text:
\section{Introduction}

The standard cosmological model of general relativity states that the evolution of our Universe is described
by the $\Lambda$CDM model, and postulates that there must have been an inflation era early in the history in which the
vacuum energy dominated over other forms of energy density such as baryonic matter, dark matter or radiation
\cite{lcdm}.  All the physical phases contained in the $\Lambda$CDM scenario and inflation are characterized
by particular equations of state which usually relate the corresponding energy density with the pressure. There
are many ways to impose or derive a particular equation of state. Recently in \cite{abcq12}, we proposed a method
in which the equations of state are derived from a fundamental thermodynamic equation which, in turn, can be obtained
by using the formalism of geometrothermodynamics (GTD). One of the central ideas of GTD \cite{quev07} is that any
thermodynamic system is represented by its corresponding space of equilibrium states ${\cal E}$. Moreover, the
thermodynamic properties of the system can be represented in terms of the geometric properties of the equilibrium
space -- e.g., the curvature of the equilibrium space can be interpreted as
a measure of the thermodynamic interaction and curvature singularities represent phase transitions. This has been
shown to be true for a large number of thermodynamic systems (see \cite{qqs16b} and references therein).

If the system contains $n$ different thermodynamic degrees of freedom (number of independent thermodynamic
variables that are necessary for its description), the corresponding equilibrium space is $n-$dimensional whose
geometric properties are completely determined by an $n-$dimensional metric $g$. In thermodynamic geometry, the
components of the metric $g$ are usually identified with the second derivatives of a particular thermodynamic
potential which can be chosen as the internal energy (Weinhold metric), the entropy (Ruppeiner metric), or in
terms of a partition function (Fisher-Rao metric). These particular Hessian metrics have been extensively applied
to explore the properties of a large number of thermodynamic systems and also in connection with information theory
\cite{amari85,weibook,rup14}. The approach of GTD is different. The metric $g$ is chosen such that it is invariant
with respect to Legendre transformations. This is an additional condition which is necessary in GTD in order to
incorporate the well-known property of the Legendre invariance of classical thermodynamics into the geometric
description, i.e., the independence of the physical behaviour of the system on the choice of thermodynamic potential.
Furthermore, in order to consider a Legendre transformation as a coordinate transformation, in GTD it is necessary
to introduce the $(2n+1)-$dimensional phase space ${\cal T}$ which is endowed with a contact one-form $\Theta$ and
a metric $G$. A Legendre transformation in ${\cal T}$ can be expressed as a coordinate transformation
$Z^A \rightarrow \tilde Z ^A$ ($A=0,1,...,2n)$ where the Jacobian is the unity matrix \cite{quev07}. The
contact one-form can be written in a canonical manner as $\Theta = d\Phi - \delta_{ab}I^a dE^b$ ($a=1,...,n,)$ with
$\delta_{ab}={\rm diag}(1,1,...)$, where the coordinates have been chosen as  $Z^A=\{\Phi, E^a, I^a\}$. Whereas the
contact form is Legendre invariant in
the sense that under a Legendre transformation $Z^A \rightarrow \tilde Z ^A$ it behaves as $\Theta \rightarrow
\tilde\Theta = d\tilde \Phi -\delta_{ab} \tilde I^a d\tilde E^a$, the components of the metric $G$ are in general
not Legendre invariant. Nevertheless, it is possible to find particular solutions which preserve Legendre
invariance. For instance, the metric (summation over all repeated indices implied)
\begin{equation}
  \label{GIIIL}
  G  =(d\Phi - I_a d E^a)^2  + \Lambda \left(E_a I_a \right)^{2k+1}  d E^a   d I^a \,,
\end{equation}
where $ I_a = \delta_{ab} I^b$, $k$ is an integer, and $\Lambda=\Lambda(Z^A)$ is an arbitrary non-zero Legendre-invariant
function, is the most general metric found so far which is invariant with respect to partial and total
Legendre transformations.

The connection between the phase space ${\cal T}$ and the equilibrium space ${\cal E}$ is determined through
an embedding map $\varphi: {\cal E} \rightarrow {\cal T}$ such that its pullback $\varphi^*$ satisfies the condition
$\varphi^*(\Theta) = 0$. In particular, we can choose $\{E^a\}$ as the coordinates of ${\cal E}$, in which case the
pullback condition reads
\begin{equation}
  d\Phi = I_a d E^a \,.
\end{equation}
This is the general form of the first law of thermodynamics where $\Phi$ is the thermodynamic potential, the $E^a$
are the extensive variables and the $I_a$ the intensive variables dual to $E^a$, i.e., $I_a = \Phi_{,a}\equiv
\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial E^a}$.  Furthermore, the pullback induces a canonical metric $g$ on the equilibrium
space ${\cal E}$,
\begin{equation}
  g = \Lambda\, (E_a\Phi_{,a})^{2k+1} \delta^{ab} \Phi_{,bc} dE^a dE^c \,.
  \label{gdown}
\end{equation}
The function $\Phi=\Phi(E^a)$ represents the fundamental equation of classical thermodynamics \cite{callen}.
Each thermodynamic system is given by a particular fundamental equation which, in turn, determines a particular
metric $g$ for ${\cal E}$. In this manner, GTD provides a particular equilibrium space for each thermodynamic
system. In classical thermodynamics, fundamental equations are usually obtained in the laboratory by applying
empirical methods \cite{callen}. In GTD, we can use a theoretical approach to obtain new fundamental equations
\cite{vqs10}. If we suppose that the equilibrium space ${\cal E}$ is an extremal subspace of ${\cal T}$,
i.e., the action $I=\int \sqrt{|{\rm det}( g) |}\, d^n E$ satisfies the variational principle $\delta I =0$, we
obtain the Nambu-Goto differential equations
\begin{equation}
  \frac{1}{\sqrt{|{\rm det}( g) |}}\left(\sqrt{|{\rm det}( g) |}\,\, g^{ab}Z^A_{,a}\right)_{,b} +
  \Gamma^A_{\ BC} Z^B_{,b}Z^C_{,c} g^{bc} =0 \,,
  \label{meqg}
\end{equation}
where $\Gamma^A_{\ BC}$ are the Christoffel symbols associated with the metric $G$, which is a system of differential
equations for $Z^A(E^a)$ and in particular for the fundamental equation $\Phi(E^a)$. Consider the special case
$\Phi = S$ and $E^a=(U,V)$, where $S$ is the entropy, $U$ the internal energy and $V$ the volume. Then, the resulting
differential equations contain the free function $\Lambda$ and the constant $k$ from the metric \eqref{gdown}. It is
then possible to show \cite{vqs10} that for particular choices of $\Lambda$ and $k$ the fundamental equation (up to an
arbitrary additive constant) reads
\begin{equation}
  S = c_1 \ln \left( U + \frac{\alpha}{V} \right) + c_2 \ln \left( V - \beta  \right) \,,
  \label{gvdw}
\end{equation}
where $c_1$, $c_2$, $\alpha$ and $\beta $ are real constants. If we choose $c_1 = 2/3$, $c_2=1$, $\alpha>0$
and $\beta >0$, we obtain the fundamental equation for the van der Waals gas. In general, however, the set of constants
entering the fundamental equation \eqref{gvdw} are not fixed by the Nambu-Goto equations. The main object of the present
work is to investigate the physical consequences of the above fundamental equation in the context of relativistic cosmology.

We note that from the point of view of GTD, in general the equilibrium space of the fundamental equation \eqref{gvdw}
is curved. The presence of curvature in the equilibrium space is interpreted as representing the interaction between the
constituents of the thermodynamic system. In the limiting case $\alpha=\beta=0$, the thermodynamic curvature vanishes,
indicating the absence of thermodynamic interaction. For particular values of $c_1$ and $c_2$  this limiting fundamental
equation represents an ideal gas which, from the point of view of statistical physics, is a system without thermodynamic
interaction. However, the arbitrary constants $c_1$ and $c_2$ do not affect this property. As we will see, this
simple generalization of the ideal gas plays an important role in relativistic cosmology.

In this work, we consider the consequences of the presence of thermodynamic interaction in cosmology. We will
show that with nonzero $\alpha$ and $\beta$, and a particular choice of $c_2/c_1$, it is possible to describe an
inflationary period in the early Universe.

This work is organized as follows. In \secref{sec:notd}, we analyse the simple case of a fundamental equation without
interactions, and show that such systems can be used to describe the standard cosmological evolution. In \secref{sec:yestd},
we consider an interacting fluid and determine the parameters of the model necessary to achieve an inflationary
period. In \secref{eq:thbehav}, we briefly comment on some of the thermodynamic properties of the fluid, before we conclude
our work in \secref{eq:sum}.

Throughout the paper we use geometric units with $G=c=\hbar=k_{_B}=1$.

