text:
I am a former alumnus of UCT
Thomas Johnson |
Thomas Johnson says the university management's dis-invitation of Flemming Rose is the last straw
UCT is an inversion of what a university ought to be
I am a University of Cape Town (UCT) alumnus. In a letter published in the Cape Argus yesterday concerning vice-chancellor Max Price and the university executive disinviting former cultural editor of Jyllands-Posten, Flemming Rose, I said the alumni department must remove my name from the register because I no longer wanted to be associated with what the university has become.
This has been a while coming. First, there were the unseemly circumstances around the removal of the Rhodes statue. Then, UCT censored and removed art.
During the tumult – the burnings, vandalism, destruction of property and threats against person – vice-chancellor Max Price displayed egregiously poor leadership, cowering before fallists and playing politics, and not one who was prepared be a leader and stand alone if need be, as Pierre de Vos wrote in Daily Maverick, "stick to principles when it is difficult to."
None of the fallist offenders, who shook the campus and wider community to its core, were prosecuted. And Price governs in an environment of fear and anxiety. This is not a legacy he, university executive and broad university community can be proud of.
The philosophy department's Elisa Galgut writes, "UCT is becoming a campus where unpopular or contentious views are often silenced, and where those who are deemed 'controversial' are either not permitted to speak, or unjustly censured if they do".
Preventing Rose from speaking is the final straw: I revoke my association with UCT.
Because I am not a celebrity, influential or wealthy, my gesture is symbolic, like the wearing black armbands to protest something. I valued my time at UCT as a student and was proud of my certificate (a master's degree as a mature student), and respected Max Price, who capped me. Hence my disavowal is significant to me.
De Vos' article about the Rose debacle is, as usual, rational and, up to a point, persuasive. I am persuaded by his argument that once the invitation was made, it should have been honoured. (That it wasn't speaks to Price's and university executive's sense of honour.)
His analysis of whether or not the Academic Freedom Committee (ACT) should have invited Rose in the first place is a useful guide on what should be done in future, or should have been done.
Then his argument becomes intellectually dishonest, expediently pandering to the reasons university management made for disinviting Rose. Galgut: "It is considered a sufficiently good reason to disinvite Mr Rose, that these descriptions about him are merely 'regarded' as being true – not that they are actually true."
De Vos himself said, "I don't know Mr Rose personally, but he denies these allegations (of Islamophobia, etc), describing himself as 'a classical liberal'". And: "There is no tangible evidence that Rose's presence on campus would have led to the destruction of property or violent attacks on individuals". With these statements, he undermines any argument not to have invited Rose or let him speak.
However, on the basis of no evidence that Rose is still, today, publishing provocative content, holding contentious views or uttering hate speech, and merely based on his past history, De Vos says he should not have been invited. Echoing Price and the university executive – except in the way the matter was handled – it's sufficient for him that Rose is merely regarded as being controversial, rather than it being true.
Where is De Vos' firmly held principle, stated at the beginning of his article, that "I remain deeply suspicious of the actions of any university management aimed at dictating to the university community as to what its members may say, write, read or listen to".
If Rose was not guilty then or now – not merely accused or assumed to be guilty – of making prohibited hate speech or incitement to violence, I don't follow why De Vos would, with hindsight, deny ACT from inviting Rose or from allowing him to give the lecture on the fundamental principle that a university is the one place where an exchange of controversial ideas must not only be tolerated, but allowed, irrespective of how uncomfortable those ideas might be to some.
But how did De Vos and university management know what the topic, and more importantly, actual content of Rose's lecture was going to be? De Vos says he doesn't know Rose, but how sure is he Rose would have repeated the allegedly offensive views (note: De Vos says he does not believe Jyllands-Posten's cartoons were blasphemous) to justify the university withdrawing the invitation?
Even if Rose is as guilty as his critics claim (he reportedly denied it), does De Vos, Price, et al know he has not retracted, repented and made restitution? That his past associations will forever define who he is, and he can expect, in South Africa, eternal condemnation, no forgiveness and no reconciliation to our society in general and the academy of reasonable men and women at UCT?
Does De Vos et al hold this view despite South Africa's history of reconciliation where cold-blooded killers like Eugene de Kock and the St James Massacre's perpetrators were granted amnesty or parole? Shall the legal principle of innocent until proven guilty be indefinitely suspended if and only if applied to controversial, and formerly controversial, magazine editors and speakers?
De Vos' article is about the particular – the invitation to Rose and whether he should have been invited. But unlike the jurist he is, he does not apply precedent or extend the argument to the general: That in the past UCT allowed and in the near future will allow equally controversial speakers on campus – Edward Said, "an anti-semite and terrorist sympathizer" and Hamza Tzortzis, a "highly controversial lecturer who propagates a radical version of Islam".
My conclusion is that there is an unhealthy tension: On the one hand, he upholds freedom of speech at all times – well, some of the time. On the other, his nuanced liberal, leftist views have sympathy with the more extreme leftist, authoritarian clique that presently holds sway at UCT: On the basis of no evidence that Rose is Islamophobic, etc. or his lecture posed a credible threat to safety and security, it was correct, retroactively, to revoke the invitation.
De Vos' argument in support of this is that Jyllands-Posten's "publication of the cartoons can be understood as the aggression of a dominant (Danish) majority (95%) against a vulnerable minority (Muslim 3%) – not as the act of a brave freedom-loving newspaper standing up for the marginalised and the vulnerable".
If we accept this proposition, what import do we place that apparently the sensitivities of local Muslims, who number only 1.5% of South Africa's population, were considered by UCT in the Rose matter and in allowing Islamic speakers, who allegedly are radical, anti-Semites and terrorist sympathizers?
De Vos mentioning of Jyllands-Posten's "aggression" against Muslims is therefore casuistry, a debate best left for general media ethics, comparative religion and ultimately irrelevant because it is far removed from our social reality in South Africa.
More importantly, what should occupy us is: What does the withdrawal of Rose's invitation mean to us and the state of our universities, and what do we mean by academic freedom and freedom of expression under our constitution?
The constitutionally-agnostic proposition of Max Price, "We affirm our commitment to the right to academic freedom and freedom of expression", but "the right to academic freedom (and freedom of speech) is not unlimited", leaves me puzzled and cold.
I am puzzled because, in the present case of Price/UCT and De Vos ("No person has an automatic right to be invited by any university to deliver a lecture"), neither offered legally, constitutionally-compelling reasons why the lecture could not proceed, particularly because Rose was not found guilty of anything except having been politically incorrect.
Instead they offer unsubstantiated, wishy-washy explanations that is a sop to emotion and to excuse their defective interpretation of liberalism; ad hominem attacks and what Michael Corda, writing in Politicsweb, described as the "altar of political correctness; the pyre where 'whiteness' is sent to burn". While one resignedly expects this from the pusillanimous, political Price, one expected that legal scholar Pierre de Vos would be more substantial in his reasoning.
Of agnostics Jesus said, "I know your deeds, that you are neither hot nor cold. But because you are lukewarm, I will spit you out of my mouth" (Revelations 3: 15).
As an alumnus, I can no longer abide UCT's agnosticism – no, antagonism – on non-negotiable principles and freedoms. The name is now like a swearword; an inversion of what a university ought to be.
I am a former alumnus of UCT.
Cape Town's development frenzy
A World Cup White Elephant
Why a free Cape won't fly


Use the sawdust that the professionals use. Pure kiln dried hickory sawdust will give a truly wonderful color and flavor to your smoked products. Just dampen and allow to smolder. Whatever the size of your smoking operation, it is important that a hardwood fire be used. The softwood of conifers such as spruce and pine contains pitch, which produces a film on the meat and imparts a bitter taste.
High Temp Diced Ghost Pepper Cheese - 5 lbs.


Our client, age 73, had no prior criminal history of any sort. She was a model citizen, in fact, having volunteered nearly 4,000 hours of her time at a local hospital since she retired.
There was a heat wave in Southern California and she was finishing up her volunteering for the day. She was somewhat distracted by the news of an old friend of hers who had passed away unexpectedly. She knew the family well and her friend's husband. She wanted to help the family, but did not know the most appropriate way to offer her help.
The heat made her car extremely hot, so after she got in, she turned up the air conditioning, but it was slow to work. She therefore decided to do her weekly grocery shopping a bit early at the Vons on the corner of Crenshaw and Lomita Boulevard. Besides, the store had air conditioning and she needed cooler air.
So she went into the store, picking up items that she would otherwise buy later in the week. She walked slowly, savoring the air conditioning and thinking about her friend's family. Our client filled up her cloth shopping bags that she brought in with her. She selected over 55 items, including milk, cheese, yogurt, wine, bread, cereal and paper towels.
When she finished picking out everything she needed, after an hour in the store, she accidentally walked out of the store. She did not mean to exit without paying, but she was distracted and thinking about her friend's family and the heat her car would greet her with, as it was about 5:15 p.m.
The moment she stepped out of the store, loss prevention approached her and asked her to return to the store. Our client was mortified and ashamed, quickly apologizing and bursting into tears.
Our client did not even offer an excuse of being distracted by her thoughts.
Loss prevention methodically inventoried the contents of her shopping bags and called the Torrance Police Department, which came to the Vons and transported her to the Torrance Police Station. She was then booked and released on her own recognizance after about three hours.
It took the client about three weeks to call an attorney, as she was so embarrassed by the incident. When she called Greg Hill & Associates, she was at the verge of crying throughout the phone call. She described what had happened and expressed her big concern that she might be barred from volunteering any more at the hospital if convicted of shoplifting.
Greg explained that judicial diversion would certainly be available for her, but the terms set by the judge could be tough because of the dollar value of the items stolen and the quantity (55) suggested audacity and that maybe she had done this before. To help allay this suspicion, Greg recommended that the client enroll in and complete an online shoplifting program, which the client did immediately (within two days).
Greg then went to the Torrance Courthouse for the client's arraignment about four weeks later. The client stayed at the hospital, continuing her volunteering activity.
The Torrance City Prosecutor handling the case did consider the case a serious case for the reasons Greg expected. The initial offer was that the client would have to plea "no contest" to a charge of petty theft (Penal Code § 484(a)) and in return, she would be placed on three years of summary probation and have to pay $300 in court fines, plus penalties and assessments (about $1,400 total), plus pay the Torrance booking fee ($458).
Greg then requested judicial diversion from the judge in Torrance handling this case. The judge asked about the client's age, criminal history, her volunteering activity, her mental state at the time of the event and her physical health. Greg answered each of the questions in full and the judge placed the client on judicial diversion for six months with only one term: that she stay out of the Vons at issue.
Greg had never seen such a gentle judicial diversion offered and explained the terms to the client. He explained that the case would be dismissed in six months if the client simply stayed out of Vons and stayed out of trouble with the police. The client was very thankful for the judge's kindness and empathy.


