text:
Laws Of Nature And Nature's God
LONANG Library
Organic Documents
Blackstone's Commentaries
Kent's Commentaries
Locke: Two Treatises
Story's Commentaries
Tucker: Notes of Reference
Vattel: Law of Nations
All Other Treatises
LONANG Commentaries
Legal Foundations
The Framework of Law
More Legal Foundations
LONANG Curriculum
Biblical Principles of Law
More LONANG Curriculum
America's Heritage: Constitutional Liberty
More Constitutional Law
Politics & Prophecy
A Lawyer's View of the End Times
Lawyers Rock
Donate / Shop
Home » LONANG Library » Reference Works » Tucker: Notes of Reference » Execution
Blackstone's Commentaries with Notes of Reference (1803)
St. George Tucker
VOLUME 4, CHAPTER 26
Of Execution
IF the regular judgment of the court, after the decision of the suit, be not suspended, superseded, or reversed, by one or other of the methods mentioned in the two preceding chapters, the next and last step is the execution of that judgment; or, putting the sentence of the law in force. This is performed in different manners, according to the nature of the action upon which it is founded, and of the judgment which is had or recovered.
IF the plaintiff recovers in an action real or mixed, wherein the seizin or possession of land is awarded to him, the writ of execution shall be an habere facias seisinam, or writ of seizin, of a freehold; or an habere facias possessionem, or writ of possession,1 of a chattel interest.2 These are writs directed to the sheriff of the county, commanding him to give actual possession to the plaintiff of the land of recovered: in the execution of which, the sheriff may take with him the posse comitatus, or power of the county; and may justify breaking open doors, if the possession be not quietly delivered. But, if it be peaceably yielded up, the delivery of a twig, a turf, or the ring of the door, in the name of seizin, is sufficient execution of the writ. Upon a presentation to a benefice recovered in a quare impedit, or assize of darrein presentment, the execution is by a writ de clerico admittendo; directed, not to the sheriff, but to the bishop or his metropolitan, requiring them to admit and institute the clerk of the plaintiff.
IN other actions where the judgment is, that something in special be done or rendered by the defendant, then, in order to compel him so to do, and to see the judgment executed, a special writ of execution issues to the sheriff according to the nature of the case. As upon an assize or quod permittat prosternere for a nuisance, where one part of the judgment is quod amoveatur, a writ goes to the sheriff to abate it at the charge of the party, which likewise issues even in case of an indictment.3 Upon a replevin the writ of execution is that de retorno habendo;4 and, if the distress be eloigned, the defendant shall have a capias in withernam,5 but on the plaintiff's tendering the damages and submitting to a fine the process in withernam shall be stayed.6 In detinue, after judgment, the plaintiff shall have a distringas, to compel the defendant to deliver the goods, by repeated distresses of his chattels;7 or else a scire facias against any third person in whose hands they may happen to be, to show cause why they should not be delivered: and, if the defendant still continues obstinate, the sheriff shall summon an inquest to ascertain the plaintiff's damages, which shall be levied (like other damages) by seizure of the person or goods of the defendant. So that, after all, in replevin and detinue, (the only actions for recovering specific possession of personal chattels) if the wrongdoer be very perverse, he cannot be compelled to a restitution of the identical thing taken or detained; but he still has his election, to deliver the goods, or their value:8 in imperfection in the law, that results from the nature of personal property, which is easily concealed or conveyed out of the reach of justice, and not, like land and other real property, always amenable to the magistrate.
EXECUTIONS in actions where money only is recovered, as a debt or damages, (and not any specific chattel) are of five sorts: either against the body of the defendant; or against his goods and chattels; or against his goods and the profits of his lands; or against his goods and the possession of his land; or against all three, his body, lands, and goods.
1. THE first of these species of execution, is by writ of capias ad satisfaciendum;9 which distinguishes it from the former capias, ad respondendum, which lies to compel an appearance at the beginning of a suit. And, properly speaking, this cannot be sued out against any but such as were liable to be taken upon the former capias.10 The intent of it is, to imprison the body of the debtor till satisfaction be made for the debt, costs, and damages: it therefore does not lie against any privileged persons, peers or members of parliament, nor against executors or administrators, nor against such other persons as could not be originally held to bail. And Sir Edward Coke also gives us a singular instance,11 where a defendant in 14 Edw. III. was discharged from a capias because he was of so advanced an age, quod poenam imprisonamenti subire non potest. If an action be brought against an husband and wife for the debt of the wife, when sole, and the plaintiff recovers judgment, the capias shall issue to take both the husband and wife in execution:12 but, if the action was originally brought against herself, when sole, and pending the suit she marries, the capias shall be awarded against her only, and not against her husband.13 Yet, if judgment be recovered against an husband and wife for the contract, nay even for the personal misbehavior,14 of the wife during her coverture, the capias shall issue against the husband only: which is one of the greatest privileges of English wives.
THE writ of capias ad satisfaciendum is an execution of the highest nature, in as much as it deprives a man of his liberty, till he makes the satisfaction awarded; and therefore, when a man is once taken in execution upon this writ, no other process can be sued out against his lands or goods. Only, by statute 21 Jac. I. c. 24. if the defendant dies, while charged in execution upon this writ, the plaintiff may, after his death, sue out new executions against his lands, goods, or chattels. The writ is directed to the sheriff, commanding him to take the body of the defendant and have him at Westminster, on a day therein named, to make the plaintiff satisfaction for his demand. And if he does not then make satisfaction, he must remain in custody till he does. This writ may be sued out as may all other executory process, for costs, against a plaintiff as well as a defendant, when judgment is had against him.
WHEN a defendant is once in custody upon this process, he is to be kept in arcta et salva custodia: and, if he be afterwards seen at large, it is an escape; and the plaintiff may have an action thereupon against the sheriff for his whole debt. For though, upon arrests and what is called mesne process, being such as intervenes between the commencement and end of a suit,15 the sheriff, till the statute 8 & 9 W. III. c. 27. might have indulged the defendant as he pleased, so as he produced him in court to answer the plaintiff at the return of the writ: yet, upon a taking in execution, he could never give any indulgence; for, in that case, confinement is the whole of the debtor's punishment, and of the satisfaction made to the creditor. Escapes are either voluntary, or negligent. Voluntary are such as are by the express consent of the keeper, after which he never can retake his prisoner again,16 (though the plaintiff may retake him at any time17) but the sheriff must answer for the debt. Negligent escapes are where the prisoner escapes without his keeper's knowledge or consent; and then upon fresh pursuit the defendant may be retaken, and the sheriff shall be excused, if he has him again before any action brought against himself for the escape.18 A rescue of a prisoner in execution, either going to jail or in jail, or a breach of prison, will not excuse the sheriff from being guilty of and answering for the escape; for he ought to have sufficient force to keep him, seeing he may command the power of the county.19 But by statute 32 Geo. II. c. 28. if a defendant, charged in execution for any debt less than 100£ will surrender all his effects to his creditors, (except his apparel, bedding, and tools of his trade, not amounting in the whole to the value of 10£) and will make oath of his punctual compliance with the statute, the prisoner may be discharged, unless the creditor insists on detaining him; in which case he shall allow him 2 s. 4 d. per week, to be paid on
the first day of every week, and on failure of regular payment the prisoner shall be discharged. Yet the creditor may at any future time have execution against the lands and goods of the defendant, though never more against his person. And, on the other hand, the creditors may, as in case of bankruptcy, compel (under pain of transportation for seven years) such debtor charged in execution for any debt under 100£ to make a discovery and surrender of all his effects for their benefit; whereupon he is also entitled to the like discharge of his person.
IF a capias ad satisfaciendum is sued out, and a non est inventus is returned thereon, the plaintiff may sue out a process against the bail, if any were given: who, we may remember, stipulated in this triple alternative; that the defendant should, if condemned in the suit, satisfy the plaintiff his debt and costs; or, that he should surrender himself a prisoner; or, that they would pay it for him: as therefore the two former branches of the alternative are neither of them complied with, the latter must immediately take place.20 In order to which a writ of scire facias may be sued out against the bail, commanding them to show cause why the plaintiff should not have execution against them for his debt and damages: and on such writ, if they show no sufficient cause, or the defendant does not surrender himself on the day of the return, or of showing cause (for afterwards is not sufficient) the plaintiff may have judgment against the bail, and take out a writ of capias ad satisfaciendum, or other process of execution against them.
2. THE next species of execution is against the goods and chattels of the defendant; and is called a writ of fieri facias,21 from the words in it where the sheriff is commanded, quod fieri faciat de bonis, that he cause to be made of the goods and chattels of the defendant the sum or debt recovered. This lies as well against privileged persons, peers, etc, as other common persons; and against executors or administrators with regard to the goods of the deceased. The sheriff may not break open any outer doors,22 to execute either this, or the former, writ: but must enter peaceably; and may then break open any inner door, belonging to the defendant, in order to take the goods.23 And he may sell the goods and chattels (even an estate for years, which is a chattel real24) of the defendant, till he has raised enough to satisfy the judgment and costs: first paying the landlord of the premises, upon which the goods are found, the arrears of rent the due, not exceeding one year's rent in the whole.25 If part only of the debt be levied on a fieri facias, the plaintiff may have a capias ad satisfaciendum for the residue.26
3. A THIRD species of execution is by writ of levari facias; which affects a man's goods and the profits of his lands, by commanding the sheriff to levy the plaintiff's debt on the lands and goods of the defendant; whereby the sheriff may seize all his goods, and receive the rents and profits of his lands, till satisfaction be made to the plaintiff.27 Little use is now made of this writ; the remedy by elegit, which takes possession of the lands themselves, being much more effectual. But of this species is a writ of execution proper only to ecclesiastics; which is given when the sheriff, upon a common writ of execution sued, returns that the defendant is a beneficed clerk, not having any lay fee. In this case a writ goes to the bishop of the diocese, in the nature of a levari or fieri facias,28 to levy the debt and damages de bonis ecclesiasticis, which are not to be touched by lay hands: and thereupon the bishop sends out a sequestration of the profits of the clerk's benefice, directed to the churchwardens, to collect the same and pay them to the plaintiff, till the full sum be raised.29
4. THE fourth species of execution is by the writ of elegit; which is a judicial writ given by the statute Westm. 2. 13 Edw. I. c. 18. either upon a judgment for a debt, or damages; or upon the forfeiture of a recognizance taken in the king's court. By the common law a man could only have satisfaction of goods, chattels, and the present profits of lands, by the two last mentioned writs of fieri facias, or levari facias; but not the possession of the lands themselves: which was a natural consequence of the feudal principles, which prohibited the alienation, and of course the encumbering of the fief with the debts of the owner. And, when the restriction of alienation began to wear away, the consequence still continued; and no creditor could taken the possession of lands, but only levy the growing profits: so that, if the defendant aliened his lands, the plaintiff was ousted of his remedy. The statute therefore granted this writ, (called an elegit, because it is in the choice or one of the former) by which the defendant's goods and chattels are not sold, but only appraised; and all of them (except oxen and beasts of the plow) are delivered to the plaintiff, at such reasonable appraisement and price, in part of satisfaction of his debt. If the goods are not sufficient, then the moiety or one half of his freehold lands, whether held in his own name, or by any other in trust for him,30 are also to be delivered to the plaintiff; to hold, till out of the rents and profits thereof the debt be levied, or till the defendant's interest be expired; as, till the death of the defendant, if he be tenant for life or in tail. During this period the plaintiff is called tenant by elegit, of whom we spoke in a former part of these commentaries.31 We there observed that till this statute, by the ancient common law, lands were not liable to be charged with, or seized for, debts; because by this means the connection between lord and tenant might be destroyed, fraudulent alienations might be made, and the services be transferred to be performed by a stranger; provided he tenant incurred a large debt, sufficient to cover the land. And therefore, even by this statute, only
