1 Area 442.60 (sq km) 201 Area compares the sum of all land and water areas delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines.
2 Population 95,882 Population 197 July 2018 est. Population compares estimates from the US Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions about future trends.
4 Population growth rate 1.2 (%) 91 2018 est. Population growth rate compares the average annual percent change in populations, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative.
5 Birth rate 15.6 (births/1,000 population) 115 2018 est. Birth rate compares the average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 persons in the population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate.
6 Death rate 5.8 (deaths/1,000 population) 172 2018 est. Death rate compares the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate.
7 Net migration rate 2.2 (migrant(s)/1,000 population) 42 2017 est. Net migration rate compares the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population).
8 Infant mortality rate 11.7 (deaths/1,000 live births) 119 2018 est. Infant mortality rate compares the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country.
9 Life expectancy at birth 76.9 (years) 82 2018 est. Life expectancy at birth compares the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages.
10 Total fertility rate 1.99 (children born/woman) 119 2018 est. Total fertility rate (TFR) compares figures for the average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. TFR is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the crude birth rate, since it refers to births per woman.
11 Health expenditures 5.5 (% of GDP) 124 2014 Health expenditures provides the total expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP. Health expenditures are broadly defined as activities performed either by institutions or individuals through the application of medical, paramedical, and/or nursing knowledge and technology, the primary purpose of which is to promote, restore, or maintain health.
12 Obesity - adult prevalence rate 18.9 (%) 113 2016 Obesity - adult prevalence rate gives the percent of a country's population considered to be obese.
13 Education expenditures 2.5 (% of GDP) 159 2009 Education expenditures compares the public expenditure on education as a percent of GDP.
14 GDP (purchasing power parity) $2,398,000,000 GDP (purchasing power parity) 194 2017 est. GDP (purchasing power parity) compares the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. A nation's GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States.
15 GDP - real growth rate 2.8 (%) 120 2017 est. GDP - real growth rate compares GDP growth on an annual basis adjusted for inflation and expressed as a percent.
16 GDP - per capita (PPP) $26,400 GDP - per capita (PPP) 78 2017 est. GDP - per capita (PPP) compares GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the same year.
17 Gross national saving 17.3 (% of GDP) 115 2017 est. Gross national saving is derived by deducting final consumption expenditure from Gross national disposable income, and consists of personal saving, plus business saving, plus government saving, but excludes foreign saving. The figures are presented as a percent of GDP. A negative number indicates that the economy as a whole is spending more income than it produces, thus drawing down national wealth (dissaving).
18 Industrial production growth rate 6.8 (%) 32 2017 est. Industrial production growth rate compares the annual percentage increase in industrial production (includes manufacturing, mining, and construction).
19 Labor force 30,000 Labor force 204 1991 Labor force compares the total labor force figure.
20 Unemployment rate 11 (%) 148 2014 est. Unemployement rate compares the percent of the labor force that is without jobs.
21 Taxes and other revenues 19.6 (% (of GDP)) 154 2017 est. Taxes and other revenues records total taxes and other revenues received by the national government during the time period indicated, expressed as a percent of GDP. Taxes include personal and corporate income taxes, value added taxes, excise taxes, and tariffs. Other revenues include social contributions - such as payments for social security and hospital insurance - grants, and net revenues from public enterprises.
22 Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) -2.4 (% (of GDP)) 112 2017 est. Budget surplus or deficit records the difference between national government revenues and expenditures, expressed as a percent of GDP. A positive (+) number indicates that revenues exceeded expenditures (a budget surplus), while a negative (-) number indicates the reverse (a budget deficit).
23 Public debt 86.8 (% of GDP) 30 2017 est. Public debt compares the cumulative total of all government borrowings less repayments that are denominated in a country's home currency. Public debt should not be confused with external debt.
24 Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2.50 (%) 122 2017 est. Inflation rate (consumer prices) compares the annual percent change in consumer prices with the previous year's consumer prices.
25 Central bank discount rate 6.5 (%) 56 31 December 2010 Central bank discount rate compares the annualized interest rate a country's central bank charges commercial, depository banks for loans to meet temporary shortages of funds.
26 Commercial bank prime lending rate 9.31 (%) 92 31 December 2017 est. Commercial bank prime lending rate compares a simple average of annualized interest rates commercial banks charge on new loans, denominated in the national currency, to their most credit-worthy customers.
27 Stock of narrow money $349,200,000 Stock of narrow money 178 31 December 2017 est. "Stock of money compares""M1"" which is the total quantity of currency in circulation (notes and coins) plus demand deposits denominated in the national currency, held by nonbank financial institutions, state and local governments, nonfinancial public enterprises, and the private sector of the economy. The national currency units have been converted to US dollars at the closing exchange rate on the date of the information."
28 Stock of broad money $349,200,000 Stock of broad money 182 31 December 2017 est. "Stock of quasi money compares the total quantity of time and savings deposits denominated in the national currency, held by nonbank financial institutions, state and local governments, nonfinancial public enterprises, and the private sector of the economy. When added together with""M1"" the total money supply is known as ""M2."" The national currency units have been converted to US dollars at the closing exchange rate on the date of the information."
29 Stock of domestic credit $909,600,000 Stock of domestic credit 169 31 December 2017 est. Stock of domestic credit compares the total quantity of credit, denominated in the domestic currency, provided by banks to nonbanking institutions. The national currency units have been converted to US dollars at the closing exchange rate on the date of the information.
30 Current account balance -$112,000,000 Current account balance 88 2017 est. Current account balance compares a country's net trade in goods and services, plus net earnings, and net transfer payments to and from the rest of the world during the period specified. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis.
31 Exports $86,700,000 Exports 198 2017 est. Exports compares the total US dollar amount of merchandise exports on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis.
32 Imports $560,000,000 Imports 197 2017 est. Imports compares the total US dollar amount of merchandise imports on a c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) or f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis.
33 Debt - external $441,200,000 Debt - external 181 31 December 2012 Debt - external compares the total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis.
34 Electricity - production 331,000,000 (kWh) 179 2016 est. Electricity - production compares the annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt-hours.
35 Electricity - consumption 307,800,000 (kWh) 184 2016 est. Electricity - consumption compares total electricity generated annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours.
36 Electricity - exports 0 (kWh) 99 2016 est. Electricity exports is the total exported electricity in kilowatt-hours.
37 Electricity - imports 0 (kWh) 120 2016 est. Electricity - imports is the total imported electricity in kilowatt-hours.
38 Electricity - installed generating capacity 124,000.00 (kW) 177 2016 est. Electricity - installed generating capacity is the total capacity of currently installed generators, expressed in kilowatts (kW), to produce electricity. A 10-kilowatt (kW) generator will produce 10 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity, if it runs continuously for one hour.
39 Electricity - from fossil fuels 97 (% of total installed capacity) 31 2016 est. Electricity from fossil fuels measures the capacity of plants that generate electricity by burning fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum products, and natural gas), expressed as a share of the country's total generating capacity.
40 Electricity - from nuclear fuels 0 (% of total installed capacity) 38 2017 est. Electricity - from nuclear fuels measures the capacity of plants that generate electricity through radioactive decay of nuclear fuel, expressed as a share of the country's total generating capacity.
41 Electricity - from hydroelectric plants 0 (% of total installed capacity) 153 2017 est. Electricity - from hydroelectric plants measures the capacity of plants that generate electricity by water-driven turbines, expressed as a share of the country's total generating capacity.
42 Electricity - from other renewable sources 3 (% of total installed capacity) 119 2017 est. Electricity - from other renewable sources measures the capacity of plants that generate electricity by using renewable energy sources other than hydroelectric (including, for example, wind, waves, solar, and geothermal), expressed as a share of the country's total generating capacity.
43 Crude oil - production 0 (bbl/day) 104 2017 est. Crude oil - production is the total amount of crude oil produced, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
44 Crude oil - exports 0 (bbl/day) 85 2015 est. Crude oil - exports is the total amount of crude oil exported, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
45 Crude oil - imports 0 (bbl/day) 89 2015 est. Crude oil - imports is the total amount of crude oil imported, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
46 Crude oil - proved reserves 0 (bbl) 102 1 January 2018 est. Crude oil - proved reserves is the stock of proved reserves of crude oil, in barrels (bbl). Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.