text:
Sluzhebnyy roman () é um filme soviético de 1977, de gênero comédia, filmado pela Mosfilm, escrito por Eldar Riazanov e Emil Braginski e dirigido por Karlen Agadzhov.
A trama é sobre um escritório dos anos 1970 da União Soviética, durante o governo de Leonid Brejnev, e relata, com humor, a vida dos trabalhadores burocráticos daquele país, e as questões do trabalho burocrático socialista soviético.
O filme é também muito conhecido no exterior, na Rússia foi um estouro de bilheteria em 1978, e continua a ser muito popular, apesar de não chegar ao sucesso de um dos mais famosos filmes russos, Ironia do Destino, de mesmo diretor, de 1975.

Sinopse

O filme é sobre a vida dos trabalhadores de um departamento de estatísticas da década de 1970, na União Soviética, e a trama é em torno de cinco personagens principais, que trabalham todos na mesma repartição, Novoseltsev e Kalugina, ela é chefe de seu departamento, mas não se conhecem bem, Samokhvalov e Rizhova, que tiveram um caso, e Vera, uma secretária que odeia a chefe.
O filme se passa em 1976, Anatoli Novoseltsev é um pai solteiro, com dois filhos para cuidar, e contador de uma repartição de um departamento de estatísticas industriais, e Ludmila Kalugina, também solteira, é gerente do mesmo departamento, zelando extremamente por sua carreira, e raramente tendo tempo para sua vida pessoal.
Novoseltsev é atrapalhado e emotivo, e deseja tornar-se chefe de uma das repartições, e Kalugina é caxias, organizada e mal-humorada, motivo pelo qual é chamada de "amargura" pelos companheiros de repartição.
Iuri Samokhvalov é escolhido por Kalugina para ser seu suplente, no cargo de vice-diretor do departamento, Samokhvalov viajara à Suíça, motivo pelo qual presenteia a todos os companheiros com souvenires suíços, como cigarros, canetas e alimentos, considerados melhores que os soviéticos, além de ter um automóvel Volga, que um soviético só conseguia comprar após anos de economia.
Olga Rizhova é uma antiga companheira de universidade de Novoseltsev, e ambos se surpreendem com a chegada de Samokhvalov, que também estudou com eles, mas Rizhova, que tinha um caso com Samokhvalov, para se lembrar dos velhos tempos, manda cartas amorosas ao antigo amante, que é casado.
Samokhvalov recebe uma informação confidencial de Kalugina, que existe uma alta vaga aberta no escritório, e logo avisa Novoseltsev, que aspira a vaga, mas ele próprio acha impossível conseguí-la, pois é incapaz e Kalugina não o conhece muito bem, mas Samokhvalov tenta convencê-la de que Novoseltsev é apto para a vaga.
Sem sucesso, Samokhvalov monta uma estratégia, Novoseltsev deveria bajular a diretora e conseguir a vaga, mas com o mau humor de Kalugina, o plano vai por água a baixo, Novoseltsev ofende a diretora pela sua falta de emoção, e assim, Kalugina não se esquece mais de Novoseltsev, e pesquisa sobre sua vida íntima, descobrindo que ele é solteiro.
Enquanto isso, Rizhova continua a flertar com Samokhvalov, e Kalugina toma conselhos de Vera, uma secretária que tudo entende sobre moda, o que a deixa mais agradável para os colegas de trabalho.
Com o passar do tempo, Kalugina conhece melhor Novoseltsev, e ambos se entendem, até que ela convida Novoseltsev para um jantar em sua casa, interrompido por sucessivas ligações dos filhos de Novoseltsev.
Vera, a secretária de Kalugina, percebe que Samokhvalov anda recebendo cartas de uma mesma funcionária, e descobre que eram amorosas, o que a faz avisar a esposa de Samokhvalov sobre as cartas e quem as manda.
Após a conversa com a esposa, Samokhalov entrega as cartas à Shura, uma das funcionárias, que conta à toda a repartição sobre o caso entre Samokhvalov e Rizhova, o que entristece Rizhova.
Kalugina recupera as cartas de amor e as entrega à Samokhvalov, e pede que nunca mais deixe público esse tipo de coisa.
Rizhova se lamenta com Samokhvalov e pede as cartas de volta.
Kalugina e Novoseltsev se apaixonam de verdade, mas Samokhvalov alerta Kalugina que o romance entre os dois é somente o meio de Novoseltsev conquistar a vaga que ele tanto deseja.
Kalugina, sabendo disso, se deprime e promove Novoseltsev a chefe de repartição, e o avisa, mas quando ela diz a ele que sabe que o romance é falso, ele recusa a vaga, o que gera uma confusão em todo o escritório.

Elenco

Elenco Principal

 Andrei Miagkov — Anatoli Efremovitch Novoseltsev
 Alisa Friendlikh — Liudmila Prokofievna Kalugina
 Svetlana Nemoliaieva — Olga Petrovna Rizhova
 Oleg Basilashvili — Iuri Grigorievitch Samokhvalov
 Lia Akhedzhakova — Secretária Vera
 Liudmila Ivanova — Shurotchka

Elenco Menor

 Neli Pshenaia
 Gueorgui Burkov
 Maria Vinogradova
 Olesia Ivanova
 Aleksandr Fatiushin
 Petr Scherbakov
 Inna Vikhodtseva
 Lidia Dranovskaia
 Zóia Isaeva
 Valentina Alekseieva
 Tatiana Ignatova
 Ekaterina Voronina
 Eldar Riazanov

Ligações Externas

Site dedicado ao filme.

Filmes da União Soviética de 1977
Filmes de comédia da União Soviética
Filmes em língua russa
Filmes da Mosfilm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


the Schedules to the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956) and must be registered in a State Medical Register or Indian Medical Register.
Desirable Qualification & Experience:-Post Graduate qualification, preferably MD, in General medicine.
The position is on a full-time basis and the appointment will be made purely on contract basis for a period of six months only. The appointee will be required to stay in the allocated residence in the campus and may be required to attend patients under emergency conditions even beyond normal working hours.


Don't just sign your name on your fans–paint on them, too. Here are my purple chrysanthemums on my orange fan.
Some painting tips: If the synthetic fabric fan is tightly woven, you can paint directly on it. If not, use a ground and let it dry for at least a day before painting. To make the focus of your painting pop out, use the complementary color of its background. So here, I used purple for the color of chrysanthemums, the complementary color of orange.
To balance my off-center composition, I signed my name on the opposite side, at the same height, and with a small repeat of my subject.


Don't underestimate the impact of a clean office.
Are you that person who always avoids touching door handles and uses your foot to open the toilet door? Sorry to break it to you, but your entire working space is full of germs – not just the toilet! The fact that you can't see them doesn't mean anything: at least 10 million germs live on the average office desk. But you CAN prevent them. Minimise the risk of picking up harmful germs and get rid of them right away with our top tips!


text:
package com.qiniu.android;

import android.test.InstrumentationTestCase;
import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
import android.util.Log;

import com.qiniu.android.http.Client;
import com.qiniu.android.http.CompletionHandler;
import com.qiniu.android.http.ResponseInfo;
import com.qiniu.android.storage.UpToken;

import org.json.JSONObject;

import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

/**
 * Created by bailong on 15/12/1.
 */
public class HttpsTest extends InstrumentationTestCase {
    final CountDownLatch signal = new CountDownLatch(1);
    private Client httpManager;
    private ResponseInfo info;

    private static URI newURI(String s) {
        try {
            return new URI(s);
        } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    protected void setUp() throws Exception {
        httpManager = new Client();
    }

    @SmallTest
    public void testPost1() throws Throwable {
        httpManager.asyncPost("https://www.baidu.com/", "hello".getBytes(), null,
                UpToken.parse(TestConfig.token_z0), "hello".getBytes().length, null, new CompletionHandler() {
                    @Override
                    public void complete(ResponseInfo rinfo, JSONObject response) {
                        Log.d("qiniutest", rinfo.toString());
                        info = rinfo;
                        signal.countDown();
                    }
                }, null);

        try {
            signal.await(6000, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // wait for callback
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
//        Assert.assertEquals(info.error, 200, info.statusCode);
//        Assert.assertNull(info.reqId);
    }

    @SmallTest
    public void testPost2() throws Throwable {
        httpManager.asyncPost("https://static-fw.qbox.me/public/v28812/add-on/ga/analytics.js",
                "hello".getBytes(), null, UpToken.parse(TestConfig.token_z0), "hello".getBytes().length,
                null, new CompletionHandler() {
                    @Override
                    public void complete(ResponseInfo rinfo, JSONObject response) {
                        Log.d("qiniutest", rinfo.toString());
                        info = rinfo;
                        signal.countDown();
                    }
                }, null);

        try {
            signal.await(60000, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // wait for callback
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
//        Assert.assertEquals(info.error, 200, info.statusCode);
//        Assert.assertNotNull(info.reqId);
    }