\section{Cosmology without thermodynamic interaction}
\label{sec:notd}

Let us consider the Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric,
\begin{equation}
  ds^2 = -dt^2 + a^2(t)\left(dr^2 + r^2 d\theta^2 + r^2 \sin^2\theta d\phi^2\right) \,,
\end{equation}
which, in connection with a perfect fluid energy-momentum tensor, yields the Friedmann equations
\begin{equation}
  \frac{\dot a^2}{a^2} = \frac{8\pi}{3} \rho \ , \quad \frac{\ddot a}{a} = -\frac{4\pi}{3}(\rho + 3 P) \,,
  \label{freq}
\end{equation}
where we assume zero spatial curvature in accordance with observations. To integrate the above differential
equations we need an additional equation, which we take to be the non-interacting limit of the fundamental
equation \eqref{gvdw}, i.e.,
\begin{equation}
  S= c_1 \ln U + c_2 \ln V \,,
  \label{gig}
\end{equation}
following from GTD. For any fundamental equation to be physically relevant, it must satisfy the first law
of thermodynamics, which in this case reads $T dS= dU + P dV$. This leads to the equations of state,
\begin{equation}
  \frac{1}{T} = \frac{\partial S}{\partial U} \quad \mathrm{~and~} \quad \frac{P}{T} = \frac{\partial S}{\partial V} \,.
\end{equation}
A straightforward calculation shows that
\begin{equation}
  P = \frac{c_2}{c_1} \frac{U}{V} = \frac{c_2}{c_1} \rho \,,
\end{equation}
i.e., a barotropic equation of state. Different choices of the ratio $c_2/c_1$ correspond
to different eras of the evolution of the Universe. For instance, $c_2/c_1=1/3$ describes a radiation-dominated
Universe, $c_2=0$ describes a dust-dominated Universe, and $c_2/c_1= -1$ corresponds to dark energy. We see that the
fundamental equation contains all the epochs of the standard cosmological model as particular cases for specific
choices of $c_2/c_1$. In all cases, \eqeqref{gig} represents the fundamental equation of the standard cosmological model.
This simple fact allows us to interpret the Universe as a thermodynamic system whose properties are entirely described
by a single fundamental equation.

Other generalizations of this fundamental equation have been used to describe dark fluids \cite{abcq12} representing
both matter and dark energy simultaneously. In a different context \cite{gib}, this way of deriving cosmological models
has been found useful as well and the systems described by GTD fundamental equations were called GTD fluids.

\section{Cosmology with thermodynamic interaction}
\label{sec:yestd}

From the fundamental equation for the interacting fluid \eqref{gvdw}, the corresponding equations of state
can be calculated, giving the temperature of the fluid as
\begin{equation} \label{eq:temp}
  T = \frac{U}{c_1} + \frac{\alpha}{c_1 V} \,,
\end{equation}
whereas the pressure reads
\begin{equation} \label{eq:pressureorig}
  P = \frac{c_2 U V^2 + \alpha \left[ \beta  c_1 + \left( c_2 - c_1 \right) V \right] }{c_1 V^2 \left( V - \beta  \right)} \,.
\end{equation}
We now introduce an energy density as $\rho = U/V$ and parametrize the volume as a function of the scale factor as
$  V  = V_0 \,a^3$ so that the pressure becomes a function of $\rho$ and $a$. This parametrization uses the standard
convention of cosmology that the scale factor at the current time $t_0$ is $a(t_0) = 1$, and thus $V_0$ is the volume
of the Universe at current time. Furthermore, the continuity equation,
\begin{equation}
  \dot{\rho} + 3 \frac{\dot{a}}{a} \left( \rho + P\right) = 0 \,,
\end{equation}
becomes a differential equation for $\rho$ and $a$ which can be solved explicitly to give
\begin{equation}
  \rho = K \frac{ \left(a^3 V_0 - \beta \right)^{-\frac{c_2}{c_1}} }{a^3}-\frac{\alpha}{a^6 V_0^2} \,,
\label{eq:rho}
\end{equation}
where $K$ is an integration constant. It is always possible to choose the values of the constants $K$ and $\alpha$
such that the energy density is positive. Moreover, by fixing $c_2/c_1$, we can obtain in principle any polynomial
dependence of the density of the kind
\begin{equation}
  \rho_{\mathrm{inf}} \sim \frac{1}{a^m} \,.
\end{equation}
Combinations of terms with different powers are also possible. By choosing $c_2/c_1$
appropriately, we can thus obtain a large number of models with inflationary behavior, for instance, a cosmological
constant--type term. However, it is also possible to achieve a period of strong expansion with an appropriate number
of e-folds that is \emph{not} an exact inflationary term, i.e. not a constant. This can be done with the choice
$c_2/c_1 = -8/9$, under the assumption that the constant $\beta$ is small. Indeed, using this value in \eqref{eq:rho}
and expanding the first term for small values of $\beta$, we obtain the density
\begin{equation} \label{eq:rhofirstapprox}
  \rho \simeq \frac{ K  V_0^{8/9}}{a^{1/3}} - \frac{8\beta  K}{9 V_0^{1/9} a^{10/3}} - \frac{\alpha}{a^6 V_0^2} \,.
\end{equation}
The first term has the exponent $m=1/3$, and can produce the appropriate amount of e-foldings, if it is the
dominating contribution to the density during the inflationary regime. Indeed, neglecting the last two terms in
\eqref{eq:rhofirstapprox} for the duration of inflation, we can calculate the number of e-foldings from the inflationary
density
\begin{equation}
  \rho (a) \simeq \frac{ K  V_0^{8/9}}{a^{1/3}} \equiv \rho_{\mathrm{inf}} (a)
\end{equation}
as follows. The integration of the first Friedmann equation yields the scale factor and the Hubble parameter
\begin{equation} \label{eq:scale}
  a = \left( \frac{2\pi}{27} K V_0^{8/9} \right)^{1/6} t^6 \,,  \ \   H = \frac{6}{t} \,.
\end{equation}
The number of e-foldings then can be calculated as
\begin{equation} \label{eq:N}
  N = \int H dt = 6 \ln \left( \frac{t_f}{t_i} \right) \,,
\end{equation}
where $t_i$ and $t_f$ are the times of the beginning and end of inflation, usually estimated to be $t_i = 10^{-36}
\mathrm{s}$ and $t_f = 10^{-32} \mathrm{s}$; in this case, we obtain $  N = 6 (-32 + 36) \ln 10 \simeq 55$, which is
an appropriate amount of e-foldings.

The assumption that the inflationary density is dominated by the first term given in \eqref{eq:rhofirstapprox} puts
constraints on the possible values of the constants $\alpha$ and $\beta $, for instance, by requiring that the absolute
value of each of the two additional terms in \eqref{eq:rhofirstapprox} is much smaller than the absolute value of the
inflationary term, i.e.
\begin{eqnarray}
  && \left| \alpha \right| \ll K V_0^{26/9} a_i^{17/3} =: \alpha_c \,, \label{eq:condInf1}\\
  && |\beta | \ll \frac{9}{8}\, V_0 \, a_i^3 =: \beta _c \,, \label{eq:condInf2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $a_i = a(t_i)$.
Here the signs of $\alpha$ and $\beta $ do not matter, since only their absolute values have to be  negligible. From
the fundamental equation of GTD \eqref{gvdw}, it follows that the constant $\beta$ should be related with some
characteristic volume. Therefore we assume that $\beta $ be positive. On the other hand, $\alpha$ usually is the
interaction constant between the gas constituents, and could in principle
be both positive and negative. However, if we choose $\alpha$ to be negative, and let the two terms proportional to
$\alpha$ and $\beta$ cancel each other exactly at the beginning of inflation, we end up with the condition
\begin{equation} \label{eq:condInfStrong}
 \left| \alpha \right| = \frac{8}{9} \beta K V_0^{17/9} a_i^{8/3} \ll \alpha_c \,,
\end{equation}
which, with the condition on $\beta $, leads to the same condition on $\alpha$ as in the previous case. This would
mean that inflation starts off very cleanly, since the density at the beginning of inflation is exactly composed by
the inflationary term only, and the contribution of the other two densities will first slightly grow, before the terms
dilute away faster than the inflationary term in the course of inflation due to their dependence on the scale factor.
All dynamics and physical properties will thus be determined in terms of a small parameter
\begin{equation} \label{eq:epsilon}
  \epsilon = \frac{\beta }{\beta _c} = -\frac{|\alpha|}{\alpha_c} \,.
\end{equation}
Moreover, the present inflationary model contains two additional parameters, namely, $V_0$ and $K$.

To get a quantitative grip on the involved constants, we consult what is considered the standard picture of cosmology.
Inflation in our model lasts for about $55$ e-foldings, i.e. during inflation the Universe expands for a factor of roughly
$e^{55} \simeq 7 \cdot 10^{23}$ times. After that, the Universe grows for further $10^{30}$ times during the periods of
radiation and matter dominance \cite{2003Line}. We further know that the current observable Universe has a diameter of about
$l_0 \simeq 10^{26} \,\mathrm{m}$, i.e. a volume of about $V_0 \simeq 10^{78} \,\mathrm{m^3}$.
The diameter of the Universe at the beginning of inflation was thus $ l_i = l_0 / (10^{30} e^{55}) \simeq 10^{-28} \,\mathrm{m}$.
Using $V=V_0 a^3$ and the convention $a(t_0) = 1$, we can thus determine the scale factor at the beginning of inflation as
$a_i = l_i/l_0 \simeq 10^{-54}$. Combining these numbers, we obtain
\begin{equation}
  \beta _c = \frac{9}{8} V_0 a_i^3 \simeq 10^{-84} \, \mathrm{m^3} \,,
\end{equation}
i.e. $\beta_c$ equals about the volume of the Universe at the onset of inflation -- a small number, but still much larger
than the Planck volume, $l_p^3 \simeq 10^{-105} \, \mathrm{m}^3$. For $\alpha_c$, we have to estimate the value of $K$,
which can be fixed requiring that the energy scale at the onset of inflation was of the order of the GUT scale of about
$10^{16}\, \mathrm{GeV}$,
\begin{equation}
  \rho_{\mathrm{inf}} \left(t_i\right) = \frac{K V_0^{8/9}}{a_i^{1/3}} = \frac{10^{16} \, \mathrm{GeV}}{l_i^3} \simeq
  \frac{10^6 \mathrm{J}}{10^{-84} \, \mathrm{m^3}} = 10^{89} \, \mathrm{\frac{J}{m^3}} \,.
\end{equation}
The constant $K$ then is
\begin{equation}
   K = \frac{\rho_{\mathrm{inf}} \left(a_i\right) a_i^{1/3}}{V_0^{8/9}} \simeq 2\cdot 10^{2} \, \mathrm{J m^{-17/3}} \,.
\end{equation}
The peculiar unit of $K$ is owed to the requirement that the inflationary density has the unit of energy density, and
leads to
\begin{equation}
  \alpha_c \simeq 10^{-78} \, \mathrm{J m^3} \,.
\end{equation}