47 Refined petroleum products - production 0 (bbl/day) 113 2015 est. Refined petroleum products - production is the country's total output of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
48 Refined petroleum products - consumption 5,000 (bbl/day) 177 2016 est. Refined petroleum products - consumption is the country's total consumption of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
49 Refined petroleum products - exports 91 (bbl/day) 119 2015 est. Refined petroleum products - exports is the country's total exports of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
50 Refined petroleum products - imports 5,065 (bbl/day) 172 2015 est. Refined petroleum products - imports is the country's total imports of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
51 Natural gas - production 0 (cu m) 99 2017 est. Natural gas - production compares the total natural gas produced in cubic meters (cu m).
52 Natural gas - consumption 0 (cu m) 119 2017 est. Natural gas - consumption compares the total natural gas consumed in cubic meters (cu m).
53 Natural gas - exports 0 (cu m) 61 2017 est. Natural gas - exports compares the total natural gas exported in cubic meters (cu m).
54 Natural gas - imports 0 (cu m) 87 2017 est. Natural gas - imports compares the total natural gas imported in cubic meters (cu m).
55 Natural gas - proved reserves 0 (cu m) 105 1 January 2014 est. Natural gas - proved reserves compares the stock of proved reserves of natural gas in cubic meters (cu m).
56 Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy 740,300.00 (Mt) 175 2017 est. Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy is the total amount of carbon dioxide, measured in metric tons, released by burning fossil fuels in the process of producing and consuming energy.
57 Telephones - fixed lines 22,504 Telephones - fixed lines 172 July 2016 est. Telephones - main lines in use compares the total number of main telephone lines in use.
58 Telephones - mobile cellular 180,000 Telephones - mobile cellular 183 July 2016 est. Telephones - mobile cellular compares the total number of mobile cellular telephone subscribers.
59 Internet users 60,000 Internet users 187 July 2016 est. Internet users compares the number of users within a country that access the Internet. Statistics vary from country to country and may include users who access the Internet at least several times a week to those who access it only once within a period of several months.
60 Broadband - fixed subscriptions 9,261 Broadband - fixed subscriptions 169 2017 est.
61 Airports 3 Airports 193 2013 Airports compares the total number of airports or airfields recognizable from the air. The runway(s) may be paved or unpaved and may include closed or abandoned installations.
62 Roadways 1,170 (km) 131 2011 Roadways compares the total length of the road network and includes the length of the paved and unpaved portions.
63 Merchant marine 853 Merchant marine 26 2018 Merchant marine compares all ships engaged in the carriage of goods; or all commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.


How do you sell a bike?
Any of you ever carry your bicycle on your motorcycle?
First time on a cruiser next weekend, any tips?
Should I buy a Honda Grom or a Kawasaki Z125?
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Any one going to giddy up?
I bought a thing for the kids today, can't wait to ride it. Quad content.
Anyone in Pooler GA and Daytona for bike week? Here a list of Flat track racing.
I finally decided to kinda try maybe owning a bike sorta. TW200 time!
Co-worker offloading '06 VFR800 for cheap. Good deal or no?


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| IN DISCUSSION
RESEARCH & LIBRARIES
Live Stream Schedule
There are currently no events scheduled to be livestreamed publicly.
The live stream schedule is subject to change.
Series: Latin American Forum
Game Changers: Women Artists in 1970s Mexico. A conversation with Magali Lara and Mónica Mayer moderated by Carla Stellweg
Speakers: Magali Lara, Mónica Mayer, Carla Stellweg, Madeline Murphy Turner
Watch "Game Changers: Women Artists in 1970s Mexico" online
Kirk Varnedoe Memorial Lecture
Speaker: Lowery Sims
watch Lowery Sims' lecture online
Series: Samuel H. Kress Lecture
Speaker: Rupert Featherstone
Watch Rupert Featherstone's lecture online
ISLAA Symposium
Super/Natural: Excess, Ecologies, and Art in the Americas
Watch "Super/Natural: Excess, Ecologies, and Art in the Americas" online
IV Annual Artist Discussion: Display Cases at the Institute of Fine Arts
Artists Nona Faustine, Kit White, and Anton Würth demonstrate a reverence for history in their practice of photography, painting, and printmaking. They will discuss their practice in the fourth Annual Artist Discussion for the exhibits in the Display Cases at the Institute of Fine Arts. Curator Lisa A. Banner moderates.
Series: Artists at the Institute
Speaker: Lee Ming Wei
Watch Lee Ming Wei's lecture online
Series: Silberberg Lecture Series
Speaker: Chrissie Iles, Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Curator at the Whitney Museum
LEARN MORE about Chrissy Iles Watch Chrissy Iles' lecture online
An Inadequate History of the Projected Image
This lecture proposes a re-examination of the history of the projected image in American art since the 1960s, foregrounding darkness and black space as challenges to the whiteness of the gallery in political as well as formal terms. How can a multi-ethnic history of the moving image in contemporary art redefine the stakes of what constitutes cinematic space? How do issues of the body, identity, and subjectivity in historical projective installations read differently at a moment in which a new generation of moving image artists is challenging the norms of technological power and control, and re-configuring our relationship to self-representation, subjectivity, gender, and race?
Series: Judith Praska Distinguished Visiting Professor in Conservation and Technical Studies Lecture
Speaker: David Saunders, British Museum
Speaker: Whitney Davis
Title: The Dancer and the Dance; or, The Projection and the Projected
LEARN MORE about Whitney Davis' talk
Abstract: Writing in the English language in New York City in 1897 and 1943 respectively, the anthropologists Franz Boas (born in 1858 in Minden, Westphalia) and Claude Lévi-Strauss (born in 1908 in Brussels, Belgium) – both later identified with sustained, powerful, and politically influential critiques of racialism in general anthropology and in American and United Nations public policies – stated fundamental principles of their 'art histories' in bravura (and highly tendentious) readings of the languages, visual cultures, and performance traditions of the indigenous peoples of the 'North Pacific' coast of present-day British Columbia, especially of the Kwakwakw'wakw people ('Kwakiutl') and their mask-dancing ceremonies (partly suppressed in Canadian outlaw of the potlach). This lecture examines the multilingual exchanges and inter-translations in question as the determinative context for two of the most influential proposals about the very nature of the 'languages of art', widely applied throughout world art history – Boas's theory of projection and Lévi-Strauss's 'structuralist' method.
Speaker: Rachel Rose
LEARN MORE about Rachel Rose Watch Rachel Rose's lecture online
Abstract: Rachel Rose (b. 1986) is among the foremost artists working with and in video today. Guided by research into such topics as vast as 19th century park design, cryogenics, to the American Revolutionary War, modernist architecture, and the sensory experience of walking in outer space, Rose's work pinpoints what it is that makes us human, and how we seek to alter, enhance, and escape that designation.
Speaker: Dr. Mounia Chekhab-Abudaya, Curator for North Africa and Iberia, Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar
Title: Visualizing Pilgrimage: Images of Mecca and Medina in the Collections of the Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
LEARN MORE about Dr. Mounia Chekhab-Abudaya Watch Dr. Mounia Chekhab-Abudaya's lecture online
Abstract: Islamic pilgrimage routes have influenced the production of manuscripts, not only for those intended to be transported by pilgrims, but also for commercial transactions related to the pilgrimage itself. Pilgrimage and the mobility of the pilgrims has encouraged the development of manuscripts of several genres. These have played a role not only in the canonization of the rituals but also in the standardization of the sacred places' representations and in the use of such manuscripts as instruments of devotion. Based on examples of representations of Mecca and Medina in manuscripts conserved in the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha, Qatar, this lecture will attempt to demonstrate the variety of images of the holy sites – whether executed on scrolls, bound volumes or talismanic documents – as well as the different functions of such illustrations.
Dr. Mounia Chekhab-Abudaya is the Curator for North Africa and Iberia at the Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar, where she curated several exhibitions including Hajj – The Journey through Art (2013 - 2014) in collaboration with the British Museum, Qajar Women (2015) and Imperial Threads: Motifs and Artisans from Turkey, Iran and India (2017-2018). She completed her Ph.D. in Islamic Art History and Archaeology at the Pantheon Sorbonne University in Paris and is specialized on the Western Mediterranean, manuscripts and pilgrimage-related devotional materials in the Islamic world. For the 2017-2018 Academic year, Mounia Chekhab-Abudaya has been undertaking a research project in Harvard university as a post-doctoral research associate, as part of the Aga Khan Programme for Islamic Art and Architecture. Dr. Chekhab-Abudaya taught Islamic Art at undergraduate and graduate levels for four years at the Pantheon Sorbonne and INALCO (2007-2011).
