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#India -Tata Steel & the suicide of Charudatta Deshpande #CSR
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law, Minority Rights, Prison Tags: Charu, Economic Times, ICICI Bank, India, Ratan Tata, Tata, Tata Sons, TATA STEEL
2 July 2013, Sans Serif
The circumstances surrounding the alleged suicide of journalist-turned-corporate communications expert Charudatta Deshpande in Bombay last weekend, has exposed the dark underbelly of one of India's biggest corporates, and the stress, pressure and threats that hacks face when silence is no longer a conscionable option.
Deshpande, 57, had resigned in April as chief of corporate affairs and communications at Tata Steel, having held that job for a little less than a year; he was due to join the PR firm Ad Factors on July 1. He had previously served as general manager, ICICI Bank, and prior to that as senior general manager of Mahindra & Mahindra.
As a journalist, Deshpande had worked at The Daily, The Indian Express, The Economic Times, Business India TV, and theBusiness and Political Observer.
A group of nine friends and colleagues of Charudatta Deshpande (including the president of the Press Club of Bombay) has written to Tata Sons chairman Cyrus Mistry and his predecessor Ratan Tata, urging them to institute a proper inquiry into the death.
In their letter, written in their individual capacities, Charu's friends claim:
# Charu was being bullied into signing some documents/ bonds on June 29, a day before he took his life.
# Charu was being blamed for "facilitating" a story (in picture, above) in Forbes India and was under enormous pressure to "admit" to his complicity in "leaking" confidential company documents to the media.
# Charu was was under "house arrest" in Jamshedpur and that his cell phones were being tapped.
# Charu was being called and threatened by an unnamed mafia.
In his individual capacity, ICICI executive director Ram Kumar,a well known figure in HR circles, has also written to the Tatas on the "disgraceful" manner in which Deshpande's services had been terminated, and the "untold pressure and threat at Jamshedpur" in the weeks preceding his death.
The Economic Times reports:
"Ramkumar's letter, referring to the claims of the people who met Deshpande in the four weeks preceding his death, alleges that he was "confined" for over two weeks at Jamshedpur."
Amazingly, or perhaps not, nobody from the House of Tatas, who routinely clamber on to the high moral horse, called on Deshpande's family for three days after the alleged suicide and Ramkumar has alleged in his letter that a PR firm tried to "sully" Deshpande's name after the death.
On the other hand, ICICI Bank, where Deshpande had worked earlier, has facilitated a job for his son Gaurav, who graduates in two week's time.
Below is the full text of the letter sent by nine friends of Charudatta Deshpande to Tata Sons chairman emeritus Ratan Tata and Tata Sons chairman Cyrus Mistry, on 30 June 2013:
Dear Mr Tata and Mr Mistry,
We write to you as the collective conscience of a group of friends and former colleagues of Charudatta Deshpande, a former Tata Steel employee, who committed suicide on Friday, June 28, 2013.
From whatever evidence we have gathered until now on the back of conversations with Charudatta in the weeks leading to his demise, and with those who knew him closely, Charu was placed under enormous stress and subjected to harassment by officials at Tata Steel.
Our understanding is it was this harassment that prompted him to commit suicide. This letter is an attempt to bring this episode to your attention and seek your intervention into instituting an urgent and independent inquiry into the matter.
Charu was head of corporate communications at Tata Steel. About a month ago, he resigned from the company. The events leading to his exit are relevant and we would like to place them before you for your consideration.
In April, a few months into his new assignment, Forbes India magazine ran a cover story"Remoulding Tata Steel". The story is online here onhttp://forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/putting-the-shine-back-into-tata-steel/35049/0.
It attempted to chronicle the challenges facing Tata Steel at a time when a crucial CEO succession drama was unfolding.
The story was based on extensive and independent reporting that lasted more than five months. Soon after it appeared in print though, a distraught Charu got in touch with those of us at Forbes India and alleged officials at Tata Steel were placing the blame on him for "facilitating" a story they thought inimical to their interests.
He added he was subsequently grounded for more than two weeks; that for all practical purposes was "under house arrest" in Jamshedpur; that his phones were being tapped; and that he was being subjected to enormous pressure to "admit" to his complicity in "leaking" confidential company documents to the media.
Many of us have worked in the past at various newsrooms including at the Economic Times where he was a senior editor. We have also known him professionally in his stints as head of corporate communications at organisations such as ICICI Bank, Mahindra & Mahindra and Tata Steel.
We remember him as a thorough professional who placed a premium on the interests of the organizations he worked for. Each one of us can personally vouch that in his interactions with us, he has never behaved irresponsibly or tried to damage the reputation of the firms he represented.
Those of us who were at Forbes India when the story on Tata Steel was being researched are willing to testify on any forum that matters he conducted himself with integrity and responsibility.
What we also know of the events that preceded his death are outlined below.
1. He was in discussions with officials at Adfactors PR, with whom he was negotiating employment prospects. He told them he was being called and threatened repeatedly by a 'mafia' – a term he used constantly; and that his cell phone was being tapped.
2. He had informed a friend that he was being bullied into signing some documents/bonds on June 29, a day before he took his life.
3. Immediately after the story appeared, he was in constant touch over the phone with Indrajit Gupta, the founding editor of Forbes India. He confided in Indrajit Gupta and spoke of being confined for over two weeks at Jamshedpur, being harassed after the story appeared in the magazine, was not allowed to travel without permission, and articulated his concerns about his cell phone being tapped. Despite being advised to escalate the matter to higher authorities, including the Tata Headquarters at Bombay House, Charu insisted it would be futile and make things worse for him.
Whatever be the circumstances behind his exit, most of us assumed he would put the setback behind him and move on. However, he alleged the threatening phone calls he got even after exiting he company was causing him a lot of stress.
What transpired after Charu passed away was even more despicable. Even as the news of his demise trickled in on Friday evening, there were concerted attempts made by Tata Steel officials and the PR agency to pass off his death as a heart attack, and not a suicide.
A senior PR official even insisted that he had visited Charu's residence and confirmed the news of the heart attack, which turned out to be untrue. Some regional papers even hinted he had embezzled funds.
We believe this is an attempt to tarnish the reputation of a senior professional and take the focus away from the root cause behind his untimely death.
Discussions with Charu's family have revealed he had no personal problems or disputes there. His brother-in-law Mahesh said Charu was extremely disturbed and depressed in the month before he finally quit Tata Steel. Mahesh also spoke of Charu confiding in the family he made a serious mistake in joining Tata Steel.
These apart, he also spoke of having been let down by the company on various counts and not being provided manpower and resources he was promised when he joined.
The Tata group has nurtured a long tradition of practising and upholding the highest standards of ethics and probity in public life. Nothing that we now do can redeem what has happened. But for the sake of justice, we would urge you to institute an inquiry into this matter.
If nothing, it will help bring closure to a traumatic episode for Charu's family and his circle of friends. Equally importantly, an inquiry of this kind will go a long way to ensure episodes of this kind don't occur again.
The all of us who have signed on this note would be willing to aid any inquiry process you choose to institute by providing evidence and witnesses with whom Charu had spoken to before his demise.
We trust the both of you will do what is right.
In anticipation,
On behalf of
Indrajit Gupta, Gurbir Singh, Charles Assisi, Prince Mathews Thomas, Dinesh Krishnan, Cuckoo Paul,T. Surendar, Debojyoti Chatterjee, Dinesh Narayanan
Press Release – #India – 5 activists accused by Tata Steel in fabricated cases acquitted #goodnews
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Disability, Health Care, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law, Minority Rights, Political Prisoners, Press Release, Prison Tags: Business, Human Rights, India, Jharkhand, Jindal Steel & Power Ltd, Noamundi, Saranda, Saranda Forest, Steel, TATA STEEL
from Ieft are: Mosa Mundi, Rajaram Das, Xd, Indu Iaguri, John Barjo
— atOut side Chaibasa District Court Singhbhum Jharkhand India
Xavier Dias
The Noamundi five have been acquittedon 29th June 2013 by the Chaibasa Court In 1991 eighteen of us were accused by TATA ST EEL in multiple fabricated criminal cases this particular case the Company got the Railways to fiIe an additional criminal case for damage to railway property too for which in NOvember Iast year 6 of us went to jaiI
The sixth Basu Deogam died in May from malnutrition and TB, I wish to remember the children and widows of the 13 of our comrades aII of who died early from curable diseases aII before the age of 45, yes we are now acquitted after 22 yrs of one of the countries biggest mining companies TATA STEEL failed strategy to harass Intimidate and defeat the resistance movement,
The struggle and resistance against Mining in the Saranda forest within which TATA STEEL and Noamundi comes continues and is now Ied by some of the children of our former comrades On 22 June a Pubic Hearing for a new mine could not be held as over 500 women men and children under the Leadership of Omon MahiIIIa Sanghatan drove them away This picture was taken out of the Court ,
#India – More mines, fewer schools in former Maoist stronghold (kractivist.wordpress.com)
#India – Everest Conquerors ,Mountaineers quietly rescuing people in Uttarakhand #mustead
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law Tags: Bachendri Pal, Everest, Google, India, Mount Everest, Premlata Agarwal, TATA STEEL, Uttarkashi
A group of ace climbers, which includes Mt Everest conquerors Bachendri Pal and Premlata Agarwal, have quietly arrived in Uttarkashi from across India " trekking up to villages where even the Army jawans haven't reached, providing essential supplies to marooned villagers who have no food, water or power
Dhiman Chattopadhyay, Mid Day
They have conquered the highest peaks in the world and maneuvered dangerous gorges, endured heavy snowfall and lack of oxygen. But all that pales in comparison to what they are doing now — helping thousands of stranded, starved and ill villagers of Uttarkashi with food and essential supplies in areas so remote that even the army jawans have failed to make their way to these places.
Mountaineers Bachendri Pal, Premlata Agarwal and their group managed to reach stranded villagers at Bidsari, Pilang, Jadau and some other places in Uttarakhand. Pics Courtesy/Anusha Subramanian and Guneet Puri