one half was, and now is, subject to execution; that out of the remainder sufficient might be left for the lord to distrain upon for his services. And, upon the same feudal principle, copyhold lands are at this day not liable to be taken in execution upon a judgment.32 But, in case of a debt to the king, it appears by Magna Carta, c. 8. that it was allowed by the common law for him to take possession of the lands till the debt was paid. for, he, being the grand superior and ultimate proprietor of all landed estates, might seize the lands into his own hands, if any thing was owing from the vassal; and could not be said to be defrauded of his services, when the ouster of the vassal proceeded from his own command. This execution, or seizing of lands by elegit, is of so high a nature, that after it the body of the defendant cannot be taken: but if execution can only be had of the goods, because there are no lands, and such goods are not sufficient to pay the debt, a capias ad satisfaciendum may then be had after the elegit; for such elegit is in this case no more in effect than a fieri facias.33 So that body and goods may be taken in execution, or land and goods; but not body and land too, upon any judgment between subject and subject in the course of the common law. But
5. UPON some prosecutions given by statute; as in the case of recognizances or debts acknowledged on statutes merchant, or statutes staple; (pursuant to the statutes 13 Edw. I. de mercaribus, and 27. Edw. III. c. 9.) upon forfeiture of these, the body lands, and goods, may all be taken at once in execution, to compel the payment of the debt. The process hereon is usually called an extent or extendi facias, because the sheriff is to cause the lands, etc, to be appraised to their full extended value, before he delivers them to the plaintiff, that it may be certainly known how soon the debt will be satisfied.34 And by statute 33 Hen. VIII. c. 39. all obligations made to the king shall have the same force, and of consequence the same remedy to recover them, as a statute staple: though indeed, before this statute, the king was entitled to sue out execution against the body, lands, and goods of his accountant or debtor.35 And his debt shall, in suing out execution, be preferred to that of every other creditor, who has not obtained judgment before the king commenced his suit.36 The king's judgment also affects all lands, which the king's debtor has at or after the time of contracting his debt, or which any of his officers mentioned in the statute 13 Eliz. c. 4. has at or after the time of his entering on the office: so that, if such officer of the crown alienes for a valuable consideration, the land shall be liable to the king's debt, even in the hands of a bona fide purchaser; though the money for which he is accountable was received by the vendor many years after the alienation.37 Whereas judgments between subject and subject related, even at common law, no farther back than the first day of the term in which they were recovered, in respect of the lands of the debtor; and did not bind his goods and chattels, but from the date of the writ of execution. And now, by the statute of frauds, 29 Car. II. c. 3. the judgment shall not bind the land in the hands of a bona fide purchaser, but only from the time of actually signing
the same; nor the goods in the hands of a stranger, or a purchaser,38 but only from the actual delivery of the writ to the sheriff.
THESE are the methods which the law of England has pointed out for the execution of judgments: and when the plaintiff's demand is satisfied, either by the voluntary payment of the defendant, or by this compulsory process, or otherwise, satisfaction ought to be entered on the record, that the defendant may not be liable to be hereafter harassed a second time on the same account. But all these writs of execution must be sued out within a year and a day after the judgment is entered; otherwise the court concludes prima facie that the judgment is satisfied and extinct: yet however it will grant a writ of scire facias in pursuance of statute Westm. 2. 13 Edw. I. c. 45. for the defendant to show cause why the judgment should not be revived, and execution had against him; to which the defendant may plead such mater as he has to allege, in order to show why process of execution should not be issued: or the plaintiff may still bring an action of debt, founded on this dormant judgment, which was the only method of revival allowed by the common law.39
IN this manner are the several remedies given by the English law for all sorts of injuries, either real or personal, administered by the several courts of justice, and their respective officers. In the course therefore of the present volume we have, first, seen and considered the nature of remedies, by the mere act of the parties, or mere operation of law, without any suit in courts. We have next taken a view of remedies by suit or action in courts: and therein have contemplated, first, the nature and species of courts, instituted for the redress of injuries in general; and then have shown in what particular courts application must be made for the redress of particular injuries, or the doctrine of jurisdictions and cognizance. We afterwards proceeded to consider the nature and distribution of wrongs and injuries, affecting every species of personal and real rights, with the respective remedies by suit, which the law of the land has afforded for every possible injury. And, lastly, we have deduced and pointed out the method and progress of obtaining such remedies in the courts of justice: proceeding from the first general complaint or original writ; through all the stages of process, to compel the defendant's appearance; and of pleading, or formal allegation on the one side, and excuse or denial on the other; with the examination of the validity of such complaint or excuse, upon demurrer, or the truth of the facts alleged and denied, upon issue joined, and its several trials; to the judgment or sentence of the law, with respect to the nature and amount of the redress to be specifically given: till, after considering the suspension of that judgment by writs in the nature of appeals, we arrived at its final execution; which puts the party in specific possession of his right by the intervention of ministerial officers, or else gives him an ample satisfaction, either by equivalent damages, or by the confinement of his body, who is guilty of the injury complained of.
THIS care and circumspection in the law,— in providing that no man's right shall be affected by any legal proceeding without giving him previous notice, and yet that the debtor shall not be receiving such notice take occasion to escape from justice; in requiring that every complaint be accurately and precisely ascertained in writing, and be as pointedly and exactly answered; in clearly stating the question either of law or of fact; in deliberately resolving the former after full argumentative discussion, and indisputably fixing the latter by a diligent and impartial trial; in correcting such errors as may have arisen in either of those modes of decision, from accident, mistake, or surprise; and in finally enforcing the judgment, when nothing can be alleged to impeach it;— this anxiety to maintain and restore to every individual the enjoyment of his civil rights, without entrenching upon those of any other individual in the nation, this parental solicitude which pervades our whole legal constitution, is the genuine offspring of that spirit of equal liberty which is the singular felicity of Englishmen. At the same time it must be owned to have given a handle, in some degree, to those complaints, of delay in the practice of the law, which are not wholly without foundation, but are greatly exaggerated beyond the truth. There may be, it is true, in this, as in all other departments of knowledge, a few unworthy professors: who study the science of chicane and sophistry rather than of truth and justice; and who, to gratify the spleen, the dishonesty, and wilfulness of their clients, may endeavor to screen the guilty, by an unwarrantable use of those means which were intended to protect the innocent. But the frequent disappointments and the constant discountenance, that they meet with in the courts of justice, have confined these men (to the honor of this age be it spoken) both in number and reputation to indeed a very despicable compass.
YET some delays there certainly are, and must unavoidably be, in the conduct of a suit, however desirous the parties and their agents may be to come to a speedy determination. These arise from the same original causes as were mentioned in examining a former complaint;40 from liberty, property, civility, commerce, and an extent of populous territory: which whenever we are willing to exchange for tyranny, poverty, barbarism, idleness, and a barren desert, we may then enjoy the same dispatch of causes that is so highly extolled in some foreign countries. But common sense and a little experience will convince us, that more time and circumspection are requisite in causes, where the suitors have valuable and permanent rights to lose, than where their property is trivial and precarious; and what the law gives them today may be seized by their prince tomorrow. In Turkey, says Montesquieu,41 where little regard is shown to the lives or fortunes of the subject, all causes are quickly decided: the basha, on a summary hearing, orders which party he pleases to be bastinadoed, and then sends them about their business. But in free states the trouble, expense, and delays of judicial proceedings are the price that every subject pays for his liberty: and in all governments, he adds, the formalities of law increase, in proportion to the value which is set on the honor, the fortune, the liberty, and life of the subject.
FROM these principles it might reasonably follow, that the English courts should be more subject to delays than those of other nations; as they set a greater value on life, on liberty, and on property. But it is our peculiar felicity to enjoy the advantage, and yet to be exempted from a proportionable share of the burden. For the course of the civil law, to which most other nations conform their practice, is much more tedious than ours; for proof of which I need only appeal to the suitors of those courts in England, where the practice of the Roman law is allowed in its full extent. And particularly in France, not only our Fortescue42 accuses (of his own knowledge) their courts of most unexampled delays in administering justice; but even a writer of their own43 has not scrupled to testify, that there were in his time more causes there depending than in all Europe besides, and some of them an hundred years old. But (not to enlarge upon the prodigious improvements which have been made in the celerity of justice by the disuse of real actions, by the statutes of amendments and jeofails,44 and by other more modern regulations, which it now might be indelicate to mention, but which posterity will never forget) the time and attendance afforded by the judges in our English courts are also greater than those of many other countries. In the Roman calendar there were in the whole year but twenty eight judicial or triverbial45 days allowed to the praetor for hearing causes:46 whereas with us, one fourth of the year is term time, in which three courts constantly sit for the dispatch of matters of law; besides the very close attendance of the court of chancery for determining suits in equity, and the numerous courts of assize and nisi prius that sit in vacation for the trial of matters of fact. Indeed there is no other country in the known world, that has an institution so commodious and so adapted to the dispatch of causes, as our trials by jury in those courts for the decision
of facts: in no other nation under heaven does justice make her progress twice in each year into every part of the kingdom, to decide upon the spot by the voice of the people themselves the disputes of the remotest provinces.
AND here this part of our commentaries, which regularly treats only of redress at the common law, would naturally draw to a conclusion. But, as the proceedings in the courts of equity are very different from those at common law, and as those courts are of a very general and extensive jurisdiction, it is in some measure a branch of the task I have undertaken, to give the student some general idea of the forms of practice adopted by those courts. These will therefore be the subject of the ensuing chapter.
Blackstone's Footnotes (Tucker's notes not yet added)
1. Append. No. II. § 4
2. Finch. L. 470.
3. Comb. 10.
4. See pag. 150.
6. 2 Leon. 174.
7. 1 Roll. Abr. 737. Rastal. Entr. 215.
8. Keilw. 64.
9. Append. No. III. § 7.
10. 3 Rep. 12.
11. 1 Inst. 289.
12. Moor. 704.
13. Cro. Jac. 323.
14. Cro. Car. 513.
15. See pag. 279.
16. 3 Rep. 52. 1 Sid. 330.
17. Stat. 8 & 9 W. III. c. 27.
18. F. N. B. 130.
20. Lutw. 1269 1273.
21. Append. No. III. § 7.
23. Palm. 54.
24. 8 Rep. 171.
25. Stat. 8 Ann. c. 14.
26. 1 Roll. Abr. 904. Cro. Eliz. 344.
27. Finch. L. 471.
28. Pegistr. orig. 300. judic. 22. 2 Inst. 4.
29. 2 Burn. eccl. law. 329.
30. Stat. 29. Car. II. c. 3.
31. Book II. ch. 10.
32. 1 Roll. Abr. 888.
33. Hob. 58.
36. Stat. 33. Hen. VIII. c. 29.
37. 10 Rep. 55, 56.
38. Skin. 257.
39. Co. Litt. 290.
41. Sp. L. b. 6. ch. 2.
42. de Laud. LL. c. 53.
43. Bodin. de Republ. l. 6. c. 6.
45. Otherwise called dies fasti, in quibus licebat praetori fari tria verba, do, dico, addico. (Calv. Lex. 285.)
46. Spelman of the terms. § 4. c. 2.
Copyright © 2014-2018 LONANG INSTITUTE. All Rights Reserved.


