Topic: In what specific ways is Bohmian mechanics helpful?
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In what specific ways is Bohmian mechanics helpful?
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This topic contains 12 replies, has 6 voices, and was last updated by Miroljub Dugic 3 years, 9 months ago.
I would like to know in what specific ways you have found Bohmian mechanics helpful (or unhelpful) in (1) thinking about a specific phenomenon or experiment (Gedanken, or real) in quantum mechanics, and in (2) working out the theory of this phenomenon or experiment. Examples, off the top of my head: quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography, decoherence, delayed-choice quantum eraser, no-cloning, quantum computation, quantum algorithms, weak measurement. Let's exclude the double-slit experiment, since it has already been used so many times to illustrate Bohmian mechanics.
Hi Maximilian, I have a few examples. I am not sure whether they are of the kind you are interested in, but I thought I mention them nevertheless.
Bell has a paper [Intl.J.Quant.Chem. 14 (1980) 155; reprinted in "Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics" p. 111] on how Bohmian mechanics answers the question of whether a delayed-choice experiment involves retrocausation.
M. Daumer et al., J. Stat. Phys. 88 (1997) 967, arXiv:quant-ph/9512016.
D. Durr et al., Lett. Math. Phys. 93 (2010) 253, arXiv:1002.0984.
T. Norsen, Am. J. Phys. 82 (2014) 337, arXiv:1305.1280.
C.R. Leavens, in: J.T. Cushing, A. Fine, S. Goldstein (eds.), Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996).
And, again, T. Norsen, Am. J. Phys. 82 (2014) 337, arXiv:1305.1280.
I personally found the Bohmian picture useful for studying the probability distribution of the time at which a detector clicks. I hope to write a paper about it one day.
I have used Bohmian mechanics in the analysis of systems in thermal equilibrium, which has led to the use of the so-called GAP measure, a probability distribution over wave functions appropriate in thermal equilibrium [S. Goldstein et al., J. Stat. Phys. 125 (2006) 1193, arXiv:quant-ph/0309021]. The GAP measure was introduced without Bohmian mechanics (and termed "scrooge measure") by R. Jozsa et al., Phys. Rev. A 49 (1994) 668, but no connection to thermal equilibrium was made.
I am presently working on a paper with S. Goldstein and W. Struyve using Bohmian mechanics to evaluate the question whether Boltzmann brains will appear numerously in the late universe, assuming the late universe will be in the Bunch-Davies state on a de Sitter space-time.
Here are some general remarks on the practical usefulness of Bohmian mechanics (in a rather random order). They don't address Maximilian's specific question but contribute to the overall theme of ways in which Bohmian mechanics is helpful.
* Consider two theories making the same predictions: one clear, precise, and simple, the other unclear, vague, and complicated. Which one is better? There is no doubt that Bohmian mechanics is clear, precise, and simple (a complete definition fits on a single slide). Copenhagen QM is not completely clear (Feynman: "Nobody understands quantum mechanics"), and it is vague and complicated because of the measurement axiom that refers to observers and measurements (vague concepts, as nobody has a precise definition of which physical objects count as "observers").
* It is one of the goals of physics to find out how the world works; it would seem odd to say, now that Bohmian mechanics provides a coherent answer that standard QM could not provide, that we are no longer interested in this goal.
* In the same vein, it is one of the goals of physics to find explanations of the observed phenomena. Again, it would seem strange to say we are no longer interested in explanations of, say, the double slit experiment–even more so in view of the idea, introduced by Bohr and eloquently elucidated for the double slit in Feynman's lectures, that such an explanation be impossible. Let me add, I agree that it is one of the goals of physics to make predictions (and another to develop better technology), but there are also the goals to find out how the world works, and to find the explanations of the phenomena that call for explanation.
* Bohmian mechanics has inspired some discoveries, e.g., Bell's nonlocality theorem. (My own recent work on multi-time wave functions and interior-boundary conditions was inspired by Bohmian mechanics.) It may also be useful in the search for, e.g., a theory of quantum gravity.
* Bohmian mechanics is easier to learn for students than standard quantum mechanics.
* Let me draw some parallels with the following questions: Do we need mathematicians? Should students learn proofs (say, of the Gauss integral theorem)? Well, for practical physics computations it is usually not relevant to know the proof of the Gauss theorem, while it is very relevant to know the theorem itself. That is, a limited level of rigor is often sufficient for getting the right answer and efficient for getting it quickly. Nevertheless, sometimes math can get very confusing, and then it is useful to know the details of math facts. (E.g., how exactly is the delta function defined? And what exactly does it mean to say that the Laplacian of 1/r is -4 pi delta?) So, it is good that there are mathematicians who are very careful when formulating statements and proofs. (And, after all, what they do is correct.) The situation is a bit similar with Bohmian mechanics: Even if it is usually not necessary for finding the correct predictions, it can be useful to have a precise version of QM, particularly when QM gets confusing.
* Bohmian mechanics provides some useful approximations for the computation of predictions, e.g., concerning the statistics of arrival times (when will the detector click?) and semi-classical approximations. While the predictions are the same in Bohmian mechanics and standard QM, and can be computed also without Bohmian mechanics, certain approximations are suggested by the Bohmian approach. To be sure, the approximation can equally be used if Bohmian mechanics is wrong (say, if collapse theories are right).
* Bohmian mechanics permits an analysis of quantum measurements, while they are taken as primitive and/or unanalyzable in standard QM. In Bohmian mechanics, one can prove theorems about measurement. E.g., positive-operator-valued measures (POVMs, also known as "generalized observables") arise from Bohmian mechanics through an analysis but have to be postulated in QM as an extension of the theory. As another example, I once used Bohmian mechanics to give a simple, clean, and clear-cut proof of a superselection rule (i.e., that certain superpositions are indistinguishable from mixtures), while standard QM could offer only hand-waving talk in support of this rule.
* Bohmian mechanics also permits an analysis of issues with philosophical subtleties, e.g., (i) limitations to knowledge, (ii) quantum non-locality, (iii) tunneling times. (i) This is the phenomenon that some facts in the world cannot be completely revealed by any experiment; e.g., wave functions cannot be measured. (ii) Bell's theorem says that entangled particles must undergo some action-at-a-distance (which cannot, however, be used for sending messages). (iii) Bohmian trajectories provide an obvious definition for how long a particle stayed inside the barrier during tunneling and a deconstruction of the allegation of faster-than-light motion inside the barrier. All of these examples have aspects that go beyond mere operational statements ("if we set up an experiment like this …, then the outcome will be x=… with probability p(x)=…"). And in all of these examples, the clear picture provided by Bohmian mechanics allows us to understand and deal with these aspects.
Hi Max, Thanks for your submission, which I think is an excellent one for stimulating some discussion about what people who like Bohmian mechanics find valuable about it. I have actually found Bohmian mechanics very illuminating in thinking about several of the things you mentioned, and when I first read your submission I thought "It would be good to write up a little note explaining, for example, how Bohmian mechanics helped me stop losing sleep over the delayed choice quantum eraser." As it happens, I then went looking around some of the other discussion threads and found a nice post by Daniel Rohrlich, in the "time-symmetric theories" forum, where he claims that "retro-causality is intrinsic to quantum mechanics". The example turns out to be closely related to the quantum eraser (and some other things) so I figured I'd kill two birds with one stone and talk about Rohrlich's specific example instead.
But first, I wanted to say something more general about why I like Bohmian mechanics. It's true that it provides, I think, a very illuminating concrete model against which to judge claims of the form "Quantum mechanics conclusively establishes X!" (where X is, for example, the failure of determinism, or the existence of parallel worlds, or the metaphysically creative role of observation or consciousness, or …). That is, Bohmian mechanics provides a very convenient way of seeing that many, many claims that one hears about what QM proves/establishes/requires, are actually just wrong. The available data simply do not require those things. This sort of debunking is the purpose to which I'll put the theory in my comments about Rohrlich's example below. But to me that's kind of a polemical side benefit, rather than the central reason that one should actually like the theory. That central reason is: it might be true. And what I mean by that is: Bohmian mechanics is the kind of theory that might actually be "the final word" about how things really work (at least, to the extent that you pretend that non-relativistic QM is empirically adequate). Orthodox QM, by contrast, has no chance (in my opinion) of being that final word — it is to me just unbelievable that there are really two different worlds (one "quantum" and one "classical") with distinct ontologies and dynamics and then only vaguely-defined ad hoc rules for how those two worlds interact when they meet. That just can't be right. It's instead clear that orthodox QM is some kind of phenomenological makeshift that, virtuous and accurate though it may be in terms of its predictions, simply can't be the final description of what's happening in the world.
Of course, Bohmian mechanics is not the only such viable candidate "description of what's happening in the world". There are a couple of different flavors of GRW type theories that are viable candidates; maybe (I'm skeptical, but maybe) Everett's many worlds picture is such a candidate; and of course there are presumably many such viable candidate theories that we just haven't thought of yet.
I'm not sure if Bohmian mechanics is (again leaving aside issues about extensions to QFT, etc.) true. But it *might* be true. And that mere possibility is a remarkable achievement — something that many/most extant "interpretations of QM" cannot match. This is, in a sense, the same point that people have in mind when they claim that Bohm's theory solves the measurement problem. But that, to me, is too negative a way to put it, so I'm trying to rephrase that point in more positive terms. Anyway, that's what I regard as the central virtue of the theory. It might actually be true.
|GHZ> = ( |+z>|+z>|+z> – |-z>|-z>|-z> ) / sqrt(2).
Rohrlich points out that if Jerry measures the spin of his particle along the z-axis, the remaining two particles (held by Alice and Bob) will be left in a product state (one of two possible product states, really, depending on the outcome of Jerry's measurement). Whereas if instead Jerry chooses to measure the spin of his particle along (say) the x-axis, the remaining two particles will be left in an entangled state. So the idea is that Jerry can *control* whether Alice's and Bob's particles are entangled, or not. And this of course has observable consequences: Jerry can control whether (at least once the data are later appropriately binned according to Jerry's outcomes) Alice's and Bob's measurements are, on the one hand, totally uncorrelated — or, on the other hand, so strongly correlated that they violate a Bell inequality.
But then Rohrlich goes on to point out that the above remains true even if Jerry's measurement on his particle happens *after* Alice and Bob have already made their measurements and recorded their data. So it seems that Jerry can control whether or not Alice's and Bob's particles were entangled (at the earlier time of Alice's and Bob's measurements) — i.e., Jerry can control whether or not Alice's and Bob's outcomes violate a Bell inequality — by his free and *later* choice about whether to *later* measure his particle in the z- or instead the x- direction.
It's maybe not clear whether Rohrlich means to claim that the particular candidate theory "orthodox quantum mechanics" is inherently retro-causal, or instead the more general claim that *any* empirically viable quantum theory will have to be retro-causal. If the latter claim is intended, though, it is definitely false, and we can see that it is false by considering what is going on in this experiment according to Bohmian mechanics.
Anyway, in the case that Jerry is the first to make a measurement, the conditional wave function of his particle is such that (for the standardly-assumed statistical distribution of possible Bohmian particle positions within the wave) his outcome is 50/50 random, no matter what axis he measures the spin along. As a result of his measurement, though, the conditional wave function(s) associated with the other two particles change (non-locally, to be sure) and hence the subsequent trajectories of Alice's and Bob's particles are different from what they would have been had Jerry instead made a different (or no) measurement.
In the other case, though, where Alice and Bob perform their measurements first, Jerry's outcome turns out *not* to be 50/50 random for all measurement directions. For example: suppose Alice measures her particle along the x-axis and Bob measures his particle along the n-axis (60 degrees toward the y-axis from the x-axis… just the kind of measurements we'd expect them to be making if they planned on seeing later if a Bell inequality was violated) and suppose that Alice and Bob both find their particles to be "spin up" along the measured direction (this will happen, according to Bohmian mechanics, some of the time, depending on the exact initial positions of the various particles). Then it turns out that the conditional wave function of Jerry's particle is such that, if Jerry measures along the z-direction, his outcome is 50/50 random… *but*… if Jerry measures along the x-direction, there is a 25% probability that his particle will be "spin up along x" and a 75% probability that his particle will be "spin down along x". It's not 50/50 random at all.
To be sure, there is nonlocality here: Alice's and Bob's measurements change the state (meaning, here, the conditional wave function) of Jerry's particle and hence (sometimes, maybe) cause it to emerge in a different direction from the Stern-Gerlach device than it would have (even for the same initial position of Jerry's particle!) had Alice's and Bob's measurements been different (or not been done at all or had they come out differently). So there is non-local (faster than light) causation, but no retrocausality. So the claim that the phenomena in question require retrocausality is simply wrong. The feeling that there is somehow something retro-causal going on, is in fact just a result of the false assumption that Jerry's measurement outcome is "really 50/50 random" when, in fact, in the relevant cases, it's not. What maybe vaguely looks like retro-causation from some perspective is instead, from the perspective of Bohm's theory, just a matter of biased post-selection.
* Ordinary QM, with nonlocal collapse, also provides a (rather parallel) way of understanding why retrocausality isn't required in this kind of situation. I say it's "rather parallel" because what I said about the Bohmian conditional wave function of Jerry's particle above is just exactly the same as what ordinary QM would say happens to "Jerry's particle's wave function" after Alice's and Bob's measurements collapse the overall 3-particle state. Of course, I prefer the Bohmian account, even for this polemical purpose, because, well, Bohmian mechanics might actually be true.
* The same exact ideas apply (in almost exactly the same exact way) to the delayed choice quantum eraser. There too, there is (at least according to Bohm's theory) no backwards-in-time causation. There may be faster-than-light causation (depending on exactly what quantum eraser setup one is talking about) but really the appearance of retrocausation is fully explained in terms of biased post-selection.
* And finally note that the basic idea here is really quite simple. Roderich Tumulka linked above to Bell's nice article about Wheeler's delayed choice (thought) experiments, explaining how there's really nothing retrocausal (or, frankly, nothing the least bit weird *at all*) going on, according to Bohm's theory. That's definitely worth reading/reviewing. And here's another simple example that I think brings out (what is, from the Bohmian point of view) the error in Rohrlich's reasoning quite simply. Consider the EPRB situation — a pair of spin-1/2 particles in the singlet state. Suppose Alice and Bob are just both measuring their particles spins along the z-axis. The outcomes are of course perfectly (anti-) correlated. Well, you might argue as follows: "suppose Alice measures first and Bob measures second; Bob's measurement outcome is 50/50 random (because QM); but the results are perfectly (anti-) correlated; so it must be that Bob's result retro-causally affects the state of Alice's particle, prior to her measurement, and hence affects the outcome of Alice's earlier measurement!!" But of course that is silly. I mean, that's one logically possible story, I suppose, but it's hardly required. It's perfectly possible to explain everything without retrocausality — by just allowing that Alice's measurement (which happens first!) non-locally influences Bob's particle (and hence the outcome of his subsequent measurement). See my paper on spin, linked above, for details about this case. I think, when the dust clears, it really is equivalent to Rohrlich's more complicated case — the error in both arguments comes down to assuming (unjustifiably and wrongly, from the Bohmian point of view) that some later measurement is "really 50/50 random".
Thanks a lot for your insightful replies. I'll dig up some of the references you listed. And I certainly agree with Travis that no retrocausality is required to explain the delayed-choice experiments.
while trying to learn more about Bohm's theory, i cannot detect Bohmian mechanics in quant-ph/0309021. Could you please help me by pointing out the essential points (conceptual or technical)?
don't expect too much. There will be nothing for teleportation, computation, no-cloning etc except a blanket "nostrification", i.e., the claim that if QM can do it so can BM (because, allegedly, BM==>QM). But the analysis of trajectories will add nothing at all to the understanding of these structures, because, to begin with, it is all in variables which are not position, so not on the radar of the theory (except by reading the position of some pointer at the very end).
In fact, do not expect anything for arrival times or even the double slit either. Why do find people the double slit paradoxical? Because they wonder how it can make a difference to a particle going through slit A whether or not slit B is open. The Bohmian answer here is exactly the "shut up and calculate" answer: You just have a different boundary condition, so you have to recompute the wave function, stupid. (Only in the Bohmian case you should compute a bit more fore the guiding eq.) Basically, you are merely told "this is just a manifestation of quantum non-locality". Drawing a bunch of trajectories on top of the wave functions adds nothing you could call an "explanation" for anyone who found the slits paradoxical in the first place.
About arrival times, Roderich seems to think that this is a good project. It is not, because there are two very distinct issues. One is the first hitting time of the Bohmian or Nelsonian position process. Whatever you will find is not quadratic in the wave function, so (as Bohmians are fully aware) will NOT be what you read on your measuring device. So if Roderich is interested in "studying the probability distribution of the time at which a detector clicks" (as opposed to "the time at which a Bohmian particle hits a surface") his best option is to scrap the Bohmian approach and do some honest QM. I worked on that in the 80s, and I can tell you that there are several ways of doing that, in varying degree of detail, even though most of the standard textbooks do not cover this.
Dear Max, Here is my reply to your question and to the provocative comments by Reinhard Werner .
First of all, BM offers a much better perspective than Copenhagen concerning describing what is reality. Reinhard Werner gives strong criticisms about the Bohm program but I think that his view is somehow misleading because he is unable to clearly understand that point. More precisely, if you focus your attention on the empirical contents of Bohm's theory and say that it looks like the view of a god (: 'only god knows where the particle is ' ) then you you could conclude with him that it is metaphysical. However, I ask him now what does he means by empirical contents? I think that when you try to answer a question like this one you should be quite prudent and modest. Like Heisenberg discussing with Einstein we should never forger: Theories always come before the experiments (I am both a theoretician and an experimentalizing and I accept that very well). Now, BM is a theory it has a clear dynamical framework and it reproduces all data (at least in the non relativistic domain). What you want more?
Like Reinhard Werner we could say that the paths predicted by BM are surrealistic (actually it was Scully which used this language but it fits here as well) and not observable. Well, that's a bit provocative but this is not true. Trajectories given by BM agree with facts and can be tested in that reduced sense (Weak measurements or Protective measurements even allow more see below). Of course, you can not measure a path like you could do it in classical mechanics because Heisenberg principle prohibits that but this is the price to pay here: If you want to reproduce QM predictions you must accept this limitation. You must abandon some aspects of Classical mechanics. If you reject that : no chance for you to explain QM. I want to say a bit more about that: If you anyway reject Bohm or Stochastic QM à la Nelson what should you propose instead? If you go back to Copenhagen then you are only hiding yourself under the quantum carpet since you dont have a definition of what is the reality anymore: you need an observer but you cant define it precisely. do you need a PhD an environment an infinite number of Wigner's friends? This is wavy and the choice of Bohm is not. If you want to observe a path anyway I suggest to use protective measurements [Aharonov Vaidman, Phys Lett. A 178, 38 (1993).]. Indeed, the protective measurement protocol can be used to 'detect' the particle at points that the Bohmian particle never comes near. This is because the wave function is an active element in BM. This allows to record a velocity without disturbing the position. There is no paradox because you didn't use a 'destructive' von Neumann protocol for velocity. You are still free to define the position of the particle after that so you will get both the velocity and the position. This is not yet a path but you are getting closer from it. Clearly, Of course the Bohmian program has some limitations. If you remember Popper and his falsificationism you realize that BM is not completely testable (This is necessary, I repeat it, for reproducing QM). This is a problem I agree but nowhere It has been written that Popper was right for ever. Additionally, the sciences do it in the same way like BM and nobody seems to be offended by that. Consider cosmology and Black holes ? Would you say that these objects are not for science? what about quarks if we can not separate them ? Anyway, I agree with Reinhard Werner on a another point BM is not unfortunately unique. I don't speak here about Nelson theory which is no yet in the maturity of BM (despite years of efforts) but more about the problem of relativistic BM. Since for BM we need a privileged observable like position in the non relativistic theory we should define the same for quantum field and an univocal answer is not yet existing. Personally, I believe that BM is only a temporary expedient. One day we will get a much better theory which will explain why particles have such and such properties like masse and charge. BM is the best candidate for helping us if we can give a better foundation to the theory. Still, I think that Bohr view on reality is a dead end since it will only offer you the sleeping property of opium.
As a layman in Bohm's theory, may i ask for a brief explanation of how is it possible for the particles having ontologically definite trajectories not to radiate EM waves?
Dear Miroljub Dugic, I have presently no idea how to give a clear answer to that question (Bohmian Mechanics is a program of research in this domain). What I can tell you for now is that the non relativistic version of BM exists with external potentials. This works very well. Then you have the model proposed by Bohm for quantum EM fields where bosons are described in a different ways as electrons. In principle so your answer is in that work (even if I dont like it too much because it is strange for me that photon are not playing the same role as electrons as particles). However, I dont think that anyone has developped a good model of QED in the context of bohmian mechanics so that your question has no good answer even if the maths will tell that indeed the electron do not always radiate in agreemeent with QM . In my view BM is sill waiting for something deeper in the relativistic domain and the answer to your question will come in this context. Probably BM is not the only guiltyguy and relativistic BM shares the complete responsability as well. This is one of my topic work but I have unfortunatelly not so much time devoted to Bohmian mechanics currently (students are demanding).
you might also ask in the same way why, if a hydrogen atom in the ground state is a static configuration (as in BM), a gas of such things does not behave like a gas of permanent (though random) dipoles but like a gas of neutral particles. The difference would indeed be massive, and I heard Berge Englert raising this question.
Travis's answer on the other thread is the standard Bohmian one: All interaction between particles must be via the guiding equation, so they are stripped of all physical characteristics except position. As Aurelien points out this would suggest that you either stick with Coulomb potentials only (hence deny transitions to the ground state), or you include an electromagnetic quantum field in your Hilbert space part, but leave the photons without trajectories.
It is maybe unfair to ask Bohmians about how to incorporate the radiation field. This is not easy for QM either. Certainly no one today can just drop the Coulomb interactions and replace them by a non-perturbatively treated QED field. There has been some good progress in terms of the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian, like showing tat the ground state of field+atom is really what we think it is, and excited states do decay sending out photons with the right frequency etc. So this might be a reasonable level.
By definition the Bohmians have it all covered, no matter what physicists come up with. In this case: Trace out the photons. They are not real and do not have or need any trajectories.
to me, your answers indicate the possible foundational incompleteness of BM.
When i teach my students why such a strange theory like QM has ever appeared, i have to prove nonstability of the Rutehrford's model of the hydrogen atom. Like every mastery, physics requires different tools — classical mechanics and electrodynamics in this case.
Now, if the analogous analysis in the context of BM leads to nowhere… I don't understand how could we ever believe in ontic reality of quantum particles.
On the other hand, the standard open systems theory clearly accounts for all the constituent 'systems' and fields and clearly says what's been known from the outset, that all [nonrelativistic] quantum systems are open, including all the atomic species.
Finally, Reinhard, thank you very much for mentioning different partitions of the hydrogen atom. As much as i can see [and have seen in the last 15 years with my collaborators] quantum mechanics equally, and equally successfully, regards arbitrary decompositions into subsystems (including 'virtual particles'). Just to be fair, here i note the following link: http://physics.kg.ac.rs/fizika/pages/quantumStructures/ .
This reply was modified 3 years, 9 months ago by Miroljub Dugic.