A small group of ace climbers, led by two women who have conquered Mt Everest, arrived in Uttarkashi last week from all over India to help rescue operations in the flood-ravaged state. Till Saturday evening they had managed to climb up to six 'unreachable' villages around Maneri, where over 400 people are without home, food, water and medicine since June 16. On the way, they have also rescued, and guided dozens of dehydrated tourists, ordered to trek over 50 kilometres by jawans who were told to rescue women, children and the elderly first.
Mountaineers Bachendri Pal, Premlata Agarwal
The group has now sought help from the Tata Relief Trust and several other NGOs to airdrop life-saving materials such as food, medicines, candles, matchboxes, blankets and tents, to these villagers. They are being led by the legendary Bachendri Pal, the first Indian woman to conquer Mt Everest and Premlata Agarwal the first Indian woman to conquer the highest peaks of all seven continents. Others in the team include journalist and mountaineer Anusha Subramanian, and a team of climbers including Guneet Puri, Yashwant Panwar and Jay Panwar, who were all part of the Mt Thelu expedition.
People wait to be airlifted at Harsil on June 21. Pic Courtesy/Guneet Puri
Hanging on to life
"We have managed to reach stranded villagers at Didsari, Pilang, Jadau and a couple of other places. Most people here are without power, water or a roof over their head. The government has just airdropped packets of biscuits for them to eat. Many of them are suffering from diarrhoea since they are not used to such food. We are trying to help them with food, medicines and some form of shelter," says Anusha Subramanian, a Mumbai-based journalist and a trained mountaineer who rushed to Uttarkashi after receiving a call from her friends. Subramanian who trained at the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering reached Uttarkashi soon.
Many locals in the region are without food, water and their homes. Pic Courtesy/Anusha Subramanian
While Everest conquerer Bachendri Pal, who heads the Tata Adventure Foundation, arrived in Uttarkashi as part of the Tata Relief Trust (TRF) team to spearhead relief operations, she was joined by her friend Premlata Agarwal who holds the twin distinction of being the oldest Indian woman to climb Everest and the first Indian woman to scale the tallest peaks in all seven continents. Subramanian who has several high-altitude treks to her credit, also flew down from Mumbai while mountaineers Puri, Panwar and Tanwar arrived from snow-capped peaks in the upper Himalayas.
A mudslide that ravaged parts of Dharali town. Pic Courtesy/Guneet Puri
Trekking every day for relief operations
According to Subramanian who spoke to SUNDAY MiD Day whenever she and her team were in a zone with mobile connectivity, they have been trekking to different villages every day, taking small supplies of food and medication, as they await choppers from the TRF to arrive with tents, foodgrain, candles and other supplies.
(L-R) Premlata Agarwal, Bachendri Pal, Guneet Puri and Anusha Subramanian along with other members of the group.
"Uttarkashi seems like a ghost town, so different from what I have experienced in the past. The tragedy has many ramifications for locals, the most important being loss of livelihood. Yesterday, we, along with some employees of the NGO Sri Bhuvaneshwari Mahila Ashram (SBMA) and the TRF team, went to assess the situation in the upper reaches of Maneri. These villages have lost their homes and their land," she said.
A rapid assessment by SBMA shows that Uttarkashi has 120 villages, which have been completely destroyed. There are no roads to connect them to mainland, no electricity and above all no ration to cook food. "This is the third monsoon disaster since 2010 in this region. After the first two disasters, the government identified 250 villages as dangerous but did not take action and relocate villagers," said a member of the SBMA.
The ace mountaineers are now helping adopt six such villages of New Didsari, Didsari, Pilang, Jadaou, Bayana and Shyaba and provide relief to approximately 400 families. "Bachendri Pal is originally from Uttarakhand. She has personally surveyed some of these villages and along with all of us she is ensuring that relief reaches each and every villager," says Subramanian.
The team recalled how they were shocked to see the condition at New Didsari, one of the villages they reached. "It has 55 families who have been displaced from their homes and lost everything they had. No medical aid has reached these villages yet. The villagers are sad, disappointed and angry. The bridge that connects their village with the world, has been washed away," recalled Guneet Puri, who reached Uttarkashi on June 20 after a month in the upper Himalayas attempting to scale a 20,000 feet peak. The other villages, explains Pal, are even more remote. The only way to get to these villagers is through treacherous mountainous routes. Even a helicopter cannot land here and airdropping is the only option after all roads were destroyed. But these bravehearts are not giving up. They are staying put, till the villagers are back on their feet. At a time, when politicians are busy gaining political mileage from this human tragedy, heroes like these men and women are keeping the nation's flag flying proudly.
'We met people on the verge of death'
Guneet Puri is yet to come to terms with what has been the biggest mountaineering challenge of her life. The ace mountaineer and her teammates were on their way back from Mt Thelu when they encountered the disaster.
Her account:
We reached Harsil village on June 21. Over 4, 000 people were stranded there. They had all been forced to walk over 50 km since the Army was rescuing children, women and the disabled first. We met people on the verge of exhaustion or death. All of us were carrying between 23 to 30 kilos of equipment with us since we were returning from an expedition. But when we saw the plight of these tourists, we happily carried their luggage with us. In the end, we almost carried some of them, too. By the time we reached Gangani, all our toes has blisters. We could hardly walk. But things were about to get worse. From here to Uttarkashi, entire roads had vanished. We helped hundreds of tourists who had no energy to walk, let alone climb the huge boulders. We rushed a woman to the hospital in Maneri after she fainted. These are my people and we have to take care of them. We are doing what we can. But when I look at the magnitude of the disaster, our efforts seem to insignificant. Still, every drop counts.
First Indian woman mountaineer to summit in all continents (spiritofventurer.wordpress.com)
SC asks cos including Vedanta, Adani, Tata and Essar Steel to pay 50% entry fee tax demand by Odisha
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law, Minority Rights, Violence against Women, Women Rights Tags: Essar Steel, Harish Salve, Hindalco Industries, New Delhi, Odisha, Supreme Court, TATA STEEL, Vedanta
Samanwaya Rautray, ET Bureau Apr 10, 2013,
NEW DELHI: The Supreme Court on Tuesday asked a host of companies including Vedanta, Adani and Tata Steel and Essar Steel, to pay up 50% of the tax demanded by the state of Odisha by way of entry tax for now.
A bench, comprising Justices HL Dattu and JS Khehar, directed all the companies to pay 50% of the tax and interest amounts demanded/assessed by the state. But the penalty amount would be excluded from the amount, the court said.
Senior counsel Harish Salve argued the case for these companies. He was assisted by Tarun Gulati of Economic Laws Practice. Salve urged the court to restrict the deposit to 33% for now, but the court refused to do so, instead asking them to pay 50% of any demands made by the state.
Salve also urged that the penalty may be directed to be deposited as the case involves a constitutional challenge and that the assessees had already succeeded in the High Court in Reliance's case.
The Bench agreed with Salve's suggestion that the penalty amount should be excluded from the total deposits to be made by the companies.
But the bench noted the state was financially poor and that these companies were constrained to bring such goods from outside the state.
Odisha counsel Rakesh Dwivedi demanded that these companies deposit the whole of the tax liability which had arisen prior to filing of the petitions before the Orissa High Court. But Salve objected to this suggestion.
These taxes have been imposed on goods imported by them for their plants and services in Orissa between 2008 and 2012.
Odisha's Entry Act, which allows levy of entry tax on imported goods, allows the state to levy a tax, not exceeding 12% of the purchase value, on entry of goods for consumption, use or sale in the state. The government levies different rates for different goods. Most states have similar Acts.
Petitions challenging them on the grounds of constitutional validity are now pending before the Supreme Court. Nineteen other companies including ACC and Hindalco Industries and Vedanta, have moved the top court against the Act. They claim that the power to impose a cross state levy only lies with the centre and states have no power to impose them.
Tata Steel to raise 13,000 cr in 6 mths for Kalinganagar project (kractivist.wordpress.com)
#India- Apex court puts a 'God' poser for Vedanta Group (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Soni Sori acquitted in 4th case; lawyers to move HC for bail #Vaw (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Forest land cannot be diverted for #Vedanta project, says India #goodnews (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Tata Steel to raise 13,000 cr in 6 mths for Kalinganagar project
17 Feb 2013 2 Comments
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law Tags: Chief financial officer, Jamshedpur, June-July, Kalinganagar, Project finance, Steel, TATA STEEL, Tonne
13 Feb, 2013, 08.32PM IST, PTI
MUMBAI: Tata SteelBSE 0.47 % is going to raise up to Rs 13,000 crore within next six months for the first phase of its upcoming 6 million tonnes new steel mill in Odisha's Kalinganagar, a top company official said today.
"We are looking at closing our project financing for the Odisha project. It is an advanced stage… In phase-I, we will be funding around Rs 12,000 crore to Rs 13,000 crore on debt and then, after we complete (phase-I), we will take a call on (fund raising for) phase-II," Tata Steel's group CFO Koushik Chatterjee said in a conference call.
The Kalinganagar project is the first integrated greenfield project for the company outside Jamshedpur in its over a century-old history.
The project has been divided into two equal phases of 3 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) and is estimated to require an investment of about Rs 35,000 crore.
The first phase of the project is expected to go on strea by June-July, Chatterjee said.
"Work is going on in full swing (at Kalinganagar project). We have significantly mobilised resources on-site and expecting to ramp up the same before the onset of monsoon season, some time in June-July," he said, adding that the project is being funded at 50:50 debt-equity ratio.
He also said in the immediate future, Tata Steel is looking at only rupee loans but may go for foreign borrowings at a later stage.
Tata Steel has deployed more than 25,000 workers for the construction of the plant, which is being developed to produce flat steel products only.
The company had signed a memorandum of understanding with the Odisha government in 2004 only but due to protests at the site few years ago, in which 13 tribals were killed, had delayed the project.
Tata Steel is in possession of only 1700 acres of the land at present against a total requirement of over 5,000 acres for the full 6 MTPA capacity.
Tata Steel Posts Biggest Quarterly Loss in More Than Three Years – Bloomberg (bloomberg.com)
Cut duty on iron ore to zero: Tata Steel (rediff.com)
#India – Mining scams -a decade of loot
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law Tags: BHUBANESWAR, Goa, Joda, Koira, Odisha, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Shah Commission, TATA STEEL
Sayantan Bera