Diabetes — both Type 1 and Type 2 — is a disorder of how the body uses glucose, the main form of sugar used as fuel. While many people without diabetes don't know a lot about the disease processes involved, they probably know it has something to do with sugar.
But the relationship between blood glucose and dietary sugar intake is anything but direct, both when it comes to developing diabetes and among people who already have it. Some people consume high levels of sugar and never develop diabetes, while others follow a low-sugar diet and still develop it.
This doesn't mean, though, that there's no relationship between dietary sugar and diabetes or blood glucose. In fact, sugar consumption seems to be associated with a number of different health outcomes, including whether or not someone develops diabetes.
If you're confused about what this means for your health, you're not alone. The research on dietary sugar and diabetes includes many different study designs, and some studies are considered more important or reliable than others by groups that make dietary recommendations for both the general population and people with diabetes.
Here's what some studies and leading organizations say about sugar and diabetes.
Being overweight or obese is a major risk factor for Type 2 diabetes, although it's only one factor. Many people with Type 2 diabetes are thin, and many people with excess body weight never develop diabetes.
According to the American Diabetes Association, other major risk factors for Type 2 diabetes include physical activity, family history, ethnicity, and age.
The group emphasizes that sugar is a source of excess calories in many people, so it's good to look at your sugar intake when evaluating your diet and potential causes of weight gain.
Once you have diabetes of any type, it's important to keep track of nutrients in your diet that can affect your blood glucose levels. This includes different forms of carbohydrate, like sugars, starches, and fiber.
Starches and sugars may raise blood glucose in people with diabetes to varying degrees, while fiber may slow the rise in blood glucose that comes with consumption of other carbohydrates. It's important to figure out how your body responds to various nutrients and foods.
The American Diabetes Association emphasizes that the total amount of carbohydrate in your diet should be based on many factors, and that your health-care provider can help figure this out. Particularly when it comes to starches — from foods like bread, cereal, rice, pasta, potatoes, peas, and corn — it's important to control portion sizes.
Sweets and desserts, the group notes, can be part of a healthy meal plan but should be reserved for special occasions and eaten in very small portions.
It's difficult to design a study that tests whether consuming more sugar increases a person's risk of developing diabetes. That's because sugar — both natural and added — is present in many different foods, and most people's diets can't be meaningfully tracked over the amount of time it takes to see differences in how many people develop diabetes.
It's a lot easier to compare different populations of people, since per-person consumption of sugar (or anything else) within a country can be calculated based on the total amount that's present in all foods sold. This amount can then be compared with the number of people who develop diabetes over a set period of time.
One study, published in February 2013 in the journal PLOS One, found that across 175 different countries, every 150 calories per day of sugar consumption — about as much as a can of soda contains — was associated with an additional 1.1 percent in the rate of Type 2 diabetes. This was true after controlling for total calories, overweight and obesity, age, income, and urban versus rural living, among other factors.
Out of all dietary components the study looked at, sugar was the only one linked to diabetes rates. The other components were fiber, meat, fruits, oils, and grains.
Another study, published in February 2014 the journal BMC Health, looked at 165 countries and also found an overall link between sugar consumption and diabetes of all types. This connection was strongest in Asia, and it wasn't present at all in some countries. When other potential factors in developing diabetes were controlled for, the connection to sugar remained significant only in Asia and South America.
As noted in an article published in April 2014 in the journal Diabetes Care, per-person consumption of soft drinks in the United States has increased by a factor of five since 1950. Furthermore, an overview of the studies on the subjects suggests that drinking sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
The American Diabetes Association considers this evidence strong enough to state that drinking sugar-sweetened beverages is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes, and the American Heart Association recommends limiting added sugars in your diet to about 100 calories for women and 150 calories for men each day.
"Added sugars" means all types of concentrated sugar-based sweeteners, including cane sugar (white or brown), high-fructose corn syrup, honey, molasses, fruit juice concentrates, maple syrup, and other syrups (such as agave, corn, rice, or sorghum).
Many people, with or without diabetes, turn to soft drinks made with zero-calorie sweeteners as an alternative to sugar-sweetened beverages. While these beverages tend to be essentially calorie-free, they may still raise your risk of developing diabetes.
In an article published in June 2014 in the British Journal of Nutrition, researchers found that based on the combined results of multiple studies, every 330 milliliters (about 11 fluid ounces, or almost a can of soda) of sugar-sweetened soft drinks participants drank each day was associated with a 20 percent higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. For the same quantity of artificially sweetened soft drinks, the risk increase was 13 percent.
In an article published in March 2015 in the journal Mayo Clinic Proceedings, the authors examined the research on consuming added fructose — either in high-fructose sweeteners or in sweeteners containing a mix of fructose and glucose (which includes most forms of sugar).
They write that fructose, rather than glucose, in sweeteners may pose the greatest risk for developing Type 2 diabetes and related metabolic and cardiovascular problems. Fructose that occurs naturally in whole fruits, on the other hand, doesn't seem to cause any increase in these risks.
The authors conclude that there's no need for added fructose or other sweeteners in your diet, and that limiting your intake of added sugars to 5 percent of your total calories — as recommended conditionally by the World Health Organization — could improve glucose tolerance and reduce the overall rate and burden of diabetes.
While the research isn't definitive, there's evidence to suggest that one of these factors may be sugar consumption.
In a study published in September 2015 in the journal Diabetologia, researchers looked at data from a study called Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY), which has tracked children at increased genetic risk for Type 1 diabetes to see if they actually develop it as they grow older.
Some participants in the study have developed what's known as islet autoimmunity, which means their blood contains antibodies (proteins involved in your immune system's response) to insulin or other substances released in the pancreatic islets. People with islet autoimmunity often progress to Type 1 diabetes.
Participants in the study submitted food questionnaires that tracked their intake of fructose, sucrose, total sugars, sugar-sweetened beverages, beverages containing zero-calorie sweeteners, and fruit juices.
Among children in the study who had developed islet autoimmunity (142 out of 1,893 participants), intake of total sugars was significantly associated with progression to Type 1 diabetes. Consuming sugar-sweetened beverages was also associated with this progression in children with a certain genetic risk factor (known as HLA genotype).
But no sugar-related factors were found to increase the risk of developing islet autoimmunity in the first place. This means that according to the study, any Type 1 diabetes risk associated with sugar intake applies only to a small high-risk subset of children who are already genetically predisposed to developing the condition.
Quinn Phillips is a freelance writer and editor based in Wisconsin.