Corrugated Shelf Life, Storage and Usage Temps, Toxicity?
Do you have any resources for the following information regarding corrugated containers?
As the answers would appear to be specific to the material composition, these would be for plain C-Flute kraft containers.
These questions are asked quite often on Ask-Ralph. This may not be a complete answer to your question, but it is a start to the dialogue.
Corrugated under compression (loaded and stacked) ages/deteriorates at a different rate than KD boxes on a pallet. Environment, fill load, stacked load, potential crush during converting all contribute to the deterioration rate of a loaded box.
Ideally, whether loaded or stored as knock downs, corrugated should be stored at 72 degrees and 50% RH. That's a perfect world and few of us live in a perfect world. Any fluctuations in these conditions can reduce the fibre to fibre bonding and strength of the adhesive bond. Temperature does effect stored corrugated, but it's the combination of temperature and humidity that has the greatest effect. High temps (90 plus degrees F) and low humidity and you're likely to start to see score cracking and brittle paper issues. High temps and high humidity and you're likely to start seeing bond breakdown and an increase of the compressive creep rate leading to increased chances of failure under load.
At extreme low temps and you may start to experience recharacterizations of adhesive that can lead to failures at joints and even at the liner to medium bonds. Same holds true here with humidity though it may not be as severe as with high temps.
General rule of thumb, if it is comfortable to work in, it's probably good for corrugated. We don't like to be hot and sweaty or numb from cold… neither does corrugated.
As far as toxicity, corrugated is considered an indirect food additive by the FDA and is detailed in 49 CFR. Therefore, no toxicity for plain kraft. If there are inks or coatings involved, then you have to look that them on an individual basis.
Now there's a start to the discussion. What input do our readers have?
This entry was posted on April 9, 2019 at 4:28 pm and is filed under Containerboard, Paper.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.
In 2010 a group of corrugated industry professionals, packaging machinery manufacturers, and product users worked together to create a series of ANSI Technical Reports that provided information regarding tolerances needed for corrugated to run effectively on automated equipment. In that series of reports was one titles Storage and Handling of Corrugated Packaging Materials. The document is ANSI Technical Report B155-TR2.3-2011.
FibreBox Association Members may be able to get copies of these reports from their website, otherwise they can be purchased from ANSI.