Speaker: Toni Dove
Learn More about Toni Dove Watch Toni Dove's talk online
Abstract: Considered one of the pioneers of interactive cinema, New York-based artist Toni Dove creates hybrid performance, installation and screen-based art that fuses film, game or instrument based interaction, and experimental theater. In her work, performers interact with an unfolding narrative, using interface technologies such as motion sensing, iPad and laser harp to inhabit and animate on-screen avatars.
Toni Dove's work has been presented in the United States, Europe and Canada as well as in print and on radio and television. Projects include interactive installations: Archeology of a Mother Tongue, (virtual reality) Banff Centre for the Arts; Artificial Changelings, premiere: Rotterdam Film Festival, USA; Body Mécanique at the Wexner Center for the Arts, Ohio; Spectropia: feature length live-mix movie performance: Lincoln Center, Scanners, the New York Video Festival 2006; Cleveland at the Ingenuity festival 2007; premiered: Wexner Center for the Arts; REDCAT, LA Nov 2007;the Zero1 Festival of Art on the Edge, San Jose, 2008, EMPAC, Troy NY, 2008, the Kitchen, NYC, 2010, Roulette, NY, 2012. Lucid Possession, a live mix music cinema performance, a co-production with Issue Project Room, Roulette and HERE, premiered in NYC in 2013 after a preview show at Center for the Arts at Virginia Tech.
Her current work in progress, an interactive cinema and robotics installation 'The Dress That Eats Souls', will be presented in a retrospective of Dove's interactive work "Embodied Machines" at The Ringling Museum in Sarasota, Florida, 2018.
Dove was the Hirshon Artist/Director in residence at the New School for Social Research in Media Studies 2014/15. She has received numerous grants and awards including support from the Rockefeller Foundation, the Greenwall Foundation, the Langlois Foundation, New York State Council on the Arts, National Endowment for the Arts, New York Foundation for the Arts, The LEF Foundation, MediaThe Foundation, and the Eugene McDermott Award in the Arts from M.I.T.
Dove was appointed to the 2000/2003 Government Advisory Committee on Information Technology and Creativity, National Research Council, USA. She is the granddaughter of American abstract painter Arthur Dove.
Speaker: Noam Elcott (Columbia)
Title: Canvas/Screen/Ghost: Painting and Cinema in Interwar Europe
Learn More about Noam Elcott's talk
Abstract: Please join Noam Elcott (Columbia) in a talk which interrogates the screen as the basic unit in the abstract films and theoretical writings of Hans Richter, Theo van Doesburg, Oskar Fischinger, Werner Gräff, Moholy-Nagy, and others. The post-WWII orthodoxy, still very much alive, whereby the film screen, like the modernist canvas, reflected its own properties through the animation of squares and rectangles, is a complete distortion of the historical record.
Through close analyses of paintings, photograms, and films, along with treatises, film scores, reviews, and correspondences, Elcott demonstrate that the materiality and circumscription of the screen were understood as qualities to be overcome rather than properties to parade.
Title: Everyday Life at the Dig, c. 1900
Speaker: Prof. Zeynep Çelik, Columbia University (Adjunct Professor in the dept. of History) and New Jersey Institute of Technology (Distinguished Professor College of Architecture and Design)
LEARN MORE about Prof. Zeynep Çelik
Abstract: History of archaeology is commonly written centering on Western men of knowledge in far-away lands and among primitive people unable to understand the values and meanings of past civilizations. Focusing on everyday life on an archaeological site in Nippur, this lecture will offer another perspective by highlighting a complex social dynamic with multiple voices: local laborers, Ottoman civil servants, and American archaeologists.
Artist: Anicka Yi
LEARN MORE about Anicka Yi
Abstract: Anicka Yi lives and works in New York City. Recent institutional solo exhibitions of her work include the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; Fridericianum, Kassel; Kunsthalle Basel; List Visual Arts Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts; The Kitchen, New York; and The Cleveland Museum of Art. In October 2016, she was awarded the Hugo Boss Prize and presented a solo exhibition at Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, from April to July 2017. Yi has screened her film, The Flavor Genome, at the International Film Festival of Rotterdam in 2017. She is represented by 47 Canal, New York.
Series: Praska Lecture
Speaker: Karl Buchberg
LEARN MORE about Karl Buchberg's lecture Watch Karl Buchberg's lecture online
Abstract: The collaboration between curators, conservators and conservation scientists has become an increasingly important dynamic in recent years. The result of their research, sometimes called technical art history, is often incorporated into museum websites and exhibition catalogs and design. Three exhibitions held in recent years at The Museum of Modern Art will be presented as case studies.
Karl Buchberg has a B.A. from Columbia University and holds a master's degree in art history and an advanced certificate in conservation from the Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. He was the Conservator of Rare Books and Special Collections at the Firestone Library of Princeton University from 1980-1986. He was a part time lecturer at the Conservation Program at the School of Library Service at Columbia University from 1984-1990. He has recently retired after a tenure of thirty years from The Museum of Modern Art where he was Senior Conservator specializing in paper conservation. During this time, he was co-curator for the landmark exhibition Henri Matisse: The Cut-Outs; the first time a conservator curated a show at the museum. In addition, he contributed technical essays to both the Georges Seurat, The Drawings and Degas: A Strange New Beauty catalogues.
NYU Alumni Weekend at the Institute of Fine Arts
Speaker: Matthew Israel
Title: "The Big Picture: Contemporary Art Now"
Speaker: Cecilia Vicuña
Title: A Conversation with Cecilia Vicuña
LEARN MORE about Cecilia Vicuña watch Cecilia Vicuña'slecture online
Abstract: Artist, poet, activist and philosopher, Cecilia Vicuña (born in Chile, a long-time resident of New York) has been noted for many decades for her work in a wide variety of media and venues. Her political activism, her artistic innovation and her stimulating and original approach to problems of visuality and the expression of collective emotion are at the heart of her art.
We are immensely pleased to have Cecilia as the first Artist in this Fall's series of Latin American Forum events. She will discuss her work in the context of a conversation with Edward J. Sullivan, Professor of Latin American and Caribbean Art History and Deputy Director of the Institute of Fine Arts
Speaker: Andres Zervigón, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Title: Photography and Truth in the Radicalized Public Sphere
LEARN MORE about Andres Zervigón's talk Watch Andres Zervigón's talkonline
Abstract: In 1927, the radical-left magazine Die Arbeiter-Illustrierte Zeitung (or AIZ) published a two-page spread with the declarative titled "Die AIZ sagt die Wahrheit!" [The AIZ Tells the Truth!]. At issue was its cover photo from a few weeks earlier showing right-wing militiamen scandalously posing on the country estate of German Interior Minister Walter von Keudell, the first "völkisch" member of a Weimar-era cabinet. The picture had ignited furious public debate before enveloping the minister himself, who was forced to protest his innocence from the well of the Reichstag. As von Keudell declared, the picture was nothing more than a cut-and-paste falsification. In the subsequent two-page spread, the AIZ now confessed that its cover had indeed been a "Bildkombination," but that the image nonetheless told the truth about the government's codling of proto-fascists. Using this case of a highly public debate about photography's veracity, my paper proposes that Weimar-era Germany's politically polarized public sphere was significantly fomented by the camera. The experience of political combat was now being driven by a contest of photographic images. But as the paper also suggests, the rhetoric of truth propelling this encounter, particularly in the face of an open "Bildkombination," shows that photography now functioned at an affective register that reinscribed the medium as a passionate rather than mechanically objective form of witness. This phenomenon resembles today's photographic conditions in the era of "alternative facts."