Card-carrying personal trainer, figure competitor, track runner, powerlifter, yogi, and fitness model, Ashleigh Kast is on the never-ending pursuit of "better." Whether bodybuilding, pole-vaulting, or mud-marathoning, she explores every part of the fitness industry that her amazing clients have. You can follow these adventures on her Sophisticated Strength blog.
Ashleigh is currently situating herself at DeFranco's Gym in Wyckoff, New Jersey in order to build a women's strength and conditioning program at the famous facility. But her in-person and distance coaching clientele has included all types of students - professional and college athletes, post-injury/rehab clients, and those who want to see big results in a small amount of time.
Ashleigh is a Certified Kettlebell Instructor through StrongFirst (SFG 2, SFL). She is also a Functional Movement Expert (FMS 2), and has worked and mentored under Eric D'Agati. She is a USATF Certified Track and Field Coach and Sprint/Hurdle/Relay Specialist with USATFCCCA. Post NASM CPT and PES, Ashleigh continues to expand her field of expertise. This year, she is working on Clubbell Yoga and Z-Health requirements.


Very recently Lenovo loaned us their 30-inch ThinkVision LT3053p IPS LED-Backlit LCD Monitor for review. While the AH-IPS display panel was impressive, its size really made us wonder about how much impact it would have on PC video games. Before this behemoth display went back to Lenovo, I decided to test it on some of the most recent graphics cards from NVIDIA and AMD. In this article Benchmark Reviews tests frame rate performance at 2560×1600 for the Radeon HD 7950 against GeForce GTX 770, and Radeon HD 7970 against GeForce GTX 780.


text:
King's Day Amsterdam
Rieu Royale CD.
Queen's Day (30th April) is always a special day in the Netherlands and Amsterdam and this year there will even be more reasons to celebrate, as Prince Willem Alexander and Princess Máxima are officially inaugurated as the new King and Queen of the Netherlands. Earlier this year Queen Beatrix delivered an official address to the nation, announcing her upcoming abdication from the throne. This will take place on Tuesday, April 30, 2013 at the Royal Palace on the Dam Square, followed by the inauguration of the new King and Queen at De Nieuwe Kerk (New Church), also on the Dam Square.
On this festive occasion André Rieu was invited to arrange a brand new waltz medley: "The Coronation Waltz". A Waltz for the King, by the King of the Waltz! The Coronation Waltz will be performed live by André and his Johann Strauss Orchestra on the Museum Square (opposite the world famous Rijksmuseum) during the King's Ball. The inauguration and festivities will be broadcast world wide via TV.
The Coronation Waltz is part of a special compilation album, put together by André himself: Rieu Royale. It also contains a fresh arrangement of the Wilhelmus, the Dutch national anthem, which is a first release on cd.
Tracklist of the CD:
01 Coronation Waltz
02 Wilhelmus (National Anthem)
03 The Canals of Amsterdam
04 Second Waltz
05 Radetzky March
06 Emperor Waltz
07 Auld Lang Syne
08 Trumpet Voluntary
09 Don't Cry For Me Argentina
10 Time To Say Goodbye
11.You never walk alone.
Running time: 6 Minutes 5 seconds
If you have trouble watching the above video, click here for instructions.
Telegraaf / Privé video flash.
April 2nd 2013:
Another small video about three André's performing on April 30th, Queen's / King's Day.
Running time: 1 Minute 44 seconds
CD Rieu ROYALE became GOLD (10.000 sales) even before
it was for sale in the shops!!
The King's Waltz, is a classy medley of a variety of old classic Dutch patriotic songs, arranged by André Rieu and Frank Steijns. It should not be called "Coronation Waltz" since in the Netherlands the King/Queen is not crowned, but inaugurated. The difference in Dutch between "King" and "Coronation" is one letter: Koning (King) and Kroning (Coronation). In our opinion the correct title of the Waltz should be: King's Waltz.
RTL Boulevard.
On April 2nd 2013 André revealed part of the secret of his King's Waltz in RTL Boulevard.
Lively Interview by Giel Beelen, 3 FM, (April 3rd, 2013)
Thanks to John for translating this video.
Museum Square with
Rijksmuseum.
Running time: 16 Minutes 43 seconds
Dit is de Dag (This is the Day).
April 3rd 2013:
Program of the Evangelical broadcasting corporation (EO).
Running time: 8 Minutes 43 seconds
De Wereld Draait Door (DWDD), The world keeps on turning.
April 3rd 2013. Interviewer: Matthijs van Nieuwkerk.
The King's Waltz reached the Status GOLD within one day!
Koffietijd (Coffee time).
RTL 4 Morning program of April 4, 2013. The interviewer meets André on the Museum Square in Amsterdam.
April 6th 2013:
Another short video of an emotional André, showing Wilma Nanninga his
preparations for the last Queen's Day
and King's Coronation Day
on April 30th 2013.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
(function (context) {
  "use strict";

  var TheGraph = context.TheGraph;

  TheGraph.config.group = {
    container: {
      className: "group"
    },
    boxRect: {
      ref: "box",
      rx: TheGraph.config.nodeRadius,
      ry: TheGraph.config.nodeRadius
    },
    labelText: {
      ref: "label",
      className: "group-label drag"
    },
    descriptionText: {
      className: "group-description"
    }
  };

  TheGraph.factories.group = {
    createGroupGroup: TheGraph.factories.createGroup,
    createGroupBoxRect: TheGraph.factories.createRect,
    createGroupLabelText: TheGraph.factories.createText,
    createGroupDescriptionText: TheGraph.factories.createText
  };

  // Group view

  TheGraph.Group = React.createFactory( React.createClass({
    displayName: "TheGraphGroup",
    componentDidMount: function () {
      // Move group
      if (this.props.isSelectionGroup) {
        // Drag selection by bg
        this.refs.box.getDOMNode().addEventListener("trackstart", this.onTrackStart);
      } else {
        this.refs.label.getDOMNode().addEventListener("trackstart", this.onTrackStart);
      }

      var domNode = this.getDOMNode();

      // Don't pan under menu
      domNode.addEventListener("trackstart", this.dontPan);

      // Context menu
      if (this.props.showContext) {
        domNode.addEventListener("contextmenu", this.showContext);
        domNode.addEventListener("hold", this.showContext);
      }
    },
    showContext: function (event) {
      // Don't show native context menu
      event.preventDefault();

      // Don't tap graph on hold event
      event.stopPropagation();
      if (event.preventTap) { event.preventTap(); }

      // Get mouse position
      var x = event.x || event.clientX || 0;
      var y = event.y || event.clientY || 0;

      // App.showContext
      this.props.showContext({
        element: this,
        type: (this.props.isSelectionGroup ? "selection" : "group"),
        x: x,
        y: y,
        graph: this.props.graph,
        itemKey: this.props.label,
        item: this.props.item
      });
    },
    getContext: function (menu, options, hide) {
      return TheGraph.Menu({
        menu: menu,
        options: options,
        label: this.props.label,
        triggerHideContext: hide
      });
    },
    dontPan: function (event) {
      // Don't drag under menu
      if (this.props.app.menuShown) {
        event.stopPropagation();
      }
    },
    onTrackStart: function (event) {
      // Don't drag graph
      event.stopPropagation();

      if (this.props.isSelectionGroup) {
        var box = this.refs.box.getDOMNode();
        box.addEventListener("track", this.onTrack);
        box.addEventListener("trackend", this.onTrackEnd);
      } else {
        var label = this.refs.label.getDOMNode();
        label.addEventListener("track", this.onTrack);
        label.addEventListener("trackend", this.onTrackEnd);
      }

      this.props.graph.startTransaction('movegroup');
    },
    onTrack: function (event) {
      // Don't fire on graph
      event.stopPropagation();

      var deltaX = Math.round( event.ddx / this.props.scale );
      var deltaY = Math.round( event.ddy / this.props.scale );

      this.props.triggerMoveGroup(this.props.item.nodes, deltaX, deltaY);
    },
    onTrackEnd: function (event) {
      // Don't fire on graph
      event.stopPropagation();

      // Don't tap graph (deselect)
      event.preventTap();

      // Snap to grid
      this.props.triggerMoveGroup(this.props.item.nodes);

      if (this.props.isSelectionGroup) {
        var box = this.refs.box.getDOMNode();
        box.removeEventListener("track", this.onTrack);
        box.removeEventListener("trackend", this.onTrackEnd);
      } else {
        var label = this.refs.label.getDOMNode();
        label.removeEventListener("track", this.onTrack);
        label.removeEventListener("trackend", this.onTrackEnd);
      }

      this.props.graph.endTransaction('movegroup');
    },
    render: function() {
      var x = this.props.minX - TheGraph.config.nodeWidth / 2;
      var y = this.props.minY - TheGraph.config.nodeHeight / 2;
      var color = (this.props.color ? this.props.color : 0);
      var selection = (this.props.isSelectionGroup ? ' selection drag' : '');
      var boxRectOptions = {
        x: x,
        y: y,
        width: this.props.maxX - x + TheGraph.config.nodeWidth*0.5,
        height: this.props.maxY - y + TheGraph.config.nodeHeight*0.75,
        className: "group-box color"+color + selection
      };
      boxRectOptions = TheGraph.merge(TheGraph.config.group.boxRect, boxRectOptions);
      var boxRect =  TheGraph.factories.group.createGroupBoxRect.call(this, boxRectOptions);

      var labelTextOptions = {
        x: x + TheGraph.config.nodeRadius,
        y: y + 9,
        children: this.props.label
      };
      labelTextOptions = TheGraph.merge(TheGraph.config.group.labelText, labelTextOptions);
      var labelText = TheGraph.factories.group.createGroupLabelText.call(this, labelTextOptions);

      var descriptionTextOptions = {
        x: x + TheGraph.config.nodeRadius,
        y: y + 24,
        children: this.props.description
      };
      descriptionTextOptions = TheGraph.merge(TheGraph.config.group.descriptionText, descriptionTextOptions);
      var descriptionText = TheGraph.factories.group.createGroupDescriptionText.call(this, descriptionTextOptions);

      var groupContents = [
        boxRect,
        labelText,
        descriptionText
      ];

      var containerOptions = TheGraph.merge(TheGraph.config.group.container, {});
      return TheGraph.factories.group.createGroupGroup.call(this, containerOptions, groupContents);

    }
  }));

})(window);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
define([
    "dojo/_base/declare",
    "dojo/_base/lang",
    "dijit/CheckedMenuItem",
    "TreeView/widget/Commons",
    "TreeView/widget/Filters/ExclusiveFilter"
], function(declare, lang, CheckedMenuItem, Commons, ExclusiveFilter) {
    "use strict";

    return declare("TreeView.widget.Filters.EnumFilter", ExclusiveFilter, {

        constructor: function (args, filterManager) {

            this.enumStateMap = {};

            this.anyitem = new CheckedMenuItem({
                label: this.anylabel,
                checked: true,
                onClick: lang.hitch(this, this.itemClick, this.anylabel)
            });
            this.menuItems.push(this.anyitem);

            this.menuItems = this.menuItems.concat( dojo.map(
                Commons.getEnumMap(filterManager.widget.entity, this.filterattr),
                function (enumItem) {

                    var mi = new CheckedMenuItem({
                        label: enumItem.caption,
                        checked: false,
                        onClick: lang.hitch(this, this.itemClick, enumItem.caption)
                    });

                    this.enumStateMap[enumItem.key] = mi;
                    return mi;
                }, this));

            dojo.forEach(this.menuItems, function(item) {
                this.menu.addChild(item);
            }, this);

        },

        getSearchConstraints: function () {
            var res = [];

            for (var key in this.enumStateMap){
                if (this.enumStateMap[key].get("checked") === true){
                    res.push(this.filterattr + " = '" + key + "'");
                }
            }

            return res;
        }
    });
});


Introducing the ''Butler'' floor plan! This new construction home offers 3 bedrooms plus a Bonus room, 2 bathrooms and a large 2 car garage at approximately 1749 heated square feet. Located in a quiet country setting yet only minutes to local bases, schools and shopping! Featuring 30 year architectural shingles, low maintenance vinyl siding, energy efficient heat pump,and professional landscaping. Interior features include designer inspired paint, flooring, lighting, cabinets and counter tops. In addition, you will enjoy 9' smooth ceilings, ceiling fans in the living room and master bedroom, plus stainless steel appliances! Last but not least, you can relax knowing that your builder guarantees everything for the first year! Call today!!!