NASHVILLE has a major concentration of Vanderbilt University alumni, generally.
But, samplings of the whereabouts of recent School of Engineering (VUSE) undergraduates and doctoral students seem to reinforce the long-held belief that Music City competes globally to keep this talent in Tennessee.
Moreover, competition is not likely to lessen. Next week, a Career Day for Engineering students has attracted 47 companies, listed here.
Almost year-round, corporate recruiters work VU's Center for Student Professional Development. Companies from Red Ventures to Bank of America Merrill Lynch are on campus this month, hosting events targeting students interested in various fields, according to the Center's website.
What's at stake for the Nashville Tech/Venture community?
Some evidence: It's a small slice, but take VUSE PhDs who within the past couple of years served as valued research assistants in just one VUSE laboratory -- the Human-Machine Teaming Laboratory (HMT), established in 2003 by Associate Professor Julie A. Adams, Ph.D.
Where are those nine? Only one of the nine remains in Nashville, with local startup GameWisp, which is gaining traction, as reported here today.
Potential emigration of such talent from Nashville seems even more striking, when the talk turns to VUSE Undergraduates who reported that they took jobs in 2012-13-14-15.
Even though we haven't determined exactly where these jobs were located, we suspect most of jobs listed below, which went to VUSE undergraduates during the 2012-15 period, inclusive, are located outside Tennessee.
Please note that this listing does not include numerous instances in which undergrads did not join the labor force immediately, but went on to further academic studies and related pursuits. The list does not reflect the minority of students during this four-year period who did not report their status or who last reported they remained open to opportunities.
The listing of job placements below may not be complete and in a handful of cases, which Venture Nashville chose not to single-out, the entry was based on a job having been offered to a student, though those acceptance decisions had not yet been reported to VUSE. Any errors in interpretation are VNC's. The assistance of VUSE Associate Dean Cynthia Paschal Ph.D., and others is appreciated.
Links to much more detailed annual fact sheets, which include ranges of proffered salaries and other data, appear at the bottom of this story.
Immediately below, the Engineering Code for each degree program is followed by the number of VUSE students with that degree each listed company has recruited in the four years bounded by 2012-2015.


Orkla ASA has on 29 August 2018 bought 320,000 Orkla shares through broker at an average price of NOK 70.4242 per share.
Orkla's total holding of treasury shares after this transaction is 19.410.259 shares.
The share buy-back programme initiated 16 July 2018 is now completed.