Ultimately, it is instructive to see how fine-tuned the value of $c_2/c_1$ has to be in order to achieve an appropriate
amount of e-foldings. We use the expression for the density \eqref{eq:rho}, without specifying $c_2/c_1$, and expand it
for small $\beta$. Neglecting the $\alpha$-- and $\beta$--terms, the inflationary density in the general case results in
\begin{equation}
  \rho_{\mathrm{inf}} \simeq \frac{ k }{V_0^{c_2/c_1}} \frac{1}{a^{m}} \,,
    \quad  m = 3 + 3 \frac{c_2}{c_1} \,.
\end{equation}
Using \eqref{eq:N} for the number of e-foldings, we can calculate the values of $m$ and $N$ for a range of choices
of $c_2/c_1$:
\begin{eqnarray}
  \frac{c_2}{c_1}\Bigg|_1 = -0.912 \quad \Longrightarrow \quad m_1 \simeq 0.263\,, \quad N_1 \simeq 70 \,, \nonumber\\
  \frac{c_2}{c_1}\Bigg|_2 = -0.898 \quad \Longrightarrow \quad m_2 \simeq 0.307\,, \quad N_2 \simeq 60 \,, \\
  \frac{c_2}{c_1}\Bigg|_3 = -0.877 \quad \Longrightarrow \quad m_3 \simeq 0.368\,, \quad N_3 \simeq 50 \,. \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
The value of $m=1/3$ leading to $N \simeq 55$ corresponding to $c_2/c_1 = -8/9$ lies somewhere between $N_2$ and $N_3$.

\section{Thermodynamic behaviour}
\label{eq:thbehav}

Using the expressions for the volume $V=V_0a^3$ and the density \eqref{eq:rho} for  $c_2/c_1 = -8/9$,
and carrying out an expansion for small $\beta$, the temperature \eqref{eq:temp} becomes
\begin{equation}
   T(a) \simeq  \frac{K}{c_1}  a^{8/3} \left( V_0^{17/9} - \frac{8 \beta  V_0^{8/9}}{9} \frac{1}{a^3} \right) \,.
\end{equation}
Using the definition \eqref{eq:epsilon} for $\epsilon$, and rewriting the scale factor as multiples of its value at
the onset of inflation,
\begin{equation} \label{eq:x}
  a(t) = a_i x \,,
\end{equation}
the temperature can be reexpressed as
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Tinf}
   T(x) \simeq  \frac{K}{c_1} V_0^{17/9} a_i^{8/3} x^{8/3} \left( 1 - \epsilon x^{-3} \right) \,.
\end{equation}
Without loss of generality we can assume that $c_1$ is positive. Then, the temperature is positive as long as the
expression in the bracket is positive, i.e. as long as $x$ keeps growing and $\epsilon$ is small, which is one of the
conditions which already ensures the dominance of the inflationary term, \eqref{eq:condInf2}. Consequently, the same
condition that must be satisfied in order to have clean inflation also guarantees that the temperature is positive at
all times during inflation.

From the general expression for the  pressure \eqref{eq:pressureorig} and the density \eqref{eq:rho} for the special
inflationary case  $c_2/c_1 = -8/9$ and small values of $\beta$,

and using \eqref{eq:epsilon} and \eqref{eq:x}, we get
\begin{equation} \label{eq:PvdW}
  P_{inf}(x) = \frac{\rho_{\mathrm{inf}}(a_i)}{x^{1/3}} \left[ - \frac{8}{9} - \frac{\epsilon}{9} x^{-3}
    + \epsilon x^{-17/3} \right] \,.
\end{equation}
We see that for  small values of  $\epsilon$, the pressure is negative and nearly that of a cosmological constant
with barotropic factor $ \omega_{inf} = - 8 /9$. During inflation, $x$ will increase, which implies that the terms
proportional to epsilon will dilute away much faster than the leading dependence on $x$. The pressure is thus always
negative during inflation.

\section{Summary}
\label{eq:sum}
In this work, we have investigated the physical properties of a particular thermodynamic fundamental equation that is
obtained from the GTD formalism, in the framework of relativistic cosmology. It represents the entropy of a thermodynamic
system that explicitly depends on the internal energy and volume. In addition, it contains four real parameters
$c_1$, $c_2$, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ which  enter the corresponding equation of state. For a particular choice of these
parameters, the fundamental equation corresponds to that of a van der Waals gas.

Furthermore, if we assume that this equation of state can be applied to the entire Universe, we construct a cosmological
model that describes the  evolution of the Universe. Indeed, based on the interpretation of thermodynamic interaction
as the curvature of the equilibrium space, we consider two  different cosmological models, with and without interaction.
The cosmological model without thermodynamic interaction, which corresponds to the limiting case $\alpha=\beta=0$,  turns
out to be equivalent to the standard $\Lambda$CDM model. On the other hand, the resulting cosmology in the presence of
thermodynamic interaction has been shown to reproduce the main features of inflation, namely, the number of e-foldings
($N\approx 55)$, and is consistent with commonly assumed parameters as the initial time ($t_i\approx 10^{-36} \,\mathrm{s}$)
and the final time ($t_f\approx 10^{-32} \,\mathrm{s}$). This inflationary model is valid only for the particular
value $c_2/c_1=-8/9$ and under the condition that the parameters  $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are small. Evaluating these parameters
shows that $\beta$ corresponds to the volume of the Universe at the beginning of inflation and turns out to be
$\approx 10^{-84}\, \mathrm{m^3}$. On the other hand, the ratio $\alpha/\beta$ determines the internal energy of the Universe
at the beginning of inflation. The interaction constant $\alpha$ turns out to be small and $\approx 10^{-78} \,\mathrm{J m^3}$.
These properties can be considered predictions of our cosmological model.

By relating $\alpha$ and $\beta$, we have developed a model for inflation depending on only one semi-free
parameter, i.e. $\epsilon$ (semi-free because it has to obey certain limits), after fixing the remaining constants $V_0$ and
$K$ to physically reasonable values expected from an inflationary model, and choosing the value of the parameter $c_2/c_1$
determining the equation of state of the fluid.
The inflationary model derived in this work is thus unique in the sense that all the parameters entering the
fundamental equation must be fixed or limited by critical values in order to reproduce the main features of inflation.
A fine-tuning, however, is not
necessary, as we have seen. This implies that the GTD inflationary model presented in this work is not an element of a
family of models in which many possible scenarios are consistent with observations, but instead predicts a specific scenario
which can be compared with observations to determine its validity.

One way to test the model are cosmological perturbations, a very important aspect of any inflationary model. A detailed
analysis of this issue is,
however, beyond the scope of the present work. Preliminary analysis have shown that a nearly scale-invariant power
spectrum of primordial perturbations can be achieved within the framework of our proposal. However, since the model
is constructed not from the dynamics of a scalar field but from the thermodynamic behavior of an interacting system, the
conventional calculation of a primordial power spectrum from the quantum fluctuations of the scalar field does not
apply here. Instead, one has to consider perturbations in the fluid limit of the Einstein equations, or some alternative
thermodynamic description of perturbations in the fluid. A detailed analysis of the perturbation spectrum will be
presented in a more extensive complementary publication, along with a thorough examination of the properties of the
inflationary fluid, considering thermodynamic response functions, possible phase transitions and critical points.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
CG was supported by an UNAM postdoctoral fellowship program. This work has been supported by the UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT, Grant
No. IN111617.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


A native of Bluefield, WV, Lisa attended Bluefield College where she met her husband, Jimmy. She graduated in May 1991 with a degree in Business and she and Jimmy married in June of that year. They have two sons, Graham ('96) and Garrett ('00). In her free time she enjoys exercising, listening to praise & worship music, reading, watching movies and chalk painting anything not nailed down!
Lisa and Jimmy began attending St. John in 1991 and from the very start it was like family. 28 years later it is even more so.
For as long as she can remember Lisa has always loved to sing. She joined the very first contemporary praise team at St. John called "Hearts on Fire" in 1998. As her faith and love of the Lord grew through the study of God's word, her heart truly was set on fire for the praise and worship of Jesus.
She is completely humbled and blessed to help lead God's people in worship. Her prayer is that every Sunday people would experience the presence of God through Word and Sacrament and authentically worship Him in spirit and in truth through singing with joyful hearts!
One of her favorite Bible verses is Zephaniah 3.17: "The Lord your God is in your midst, a mighty one who will save; he will rejoice over you with gladness; he will quiet you by his love; he will exult over you with loud singing."