Do you like waterfalls? In this landscape have a large waterfall in the jungle, we can see the water fall cataract different sites while we jungle behind and in front a small lake. Look at the water fall into this natural waterfall in a river in the jungle. At the top we see the forest trees that reach the very edge of the water. The water falls from lato through the rocks to the lake at the bottom.
Waterfalls are falls to save a drop in this screensaver have a large waterfall, where the water falls over rocks from a river to a lake. Landscapes of tropical jungle with a large waterfall. The rocks are black in contrast to the trees are green. The falling water is white, but the pond bottom is green. It is the typical river water. We see a beautiful landscape with blue sky and white clouds. The central theme of the animation is a waterfall in the middle of the jungle, and is hidden in a forest is so spectacular natural fall of water.. Download the screensaver of waterfall clicking on the button «Download», it's a free service of Gifmania. This screensaver is part of the thematic collection of Waterfalls, because they are organized so that it's easier for you to get here if you are a great fan of Waterfalls, the downloads are free and this screensaver has been downloaded 1361 times, which means that it's very popular. This is a safe product, and it will help you protect your computer because it is completely free and reliable. This screensaver has a rating of 7 by the users that have downloaded it and it's part of our collection from the 2012-09-13 08:09:49, day in which it was included on our data base. We hope you enjoy it and that it helps you protect your Windows operating system computer. This screensaver in English is free, belongs to the category: Waterfalls. It is a software Gifmania so you can trust their quality. Is the version 1.0 of product is available for operating systems Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 98 SE Windows ME Windows 2000 Windows NT Windows 2003 Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows 8 . Animated screensaver waterfall of Waterfalls to download for free and take care of your screen with the screensaver. ✔ Like?
This free screensaver of a waterfall is different from others because it is an animated waterfall. The fine threads of water rippling rock fall slowly to hit the rocks. It is a relaxing screensaver water falling, uncluttered and quiet and soft colors. Water falls easy from above in the form of jets on the rocks. We can see the animated through the trees, because these are natural waterfalls in the forest scene. Is a place where water flows over a vertical drop in the course of a stream or river.


Get Tile Rider for FREE! Microsoft is giving away copies of the the adventure game Tile Rider, claim your game now! You only have 2 week.
Game Description: Tile Rider is a single-player game where you control a small car, which is equipped with a weapon and a magnet gadget. Navigate each level of the virtual world from start to finish solving puzzles and outsmarting enemies.
Minimum System Requirements: Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile, Windows Phone 8.1, Windows Phone 8.


"A warm welcome to Star Model Agency. We understand that everybody is different and each designer's tastes will be different when looking for a model for their collection. We listen to our clients and tailor our books and catalogue of models to their specific needs.
We meet all potential models in a relaxed and calm environment and take time to get to know them, understand their goals and take test shots to review their potential and suitability for our clients.
Our team are fully trained and attend regular training courses to keep up to date with trends, techniques and styles. We welcome all new clients and are confident our catalogue of models will suit their vision every time.
We look forward to meeting new models and clients 7 days a week."
This area is fully editable and can be used to display testimonials from your customers speaking of their experience with your services or products. This area is fully editable and can be used to display testimonials from your customers speaking of their experience with your services or products.
"Add your client or model's testimonial here"


text:
Linux binaries as portable executables: a proposal for hypervisor-mediated Linux syscall reimplementation on macOS
The Linux kernel is well-known for its syscall ABI stability, which means that the semantics of the kernel system-call interface don't change between releases (apart from non-breaking bug fixes, and the addition of new features). This feature of Linux is so well established that several alternative implementations of the Linux system-call interface exist. Perhaps the most well-known one is FreeBSD's Linuxolator, through which FreeBSD provides a kernel module, linux.ko, which includes a Linux system-call interface implementation. Linux binaries running on FreeBSD are configured to use the Linux syscall interface, rather than the standard FreeBSD one, by changing a pointer in the (kernel level) process structure. On Windows, the Windows Subsystem for Linux also works by trapping system calls and translating them to appropriate Windows NT system calls.
This method, particularly FreeBSD's implementation, is a very integration-friendly way of running Linux binaries: the binary has immediate and direct access to the host file system and network, can start host-native binaries using fork and exec, and so on -- modulo bugs in the implementation, a Linux binary should be behaviourally indistinguishable from a native binary.
By contrast, the typical way to run Linux binaries on a Mac is to use a virtual machine -- use CPU virtualisation features to boot the Linux kernel in its own isolated space, and then run binaries as normal. This has the advantage of compatibility, because you're running real Linux, but it means that the Linux process is rather isolated from the rest of the machine: in particular, it will typically have its own filesystem and network interface, and it runs in its own "world", unable to launch host-native binaries or interact meaningfully with the host system in other ways (indeed, this isolation is a key feature of virtual machines). Even Docker for Mac uses a virtual machine, presumably so that it can be compatible with the many thousands of Dockerfiles and Docker images which assume that they are running on a complete Linux system.
As a POSIX-compatible system (and indeed as a 4.4BSD and FreeBSD derivative), macOS provides very similar core functionality to Linux, so it should be possible to provide a Linux system-call reimplementation which runs natively on macOS. Such a system would provide FreeBSD-like Linuxolator functionality for macOS.
Nonetheless, the virtual-machine approach has its advantages. The narrowness of the the interface provided by a virtual machine monitor means that neat tricks, such as task snapshotting, suspension, and network transparency become possible. The isolation provided by a VM makes it is easy to control things like file visibility, and memory and other resource usage. Finally, the host-specific portion can be relatively generic, relying on POSIX functionality and a host-specific hypervisor interface, rather than hooking directly into the host's system-call implementation, which would allow for portability.
I therefore propose a hybrid implementation: a simple Linux-syscall-compatible unikernel, running in a hypervisor, which communicates with the host to perform network and file operations (using hypercalls). Ideally, the bulk of the syscall complexity can be kept to the unikernel layer. The unikernel would be designed to minimise hypercalls, to improve overall system speed: as just one (classic) example, the frequently-used gettimeofday syscall can be implemented entirely inside the virtual machine. The complete system would look like this:
Possible use case: Linux binaries as future-proofed, fixed-interface artefacts
Linus Torvalds is often quoted as saying "We do not break userspace" (though if you click that be warned that he expresses it in classic Linus style, i.e. by ripping into someone). As discussed above, this means that the semantics of the kernel ABI, as defined by the system-call interface, shouldn't change between versions.
This is an important rule for Linux, because the kernel developers do not co-ordinate kernel releases with user-level code -- even fairly low-level code such as the C library. This is in contrast with other systems, such as FreeBSD and macOS, where new kernel releases are tightly co-ordinated with associated user-space changes. However, Linux's ABI stability has other advantages beyond allowing the kernel developers not to get involved in user-space code: it makes it easy, for example, to implement alternative low-level interfaces to the kernel, as can be seen in the variety of libc implementations supporting Linux, or indeed to bypass a low-level interface and communicate directly with the kernel, as the Go programming language does when targeting Linux. And, on the other side, as discussed above, it means that alternative implementations of the Linux syscall interface do not require continuous changes as new versions of Linux are released.
There are several classes of program which are difficult to get running on macOS, relatively stable (in that they do not require continuous updates), and which benefit from tight system integration. Commercial tools provided in binary-only formats (such as those required for working with FPGAs or for designing electronic circuit boards) are one example. Another is compilers such as the GNU Compiler Collection: GCC is notoriously difficult to compile for macOS, and typically benefits from direct access to the host filesystem such that running it in a fully-fledged virtual machine is rather painful.
For these sorts of tools, the approach described above seems appropriate: the binary would ship with the Linux-specific libraries it requires, but would otherwise run as a native application, with direct access to the host's filesystem and direct ability both to run host-native binaries, and to have host-native binaries invoke the binary (for example, one could imagine a macOS-native build system which runs a Linux-native C compiler).
WSL2: Microsoft recently replaced WSL with WSL2. WSL2 abandons system-call emulation in favour of virtualisation: unlike the original WSL, WSL2 runs a complete Linux kernel in a virtual machine, behaving rather similarly to Docker on macOS. The stated reasons for the change are to improve filesystem performance and to provide better system-call compatibility. I should investigate whether these issues will also be a problem on macOS. It's worth nothing that Windows has significantly different filesystem semantics than Linux, and the kernel lacks efficient implementations for system calls like fork(): in other words, it may be that the NT kernel is dissimilar from Linux in ways that the macOS kernel is not.
Noah is a very similar project: it provides a hypervisor which traps Linux system calls and translates them to macOS native calls. It differs from this proposal in a couple of ways: firstly, the system-call emulation runs on the macOS side of the hypervisor, which limits the amount of optimisation that can be done before making hypercalls; more significantly, Noah downloads an entire Linux distribution and runs Linux binaries in a separate "Linux world", with relatively-little synergy with the rest of macOS, rather like a traditional virtual machine.