At more than Rs 65,000 crore, the mining scam in Odisha has surpassed that in Goa and Karnataka. The penalties, however, came too late
Prodded by the Shah Commission, the Odisha government has started satellite mapping to check illegal mining (Photo: Sayantan Bera)
In December last year, days before an inquiry commission headed by justice M B Shah was slated to visit Koira and Joda mining circles in northern Odisha, piles of documents were burnt in the office of deputy director of mines in Koira. In November this year, just days before the commission's third visit, the Odisha government slapped a fine of Rs 65,493 crore on 104 mine lessees for extracting more than the permitted quantity of iron ore, manganese and chromite between 2000 and 2010 (see 'Who's who among offenders').
The commission was set up by the Centre in 2010 to probe illegal mining across India. It is expected to submit its report on Odisha by December end.
At present, of the 600 leases in the state, 388 have been either suspended or temporarily discontinued. The state environment minister recently told the Assembly that 111 mines have been listed for violating Environment Protection and Forest Conservation Acts. In October, the state government notified that second and subsequent renewal of mining leases will be restricted to captive users, that is, lessees without any industry of their own will not be eligible.
The Rs 65,493 crore fine has been recorded as royalty for overextraction and transit passes (given by the state to vehicles carrying minerals out of mines) issued. "But what about the mining beyond leasehold areas which include forestland?" asks Union minister and Congress MP from Odisha Srikant Kumar Jena who says the total loss from illegal mining in the state is Rs 4 lakh crore. Accusing the Odisha government of hoodwinking people, Jena says, "It has imposed the fine on mine lessees to put a brave face in front of the Shah Commission."
Horror unfolds
The decade beginning 2000 witnessed a boom in iron ore prices. To reap benefits, miners in Sundargarh and Keonjhar districts, which include Koira and Joda circles, started mining in excess of the limit approved by the Indian Bureau of Mines. They stretched operations beyond their lease areas and continued extracting even after their leases had expired. Mining was done without acquiring mandatory environment and forest clearances or the "consent to establish" from the state pollution control board.
The blank board at Koira block development office is an ironic reminder of the underdevelopment in the mining hot spot
Traders transported the overproduce by bribing through check posts. The iron ore was eventually exported to China. Thousands of trucks carrying ore moved daily on broken roads, says Satyabrata Panda, an economist based in Bhubaneswar, while recalling the day in 2005 when his car moved inch by inch in Sundargarh to cover four kilometres in eight hours. A 2008 report by the Auditor General found that many trucks in the Baripada mining circle in Mayurbhanj district were using number plates assigned to motorcycles. Of the eight circles reviewed, six did not have government check gates, says the report.
In 2009, a report by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Odisha, provided evidence of mining in forestland, tampered boundary pillars, construction of roads inside reserve forest in Keonjhar and Sundargarh, and rampant illegal mining along the Jharkhand border (see 'Pushing the pillars'). The same year, Rabi Das, senior journalist based in Bhubaneswar, filed a petition in the Supreme Court alleging organised illegal mining with active support of the state government. Das argued that 155 leases were operating "without any valid authority… most of which include forest areas and by whom the mandatory clearances from the Central government has (sic) not been obtained ".
Source: Inspection report by Principal Chief Conservator of Forests , Odisha, 2009
In response, the court appointed a Central Empowered Committee (CEC) which submitted its report in 2010. The report observed that of the 341 mines operating, 215 were working under the "deemed extension" clause of the mineral concession rules under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act. "The deemed extension clause is primarily meant to deal with contingency situation and to ensure that mining operations do not come to an abrupt end… This provision is not meant to be availed of indefinitely. Continuing mining over a long period of time without renewal of the mining lease becomes a potential source for serious illegalities and irregularities," notes the report.
It observed that mining activities were going on in a large number of mines without requisite approvals under the Forest Conservation Act and the Air and Water Acts. Despite the findings, many violators, especially big companies, got away without any hassle, says Panda. Tata Steel, for instance, renewed its mining lease and increased production capacity from six million tonnes to 12 million tonnes in a year even when the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) of Keonjhar had slammed the company for violating forest laws and illegal mining in 2011. Similarly, Rungta Mines renewed its lease despite violations. The DFO was transferred after he filed damning inspection reports.
Panda, who has been analysing the mining sector, points to another problem. "For the 80 million tonnes of iron ore produced in 2010-11, the environmental cost of handling overburden (waste produced while mining) would be Rs 26,000 crore. This is absurd since the market valuation of 80 million tonnes is less than Rs 10,000 crore," he says.
Fine: a face-saver?
Referring to the Rs 65,493 crore fine, Supreme Court lawyer Jayant Das says the notice of fines given to mine lessees will not stand in the court of law. "The firms were not issued a show cause notice where they would have a chance of replying," adds Das, who is fighting a case on illegal mining in the state.
Prafulla Samantara, a civil rights activist in Odisha, says the penalties were imposed as a face-saver ahead of the Shah Commission's visit. "What was the state government doing for 10 long years while the loot was on?" he asks.
Two instances bring home the point. Earlier this year, the state had fined Raikela Iron Mines, leased to Geetarani Mohanty, Rs 40.37 crore for excess production of iron ore. The notice was issued after the Auditor General raised an objection in the 2011-12 audit. The mine lessee appealed to the revision authority in the Union Ministry of Mines and got a stay on the order to pay fine. Similarly, a fine of Rs 1,132 crore imposed on Indrani Pattnaik mines was stayed. "The state government is not serious about recovering the amount," says lawyer Das.
Another hurdle to collect the fine is in the definition of illegal mining. A recent amendment to the mineral concession rules under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act defines illegal mining as any mining outside the leasehold area. Overextraction inside the leasehold area cannot be termed illegal and, therefore, the penalty will not be valid, mine lessees argue. Deepak Mohanty, state director of mines, says, "Fines were imposed under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act. Stay orders of the revision authorities are not the last word."
Fifty years of mining have done little to improve people's lives, says Kanhu Charan Mohanty, activist in the region from NGO Ekta Parishad. Despite overproduction of minerals, jobs are not easily available as most excavation work is done by machines. Beginning 2002, with the boom in mineral prices, people abandoned agriculture—everyone wanted a share of the booty, either by illegal mining or by transporting the iron ore. Most areas now lie barren. With streams dried up, people depend on tankers from mining companies for drinking water.
At the entrance to the Koira block development office is a signboard listing its success profile—from check dams and farm ponds to peripheral development. It's telling: there are no numbers on the white board, only a coat of red iron ore dust.
Source URL: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/decade-loot
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Despite state pardon, J'khand activists sent to jail, get bail
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law, Minority Rights, Political Prisoners, Prison Tags: Bihar, Chaibasa, Holi, Indian Penal Code, Jharkhand, Prison, TATA STEEL, Xavier Dias
Deepu Sebastian Edmond : IEChaibasa, Thu Nov 29 2012
Six activists of the Jharkhand statehood movement, who were sent to jail on Saturday by a Railway Magistrate in a 1991 case, were on Monday bailed out from the Chaibasa jail. Xavier Dias, John Barjo, Basudev Devgum, Moso Munda, Rajaram Tanti and Indu Lagur were released at 6.30 pm. Three of the nine accused in the case have died.
They were sent to jail despite a pardon granted by the state government in all cases originating out of the successful movement to carve out Jharkhand from Bihar.
State Home Secretary J B Tubid said this was because this particular case was out of the purview of the state government. "The (Union) Railway Ministry has to take a call in this. We had written to them a long time ago, asking for special consideration in cases relating to Jharkhand movement activists. There must be 20-25 such cases. There has been no response," he said.
The case relates to a protest that was organised on March 15, 1991. Some workers of the Tata Iron and Steel Company had allegedly invaded upon the privacy of tribal women while celebrating Holi. "According to Ho tradition unless the village head priest Duri performs the Baa puja villagers under his jurisdiction cannot participate in similar festivals elsewhere. It's a sacrilege," wrote Xavier Dias in a widely-circulated note drafted before his arrest.
The accused, then members of the All Jharkhand Students' Union, organised the tribals of the area for the protest. According to the complaint by the Chief Security Officer of the TISCO's Noamundi plant, which formed the basis of the FIR, the protesters "snatched the keys from the sepoy", pushed him and "removed the fish-plates" of the railway track used for transportation.
The protest invited charges under Indian Penal Code sections 147, 148, 342, 448 and 427, along with sections 126 and 127 of the Indian Railways Act.
All accused have been on bail since 1991. Meanwhile, three accused — Kandey Laguri, John Tiria and Jeno Chatar — passed away.
The arrests took place as the accused had not been attending court proceedings for over a year. In response, the court cancelled their bail bonds and sent notices warning attachment of property, forcing the six to surrender before it.
Why are five Adivasis and Xavier Dias sent to Chaibasa Jail? (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Dayamani Barla's bail petition rejected #Jharkhand (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Alleging assault by CRPF jawans, Jharkhand tribals stage protests (kractivist.wordpress.com)
#India# Jharkhand # Tribalrights – Dayamani Barla:Gagged Again! (kractivist.wordpress.com)
#India- State ploy to silence a dissenting voice? #fabricated #arrests (kractivist.wordpress.com)
The Iron Lady of Jharkhand: Dayamani Barla (kractivist.wordpress.com)
#DayaniBarla's arrest: Civil society condemns Jharkhand Govt.'s vindictive move (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Why are five Adivasis and Xavier Dias sent to Chaibasa Jail?
25 Nov 2012 7 Comments
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law, Minority Rights, Political Prisoners, Prison Tags: Adivasi, First Information Report, Holi, India, Jharkhand, Jojo Hatting, Munda, Noamundi, TATA STEEL
A note sent by Xavier Dias, before they surrendered, to let the world know the details of the case