Andrés Mario Zervigón is Associate Professor of the History of Photography at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. He is author of John Heartfield and the Agitated Image: Photography, Persuasion, and the Rise of Avant-Garde Photomontage (University of Chicago Press, 2012), and Photography and Germany (Reaktion Book, 2017). In addition, Zervigón coedited three anthologies: Photography and Its Origins with Tanya Sheehan(Routledge, 2014), Photography and Doubt with Sabine Kriebel(Routledge, 2016), and Subjective/Objective: A Century of Social Photography with Donna Gustafson (Zimmerli/Hirmer, 2017). For his current book project, titled Die Arbeiter-Illustrierte Zeitung -- The Worker's Illustrated Magazine, 1921-1938: A History of Germany's Other Avant-Garde, he received the Paul Mellon Senior Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts (CASVA, 2013-14). His articles and reviews have appeared in New German Critique, Visual Resources, History of Photography, Rundbrief Fotografie, Photo/Researcher, Études Photographiques, October, Art Journal, and CAAReviews. Zervigón leads The Developing Room, an academic working group at Rutgers that promotes interdisciplinary dialogue on photography's history, theory and practice. Its last event was the two-day symposium Reinventing Documentary Photography in the 1970s, co-convened by Sarah Miller and Drew Sawyer.
Series: Huber Colloquium
Speaker: Edward Sullivan, Deputy Director, Helen Gould Sheppard Professor in the History of Art, The Institute of Fine Arts and College of Arts and Sciences, NYU
Introduction by Christine Poggi, Judy and Michael Steinhardt Director, The Institute of Fine Arts, NYU
Title: Between Toledo and Buenos Aires: Radical Modernity and the Mystic Cosmovision of Esteban Lisa (1895-1983)
LEARN MORE about "Between Toledo and Buenos Aires" Watch "Between Toledo and Buenos Aires"online
Abstract: Esteban Lisa (1895-1983) was both an enigmatic figure as well as a major force within the development of art in Argentina in the mid-20th century. Born in a small town in the province of Toledo, Spain, he left for Buenos Aires at age 12. Like many other émigré artists to the Americas (Esteban Vicente, Maruja Mallo, the cinéaste Luis Buñuel or the musician Pau Casals) he formed a bridge between the artistic worlds of the New and the Old Worlds. Lisa developed a particular brand of abstraction that became widely acclaimed only after his death. (He refused to exhibit in his lifetime and, like his illustrious Buenos Aires contemporary Jorge Luis Borges, worked as a civil servant for many years). Lisa is the subject of a current exhibition at the art museum of Boston College. This lecture will place the artist within the context of his time in both Argentina and Iberia and will attempt to analyze the rise of interest in his work on both sides of the Atlantic beginning in the 1990s. Image: Fondation Audi, "Esteban Lisa: in the land of the Cedars" 2010, p. 66; PJT
Title: José Leonilson: Autobiography of a Brazilian artist
Speakers: Cecilia Brunson, independent curator; Gabriela Rangel, Director and Chief Curator, Visual Arts, Americas Society; Susanna V. Temkin, Assistant Curator, Visual Arts, Americas Society; Yuji Kawasima, PhD. Candidate Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ana Lenice Dias, President, Projeto Leonilson; and professors Jenni Sorkin, University of California, Santa Barbara; and Edward Sullivan New York University.
LEARN MORE about José Leonilson: Autobiography of a Brazilian artist" Watch José Leonilson: Autobiography of a Brazilian artist"online
Abstract: Americas Society presents an academic symposium at New York University's Institute of Fine Arts to celebrate the upcoming exhibition José Leonilson: Empty Man and the international launch of the three volume Leonilson catalogue raisonné, recently completed by the artist's estate, the São Paulo-based Projeto Leonilson.
Daniel H. Silberberg Lecture
Speaker: Brigid Doherty, Associate Professor of 20th Century Art, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University
Title: Hanne Darboven's onetwo and the Opposition of Writing and Describing
Artists at the Institute
Speaker: María Magdalena Campos-Pons
Walter W.S. Cook Annual Lecture
Speaker: Nadine Orenstein, Drue Heinz Curator in Charge, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Hercules Segers and Rembrandt, the Eccentric and the Traditionalist
April 14th - April 15th, 2017
IFA- ISLAA Symposium for Emerging Scholars
watch the IFA- ISLAA Symposium for Emerging Scholars online
Speakers: various
Title: THE ATTITUDES OF ARTWORKS: A Pop-Up Graduate Student Symposium
Spotlight on New Talents in Time-Based Media Art Conservation
Brian Castriota, "Ontological Models and Authenticity in Time-Based Media Art Conservation"
Dan Finn, "Time-based Media Conservation at the Smithsonian American Art Museum"
The two "spotlights" are followed by a book presentation:
Hanna B. Hölling, "Paik's Virtual Archive"
watch "Spotlight on New Talents in Time-Based Media Art Conservation" online
The Great Hall Display Case Exhibition Series
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Artists: Peter Hristoff, James Perkins, Piers Secunda, Jean Shin
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Judith Praska Distinguished Visiting Professors in Conservation and Technical Studies Lecture
Speaker: Thea B. van Oosten, Judith Praska Distinguished Visiting Professor
Title: "Plastics in Modern and Contemporary Art: Meant to Last Forever?"
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Samuel H. Kress Lecture
Speaker: Michael Gallagher, Sherman H. Fairchild Conservator in Charge in the Department of Paintings Conservation, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Brokering Truths
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Artist: Jennie C. Jones
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Great Hall Exhibition Panel Discussion
Speakers: C. Spencer Yeh, Liz Pearse, R. Luke Dubois and Jeff Dolven
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Time-Based Media
Speaker: Kate Lewis, Media Conservator; Peter Oleksik, Associate Media Conservator; Ben Fino-Radin, Associate Media Conservator
Title: Media Conservation at MoMA
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Daniel Rozin, Associate Arts Professor, Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP), NYU
Christine Frohnert , Conservator of Contemporary Art, Bek & Frohnert LLC, New York; Adjunct Professor & Time-Based Media Art Conservation Curriculum Development Program Coordinator, Conservation Center of The Institute of Fine Arts, New York University
Creating digital interactive kinetic sculptures for the long run - Daniel Rozin in conversation with Christine Frohnert
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Title: Source Code Analysis in the Conservation of Software-based Art
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Crossing Boundaries
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Pre-History and Modern Art Panel
Speaker: Maria Stavrinaki, Associated Professor, Paris I-Panthéon-Sorbonne
Title: The Earth without Man from Cézanne to Pierre Huyghe
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Title: Some More Beginnings: On the History of Time-Based Media Exhibitions
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Christiane Paul, Associate Professor, School of Media Studies, The New School, New York; Adjunct Curator, New Media Arts, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
Conserving Context: Approaches to Preserving Digital Art
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Publishing Art History Digitally: The Present and Future
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Title: Best practices for conservation of media art from an Artist's perspective
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Reinhard Bek, Conservator of Contemporary Art, Bek & Frohnert LLC, New York
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Run Sackboy! Run!
Run Sackboy! Run! is a mobile endless running game based on PlayStation's multi-award winning series LittleBigPlanet.
Run SackBoy! Run! was developed by FireSprite Studios and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for iOS and Android in 2014 and PlayStation VITA in 2015.
Below are a series of original concept images created by Darren Douglas for Run Sackboy! Run! as such all content is subject to copyright by Sony Computer Entertainment and Darren Douglas.
For more on Run Sackboy! Run! visit the official website
behind the scenes, character design, Concept art, Darren Douglas, digital art, game developers, game development, LBP, little big planet, mobile games, original art, playstation, sackboy, vita
Brian Blessed OBE: Website Campaigns (2012)
Playworld: Superheroes


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Interior decorating ideas and tips for the home interior. Decorating Resources For Interior Design.
AllPages.com Yellow Pages provides business listings (name, address, phone, fax) for all categories covered under Homefurnishing Stores 1 Of 2, Maryland (MD).


text:
WAUWATOSA NEWS
15 seconds. 5 shots. Here's a timeline on how a fatal shooting in February set off a summer of protests and unrest in Wauwatosa.
Evan Casey
A period of 15 seconds, six months ago, have led to a summer of protests, calls for change and justice in Wauwatosa.
Fifteen seconds after a police officer yelled "drop the gun," five shots were fired, and Alvin Cole, a 17-year-old from Milwaukee, died in the parking lot of The Cheesecake Factory in Wauwatosa. Police say Cole fired a gun during the incident, something his family disputes.
The officer involved was Joseph Mensah. It was his third fatal shooting in the last five years. He had also killed Antonio Gonzales in 2015 and Jay Anderson Jr. in 2016, two shootings that have been ruled justified self-defense. Mensah is Black. Anderson and Cole were also Black. Gonzales was Latino.
ARCHIVE: Here's some background on Wauwatosa Police Officer Joseph Mensah and his prior shootings.