text:
Ch 2: Signals and Systems
Simple Systems
Systems manipulate signals, creating output signals derived from their inputs. Why the following are categorized as "simple" will only become evident towards the end of the course.
Sources produce signals without having input. We like to think of these as having controllable parameters, like amplitude and frequency. Examples would be oscillators that produce periodic signals like sinusoids and square waves and noise generators that yield signals with erratic waveforms (more about noise subsequently). Simply writing an expression for the signals they produce specifies sources. A sine wave generator might be specified by
, which says that the source was turned on at
to produce a sinusoid of amplitude
and frequency
An amplifier multiplies its input by a constant known as the amplifier gain.
Figure 1. An amplifier.
The gain can be positive or negative (if negative, we would say that the amplifier inverts its input) and its magnitude can be greater than one or less than one. If less than one, the amplifier actually attenuates. A real-world example of an amplifier is your home stereo. You control the gain by turning the volume control.
A system serves as a time delay when the output signal equals the input signal at an earlier time.
Figure 2. A delay.
is the delay. The way to understand this system is to focus on the time origin: The output at time
equals the input at time
. Thus, if the delay is positive, the output emerges later than the input, and plotting the output amounts to shifting the input plot to the right. The delay can be negative, in which case we say the system advances its input. Such systems are difficult to build (they would have to produce signal values derived from what the input will be), but we will have occasion to advance signals in time.
Time Reversal
Here, the output signal equals the input signal flipped about the time origin.
Figure 3. A time reversal system.
Again, such systems are difficult to build, but the notion of time reversal occurs frequently in communications systems.
Mentioned earlier was the issue of whether the ordering of systems mattered. In other words, if we have two systems in cascade, does the output depend on which comes first? Determine if the ordering matters for the cascade of an amplifier and a delay and for the cascade of a time-reversal system and a delay.
In the first case, order does not matter; in the second it does. "Delay" means
. "Time-reverse" means
, and the way we apply the gain and delay the signal gives the same result.
Case 2 Time-reverse then delay:
. Delay then time-reverse:
Derivative Systems and Integrators
Systems that perform calculus-like operations on their inputs can produce waveforms significantly different than present in the input. Derivative systems operate in a straightforward way: A first-derivative system would have the input-output relationship
. Integral systems have the complication that the integral's limits must be defined. It is a signal theory convention that the elementary integral operation have a lower limit of
, and that the value of all signals at
equals zero. A simple integrator would have input-output relation
Linear systems are a class of systems rather than having a specific input-output relation. Linear systems form the foundation of system theory, and are the most important class of systems in communications. They have the property that when the input is expressed as a weighted sum of component signals, the output equals the same weighted sum of the outputs produced by each component. When S(·)S ·
is linear,
for all choices of signals and gains.
This general input-output relation property can be manipulated to indicate specific properties shared by all linear systems.
The colloquialism summarizing this property is "Double the input, you double the output." Note that this property is consistent with alternate ways of expressing gain changes: Since also equals , the linear system definition provides the same output no matter which of these is used to express a given signal.
If the input is identically zero for all time, the output of a linear system must be zero. This property follows from the simple derivation .
Just why linear systems are so important is related not only to their properties, which are divulged throughout this course, but also because they lend themselves to relatively simple mathematical analysis. Said another way, "They're the only systems we thoroughly understand!"
We can find the output of any linear system to a complicated input by decomposing the input into simple signals. The equation above says that when a system is linear, its output to a decomposed input is the sum of outputs to each input. For example, if
the output
of any linear system equals
Time-Invariant Systems
Systems that don't change their input-output relation with time are said to be time-invariant. The mathematical way of stating this property is to use the signal delay concept described in Simple Systems.
If you delay (or advance) the input, the output is similarly delayed (advanced). Thus, a time-invariant system responds to an input you may supply tomorrow the same way it responds to the same input applied today; today's output is merely delayed to occur tomorrow.
The collection of linear, time-invariant systems are the most thoroughly understood systems. Much of the signal processing and system theory discussed here concentrates on such systems. For example, electric circuits are, for the most part, linear and time-invariant. Nonlinear ones abound, but characterizing them so that you can predict their behavior for any input remains an unsolved problem.
Input-Output Relation
Time-Invariant
Linear, Time-Invariant Table


text:
Q: How do windows resource files work? I want to embed image files in my windows executable. The easiest way I have found is to use windows resource files.
I generated resource.rc and resource.h using visual studio. Next step is to call these resources in my source code. What exactly is happening behind the hood with resource files?
Opening the .rc file in a text editor shows me the resource name and a path to the actual image file. Opening the resources in visual studio shows huge character arrays.
Where are those character arrays being stored? And when are they being generated?

A: The secret is very simple.  It is based on the way information is stored in object files (like COFF) and
 PE files (exe and dll).  These files have sections for storing data - which includes binary data like images and sound files.  Resource files take advantage of this.  When your resource compiler compiles your resource file, it simply stores the binary files (images, sound, icons, movies, animation,etc) and the other data (such as menus, dialog boxes, accelerators, string table) in the compiled resource file and pass this file to the linker.  The linker then chooses the appropriate section to place it in the output file.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Written to the wonderworking icon of the same name, this Akathist is an appeal to the Mother of God for help and healing for those addicted to alcohol or drugs, and is to be sung either by or for those who are thus addicted. Many miraculous healings have occurred in Russia through the grace of this holy icon. This colorful booklet has two full-color icons.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xhtml;charset=UTF-8"/>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=9"/>
<meta name="generator" content="Doxygen 1.8.12"/>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/>
<title>BeyondHooperville: Class Members</title>
<link href="tabs.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>

<link href="search/search.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>

<link href="doxygen.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

BeyondHooperville

A Village Ecodynamics Project simulation

Here is a list of all documented class members with links to the class documentation for each member:

- c -

c_COST
: com.mesaverde.groups.Constants

CA_ENABLE
: com.mesaverde.village.Village

calcBenefit()
: com.mesaverde.groups.BeyondHooperAgent
, com.mesaverde.groups.BeyondHooperGame