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Qassem Soleimani ran IED program to kill American & Coalition troops
January 2, 2020 J Michael Waller
The Iranian military leader killed in a US drone strike was responsible for killing and maiming thousands of American and Coalition troops in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Major General Qassem Soleimani commanded the Qods Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard (IRGC) of Iran. The Qods Force is responsible for running terrorist and subversive operations outside Iran.
US forces killed Soleimani and others in a reported drone strike outside Baghdad airport on January 2. Soleimani had been running Iranian subversion operations inside Iraq.
American and European media reports are already calling Soleimani "revered" and "popular," and the Twittersphere is swarming with praise for him having been a warrior against ISIS.
Let's set the record straight.
The Qods Force ran Iran's IED campaign against US and Coalition forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. Both the Bush and Obama administrations ignored advice to retaliate against Qods Force leaders like Soleimani, instead of placing so much emphasis on the multibillion-dollar fly-swatting effort of the Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Organization (JIDO, then called JIEDDO) that did not go after the source.
By terminating Soleimani, President Donald Trump has gone to the source of not only Iranian subversion in Iraq and elsewhere, but the source of the IED attacks that ruined or destroyed so many American and Coalition lives.
About J Michael Waller
J. Michael Waller is Vice President for Government Affairs at the Center for Security Policy. His areas of concentration are propaganda, political warfare, psychological warfare, and subversion.
Dr. Waller is the former Walter and Leonore Annenberg Professor of International Communication at the Institute of World Politics, a graduate school in Washington, DC.
A former instructor with the Naval Postgraduate School, he is an instructor/lecturer at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg.
He is a founding editorial board member of NATO's Defence Strategic Communications journal.
He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the George Washington University, was the first John M. Olin Fellow at the Center for Defense Journalism at Boston University, where he received his Master's in international relations and communication; and holds a PhD in international security affairs from Boston University, where he was an Earhart Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy under Professor Uri Ra'anan.
An adaptation of his doctoral dissertation was published as Secret Empire: The KGB In Russia Today (Westview, 1994), in which he warned of the rise of a KGB-gangster state in Russia and predicted the rise of a KGB officer to control Russia.
View all posts by J Michael Waller →
Dangers of Iran's imperial overreach
The game has changed with Iran
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
SAPAVIVA
The 100 greatest scientists
THE 50 GREATEST MATHEMATICIANS
THE 200 QUOTES OF VALENTINE ODUENYI
76. MADHAVA of SANGAMAGRAMA
(circa 1340 – 1425)
Madhava of Sangamagrama was a visionary scholar. His works encompassed all areas of maths and astronomy: as they existed during his era. Having improved upon the works of his predecessors, he provided lasting foundation for his successors by establishing the Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics (in Kerala, India). For centuries, this acclaimed institute remained a world class scientific center which equaled and/or surpassed many great European universities in both maths and astronomy. Madhava was the mastermind behind the remarkable advancement Infinite Series underwent during the 14th century. In the process he expanded Trigonometric Functions. He also discovered the Madhava series (which Europeans call Leibniz series) some 250 years before Gottfried Leibniz was born. After retooling Algebra and Geometry, he proceeded to improve upon Bhaskara II's works: on what could be termed the forerunner of elementary calculus. Although none of his original math publications survived, references and citations from his successors provided insights into them. And from these, it is fair to conclude that some of the independent discoveries which James Gregory and Colin Maclaurin made (centuries later in Europe) were already known to him. In astronomy, Madhava's surviving monographs such as Venvaroha and Chandravakyani, dealt with the trajectories of planets alongside their respective satellites (or moons). And through his Kerala School, he was able to exert posthumous influence on generations of scholars. These include top researchers like: Parameshvara Nambudiri and Nilakantha Somayaji. As evidenced by his enormous contributions and influence, Madhava of Sangamagrama ranks among the greatest mathematical astronomers.
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Earl K. Mills says:
Happy to see this forgotten hero being honored. Well-done.
Stephaine C. Byers says:
Fabian Smithwick says:
Thanks from a big fan of your blog!
Vurtil Opmer says:
Great post. Thank you.
Fred Anderson says:
New to me but a good eye-opener!
Leave a Reply to Fred Anderson Cancel reply
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, adapted, translated, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the copyright owner.
COPYRIGHT © 2000 – 2017 Valentine O. Oduenyi


Our diverse workforce of over 700 employees in the US, with many more around the world, has helped LECO remain a leader for over 75 years. As a privately held company in a highly competitive industry, we recognize the need to obtain and retain good talent. The key to success for any company lies in the strength of its employees. Whether you have years of experience or are just starting your career, we think you will enjoy being a part of our team.
Candidates must possess unrestricted work authorization to work in the United States. Passing e-verify, substance testing, driving record and background check is a condition of employment.


This year we are celebrating our 10th Anniversary.
This journey began in the aftermath of my missions to China, after the Sichuan earthquake - I knew only two things: I wanted to help people and I wanted to make a difference. Not an easy task when you are a one man band with not too much cash in your pockets. But on my side I had perseverance, strength of character and a healthy dose of lunacy.
I cannot deny that the journey was arduous to start with. Back in 2008, we could not even register Insaf Malaysia as a society (ROS) so we registered as a company (ROC). That did not help us much because people were reluctant to donate to a "company" but within a year we got our ROS registration and we started to soar.
Our involvement with the orang asal proved to be an enormous blessing which brought us more and more work giving donors the confidence to entrust us with their money. And those funds were carefully used for more projects than ever – Insaf Malaysia Foodbank and Insaf Malaysia's kitchen, disaster relief work in Nepal, Philippines, Indonesia and the east coast of Malaysia, welfare work in Nepal, Bangladesh, Philippines and Indonesia, welfare work in inner city schools in the Klang Valley and Selangor (lunch, prescription glasses, uniforms, bag and shoes) and of course the building of more and more houses for the various orang asal communities of Peninsular Malaysia – we are happy to announce that to date we have completed 170 houses.
To conclude let me reiterate that the achievements of an organization are the results of the combined efforts of every individual, volunteers and donors in particulars!


Car Insurance: Are We Getting the Discounts We Deserve?
"OnStar can do things it couldn't before," said John McFarland, a spokesman for General Motors. It's not just about emergency services anymore—OnStar (GM's hands-free voice communication system since 1996) can't walk your dog, but it can unlock your car doors-- even if, like McFarland, you're in Shanghai and the car is in the U.S. And, it can program your electric car so that it will only charge on renewable energy.
And it can monitor your driving-- which is potentially one, big mixed blessing. In a program with Progressive Insurance launching this summer, OnStar will act like Big Brother, collecting data on drivers who opt-in for a 90-day assessment. If you submit the data and get a clean bill of health on braking, steering, accelerating and maintaining speed limits, you might be eligible for discounts.
OnStar analyzes the raw data and offers it to the insured driver in a digestible form, which includes safe driving tips and whether their score allows for an insurance discount. It's then up to the car owner to submit that data to Progressive. I like the basic concept of the program, but have a question: If you opt in, then you know you're being monitored and have a big incentive to drive like, say, Barbara Bush for three months-- after which you can revert to your normal Mad Max mode.
Amanda Lupica of Progressive agrees with Martin. "Our data suggest that people who participate in Snapshot do change their behaviors and drive more safely while they're in the program," she said. "For example, we see a reduction in hard braking as drivers become more familiar with their unsafe hard-braking behavior because of the audio feedback our device provides drivers. Our hope is that as people become more aware of their driving behavior, they drive more safely as a result."
We also have some concerns about these "connected" cars getting hacked. If the bad guys can unlock your car and steal it remotely (it's been known to happen), then couldn't they perhaps get access to your driving data and other personal information, too? If the report shows you to be a terrible driver, can you be sure that data won't get out, once it's stored on GM's corporate servers? Could it screw you up at a court date sometime down the road? (The data, Car Talk's Doug Berman discovered, is subpoenable.) But Martin says that anyone hacking into that information would get only "codes and numbers," not a customer's name and address. "The driver's information is safe, secure and private," he said. "OnStar is very particular about that."
There's actually a long tradition of drivers being eligible for safe-driving discounts, but according to the DMV they're usually for under-21 year-olds and the discounts are tied to driver's education programs. You can also get discounts for taking defensive driving courses (covering stuff like traffic laws, drug and alcohol awareness, and bad weather procedures). And those discounts are often only for senior drivers.
The easiest and safest way to offer discounts, in our humble opinions, is simply to give "good record discounts" to people who have stayed out of trouble on the roads for proscribed time periods.
Speaking of older drivers, they don't drive all that much. Want an always-garaged 1990 Lincoln Town Car with 10,000 miles on it? Check in with gramps. But is the old man rewarded for his low-mileage record? According to the Consumer Federation of America (CFA), probably not, even though the evidence shows they're way less likely to make a claim.
What's the relationship between miles driven and income? A federal Labor Department survey shows significantly lower expenditures on gas and motor oil for people who don't make much money. Older people as a group spent even less.
Three of the companies—Farmers, Progressive and Allstate—quoted the same premium for a fictitious 30-year-old, single bank teller with a high school degree and a perfect driving record, regardless if she drove her 2005 Honda Civic 5,000 miles annually or 20,000. That's ridiculous. At least California requires insurers to use miles driven as a factor in rates, so there the companies gave discounts of $100 to $200 annually on 5,000 miles a year. Geico and State Farm offered discounts no matter where this theoretical woman driver lived.
Insurers should give discounts for low-mileage drivers, because, simply, they're not on the road. A study of 500,000 policies in 2009 found that the people who covered 3,000 miles or less each year had 44 percent fewer claims than average. Drivers who covered more than 20,000 miles had 28 percent more claims. It's worth noting that OnStar subscribers are eligible for low-mileage discounts through some providers.
Despite these insurance hassles, which end up costing a lot of people money they shouldn't have to spend, Americans in general are paying less to own a car. According to AAA, owning a 15,000-mile-annual sedan will cost 58 cents a mile, or $725 a month. That's down two percent from last year, which means you're likely saving $178 in 2015. The biggest factor is lower gas prices, though they're going up fairly dramatically now ($3 a gallon now at many pumps).
Let's face it, owning a car is expensive. But how else is your local mechanic going to make his boat payments? And speaking of visiting your friendly local mechanic, OnStar now has the ability to predict that, say, your battery might go next month. That could mean replacing it in a timely manner, before it fails and requires the use of the aforementioned mechanic's tow truck. We're sure it's only a matter of time before an Amazon drone can make the drop-off, on your way to work.


text:
ABOUT ARNOLD & SON
John Arnold was born in Cornwall in 1736. His father was a watchmaker and his uncle a gunsmith, which probably explains his early interest in precision engineering and metalwork. A talented craftsman and scholar, he left England for the Netherlands at the age of 19 after completing his apprenticeship to hone his watchmaking skills. After Arnold presented the smallest repeating watch ever made to King George III and to the court, he rapidly acquired a wealthy clientele. He was one of the most inventive watchmakers of his day and held patents for a detent escapement, bimetallic balance and helical balance spring. Arnold's "No. 36" was the first timepiece to be called a chronometer, a term reserved for unusually precise watches to this day.
Constant Force Torubillon
DBG (Gold)
DSTB
DSTB (steel)
DSTB (white gold)
DTE (wg)
HM Perpetual Moon (gold)
HMS Lady