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KEYNOTE VIDEO: Samsung launches new S23 range to take on Apple and Google's best, with 200 megapixel camera on S23 Ultra
Domino's revamps online ordering, drops Flash
By Stephen Withers
Domino's new online ordering system is part of a plan to push online sales to 80% of the total.
Online pizza ordering makes sense for customers and the supplier: there's no need to wait for a call centre agent or store employee, there's less chance of error, and - if you have sufficient volume - it's cheaper to run.
Domino's already takes 50% of its orders online, and the company aims at increasing that to 80% during the next three years.
A new online system will play an important part in reaching that goal.
Developed in six months in conjunction with Thoughtworks, the new system eliminates the need for customers to install Flash, reduces the time taken to place an order, and features the company's new branding.
Other changes include a redesigned Live Pizza Tracker, improvements to the presentation of offers and the entry of vouchers, and provision for half-and-half pizza design.
The system is accessible via the Domino's website (which automatically presents a mobile version where appropriate) or through Android, iPad, iPhone, and Facebook apps.
"We need to ensure we're always taking on customer's feedback and searching for ways we can make our online ordering site more intuitive and user friendly," said CEO and managing director Don Meij.
Published in Home Tech
Stephen Withers is one of Australia¹s most experienced IT journalists, having begun his career in the days of 8-bit 'microcomputers'. He covers the gamut from gadgets to enterprise systems. In previous lives he has been an academic, a systems programmer, an IT support manager, and an online services manager. Stephen holds an honours degree in Management Sciences and a PhD in Industrial and Business Studies.
Latest from Stephen Withers
BeyondTrust updates and bundles Privileged Remote Access and Password Safe
Q-Ctrl extends Series B funding round
Zoho adds team pipelines and more to Bigin
Aussie Broadband delivers 400Gbps first in Telstra Wholesale wavelength services
NSW Labor proposes $2.5 million funding to study excessive screen and phone use among children
iOS 16.3 now supports security keys
More in this category: « Ashampoo Media Sync automates PC/device synchronisation Cyber-shot RX100 II: Sony's first NFC camera »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As of 2015, Aurecon is fulfilling the role of project manager and design engineer for the 64-dish MeerKAT telescope (originally called the Karoo Array Telescope) under construction in the Northern Cape of South Africa.
This includes delivering a number of separate work packages, including civil and electrical infrastructure, all structural and building works, 64 antennae foundations, the Building Management System, the Local Area Network, Rotary UPS system and the Radio Frequency Interference shielding, as well as construction management, architecture and handover to acceptance.
Our team's core focus is infrastructure consulting, which includes the buildings, roads, foundations for the sensitive telescopes, an airstrip for access, as well as the provision of power and overall project management which surround such a project.
The telescope is due for completion in 2024, and will be the largest radio telescope in the southern hemisphere.


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A couple of months ago, the hubby and I were back in our college town and we ordered an appetizer at one of the bars while we waited for a table to open up at the restaurant down the street. We ordered some black bean and avocado egg roll type things. They were really good, but they were fried- not my favorite…so when hubby suggested I recreate them at home, I immediately made a note in my phone.
Then I promptly forgot about them for several weeks. The other day I came upon the note in my phone and decided to give them a whirl at home.I changed them up a little bit by adding shrimp. I used wonton wrappers and baked them instead of frying.
These were super easy to make, have very few ingredients and were a big hit with the hubby! They'd make a great party appetizer and are a fun alternative to chips and dip.
In a small saucepan, heat some EVOO over medium-high heat.
Saute the onion, garlic and shrimp until the shrimp is cooked through.
Dice the shrimp mixture (you should have about 1/2 a cup) and let cool.
Mash the avocado in a small bowl. Add the lemon juice, black beans, cayenne pepper and shrimp and stir until well combined.
Place one tablespoon of filling into a wonton wrapper. Fold in two of the sides, then roll up from one of the unfolded ends and place on a baking sheet, with them seam down.
Mist with cooking spray, sprinkle with paprika if desired and bake at 425 for 12-15 minutes until wontons are golden brown.
The hubby suggested that these could also be made in tortillas and then sliced. We're going to try that next time.
What's your favorite non-traditional party appetizer?
This speed was crazy fast for me. It's basically a 7:45 min mile, and you end up running just over ½ a mile…then ab work…and repeat. I covered 2.08 miles.
haha yeah i need to get onboard that organization train too!
These look amazing! Just reading about them I know they would be a hit in my family! I will be making them for my fam next time I am at home 🙂 We love trying new appies <3 Thanks beautiful.
Your husband is extremely well-fed. What a great appetizer. I love anything black bean, avocados and shrimp. I always gravitate towards any chips and dip at a party.
i'm a sucker for chips and dip too!
Lindsay, I'm all over these. Love this combination of flavors!
Yum! These look really fantastic and are a nice, healthy appetizer! I haven't worked with wonton wrappers yet…will definitely need to try them!
These remind me of the little rolls I used to get at Chili's and loved! I must make these. MUST!
These sound delicious! I've never cooked with wonton wrappers before. Do they crisp up in the oven?
I love using those Wonton wrappers – this looks like a delicious combination of flavors!
One of my favourite apps to make are mini phyllo cups filled with feta, cherry tomatoes, and tapenade.
OMG I want those in my belly, asap. They look so delicious. And I love how easy they are!
I cannot wait to try these but I will try them using tortillas since I have all of these ingredients at home – yum!
Yummy! I pinned this so I have a visual reminder for later.
What a cool recipe idea! I will definitely have to save this recipe idea for later.
Do you feel the beans really add anything (besides fber + nutrition) to this? I love beans, but thinking of leaving them out and focusing on just the avocado & shrimp flavors.
i think they'd be good without the beans as well! you could also try adding something like red peppers if you wanted, or just shrimp and avocado is a great combo!
Yummy!! Those look awesome 🙂 Way to make them healthier by baking them instead of frying them. Thanks for sharing!
thank you so much! i'm a big fan of wonton wrappers 🙂 so versatile!
mmm… looking super good lindsay!
Loving the wonton bites. Must make them soon – where do you get your wrappers?
i find them in the refrigerated section near the tofu!
Can you say YUM! Those look incredibly tasty!
Made these today while being an #elf4health! haha had no shrimp, or black beans, so made them with chickpeas and the avocado with extra cayenne pepper… so delicious! Had about 10 with salsa and fresh mini tomatoes over a bed of lettuce for lunch, and tomorrow will be the same. Yum!
omg sound so good! love your version. glad you liked them!


Working in some of the nation's most rural regions, faculty at tribal and many Native-serving colleges often feel isolated from colleagues and far from the nation's research centers.
The National Science Foundation's Tribal Colleges and Universities Program has awarded $14 million to tribally controlled colleges to establish four research centers.
Navajo Technical University, a four-year tribally controlled institution located in Crownpoint, New Mexico, learned this week that its electrical and industrial engineering programs have received ABET accreditation.
What does it take to save an endangered language? Is it enough to teach it in the schools? If not, what more is required?
The National Science Foundation's Tribal Colleges and Universities Program is hosting a webinar to provide more information about Tribal Enterprise Advancement Centers on Monday, April 30 at 3 p.m. eastern time.
A new video, released this past weekend by the National Science Foundation, is spotlighting the role of research within tribally controlled colleges.
The NSF/EHR Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings has a search for a program officer in science education.


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Prostitution in Germany
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The Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan, through the National Wiesbaren Provincial AIDS Control Program introduced preventive interventions among the most-at-risk populations in various urban settings in through public private partnerships. These interventions were focused on provision of curative and preventive services, including syndromic management of STIs, provision of condoms, and behaviour change communication.
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With three Jean-Monnet Chairs and an expert body of academicians, the European Studies graduate program is a center of attraction for students who wish to specialize in the politics of the Union, its relations with Turkey and enlargement issues. Browsing through this page you will find more about the program, research, alumni placement and faculty. The contact person for the program is Meltem Müftüler-Baç.


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between a weed and a flower?
A blue bell, dandelion yellow one.
is flower seeding in an inconvenient place.
It just takes its space to put down roots.
It stretches its sights to the sky.
Weed is just a label.
It doesn't alter the beauty, the scent, or the colour.
Flower is just a snooty torment of summer name games.
Let the flowers be free!
Let their promise fly like weeds on the breeze!
to bloom through the gloom.
What's the difference between a weed and a flower?
I landscape and cull, so as to give the flowering plants room to grow, and breathe. Too many living things in one place, crowd each other out.
Someone told me that God gives us wonderful plants that need no care and grow everywhere. We call God's easy maintenance plants "weeds,' and then either poison them or yank them out of the ground. Then we plant other things that need constant watering, fertilizer, and all kinds of special treatment and care–just to survive. Yep. God was trying to make it easy on us, and we made it hard.
Indeed. The Horticultural Society teaches that a weed is a plant in the wrong place, either from the point of view of the gardener or from the point of view of the ecology. Just the sentiments of your poem!
Love the feeling of this..
People-weeds; it's all in how you see the universe.


When summer comes around you cannot walk ten feet without seeing a zucchini. Also, there is no shortage of the veggies all year round either so this dish lasts the year. Regardless of theme of year, the trick is what to do with a somewhat bland vegetable. There are so many ways to prepare zucchini from Crudités, Fried Courgette (Zucchini) with Thatziki, or Zucchini, Feta & Red Onion Pancakes.
Of course you can simply slice them, brush them with olive oil and sprinkle some Chimichurri Rub on then grill and serve. But if you really want to flavor them and create a cheesy, spicy baked parmesan that bubbles over when served, give this easy to do recipe a try. It is a favorite side-dish for larger parties as it can be made well in advance.