//    @SmallTest
//    public void testPost3() throws Throwable {
//        httpManager.asyncPost("https://up.qiniu.com",
//                "hello".getBytes(), null, null, new CompletionHandler() {
//                    @Override
//                    public void complete(ResponseInfo rinfo, JSONObject response) {
//                        Log.d("qiniutest", rinfo.toString());
//                        info = rinfo;
//                        signal.countDown();
//                    }
//                }, null);
//
//        try {
//            signal.await(60000, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // wait for callback
//        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
//            e.printStackTrace();
//        }
//        // cert is not match
//        Assert.assertEquals(info.error, -1, info.statusCode);
//    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Here's some info, fellow travelers on an opportunity to travel the highways of America, get videotaped along the way, and win some cash and prizes. Apply for the official application HERE!
The program will run from July 11 through August 28, 2010. Over the course of the program, we'll launch three road trip teams on different routes each week. Each team's mission is to interact with people along their assigned route, capture interesting stories of unique personalities and places throughout their journey, and upload their stories to the program website.
As each team files content from the road (written stories, photos, videos, etc.), web visitors track their daily progress, comment and vote for their favorites. Each team competes against one another to create the most compelling stories and win cash prizes. The team with the highest number of votes for that week will be awarded the weekly prize of a $500 Amex Gift Card.
In addition, each week, the team with the most compelling overall content (as determined by judges) will receive a $200 Sears Auto Center Gift Card. Select teams may also participate in additional segments of the road trip beyond their designated segment for an opportunity to win more prizes. Web visitors will also have the chance to win daily for their participation.