and the story of the battle of the people of Noamundi against the TISCO…TISCO (Tata Iron & Steel Co.) presently know as TATA STEEL's captive iron ore mine lies in Noamundi Jharkhand (India). It is one of their first mines operational since 1907 and supplying ore to its furnace in Jamshedpur. This is the homeland of the Adivasi people of India from whom resources were expropriated to convert the House of Tata's from a opium trader to a full-fledged monopoly capitalist. One of the first in British India.
Noamundi prior to the arrival of mining was a 100% 'Ho' Adivasi territory. Today Tatas have a large township with massive mechanised mining including processing plants.
In 1991 on the festival of Holi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi) a rowdy group of TISCO employees molested a team of Adivasi women labourers on the construction site of the Companies Sports Stadium. The women had joined their hands and told these drunken workers that as their Baa Parob (festival of spring) was not yet performed in their village they cannot join them in the Holi celebrations. According to Ho tradition unless the village head priest Duri performs the Baa puja villagers under his jurisdiction cannot participate in similar festivals elsewhere. It's a sacrilege. The TISCO workers forced themselves on the women and by applying colour on their breast and genitals molested them.
They all came from Noamundi Basti the original village from where Noamundi gets its name. When the late Gagan Suren, the Munda (Adivasi village chief), of the village came to know of it, he approached the TISCO management and demanded that a case be registered against the workers. TISCO refused and as the Police too come under their control, the Police station refused to accept the FIR (First Information Report) of the Munda.
One of the sub colonies of Noamundi Township, JoJo Hatting comes under the jurisdiction of the Mundi of Noamundi Basti in this case Gagan Suren. Under the power the Munda had then he ask all the workers and their families to quit Jojo Hatting. TISCO found itself saddled with about a hundred refugee families at their door step. TISCO soon relented and asked the Police to file a case. Immediately the TISCO sponsored union affiliated to the central trade union of the Congress Party (INTUC) threatened that if a case is filed, they would go on strike. It should be noted here that this was the first time in the history of this union that they gave such an ultimatum to the management.
In the meanwhile, anger spread among the Ho people. At that time the All Jharkhand Student Union (AJSU) was strong in that area. AJSU supported the demands of the Munda.
On the other side of Noamundi in a different area lies the TISCO Palletising Plant or P Plant as known locally. It was constructed on grabbed lands of the surrounding villages, the main one being Moodhi village. The sacred graves and sacred groves till today rest within the walls of the P Plant and ever since the villagers have been demanding compensation. Seeing their relatives of Noamundi basti under attack and agitating, the villagers of Moodhi village decided to support them by opening another agitation front against TISCO. They locked the P Plant with the workers in and refused entry to the next shift of workers. Hundreds surrounded the P Plant and kept its gates locked for days.
TISCO was hereby being challenged by Adivasis who they consider as sheep to be slaughtered. They could not take it. Their security men (private security force) opened fire on the Adivasis at the P Plant. This act itself let to a big problem for TISCO as they cannot open fire on a crowd. So they got the Police to issue a statement that it was the Police who fired the shots.
As usual in those times the Police issued different criminal cases against the villagers and AJSU activist. As the P Plant gate is adjacent to the railway line TISCO got the Railways to file their case against the same accused.
This group of accused, about fifteen in number, is today reduced to seven persons. The rest all have died much before their time. They are today the unsung heroes of Jharkhand. Their wives and children are till date suffering due to the sacrifice of their breadwinners.
Since 1991, all the accused activists have been on bail (after surrendering and going to jail then!) and they have been attending all court dates for the last two decades.
In 2010 the lawyer handling the case gives up practice to join the Abhijeet Steel Company. He abandoned the case without handing it over to another lawyer. As a result the court has issued an arrest warrant against all the surviving activists. As we were not informed of this warrant, the court converted it into a 'Kudkhi' warrant or seizure of properties of the accused.
I am writing this note a day before we all surrender before the Magistrate. In accordance with fair judicial procedure, he should revive our bail. But we are apprehending that he will send us all into judicial custody or jail in order to harass us and threaten the ongoing agitation against the TATA STEEL expansion of their mines in Noamundi. This is the best way the Jharkhand state can appease Tatas at this stage. In the past we have experienced that such repression only goes to strengthen our resolve and movement. Thanks to TATA STEEL
Written by Xavier Dias on 22nd November 2012
(along with the surviving accused including: John Barjo, Basudev Devgum, Moso Munda, Rajaram Tanti and Indu Laguri)
#Poem- Now its dangerous to be #Dayamani Barla #Jharkhand #Tribal #Indigenous (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Displaced villagers lock Tata Kalinganagar Nagar plant gates (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Tata Steel – spending gallons of water to keep golf course green, while 76 slums without drinking water (kractivist.wordpress.com)
When excess mining got a legal seal #Odisha
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Health Care, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law, Minority Rights Tags: IBM, Illegal mining in India, Keonjhar, Mining, Nagpur, Orissa, Orissa High Court, TATA STEEL
pic courtesy, Reuters
Debabrata Mohanty : Bhubaneswar, Mon Nov 12 2012, 01:22 hrs
A key mining regulator, The Indian Bureau of Mines, allowed excess mining to carry on in Orissa by raising the permissible limit of those responsible, says the state government, which recently slapped a penalty on several leaseholders.
The IBM, however, says that excess mining is not illegal as long as the companies involved pay the royalty for what they have extracted. In fact, because of an amendment to mining rules, the state and the Centre continue to debate what constitutes illegal mining.
The IBM, with its headquarters in Nagpur, approves the mining plans of each company for a period of five years with predetermined annual limits under section 5(2)(b) of the Mines & Minerals (Regulation & Development) Act, 1957 and other rules such as Mineral Concession Rules, 1960, and Mineral Conservation & Development Rules, 1988. A lease period of 20 or 30 years is, therefore, divided into four or six mining plans. After the state government gets the IBM-approved mining plan, it grants or renews a lease.
When the first signs of excess mining in Keonjhar and Sundargarh showed in 2003, IBM officials on the ground spotted it. Official sources said that under the MC&D Rules, 1988, IBM officials are empowered to cancel the lease or impose penalties. It instead revised the mining plan, the sources said.
Documents with the steel and mines department show that in Khandabandh mines in Keonjhar, the IBM had approved extraction of 3.60 lakh tonnes by Tata Steel in 2006-07. The company raised 7.64 lakh tonnes, and again 7.42 lakh tonnes in 2007-08. The next year, the IBM raised the limit to 7.06 lakh tonnes without imposing penalties. In 2002-03, when the limit was 24 lakh tonnes at Joda East mines, the Tatas mined 30.5 lakh tonnes. The next year, the IBM raised the limit to 40.1 lakh tonnes.
"The mining plan/scheme is an instrument to systematically conserve the ores and not finish them overnight. Once a mining plan is given for five years, it should not be revised midway, but that's what the IBM did," said Orissa director of mines Deepak Kumar Mohanty. "They didn't levy any penalty on over-mining and instead set new limits the next year. If you are going to condone illegalities, why have a mining plan/scheme at all?"
IBM officials say excess extraction is not illegal as long as the miner pays the royalty. "Once royalty is paid on excess production of ore, it can't be called illegal mining. This was more like irregular operations," said M Biswas, regional controller of mines with the IBM.
Biswas rejected the state's allegation that the IBM failed to detect irregularities in mining. "We have done our duty and the state government is doing its job," he said. "The IBM should not be blamed for the wrongs. It has taken action against certain mines by suspending their operations."
Chief secretary B K Patnaik had written to the Union Mines Ministry about the IBM's inaction, and the mines secretary wrote back to say that 20 per cent excess mining for a given year is condonable. This July, the ministry amended the MC Rules, 1960, saying mining outside the lease area is illegal but excess mining inside the lease area is not. The state government finds this difficult to accept. "Where is the rule in the MMDR Act that says 20 per cent excess mining can be allowed?" says the state director of mines.
Jayant Das, president of the Orissa High Court Bar Association and a lawyer on mineral matters, said, "The IBM had all the information to be able to crack down on illegal mining. But companies continued to over-extract from mines which had a deemed renewal status. This is not possible without a quid pro quo arrangement."
Environmental activist Biswajit Mohanty, who has filed a PIL in the Orissa High Court demanding a CBI probe into the scam, said, "If deemed renewal by the state steel and mines department was the main cause of excess mining, the IBM's negligence or condoning gave the miners the licence to loot."
Goa Illegal Mining Battle now in Supreme Court (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Mining in rat holes, and a Meghalayan policy (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Take note of 'glaring illegalities' by mining firms, court urged (thehindu.com)
#Vedanta to restart Odisha refinery from Monday #badnews (kractivist.wordpress.com)
Tata Steel to make representation to Orissa
by kracktivist in Advocacy, Announcements, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law Tags: Asia, India, Jamshedpur, Joda, New Delhi, Orissa, Sukinda, TATA STEEL
The company has received notices for a sum of Rs.6,000-7,000 cr as a fine for excessive production
Ruchira Singh , livemint.com
First Published: Tue, Nov 06 2012. 12 24 AM IST
A file photo of Tata Steel's Jamshedpur plant.
Updated: Tue, Nov 06 2012. 12 26 AM IST
New Delhi: Tata Steel Ltd will make a representation to Orissa to ask for cancelling a fine demanded by the state government for the company's iron ore mining in the state, an industry official said on Monday, as the state tightened its mining rules in the wake of continuing scrutiny on illegal mining.
Tata Steel, which has mines in Joda, Sukinda and Khondbond in Orissa all of which supply iron ore to its Jamshedpur steel plant, has received notices issued from Joda asking for a sum of Rs.6,000-7,000 crore as a fine for excessive production, the official said.
An official statement from the company said it had not broken any law.
"Tata Steel has received notice from the government and we will revert to the government with our submission. We reiterate our contention that we have always undertaken mining in Orissa and also in other states where we operate with strict conformity with the existing laws," the official statement from the company said. "Government of India has recently brought out a notification defining irregularity in mining operations and illegal mining. This distinction is an important aspect of the whole issue of the demand put forth by the state government."
Orissa's director of mines Deepak Kumar Mohanty did not answer his phone when called for comments.