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CIBC Innovation Banking Provides $60 Million Debt Financing to TransMedics Group Inc.
BOSTON–(BUSINESS WIRE)–CIBC Innovation Banking is pleased to announce a new debt financing for Massachusetts-based TransMedics Group, Inc. ("TransMedics"), a market leading medical technology company that focuses on organ transplant therapy for patients with end-stage lung, heart and liver failure. TransMedics plans to use the incremental growth capital to accelerate its commercial momentum, helping to grow transplant volume and improve clinical outcomes.
Founded in 1998, TransMedics was built to address the need for more donor organs. The company has developed a national Organ Care System (OCS) program focused on establishing a new standard of care by addressing the limitations of cold storage while transporting donor organs.
"We are pleased to have secured a non-dilutive debt financing, enabling us to retire our existing debt facility while providing TransMedics with incremental financial flexibility to continue to scale the business," said Waleed Hassanein, MD, President, and Chief Executive Officer, TransMedics. "We look forward to working with CIBC Innovation Banking long-term as we continue to grow our market presence."
"CIBC Innovation Banking is proud to support TransMedics in its pursuit to transform the standard of care for organ transplantation," said Joe Hammer, Co-Head North American Life Science and Healthcare, CIBC Innovation Banking. "We are excited to work with the management team as they scale and help save lives around the globe."
About CIBC Innovation Banking
CIBC Innovation Banking delivers strategic advice, cash management and funding to innovation companies across North America, the UK, and select European countries at each stage of their business cycle, from start up to IPO and beyond. With offices in Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Durham, London, Menlo Park, Montreal, New York, Reston, Seattle, Toronto and Vancouver, the team has extensive experience and a strong, collaborative approach that extends across CIBC's commercial banking and capital markets businesses in the U.S., Canada, the UK, and select European markets.
About TransMedics Group, Inc.
TransMedics is the world's leader in portable extracorporeal warm perfusion and assessment of donor organs for transplantation. Headquartered in Andover, Massachusetts, the company was founded to address the unmet need for more and better organs for transplantation and has developed technologies to preserve organ quality, assess organ viability prior to transplant, and potentially increase the utilization of donor organs for the treatment of end-stage heart, lung, and liver failure.
Katarina Milicevic, katarina.milicevic@cibc.com, 416-784-6108
Global CIO Report Reveals the Challenges Organizations Face as Cloud Complexity Rises
State Street Commits to Management Leadership for Tomorrow's Hispanic Equity at Work Certification Program


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Ben Johnson Way: Why Hope Uzodinma's Words must be taken with a pinch of salt
Toward the run-up to the 2019 All Progressives Congress APC primaries, in Imo State, newcomer, Senator Hope Uzodinma, who had just defected from the Peoples Democratic Party PDP, started getting close to Governorship prospects of Owerri zone in the APC.
He became fast friends with former Deputy Governor, Prince Eze Madumere and former SGI, Sir Jude Ejiogu, amongst others, who had better chances of dislodging Uche Nwosu, the son-in-law to the former Govenror, Senator Rochas Okorocha.
Uzodinma made them believe that his interest was not to become govenror, but to stop Uche Nwosu, and hand over the APC ticket to somebody from Owerri zone.
To make them feel comfortable, he picked an Orlu man, his recently sacked Commissioner for Justice, COC Akaolisa, as a running mate. That way, he assured the Owerri aspirants that Orlu-Orlu ticket cannot fly, and he had no interest in becoming govenror.
They believed him.
Even till the last minute, he flew that kite to the Owerri zone aspirants, but Hope Uzodinma had no interest in handing over to anybody but himself.
Uzodinma is one of those with that mentality of Orlu wu Eze, and have no interest in relinquishing power to either an Owerri man or Okigwe man. For him, like the Fulanis of Nigeria, Orlu was born to rule, while others would be their slaves.
When it became clearer to the aspirants, that they had been conned, some, tactically withdrew from him, and even worked for the emergence of Rt Hon Emeka Ihedioha, which contributed to Uzodinma failing even below Uche Nwosu and Araraume in the election.
That was how, Uzodinma, without structure in the APC, rode on the structures of others, to hijack the party's ticket. That became the infamous Ben Johnson Way.
The intrigues surrounding his emergence as govenror, through a most controversial Supreme Court ruling, was the second leg of the Ben Johnson strategy, and one which has cost him the trust of Imo people, if he ever had any of it in the past.
Even his co-travellers, in perfecting the robbery of Imo people's voice, Senators Rochas Okorocha, and Ifeanyi Araraume would realise what Owerri zone APC aspirants realised about Uzodinma, but like the aspirants, it was too late.
Uzodinma's one year reign in Imo State, have exposed an administration of lies and half-truths.
The world is told that pensioners have been paid, whereas the pensioners are yet to see their pensions, after the exit of Rt Hon Emeka Ihedioha, who started paying them, after almost 7 years of nonpayment by Okorocha.
We see a man telling the world that he makes N2billion monthly from IGR, yet ran to borrow N10billion for God knows what.
His promise to pay salaries on the 25th of every month, ended up becoming the flapping of gums.
The House of Assembly members who he sweet-talked into supporting him, and probably compromised them, are gradually realising that he has turned them to paper lions, who cannot even bark, let alone bite.
Their salaries now come almost two weeks into the next month, while allowances, which are used to serve Constituency projects barely arrive at all.
Even on road construction, Uzodinma seems to be imitating a slightly better version of Okorocha's China roads, as a close look at some of the work he has so far done in Imo, shows lack of professional touch, as we saw under Okorocha.
Another person who may soon learn that Uzodinma cannot be trusted, would be the junior minister for education, Hon Emeka Nwajiuba, who Uzodinma has been using at the moment, to solidify his hold over power.
The moment President Muhammadu Buhari steps aside in 2023, and a new sheriff, who Nwajiuba doesn't have hold on takes over, Uzodinma may realise Nwajiuba's usefulness, like those of the APC aspirants, and his co-travellers Okorocha and Araraume, has come to an end, and will do away with him, as he did with the rest.
In this Ben Johnson business, it is Uzodinma's interest only that matters, and anybody along for the ride is only allowed onboard for as long as your usefulness lasts.
Probably the day Uzodinma's "real" biography is published, we may learn where the Ben Johnson Way of doing things started, and if there is any truths to the Maurice Ibekwe and FESTAC stories, that have been floating around.
Onyemaeme BCK writes from Orsu Local Government of Imo State.
Published May 14, 2021 By MaaziTV
Imo: Lobby To Replace Sacked Commissioners Begins
Uzodinma's Search FOR Legitimacy Gets Desperate