The fatal shooting of Cole on Feb. 2, coupled with the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis at the end of May, has led to unrest around Wauwatosa, near daily protests calling for the officer's firing and a series of changes within the police department.
Protesters have used the shootings as the impetus to demand body cameras for police officers, and to call for bans on chokeholds and no-knock search warrants. Wauwatosa officials have taken numerous steps to address inclusion, diversity and policing in the city in the past two months — so much so that they even made a website dedicated to tracking their progress.
As of Aug. 18, the Milwaukee County District Attorney's Office has made no ruling on the Cole shooting. Mensah remains suspended with pay.
Here's the timeline of events surrounding protests this summer and other city-led decisions relating to race and policing in the aftermath of the shooting death of Cole.
June 3: First protest in Wauwatosa
Days after protests started in Milwaukee, more than 500 people gathered near Wauwatosa City Hall to chant, kneel and hold signs during a peaceful event to celebrate the life of Floyd.
"We said why not do something here and demonstrate that we are impacted by it emotionally and show our solidarity with the family of George Floyd," said Craig Brittingham, an organizer of the event.
June 6: Mensah named as the shooter
Mensah was identified as the officer who fatally shot Cole, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel first reported.
"We know that Alvin Cole is the third person he has shot and killed," said attorney Kimberley Motley, calling it "shocking."
That same day, the Cole family held a rally from North 76th and West Burleigh streets, to Mayfair mall.
"We want Joseph Mensah fired from the Wauwatosa Police Department and not just justice for Alvin, but for Antonio Gonzales and Jay Anderson Jr.," said Taleavia Cole, Alvin's sister.
June 10: Special meeting of the common council
The Wauwatosa Common Council held a special meeting to discuss what oversight city officials have when it comes to the police department.
Council members discussed the role of the Wauwatosa Police and Fire Commission, and the possibility of an additional civilian oversight board.
June 18: Attorney files complaint against Mensah
Motley, the attorney for the families of Cole, Anderson and Gonzales, filed a complaint against Mensah.
Motley also made 23 open records requests with the Wauwatosa Police Department, seeking records related to the department's policies on training and use of deadly force, citizen complaints and more.
A group of more than 50 protesters also gathered inside the Wauwatosa Police Department, demanding that Wauwatosa Police Chief Barry Weber meet with the Anderson and Cole families.
June 24: Protesters shut down Mayfair mall
More than 50 protesters shut down Mayfair mall for the first time this summer, a trend that would continue.
Protesters marched throughout the mall, chanting and holding signs, while some business owners looked through their windows.
"We came here, we had every store shut their doors, we shut down Mayfair mall, and we're going to head to the Wauwatosa Police Department," said Henry Lee, an organizer of the protest.
June 25: Equity and Inclusion Commission asks for body cameras
The Wauwatosa Equity and Inclusion Commission, a citizen-led panel, asked the common council to ban all police chokeholds and no-knock search warrants. The panel also demanded all Wauwatosa police officers wear body cameras.
More than 50 protesters packed a room at City Hall during the more than three-hour meeting.
"I want this equity and inclusion commission to be the model for all of the suburbs. They should be doing exactly what we did here tonight," said Sean Lowe, who chairs the commission. "We will be the model, and we will lead the change."
June 29: Council considers body cameras
A special city meeting, with police on hand, was held to discuss the use of body cameras by Wauwatosa police officers.
The committee of the whole unanimously agreed to send specific financial and policy questions about the use and implementation of body cameras to the government affairs and financial affairs committees. Those committees could then make recommendations to the common council.
Body cameras could cost the city $541,000 over a five-year period.
July 2: Fatal shootings gain national attention
A full-page ad in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel on July 2 from three activist groups —Team ROC, Until Freedom and Gathering for Justice — called on Milwaukee County District Attorney John Chisholm to prosecute Mensah. The groups also want Mensah to be decertified and fired immediately.
A Wall Street Journal story highlighting the fatal shootings was published around the same time. Since then, several other national publications and media outlets have reported on the shootings, including Al Jazeera and The Washington Post.
July 8: Protesters arrested, released by police
A protest outside Mayfair mall ended with arrests made by the Wauwatosa Police Department.
According to witnesses, two protesters were placed into police cars but were released at the scene. The protest started inside the mall and then made its way to The Cheesecake Factory.
July 14: Council calls for Mensah's firing
The Wauwatosa Common Council passed a resolution seeking Mensah's removal from the police department.
"It is imperative that the City facilitate the transition of Officer Joseph Mensah from employment by the Wauwatosa Police Department," the resolution says.
In the resolution, the council asked the city administrator and police chief to "effectuate such a change as quickly as possible."
July 15: Mensah is suspended
Wauwatosa's police and fire commission unanimously voted to suspend Mensah — with pay — on July 15.
The commission also approved hiring a third-party investigator relating to a complaint that, in part, calls for Mensah to be fired. The suspension will remain in effect until the commission makes a decision on his employment. The commission is the only body that can fire a police officer.
July 17: GoFundMe started for Mensah
Mensah's family started a GoFundMe to pay for Mensah's legal fees.
The campaign says the money will be used "to explore and take legal action against those that have unjustly accused him of wrongdoing, interfered with his ability to receive due process, and wrongly besmirched his character and integrity."
Mensah's attorney is paid for by the Wauwatosa Peace Officer's Association. As of Aug. 18, the campaign had raised nearly $78,000.
July 21: Public listening session addresses race, policing
A nearly five-hour public listening session at Hart Park allowed the community to comment on race, equity and police issues.
A majority of the more than 50 speakers asked city officials to fire Mensah. There were about 150 people spread out across the bleachers, and others spoke remotely via Zoom.
"We want him fired and convicted, and I'm not gonna rest until it's done," said Tracy Cole, the mother of Alvin Cole. "Do the right thing, and fire him right away."
July 28: Mensah says he's 'confused' over suspension
In a radio interview, Mensah said he was "confused" about his suspension.
"It'd be one thing if there was any kind of cause, whatsoever, for my actions," Mensah told radio host Dan O'Donnell during an interview on WISN-AM (1130). "But I defended myself, several times. Proven that I defended myself several times.
"Not one person, not one person, has been able to come to me, or to give me any explanation for why I'm suspended, other than 'oh, he shot somebody,' even though it's justified. Proven justified."
An attorney for Mensah has not granted a request for an interview with Mensah.
July 31: Ad hoc committee meets for first time
An ad hoc committee created to discuss some of the many questions related to policing and "systemic inequities" in Wauwatosa met for the first time.
The government affairs committee approved goals for the group and appointed members.
"It's really an attempt to understand and to have a better dialogue between the council and the department," said Ald. Craig Wilson, a member of the ad hoc committee, during a virtual meeting.
Aug. 3: Police union says Mensah wasn't given due process
The Wauwatosa Peace Officers Association said Mensah was denied due process after the police and fire commission suspended him in July.
John Milotzky, president of the WPOA — the exclusive bargaining unit for Wauwatosa police officers — said the police and fire commission is a body established to operate independently of the mayor and common council. He said the common council and mayor "engaged in actions to unlawfully influence and pressure the police and fire commission" relating to Mensah's suspension.
McBride said that wasn't true.
"Officer Mensah has not been deprived of due process," McBride said in a written statement. "In fact, in public statements and in response to a variety of emails, I have underscored and defended his right to such process."
Aug. 4: City prohibits carotid and neck restraints
The common council passed an ordinance prohibiting the use of carotid and neck restraints within city limits. The prohibition applies to any person in the city, including police and private security entities.
However, self-defense and the defense to others, which is defined under state law, is a defense to liability under the prohibition, according to the ordinance.
Aug. 8: Mensah is 'physically assaulted' outside his home
Wauwatosa police say Mensah was physically assaulted outside his home, and a single shotgun round was fired into the home after a group of 50 to 60 people gathered there to protest. Mensah said a shotgun shell almost hit him.
Aug. 10: A state representative disputes Mensah's claims
State Rep. David Bowen, who said he was at the protest, said Mensah's narrative is false. He said protesters were provoked by Mensah, who used pepper spray on the group, before the physical altercation. Bowen also said a protester didn't shoot at Mensah during the protest.
The Wauwatosa Police Department said the investigation is ongoing but added the facts do not support Bowen's comments.
Aug. 11: Sensebrenner offers federal agents
In response to the incident at Mensah's home and the growing unrest in Wauwatosa, U.S. Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner offered to bring federal agents to the city it said is "teetering on a crisis."