text:
USS Zumwalt (DDG-1000) is a guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy. She is the lead ship of the  and the first ship to be named after Admiral Elmo Zumwalt. Zumwalt has stealth capabilities, having a radar cross-section similar to a fishing boat despite her large size. On 7 December 2015, Zumwalt began her sea trial preparatory to joining the Pacific Fleet. The ship was commissioned in Baltimore on 15 October 2016. Her home port is San Diego, California.

Namesake

Zumwalt is named after Elmo Russell Zumwalt Jr., who was an American naval officer and the youngest man to serve as the Chief of Naval Operations. As an admiral and later the 19th Chief of Naval Operations, Zumwalt played a major role in U.S. military history, especially during the Vietnam War. A highly decorated war veteran, Zumwalt reformed the US Navy's personnel policies in an effort to improve enlisted life and ease racial tensions. After he retired from a 32-year naval career, he launched an unsuccessful campaign for the United States Senate.

The hull classification symbol for Zumwalt is DDG-1000, which departs from the guided missile destroyer numbering sequence that goes up to DDG-139, which , is , the latest of the named s. Zumwalt continues the previous "gun destroyer" sequence left off with 1983, DD-997, the last of the , .

Role
The Zumwalt class was designed with multimission capability. Unlike previous destroyer classes, designed primarily for deep-water combat, the Zumwalt class was primarily designed to support ground forces in land attacks, in addition to the usual destroyer missions of anti-air, anti-surface, and antisubmarine warfare.

Zumwalt is equipped with two Advanced Gun Systems (AGS), which are designed to fire the Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP). LRLAP was to be one of a range of land attack and ballistic projectiles for the AGS, but was the only munition the AGS could use. LRLAP had a range of up to  fired from the AGS. It was to be a key component for ground forces support, but LRLAP procurement was cancelled in 2016 and the Navy has no plan to replace it. Since Zumwalt class cannot provide naval gunfire support the Navy has re-purposed the class to surface warfare.

History

Construction
Many of the ship's features were originally developed under the DD21 program ("21st Century Destroyer"). In 2001, Congress cut the DD-21 program by half as part of the SC21 program. To save it, the acquisition program was renamed as DD(X) and heavily reworked. The initial funding allocation for DDG-1000 was included in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2007. By February 2008, a $1.4 billion contract had been awarded to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, and full rate production officially began a year later, on 11 February 2009.

In July 2008, a construction timetable was set for General Dynamics to deliver the ship in April 2013, with a March 2015 target date for Zumwalt to meet her initial operating capability but, by 2012 the planned completion and delivery of the vessel was delayed to the 2014 fiscal year. The first section of the ship was laid down on the slipway at Bath Iron Works on 17 November 2011, by which point, fabrication of the ship was over 60% complete. The naming ceremony was planned for 19 October 2013, but was canceled due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013. The vessel was launched on 29 October 2013.

Sea trials
In January 2014, Zumwalt began to prepare for heavy weather trials, to see how the ship and her instrumentation react to high winds, stormy seas, and adverse weather conditions. The ship's new wave-piercing inverted bow and tumblehome hull configuration reduced her radar cross-section. Tests involved lateral and vertical accelerations and pitch and roll. Later tests included fuel on-loading, data center tests, propulsion events, X-band radar evaluations, and mission systems activation to finalize integration of electronics. These all culminated in builders' trials and acceptance trials, with delivery for US Navy tests in late 2014, and with initial operating capability (IOC) to be reached by 2016.

Zumwalts first commanding officer was Captain James A. Kirk. Kirk attracted some media attention when he was first named the captain, due to the similarity of his name to that of the Star Trek television character Captain James T. Kirk, played by William Shatner. Shatner wrote a letter of support to Zumwalts crew in April 2014. On 7 December 2015, the ship departed Bath Iron Works for sea trials to allow the Navy and contractors to operate the vessel under rigorous conditions to determine whether Zumwalt is ready to join the fleet as an actively commissioned warship.

On 12 December 2015, during sea trials, Zumwalt responded to a US Coast Guard call for assistance for a fishing boat captain who was experiencing a medical emergency  from Portland, Maine. Due to deck conditions, the Coast Guard helicopter was unable to hoist the patient from the fishing boat, so Zumwalts crew used their 11-meter rigid-hulled inflatable boat (RHIB) to transfer him to the destroyer, from which he was transported to shore by the Coast Guard helicopter and then to a hospital. The US Navy accepted delivery of Zumwalt on 20 May 2016. In September 2016, it was reported that the vessel needed repairs after the detection of a seawater leak in the ship's auxiliary motor drive oil system. The US Navy commissioned Zumwalt on 15 October 2016, in Baltimore during Fleet Week.

Post-commissioning

On 21 November 2016, Zumwalt lost propulsion in her port shaft while passing through the Panama Canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean en route to her homeport in San Diego. Water had intruded in two of the four bearings that connect Zumwalts port and starboard Advanced Induction Motors to the drive shafts. Both drive shafts failed and Zumwalt struck the lock walls in the canal, causing minor cosmetic damage. Zumwalts passage through the Panama Canal had to be completed with tugboats.  Zumwalt underwent repairs at Vasco Núñez de Balboa Naval Base near the Pacific end of the canal before continuing on to Naval Station San Diego. Upon the ship's arrival in San Diego, the leak was revealed to be through the lubrication cooling system, though the cause remains unknown. Sources close to the incident described the completion of the canal transit with tugboats a prudent measure, and lauded Captain Kirk for quick thinking and integrity to acknowledge the cooling system failure rather than risk damage to the propulsion system by steering the ship to the dock without assistance.