What is the IIT JAM 2019 Cut off for all subjects?
triptikhandal Brilliant Asked on March 27, 2019 in Result.
What are some books for SSC CGL 2018?
triptikhandal Brilliant Asked on March 14, 2019 in Job.
Rahul Brilliant Asked on February 11, 2019 in Preparation.
How Many Students are Willing to Appear in NEET 2019?
triptikhandal Brilliant Asked on January 29, 2019 in Career.
triptikhandal Brilliant Asked on December 14, 2018 in Career.
triptikhandal Brilliant Asked on December 7, 2018 in Education News.
Rahul Brilliant Asked on November 23, 2018 in Education News.
Where can I find iit jam chemistry study material?
triptikhandal Brilliant Asked on November 5, 2018 in Admission.
Rahul Brilliant Asked on October 9, 2018 in Career.


text:
<?php

namespace view;

require_once("model/PrimeNumbers.php");

class PrimeNumbersView {
	private static $DEFAULT_MIN_PRIME = 1;
	private static $DEFAULT_MAX_PRIME = 7;
	private static $URL_MIN_PRIME = "primeMin";
	private static $URL_MAX_PRIME = "primeMex";

	public function __construct()  {

	}

	public function toOutputBuffer( \model\PrimeNumbers $toBeVisualized) {
		echo "
";
		foreach ($toBeVisualized->getPrimesInRange() as $prime) {
			echo "
$prime
";
		}
		echo "
";
	}

	public function getLargestPrimeNumberFromUser() : int {
		if (isset($_GET[self::$URL_MAX_PRIME]))
			return $_GET[self::$URL_MAX_PRIME];
		else
			return self::$DEFAULT_MAX_PRIME;
	}

	public function getSmallestPrimeNumberFromUser() : int {
		if (isset($_GET[self::$URL_MIN_PRIME]))
			return $_GET[self::$URL_MIN_PRIME];
		else
			return self::$DEFAULT_MIN_PRIME;
	}

	public function showPrimeNumberInput() {
		$lowest = $this->getSmallestPrimeNumberFromUser();
		$last = $this->getLargestPrimeNumberFromUser();

		echo "<form method='GET'>
				<input type='text' name='".self::$URL_MIN_PRIME."' value='$lowest'/>

				<input type='text' name='".self::$URL_MAX_PRIME."' value='$last'/>
				<input type='submit' value='sned'/>
			  </form>";
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Another of my personal favorite gags -- good ol' Archie Andrews, the perennial high school student.
I was surprised that this cartoon didn't sell higher up in the publication chain (okay, maybe it's not New Yorker caliber, but both The Wall Street Journal and National Business Employment Weekly had a crack at it, and one of them really should have claimed it).
This drawing appears in a continuous cycle as "Cartoon of the Day" on Selling Power's website sellingpower.com. But, unfortunately, somebody completely changed the caption on the site, thereby ruining a perfectly good laugh. The caption on the website has some silly reference to Jughead. I alerted Selling Power's webmaster about this, but to my knowledge the caption has never been corrected.
On May 12, 2000 The Wall Street Journal printed an article about the sad state of book publishing at that particular time. It was written by James Bowman, who WSJ identified as the "American editor of the (London) Times Literary Supplement". The opening sentence of Mr. Bowman's treatise was "A recent New Yorker cartoon portrayed a man asking a bookstore clerk: 'Do you have anything that's not for dummies?' "
I felt very flattered that Mr. Bowman thought that my cartoon was NewYorkerish.
I've posted the original cartoon under The Wall Street Journal, dated March 31, 2000. You can also find it under the topic of "Books" and in the 2000 decade.
CAPTION: "Don't you have any adult games for clods?"
The prices of both those commodities were soaring in 1978. Things haven't changed that much. I could re-do this cartoon right now, leave off "and coffee", and it would work very well.
My caption for this cartoon didn't have the word "rules". Somebody at WSJ must have decided it was necessary, but I don't know . . .
Am I the only person who saw any humor in the name of the securities firm "Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner and Beane"? And then, many years ago, they abruptly changed the name to "Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner and Smith", which really raised my gag antennae. The firm is now called simply "Merrill Lynch" -- a ho-hum name if I ever heard one.
Anyhow, I came up with this "OUT TO LYNCH" gag and Stock Market magazine was good enough to print it. Please don't go looking for any deep-South racial undertones in the cartoon -- this was simply a take-off on the countless "Out to Lunch" door sign cartoons that every cartoonist liked to draw, probably because they were so easy. Eventually it became such a hackneyed subject that no cartoonist would touch it anymore (also, for some reason, business people no longer seemed inclined to hang "Out to Lunch" signs on their doorknobs).
So these three partners, with their darkened offices, were simply out to visit with good ol' Merrill Lynch, whose office is still lit up.
One more historical note, for the sake of honesty in cartooning: there is no such person as Merrill Lynch, and there never has been. The firm was started as a partnership of Charles Merrill and Edmund Lynch, and the comma between the names was dropped in 1938 when Mr. Lynch passed away. Now you sticklers for the truth won't have to Google it.
The real question is, why in the world did I think this simple cartoon needed such a long explanation?


The core of the Burkhart Group's service offering is providing experienced senior project management and client consultation services based on verifiable track record of successful, mission-critical, enterprise-wide projects. All Burkhart Group's business is based on public sector client advocacy. That is, Burkhart Group professional services are provided to exclusively represent the sponsoring public sector organization. The Burkhart Group works on the behalf of the public sector organization to lead, aid, and manage global vendor service providers such as Accenture, IBM, Deloitte, PeopleSoft, SAP, and others. This may involve independent validation and verification (IV&V) type services in addition to project consultation and management.
In selected cases, The Burkhart Group may facilitate the acquisition of products and services for its public sector clients by writing RFPs or using selected products on the Burkhart Group's State Term Schedule (STS). The Burkhart Group only offers product acquisition assistance when specifically requested by its public sector client. Under no circumstances does the Burkhart Group actively market its STS products to any public sector agency.
Since its inception, The Burkhart Group has managed and assisted in two large $100 million statewide ERP projects from inception to completion over a multiple year period. Smaller projects have also been completed involving eProcurement, IVR (Interactive Voice Recognition), IV&V, and Information Technology strategy/assessment.


Nearly 230 students from Meridian Technology Center will be recognized for completing their training during the school's upcoming Recognition Ceremony.
Student achievements will be recognized at 6 pm on May 21 at the Seretean Center Concert Hall at Oklahoma State University.
In addition to students who are completing their career training, Meridian will recognize students who have maintained outstanding academic standards throughout the school year and are members of National Technical Honor Society, the Leadership Class and Outstanding Students from each program area.
Students attending Meridian are able to choose from one of more than 70 career majors that can be customized to fit their pace and their individual learning style. High school students living in the Meridian district attend tuition free in either a morning or afternoon session and training takes approximately two years. Adults are able to attend full time or part time and typically complete programs in one or two years.
For more information on Meridian's graduation ceremony call (405) 377-3333 or click here.


Sometimes the issue isn't with making sure your audience stays engaged, it's keeping yourself interested, too! It's time to get creative with presentations! If you are not excited about the material, your audience won't be, either. One way to rejuvenate your interest and look at your content from another perspective is to get creative with presentations! When audiences see an approach that is unique or unfamiliar to them, they are more apt to appreciate the content because they see it differently, themselves.
I'm sure you know it's a good idea to think outside the box, especially in the workplace. Have you been staring at the blank computer screen looking for a way to get creative?
Stop! Give yourself an extra 15-30 minutes of planning time, and shut off that screen. Computer work kills creativity. There is nothing more intimidating than a blank screen, and if you're like most of us you could probably stand to spend some extra time away from the computer, anyway.
Now, contrary to what might feel normal when planning a presentation, pull out some paper. Remember, we want to be creative! Part of that is doing something different. Doing something unique has a better chance of yielding different, and dare we say it, creative results.
Jot down your goal. What do you want to achieve with this presentation?
Notice: Good goals feature a subject, the outcome, and the audience. This helps you capture the full essence of your presentation.
Now write out your key points. When you're putting these down, you don't need to go in any particular order. You're just brainstorming at this stage. Once you have fleshed out everything you want to say, sort through your points and put them in order.
Once you've got your plan onto paper, all you have to do is pop back onto the computer and make it happen.
Since all your planning is done, the actual presentation creation steps should take half the time it usually does, or less! Use that free time to enjoy how much more interesting your presentation is, now that you've put extra time into crafting the design and purpose.
Artistic and creative aren't synonymous. If you can't draw, don't panic. As long as you know what the sketches mean, that's all that matters.
Taking time to plan can save you a lot of time in the long run. Doing something different or stepping away from the computer can be enough to get the creative juices flowing.
If you can draw a box or fold a sheet of paper, you can sketch out a great presentation.
What are your favorite ways to get creative? Have you resorted to the paper & pencil methods before? We'd love to know what tips you recommend so we can pass them along to other readers. Let us know in the comments or by reaching out via the contact form. We'd also love to help if you need assistance getting your presentations to pop!