McBride turned down the offer.
Aug. 13: New restrictions for protesters
McBride released a statement saying protests would only be allowed between noon and 8 p.m. and that the city would begin enforcing ordinances and make arrests if the rules aren't followed.
"The stricter enforcement of our laws is intended to restore order and civility in our community," McBride said.
That night, approximately 50 protesters locked arms and walked from the Milwaukee border to the Wauwatosa border. Hours later, protesters went to McBride's home, and placed caution tape around his front yard.
Earlier that day, Motley delivered a letter to McBride and the Wauwatosa Police and Fire Commission, asking them to fire Police Chief Barry Weber. The WPOA also held a news conference where officers said they feel unsupported by the city and have "no confidence" in McBride's leadership in handling the situation.
RELATED:As calls to fire an officer and the police chief intensify, Wauwatosa's mayor imposes stricter rules for protesters
Aug. 14: Police arrest two at protest
Wauwatosa police arrested two people during a protest. One of the arrests, which took place after officers pulled a man from a bicycle and tackled him, set off a tense, nearly 90-minute standoff with demonstrators.
Protesters gathered around squad cars yelling at police and demanding the man be released.
Earlier that day, in response to a request from the American Civil Liberties Union of Wisconsin, McBride said the 8 p.m. protest curfew was no longer in place. Protests can now last until midnight to align with the special event ordinance.
Milwaukee County District Attorney John Chisholm said he would not charge Mensah in the fatal shooting.
"There is sufficient evidence that Officer Mensah had an actual subjective belief that deadly force was necessary and that belief was objectively reasonable," Chisholm wrote of his decision. "I do not believe that the State could disprove self-defense or defense of others in this case and therefore could not meet the burden required to charge Officer Mensah."
Hours earlier, former U.S. Attorney Steven Biskupic recommended that Mensah be fired, according to a report released following his investigation.
Evan Casey can be reached at 414-403-4391 or evan.casey@jrn.com. Follow him on Twitter @ecaseymedia.


The next and fourth movie in the Jurassic Park franchise is all about dream coming true. That is of course related to John Hammond's dream of bringing back the dinosaurs in the present period, and preferably remain in a theme park where no one will be hurt. Another instance of that "dream coming true" tag line focuses on our dreams, as well, to experience this long-lost time... if only everything goes well and as planned.
This epic action-adventure presentation is brought to us by Legendary Pictures and Amblin Entertainment. It is directed by Colin Trevorrow and stars Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, Ty Simpkins, Nick Robinson, Irrfan Khan, Vincent D'Onofrio, Jake Johnson, Omar Sy, BD Wong, Judy Greer.
Watch this exciting new trailer of Jurassic World.
Twenty-two years after the events of Jurassic Park (1993), Isla Nublar now features a fully functioning dinosaur theme park, Jurassic World, as originally envisioned by John Hammond.
The Jurassic World dinosaurs will be unleashed in theaters on June 12, 2015.


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High-sensitivity detection of cryptic Wolbachia in the African tsetse fly (Glossina spp.)
Daniela I Schneider1, 2,
Andrew G Parker3,
Adly M Abd-alla3 and
Wolfgang J Miller1Email author
In African tsetse flies Glossina, spp. detection of bacterial symbionts such as Wolbachia is challenging since their prevalence and distribution are patchy, and natural symbiont titers can range at levels far below detection limit of standard molecular techniques. Reliable estimation of symbiont infection frequency, especially with regard to interrelations between symbionts and their potential impact on host biology, is of pivotal interest in the context of future applications for the control and eradication of Glossina-vectored African trypanosomosis. The presence or absence of symbionts is routinely screened with endpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which has numerous advantages, but reaches its limits, when detecting infections at natural low titer. To not only determine presence of native tsetse symbionts but also to localize them to specific host tissues, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be applied. However, classic FISH assays may not detect low-titer infections due to limitations in sensitivity.
We have compared classic endpoint PCR with high-sensitivity blot-PCR. We demonstrate that the latter technique allows for clear detection of low-titer Wolbachia in the morsitans and palpalis groups while classic endpoint PCR does not. In order to localize Wolbachia in situ in high and low-titer Glossina species, we applied high-end Stellaris® rRNA-FISH. We show that with this high sensitivity method, even low amounts of Wolbachia can be traced in specific tissues. Furthermore, we highlight that more tissues and organs than previously recorded are infested with Wolbachia in subspecies of the morsitans and palpalis groups.
Our results demonstrate that overall symbiont infection frequencies as well as the presence in specific host tissues may be underestimated when using low-sensitivity methods. To better understand the complex interrelation of tsetse flies and their native symbionts plus the pathogenic trypanosomes, it is important to consider application of a broader range of high-sensitivity detection tools.
Wolbachia
Low-titer symbiont detection limit
Stellaris® fluorescence in situ hybridization
Tissue tropism
In the African tsetse fly (Glossina spp., Diptera: Glossinidae), detection of bacterial symbionts such as Wolbachia is challenging since their prevalence and distribution are patchy [1], and their natural titers can range at levels far below detection limit of standard molecular techniques [2, 3]. Reliable estimation of symbiont infection frequency, however, especially with regard to interrelations between the symbionts and their potential impact on host biology, is of pivotal interest in order to control and eradicate African trypanosomosis in the future [4]. While classic endpoint PCR has numerous advantages, it soon reaches its limits, when it comes to detecting very low loads of symbionts (low-titer infections), and localize the symbionts to specific host tissues (tissue tropism). Classic fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 16S rRNA oligo probes is the method of choice for following tissue tropism. However, sensitivity may be too low for symbiont detection in biologically relevant host organs like testes but also for the in situ detection of generally low-titer infections such as the ones of G. p. gambiensis. In the presented study, we have compared the feasibility of classic PCR and blot-PCR for low-titer Wolbachia in species and subspecies of the genus Glossina. Furthermore, we took advantage of the novel Stellaris® technology to trace such low-titer Wolbachia in situ. As known from recent studies, not only high-titer infections, but also Wolbachia low-titer infections impact host biology [5]. Hence, their reliable detection with particular regard to their location in situ, is important for better understanding host-symbiont relations plus the crosstalk with trypanosome parasites.
Low-titer Wolbachia infections in Glossina spp. may be overlooked with standard endpoint-PCR techniques
To demonstrate the advantage of more sensitive detection methods over standard techniques, we employed and compared two endpoint PCR techniques plus one high-end blot-PCR. First, we tested the classic Wolbachia marker wsp (Wolbachia outer surface protein gene) with Glossina subspecies from the palpalis and morsitans groups (Table 1).
List of Glossina and Drosophila strains analyzed in this study
Strain/abbr.
Origin/reference
Drosophila strains
Drosophila simulans
simulans
NouméaTC
Wolbachia negative control
Drosophila willistoni
willistoni
Wolbachia positive control
Wolbachia status (experimental)
Glossina strains
Glossina morsitans morsitans
morsitans
Takáč Lab, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
Glossina morsitans centralis
Insect Pest Control Laboratory FAO/IAEA, Vienna, Austria
Glossina swynnertoni
Glossina palpalis palpalis
palpalis
Glossina palpalis gambiensis
Glossina fuscipes fuscipes
Two Drosophila strains were used as Wolbachia-positive and -negative controls (P98, NouméaTC). The table lists all Glossina strains used for experiments, including Wolbachia infection status based on PCR (Wolbachia outer surface protein gene, Wolbachia A-supergroup repeat motif,); blot-PCR using a wsp probe (listed as 'blot'), and fluorescence in situ hybridization with Wolbachia 16-23S rRNA probe. Wolbachia infection titer is indicated by '+' (low), '++' (intermediate), and '+++' (high). Abbreviations: wsp Wolbachia outer surface protein gene, ARM Wolbachia A-supergroup repeat motif, FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization, nd not determined
Endpoint PCR using the single copy wsp marker clearly detects high-titer Wolbachia in females and males of G. m. morsitans (Gmm) and G. m. centralis (Gmc), but G. swynnertoni (Gsw) and G. p. gambiensis (Gpg) seem uninfected. We did also not detect Wolbachia in the two subspecies G. p. palpalis (Gpp) and G. f. fuscipes (Gfu), which were previously reported Wolbachia-negative (Fig. 1a) [1]. Next, we applied the multicopy locus ARM (Wolbachia A-supergroup repeat motif) [3] to the same sample set (Fig. 1b). Similar to wsp-PCR, the more sensitive multicopy specific ARM-PCR easily detects high-titer Wolbachia of Gmm and Gmc. In addition, it traces the earlier described low-titer infection in Gsw [3]. Interestingly ARM-PCR successfully amplifies a smaller fragment in Gfu males but not females, (Fig. 1b; and see below).