text:
Apple's gorgeous new Chongqing Store
As China continues its march to become one of Apple's most important markets, the country's press have been given a special advance preview of the company's forthcoming second Chongqing Apple Store, set to open at 10am local time this Saturday, January 31.
Not dissimilar to the concept behind Apple's Fifth Avenue flagship store in New York, the new Chongqing Apple Store features a stunning glass structure emblazoned with the Apple logo, leading to an underground shopping area. In doing so, the store recycles the design Apple first created for its Pudong retail store in Shanghai.
To build anticipation for the store's opening, Apple previously commissioned a giant mural from international photographer Navid Baraty and Chinese artist Yangyang Pan — which was used to cover the outside of the glass design ahead of its official unveiling.
Tim Cook has stated that Apple will open a total of 25 new retail stores in China over the next two years. By doing this, Apple will greatly increase its retail presence in the country from 15 stores to 40 by 2016.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Arts, Henry - farmer; Sec. 21; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Has 100 acres of land. Born May 6, 1842 on same farm on which he now lives. Married May 1, 1862 to Miss Augusta C. Gotiea. Had six children: Julia A., Mary A., Louisa S., Catherine J., Gusta M., and Rose C.. Held office of Constable six years; held office of Assessor and Collector of Menominee Township for 6 years, which he now holds.
Baker, Peter - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Bony, P. - farmer; Sec. 23; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Bower, J. F. - farmer; Sec. 31; P. O. Galena.
Bower, N. - laborer; Sec. 31; P. O. Galena.
Brumer, Henry - farmer; Sec. 23; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Brumer, Hannen - farmer; Secs. 23 and 26.
Brumer, John - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Brummer, Gorb - farmer; Sec. 24; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Brew, P. S. - farmer; Sec. 6; P. O. Galena.
Budden, Gerard H. - farmer; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills. 140 acres. Born in Kingdom of Hanover, Prussia Jan. 6, 1818. Came to this country and Ohio in 1842. Came to this County in 1843; settled on his present farm in 1846. Married in 1846 to Miss Mary Hobbman of Galena. Had six children: Clemens, John H., Bernard, Harmon, Jacob and Catherine.
Bur, Dominick - laborer; Galena.
Cording, Christel F. & Cording, John F. - farmers; Sec. 5; P. O. Galena. C. F. Cording was born in Germany May 16, 1853. John F. Cording was born in Germany Sept. 2, 1855. They came to this country and County in 1869. They purchased the farm to partnership in 1875. They have 152 acres of land valued at $6,000. Their parents are still living in Germany. The brothers are not married.
Coyn, Wm. - farmer; Sec. 17; P. O. Galena.
Deagon, Michael - farmer; Sec. 24; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Doonen, John - farmer; Sec. 6; P. O. Galena.
Doulavev, Thos. - laborer; Galena.
Dunne, Thos. - farmer; Sec. 16; P. O. Galena.
Fairweather, Henry - laborer; Sec. 32; P. O. Galena.
Fairweather, J. - laborer; Sec. 32; P. O. Galena.
Fenley, Mrs. Emily - farmer; Sec. 17; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Kentucky May 1, 1814. Came to Missouri in 1821, to Wisconsin in 1835; settled on present farm in 1837. Married to Mr. Joseph Fenley Feb. 26, 1831. Had ten children: Mary J., Eliza, Caroline, Sarah E., Drusilla, Emily, John H., Mordicai, Squire and Joseph J. Mr. Fenley died July 6, 1876. John H. and Mordicai enlisted in 96th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. John H. died in the army Aug. 31, 1863. Mordicai died in the army Nov. 11, 1864.
Fleege, B., Sr. - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Fleege, B., Jr. - farmer; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Fleege, Harman - farmer; Sec. 20; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Fleege, Henry - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Fleege, Henry - farmer; Sec. 16; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Fleige [sic], John Bernard - farmer; Sec. 20; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Owns 174 acres of land. Born in Galena Township July 21, 1848. Settled on his present farm in 1850. Married to Miss Mary Bruening of Grant County, Wisconsin in 1872. Had three children: Clemens A., Mary L., Theresa.
Fleege, Jos. - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Foht, Bernhard - farmer; Sec. 7; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Foht, F. - farmer; Sec. 7; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Foht, J. - farmer; Sec. 7; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Gannon, John - farmer; Sec. 17; P. O. Galena.
� �E., William B., one not named just born. Held office of School Director 12 years; held office of Supervisor past three years.
Gray, Curtis - miller; Sec. 28; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Gray, Jno. J. - school teacher; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Gray, John R. - miller, farmer, Postmaster; Excelsior Mills, Menominee Township. Born in Cornwall County, England June 11, 1820. Came to this country and Pennsylvania in 1841; came to Shullsburg, Wisconsin in 1842. Spent 1850 in California; returned to Wisconsin in 1851, where he followed mining and engineering until 1860. He settled in his mill and on his farm same year. Married Isabella Brodwell in October 1848. Had seven children: John J., Curtis B., Agnes A., Henrietta, Isabella, Lincoln H., Cobden G.; Henrietta is dead. He has held the office of Postmaster 12 years; Justice of Peace 4 years. He has 200 acres of land.
Greenwald, C. - farmer; Sec. 12; P. O. Dunleith.
Greenwald, F. - �farmer; Sec. 12; P. O. Dunleith.
Greenwald, J. - farmer; Sec. 12; P. O. Dunleith.
Greenwald, T. - farmer; Sec. 2; P. O. Dunleith.
Hargrafen, B., Sr. - Sec. 20; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hargrafen, B., Jr. - Sec. 20; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hargrafen, B. A. - farmer; Sec. 20; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hanfelt, Henry - farmer; Secs. 25 and 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hanfelt, Harmen - laborer on Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hanfelt, Jno., Sr. - carpenter; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hanfelt, Jno., Jr. - farmer; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Heitcamp, C. - farmer; Sec. 29; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Heitcamp, Henry - farmer; Sec. 29; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hendricks, H. - renter; Sec. 35; P. O. Dunleith.
Hesing, Jno. - farmer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hesling, Mrs. Margaret - farm on estate; Sec. 18; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Prussia in 1815. Came to this country in 1844; settled on their farm same year. She married Henry Snyder in 1846; he died in 1850. She married Henry Hesling in 1851. She had four children: Mary A. and John Henry by Mr. Snyder, and William and Annie C. by Mr. Hesling. Her son, John H., works the estate of 60 acres. Wm. J. works his own farm of 117 acres; Sec. 25.
Hesling, Wm., Sr. - farmer; Sec. 19; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hesling, Wm. J. - farmer; Sec. 25; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hilpy, Jos., Sr. - farmer; Sec. 8; P. O. Galena.
Hilpy, Jos., Jr. - farmer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hilly, Dan. - farmer; Sec. 8; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Horan, Jas., Sr. - farmer; Sec. 33; P. O. Galena.
Horan, Jas., Jr. - farmer; Sec. 33; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Horan, Martin - farmer; Secs. 19 and 25; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Ireland in 1818. Came to this country and Detroit in 1834. Settled on his present farm in 1835. Married Catherine Dunlavey of Ireland in 1848. Had eleven children: Mary A., Michael, Bridget E., Thomas J., Bernard P., Mark P., Martin F., Katie S., James O., Margaret T. and �Julia A. Mr. Horan has 240 acres of land. He is the oldest settler now living in Menominee Township.
Horan, Thos. - laborer; Sec. 19; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
How, Geo. - farmer; Sec. 23; P. O. Fair Play, Wis.
Hughes, Geo. - farmer; Sec. 8; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Hughes, Pat. - farmer; Sec. 8; P. O. Galena.
Imhold, Henry - farmer; Sec. 8; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Johnson, Louis - carpenter; Sec. 27; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Kieffer, Nicholas - farmer; Secs. 25 and 26; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Luxembourg Nov. 11, 1846. Came to this country and County in 1869; settled on this farm in 1871. Married Mary Brummer April 18, 1871. She was born in Menominee Township Dec. 8, 1848. Had three children: John, Francis and Harmon. He owns 160 acres of land.
Kimler, Fred - farmer; Sec. 16; P. O. Galena.
Klieth, Chas. - farmer; Sec. 21; P. O. Galena.
Knoll, Harmon - farmer; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Knoll, Harmon, Jr. - laborer; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Knoll, Wm. - farmer; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Kopel, Bernard - farmer; Sec. 29; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Kuhl, A. - farmer; Sec. 21; P. O. Menominee.
Kuhl, Henry - retired; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Kingdom of Hanover, Prussia March 26, 1816. Came to this country and St. Louis in 1840; settled in this Co. in 1841. Entered 80 acres of land in Sec. 21 in 1847. Married Miss Mary Weip from Prussia April 6, 1842. She was born Dec. 7, 1814. They had six children: Mary, born June 4, 1843; John, Jan. 1, 1845; Bernard, May 8, 1847; Anton, Aug. 17, 1849; William, Oct. 2, 1852; Christine, May 18, 1857. Anton lives with his parents and works the farm of 324 acres in Sec. 21.
Kuhl, Jno - farmer; Sec. 19; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
List, Adam, Sr. - farmer; Sec. 8; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
List, Adam, Jr. - farmer; Sec. 8; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
List, Jacob - farmer; Sec. 8; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
List, J. - farmer; Sec. 7; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Long, Gregory - renter, farmer; Sec. 29; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Long, S. - farmer; Sec. 25; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Madden, Jno. - farmer; Sec. 33; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Maneman, Bernard H. - farmer, blacksmith, wagon maker; Sec. 20; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Prussia Sept. 29, 1844. Came to this country and this Township. March 1, 1846. Married to Miss Mary Ann Muller of Grant County, Wisconsin, June 25, 1867. Had six children, one dead; held office as School Treasurer 2 years and Township Clerk 10 years. His father, Clemens Maneman, born in Prussia Oct. 30, 1813, lives with him and does the woodwork. His brother, John Maneman, is partner in the business and also held office of Township Constable for 2 years.
Maneman, G. [O.?] - farmer; Sec. 20; P. P. Excelsior Mills.
Maneman, Jno. - farmer; Sec. 20; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Mann, Wm. - farmer; Sec. 8; P. O. Galena.
Mitten, Jno. - farmer; Sec. 2; P. O. Dunleith.
Mulroy, Pat. - farmer; Sec. 18; P. O. Galena.
Murphy, Jno. - laborer; P. O. Galena.
Neighooner, Garet - farmer; Sec. 19; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Oprim, Michael - farmer; Sec. 18; P. O. Galena.
Pealer, Conrad H. - carpenter; Excelsior Mills.
Plear, Nicholas - farmer; Sec. 25; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Power, James - laborer; Galena.
Power, John - laborer; Galena.
Power, Wm. - farmer; Sec. 32; P. O. Galena.
Readmond, Thos. - farmer; Sec. 6; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Readmond, Wm. - farmer; Sec. 6; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Rhondius, P. - farmer; Sec. 35; P. O. Dunleith.
Richard, F. - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Rickey, Bernard - farmer; Sec. 23; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Roach, Wm., Sr. - farmer; Sec. 7; P. O. Galena.
Roach, Wm., Jr. - farmer; Sec. 7; P. O. Galena.
Rogers, Michael - laborer; Galena.
Rolling, H. - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Rollins, Henry - farmer; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Roney, Wm. - farmer; Sec. 32; P. O. Galena.
Ryan, Philip - farmer; Sec. 32; P. O. Galena.
Ryan, Thos. - laborer; P. O. Galena.
Schmidt, C. Henry - farmer; Sec. 11; P. O. Galena.
Schoussie, A - carpenter; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Schoussie, G. - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Sheean, Dave - farmer; Sec. 5; P. O. Galena.
Sherman, J. - farmer; Sec. 23; P. O. Dunleith.
Shutting, H. - farmer; Sec. 36; P. O. Galena.
Smerback, L. - farmer; Sec. 1; P. O. Galena.
Snider, Henry - farmer; Sec. 18; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Soat, B. - farmer; Sec. 29; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Tallen, Morris - laborer; P. O. Galena.
Tarbalt, Jno. - renter; Sec. 1; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Tranell, Bernard - farmer; Sec. 24; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Tranell, G. H. - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Tranell, H. - farmer; Sec. 31; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Tranell, H, H, - laborer; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Tranell, Henry, Jr. - laborer; Sec. 24; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Tranell, H., Sr. - farmer; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Tranell, John - farmer; Sec. 24; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Timerman, Math. - farmer; Secs. 25 & 26; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Timerman, Pat. - farmer; Sec. 36; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Vanderveal, H. - farmer; Sec. 31; P. O. Galena.
Vanderveal, A. - laborer; P. O. Galena.
Verhoff, Rev. W. C. - Clergyman, Menominee Parish; Sec. 30; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Holland in 1828. Came to this country and Wisconsin in 1855. Settled in this Co. in 1864 and was settled over this Parish same year. He has officiated 13 years. His Parish numbers about 80 families Irish and German. He assisted in organizing a new church and in erecting their new and beautiful edifice, which is 96 by 44. It was commenced in 1875 and finished in 1876.
Vogal, A. - farmer; Sec. 16; P. O. Galena.
Vogal, Henry - farmer; Sec. 16; P. O. Galena.
Walin, Lawrence - laborer; Sec. 7; P. O. Galena.
Walin, M. - laborer; Sec. 7; P. O. Galena.
Walin, Pat. - farmer; Sec. 7; P. O. Galena.
Wederhold, Chas. - farmer; Sec. 31; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Weders, H. - farmer; Sec. 9; P. O. Galena.
Welter, Mark - farmer; Secs. 25 & 26; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
West, Joseph - farmer; Sec. 28; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Kingdom of Hanover, Prussia Jan. 31, 1844. Came to this country and Lyons, Iowa in 1860. Moved to Grant County, Wisconsin in 1863. Settled on his present farm in 1866. Married to Miss Christine Fleege in 1866. She was born in Menominee Township in 1848. Had five children: Philo M., Clemens A., Mary J., Francis M., & Joseph Leo. He has 185 acres of land.
White, Pat. - farmer; Sec. 19; P. O. Dunleith.
White, William - farmer and miner; Secs. 19 & 25; P. O. Dunleith. Born in Wexford County, Ireland in 1808. Came to this country and Vinegar Hill Township in 1846; settled on his present farm in 1847. He has 119 acres of land. Married to Miss Margaret Furlong in 1837. She was born in Ireland in 1812. Had eight children: Moses E., Ellen, Alice, Esther; John H., Richard; Patrick H. and William W. Patrick H. lives with his father and mother and carries on the farm.
Wilking, Jno. - farmer; Sec. 21; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Williams, Garrett - farmer; Sec. 29; P. O. Excelsior Mills.
Wubben, Bernard H. - merchant & Justice of the Peace; Sec. 21; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Prussia Nov. 9, 1834. Came to this country and Ohio in 1850. Enlisted in 15th Kentucky Regiment in 1861; promoted to sergeant in 1852; mustered out in 1865. Settled in this County in 1865. Married to Elizabeth Hargrafen of Menominee Township in 1867. Had five children: Henry, Mary, Anna, Bernard and Theresa. Held office of Justice of Peace 10 years.
Wubben, John G. - farmer; Sec. 19; P. O. Excelsior Mills. Born in Amt. Friern, Prussia Jan. 7, 1837. Came to this country and Cincinnati, Ohio in 1854. Came to this County in 1855; settled on his present farm April 1864. He owns 141 acres of land. Married to Mary T. Fleege Feb. 3, 1863. She was born Sept. 18, 1840 in Amt. Friern (Hanover) Prussia. Had five children: Regina H., Mary A., Clemens A., Annie C., Annie Louisa. Held office of School Director 6 years.