text:
Doing the Most Good® Waco Corps
Spiritual Ministry
From Broken to Beautiful
When you think of The Salvation Army you may think of our brand promise, 'Doing the Most Good', Red Kettle Campaign, our Disaster Services, or feeding programs. However, what many people do know know is that The Salvation Army is primarily a Christian church. We meet people's physical needs and heal souls through our spiritual ministry, sharing the love of Jesus Christ. We want to help you explore what it means to have a personal relationship with God.
Whether church is already part of your life or you are experiencing faith for the first time, you are always welcome at any of our Worship and Service Centers in Texas. The Salvation Army is a church home to many on Sundays, but we also offer spiritual ministry during the week.
Our Spiritual Ministries
Sunday Worship & Study
The Salvation Army offers a Worship Service, plus programming for adults and children every Sunday. Salvation Army Officers are ordained pastors and, in step with our military-style language, our church members are called Soldiers. Contact your local Salvation Army for specific times and information.
Corps Church
1225 South I-35 Frontage Road
Bible Study: 9:45am
Worship Service: 11:00am
North Creekside
Devotionals: 9:30am
300 Webster Ave
Weekly Ministry Programs
In addition to Sunday worship and Sunday School, The Salvation Army also provides a number of weekday activities for people of all ages. Most Salvation Army centers offer Bible study, youth groups, social clubs for seniors, and music programs. Contact your local Salvation Army for more information about how you can get involved.
Women's Do It Yourself (DiY Nights), Corps Church Fellowship Hall, 1st Tuesday of the month, 6-8pm
Men's Bible Study, Corps Church, 6-7pm
Men's Club, Corps Church, 7-8pm
Dinner Divas, 3rd Wednesdays of the month, 6-7:30pm (locations vary)
Community Cares Ministry, Corps Church, 3rd Thursdays of the month, time TBD
Youth Corps Programs & Character Building Programs, Corps Church, Thursdays, 5-7pm
Senior Crafts, 4200 N. 19th Street, Waco, TX, 4th Friday of the month, 2pm
Women's Breakfast Club, 2nd Friday of the month, 8-10am (locations vary)
Soul Sisters, 1st Saturday of the month, Officer Quarters, 10am-12pm
For Information on any of these programs:
or email: salarmywaco@gmail.com
Salvation Army Officers (pastors) are available to help you work through any season in life – spiritual or emotional. They offer advice based on God's word and will pray with you for the strength to press on. Whether you are facing the loss of a loved one, working through a struggle in your personal faith or just need some solid advice, don't hesitate to call.
For Prayer Requests, please feel free to contact us via the form below:
The Salvation Army Waco Corps
1225 W. Jack Kultgen Expressway, Waco, Texas 76710 | 1-800-SAL-ARMY | Privacy Policy | © The Salvation Army Southern Territory


Writer be ready! 19 reminders to write on!
You're a writer, own it.
Always have your pen handy.
No thought is crazy, write it.
There's nothing new out there, be you. You have a unique expression even if you think it's been done. It hasn't been done by you.
Ok, some thoughts are crazy. Those are often the best!
Capture it now. Right now! Write now!
Crossing out is often as juicy as writing it down so play with it, change your mind, rewrite. Who cares! It's a dance, get on the floor and sway with your words.
Words slip away, like mist rising in the morning or fleeting dreams… yet you're a writer, so your journal is by your side. Write!
Put it out there! Critics be damned.
Writing is for you, it's in your blood, let the words flow or you'll choke on them. See, writing is actually necessary to your health.
Make the time in your schedule to write. See it as a priority.
Keep your ideas sacred, let them have the magic they deserve to grow.
When your words, or lack of, get you frustrated… move your body. Dance, stretch, run. Get outta your head and into your body. This creates more space for your creativity to flow.
Write something every day, even if it's a love note to your Self.
Be magical, and write. You're a writer. Say it out loud. I am a writer.
Now go tell your story.
Thank you so much! I'm glad it's of value to you. Don't hold back… write!


text:
Avnet, Inc. Completes the Acquisition of Orchestra Service
November 3, 2015 at 6:45 AM EST
Avnet, Inc. Completes the Acquisition of Orchestra Service 11.7 KB
Expands Its Portfolio of Storage Solutions
PHOENIX--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Avnet, Inc. (NYSE:AVT) announced today that it has completed the acquisition of Orchestra Service Gmbh (Orchestra), a German IT distributor of innovative storage solutions and services for EMC products. Headquartered in Munich, Germany, Orchestra provides strong storage-centric expertise to help its customers grow and take advantage of the many opportunities that exist in areas such as cloud computing, big data and information management. Founded in 1998, Orchestra is a leading value-added distributor focused on backup and recovery, archiving, high availability replication and storage.
"The acquisition of Orchestra is part of our long-term strategic plan to expand Avnet's solutions portfolio in the region, while strengthening our EMC partnership in Germany," said Patrick Zammit, president of Avnet Technology Solutions, global. "Orchestra's capabilities are an excellent complement to our converged infrastructure solutions offerings and enhance our ability to accelerate growth for our partners throughout the EMEA region."
Orchestra generated revenue of approximately US$95 million in the 2014 calendar year. The acquisition is expected to be immediately accretive to Avnet earnings and achieve its return on capital goal of 12.5%.
About Avnet, Inc.
From components to cloud and design to disposal, Avnet, Inc. (NYSE:AVT) accelerates the success of customers who build, sell and use technology globally by providing them with a comprehensive portfolio of innovative products, services and solutions. Avnet is a Fortune 500 company with revenues of $27.9 billion for the fiscal year 2015. For more information, visit www.avnet.com. (AVT_IR)
View source version on businesswire.com: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151103005407/en/


As a parent, you need to feel assured that your child will be well looked-after throughout their Secondary School career, as it is this sense of safety and support that underpins student well-being and good progress. Ensuring student well-being is fundamental to Leeds West Academy's structures for support, advice and guidance.
We pride ourselves on a pastoral care programme that centres around the Form Tutor; a teacher who will be a key person in the day-to-day care and support of every student throughout their time at Leeds West Academy. Form Tutors have daily contact with our students and are the first point of contact for parents/carers.
Form Tutors are there to help with day-to-day organisation and to deal with any concerns you may have, quickly and effectively. Form Tutors also have a crucial role in monitoring the Student Planner and in promoting excellent attendance, positive behaviour and exceptional progress.
Each of the year groups from Year 7 to Year 11 has a dedicated Year Manager devoted to promoting rewards, supporting good behaviour and attendance. For 2017, we have introduced Progress Leaders to each year group. This senior teacher will closely track and monitor every student's progress in every subject and work with teachers across the Academy to ensure that each student reaches their potential.
It is the job of this dedicated team to identify any barriers that stand between your child and their full potential, and to ensure we do everything we can to secure excellent outcomes.
Your Progress Leader and Year Manager will remain with your child's year group throughout their time at Leeds West Academy, meaning you and your child can build and maintain excellent working relationships; working together to support your child in achieving his/her potential.
Form Tutors meet their tutor group each morning and follow a comprehensive Tutor Programme of Social, Personal and Citizenship Education and also participate in this shared experience through SPACE Days.
During SPACE Days, each year group within the Academy focuses on individual personal development, with Form Tutors and Year Teams participating in an engaging programme of active learning events. As part of this pupils are encouraged to express their thoughts and feelings on a wide range of topical issues such as democracy, British values, social justice and human rights.


When looking at "Today" I have a monthly Balance of "-17" hours.
We are 5 days into the month and I have estimated 7.5 hours of work per day = 37.5 total hours should have been logged.
I have only logged 30 hours.
My monthly balance should be -7.5.
Monthly Balance does not take the project into account but the setting "Working day length" the Account.
My daily balance is not set to 7.4 hours per day.
However: Could you atleast fix it so when you enter a new day you aren't thrown back 7.4 hours? It should dynamically update from hour to hour. I cannot possible work in the future, so you shouldn't substract future hours from me.
We did it on purpose for our own employees. This way you can see how much time you should work today to "close" the day.
You really need time balance setting only if you HAVE to work a certain amount of time daily.
Thanks for taking the time to explain the mechanics and thoughts behind the feature.


Are you a local business owner in Balham attempting to decide whether managed IT services are the appropriate choice for your organisation? It's secure to say that the response to that concern is basically always mosting likely to be an of course. There's little double that there are severe benefits with managed IT services for small business proprietors. It provides options to a variety of typical problems that small company proprietors deal with, and also is even more cost reliable than mounting an in-house IT team.
If you read this, then you are currently considering selecting managed IT services, the moment has actually come to decide last. So, exactly what do you prioritise? Due to the fact that, no small business proprietor has a nonstop budget for any kind of element of their activities, even IT solutions.
• Are you constantly struggling with the speed and performance of your workstation as well as network?
• Are you always handling spyware, infections, and also other safety issues that threaten the privacy of trademarked information?
• Do you have a strategy in place for your network in the event of a disaster, whether manmade or natural? Would certainly you be concerned concerning the healing in this sort of scenario?
If you responded to yes to even among these questions, then it's time to confess that your service needs Managed IT Services. Now allow's speak about exactly what managed services are, the types there are, the services they provide, and also the advantages.
No issue what efforts you make, you're secured out, and absolutely nothing is working. You go through every technique possible, as well as by the time you have actually cycled with all of them your coffee has ended up being an iced coffee, and also you're still locked out. If your organisation uses a managed service, after that help is merely a phone call away.
This is a broad term for IT services that are offered by an outside business. They manage and check your IT framework from another location, and also job to resolve system concerns proactively.
There's a misconception that managed IT services are strictly for huge companies. Nevertheless, little and medium-sized organisations can take advantage of managed services one of the most. This is since they are far less most likely to have actually committed IT professionals on personnel that could oversee the systems required for a service to run successfully, as well as successfully.
Before managed IT services services just resolved their IT issues when something was broken. The landscape of innovation has evolved, though, and also firms understand there is even more to IT than repairing issues as they surface. Managed services give brand-new and also updated modern technology, a boost in efficiency, as well as the protection of functional processes, and crucial data.
• Installment as well as management of any software program patches or updates.
Apart from that cold coffee that you forgot about while coping a cycle of purposeless services, the essential inquiry is: how much downtime can you manage? Being shut out of the system is one thing, but it's a completely different scenario for multiple staff members to encounter a range of technological difficulties.
Your Balham company is beyond a number of Computers, and Wi-Fi connection. You're possibly running within the cloud, hosted e-mail, remote services, protection threats, and also the demand for connectivity 24/7. Your data is prone, as well as any number of mixes could leave your organisation in danger.
If you want to reduce the opportunity of downtime, it's time to work with a managed provider that will certainly safeguard your service, while controlling your costs. Managed IT services could have a big influence on any kind of company, no matter exactly how little. They can assist to minimize the danger to your company, increase earnings, productivity, and also lower downtime.
If you are prepared to boost the safety of your service and increase your performance- then it's time to count on our managed IT services in Balham, London.