Detection of Wolbachia in Glossina females and males via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). a Wolbachia-specific single copy wsp-PCR detects the symbiont only in high-titer Gmm (♀, ♂) and Gmc (♀, ♂). b The more sensitive multicopy ARM-PCR additionally detects wGsw (Wolbachia of G. swynnertoni). In the Wolbachia-uninfected G. f. fuscipes, ARM-PCR amplifies a possibly nonspecific product of smaller size. Negative controls are Wolbachia-uninfected Drosophila simulans, NouméaTC (Dsimminus) and non-template control (NTC). Females are first on gel. Each PCR was at least repeated once in order to confirm results. Abbreviations: wsp Wolbachia outer surface protein gene
High-end blot-PCR increases Wolbachia detection limit
As demonstrated above, wsp and ARM markers are efficient tools to screen for Wolbachia infection status when symbiont titers are at high or medium levels. In order to further increase the detection limit of our assay, we employed a combined PCR-hybridization (blot-PCR) assay [2, 6]. This method has proven reliable in detecting low loads of Wolbachia, which were undetected in standard PCR assays such as the wsp-based PCR [2, 5, 6]. As shown in Fig. 2b consequent hybridization with an internal Wolbachia-specific wsp-probe allows more Wolbachia to be traced than in the wsp-PCR assay shown in Fig. 2a. Similar to classic endpoint wsp-PCR, blot-PCR detects high-titer Wolbachia of Gmm and Gmc (even before hybridization; shown in Fig. 2a). It further allows detection of the symbiont in Gpg females (Fig. 2b, black arrow), and both sexes of Gsw (Fig. 2b, black arrows). Also, Gfu, which was reported Wolbachia-uninfected previously [1], seems to amplify a weak wsp-band on the blot (Fig. 2b, black arrow), although it is very faint and its reliability should thus be questioned.
Detection of Wolbachia in Glossina group females and males via combined PCR-hybridization (blot-PCR). a wsp-PCR before hybridization only detects high-titer wGmm and wGmc (♀, ♂ for both). b Hybridization with a digoxygenin-labeled wsp-probe detects Wolbachia in G. p. gambiensis females. G. swynnertoni females and males are also positive for Wolbachia upon hybridization, and even the Wolbachia-uninfected G. fuscipes shows a slight band after hybridization, suggesting potential presence of an ultra low-titer infection (♀). Negative controls are Wolbachia-uninfected Drosophila simulans, NouméaTC (Dsimminus) and non-template control (NTC). Each PCR and consequent blotting was at least repeated once in order to confirm results. Abbreviations: wsp Wolbachia outer surface protein gene
High-end Stellaris® rRNA-FISH helps to detect low-titer Wolbachia infections in situ
In order to localize Wolbachia in situ, we tested various Glossina species via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). As standard FISH is not sensitive enough to detect low-titer Wolbachia (Schneider, unpublished) we employed high-end Stellaris® rRNA-FISH. This method uses a set of up to 48 oligonucleotides, which collectively bind along the same target transcript (see Methods section for probe design). First, we tested in situ localization of high-titer Wolbachia in Gmm and Gmc (Fig. 3). As shown in Fig. 3, the symbionts are present in the reproductive organs of females and males (Fig. 3a, b) plus in the sheath cells of the spermatheca (Fig. 3c, f) in both high titer hosts. Wolbachia also infect adipocytes, the main fat body cells (Fig. 3d), and the milk glands (Fig. 3e). The latter tissue also houses tsetse's primary symbiont Wigglesworhtia, as shown via costaining with symbiont-specific 16S probe (Fig. 3e').
Stellaris® rRNA-FISH on high-titer Glossina species (G. m. morsitans, G. m. centralis). a In the ovary Wolbachia are present in the first and in the second ovariole plus at the posterior pole of the oocyte. b Wolbachia are not detected in early stages of spermatogenesis (hub cells, spermatogonia) but are visible in later stages (spermatocytes, spermatids). Also the spermatheca, particularly the sheath cells (c, f), as well as adipocytes (d) and milk gland (e) are infected with Wolbachia. (e') Wigglesworthia, primary symbiont of Glossina, are also present in the milk gland. Wolbachia are stained in pink (16-23S rRNA), Wigglesworthia are shown in green (16-23S rRNA), Glossina DNA is stained in blue (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), brightfield images for better orientation are presented for a-f. Scale bar is 100 μm
So far, the presence of Wolbachia in male gonads of Glossina was never reported in the literature [7] although Wolbachia from Gmm and Gmc are well known for causing strong cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) [2, 8]. By using high-end Stellaris® rRNA-FISH, however, we clearly detected the symbiont in the testes of both Gmm and Gmc. Most interestingly, we did not observe overall infection of the reproductive organ, but a strong restriction to certain stages of spermatogenesis (Fig. 4). We detected Wolbachia in the hub of the testis in Gmm, which is formed by non-dividing stromal cells connected to the surrounding stem cells (Fig. 4a). Further, Wolbachia are present in a later stage of spermatogenesis, the so-called 64 'onion-stage' spermatids (Fig. 4b).
Stellaris® rRNA-FISH on testes of high-titer G. m. morsitans. a Wolbachia accumulating in the hub cells of the apical part (indicated by dotted box) of the testis. b In later stages of spermatogenesis, Wolbachia are present in 64 'onion stage' spermatids. Wolbachia are stained in pink (16-23S rRNA), Glossina DNA is stained in blue (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). Minimum three individuals from each sex were dissected and processed for FISH. Abbreviations: GSC germline stem cells, SSC somatic stem cells, HC hub cells
We further analyzed in situ localization of Wolbachia in the low-titer species G. p. gambiensis (Gpg), and could clearly detect the symbiont in ovaries (Fig. 5a). Similarly, to the situation in the high-titer species Gmm and Gmc, Wolbachia was localized to the sheath cells of the spermatheca (Fig. 5c). Besides that, Wolbachia are also present in the spermathecal duct (Fig. 5b, c). So far, we were not able to elucidate the presence of Wolbachia in males of low-titer Glossina species unambiguously.
Stellaris® rRNA-FISH on low-titer G. p. gambiensis (Gpg). Wolbachia are present in (a) ovaries, b spermatheca, spermathecal duct, and (c) in the sheath cells of the spermatheca. Wolbachia are stained in pink (16-23S rRNA), Glossina DNA is stained in blue (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). Scale bars are 100 μm (a, b) and 10 μm (c)
Detection of Wolbachia inside the host can be challenging when symbiont loads are low. In such cases, detection techniques of higher sensitivity are required to avoid false negative typing of specimens. We have compared in different species and subspecies of Glossina, the feasibility of single copy Wolbachia-specific PCR (wsp) with an improved multicopy locus assay (ARM). The standard Wolbachia outer surface protein gene (wsp) PCR is commonly used to detect and type Wolbachia in various host species, but has the disadvantage of low detection limit when it comes to low-titer infections. For the tsetse fly samples where standard wsp-PCR was not sufficient to detect Wolbachia, the more sensitive ARM-marker, however, enhanced the detection sensitivity and thus detected low-titer Wolbachia infection in Gsw. This finding is a confirmation of previous results on the feasibility of ARM for low-titer Wolbachia infections [3]. However, Wolbachia of Gpg, Gpp and Gpal could not be traced with ARM in laboratory-reared flies, although the presence of Wolbachia in these species was reported previously in field collected samples [1]. An explanation for this observation could be the complete lack of the ARM motif from the genomes of these Wolbachia strains. Gpg falls into a different species group than Gpal, Gmm and Gmc, which could account for differences in the associated Wolbachia strains, such as presence or absence of a repeat motif. Alternatively, the Wolbachia titer could simply be below the detection limit of ARM-PCR in these species. Finally, we could not detect any Wolbachia in Gfu and Gpp using ARM-PCR, which agrees with a previous study that reported those species uninfected ([1] and references therein). In Gfu males, however, we found a smaller ARM-fragment, which could be explained by a potential degenerated Y-chromosomal copy of the motif. This assumption though needs to be tested by further sequencing experiments.