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Home » Tennis
Welcome to Norton Pines Tennis and Fitness, a world-class, private recreational facility in West Michigan that offers you and your family an exclusive experience where members/players can combine their own desire and determination with elite sports training, in order to become technically, physically, and mentally tough.
Download the complete Tennis Activity Guides to stay updated on all the great activities happening in Norton Pines Tennis!
Norton Pines Tennis prides itself on offering a wide variety of year-round tennis programs and lessons for players of all ages and abilities here in West Michigan. Lessons are available to members and guests beginning at age 3 and continuing into the high school years. As an adult, there are lots of ways to come back to the sport as well as new programs to help learn the game.
Tennis is the ultimate workout! It requires quickness and agility, strength, stamina, and mental toughness. What a fun way to work off stress, energize your spirit, and socialize with friends. Tennis is a great family sport you'll want to continue for a lifetime! Contact us at 231-865-6911 or 231-798-7173.
Does your racket need to be restrung? Do you need a new pair of socks or more whey protein powder? Come to our Pro Shop in our front lobby. We carry everything for the tennis enthusiast, as well as yoga mats, dietary supplements, cold drinks, Norton Pines apparel, and much more. Check it out today! You might find just what you're looking for!
Tennis Events at Norton Pines are always a treat. This is thanks to our dining and viewing area and staff both at the front desk and up in "Level 2". There's always food,fun, and fellowship during and after tennis play.
Junior Tournaments
Junior Tournament Schedule
Entry Level 5 Surfing Aussie Single Day Showdown
Adult Tournaments
Adult Mixers
High School Doubles Shootouts
High School JTT
New Adult Tennis
If you're looking for a fun way to get an exhilarating workout while spending a little extra time on the court, then Cardio Tennis is for you. It features short cycles of high intensity exercise and periods of rest, making it similar to interval training. Cardio Tennis is a fitness program first and foremost, emphasizing exercise and fun over the technical skills of tennis. All levels of play are welcome. Come see what the buzz is about all over West Michigan! Sign up at the front desk 12 hours in advance (classes fill up fast!). Cost is $7/members, $13/guests. *Class is free for a first-time participant and the member who brings them!
Our Youth Tennis Program offers something for every player at every level, from ages 4-18. Our Certified Tennis Professionals design the lessons based on age, skill level, and experience of participants. Whether this is your child's very first experience with tennis or he/she is ready to take her game to the next level, we have the right tennis class for her. We use 10 and Under Courts and low-compression tennis balls for younger players, shrinking the game of tennis to just the right size. Always emphasizing fun and learning, our Tennis Pros are experienced, knowledgeable, and love working with kids of all ages and skill levels. Private tennis lessons are also available. Inquire at the front desk or call us at 231.865.6911 to register.
Middle School Pre-Team
This class is designed for children who are inexperienced, have never taken Quickstart lessons or have graduated from Green Stars, but are not ready for High School Drills.
Little Stars 3-5
Designed for the child who has never picked up a tennis racket before, this class is for beginners. The focus will be on movement, coordination skills needed for tennis, and having fun!
Red Stars 5-7
Now that your child has the basics of tennis down, he/she is ready for the Red Stars class. Using simple tactics and technical instruction, the Tennis Pro will teach your child how to build a rally and keep it going. This class uses RED balls and plays on a small 36′ court. Advancement to the next level will be determined by the tennis pro.
Orange Stars 7-10
Players who move up to the Orange Stars class will transition to the larger 60′ court and will play with low-compression ORANGE tennis balls. In this class players learn how to use the whole court, including coming to the net to defend and attack.
Green Stars 9-13
Playing with a green dot ball that is 25% slower than the traditional yellow tennis ball, players will continue to develop technical skills (including serving) while learning tactics and correct decision making based on their position on the court. The Green Stars class will emphasize court coverage, decision making, and tactics. This class will help players transition more easily to the faster yellow ball and the larger court.
JV Drills
JV Drills promotes stroke development and both singles and doubles tactics. Players in this class should have limited competitive USTA tournament experience, be on a West Michigan high school JV team, and want to increase their level of play. The Tennis Pro will provide on-court instruction and strategic patterns.
Varsity Drills
Our highest level of junior tennis, Varsity Drills focuses on the ability to apply and execute tactics and strategies. Advanced instruction for both singles and doubles is covered. All players at the Varsity Drills level must have a USTA district ranking and/or be playing at a high level on a West Michigan high school varsity team. Players must also have sound stroke production. Acceptance into the Varsity Drills class is determined by the Tennis Pro.
Meet Our Tennis Professionals
Nate Kunnen
(Head Professional) Nate graduated from Ferris State University with a Professional Tennis Management degree in 2013. He has since continued to teach and study the game from world class programs including Tennismith in Tampa and Midtown Athletic Club at Bannockburn in Chicago. This had allowed him to understand the nuts and bolts of the game, and also how to transfer that knowledge to players effectively.
Nate is a certified Professional (P2) through the USPTA and has specialized certifications in Cardio Tennis and 10 and Under Tennis. He has coordinated multiple kids summer camps ranging from 15 to 60 players. Nate has coached for the Oklahoma Junior Tennis Academy and countless adult lessons, clinics, and drills along the way.
Nate has recently decided to reconnect with his West Michigan roots and is now eager to help grow the game of tennis at every age, level, and ability here in his home region.
Craig Kelley
Craig Kelley is a proud alumni of Ferris State University, graduating in 1990 with a degree in Professional Tennis Management and Marketing. With the technical experience he acquired throughout his academic career Craig went on to become a full-time staff professional at the Grand Rapids Racket Club and the East Hills Athletic Club.
In 1994, Craig became the official tennis director of the West Shore Tennis Club in Pennsylvania. There he was able to train players of all ages, skills, and experience levels by blending a relentless passion for the sport with his long history of competitive play. After returning back to his home state, Craig coached both JV and Varsity teams at Grand Haven High School and Mona Shores High School.
As a USPTR-certified trainer, Craig is a huge asset to the area's tennis community!
Tanya Gonzalez
(Junior and Proshop Coordinator) Tanya Gonzalez grew up on the east side of the state where she played tennis at the varsity level throughout high school. After graduation, she furthered her tennis career by attending Oakland University where she played both doubles and singles. While at Oakland, Tanya coached their summer kids program and discovered her indelible skill not just as a player but as an instructor too.
While she loves competing, Tanya's true passion within the tennis community is sharing her love for the sport with younger generations. Using the USTA QuickStart Program, she helps kids reach their athletic potential while also fostering a fun and enjoyable environment to play within both on and off the court.
As a PTR Certified Tennis Professional, Tanya's expertise extends to adults and children of all ages, abilities, and skill levels. Since 2008 she has been teaching at Norton Pines where she has been recognized for her ability to make learning the game of tennis fun and exciting! We can't wait to see what more she has in store for our members!
Gregory McManus
Gregory McManus has a long history of tennis expertise starting from when he was a top player at Whitehall High School. In his junior year he was honored with All-State recognition as a doubles player before transitioning to singles in his senior year. After graduating high school, he furthered his tennis career by playing for three years at Grand Valley State University where he was able to hone his skills and strengthen his technical understanding of the game.
For the past nine years Gregory has served as the Whitehall boys tennis team coach, and for the past eight years he has coached the Whitehall girls team as well. His passion for the sport and the dedication he has to his players is evident not just in his team's success, but also in the recognition he has gained as a coach. He has been named All-Area boys coach once and All-Area girls coach twice. Additionally, he was also named Regional Coach of the Year in 2010 for division 4.
In the process of his coaching career he has led his boys team to six state finals with three top-10 finishes, while leading the girls to three state finals with one top-10 finish. We are eager to introduce this well-decorated athlete and coach to our members and he is proud to become a part of the team!
Andrea Remynse
Andrea Remynse has been playing tennis since she was 7 years old. She was the number-one ranked junior in the country in the under 18 division, and was recruited to play for UCLA Women's Tennis. She was a member of UCLA's 2008 NCAA Championship Team and the winner of the PAC-10 Individual tournament in 2010.
Throughout her time at UCLA, she was an All-American, All-Pac-10, and All-Academic Team member. She graduated in 2011 and went on to law school at Michigan State University. She still plays occasionally and enjoys coaching and giving back to the sport that gave her so many opportunities.