Post-delivery

In April 2019, Zumwalt departed San Diego for a first operational deployment into the Pacific since the shipyard availability conducted in 2017 and 2018. This patrol included a visit to Ketchikan, Alaska, during which Zumwalt'''s  watch teams were able to conduct stability trials in stormy seas (Sea State 6), and Pearl Harbor, marking the first visit of a Zumwalt Class Destroyer to Hawaii. The Navy accepted delivery in April 2020, preparing for more sea tests.

In September 2022 Zumwalt made her first port call in Guam during the longest voyage since the ship was commissioned.

 References

 External links

 Christening of Lead Ship Zumwalt (DDG 1000)—Official General Dynamics website
 DDG-1000 Zumwalt / DD(X) Multi-Mission Surface Combatant—GlobalSecurity.org site covering the Zumwalt'' class
 USS Zumwalt underway

2013 ships
Zumwalt-class destroyers
Ships built in Bath, Maine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home » Mobile App Development » Google gives a major nudge to mobile web app development
Yeeply in Mobile App Development
Google is one of the largest companies in the world as we all know. Standing out especially among those devoted to new technologies. It's present in mobile phones, tablets, computers, search engines and even carries out mobile web app development.
Two of the biggest decisions that Google has taken in the past days follow this wake. Namely, kicking off Progressive Web Apps (in the company that developed WebAPKs) and calling off mobile web app development.
At a first glance, these decisions may seem contradictory. However, Google doesn't do things at random, which makes us think that something big by Google could be coming soon. But let's start by analysing this news.
Chromium for Android: the Road to WebAPKs
Google is a very active company in everything that has to do with mobile web app development. They promote things like Chrome applications — for Chrome OS and Android alike — and Instant Apps, which they introduced earlier this year.
Well, it seems like Google is preparing another masterstroke in the 'realm' of web applications. This time it comes in the form of Progressive Web Apps. An innovation that will make web applications become more powerful and useful for end users while making them much easier for developers to create.
In addition, Progressive Web Apps may be used in a very special way in Android, as they can be packaged in WebAPKs. All this yields web applications that integrate fully with the Android operating system as a result.
Consequently, they run very much like native applications. Rendering them faster and smoother and integrating them into the same Android graphic user interface.
All this can be achieved by introducing the application in WebAPK. We can then place this WebAPK on Android's home screen under its own name. Another very important fact is that they have greater permission capabilities than standard progressive web applications and use resources a very efficiently.
We will be able to test progressive web applications on Chrome 47 or higher versions. Chrome's most stable version for Android is 52. A good example of a progressive web application is the weather application that Google has developed to introduce this new technology.
Google calls off mobile web app development due to its scarce success
Not all Alphabet initiatives are attaining the success of Google's search engine or Android's operating system. Some initiatives like the Chrome OS operating system have had a more discreet success, standing out in environments like schools.
The idea of developing simple web applications for desktop operating systems was interesting. Windows or Mac have, in fact, decided to follow this trend too. However, there has been some market analysis going on at the offices in Mountain View and the conclusion reached has been that it's not in their interest to carry on developing this kind of applications.
Nonetheless, the concept of a universal application is very attractive. Because it makes possible to develop a web application that can run on ChromeOS, Windows, Linux and Mac alike — and all just having to invest in a single development process.
This is something that theoretically should be really attractive for all developers, but the truth is that it's not gaining much popularity out there in the real world.
Where are we heading towards?
We're heading towards a much simpler operation. Partly due to the enhancement of standards and the flexible evolution of Chrome's browser towards an increasingly trouble-free and minimalist version. This will force Chrome Web Store applications to be much lighter. And will contribute to the browser's evolution during the next months.
While this process is being completed, only Chrome OS users will be able to access these apps through the Chrome Web Store. These apps are thus currently exclusive to this operating system.
Google is making the decisions that it deems to be in its browser's best interest. The best experts in the field, as well as techie soothsayers, foresee that Chrome OS will eventually become more entangled with Android and vice versa. Hence, we will soon be able to enjoy working on this operating system on Android.
This is something that many will surely find attractive. On the other hand, others may think that Google is on its way to take over the world. However, the truth is that it will definitively make our lives much easier and many of us will be using this operating system.
appsChromeGoogle Playweb app
Common programming errors in web app development
10 apps to turn your smartphone into a mobile office
Advantages and disadvantages of web app development
How to get more traffic on apps?
6 Tips for the novice Android app developer
The top 5 examples of web app development you should know about
What is best when creating apps: a native app or a web app?
How to design a website? Concepts, trends and first steps
Get involved in web app development

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
All about Business Consultants and Business Consulting
The new 'Mario Kart' is the best 'Mario Kart' game ever made
By Ben Gilbert
It's been 25 years since the first "Mario Kart" game launched on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System: A quarter century of cheap, last-second red shells; of increasingly-complicated drifting; of yelling and laughing alongside friends; of Luigi death stares.
Given all that time, it's amazing that the latest entry in the "Mario Kart" series is also the greatest entry in the long-running racing franchise. Few games perpetually best their predecessors.
"Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" is a delightful exception to that rule.
Here's why "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe," a brand new Nintendo Switch game that just launched, is so incredibly good.
First and foremost: Maybe you're not acquainted with "Mario Kart" somehow? It's an arcade-style racing game starring Nintendo's most popular characters.
Listen, if you've managed to make it this far without learning what "Mario Kart" is, we're impressed.
The long and short is this: It's a racing game starring Nintendo's most popular characters, from Mario to Donkey Kong to Link. You and 11 other racers (either controlled by actual humans or by a computer) compete for first place on a variety of race tracks. In the process, you pick up usable items — like a heat-seeking red shell, or a limited-time fireball, among others — to slow other racers. It's a game of skill, no doubt, but it's also a game of luck.
Do yourself a favor and play any of the half dozen "Mario Kart" games that've arrived in the past 25 years. They're all pretty similar, and they're all pretty wonderful. The series appeals to so-called "hardcore" game players and more casual players alike. The latest iteration, "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe," is no exception.
If you already played "Mario Kart 8" on Nintendo's last console, the Wii U, you've already played the main section of "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe."
If, on the other hand, you're getting some serious déja vu from hearing about "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe," it's likely that you spent some time with the Wii U game. That feeling you have is spot-on — "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" is very similar to the 2014 game for the Wii U. In fact, "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" is the same game. The difference is in a handful of tweaks, and a new Battle Mode (we'll get to that in a minute).
Here's what isn't different about the "Deluxe" version of "Mario Kart 8": No new race tracks.
That might be huge to you. If you played "Mario Kart 8," and played the additional content Nintendo sold after the game came out, you shouldn't expect a bunch of new race tracks here. Nintendo's banking on you not having played the game on Wii U, and that's a pretty good bet considering how few Wii U consoles were sold.
So, what's new? The major addition is a Battle Mode.
Yes, the original version of "Mario Kart 8" came with a Battle Mode, but it was a shadow of its former self. Instead of dedicated Battle Mode courses, Nintendo simply walled off a few race tracks and hoped that would be enough. It wasn't — fans and critics celebrated how wonderful "Mario Kart 8" was at launch, but lamented the hobbled Battle Mode. Previous games in the series included dedicated Battle Mode maps, but they were absent in "Mario Kart 8."
"Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" fixes that in a beyond-satisfying way: by creating five new Battle Mode maps, and re-making three beloved ones from previous games.
See the rest of the story at Business Insider
via Feedburner http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/businessinsider/~3/gZa--EBnjAs/mario-kart-8-deluxe-review-2017-5
12 Tips for Businesses Just Starting Out in Video Marketing
Q. What's your best tip for businesses that are just beginning to produce video marketing content? 1. Don't Focus on the Camera ...
25 Things You Can Do To Market Your Business - Awesome list and printable pdf
Just Pinned to Reaources: 25 Things You Can Do To Market Your Business - Awesome list and printable pdf https://www.pinterest.com/pin/10822...
The best espresso machines you can buy
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text:
Q: How to check condition in a for loop and print the statement once? I have some nested code and I want to check it's condition and print the statement once. But I don't know how to reform the for loop or which is the ideal loop for this situstin to use.? I have written this and I am getting hello printed 4 times..I want it to be printed once.. Please help.
countDev = dev.findElements(
                By.xpath("html/body/form/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li")).size();
        countProd = prod.findElements(
                By.xpath("html/body/form/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li")).size();

        System.out.println(countDev);
        System.out.println(countProd);

        if (countDev == countProd) {

            for (int list = 1; list <= countDev; list++) {

                if (dev.findElement(
                        By.xpath("/html/body/form/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li[" + list
                                + "]/a/span"))
                        .getText()
                        .equals(prod.findElement(
                                By.xpath("/html/body/form/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li["
                                        + list + "]/a/span")).getText())) {

                }
                System.out.println("Hello!");

            }

        } else {

            System.out.println("Bye, Bye!");

        }

A: Not sure what you are trying to achieve, But just put a flag there and make it as true once print done.
boolean printed =false;
for (int list = 1; list <= countDev; list++) {
         if (your condtion here ) {
           if(!printed ){
             System.out.println("Hello!");
            printed = true;
             }