I hate New Years Resolutions. I hate the whole idea of them (it's like, we come out of every year focusing on all the things we hate about ourselves and want to change. Gross). I hate that we always make them nearly impossible, so we're just setting ourselves up for disappointment. I just hate them. But still, every year, we all do it. I don't say it out loud, but there, in the back of my head, there's that voice "You really need to lose 25 pounds this year". I hate that voice too.
Something I love though? Lists. I am good with a list. If I write it on paper, it gets done, and I only write things on paper that I can do within a day, or a week. That's how my lists work. This got me to thinking. Screw the whole "New Years Resolution" way of thinking, where we decide on day one what it is we're going to do better, ALL YEAR LONG, to be happier.
Instead, I started a list of things that would make me happy today, and that I would still be happy about a year from now. These are my 12 GOALS FOR 2015.
You know what? I don't care if I lose 25 pounds. Buying smaller jeans next December isn't going to make me a happier person. What would though: being able to go for an hour long bike ride with my kids next summer, and coming home NOT tired.
Something else: I would be really happy if the girls bathroom was finished (we've been sitting on it for two years now, ugh). We've got some plumbing to hook-up, and I'd like to repaint it. Maybe Oliver's too. And the master bedroom, I've hated the wallpaper and paint since I put it up a year ago. Walking in to those three rooms, finished, that would make me happy.
I'd be happier if I blogged more often too. It's a nice break from everything else.
Then I had this crazy idea. I asked the kids what would make them happier, because knowing my kids are happy, makes me happy. Oliver, well, he'd just like me to play with him a bit more, just he and I. That was awfully easy. Anna, she'd like me to do more crafts with her. So simple, and those two things will make a big difference (and lots of memories) in their lives and mine.
So, I had a way to lay out my "biggish" ideas. I'd choose 12 goals for 2015. I'm not choosing them all today. Today, I wrote down the ones that I've had in my mind for the last 6 months, the things that I know I'll still be happy about a year from now, then I tacked it up in the office.
Keep your 12 goals simple! Little steps that will lead the way for you. I try to keep them in my head as one month goals. Something that I can accomplish in 30 days, so that I see the result and feel good about it. I hate feeling overwhelmed. Now it was time to break it down again for me. I needed a weekly list, so I could fit these little steps in to the life I'm already living. If I focused only on the big goal, I'd always be too "busy" to attempt it.
So, My Weekly Resolutions has begin. It's simple, a little chart to keep track of what it is I need to do each day. Then, I throw in a few extra things, like 20 minutes on the elliptical, building Lego with Oliver, or making a craft with Anna. Just little reminders, 30 minute blocks of time that I can find a few times a week, to do something that will make me happy.
Then, at the top there, see it. Just under the "My Weekly Resolutions"? There's my monthly goal. This month, it's planning Sophie's first birthday party so it doesn't sneak up on me. Just a little reminder to get that done this month, because I can. It's doable, and I'll feel so good by the 31st when all my organizing is done. And, before I even have all 12 goals set, I'll be crossing one off.
Think of how good that will feel: crossing off a New Years Resolution at the end of January. I'm really liking this way of thinking.
I hope it works for you. If you've found any other little secrets for sticking to your resolutions, share them in the comments!
Very handy! I tend to set one big goal for the year, but I'm always a list maker from day to day, too. Didn't make last year's goal (to choreograph one dance solo), but hopefully I can accomplish it this year. :) Happy New Year!


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Of or relating to a variable, such as the return on an investment, that has been altered in order to account for the differences in risk among variables of the same type. For example, financial managers adjust expected returns on various investment projects for risk in order to make them comparable.
Risk adjusted pricing is a key advantage to using the system and allows lenders to bid on loans based on their own pre-defined risk parameters.
Ratings further reflect the company's adequate level of capital and coverage metrics, particularly on a risk adjusted basis and moderate usage of leverage.
The downgrade reflects weakening in PICL's risk adjusted capitalisation due to deterioration in its financial performance caused partly by reserve strengthening in its commercial small to medium-sized (SME) account in 2006.
Fitch's Stable Outlook is driven by expectations for AEILIC to maintain good risk adjusted capital, which should be in excess of 350% at year-end 2006, and a high-quality fixed income portfolio.
The downgrade reflects the impact of poor performance, including anticipated performance at year-end February 2006, on the Club's risk adjusted capitalisation.
Fitch believes MFC's strong, risk adjusted capitalization provides robust support for MFC's policyholder liabilities as well as buoyant growth.
While risk adjusted capitalization has weakened over the past two years, NNN remains strongly capitalized for the 'BBB-' rating.
The review included an assessment of the recent losses suffered from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the strengthening of risk adjusted capitalization by the issuance of common stock and perpetual non-cumulative preferred stock offerings by Odyssey Re Holdings.
Fitch also views Midland National's operating leverage as elevated and believes that, while current risk adjusted capital is solid, the ability of statutory capitalization to support strong, sustained growth may be challenged.
This comparison results in a Risk Adjusted Capital Ratio that is comparable across issuers and property types.
The affirmation of the financial strength ratings reflects Swiss Re America's excellent stand-alone risk adjusted capitalization and significant market presence supported by a sophisticated senior management team, full service capabilities and exceptional business franchise.