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THURSDAY Only
September 27….Silent Wings Museum: "Sentimental Journey" – The Silent Wings Museum invites the public to observe the WWII B-17G bomber, "Sentimental Journey." The aircraft is scheduled to be on display and available for rides and tours at the Silent Wings Museum September 24th through September 27th. The "Sentimental Journey" is here to promote and support the Texas South Plains Honor Flight. The Honor Flight honors WWII Veterans for their service by sending them to Washington D.C. free for three days to visit historical military sites in honor of their service in WWII. To learn more about the South Plains Honor Flight visit the website at www.americasupportsyoutexas.org. B-17 Tours: For a donation patrons can take a walk though history, and climb aboard the plane. B-17 Flights: For a cost of $425 per person patrons can take a thrilling flight inside this historic treasure, for reservations call (602)448-9415. General Admission $5; Kids 6 and under FREE. Silent Wings Museum, 6202 N. I-27. Special Hours: 9 am - 5 pm
September 27….West Texas Walk of Fame Inductions - Four individuals will be inducted into the West Texas Walk of Fame on September 27th. The honorees are four West Texas natives: Charlene Condray Hancock, Tommy X. Hancock, Lloyd Maines and Jesse Taylor. The Induction Ceremony is open to the public and there is no admission fee. For more information call 806.775.2242. The induction ceremony will take place at the site of the Buddy Holly Statue located in the Buddy Holly and Maria Elena Holly Plaza on the corner of 19th Street and Crickets Avenue; 5:30 p.m.
September 27….The Buddy Holly Center: Relocation Celebration of J.I. Allison's House- The Buddy Holly Center invites the public to the relocation celebration of J.I. Allison's house. The home is where J.I. Allison lived as a teenager and he and Buddy Holly wrote several hit songs including "That'll Be the Day". The celebration will be held in conjunction with the Walk of Fame induction ceremony held at 5:30 p.m. in the Buddy and Maria Elena Holly Plaza during the Lubbock Music Festival held September 27th – 29th. For more information on the events taking place during the Lubbock Music Festival visit the website at www.lubbockmusicfest.com. The Buddy Holly Center, 1801 Crickets Ave; 6:30 p.m.
September 27…."The Crickets" in Concert - After the relocation celebration of the Allison house at the Buddy Holly Center, the legendary group originally fronted by Holly - The Crickets - consisting of Jerry (J.I.) Allison on drums, Joe B. Mauldin on bass, Sonny Curtis on guitar and vocals, and occasionally Glen D. Hardin on keyboards - take the stage for a free concert. This opportunity to honor and appreciate the latest Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame inductees should not be missed.. Cactus Theater, 1812 Buddy Holly Avenue; 7:30 p.m.
THURSDAY through SATURDAY
September 27 - 29….Lubbock Music Fest 2012 - The Lubbock Music Fest is presented by Civic Lubbock, Inc. and Broadway Festivals, Inc. and features music from local favorites to national icons. A partial listing of the performers include The Crickets on Thursday, Shiny Toy Guns, Grouplove, Cody Canada and the Departed and the Flatlanders on Friday, and Rare Earth, America, and the Joe Ely Band Reunion on Saturday. For more information, visit www.lubbockmusicfest.com. Tickets available through all SelectASeat outlets and SelectASeat.com
FRIDAY ONLY
September 28….Cactus Theater: Flatlanders Unplugged - The Cactus Theater proudly presents the Flatlanders Unplugged as a featured attraction of the Lubbock Music Festival. Come out and join Joe Ely, Butch Hancock, Jimmy Gilmore and friends as they play their incredible music and share memories of each other and their West Texas heritage. You've seen them recently with a full band, and the packed Cactus house was blown away. Treat yourself to yet another experience with this world-renowned group, UNPLUGGED! Tickets are $35/ $30 and can be reserved by calling 806.762.3233. Cactus Theater, 1812 Buddy Holly Avenue; 7:30 p.m.
September 28-29….Lubbock Symphony Orchestra: "Five on Fire" - The LSO's subscription season will open with a scorching and power-packed evening of Slavic masterworks, including one of the Russian repertoires' most intoxicating selections-Alexander Borodin's Overture to Prince Igor. Borodin is among "The Five" principal composers who shaped the historic face of Russian music. LSO will welcome the brilliant Ukrainian pianist, Serhiy Salov, to perform Frederic Chopin's beloved Piano Concerto No. 2. Tchaikovsky's magnificent and optimistic Symphony No.5 in E Minor concludes this dynamic opening night subscription event. Tickets may be purchased at the LSO office (601 Ave K) or by phone at 806.762.1688. Lubbock Memorial Civic Center Theatre, 1501 Mac Davis Lane; 7:30 p.m.
SATURDAY Only
September 29….."Pickers and Planters" – Come and enjoy this local Art and Farmers Market, during the Lubbock Music Fest. There will be Lubbock Arts Alliance make-and-take art activities for kids. Dutch cheesemaking will be here and a new vendor "nelliecakes" will be making 5 choices of gourmet pancakes using free range eggs & organic milk. Bring the family for breakfast and a day of fun! 19th Street & Crickets Avenue; 9 a.m.- 3 p.m.
September 29…. Women's Protective Services Dinner Series - WPS will host the next dinner in their "Savoring the Promise of New Beginnings" Dinner Series. Join them for an evening of delectable French cuisine created by Master Chef Claus Hjortkhjaer. If you have missed the Frenchman Inn Restaurant; you will not want to miss Chef de Cuisine Claus. Who is Chef Claus: Francois Minot said, "Anybody can make you enjoy the first bite of a dish, but only a real chef can make you enjoy the last." Some individuals have attained excellence in the field of cooking. The knowledge of food, the preparation, the flavors used and the presentation are all factors that make the truly great chefs stand out from the crowd. With over 35 years of experience, Chef Claus Hjortkjaer is one of these extraordinary chefs. Cost is $200 per person. Call WPS to RSVP at 806-748-5292. Home of Kelly Marble, 4703 - 21st, 6 p.m.
September 29…. Cactus Theater: Joe Ely Band Reunion - The Joe Ely Band reunion with an array of past members of the band, with legendary Rolling Stones' sax player Bobby Keyes, Davis McClarty and other memorable Ely sidemen. This promises to be one of the most talked-about performances in the history of the Cactus. Come and support this highlight of the Lubbock Music Festival this September! Tickets are $45/ $35 and can be reserved by calling 806.762.3233. Cactus Theater, 1812 Buddy Holly Avenue; 7:30 p.m.
SUNDAY Only
September 30…."Harvest Home: a Party-Piece Ceili with the TTU Celtic Ensemble, in celebration of the Autumn Equinox" - The Texas Tech University Celtic Ensemble presents a concert entitled "Harvest Home: a Celebration of the Autumn Equinox." Singers, players, and dancers will present a program of dances, songs, and instrumentals from Ireland, England, the Caribbean, and the American South. Admission is free. Students, families, and seniors are especially welcome. Audience members will be welcome to join the dancing! Featuring the new 2012-13 edition of the Celtic Ensemble "Chamber Orchestra" (26 players!) Admission is free. Hemmle Recital Hall, TTU; 7 p.m.
"Panhandle South Plains Fair" Runs Through Saturday Night...
September 21-29….2011 Panhandle South Plains Fair – The fair is back with free concerts, carnival midway, food and refreshments, exhibitors, merchants and lots of fun. Fair admission prices are: Adults, 13 and over ($8.00), Children, 2-12 ($3.00) and parking ($5.00). Special days during fair week are: Buck -A - Ride Nite (September 20th) - All rides are $1 from 6 p.m. – 11 p.m. and there is no parking or admission fee. Food vendors have the option of being open. and Senior Citizens Day (September 25th) - All persons over 60 pay only $4.00. For more information call 806-763-2833. South Plains Fair Grounds, (From I-27 North or South, take Exit 4 East. The Fairgrounds are located on the northeast corner of Broadway and US-87); The Fair gates will open at 8 a.m. daily and close at 11 p.m. Sunday through Thursday and midnight on Friday and Saturday. The carnival opens at 3 p.m. Monday-Thursday and 11 a.m. on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, and operates until 11 p.m. Sunday through Thursday and midnight Friday and Saturday.
This Week's Trivia Contest....
This week 2 winners will be chosen for a Family 5-pak to The Maize (this amazing prize package includes admission, hayride, cow train and corn cannon for 5)!
To win these tickets, answer the trivia question below and email it to us at info@lubbockfunclub.com using the fun phrase "Our 'Amaizing' Lubbock Music" as your subject title.
The Question: After the induction ceremony tonight, which musician will be the only one represented twice in the local West Texas Walk of Fame?
The deadline for this contest is Sunday at midnight and the winners will be contacted Monday by mid-afternoon. Please....we ask that you only enter the contest once to be fair to everyone out there : )
Please be sure to include your daytime contact info in the body of the email so we may get the tickets to you easily. We'd like to know if you live in Lubbock or in the surrounding area, so please include your hometown. Good luck to everyone!
Last Week's Trivia Winner....
The Question: What are the complete names of the original and all subsequent sequels in the "Tuna" plays that starred Jaston Williams and Joe Sears?
Answer: "Greater Tuna", "A Tuna Christmas", "Red, White and Tuna" and "Tuna Does Vegas".
Winner: Andy R. of Lubbock
Looking at Next Week & Beyond...
August 14-15…...Cactus Theater: "Dooley's Back at Belle's"
October 5…....Buddy Holly Center: First Friday Art Trail
October 5…....FREE Movie Night at At'l Do Farms
October 5-6….Model Train Show
October 10-13….Friends of Wolfforth Library Book Sale
October 12…..Halloween Carnival
October 12….Presidential Lecture & Performance Series
October 12-14....LCT: "All in the Timing"
October 18-21….4th Annual Pumpkin Trail
October 20….....St. Joseph 43rd Annual Sausage Festival
October 25........Scooby's Spooky Halloween Party
October 26-28….Friends of the Library Fall Sale
October 27….....Dog Day Howl-o-ween