          }
     }

A: This loop will execute four times if countDev and countProd are equal to 4
for (int list = 1; list <= countDev; list++)

Also, your if statement is empty and your 'Hello' print statement is outside the if but inside the loop

A: Hlo. Buddy..I can't understood you clearly... try this code..
countDev = dev.findElements(
            By.xpath("html/body/form/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li")).size();
    countProd = prod.findElements(
            By.xpath("html/body/form/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li")).size();

    System.out.println(countDev);
    System.out.println(countProd);

    if (countDev == countProd) {

        for (int list = 1; list <= countDev; list++) {

            if (dev.findElement(
                    By.xpath("/html/body/form/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li[" + list
                            + "]/a/span"))
                    .getText()
                    .equals(prod.findElement(
                            By.xpath("/html/body/form/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li["
                                    + list + "]/a/span")).getText())) {
  System.out.println("Hello!");
break;

            }

        }

    } else {

        System.out.println("Bye, Bye!");

    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Being a managed cloud database Azure SQL Database provides built-in functionality for automatic database backups. It allows you to restore your database to any point in the past and those backups are kept in a reliable geo-redundant storage. So why do we need other tools like SqlBackupAndFtp to backup of Azure SQL Database? This can be the case when you need to get a copy of your database locally, outside Azure infrastructure. In this post, you can find a step-by-step guide on how to backup Microsoft Azure SQL Database with the help of SQLBackupAndFTP.
SqlBackupAndFtp 11 is significantly different from the previous versions – see the detailed post on what is new in v11. Here you can get a birds eye view on what is new and what is missing in the new version.
How to connect to MS SQL LocalDb?
What are the most common backup strategies?
Where Do People Prefer Keeping Their SQL Backups?
10/10/2016 11:32:40 ERROR: A nonrecoverable I/O error occurred on file "C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\MSSQL10_50.MSSQLSERVER\\MSSQL\\Backup\\Adventureworks201610101132.bak:" 112(failed to retrieve text for this error. Reason: 15105).


text:
Top 10 Best Action Adventure Anime to Watch in 2022!
January 4, 2022 at 2:26 PM by Oishi
Nothing excites an anime fan more than action-packed and adventure-filled scenes. Because it brings the exact amount of excitement, a fan looks for in an anime. Hence the action plus adventure is one of the most favored genres of anime. An action anime not only consists of action sequences but
Top 10 Romance Animes On Netflix To Watch!
November 24, 2021 at 11:53 AM by Oishi
Romance is a genre that everyone enjoys and loves watching. It brings in stories that feel personal and something that we have all experienced one way or another. Animes in this particular genre take us to another realm of love and beauty. Because of which we see romance animes being
'Irodorimidori'- An Anime Being Produced By Frontwing From Chunithm's Game
November 1, 2021 at 9:01 PM by Oishi
Since the very beginning, we have seen many games being an inspiration for animes. Once the characters of that game start being loved by people, the thought of anime happens. The producers take it upon themselves to give more life to those characters by building up a story. They begin
'Birdie Wing'- A Sports Anime With A New Twist!
October 31, 2021 at 6:24 AM by Oishi
Whenever the release of new sports anime happens, everyone fires up to watch it. Sports anime brings in a lot of emotions. Such as the feeling of competitiveness, friendship, companionship, and togetherness. Also, with power plotlines and characters, it comes across as an inspiration for the audience. Furthermore, every sports
Sword Art Online X JRA Release's New Game!
Everyone in the anime world knows about Sword Art Online and what it is about. Nevertheless, for the people who do not know, here is a small synopsis of its plot. It's the anime that revolves around the life of people trapped in a virtual survival game. In addition, they have
'Kakegurui'- English Dub Cast Revealed!
"Gambling is madly interesting. Come on, let's go crazy." Remember who said this famous line? It was none other than Yumeko Jabami. Our very own firecracker who had stepped into Hyakkao Private Academy to burst it into flames with her cunning ways. For this reason and many more, this anime was quick
LiSA Becomes The First Japanese Female Soloist To Have 300 Million Streams!
October 21, 2021 at 10:15 PM by Oishi
The phrase that music transcends language is so apt in the anime scenario. Most of the songs are sung in Japanese, which we are not familiar with yet we vibe. Anison (a short form for anime song) is crucial for setting the tone for every anime created. Because of which
'Jujutsu Kaisen': Release Of New Manga Chapter 163 And It's Details!
Back in 2020, the anime world got itself another masterpiece to take pride in its existence. The genre was not so unique, but the plotline with which it was made stood out in the crowd. Yes, we are talking about none other than Jujutsu Kaisen. The manga was still ongoing
Nijigasaki High Of Love Live! Confirms New Characters in Season 2
October 8, 2021 at 12:30 AM by Oishi
Everyone wants to live in or be a part of the anime world because the fictional world brings us the comfort that the real world fails to give. As a result, the love for anime is so immense. In the case of the Nijigasaki High School Idol Club of Long Live!, the
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The saying that 'Old is gold' applies here perfectly. The One Piece franchise is back again by re-releasing the famous anime film titled 'One Piece Film Strong World.' The re-releasing is a special theatrical screening or showcase held to celebrate the soon-to-be-released 1000th episode of the anime. As a result, the buzz around it
What Is The Meaning Of Fan Service In Anime?
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text:
Franchises Under $50,000
Franchises Under $100,000
Healthcare & Senior Care
Travel, Cruise & Hotel
Liquid Capital Required: $200,000
Sport Clips Haircuts offers you a way to transition from your day job and pave a path to greater financial and personal freedoms through investment in a proven business model that's simple to execute while offering something every guy needs…a Championship Haircut Experience in a fun sports-themed environment with TVs playing sports.
About Sport Clips Haircuts
Sport Clips Haircuts is headquartered in Georgetown, Texas. It was established in 1993 and began franchising in 1995. Sport Clips Haircuts is a men's sports-themed hair salon providing clients online check in and a championship haircut experience at a reasonable price while watching sports on TV.
With more than 1,800 locations across the U.S. – in all 50 states – and in Canada, we provide more than 33 million haircuts annually and are continuing to expand.
Sport Clips is ranked by Entrepreneur Magazine as one of the "Fastest-Growing Franchises' and #17 in its "Franchise 500." For the second year in a row, Sport Clips Haircuts has also claimed one of the top spots in the Forbes "Best Franchise to Buy" medium investment category. A primary supporter of the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), Sport Clips is the "Official Haircutter" of the VFW and offers veterans preferential pricing on haircuts and franchises and was named a "2018 Best for Vets: Franchises" by Military Times. Sport Clips has also been recognized by Entrepreneur and Franchise Business Review as a "Top Franchise for Veterans".
Steadily climbing the rankings over the years and claiming a top spot is validation of the brand's strong position, industry presence and responsible growth strategy. This demonstrates Sport Clips continued dominance as a leader in the haircare industry.
A Business You'll Be Proud to Own
As a Sport Clips franchise owner, you will have the ability to own a business that capitalizes on the men's and boy's haircut segment of a $108 billion hair and beauty market. The men's segment of the haircutting industry is the most efficient; with no chemicals, easier-to-execute haircuts, and lower inventories.
For entrepreneurs looking to build a business, Sport Clips is an easy-to-understand business model that's simple to execute while offering something every guy needs…a Championship Haircut Experience in an exciting sports environment. You are investing in a business that allows you to have ownership while maintaining your current career. You hire a manager to run the day-to-day operations while you keep your current job and build your Sport Clips business for the future.
WHY SPORT CLIPS?
- Industry leader in men's and boys' haircut concepts
- Semi-absentee/manager-run business model
- No previous salon experience necessary
- Simple to execute operating system
- Multi-Unit ownership & scalable
- Strong unit economics as detailed in our Item 19
- Sales growth: +5%
- Our culture and values drive our decisions
- Maintain an impressive franchise continuity rate of 95.4%
WHY A HAIRCUTTING FRANCHISE?
- Consistent and growing demand
- Recurring revenue stream
- Low overhead costs
- Can't be automated or outsourced
Imagine Your Life as A Sport Clips Owner
We look for candidates with strong managerial and communication skills, who enjoy working with and developing people and marketing their stores. As a Sport Clips owner, you will work with the manager and oversee multiple units. Your primary responsibility is to market your business and drive sales. No haircare experience is necessary. Sport Clips sets its minimum financials at $200K liquid capital and $400K net worth so anyone moving forward with Sport Clips is well-positioned for the financial commitments associated with starting the franchise. Build a solid future with support and stability from a trusted brand along with lifestyle flexibility and financial freedom as a Sport Clips owner!
"You really get what you give. With Sport Clips, you are in business for yourself but not by yourself. If you stay on course and follow Sport Clips' proven system, anyone can see similar success for themselves." - Jeff Burroughs, Franchise Owner
"What attracted me to the Sport Clips franchise was the flexibility and work-life balance that the semi-absentee ownership model provides." - Debra Sawyer, Franchise Owner
LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS FRANCHISE
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More Than $50,000 More Than $100,000 More Than $200,000 More Than $500,000
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penadasdonas.com
Quick Answer: How Does A DNA Mutation Cause A Disease Like Sickle Cell Anemia?
What are the 2 main types of mutations?
How do you identify DNA mutations?
What is the relationship between DNA mutation and sickle cell anemia?
What are 3 causes of mutations?
What are the positive and negative effects of mutations?
What blood type carries sickle cell?
What diseases are caused by point mutations?
What is wrong with hemoglobin in sickle cell?
What happens if mutations are not corrected?
What causes sickling in sickle cell anemia?
What is the most rare genetic mutation?
Is missense mutation good or bad?
Why is sickle cell anemia a helpful mutation?
Can viruses cause genetic mutations?
Which type of mutation is responsible for sickle cell anemia?
How do mutations in DNA sequences affect a species?
What are the 4 types of mutation?
What is the difference between a nonsense and a silent mutation?
How do you detect point mutations?
Is Sickle Cell Anemia A missense mutation?
Is Sickle Cell Anemia a substitution mutation?
What are the 4 types of point mutations?
What is an example of silent mutation?
Two major categories of mutations are germline mutations and somatic mutations.Germline mutations occur in gametes.
These mutations are especially significant because they can be transmitted to offspring and every cell in the offspring will have the mutation.Somatic mutations occur in other cells of the body..
Single base pair mutations can be identified by any of the following methods: Direct sequencing, which involves identifying each individual base pair, in sequence, and comparing the sequence to that of the normal gene.
As mentioned, sickle-cell anemia is the result of a change in a single nucleotide, and it represents just one class of mutations called point mutations. Changes in the DNA sequence can also occur at the level of the chromosome, in which large segments of chromosomes are altered.
Mutations arise spontaneously at low frequency owing to the chemical instability of purine and pyrimidine bases and to errors during DNA replication. Natural exposure of an organism to certain environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light and chemical carcinogens (e.g., aflatoxin B1), also can cause mutations.
The majority of mutations are neutral in their effects on the organisms in which they occur. Beneficial mutations may become more common through natural selection. Harmful mutations may cause genetic disorders or cancer.
On blood group and sickle cell disease, the study showed that blood group O is most commonly associated with genotype SS (SCD), followed by blood group B, then A group and the least prevalence is AB.
Sickle cell anemia is the result of a point mutation, a change in just one nucleotide in the gene for hemoglobin. This mutation causes the hemoglobin in red blood cells to distort to a sickle shape when deoxygenated. The sickle-shaped blood cells clog in the capillaries, cutting off circulation.
In sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become rigid, sticky and misshapen. Both mother and father must pass the defective form of the gene for a child to be affected. If only one parent passes the sickle cell gene to the child, that child will have the sickle cell trait.
Mutations can occur during DNA replication if errors are made and not corrected in time. … However, mutation can also disrupt normal gene activity and cause diseases, like cancer. Cancer is the most common human genetic disease; it is caused by mutations occurring in a number of growth-controlling genes.
With less oxygen, the abnormal hemoglobin S gene can cause rigid, nonliquid protein strands to form within the red blood cell. These rigid strands can change the shape of the cell, causing the sickled red blood cell that gives the disease its name.
KAT6A syndrome is an extremely rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder in which there is a variation (mutation) in the KAT6A gene. Variations in the KAT6A gene can potentially cause a wide variety of signs and symptoms; how the disorder affects one child can be very different from how it affects another.
A conservative missense mutation may result in loss of function, but it may only be minor. In the context of population genetics and ecology, a missense mutation may not necessarily be a negative thing. A slowed or slightly changed function of a protein may actually increase the fitness of an organism.
Sickle cell anemia is a good disease example of a balancing selection, with affected individuals carrying mutations in both the paternal and maternal inherited hemoglobin gene. As a consequence, their red blood cells are less efficient at carrying oxygen throughout the body.
Virus-induced gene mutations are probably due to insertions of fragments of viral DNA (or cDNA) into the host chromosomes; at least some of these mutations are capable of transpositions and reversions.
Sickle cell anemia is the result of a point mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) causes red blood cells to form a sickle shape.
Genetic mutation is the basis of species diversity among beetles, or any other organism. Mutations are changes in the genetic sequence, and they are a main cause of diversity among organisms. … Ultimately, the interplay between inherited mutations and environmental pressures generates diversity among species.
There are three types of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions and insertions.Base Substitutions. Single base substitutions are called point mutations, recall the point mutation Glu —–> Val which causes sickle-cell disease.Deletions. … Insertions.
A point mutation may cause a silent mutation if the mRNA codon codes for the same amino acid, a missense mutation if the mRNA codon codes for a different amino acid, or a nonsense mutation if the mRNA codon becomes a stop codon. … Nonsense mutations produce truncated and frequently nonfunctional proteins.
In one set of methods, mutations are analyzed after the target sequence has been amplified by PCR. Base substitutions are detected by restriction digest, allele-specific hybridization, or by ligation or nonligation of adjacent probes. In a second set of methods, PCR is part of the detection system.
For example, sickle-cell disease is caused by a single point mutation (a missense mutation) in the beta-hemoglobin gene that converts a GAG codon into GUG, which encodes the amino acid valine rather than glutamic acid.
The blood disease Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a simple substitution mutation. In the mutation, a single nucleotide is replaced in the portion of DNA which codes for a unit of hemoglobin.
Types of Point MutationsSubstitution. A substitution mutation occurs when one base pair is substituted for another. … Insertion and Deletion. An insertion mutation occurs when an extra base pair is added to a sequence of bases. … Cystic Fibrosis. … Sickle-Cell Anemia. … Tay-Sachs.
Amino Acid Groups A silent mutation, which could easily include more than one nucleotide, could easily change an entire amino acid, or even series of amino acids. If a serine changed into a threonine, the effect might be minimal. The two amino acids are in the same category and are very similar shapes.
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By means of a practical handle, the Tolomeo Mini always brings the light to where it is required.
Its iconic spring balancing and rope pull systems make the Tolomeo flexible and stable at the same time.
Over a radius of 100 cm, the Tolomeo Parete wall light softly and pleasantly focuses light. And when it is not being used, it can be made compact so that it does not get in the way. No wall outlets are required for the installation of this light; you simply need to screw it on and plug it in. All done! The 2m cable gives you plenty scope. The adjustable arm with a sophisticated spring balance system and the lamp head which rotates in all directions provide maximum flexibility. The Tolomeo Parete made from light aluminium shines a bright, zoned light suitable for sofas and armchairs, beds and desks. The switch which is integrated into the head of the lamp makes it convenient to operate. And that is not all: it also offers a hint of ambient lighting which softly illuminates the ceiling through a small opening in the head of the lamp. The contrast created by the fully-satinised surface of the head and the shining, polished aluminium arm is the icing on the cake for this design.
Fortæl andre kunder om os og om dine erfaringer med Tolomeo Mini Parete !