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What Is Ingress Resource?
It is possible to add rules to the ingress resource for routing the traffic from external sources to the services within the cluster, and the traffic will be controlled by the ingress controller. The ingress resource exposes the http and https traffic from external sources to the services within the cluster. We may infer from the preceding lines that egress is comprised of two components:
Ingress resources in Kubernetes are used to proxy Layer 7 traffic to and from containers in the cluster, and they are managed by the cluster itself. In order for ingress resources to be accessible, an ingress controller component must be installed and running as a layer 7 proxy service within the cluster.
What is ingress and how does it work?
'Ingress resources' are used by Kubernetes to proxy layer 7 traffic to and from the cluster's containers and other nodes. In order for ingress resources to be accessible from within the cluster, an ingress controller component must be installed and running as a layer 7 proxy service.
What does an ingress resource look like?
It is possible to think about it in the following terms: An Ingress is a set of rules that enable incoming connections to reach the cluster's services.It may be set to provide services with externally accessible urls, load balance traffic, terminate SSL, and provide name-based virtual hosting, among other things.Users can request ingress by submitting a POST request to the API server with the Ingress resource.
What is ingress resource in Kubernetes?
Ingress Resource is a Kubernetes resource that defines the ingress controller rules that are used to route incoming traffic to the appropriate destination.An example of a straightforward ingress: apiVersion: It specifies which Kubernetes API will be used to build an object when the object is created.metadata: A name string, a UID, and an optional namespace all contribute to the object's unique identification.
What is ingress in Apache Spark?
We can easily describe HTTP and HTTPS routes from outside the cluster to services within the cluster using the Ingress API resource, which is available as an API resource. Through the use of Ingress, we will establish rules for routing traffic without the need to create a slew of Load Balancers or expose every service available on the node.
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What is the main purpose of an ingress resource?
What an Ingress delivers are the following features: URLs for apps running in Kubernetes clusters that are accessible from the outside world. Support for name-based virtual hosts as well as URI-based routing. Load balancing rules and traffic, as well as SSL termination, are all included in the package.
What is ingress rule?
Ingress: Any access to resources within a service perimeter by an API client from outside the service perimeter is referred to as an ingress. A Cloud Storage client located outside of a service boundary may request Cloud Storage read, write, or copy actions on a Cloud Storage resource located within the perimeter, for example.
What is ingress AWS?
Your Amazon EKS cluster's Ingress resource configures the Application Load Balancer to route HTTP or HTTPS traffic to different pods based on the resource's configuration. If you want to monitor the HTTP or HTTPS requests that are routed to the Application Load Balancer, you may utilize the AWS WAF service.
What are ingress connections?
As you may have guessed by now, Ingress refers to traffic that is transferred from an address on the public internet to a private network without the request of an inside system. It is not a response to a request received by an inside system.
Why do we need ingress?
With Ingress, you can get load balancing, SSL termination, and name-based virtual hosting all in one package. The ability to safely expose numerous APIs or Applications from a single domain name is provided by ingress capabilities.
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What are the types of ingress?
In Kubernetes, there are three different forms of Ingress
There is just one service. A single service is exposed in this case, and it is an Ingress supported by a single service.
A straightforward fanout. The fanout type refers to the usage of a single entry point (a single IP address) to offer many services.
Virtual hosting on the basis of a domain name
What is ingress or egress?
The term ″ingress″ relates to the right to enter a property, whereas the term ″egress″ refers to the right to leave a property (or ″egress right″). For example, a driveway allows people to enter and exit their homes and businesses from the road.
What is ingress and egress of data?
Ingress of data. The term ″data egress″ refers to traffic that travels out of a network and into another network, whereas ″data ingress″ refers to traffic that originates outside of a network and travels into another network (or vice versa).
What is ingress and ingress controller?
The Ingress Controller is the component responsible for satisfying the requests made by an Ingress, which is strictly speaking an API object that describes the traffic routing rules (e.g. load balancing, SSL termination, path-based routing, protocol).
What is difference between ELB and ALB?
An ALB has the ability to link instances to distinct sets of servers, known as target groups, as well as to specify routing. Services, in contrast to ELBs, which are instantiated immediately, may be run independently of one another and numerous routing rule definitions can be defined.
What is ingress EKS?
What exactly is Ingress? Ingress provides HTTP and HTTPS routes from outside the cluster to services within the cluster, allowing for easy communication between them. Ingress resource rules determine how traffic is routed. These rules are specified on the Ingress resource.
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What is Kubernetes IO ingress class ALB?
Alb.ingress.kubernetes.io/target-type determines how traffic is routed to pods in the Alb container. You can select between instance and ip modes: instance mode will route traffic to all ec2 instances within the cluster on the NodePort that has been opened for your service; ip mode will route traffic to the IP address that has been opened for your service.
What does high ingress mean?
It is understood that when you say Ingress, it signifies that traffic is moving towards you, depending on which hand you are holding.When you upload data to the internet, it is leaving your local network, and therefore the traffic is considered egress from the LAN's perspective.However, the router will treat that data as ingress because it is coming towards it, and therefore the traffic is considered egress from the router's perspective.
What is ingress gateway?
When we talk about an ingress Gateway, we're talking about a load balancer that operates at the edge of the mesh and accepts incoming HTTP/TCP connections. Unlike Kubernetes Ingress Resources, it does not provide any traffic routing settings, but it does configure the exposed ports, protocols, and other aspects of the cluster's infrastructure.
What is ingress cable?
Ingress is just the leakage of a signal into a system. Ingress is detrimental since it has the potential to completely destroy a signal. It is possible that TV channel 5 will leak into our CATV channel 5 if there are any cuts or strips, defective crimps, or poor shielding on the line. The picture would be entirely distorted, and the sound will most likely be distorted as well.
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The Himalayan Times > Opinion > EDITORIAL: Settle them pronto
EDITORIAL: Settle them pronto
Published: July 10, 2019 9:25 am On: Opinion
The Himalayan Times
It is the duty of the government to provide shelter, food, health and education to the freed kamaiyas and haliyas
When the government emancipated the kamaiyas, semi-bonded labourers, in the five plain districts of Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali and Kanchapur in 2000 and the haliyas in the 12 hill districts of the far- and mid-west in 2008, the government had promised to rehabilitate them by providing them shelter, livelihood support, education and health. But both the communities do not have their own land to till or a shelter to live in till now although they have been liberated from the clutches of the semi-bonded labour system. The government had, however, declared that they need not pay back the loans that they had taken from their masters. Even after their freedom from the traditional practice, they have not been able to lead a normal life thanks to their poverty and no tangible support from the government for their survival. They are in need of long-term support from the government agencies. The government had planned to rehabilitate them within the current fiscal. But it did not happen as the federal government outsourced its funds to the local levels, which lack institutional capacity to handle this issue.
According to government data, there are as many as 27,570 freed kamaiyas and 16,953 freed hailyas in these districts. The Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation (MoLMCPA) has dispatched Rs 1.56 billion to each of the groups. The ministry claims to have rehabilitated about 98 per cent of the freed kamaiyas and 80 per cent of the haliyas since their freedom. The government has decided to provide a piece of land to a freed kamaiya and haliya family to build a house or cash (Rs 225,000 in Tarai and 325,000 in the hills) if it fails to provide them with a piece of land for housing. It has also decided to provide Rs 125,000 and Rs 155,000 to each of the freed kamaiya and haliya family to repair their houses if they had already built them. However, the Mukta Haliya Mahasangh has said that the amount provided by the government is too little to rehabilitate themselves either in the Tarai or in the hills.
The freed kamaiyas and haliyas deserve a dignified life. They should be given free health services, education and livelihood support till they become self-sustainable, as per the Supreme Court verdict issued last year. Another problem they are facing right now is that the land plots received from the government have been found occupied by other people. Some of them have obtained land ownership certificates without any land plots. Such problem should be resolved by the federal government, which handled the issue from the very beginning. One of the biggest problems both the freed kamaiyas and haliyas are facing since their liberation is the unavailability of livelihood support from the Centre and the local levels. It was a bold step of the government to set them free from the semi-bonded labour system, which had been in practice since time immemorial. Providing them with job opportunities at the local levels is the need of the hour. The local levels can create a lot of regular or seasonal work for them as per their skills and local needs. They can be given priority in the public construction sector where a large number of people are absorbed round the year. The government cannot escape from its duty of rehabilitating them.
Diarrhoea prevention
Excessive levels of fecal coliform bacteria have been detected in the water supplied to the two wards of Bheri Municipality in Jajarkot in mid-west Nepal, leading to an outbreak of diarrhoea. However, the locals have no option but to consume it. The source of the contaminated water has been identified as Budbudi, where the coliform count is as high as 140 per 100 ml of water, although a level above 5 is not fit for drinking. Both the locals and prisoners from the local prison are already making a beeline to the district hospital after suffering from diarrhoea.
Water-borne diseases kill hundreds of people every year in the remote districts of mid-west Nepal year after year, and the government must act quickly to bring the situation under control, especially now that the source of the contamination has been located. With the monsoon rains, there are chances of flood water mixing with the drinking water source to cause diarrhoeal outbreaks as well as jaundice and typhoid. The authorities must start an awareness campaign among the locals about diarrhoea as well as ways to prevent it, such as adding chlorine drops to disinfect water or boiling water and filtering it.
A version of this article appears in print on July 10, 2019 of The Himalayan Times.


The Nike SB Dunk Mid Pro 'Lewis Marnell' is a tribute to the late great Lewis Marnell who sadly passed away in 2013 due to complications with diabetes. Lewis Marnell was one of Australia's finest skateboarders and his passion and love for skateboarding in Australia birthed a new generation of talented Aussie skateboarders.
Nike SB have paid tribute to Lewis Marnell by releasing one of his favourite shoes to skate with, the Dunk Mid Pro. The Nike SB Dunk Mid Pro 'Lewis Marnell' is constructed from a premium suede upper with a boot like construction and a mid top strap to keep your foot as stable as possible. The shoe is finished off with the signature air sole unit coupled with a small embossed 'Lion' which was Lewis Marnell's signature logo on the heel of the shoe.


Copy of this book received in exchange for honest review.
This book was a surprising hit for me. I didn't know anything about the jewish culture and wasn't sure that I'd even like this book.
But I did. Gaby was a interesting character if a little obsessive about Benny and Saar...which from the way they treated her I didn't get.
She seemed like a smart girl why was she alway allow men to use her. That bit did annoy me...a lot.
It was interest learning about a very different culture than my own. Although, not knowing any hebrew it was hard to understand a lot of the words which were peppered into the book. I would recommend a hebrew term index to the author for people like me who don't anything about the culture they are reading about.
In some ways I think her brother was more mature than she was...she seemed to allow every one else to decide what was best for her and the random hook-up when she was dating Hillel was stupid.
Despite these frustrations I still like the book and enjoyed Gaby's journey into adulthood and learning to find a life in a new world. to go from America to Israel had to hard.
Her friend dying had a profound effect on her life and change it's direction again. It was sad. Her starting a career to help her brother was also very kind and grown up of her.


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Below is a list of legal support services, including community legal centres, low cost or free legal advice and support, victim support services and private law firms specialising in family and domestic violence and/or family law. If you cannot find local legal support services for your area, there is a list of state and national legal support services at the bottom of this page.
State and National Legal Services Services
Victim Support Service
Is a voluntary and free service available to victims of crime.
Email VictimSupportService@justice.wa.gov.au
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Legal Aid WA offers free or low-cost legal services to the community. If their clients have trouble getting help because of a disability, language barriers, or location, Legal Aid WA has available support to assist them.
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Family law and children's matters services:
• Legal representation by lawyers for children and young people in the Family Court and in the Children's Court
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The Senior Rights and Advocacy Service is a specialist legal advice and assistance service, as a division of Legal Aid WA.
Services offered include:
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• representation in certain guardianship and administration matter with State Administrative Tribunal
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Youth Legal Service
Youth Legal Service is a not-for-profit organisation providing free legal services to children and young people (under 25 years of age) across Western Australia.
Youth Legal Service provides legal advice in the following areas:
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Circle Green Community Legal Centre
Circle Green is a community legal centre in Western Australia providing state-wide specialist legal services in employment, residential tenancy law, family and domestic violence, and migration services aimed at assisting people who are otherwise disadvantaged in their access to legal services.
Email enquiries@circlegreen.org.au
Women's Legal Service WA
The Women's Legal Service WA is a free community legal centre providing legal advice, support and advocacy to WA women experiencing disadvantage. They can assist women with:
Family law (parenting related matters, divorce and some property settlement matters through their Legal Clinic)
Family violence (identifying and responding to family violence and restraining order matters)
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Online Restraining Order Application
A restraining order is designed to prevent acts of family or personal violence. Having a restraining order allows the police to intervene on behalf of the protected person if the conditions are breached.
The online restraining order application service has been introduced for people seeking the protection of a restraining order to lodge their application without having to attend a court registry.
Police officers have the ability to issue a police order for up to 72 hours in certain circumstances. This order is a temporary restraining order that allows the protected person the ability to make an application to a court during normal business hours. Please contact the Western Australia Police Force on 131 444 if you require police assistance or 000 in an emergency.
Family Violence Law Help
FASS provide support and legal help if you are affected by domestic and family violence and have a family law issue. They can help you if you have experienced domestic and family violence or someone says you have used violence. The Family Advocacy and Support Service lawyers can assist by:
Arrangements for children
Domestic Violence Orders (known as Family Violence Restraining Orders or FVROs)
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Applying for legal aid
Some urgent court matters The Family Advocacy and Support Service support worker can assist by: Help you plan for your safety
Talk to the Family Courts about your safety at court
Give you information and support during your family law case
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Advocate for you with services like police
Connect you with men's behaviour change programs or other services
If you need help with your legal or non-legal issues from a duty lawyer or FASS social support worker, please call (08) 9224 8690.
Monday-Friday 9am-4:30pm
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Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB) provide information and referral, a low-cost legal advice service on a wide range of issues, and a mediation service.
Their services include:
Free information on a wide range of issue
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Aboriginal Family Legal Services
Aboriginal Family Law Service assists Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people live free from family violence and sexual assault. We not only offer free legal services, but community education and early intervention and prevention programs as well.
• Child Protection
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• Family Violence Restraining Orders
• Non-legal Support
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Email office@afls.org.au


