and the campus shut down. The study helped us stay busy and yet feel relevant to what was going on.
How does emotion in a traumatic event like 9/11 influence our memories?
Emotion kind of focuses you on a few details but lets you ignore other details. And if you are highly aroused by fear, that emotion helps you store things in your memory better, in a storage process called consolidation that depends on the interaction of the amygdala and hippocampus. But what we've known for a while is that emotion gives you a stronger confidence in your memory than it does necessarily in the accuracy. Usually, when a memory has highly vivid details and you're confident in those details, that means you're likely to be right. Confidence often goes hand in hand with accuracy. But when something is highly emotional, they often get separated.
So if you look at memory for 9/11, pretty much everybody would say, "I know where I was, who I was with," etc. etc. Everyone thinks, "Oh, I never would forget that." But we know from a lot of studies from the past 30 years that people aren't necessarily right. You can't even convince people that their memories are wrong. All you can say is that data would suggest your memory's wrong.
With emotional events like 9/11, I think we do have better memory for the important details [as compared with a neutral event]—we just don't have great memory for all the details. And we think we do, and that's the real contrast. Whereas, if I told you that you don't remember the details of your 26th birthday, you wouldn't be surprised, necessarily.
What exactly did you learn about the accuracy of 9/11 memories in the national survey?
It's important to mention that when we talk about "accuracy" here, we mean accuracy for details like, how did find you find out about 9/11, or who were you with? It's not the case that you don't have a fairly vivid image in your head of the planes crashing into the building. No one's forgetting 9/11 occurred.
Our measure of accuracy is consistency with what people told us in the survey the week after the attack. From that first survey to the second survey a year later, the overall consistency of the details of how they learned of 9/11 was only 63 percent. At the third survey, three years after the attack, consistency was 57 percent. So people were only a little more than 50 percent right for a lot of the details.
But they were particularly bad at remembering what their emotions were after 9/11—accurate only about 40 percent of the time, after a year. And yet overall, for all those details, people's confidence in their memories was, on average, greater than 4 on a scale of 1 to 5.
How well did people remember the facts about the attack itself?
They were better at memories for the facts of the attack than they were for their personal recollections. For instance, in recalling the number of planes involved, they were 94 percent accurate immediately afterward in the first survey, 86 percent accurate a year later, and 81 percent accurate three years later. But of course, those facts are supported by external reminders from media coverage.
An explicit example is that we also asked, "Where was President Bush when the attack happened?" Eighty-seven percent of people were accurate immediately after 9/11—but they dropped off to 57 percent and then went back up to 81 percent between the second and third surveys. We know that was due to a lot of people seeing or hearing about Michael Moore's film, Fahrenheit 9/11, which went over all the details that occurred.
Are there certain aspects of our personal recollections of 9/11 that look more reliable than others?
My research group at NYU has started to look at what kind of details are people better at and worse at in their emotional memories. Are there some details that are actually fine, that go along with the enhanced confidence you have in memory for details. And in a recent laboratory study—the paper is under review—we found that with memories for when and where, confidence does predict accuracy for emotional events, as well as neutral events. With when here, I mean the order of when one event happened relative to another event. We then went back to the 9/11 survey data, and we did see that memory was better for where than the other details. In recalling where they were when they learned of the attack, people were 89 percent accurate at survey two and 83 percent accurate at survey three.
Does it really matter if we don't have all the contextual details right in these emotional memories?
No. Again, I think we actually get better memory for the important details, but just worse memory for the other details. It's important to remember that the 9/11 attack occurred, right? I think—and it's just a theory—that part of why we have this super-enhanced feeling of remembering and sense of vividness for these highly emotional events is that knowing that they occurred matters a lot. Knowing the details about how they occurred, who told you about it, doesn't necessarily matter.
But the enhanced confidence that we have in the memory lets us rely on it and act quickly. You want to be confident of that previous memory, the main point of which was that there was this terrorist attack that could threaten my life and now I have to be wary of things that might be similar. Because you don't want to have to go, "Gee, does this remind me of anything...?" before you act on those types of threats in the future.
Recent Articles by Ingfei Chen
Baby Siblings Could Hold Clues to Autism Diagnosis
How to Learn Morse Code--Semiconsciously
Who Should Get a Brain Scan for Alzheimer's?
9/11: 10 Years Later
What Was in the World Trade Center Plume? [Interactive]
David Biello
The Next Attack? Terrorists' Attempts to Hijack Technology
Preventable Deaths: Is U.S. Domestic Security and Public Health Spending Out of Balance?
Twin Towers Forensic Investigation Helps Revise Building Codes, Despite Critics
Charles Q. Choi
Direct Response: 5 Pre-9/11 Security Breaches and the Safety Measures That Followed
John Matson
The Changing Mental Health Aftermath of 9/11--Psychological "First Aid" Gains Favor over Debriefings


The bag station is your centralised storage of adhesive. Related to your consumption it can be the Xfeed bag station, or the Xfeed big bag station with a capacity of 1000 kg. Glue can be stored outside your production, in the warehouse. No more glue transportation in the production area with a risk of spilled adhesive granules.
Everything is controlled here centraly. The center knows the actual demand of hot melt granule at every melter which is connected to the system. Operated via the innovative touchscreen display, the center distributes the granule related to the actual demand. The integrated feed tower handels the adhesive granule and conveys from 0,5L up to 10L in every single operation.
The linearly operated Xfeed distributor is linked to the terminal devices. The adhesive granules delivered to it are distributed to the hot melt units based on current demand (configurable with 4 or 8 connections, as required by the application). The number of connected hot melt units can be flexibly increased to up to 20 by integrating additional Xfeed distributors.
The adapter on a hot melt unit transports the granules to the melting tank. The fill level in the hot melt unit is measured by an adjustable capacitive sensor. Xfeed filler is manufacturer-independent and adaptable to customer needs.
The Xfeed filler integrates competitor melters to the system.
Melt on demand with Xfeed.
The Xfeed system is highly flexible and is perfectly adjustable to your production facility.