calcPublicGameResult()
: com.mesaverde.groups.BeyondHooperAgent

calculateFightDeathCount()
: com.mesaverde.groups.BeyondFight

calculateLanchestersLaw()
: com.mesaverde.groups.BeyondFight

CALDAY
: com.mesaverde.groups.Constants

callInDebts()
: com.mesaverde.exchange.RBRNExchangeNetwork

CARRY_CAPACITY
: com.mesaverde.village.Village

CHANGE_RATE
: com.mesaverde.groups.Constants

cleanDomSubGroups()
: com.mesaverde.groups.BeyondHooperMaster

clearInformation()
: com.mesaverde.exchange.ExchangeNetwork

cm_MONITOR_COST
: com.mesaverde.groups.Constants

collectWood()
: com.mesaverde.village.Agent

Constraints()
: com.mesaverde.specialization.Constraints

COOP
: com.mesaverde.village.Village

COOP_ATTEMPTS
: com.mesaverde.village.Village

COOP_LEARNING
: com.mesaverde.village.Village

COOP_RATE
: com.mesaverde.village.Village

createAgent()
: com.mesaverde.village.Utilities

createEnd()
: com.mesaverde.village.Cell

createTradePartner()
: com.mesaverde.exchange.RBRNExchangeNetwork

CRITICAL
: com.mesaverde.village.Village

cs_SANCTION_COST
: com.mesaverde.groups.Constants

cs_Sanction_Dist
: com.mesaverde.groups.Constants

cs_TAX_SANCTION_COST
: com.mesaverde.groups.Constants

<address class="footer">
Generated by

 1.8.12
</address>


text:
Chester Gregory - In Search of High Love
Click on CD cover
to listen or purchase
http://cdbaby.com/cd/cgregory/from/crizik
A Broadway baby with several esteemed theater credits, Tarzan's Chester Gregory swings into the indie soul scene with an impressive debut, In Search of High Love. Gregory offers listeners a solid set of smooth R&B and contemporary soul grooves with more than a few standout tracks. While there are the usual handful of quizzical choices that characterizes many indie debuts, Gregory has crafted an LP with enough attitude and modernity to beat that whispered curse plaguing many a divo who have-like their more successful sisters-tried to make the storied transition from Broadway to soul.
The list of black Broadway divas who have efficiently made the transition to commercial recording stars is as long as my arm. The men? Not so much. Gregory Hines (Jelly's Last Jam, The Tap Dance Kid), Hinton Battle (The Wiz, Sophisticated Ladies, Miss Saigon), Ralph Carter (Raisin) and most recently Gavin Gregory (The Color Purple, The Lion King), are all just a handful of male Broadway stars who have tried unsuccessfully to make the transition from the stage to commercial stardom. Hines came close with the number #1 R&B hit "There's Nothing Better Than Love" with his legendary duet partner, Luther Vandross. Sadly, Hines's self-titled 1987 debut suffered the same fate as the 1986 debut from his dancing partner in Sophisticated Ladies, the three-time Tony Award winning Hinton Battle. Battle's Untapped didn't garner the extraordinary tap dancer the praise that Carl Anderson (Jesus Christ Superstar) would receive for his hit duet with Gloria Loring, "Friends and Lovers," a solitary hit following-and by-a string of critical successes and commercial flops. Good Times sitcom star and Broadway child star Ralph Carter caused a little pandemonium on the dance floor with "Extra, Extra" and "Young and In Love" during the disco craze, but couldn't parlay those minor hits into a successful recording career. I won't go into Gavin Gregory's self-titled independent debut, as my mom is a reader and would rebuke my tongue in the name of Jesus. In any case, it is against this daunting backdrop of tragic history that Chester Gregory (Tarzan, Cry Baby, Shrek: The Musical) daringly throws his hat into the mix in hopes of securing the higher love of audience praise.
If Gregory does fall prey to the "Soul Curse of the Black Broadway Brothers," it won't be because he hasn't studiously avoided those victims' project pitfalls. With few exceptions, the music of the listed stars of stage historically has been an uninspiring mix of middle of the road soul pop with some jazz inflections thrown in for good measure. Always there was a song or two done with a nod to the hot producer or trend of the moment, usually with disastrous results for the clueless albeit talented singer. When listening to these projects, one got the nagging sense that somebody was in the studio telling the star in the booth to rein in all that belting and diction, to be "more...you know...street." Only, there was very little street about these brothers next door (with the possible exception of Hines, who managed a gritty everyman status throughout his brilliant life and career), so it all felt false.
Chester Gregory's largely self-penned album works because it mostly feels like an authentic introduction to Gregory as an artist and a man. This is not a group of songs pulled together by an A&R guy crafting the Chester Gregory image. It also helps that these squarely urban contemporary songs are similar enough in tone and feel to lend the project a thematic cohesiveness, rather than an eclectic jumble of poll-tested tunes each chosen for their appeal to a different market or demographic. What you hear is completely Chester Gregory, both good and bad.
When In Search of High Love is good, it's very good. "Dreamin," "If U Only" and the interlude "Rainy Day" are all sophisticated, horn-tinged ballads in line with the sweeter smooth soul hits of the late 90s. The sample of Kenny Loggins' "This Is It" on the uptempo, radio-ready "Say Its Over" is both smart and surprising. So is the interpolation of Angela Bofill's "Under The Moon and Over The Stars" on the cool groove, "Universe 4 U." Gregory's synthy club groove, "Higher and Higher (Revisited)," is a jazzy house delight in the spirit of Sylvester and newcomer Phillip Anthony. Both "Search In" and "On (plus) On" have fantastic hooks and-like most of this catchy LP-a Jaguar sheen.
When In Search of High Love is bad, it's less bad than suffering from head-scratching moments and artistic decisions. Though I appreciate Gregory's choice to cover the rarely sung the Flamingos' hit "I Only Have Eyes For You" (here titled: I Only Have Eyes 4 U), the constant riffs and modulations ultimately detract from the song's original otherworldly simplicity. There are other moments on In Search of High Love-ones more hair-raising than awe-inspiring-when Gregory's transitions from his pleasing natural tenor to his false and in some of his runs where Gregory comes dangerously close to being out of tune. The fact that his wavering pitch (at least in these instances) manages to technically stay "tuneful" fails to make those moments any less disturbing. Culprits like "Move On" also seem to lack direction and drive in their composition and vocal arrangement.
My biggest gripe comes through the implied title track. On "High Love," Gregory follows another long tradition, one of male singers whose hip hop sensibilities derail material that has all the makings of a classic in its feel, production and composition (think: Jagged Edge "We ain't gettin' no younger babe; we might as well do this" from "Let's Get Married" or Jaheim's hook on "Beauty and the Thug"). In Gregory's case the lyric goes: "don't wanna roll no trees baby/only thing I wanna smoke is you/we'll get drunk off each other baby/we'll get high on love." Maybe I have to be a weed smoker-or rather a weed addict-to get the comparative "romance" of "Just Say No" as an act akin to spending time loving my boo. Since I'm not, I just think "High Love" is silly at worse and a novelty record at best-a grossly missed opportunity.
Despite these pointed concerns, I actually like enough of Gregory's debut to recommend it. There are plenty enough good songs, intelligently executed, to keep the parts you'll skip from becoming too annoying. I recommended it in my column soon after its release, debut "Say It's Over" for a worldwide audience on my indie soul segment on the Dave Brown Radio Show on Sky Network/SolarRadio.com, and have gladly lent it a rather ecstatic blurb. I believe Gregory definitely does enough "right" here to keep his distance from that sinister Broadway curse. Indeed, a fruitful life outside of the stage does await this singer and it's on your MP3 player. Recommended.
-L. Michael Gipson


This 8-week hockey skills summer advanced program/clinic for Bantam hockey players. Max HD offers the best on-ice hockey training, instruction and development for athletes. These programs require players to focus 100% on becoming a better hockey player.
Also, check out our entire Summer Program and Sign Up Today!


Our Body Lotion is super light feeling but highly moisturizing. Skin soothing ingredients include chamomile, aloe vera and comfrey. Skin hydrators include glycerin, shea butter and Vitamin E. Sized to fly in 3 oz packaging.


text:
Q: Python error 'str' object has no attribute 'choice' So, I have this code:
import random, string, os, time
a = 0
random = ''
def calcular():
    global random
    random = ''.join([random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for n in xrange(4)])
    print random
while a<1:
    calcular()
    a=a+1
    pass
print time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')
os.system('pause')

But I'm getting an
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'choice'

What's the problem?

A: You are overwriting the module named random with a string with the same variable name. Best don't use another name for your string.
import random, string, time

def calcular():
    letters = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for n in xrange(4))
    print letters

a = 0
while a<1:
    calcular()
    a += 1
print time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')

A: Both module and string are named random and random = '' is defined later, so when you do random.choice you are trying to call choice method on string object rather than random module.
Solution would be to rename your string to something else.


1957: A teenage boy gets a polio vaccine shot while a group of children looks on.
At least 103 million cases of childhood disease have been prevented by vaccines since 1924, according to a new survey tracking reports of 56 diseases back to 1888.
Within five years of introducing the measles vaccine, 95 percent of cases were prevented. Some diseases have seen recent resurgences as parents delay or skip immunizations for their children; the worst whooping cough outbreak since 1959 occurred in 2012.


Crash's Landing has helped hundreds of cats find loving homes.
Each cat has a unique personality and unique needs.
Every Friday on 100.5 The River is "Purrrfect Friday," where we feature a cat from Crash's Landing that needs a home. This week, we're spotlighting Gertie.
Gertie was born in April of 2004.
One look at her and you can see that she draws attention.
And it's attention that she wants.
Gertie loves to be the center of attention. She likes to sleep on the bed and she'll tap your leg and talk to you when she wants your attention.
She likes attention so much, that it's best for her to go to a quiet, single cat home where she can get that attention.
Can't adopt, but still want to help? Learn how to sponsor a cat at Crash's Landing!


Welcome to my world as seen through my eyes.
My oil paintings are the way I interpret the world around me and I would like to share my experiences with you. Most of my paintings are from my home in Southwest Colorado where I am surrounded by the majestic ranges of the Rocky Mountains.


Would you believe that Don King likes the limelight more than he does money? Maybe not, but Phil Berger of the New York Times tells an intriguing story about HBO's welterweight series, which is scheduled to start April 16 in Las Vegas.
It seems that Lawrence Gordon, producer of the Nick Nolte-Eddie Murphy film "48 Hours," is a fight fan who had a role in helping HBO close a deal with King on the series.
One of the fights matches Rodolfo Aguilar against World Boxing Assn. lightweight champion Julio Cesar Chavez, who is moving up to welterweight. Chavez is promoted by King, who was balking at HBO's proposed price.
Berger quotes Seth Abraham of HBO as saying: "Money was a stumbling block, so I asked Gordon if he would offer King a role in an upcoming movie of his. Gordon said OK, so I offered Don King a role in Gordon's next movie."
Berger: "With the lure of a role, King came down from his seven-figure price and agreed to a six-figure sum for the fight."
After the White House reception for the Washington Redskins, Dave Butz told Tom Friend of the Washington Post that President Reagan even spoke with his son, Dave II, age 9.
Butz: "He told Dave he used to play right guard, and he asked Dave, 'What do you play?' Little Dave said he played, 'Son.' "
Idle Thought: Wonder if any of those who compared Doug Williams' start in the Super Bowl to Jackie Robinson's breakthrough in baseball know that Robinson was a pretty good passer himself.
In 1940, as a halfback at UCLA, he led the Bruins in passing. The leader the previous three years was Kenny Washington, also black. In 1937, when UCLA lost to USC, 19-13, Washington threw a 73-yard touchdown pass to Hal Hirshon. The ball traveled 62 yards in the air, a collegiate record.
Doc Rivers of the Atlanta Hawks said he isn't worried about how to handle himself in his first All-Star game, because he has teammate Dominique Wilkins along to show him the ropes.
"He'll be there to advise me," Rivers said. "He'll advise me to pass it to him on the break, advise me to pass it to him on set plays . . . "
Sean Elliott of No. 1 Arizona, on play-making guard Steve Kerr: "He's like having a coach on the floor, except he has more natural ability than Lute Olson."
Add Arizona: The radio announcer on Wildcat games is Ray Scott, one-time voice of the Green Bay Packers. This is his 51st year of broadcasting.
In response to a question, he said the best play-by-play announcer these days is Al Michaels.
"No contest," he said. "Howard Cosell."
Dave Butz of the Washington Redskins, addressing fans at a Super Bowl celebration in Washington: "We came, we saw, we kicked their butts."


I was returning home on Interstate 70 recently when I exited north on Keystone Avenue. This exit is important as it is the marked exit for the Indiana State Fairgrounds. I am guessing it receives disproportionate out-of-town traffic in the form of visitors to the fairgrounds, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Keystone Avenue, etc. It is a main east gateway to Indianapolis and a place where a good first impression would come in handy.
Unfortunately, it's not that. This particular exit, through some unintended consequence of freeway design, has become a repository for discarded plastic bags. They seem to be everywhere on this corner. The otherwise pleasant trees to the north serve as a kind of wind gate for all the plastic bags from downtown, or somewhere. This time of year, the weeds and bushes provide a small measure of cover, but in the winter the trees resemble garbage-dump fencing.
The problem is not isolated. A few years back, the city attempted to spruce up central 38th Street by planting rose bushes along the north and south sides. It was great, except for the fact that roses have thorns. Thorns are particularly good at capturing plastic bags. Before long, the rose bushes were entangled and, in frustration, the city removed every one.
I think we can all agree this is not the best way to show off Indianapolis to visitors. So what might we do? We could follow the city's lead and rip out any pesky bag-catching bushes or trees. Or, perhaps we could get INDOT to build 30-foot walls around the exit and up the corridor like it is proposing to do all over downtown.
There are lots of expensive and indirect methods to address plastic-bag problems. Unfortunately, we have to resort to expensive and indirect because the easy solutions are illegal in Indiana. That's right, illegal.
In 2016, state Rep. Ron Bacon of Evansville authored a bill that outlaws local government's authority to ban, tax or otherwise restrict the use of plastic bags by retailers. The bill passed both the House and Senate and was signed into law by then-Gov. Mike Pence.
Seriously, protections for plastic bags. How does this happen? If there were ever an issue that called for local control, it was this one. If Little Town A loves plastic bags and likes them blowing all over the place, more power to it. If, on the other hand, Little Town B doesn't like plastic bags stuck in its rose bushes, it can tax them and pay someone to pick them up.
This is how democracy is supposed to work. Local control allows governments to be the laboratory where ideas are conceived and experiments are tested. This is Ronald Reagan's New Federalism applied to cities. Reagan's "devolution revolution" is a really powerful idea. Unfortunately, the Indiana Legislature doesn't buy it.
In fact, it's not just plastic bags. The Legislature has developed a disturbing appetite for restricting all kinds of local-government actions. In recent years, lawmakers have restricted local control on everything from vacation rentals to cell towers.