1:4 that thou mayest know the certainty of the things wherein thou wast instructed.
1:7 and they had no child, because that Elisabeth was barren, and both were advanced in their days.
1:10 and all the multitude of the people were praying without, at the hour of the perfume.
1:22 and having come out, he was not able to speak to them, and they perceived that a vision he had seen in the sanctuary, and he was beckoning to them, and did remain dumb.
1:27 to a virgin, betrothed to a man, whose name [is] Joseph, of the house of David, and the name of the virgin [is] Mary.
1:29 and she, having seen, was troubled at his word, and was reasoning of what kind this salutation may be.
1:38 And Mary said, 'Lo, the maid-servant of the Lord; let it be to me according to thy saying,' and the messenger went away from her.
1:43 and whence [is] this to me, that the mother of my Lord might come unto me?
1:56 And Mary remained with her about three months, and turned back to her house.
1:58 and the neighbours and her kindred heard that the Lord was making His kindness great with her, and they were rejoicing with her.
1:64 and his mouth was opened presently, and his tongue, and he was speaking, praising God.
1:66 and all who heard did lay them up in their hearts, saying, 'What then shall this child be?' and the hand of the Lord was with him.
1:75 To serve Him, in holiness and righteousness Before Him, all the days of our life.
1:76 And thou, child, Prophet of the Highest Shalt thou be called; For thou shalt go before the face of the Lord, To prepare His ways.
1:80 And the child grew, and was strengthened in spirit, and he was in the deserts till the day of his shewing unto Israel.


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By Jeeves 2001 Ladda Ner Svenska - Swesub - Film Online
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Tom Ford. Ensemble. James Kall. 2017-04-30 The son of a music professor and a piano teacher, Lloyd Webber reveals his artistic influences, from his idols Rodgers and Hammerstein and the perfection of South Pacific's "Some Enchanted Evening," to the pop and rock music of the 1960s and Puccini's Tosca, to P. G. Wodehouse and T. S. Eliot. Lloyd Webber recalls his bohemian London WODEHOUSE, P.G. & ANDREW LLOYD WEBBER & TIM RICE. Original Typed Letter Signed by P.G. Wodehouse Regarding the Production of a Musical Play with Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Based on His Character Jeeves. New York: Single sheet, 6 1/4" x 7", 1973.
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2020-05-21 Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat (1968) Lloyd Webber is a product of his time and … Bertie Wooster. Rest of cast listed alphabetically: Donna Lynne Champlin. Honoria Glossop. Tom Ford. Ensemble. James Kall. 2017-04-30 The son of a music professor and a piano teacher, Lloyd Webber reveals his artistic influences, from his idols Rodgers and Hammerstein and the perfection of South Pacific's "Some Enchanted Evening," to the pop and rock music of the 1960s and Puccini's Tosca, to P. G. Wodehouse and T. S. Eliot.
(Unmasked Based on the beloved P.G Wodehouse stories of Bertie Wooster and his butler Jeeves, the film version of By Jeeves was based on the 1996 Scarborough and London production also directed by Ayckbourn. The show is a contemporary reworking of the 1975 Andrew Lloyd Webber/Alan Ayckbourn musical production, entitled Jeeves. A musical about Dr Barnardo in the jaunty style of Oliver!; a P.G. Wodehouse show, Jeeves!
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"To be a humorist," warned Englishman P.G. Wodehouse, possibly the finest universe features not just Jeeves and Wooster, but enduring characters such ( An Andrew Lloyd Webber musical, By Jeeves, is headed to Broadway this 26 Nov 2001 The worst musical ever is, without doubt, Andrew Lloyd Webber's By be trouble when I was shown to my seat by a P.G. Wodehouse character 13 Apr 2015 Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice had hit upon the idea of making a musical of P G Wodehouse's Jeeves novels and had He's terribly modest and was only worried whether the characters were strong enough for a musical' 28 Oct 2001 on Long Island, P. G. Wodehouse is best remembered for creating two comic icons of Now Jeeves and Bertie--or characters purporting to be Jeeves and Wodehouse himself co-authored 18 musical comedies and declared P. G. Wodehouse worked in Hollywood over two periods, but was "used" mostly for writing dialogue 2001 - By Jeeves (Andrew Lloyd Webber musical) (Y) (I) By Jeeves (Musical), Andrew Lloyd Webber - 1996 Duke of York Theatre London. Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn, based on the novels of P. G. Wodehouse.
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James Kall. Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat (1968) Lloyd Webber is a product of his time and … 2020-05-21 2017-04-30 The son of a music professor and a piano teacher, Lloyd Webber reveals his artistic influences, from his idols Rodgers and Hammerstein and the perfection of South Pacific's "Some Enchanted Evening," to the pop and rock music of the 1960s and Puccini's Tosca, to P. G. Wodehouse and T. S. Eliot. Lloyd Webber recalls his bohemian London An old-fashioned musical comedy inspired by the much-loved P G Wodehouse's Jeeves characters, the show marked an attempt by Lloyd Webber to change pace, form and style. Playwright Alan Ackybourn provided the book and lyrics for the musical. According to Lloyd Webber in his memoir Unmasked, the piece was doomed WODEHOUSE, P.G. & ANDREW LLOYD WEBBER & TIM RICE. Original Typed Letter Signed by P.G. Wodehouse Regarding the Production of a Musical Play with Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Based on His Character Jeeves. New York: Single sheet, 6 1/4" x 7", 1973.
Fonte Cruciverba Oggi Levels may vary as the game mixes them. Dear Friends, if you are seeking to finish the race to the end of the game but you are blocked at Word Lanes Lord Webber musical about a PG Wodehouse character , you could consider that you are already a winner ! You have reached this topic and you will be guided through the next stage without any problem. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia By Jeeves, originally Jeeves, is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, and lyrics and book by Alan Ayckbourn. It is based on the series of novels and short stories by P. G. Wodehouse that centre around the character of Bertie Wooster … Best Answer for Lord Webber Musical About A Pg Wodehouse Character CodyCross London.
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Dec 11, 2016 My piece ranking the musicals of Stephen Sondheim was very popular and I unleash my same ranking process on the musicals of Andrew Lloyd Webber. The musical has a plethora of terrific character songs, including th Oct 28, 2001 P.G. Wodehouse fanatics and, indeed, Anglophiles of all stripes may want to pay a visit to "By Jeeves," a winking romp that Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan The show modestly calls itself a "musical entertainmen May 16, 2020 Madeline Bassett is a fictional character in the Jeeves stories of English In the 1975 musical Jeeves, Madeline was a picture of Gabrielle Drake.
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By Jeeves: Alan Ayckbourn, John Scherer, Martin Jarvis, Martin
Ensemble. James Kall. 2017-04-30 The son of a music professor and a piano teacher, Lloyd Webber reveals his artistic influences, from his idols Rodgers and Hammerstein and the perfection of South Pacific's "Some Enchanted Evening," to the pop and rock music of the 1960s and Puccini's Tosca, to P. G. Wodehouse and T. S. Eliot. Lloyd Webber recalls his bohemian London WODEHOUSE, P.G. & ANDREW LLOYD WEBBER & TIM RICE. Original Typed Letter Signed by P.G. Wodehouse Regarding the Production of a Musical Play with Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Based on His Character Jeeves.


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El nitruro de aluminio (AlN) es un nitruro sólido de aluminio. Tiene una alta conductividad térmica de hasta 285 W/(m·K) y es un aislante eléctrico. Su fase de wurtzita (w-AlN) tiene una banda prohibida de ~ 6 eV a temperatura ambiente y tiene una aplicación potencial en optoelectrónica que opera a frecuencias ultravioleta profundas.

Aplicaciones
En los últimos años se ha realizado un esfuerzo importante en la búsqueda de nuevos materiales con estructuras cada vez más complejas, que presenten a la vez propiedades de conducción iónica y electrónica.  Este tipo de materiales, como el nitruro de aluminio,  tienen aplicaciones en campos importantes de la tecnología como componentes de diversos dispositivos optoelectrónicos. De entre los nuevos materiales estudiados se destacan los nitruros metálicos. En este tipo de compuestos no existe todavía un conocimiento profundo de los mecanismos de transporte de carga por lo que se hace necesario un estudio fundamental en muestras de gran calidad cristalina.