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text:
Title: Blackmail
Subject: Extortion, Webcam blackmail, The New Statesman, Robbery, Graymail
Collection: Blackmail, Crimes, Illegal Occupations
Part of the common law series
Actus reus
Scope of criminal liability
Seriousness of offense
Infraction (also called Violation)
Inchoate offenses
Offence against the person
Manslaughter (corporate)
Crimes against property
Payola
Possessing stolen property
Crimes against justice
Malfeasance in office
Misprision
Victimless crimes
Providing Contraception information (Comstock law)
Adult Incest
Lewd and lascivious behavior
Creation of Obscenity
Recreational drug use (including alcohol, when prohibited)
Sale of sex toys
Labor strike
Crimes against animals
Wildlife smuggling
Defences to liability
Defence of property
Diminished responsibility
Ignorantia juris non excusat
Mistake (of law)
Self-defence
Other common-law areas
Blackmail is an act, often a crime, involving unjustified threats to make a gain or cause loss to another unless a demand is met.[1][2] Essentially, it is coercion involving threats of physical harm, threat of criminal prosecution, or threats for the purposes of taking the person's money or property.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8] It is the name of a statutory offence in the United States of America, England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Victoria, Australia, and has been used as a convenient way of referring to other offences, but was not a term of art in English law before 1968.[8] It originally meant payments rendered by settlers in the Counties of England bordering Scotland to chieftains and the like in the Scottish Lowlands, in exchange for protection from Scottish thieves and marauders into England.[3][4]
Blackmail may also be considered a form of extortion.[1] Although the two are generally synonymous, extortion is the taking of personal property by threat of future harm.[9] Blackmail is the use of threats to prevent another from engaging in a lawful occupation and writing libelous letters or letters that provoke a breach of the peace, as well as use of intimidation for purposes of collecting an unpaid debt.[4] Some US states distinguish the offenses by requiring that blackmail be in writing.[4] In some jurisdictions, the offence of blackmail is often carried out during the act of robbery. This occurs when an offender makes a threat of immediate violence towards someone in order to make a gain as part of a theft. For example, the threat of "Your money, or your life!" is an unlawful threat of violence in order to gain property.
England and Wales 3.1
Similar offences 3.2
Civil liability 3.3
History 3.4
Northern Ireland 3.5
Victoria, Australia 5
The word is variously derived from the word for tribute (in modern terms, protection racket) paid by English and Scottish border dwellers to Border Reivers in return for immunity from raids and other harassment. The "mail" part of blackmail derives from Middle English male, "rent, tribute."[10] This tribute was paid in goods or labour (reditus nigri, or "blackmail"); the opposite is blanche firmes or reditus albi, or "white rent" (denoting payment by silver). Alternatively, Mckay derives it from two Scottish Gaelic words blathaich pronounced (the th silent) bla-ich (to protect) and mal (tribute, payment). He notes that the practice was common in the Highlands of Scotland as well as the Borders.[11] In Irish Gaelic, the term cíos dubh, meaning "black-rent" has also been employed.
The offence created by section 17(1) of the Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act, 1994 is described by the marginal note to that section as "blackmail, extortion and demanding money with menaces". The offence is derived from the offence under section 21 of the Theft Act 1968.
In England and Wales this offence is created by section 21(1) of the Theft Act 1968. Sections 21(1) and (2) of that Act provide:
(1) A person is guilty of blackmail if, with a view to gain for himself or another or with intent to cause loss to another, he makes any unwarranted demand with menaces; and for this purpose a demand with menaces is unwarranted unless the person making it does so in the belief:
(a) that he has reasonable grounds for making the demand; and
(b) that the use of the menaces is a proper means of reinforcing the demand.
(2) The nature of the act or omission demanded is immaterial, and it is also immaterial whether the menaces relate to action to be taken by the person making the demand.
The word "menaces" was adopted from sections 29(1)(i) and 30 of the Larceny Act 1916. Section 29(1)(i) made it felony for a person to utter, knowing the contents thereof, any letter or writing demanding of any person with menaces, and without any reasonable or probable cause, any property or valuable thing. Section 30 made it an offence for a person to, with menaces or by force, demand of any person anything capable of being stolen with intent to steal the same.
Thorne v Motor Trade Association[12] was decided under section 29(1)(i) of the Larceny Act 1916. Professor Griew described it as "the leading case" on the meaning of the word "menaces".[13] In this case, Lord Wright said:
I think the word "menace" is to be liberally construed and not as limited to threats of violence but as including threats of any action detrimental to or unpleasant to the person addressed. It may also include a warning that in certain events such action is intended.[14]
And Lord Atkin said:
The ordinary blackmailer normally threatens to do what he has a perfect right to do namely, communicate some compromising conduct to a person whose knowledge is likely to affect the person threatened. [...] What he has to justify is not the threat, but the demand of money. The gravamen of the charge is the demand without reasonable or probable cause: and I cannot think that the mere fact that the threat is to do something that a person is entitled to do either causes the threat not to be a "menace" [...] or in itself provides a reasonable or probable cause for the demand.[15]
R v Clear[16] was decided under section 30 of the Larceny Act 1916. Sellers LJ said:[17]
Words or conduct which would not intimidate or influence anyone to respond to the demand would not be menaces ... but threats and conduct of such a nature and such an extent that the mind of an ordinary person of normal stability and courage might be influenced or made apprehensive so as to accede unwilling to the demand would be sufficient for a jury's consideration.
There may be special circumstances unknown to the accused which would make the threats innocuous and unavailing for the accused's demand, but such circumstances would have no bearing on the accused's state of mind and of his intention. If an accused knew that what he threatened would have no effect on the victim it might be different.
In R v Lawrence and Pomroy,[18] the defendant argued that the direction given to the jury should have contained a definition of the word "menaces" in accordance with R v Clear. Cairn L.J. said:
The word "menaces" is an ordinary English word which any jury can be expected to understand. In exceptional cases where because of special knowledge in special circumstances what would be a menace to an ordinary person is not a menace to the person to the person to whom it is addressed, or where the converse may be true, it is no doubt necessary to spell out the meaning of the word.[19]
The word "menaces" has been held to include the following:
a threat to publish attacks on a company calculated to lower the value of its shares[20]
a threat to reveal that the victim has not honoured a debt[21]
a threat to place the victim on a trade association's "stop-list"[22]
a threat to refrain from giving evidence in an action[23]
Professor Griew said that the word "menaces" could conceivably include:[13]
a threat of physical violence to the victim or another
a threat of prosecution
a threat to reveal actual criminal offending or sexual misbehaviour[24] or to publish false allegations of the same
David Ormerod said that it extends to a threat to damage property.[25]
Mode of trial
Blackmail is an indictable-only offence.
A person convicted of blackmail is liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding fourteen years.[26]
In R v Hadjou,[27] Lord Lane CJ said that blackmail is one of the ugliest and most vicious crimes because it often involves what he described as "attempted murder of the soul". He said that, perhaps because courts always impose severe sentences, one seldom finds a person convicted a second time of blackmail. He said that deterrence is perhaps the most important part of a sentence in a case of blackmail.
Similar offences
David Ormerod said that the offence created by section 40 of the Administration of Justice Act 1970 is related to blackmail.[28]
When committing the offence of blackmail, various other offences may also be carried out during the course of this criminal conduct:
the offence of robbery might be committed if the blackmailer puts or seeks to put a person in fear of being there and then subjected to force.
an offence under section 4 of the Public Order Act 1986 might be committed if the blackmailer intends to cause the person threatened to believe that immediate unlawful violence will be used against him or another or if the person threatened is likely to believe that such violence will be used [29]
a threat to destroy or damage property may also amount to an offence under section 2 of the Criminal Damage Act 1971.
A blackmailer who threatens to disclose the commission of an offence may also commit an offence under section 5 of the Criminal Law Act 1967 if he subsequently accepts consideration from the victim.
A blackmailer who threatens to publish a defamatory statement of and concerning an individual may be liable to be sued for either libel or slander if he subsequently carries out that threat.
Before the enactment of section 21 of the Theft Act 1968, the word blackmail was not a legal term of art. The word was used by lawyers as a convenient way of referring to the offences under section 29 to 31 of the Larceny Act 1916,[8] and those offences were commonly known as blackmail.[30] But the word blackmail did not appear anywhere in that Act.[8]
Hogan described these offences as "an ill-assorted collection of legislative bric a brac which the draftsmen of the 1916 Act put together with scissors and paste."[31]
They are replaced by section 21 of the Theft Act 1968.
Offence of blackmail is created by section 20 of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969. It is derived from and identical to section 21 of the Theft Act 1968.
The offense of blackmail is created by 18 U.S.C. § 873 which provides:
"Whoever, under a threat of informing, or as a consideration for not informing, against any violation of any law of the United States, demands or receives any money or other valuable thing, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both."[32]
The offence of blackmail is created by section 87 of the Crimes Act 1958.
Sections 87(1) and (2) are derived from and identical to sections 21(1) and (2) of the Theft Act 1968 printed above.
Section 87(3) provides that a person guilty of blackmail is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to level 4 imprisonment (15 years maximum).
Some people consider that blackmail ought not be considered a crime.[33][34] They point out that it is licit (in the United States at this moment in time) to gossip about someone else's secret, to threaten to publicly reveal such information, and to ask a person for money, but it is illegal to combine the threat with the request for money. They say this raises the question, "Why do two rights make a wrong?"[35]
This observation has been rebutted by pointing out that while, for example, drinking (or taking certain legal drugs which may cause impairment) and driving are both legal separately, their combinations are not.[36]
Webcam blackmail
Emotional blackmail
Graymail
Greenmail
Nuclear blackmail
FBI Files on Elvis Presley
Whitemail
Pizzo (extortion)
^ a b c Merriam-Webster's dictionary of law. Merriam-Webster. 1996. pp. 634 pages.
^ The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2010.
^ a b "Blackmail".
^ a b c d West's encyclopedia of American law, Volume 2. West Pub. Co. 1998 (Digitized 22 Aug 2007). pp. 569 pages.
^ Sexual blackmail: a modern history. Harvard University Press. 2002. pp. 332 pages.
^ Burton's Legal Thesaurus. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2006. pp. 1063 pages.
^ The encyclopedia of American law enforcement. Infobase Publishing. 2007. pp. 424 pages.
^ a b c d Griew, Edward. The Theft Acts 1968 & 1978, Sweet & Maxwell: London. Fifth Edition, paperback, ISBN 0-421-35310-4, paragraph 12-01 at page 183
^ Frank Schmalleger, Daniel E. Hall, John J. Dolatowski (2009). Criminal Law Today (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 271–272.
^ Maeve Maddox. "The Difference Between Extortion and Blackmail". Retrieved 18 Jul 2011.
^ Charles Mckay, Dictionary of Lowland Scots, 1888 (archive.org)
^ [1937] AC 797, [1937] All ER 157, 26 Cr App R 51, HL
^ a b Griew, Edward. The Theft Acts 1968 & 1978, Sweet & Maxwell: London. Fifth Edition, paperback, ISBN 0-421-35310-4, paragraph 12–16 at page 189
^ [1937] AC 797 at 817
^ [1937] AC 797 at 806 to 807
^ R v Clear [1968] 1 QB 670, [1968] 2 WLR 122, 132 JP 103, 112 Sol Jo 67, [1968] 1 All ER 174, 52 Cr App R 58, CA
^ R v Clear [1968] 1 QB 670 at 679 to 680, 52 Cr App R 58 at 69
^ R v Lawrence and Pomroy (1971) 57 Cr App R 64, [1971] Crim LR 645, CA
^ (1971) 57 Cr App R 64 at 72, CA
^ R v Boyle and Merchant [1914] 2 KB 339, 83 LJKB 1801, 111 LT 638, 30 TLR 521, 78 JP 390, 58 Sol Jo 673, 10 Cr App R 180, 24 Cox 406
^ Norreys v Zefert [1939] 2 All ER 187, (1939) 83 Sol Jo 456
^ Thorne v Motor Trade Association [1937] AC 797, HL
^ R v Clear [1968] 1 QB 670
^ Presumably he intends this term to include adultery
^ Ormerod, David. Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law. Thirteenth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2011. p. 943.
^ The Theft Act 1968, section 21(3)
^ 11 Cr App R (S) 29, [1989] Crim LR 390
^ Ormerod, David. Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law. Thirteenth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2011. p. 950. (The author included this offence in a chapter titled "blackmail and related offences").
^ "Blackmail Commercial: Sentencing Manual: Legal Guidance: The Crown Prosecution Service". cps.gov.uk.
^ Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, 1999, paragraph 21-264 at page 1822
^ Hogan [1966] Crim LR 474
^ http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00000873----000-notes.html here
^ Block, Walter, "Blackmail as a Victimless Crime," with Robert McGee, Bracton Law Journal, Vol. 31, pp. 24–28 (1999)
^ Block, Walter, "Blackmailing for Mutual Good: A Reply to Russell Hardin," Vermont Law Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 121–141 (1999)
^ Walter Block, N. Stephan Kinsella and Hans-Hermann Hoppe (Jul 2000), The Second Paradox of Blackmail 10 (3), Business Ethics Quarterly, pp. 593–622,
^ Russell Christopher: Meta-Blackmail 94 Geo. L. J. 739 (2006). Page 744, reference 25.
Baker, Dennis J., Glanville Williams Textbook of Criminal Law. Sweet & Maxwell: London. (2005) ISBN 978-0-414-04613-9.
Criminal Law Revision Committee. 8th Report. Theft and Related Offences. Cmnd. 2977
Griew, Edward. Theft Acts 1968 & 1978, Sweet & Maxwell: London. ISBN 978-0-421-19960-6
Ormerod, David. Smith and Hogan Criminal Law, LexisNexis: London. (2005) ISBN 978-0-406-97730-4
Smith, J. C. Law of Theft, LexisNexis: London. (1997) ISBN 978-0-406-89545-5
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