The access and use of the web space owned by Luca Waldner called "LW-shop" in URL https://shop.lucawaldner.com are activities subjected to the rules presented in this document.
These conditions are valid exclusively between the company Luca Waldner, with registered office in via G. Piazzi 14, 23026 - Ponte in Valtellina (SO) Italy, VAT number IT00785070145, REA SO-59519, hereinafter referred to as "LUCA WALDNER" and any natural person or company that makes online purchases, therefore using "distance contract", hereinafter referred to as "CUSTOMER". These conditions may be subject to change and the date of publication at the end of this document is equivalent to the date of entry into force.
These conditions govern purchases made in compliance with the provisions of Part III, Title III, Chapter I, of the Italian Consumer Code, Legislative Decree no. 206/2005, amended by Legislative Decree no. 21/2014 and Legislative Decree 70/2003 on electronic commerce.
By using and making purchases on the site shop.lucawaldner.com you accept and explicitly agree to comply with these conditions.
If you do not agree, please do not use the site.
Through the rules contained in this document Terms and conditions of use, LUCA WALDNER sells and the CUSTOMER remotely acquires the products produced by LUCA WALDNER. The contract is stipulated exclusively through the internet using the step-by-step procedure offered by the online store. The contract stipulated through the registration of the CUSTOMER, the choice and purchase of products from the site is concluded only at the time of payment of the purchased items.
The CUSTOMER undertakes to examine, before proceeding to confirm its order, these Terms and conditions of use and to accept them through the mandatory apposition of a flag specially prepared and clearly visible (together with the link where this document can be viewed, downloaded and printed), without which the order can not be forwarded. In the order confirmation emails, the CUSTOMER will receive the link again to view, download, archive, print a copy of these general conditions of sale, as provided for by art. 51 paragraph 1 of Legislative Decree 206/2005, amended by Legislative Decree 21/2014.
The CUSTOMER can at any time and in any case before the conclusion of the contract, take note of the information relating to LUCA WALDNER, the geographical address, telephone and fax number, e-mail address, information that is also, for convenience, reported at the end of this document.
The sales contract is considered prepared with the completion of the purchase procedure by the CUSTOMER and considered concluded with the receipt, by LUCA WALDNER, of the entire amount due. The confirmation email also contains a link to print and store a copy of these conditions. Upon receipt of the order confirmation email, the CUSTOMER undertakes to verify its correctness in all its parts and to promptly notify any change or inaccuracy. In case of absence of request for modification by the CUSTOMER, the data are to be understood as verified and correct.
LUCA WALDNER undertakes to describe and present the items on sale in the best possible way. Nevertheless, also considering the handcrafted nature of the work, as well as the incomplete (due to its intrinsic nature) replicability of the characteristics of the woods, some small differences may emerge between the product shown and the product received. This is absolutely normal and contributes, indeed, to determining the uniqueness of a product. Moreover, the photographs of the products presented on the net or the viewing of similar products seen from life do not constitute a contractual element, as they are considered representative of themselves and not 100% replicable.
All sales prices are clearly indicated on the website, they are expressed in Euro and include VAT (not separable).
Shipping costs are not included in the items price but they are well reported on the website, in the confirmation email and in the invoice. Where it is not possible to calculate a specific shipping cost, this is clearly communicated to the CUSTOMER. LUCA WALDNER has the right to change prices at any time, however the products purchased by the CUSTOMER will be billed at the price signed by the CUSTOMER at the time of purchase.
The bank details will be communicated in an email contextual to the order confirmation email. The invoice, in accordance with the 2019 budget law for the flat-tax regime, will be paper-based and will follow the methods of delivery provided for by law.
The CUSTOMER assumes full responsibility for each declaration. Once the courier's document has been signed, the CUSTOMER can not make any objection about the external characteristics of the goods delivered and the number of packages received.
Only the individual CUSTOMER (individual - purchase without VAT) may exercise the right of withdrawal according to the Legislative Decree no. 206/05, the Consumer Code, in accordance with Article 7 of Law 29 July 2003, No. 229.
As soon as possible and in any case within thirty (30) days of receipt of the statutory notice of withdrawal, LUCA WALDNER will make the refund to the CUSTOMER. We reiterates that such reimbursement is, however, subject to the evaluation of the good once received by the seller, to the count of consumables to be replaced (for example, if strings showing signs of wear) and any minor damage (scratches, marks on the varnish, knocks , etc.). In case of serious damage, you can not exercise the right of withdrawal. The CUSTOMER has the legal obligation to return the property in perfect condition, perfectly packaged in original packaging with all parts received (including accessories), and send it to LUCA WALDNER no later than ten (10) calendar days from the dispatch of the letter with which you are communicating that you intend to exercise the right of withdrawal. The beginning of the valid period to exercise the right of withdrawal (14 calendar days) starts from the date of receipt of the goods, the beginning of the period for the return of the goods to the seller (10 calendar days) from the date of the registered letter.
The CUSTOMER, in the case of personal pick-up (or a pick-up by a delegated person) of the goods in the workshop of LUCA WALDNER in Ponte in Valtellina or in another agreed location where the goods are physically delivered, automatically loses the right to exercise the right of withdrawal.
LUCA WALDNER sells high quality products.
All products have the legal guarantee of conformity in accordance with the Italian Consumer Code and the Italian Civil Code.
The products purchased by a professional CUSTOMER (ie a natural or legal person acting in the exercise of his business, commercial, craft or professional activity, or his intermediary) are covered by the warranty for defects pursuant to art. 1490 and ss. c.c.; the action of the professional CUSTOMER aimed at asserting the warranty for defects is prescribed after one (1) year from the date of delivery of the product purchased and the relevant defects must be reported in accordance with the terms of art. 1495 c.c.
The products purchased by a private CUSTOMER benefit of the legal guarantee of conformity ("Legal Warranty") provided for in articles 128 et seq. of the Consumer Code.
The Seller's Legal Warranty applies for conformity defects that occur within 24 months from the date of delivery of the product and that are reported by the consumer within 2 months after the date of the discovery of the defects, in accordance with art. 132 of the Consumer Code.
All parts subject to wear (strings, tuner machines, varnish, fretboard) due to problems caused by wear and tear, or problems due to improper use and non-compliance with directives received together with common sense (blows, scratches, signs of any kind, use in unsuitable places, etc.) are not covered by warranty. The CUSTOMER is protected by Legislative Decree 2 February 2002 n. 24.
Luca Waldner has the right to terminate the contract simply notifying this to the customer with adequate and justified reasons, in which case the customer will be entitled exclusively to a refund of the amount already paid. General obligation assumed by the customer in the document "Terms and Conditions" as well as the guarantee of successful completion of payment by the customer using ways offered by the seller, are essential, so that the non-fulfillment by the customer of just one of said obligations will result in the termination of the contract in accordance with article 1456 of the Civil Code, without necessity of legal judgment, without prejudice to the right of Luca Waldner to bring proceedings for compensation for further damage.
For its part, the customer has the option to cancel the contract within 24 hours of receiving the email confirmation of purchase, giving timely notice by mail to shop@lucawaldner.com and possibly also by phone at +39 0342 1971010. If the goods had already been sent, the customer can only use (within the prescribed period) the right of withdrawal.
The owner of the data is LUCA WALDNER. The personal data of the CUSTOMER are processed for the sole purpose of managing the billing and sending of the purchased goods and are essential for the conclusion of the contract of sale. The collected data are: email address, name, surname, billing address, shipping address, tax code (VAT number, PEC and recipient code where present), phone number, order amount, details of products purchased, date purchase.
No sensitive data are collected and LUCA WALDNER guarantees the maximum protection of the collected data, their non-diffusion beyond the invoicing requirements imposed by law and the non-use to any other purpose different to the conclusion of the purchase contract signed by CUSTOMER.
The CUSTOMER has the right to request the correction of personal data at any time by simply sending an email to shop@lucawaldner.com or modifying them autonomously by logging into shop.lucawaldner.com site and managing the personal page.
In compliance with the Italian law, the invoice data will be kept for ten (10) years from the time of their collection.
A cookie is a small piece of text sent to your browser by a website you visit. It helps the website to remember information about your visit, like your preferred language, and other settings. That can make your next visit easier and the site more useful to you. Cookies play an important role. Without them, using the web would be a much more frustrating experience.
They are not used for other purposes and are normally installed directly by the owner of the website. They can be divided into navigation or session cookies, which guarantee the normal navigation and use of the website (allowing, for example, to create a purchase or a login to access restricted areas).
Profiling cookies are designed to create user profiles and are used in order to send advertising messages in line with the preferences expressed by the same users during the surfing of the net. Due to the particular invasiveness and power that such cookies may have in the private sphere of users, European and Italian legislation requires the user to be adequately informed about their use and express their explicit consent.
These cookies are used to collect and analyze the traffic and use of the site anonymously. These cookies, even without identifying the user, allow, for example, to detect if the same user returns to connect at different times. They also allow you to monitor the system and improve its performance and usability. The deactivation of these cookies can be done without any loss of functionality.
We have set up cookies for the browsing functions of the catalog, on-line purchase of products and the provision of services, excluding all analysis and profiling cookies.
The total or partial disabling of technical cookies can compromise some features reserved for registered users. The usability of public content is also possible by completely disabling cookies.
The cookies setting can be defined specifically for different websites and web applications. In addition, the best browsers allow you to define different settings for "first-party" and "third-party" cookies.
At the first visit the site shop.lucawaldner.com offers the information banner imposed by European legislation regarding cookies. Using only technical cookies and not profiling, marketing or other, the user's choice is not required.
This privacy statement has been prepared in fulfillment of the law, Art. 10 of the Directive n. 95/46 / EC, as well as the provisions of Directive 2002/58 / EC, as updated by Directive 2009/136 / EC, concerning Cookies.
This privacy statement concerns this website only.
These Terms and conditions of use are subject to Italian law.
For any dispute concerning the validity, effectiveness, interpretation or execution of each contract by the professional CUSTOMER the Court of Sondrio will have exclusive jurisdiction.
If the attempt at conciliation fails, the dispute will be referred to the competent judicial authority of the place of residence or elective domicile of the private CUSTOMER, if located in the territory of the Italian State.
In any case, the right of the private CUSTOMER (if located in the territory of the Italian State), regardless of the outcome of the mediation procedure to appeal to the competent court of their place of residence or elective domicile, remains. The jurisdiction of this forum is mandatory and can not be waived in any way. For CUSTOMERS not located in the territory of the Italian State, the Court of Sondrio is exclusively competent.
LUCA WALDNER owns the site shop.lucawaldner.com, string-plates.com, lucawaldner.com and the brands sold in the shop and all content such as images, photographs, descriptions, graphics, logos, text and any other material in any format published in shop.lucawaldner.com.
Excludes all files and content that form the sales platform "Prestashop" at which relies shop.lucawaldner.com: these contents comply with the licenses of their respective owners.
The material on this site shop.lucawaldner.com is therefore protected by copyright law and it is forbidden any form of copying, alteration or reproduction to third parties without the express written consent of LUCA WALDNER.
Please consider to add the following email address: shop@lucawaldner.com to your address book in order to prevent our communications can be possibly be labeled as spam.


You can find links to samples like these at Hey It's Free and Freebie Shark.
Did you know you can sign up at Tomoson and get free products too. You can also sign up at these sites and get products at a great discount. No Kidding Coupons, AMZ Review Trader, and Elite Deal Club.
A box from Pinchme containing a sample of dog snack and a sample box of Zzzquil.
I also received samples of Dove Shampoo, Conditioner and Body Wash.
I also received a $5 amazon gift card from Crowdtap and a $25 Starbucks gift card from eRewards.
that's nice! so many little things for you!
Thanks. I seem to spend a lot of time signing up for freebies.
Sure racked up the gift cards this week.
Oh how nice. I also think it is nice of you to share where you get the freebies!
Thanks, I want everyone to get freebies.
Yay, more gift cards! Although the Starbucks card can only be used to buy coffee, right? I wonder why a big brand like Dove is giving away freebies.
Dove gives away free samples all the time. I have several. Actually at the Starbucks website they have coffee, tea and products to make both. I bought 3 boxes of tea with my gift card.
I hope your dog enjoys the dog snack sample! Those shampoo and conditioner sample sounds neat with how you can try them before you buy a whole bottle. I won an amazon gift card this week and got some review copies.
Review copies and gift cards are always nice.
Ooo that gift card to Starbucks would have made my week!
I bought 3 boxes of English Breakfast tea since I don't drink coffee anymore.
I love all the Bzzagent stuff they send.


I've suffered with eczema almost all of my life. When I was around 10 it was at it's worst, it covered a lot of my body and the whole of my face. It was itchy beyond belief and there were times that I would scratch so much that I'd make myself bleed.
Various creams etc were tried, we even resorted to steroid creams for my face which is frowned upon but eventually through trial and error it was made to calm down but the eczema never disappeared completely.
As I got older I felt an ever growing need to cover it up. I'm sure you know how teenagers can be, some of their comments were nothing less than cruel and it left me feeling very upset, with very little confidence in myself. This is when I started to wear make up.
Trouble is my mum never really wore it and having brothers I had noone to advice me on how best to apply it.
Over the years I've tried my best to "wing it" but I've often been left with worst skin as the make up has managed to irritate my skin further causing more dry/scaly patches.
You can see from the photo below that I have the most obvious patches around my nose. I often get comments mistaking it for me having a cold.
I was recently shown the video below from Cetraben and I have to say it's been really helpful. And it couldn't have come at a better time of year because the cold weather is when my skin is at it's worst and I'm sure many other dry skin sufferers have the exact same reactions.
The tips are from a professional make up artist and they are really simple, it is in no way a complicated tutorial.
Think I need to take a look at my own make up supply, check the ingredients etc. I often think about going to get my make up done professionally to get the best advice for my skin, if I'm honest this video has given me that little nudge to make me actually go and do it!
Do you have any make up tips when it comes to dry skin/eczema? I'd love for you to share them in the comments below.