text:
Владислав I може да се односи на:
 Владислав I Херман, кнез Пољске
 Владислав I Кратки, краљ Пољске
 Владислав I Влашки
 Владислав I Јагелонац
 Владислав I Пшемисл
 Стефан Владислав

Види још
 Ладислав I

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Conditions of the respiratory system can impact your quality of life just as much as your health. At Valley's Pulmonary Center of Excellence, our pulmonary program offers state-of-the-art diagnostic services, treatments and support programs that can help you breathe — and live — better.
We're proud to offer a truly comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to pulmonary care. Patients benefit from the personalized attention and support of our care coordinator, who takes the time to address their individual needs. And our team partners with other specialists across Valley Health System — like those in sleep medicine, lung cancer and other areas — to make sure patients receive the full spectrum of care for their condition.
Specializing in the evaluation and treatment of patients with allergic and immune-related respiratory diseases.
Valley's PFT lab conducts noninvasive tests to measure lung function.
Helping patients with COPD effectively manage their condition and avoid hospital admissions.
A 12-week program for patients with asthma, COPD, emphysema and other respiratory conditions.
Our specialized program can help free you from smoking.


It is little surprise, therefore, that when it comes to potential England stars at UEFA Women's Euro 2017, White is giving plenty of backing to her old colleague.
But while White takes on a supporting brief, the Manchester City centre back will be leading her team in the Netherlands for the first time in this competition.
England get their competition underway against Auld Enemy Scotland on Wednesday, desperate to avoid a repeat of their group stage failure from four years ago.
Houghton was part of that group when still in the infancy of her international career but, with a captain's armband now part of her armoury, White is backing the 29-year-old to stand up and be counted by her country more than ever.
"Steph is a young captain, I remember getting it a young age too and there are players with more caps, but she's got that commanding presence on the field," she said, speaking at the launch of The FA Girls' Football Week - Euro Celebrations.
"She's down to Earth and approachable off the field, has a good knowledge of the game and the assets in her game are fantastic, she's a defender first and foremost but an excellent goalscorer too.
"I played with her at Arsenal and when she was young with England, but I would love to play with her now as my centre back partner.
"I wish I was a few years younger, she has been an integral part of the recent success, she's been very consistent with her performances and the captaincy is in solid hands - she'll do a great job."
No fewer than ten players begin the tournament in their 30s, while Casey Stoney has also previously been in charge of the team. But that doesn't mean the competition won't come without its challenges for Houghton.
Yet White - a player often considered in similar ilk as the current captain - feels her mentee is up to a task she hopes can be filled with enjoyment as well as work.
"Getting the captaincy young is a massive boost, a great honour, but you're learning as you go along and you have to be willing to open up your mindset and learn how to cope with new things," added White, who is helping support the FA's Gameplan for Growth pledge to double the number of girls and women playing football by 2020, Girls' Football Week - Euro Celebrations. There are currently over 168 partners across the country set to deliver these sessions, with The FA welcoming more to sign up in the coming weeks.
"There are other experienced players in the squad, they will be there to give her advice if she needs it, but most importantly just there to work with her.
"I loved it, it improved my performances and gave me that extra bit of responsibility. It was certainly a privilege.
"Every captain wants to perform on the field. There will be a lot of duties and responsibilities off it, but it's important to do well when you're playing and balance your time.
"She'll have downtime where she can switch off and relax, it will be important to make the most of that - particularly with a long competition."


Mark Kistler's Draw Squad, 3-D drawing instruction through cartooning. 20+ minutes per day, two to four days weekly, one or more quarters per year.
This series is based on the 3-D drawing techniques taught in Drawing Textbook. Mark Kistler was Bruce McIntyre's star student who went on to develop his "art attack" art series. In a multi-step lesson, Kistler guides the student through development of a drawing practice frame that the student will fill to bursting with a story or event done in art only. The student draws right in this worktext, so each student will need his own book. Kistler teaches a lot of art technique in the stories, notes and instruction wrapped around each drawing practice frame, so it is very important that the student read through the lesson.
Twenty minutes or more at a time, two to five days weekly. Enjoy these lessons more than teach them!


text:
Виссарион Сарай (ок. 1714 — не раньше 1744) — сербский иеромонах, православный миссионер, прославлен в лике преподобномучеников. Был вдохновителем антиуниатского восстания в Трансильвании в 1744-1746 гг..

Биография

Ранние годы
Виссарион родился в 1714 году в деревне Майдан в Боснии, в крещении принял имя Николай. Его родителей звали Максим и Мария, и они вскоре после рождения сына они переехали в Костайницу, находящуюся на территории современной Хорватии.

В возрасте 17-18 лет Виссарион уехал в Святую землю и принял монашеский постриг в Свято-Савинском монастыре близ Иерусалима с именем Виссарион. Румынские церковные историки утверждают, что постриг Виссарион принимал от патриарха Иерусалимского . Вернувшись со Святой земли, Виссарион какое-то время провёл в монастырях на Афоне, а затем поселился в монастыре Пакра в Славонии, где принял рукоположение во диаконы. Там он служил около семи лет иеродиаконом, и затем принял сан иеромонаха. Некоторое время после этого он жил в пещере как отшельник, пока не решил посетить Святую землю во второй раз.

Служение в Трансильвании
В то время православные румыны и сербы, жившие на территории Австрийской империи, испытывали давление со стороны государственных властей и Католической Церкви. В правление Марии Терезии в Трансильвании активно насаждалось униатство, в то время как епархия Православной Церкви была распущена.

В связи с этим, по приказу сербского митрополита Арсения IV (1741-1748 гг.), св. Виссарион был направлен в Трансильванию 1 января 1742 года для поддержки православных румын в борьбе с униатством и проповеди среди румын, принявших унию. Св. Виссарион к тому времени уже знал румынский язык, в связи с чем существует предположение о его румынском происхождении.

Прмч. Виссарион принимает это послушание и практически сразу отправляется на миссию. Первым местом, где он остановился был монастырь Ходог-Бодрог около города Липова, где его проповедь против унии с католиками имела большой успех. На холме близ города св. Виссарион устанавливает деревянный крест, который сохранился до наших дней и является местной святыней. Вскоре после установки креста под ним появился родниковый источник, который местные жители называют «Святым источником» из-за того, что родниковая вода имеет необычные терапевтические свойства. Около креста и источника построена православная церковь «Успения Пресвятой Богородицы». После мученической смерти св. Виссариона, установленный им крест становится местом паломничества православных румын, несмотря на официальный запрет австрийской власти.

В течение двух лет до ареста в 1744 г. св. Виссарион помимо Липова проходит практически через все сёла и небольшие города Сибиу, проповедуя православную веру и неприятие унии с римо-католиками. В силу простоты речи и личного примера святой жизни его проповеди всё больше и больше встречаются населением с любовью и восторженностью. Прибытие иеромонаха в деревни и малые города практически всегда сопровождалось торжественными крестными ходами и колокольным звоном местных церквей. Монах посещает и возвращает в православие население , проходит через Деву, Орэштие, Себеш, Мьеркуря-Сибиулуй и Сэлиште, не прекращая свою проповедь.

В итоге миссионерская деятельность св. Виссариона сорвала распространение униатства в Трансильвании и расстроила планы Римской Церкви и австрийских властей по обращению православных румын в католичество.

Смерть
Святой Виссарион был арестован австрийскими властями в апреле 1744 года во время проповеди в Сибиу. Местный грекокатолический  писал к австрийским властям с указанием, что насильственные средства против св. Виссариона недопустимы, однако вскоре он был отправлен на покой в Вену и не смог повлиять на ход следствия.

Претерпевая мучения, святой прошел тюрьмы Сибиу, Алба-Юлии, Девы, Хунедоара, Тимишоара, Осиека и Рааба, пока не попал в тюрьму Куфштайн в Тирольских горах, одну из самых строгих тюрем Австрии. Историки склоняются к тому, что именно там святой умер под пытками, не отрекшись от православной веры.

Смерть св. Виссариона не остановила начавшееся массовое возвращение румын-униатов в православие, в чем состояла и заслуга преподобномученика. Так, в 1744-1746 гг. вспыхнуло антиуниатское восстание, и уже в 1759 г., после восстановление епархии Сербской Православной Церкви, больше половины униатских приходов перешли в юрисдикцию Православной Церкви.

Прославление
Почитание святого Виссариона православными верующими началось сразу после его мученической смерти и продолжалось около 200 лет, пока не состоялась официальная канонизация святого. 28 февраля 1950 года  Румынской Православной Церкви причислил его к лику святых и внес имя преподобномученика в календарь, а 14 июня 1962 года примеру последовала Сербская Православная Церковь.

Примечания

Святые Румынии
Святые Сербии
Православные святые
Православные мученики
Святые по алфавиту
Умершие в Куфштайне
Христианские святые XVIII века
Иеромонахи
Православные миссионеры
Родившиеся в XVIII веке
Умершие в XVIII веке


Fly to George Town, Bahamas, with United Airlines from over 200 airports within the United States and an additional 100 airports internationally.
Explore the protected Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park, some of the best-preserved reef in the world.
Ferry to Stocking Island, a five-mile stretch of beach and snorkeling locations.
Browse the markets which sell local art, goods and foods. Exuma Market and Straw Market are popular options.
Relax, sunbathe or swim on the many beaches, including Three Sisters Beach and Jolly Hall Beach.
Winter is the best time for mild weather, so the islands can get crowded during that time. Late winter and early spring are busy times for events in George Town, including the George Town Cruising Regatta. The event brings yachts from all over the world. The Bahamian Music and Heritage Festival also takes place in March.