text:
Cooperazione rurale fu un mensile Italiano, fondato e diretto da Leone Wollemborg nel 1885.

Tra gli articoli leggibili nella rivista, si dà notizia e si narra della realizzazione di Casse rurali in territorio Italiano, delle usure fatte nelle campagne e del suo sogno, ossia costruire tra economia e valori umani un legame indissolubile basandolo sulla solidarietà e sulla cooperazione.

Per ricevere la rivista, ci si doveva abbonare tramite conto postale e in diverse occasioni, Leone, scriveva lettere ai lettori in modo informale.

L'ultima edizione del mensile, risale al 1904.

Mensili italiani del passato
Riviste di agraria italiane


text:
Formula 1 Party Guide
The ultimate party guide to Formula 1 weekend in Austin
Weekend Road Trip
Visit this Hill Country hamlet for top wineries and tons of charm
Mix your vows with vacation at this hip East Texas hotel
Best Hotels in the World
Relaxing Texas retreats land on yet another list of best hotels
By Molly McManus
Lake Austin Spa Resort was named as one of the top 100 hotels in the world by Condé Nast readers. Photo courtesy of Lake Austin Spa Resort
Travaasa Austin also scored high marks on the 2015 Readers' Choice Awards for the world's best hotels. Photo by Andrew Collins
Conde Nast Traveler recently released its 2015 Readers' Choice Awards for the top 100 hotels and resorts in the world, and two Texas locales landed on the list. Specifically, two in Austin. Because there is no list unless Austin is on it.
Lake Austin Spa Resort and Travaasa Austin are among the globe's best hotels based on reader rankings. Lake Austin received high marks of 94.5 out of 100, while Travaasa scored a 94.3. Both spots are used to such accolades.
More than 128,000 travelers participated in the travel magazine's 28th annual Readers' Choice Awards survey, submitting millions of ratings and tens of thousands of comments to create the list of winners. Based on these results, the magazine also released a top 25 resorts in the U.S. list in which Lake Austin Spa Resort placed at No. 20 and Travaasa Austin landed at No. 24.
The two Austin hotels were the only Texas vacation spots on the worldwide list and serve as a reminder that when you want to get away, there are outstanding options just a short drive from Dallas.


A small purpose built gym featuring the essential fitness equipment.
Our gym is housed near the main villa and private use can be reserved at the Reception desk.
We can also arrange a personal fitness instructor on request for one-off sessions or regular daily fitness routines.