Plumbing is a crucial aspect of any home's functioning. However, your plumbing will require extra attention at times. Calling upon a plumber might not be suitable because of the season or the costs. The following article provides you with hints and tips that can help you update, maintain and repair your home's plumbing system.
Check to make sure that overflow holes are not clogged up. If your sink starts to overflow, the water will run into the overflow holes, this might not be a huge issue, unless they are clogged. Inspect and clean the overflow holes as part of your regular household maintenance.
If the hose that leads to your kitchen sink has not been maintained or installed properly, you may notice that water is constantly draining to the dishwasher. The hose between the kitchen sink and the dishwasher has to have a peak in the middle so that the water can't wash back in the wrong direction.
When you replace your shower head, be sure that the replacement head is high quality. People try to save money by buying the least expensive shower head that is out there. While it may be cheap, chances are you will have to replace it sooner, as it's more likely to break sooner.
If you want to save a lot of time and money on plumbing repairs, prevention is the best weapon you have in your arsenal. Drain clogs are a common plumbing expense. Hair can clog drains. Put a drain cover or a screen that is made to protect drains over your drain so that hair cannot get in. Make sure you clean the hair from the screen regularly. This should be much easier than cleaning a drain.
If there's grout stuck inside your line, it's most likely will be a losing cause if you try to fix it all by yourself. The grout can be broken in order to send it further down the line. This works best if your pipes are plastic rather than metal. This is a tough problem, however, that very often requires professional intervention.
Stay away from drain cleaners if possible. The chemicals found in drain cleaners are very corrosive, and can end up damaging your pipes if you use them too much. If you find that your drain is clogged, think about hiring a plumber to do a estimate and tell you what the issue is.
As made obvious here, there is quite a few things that can be done to fix up your home plumbing. Learning to apply these tips on your own can actually save you a lot of money, and help you in an emergency.


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New Zealand economy: Debt downgrade
FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE
New Zealand has joined the long line of developed countries whose credit profiles have been negatively affected by rising debt levels and volatility in the global economy. On September 30th two ratings agencies, Fitch and Standard & Poor's (S&P), downgraded New Zealand's credit rating from AA+ to AA. However, although private-sector debt is worryingly high, New Zealand's public-debt levels remain manageable. The Economist Intelligence Unit does not expect the factors that led to the ratings downgrade to have a significantly detrimental effect on the economy.
New Zealand's credit rating took a double hit on September 30th. Fitch downgraded the country's sovereign credit rating to AA, from AA+ previously, with a "stable" outlook, while S&P downgraded the foreign currency rating to AA, from AA+. (A third major ratings agency, Moody's, has maintained New Zealand's AAA rating.) These changes put New Zealand in the company of the many developed economies that have experienced debt downgrades in the aftermath of the global economic crisis.
According to Fitch and S&P, New Zealand faces a number of threats to its credit profile. Most notably, the level of household and corporate debt is high. In addition, the government plans to ramp up spending and stimulus in the aftermath of devastating earthquakes earlier this year. Last but not least, New Zealand has a persistent trade deficit and high levels of external debt. According to the EIU's Country Risk Service, New Zealand's gross external debt amounts to 52.8% of GDP�twice the median for Asia and Australasia. The country's net external debt is equivalent to 125.4% of exports, compared with a regional median of just 17.7%.
The EIU view
How serious are the sovereign risks facing New Zealand? At the outset, it is worth noting that, unlike other Western countries, New Zealand's public debt has yet to rise to dangerous levels. Although the public debt will reach an estimated 33.8% of GDP in fiscal 2010/11 (July-June)�the highest level in more than a decade�it is still low by international standards. New Zealand's public debt remains below both the median level for Asian and Australasian economies (35.8%) and the median level for emerging markets (35.1%).
We think there is little risk that confidence in the government's repayment capability will be damaged by the increase in the level of its debt. The authorities maintain transparent fiscal accounts and policymakers have been clear about the need to rein in the deficit and reduce public debt. In addition, there is strong domestic demand for New Zealand government debt, reducing the risk that officials will be unable to roll over their existing obligations. Assuming that investor risk appetite does not weaken markedly, the likelihood that the government will encounter payment difficulties in the next couple of years is negligible.
Overall, we rate New Zealand's sovereign risk as BBB with a "stable" outlook. We expect the country to continue to face difficulties in reducing levels of household and corporate debt. However, given its manageable levels of public debt, the government still enjoys a level of monetary and fiscal flexibility not afforded by its peers among OECD economies. Lastly, although there is a risk that borrowing costs could increase as a result of the ratings downgrade, we think this is unlikely given the current environment of low interest rates.
Source: ViewsWire


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Q: Concurrency control when storage is in files (not database) I need to architect and implement a multi-user application in C#, in which the persistence layer consists of files - and not a database. The files will be in a shared filesystem accessible for read/write to all clients of the application. So the problem of concurrency control and data consistency arises. If the storage layer was a database, the database vendor would have taken care of this headache, but now in a file-based storage how do I ensure data consistency in a multi-user environment? And also, if one client changes the data in a file, how does another client that may have already opened the file gets notified. Could you please point me to resources that will help me solve these issues. Thanks

A: You can try FileSystemWatcher
And implement Reader-Writer Lock pattern. When someone wants to read data, they open it for read only with sharing read, quickly read, then close and listen for changes if needed. When someone wants to write data - open file with write access without sharing.