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Resources for Businesses in Oxford
Resources to Help Your Small Business Manage Through Uncertainty (COVID-19)
U.S. Small Business Administration's Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) Program
Business Plan Builder
This highly-intuitive, online planning resource brings together the information and tools needed to move through the entire business development lifecycle. It has tools and resources for three focused groups:
New Entrepreneurs: Explore your interests and determine your best opportunities. Take your business idea and walk it through the steps of getting it funded.
Experienced Business Owners: Eighty percent of small businesses make it through their first year, but only 55 percent make it to five. Get the planning resources you need to join the long-term successes.
Nonprofits: Learn the elements you need to write bylaws, secure funding, and build your organization.
Gale Business: Entrepreneurship gives business owners 24-hour expertise covering a day all aspects of starting and operating a business, including finance, management, marketing, human resources, franchising, accounting, and taxes.
Gale Business: Entrepreneurship contains hundreds of sample business plans created by real-life entrepreneurs, award-winning eBooks, as well as content from over 300 business journals and magazines. Plus, the platform provides seamless user login, after authentication to Gale products, using Google Account and Microsoft Office 365 credentials, plus access to G Suite for Education and Microsoft tools including Drive, Docs, OneNote, and OneDrive.
NOTE: Once you follow the link in the blue button, your password to enter the resource is your library card number.
Also, don't forget to check out other resources to help you from OPL here.
Grow with google
The Oxford Public Library is proud to be a Grow with Google Partner!
OPL wants your business to be successful, and Google is providing resources for us to help you with your online presence. Get online! Get noticed! Create a business profile on Google, and use the analytics tools to grow your business! Use the link below to see upcoming Google Workshops:
Business Source Premier provides access to full text and searchable cited references for top journals covering a variety of business disciplines. Topics include accounting, finance, economics, marketing, management, management information systems, and operations management.
This is a free resource provided to you through the Alabama Virtual Library.
NOTE: Once at the AVL, click on "Adult Resources" and scroll down to the Business Source Premier resource.
Knowledge City
A comprehensive e-learning platform, build competencies in five areas: Business, Computers, Safety, Compliance, and Finance. There are over 14,000 courses to help you achieve your goals!
Your username is your last name; your PIN is the last six digits of your library card number.
Oxford Business League
City of Oxford Building Services
In March 2018, the City of Oxford launched its newest program, the Oxford Business League. The Oxford Business League's purpose and mission is to promote the growth, prosperity, and partnership among all businesses within the City of Oxford. The Oxford Business League is responsible for, but not limited to: hosting a minimum of six workshops annually, communicating between the City of Oxford businesses, recruiting new businesses, assisting openings, ribbon cuttings, and groundbreakings, promoting available properties for business expansion, coordinating with City of Oxford Marketing Department, and catalyzing future partnerships among independent and franchise businesses.
Visit the OBL's website
To find information about beginning or maintaining a business in Oxford, follow the link below for the Building Services department for the city of Oxford.
The city of Oxford Building Services department will be happy to help you!
Other Great Resources:
Access a wide selection of state-specific (and multi-state) legal forms and resources across the most popular legal areas. Find legal definitions and legal guidance, as well as Q&As. Most of the forms are fillable, so you can create a professional, legally sound form for your business. NOTE: If prompted for a password, use OPL.
Understand the activities of companies and industries worldwide through leading business and trade publications. Updated daily. NOTE: If prompted for a password, use OPL.
Gale Business
Actual business plans compiled by, and aimed at, entrepreneurs seeking funding for small businesses. Presents sample plans taken from businesses in the manufacturing, retail and service industries which serve as examples of how to approach, structure and compose business plans. NOTE: If prompted for a password, use OPL.
Business Plan Handbook
Find information on companies, industries and more in the context of timely news, statistical data, and in-depth reports. NOTE: If prompted for a password, use OPL.


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Australia's Churchless Millions
Praised Be Christ the Priest
Becoming – Being Catholic
The Immaculate Heart of Mary
Prayers of Intercession and Thanksgivings…
Christ the Priest Statue
Videos/Publications
RomanSky.tv
About the Confraternity
Our Intensive Apostolate
World Catholic News
Home > World Catholic News > Vatican News > View Post
Pakistan's Christians to Protest Violations and Violence
December 8, 2020 by Web Master
By ZENIT Staff
The International Day of Human Rights, which is celebrated in the world on December 10, will be "Black Day for Human Rights" across Pakistan to protest against the increasing number of violence and violations of the inalienable rights of Christians and other religious minorities as well as vulnerable and defenseless people in Pakistan. This is what human rights activists, defenders of minority rights, political leaders, social workers, and Church leaders told Agenzia Fides, inviting all citizens to join this "battle of civilization and democracy" for the country.
"We encourage all Pakistani citizens to join our call to observe International Human Rights Day as a 'Black Day', especially for our Christian community. We see fundamental rights and freedom trampled every day: our daughters are kidnapped and forcibly converted, only to be forced to marry their kidnappers; often supported by the police because they are Muslims", explains to Agenzia Fides Khalid Shahzad, a well-known activist for human and minority rights in Lahore.
Khalid Shahzad, who also runs a non-governmental organization for disabled children, says: "We have made this appeal, after the recent recovery of a 12-year-old Christian woman, Farah Shaheen, and because we want to be the voice of all the other kidnapped Christian and Hindu girls forcibly converted to Islam and then forced to marry their kidnappers". Shahzad adds: "We need adequate legislation and the enforcement of existing laws. We demand the protection of religious minorities, in particular women and minors, an easy target for criminals".
As reported by Khalid Shahzad, the police recovered the minor Farah Shaheen on December 5, thanks to an order from the Punjab court. The minor was found chained in a room and had signs and injuries to her ankles and feet. Khalid Shahzad adds: "In this case, the police officer also falsified the documents, writing that Farah was 17 years old. According to the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) of Pakistan, the girl is 12 years old". Farah Shaheen was kidnapped on June 25, 2020, by a 45-year-old Muslim man named Khizer Hayat, who converted her to Islam and married her against her will. Because of the complicity of the police, it was not until last September that the family was able to file a complaint.
Lala Robin Daniel, a Christian and President of the "National Alliance for Minorities in Pakistan", speaking to Fides declared: "We ask all citizens to observe December 10 as "Black day for human rights". The case of Farah Shaheen is exemplary. It is urgent to do justice".
"We must stop the criminal activity against Christians in Pakistan, deprived of their personal freedoms", comments to Agenzia Fides Fr. Bonnie Mendes, Pakistani priest from Faisalabad, recalling the recent case of Sonia Bibi, a 24-year-old Christian killed in Rawlapindi by a Muslim man named Shehzad, for refusing his marriage proposal. Shot in the head on the morning of November 30, 2020, in the city of Rawalpindi, she died of serious injuries during her hospitalization.
Saleem Iqbal, a Christian human rights activist from Lahore, condemning the murder, said: "It is the right of every citizen to exercise his or her freedom of conscience and faith. No individual can be forced to marry or convert. These are fundamental human rights". In this regard, he cites some precedents.
Last July in Faisalabad, the thirty-year-old Christian woman Saima Sardar, a nurse, was killed by a Muslim man for refusing the marriage proposal. In 2018 in the city of Sialkot, 25-year-old Asma Yaqoob was burned alive for refusing to renounce her faith and marry a Muslim man. Often such murders and violence go unpunished.
The post Pakistan's Christians to Protest Violations and Violence appeared first on ZENIT – English.
Read More: Vatican News
Posted in Vatican News
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The Taiwanese smartphone maker HTC has announced its new blockchain phone entitled Exodus. The smartphone will serve as both a mobile connecting point to blockchain networks and a storage device for cryptocurrencies.
A major smartphone maker, HTC is renowned for moving fast, having been one of the first to bring an Android smartphone to market in the late 2000s, they endeavour to do the same with their genesis blockchain phone.
Raymond Pao, associate VP of VR new technology for HTC, explained that they will be building the framework and phone that powers the decentralised web, as smartphones will be a critical component for the crypto ecosystem.
The Exodus smartphone will have a built-in wallet, alongside this it will have a digital storefront for distributed apps, dapps and offerings around existing blockchain networks, such as ethereum. The blockchain phone will also have a built in API for developers.
HTC is not alone in their ambitions to be first to market with a blockchain dedicated smartphone, Sirin Labs recently raised $157 million in an their ICO to build the "Finney" and have already received more than 25,000 pre-orders for the $1000 phone.
Although the Swiss company is fairly new to the market, it has had a head-start in developing its blockchain phone and expect to ship in October 2018. Furthermore, with the aim of licensing their technology, Sirin have said to have been in talks with Huawei.
Exodus may not be the world's first blockchain powered phone, but HTC is a big player in the smartphone market and with well established distribution channels, it can capture the market in great volume, very quickly.
HTC's approach to decentralised technologies, indicates they expect to see a dramatic shift in consumers needs, particularly with blockchain's ability to re-address privacy and data issues, empowering users with ownership of their personal digital identities.
HTC have confirmed that they will release white papers, specifications and additional information about the Exodus blockchain phone, over the next coming months.