Como película policristalina orientada en el eje c, el nitruro de aluminio (AlN) se puede implementar como componente en  sensores ópticos en el rango de ultravioleta (UV), así como en dispositivos óptico-acústicos.

Existe un amplio interés en el nitruro de aluminio hexagonal por su aplicación en LED's y detectores en el azul y ultravioleta, debido a su notable estabilidad térmica y química, también es conveniente para su aplicación en ambientes extremos de altas temperaturas.

Es de gran importancia para el país el estudio y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de  investigación como la deposición por láser pulsado (PLD) ya que se pueden generar nuevos materiales nanoestructurados como es en este caso el de los nitruros del grupo III-V uno de ellos el AlN pues  está siendo objeto de estudio debido a sus amplias perspectivas de aplicación en dispositivos semiconductores en las regiones de las longitudes de onda del azul y el ultravioleta; además de que se crean jóvenes investigadores que pueden contribuir a la ciencia y desarrollo del país con la ayuda de las universidades que trabajan en estos temas y de los grupos que existen en estas líneas de investigación posibilitando avances tecnológicos necesarios para la industria nacional.

Material
El nitruro de aluminio cristaliza en el sistema hexagonal, con una estructura de tipo wurtzita (caracterizada por sus constantes de red a y c) experimentalmente se encuentra que la fase wurzita es la estructura cristalina más estable para el AlN. Es el material de banda más ancha a temperatura ambiente (Eg =6.2 eV) siendo considerado un semiconductor del grupo III-V lo que le confiere propiedades luminiscentes.  La luminiscencia es un proceso que se caracteriza por un espectro de emisión con una banda dominante centrada en 400 nm, aproximadamente. Esta emisión se atribuye a una recombinación de procesos relacionados con los dominios de oxígeno en la red de AlN.  Igualmente el AlN posee altas propiedades como dureza (2x103 kgf mm-2), temperatura de fusión (2400 °C), así como una velocidad acústica alta (5760 m/s)

Cada átomo de aluminio está ligado a cuatro átomos de nitrógeno y viceversa, formando un tetraedro distorsionado con tres enlaces Al-N(i) (i = 1,2,3) separados 120º y situados en un plano perpendicular al enlace Al-N(0) en la dirección del eje c, como se observa en la figura 1.

La técnica que se empleará para el depósito de las películas de nitruro de aluminio es la deposición por láser pulsado. Inicialmente esta técnica era poco considerada debido a su tendencia de depositar macropartículas junto con átomos y moléculas. Sin embargo, debido al éxito para depositar capas finas de cerámicas superconductoras de alta temperatura crítica, se despertó un gran interés en el perfeccionamiento de la técnica, utilizándose hoy ya en escala industrial. La interacción de los pulsos de alta densidad de energía del láser con un material sólido, usualmente de excímero, es capaz de generar partículas con características fuera del equilibrio.

La mayoría de éstas son especies atómicas y moleculares, electrónica y vibracionalmente excitadas, con energías cinéticas suficientes para superar las barreras que conduzcan a la formación de nuevos compuestos o fases singulares la técnica puede dar origen a la formación de compuestos en fases metaestables con propiedades únicas.

El nitruro de aluminio que se desea depositar se caracterizará tanto desde el punto de vista estructural y cristalográfico como desde el punto de vista piezoeléctrico. Estas  caracterizaciones se llevan a cabo paralelamente con las tareas de producción del material. De esta manera es posible aplicar la información obtenida a la selección de los parámetros de depósito del AlN para conseguir un material con las propiedades cristalinas, morfológicas y piezoeléctricas óptimas.

Calidad cristalina del nitruro de aluminio
Desde un punto de  vista cristalográfico un material policristalino es bueno cuando el tamaño de sus microcristales es grande en la dirección perpendicular al sustrato y cuando éstos se encuentran muy bien orientados.  Puesto que el nitruro de aluminio con estructura wurtzita tiene cuatro átomos en la celda unitaria, existen nueve modos ópticos y tres modos acústicos para k ≈ 0 (en el centro de la zona de Brillouin) los cuales son teóricamente:

 (E2) 303 cm-1

 (E2) 426 cm-1
 (A1) 514 cm-1
 (E1) 614 cm-1
 (A1) 663 cm-1
 (E1) 671.6 cm-1
 (A1) 659.3 cm-1
 (E1) 821 cm-1
 (E1) 895 cm-1

De entre todos estos modos, sólo los modos A1 y E1 pueden activarse por la radiación infrarroja [12,14]. Dichos picos corresponden a los modos transversales ópticos E1(TO) 671.6 cm-1 y A1(TO) 614 cm-1 del nitruro de aluminio hexagonal. El modo E1(TO) en 671.6 cm-1  se excita por un campo eléctrico perpendicular al eje c de la molécula, mientras que el modo A1(TO) en 614 cm-1 se excita por un campo paralelo a dicho eje. Por lo tanto, el aspecto de los dos picos del espectro dará información sobre la posición de las moléculas de nitruro de aluminio y, por tanto, la orientación de los microcristales, respecto al haz de luz incidente.

La existencia de estos dos picos  se debe a la excitación por parte de la señal incidente de los modos ópticos E1(TO) y A1(TO) (esquematizados en la figura 2) debido a la diferencia de electronegatividad entre los átomos de nitrógeno y los de aluminio en la molécula de AlN.

Estudio estructural del AlN
El método comúnmente utilizado para determinar la calidad cristalina de las películas policristalinas es la difracción de rayos X, ya que proporciona de forma directa información sobre la orientación cristalina, el estrés y el tamaño de grano. La difracción de rayos X (DRX) es una técnica no destructiva de análisis de materiales que se basa en el hecho de que los cristales difractan los rayos X que inciden sobre ellos de una forma que depende de su estructura. La difracción es un fenómeno relacionado con la forma en la que interactúan dos o más ondas cuyas fases son diferentes debido a la diferencia entre los caminos que recorren. Sin embargo, ésta es una técnica relativamente cara y las medidas llevan mucho tiempo, mientras que, por el contrario, la espectroscopia de absorción de infrarrojos por transformada de Fourier es una técnica rápida y más barata. El aspecto de los picos de los espectros de FT-IR del nitruro de aluminio está relacionado con la orientación del material, por lo que dicha técnica podría ser una alternativa a las medidas habituales de DRX.

Al ser una técnica complementaria que permite conocer que estructura se ha formado en la película, es de interés el tener difracciones en los planos (002), (101), (102) bien definidos pues estos garantizan un material con propiedades piezoeléctricas.

Estudio vibracional del AlN

La espectrofotometría de infrarrojos por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) es una técnica no destructiva ampliamente utilizada en la caracterización de materiales en forma de película delgada, que se basa en la absorción de fotones por los modos de vibración de los átomos enlazados en un sólido al hacer incidir sobre él un rayo de luz con una longitud de onda concreta en el rango del infrarrojo medio. Esta absorción se produce si la diferencia de electronegatividad entre los distintos átomos de la molécula es apreciable, y tiene lugar para unas frecuencias características que dependen del modo de vibración de los enlaces y del entorno químico, ya que para que un enlace absorba un fotón es necesario que la frecuencia de la luz incidente coincida con la frecuencia de vibración del enlace.  Por lo tanto, la posición y la intensidad de las bandas de absorción en el infrarrojo obtenidas permiten, en teoría, identificar los enlaces, determinar su estructura y estimar su concentración.

Las películas se analizaran con FTIR ya que con esta espectroscopia se pueden observar las frecuencias de vibración características de los enlaces de aluminio  y además se puede determinar que tipo de estructura toma el aluminio con el nitrógeno y de esta manera encontrar la película con las mejores propiedades para ser un buen piezoeléctrico.

Respuesta piezoeléctrica del material

La piezoelectricidad consiste en la generación de un campo eléctrico en un material al serle aplicada una tensión mecánica que modifique su forma (efecto directo), o también en el cambio en la forma del material al aplicársele un cierto campo eléctrico (efecto inverso). Por lo tanto, es un mecanismo de conversión de energía mecánica en eléctrica y viceversa.

Las características cristalinas del material (orientación de los cristales,  tamaño de grano y estructura) condicionan sus propiedades piezoeléctricas. Los sistemas relevantes en cuestiones piezoeléctricas son los sistemas cúbico, ortorrómbico, tetragonal, trigonal y hexagonal. Como ya se ha mencionado, el nitruro de aluminio cristaliza en el sistema hexagonal, con simetría alrededor del eje c, por lo que debemos buscar un AlN hexagonal para garantizar una respuesta piezoeléctrica.

Cabe anotar que las películas de nitruro de aluminio pueden presentar dos polaridades distintas dependiendo de la colocación de la celda unitaria, según el átomo central del tetraedro sea un átomo de aluminio o uno de nitrógeno.

Las propiedades morfológicas del material obtenido dependen en gran medida de su polaridad, ya que las películas terminadas en nitrógeno suelen tener una mayor rugosidad que las terminadas en aluminio, pero en cambio su calidad cristalina es mejor.  Las condiciones iniciales de depósito influyen en gran medida en la polaridad del material obtenido. Aunque en principio podría pensarse que todo el material tiene la misma polaridad, sin embargo es posible que existan zonas en las que los cristales tienen distintas polaridades. La presencia de estos dominios de inversión se ha atribuido a distintas causas, como la naturaleza de la superficie del sustrato, los defectos extendidos relacionados con la presencia de átomos de oxígeno [18]  y otras condiciones propias del crecimiento.

Referencias

Bibliografía

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Aluminio
Materiales en ingeniería