We recently reported on the advantage of the multicopy ARM-marker over blot-PCR, due to less time consumption (no blotting, hybridization and detection steps) but higher sensitivity, at least for Drosophila specimens [2]. Furthermore, the ARM multicopy target variant seems to be restricted to A-supergroup Wolbachia strains and absent in the others [3]. However, while the previous study focused on Drosophila, we report on various Glossina subspecies in the present study, and for the tested Glossina specimens, ARM does not have an advantage over blot-PCR. In contrast, the blot technique confirms an earlier study, which claims an increased sensitivity for Wolbachia by up to 1000-fold [6]. As mentioned before, the reason for this might be very low copy number or absence of the ARM motif from Wolbachia in certain subgroups within the genus Glossina.
Most unexpectedly, we detected a weak Wolbachia signal in Gfu females via blot-PCR. This is interesting as this subgroup was reported uninfected previously [1]. However, it is possible that Wolbachia is indeed present in Gfu, but in 'ultra-low' amounts and is hence very difficult to detect or as a translocated chromosomal copy. The latter event is not unlikely since the presence of multiple extensive chromosomal insertions of Wolbachia into the host genome (chrWol) was reported in Gmm [1, 9, 10]. Furthermore, there may be a variation in Wolbachia infection frequencies between populations of Gfu. Hence, larger numbers of individuals, preferentially from lab colonies as well as from different field collections, need to be tested in order to confirm the presence or absence of low-titer Wolbachia.
It was highlighted recently that not only the titer of symbionts per se, but especially the localization of them inside the host, is important in the context of interactions between the two [2, 11–13]. Hence, detecting the symbiont's location in specific tissues and organs of the host is an important aspect of host-symbiont studies. To address this question in Glossina subspecies, we employed high-end Stellaris® RNA-FISH. As anticipated we detected massive Wolbachia infestation in gonads of high-titer Gmm and Gmc females. However, we also found Wolbachia in lumen and secretory cells of the milk gland of Gmm, along with the primary tsetse fly symbiont Wigglesworthia (Fig. 3e'). This is in contrast to an earlier report, which showed that the milk gland is infected by the two other tsetse symbionts, Wigglesworthia and Sodalis, but not by Wolbachia [7]. The presence of Wolbachia in the milk gland may point towards a yet undiscovered alternative transmission route from mother to offspring, similar to Wigglesworthia transmission (reviewed in [14, 15]). Since the developing larva feeds on milk lactated from the milk gland during its intrauterine development, it is tempting to speculate that the Wolbachia of this viviparous host system might not only be transmitted trans-ovarially but also nutritionally to the offspring.
Another tissue that was previously reported Wolbachia-uninfected is the fat body, mainly composed of adipocyte cells [7]. In contrast to that earlier finding, we clearly detected Wolbachia in these cells by using Stellaris® rRNA-FISH. Adipocytes play an important role in insect metabolism as they store and release energy in response to the energy demands of the insect [16]. Hence, it is possible that Wolbachia found a way to exploit this host-provided energy source for their own purpose. However, this and their milk gland tropism have to be further elucidated in more detailed studies.
As Wolbachia are transmitted maternally, the presence of the symbionts in male tsetse flies has not been tested and/or reported so far. However, a recent study demonstrated that Sodalis, the second maternally transmitted facultative symbiont of Glossina, are transmitted paternally too [17]. In the context of this study, the detection of high-titer Wolbachia in Gmm and Gmc males via FISH is particularly interesting. It pinpoints that Wolbachia not only persist in male tsetse flies, but are obviously restricted to certain stages of spermatogenesis in the testis. The importance of such host-derived restriction of the symbiont was recently reported in other systems and tissues [11–13]. Moreover, the detection of Wolbachia in the male reproductive organ is important in relation to the capacity of Wolbachia strains to CI. This is in accordance with recent reports on the ability of Wolbachia from Gmc and Gmm to trigger CI [2, 8].
Classic FISH is not sufficient to detect low-titer Wolbachia in Glossina subspecies (data not shown). However, with the help of Stellaris® rRNA-FISH technique, we could show that Wolbachia are present in the reproductive tissues of Gpg. This finding confirms our data from blot-PCR, where we could also detect Wolbachia in Gpg. The presence of Wolbachia in the uterus has not been reported previously [10] and it remains to be elucidated why the symbionts are accumulating in this tissue.
Here we demonstrate that detection of symbionts inside the host requires various tools. Low-titer infections can only be detected with high-sensitivity methods such as combined PCR and hybridization. Furthermore, we show that high-end Stellaris® technology helps to uncover the localization of Wolbachia to tissues that were previously characterized as uninfected. We also highlight how feasible this method is to trace low-titer Wolbachia in two Glossina subspecies.
Taken together these results demonstrate that choosing a sensitive detection tool for determining symbiont infection status is very important. Gaining deeper insight into the biological and functional interactions between Glossina species, their native symbionts and the pathogenic trypanosomes, we should not underestimate their actual infection frequencies and infection localization through applying only low sensitivity detection tools.
Fly strains
In this study, we employed Glossina species from the palpalis group (G. palpalis palpalis - Gpp, G. palpalis gambiensis - Gpg, G. f. fuscipes - Gfu), the morsitans group (morsitans morsitans - Gmm, G. morsitans centralis - Gmc, G. pallidipes - Gpa, G. swynnertoni - Gsw), and from the fusca group (G. brevipalpis – Gbr). The Wolbachia-uninfected strain Drosophila simulans, NouméaTC [18] served as negative control for experiments. The Wolbachia-positive control was D. willistoni, Panama98 (P98), carrying native high-titer Wolbachia (wWil; [19]). Strains used in this study are summarized in Table 1.
Detection and quantification of Wolbachia
DNA was extracted from pools of 5–15 Drosophila or a single adult tsetse fly. Individuals were disrupted with a TissueLyser TL bead mill, and DNA was consequently extracted using Puregene chemistry (Qiagen, Germany). Extracts were stored at − 20 °C until used for experiments. For classic endpoint-PCR, the Wolbachia-specific outer surface protein gene (wsp) was used to determine infection status. Diagnostic wsp-PCR reactions were performed as described in [20]. In addition to the single-copy wsp marker, the multi copy ARM locus (Wolbachia A-supergroup Repeat Motif) was used to screen for Wolbachia infection [3]. Endpoint-PCR combined with hybridization (blot-PCR) was performed as described in [2, 6]. Briefly, Wolbachia-specific wsp-PCR was run on genomic DNA samples from all three species groups followed by gel electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel. Amplicons were then transferred on a positively charged nylon membrane via capillary blotting, cross-linked and finally hybridized overnight with a digoxygenin-labeled internal wsp-probe. Detection was performed using sheep anti-DIG-conjugate (Roche, Germany).
High-end Stellaris® rRNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Custom probe sets against Wolbachia 16S–23S ribosomal RNA transcripts were designed using the Stellaris® FISH probe designer (www.biosearchtech.com/support/tools/design-software/stellaris-probe-designer; Additional file 1: Table S1). Additional probes targeting 16S–23S rRNA transcripts of Wigglesworthia and Sodalis were designed. We have employed triple staining and FISH on Wolbachia-uninfected plus tetracycline-treated flies to test for cross-reaction of probes with each other and with other bacteria (Additional file 2: Figure S1). Tissues for FISH (ovary, spermatheca, uterus, milk gland, testis, gut) were dissected in sterile 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) under a dissection microscope, stored on ice until enough material was collected and finally washed with ice-cold 1× PBS. Tissues were fixed (3.7% formaldehyde, 1× PBS, 0.15% Triton-X 100; nuclease-free water) for 20 min at room temperature followed by three washes for 10 min each in 1× PBS with 0.03% Triton-X 100 (PBS-T). PBS-T was replaced by absolute ethanol and samples were permeabilized overnight under constant agitation at 4 °C. Tissues were washed for 5 min with washing buffer (2× saline sodium citrate [SSC], 10% deionized formamide, nuclease-free water) at room temperature and then hybridized overnight at 37 °C in 50 μl hybridization mix (0.1% dextrane sulfate, 2× SSC, 10% deionized formamide, nuclease-free water and 2.5–3 pmol of each Stellaris® DNA-probe (Biosearch Technologies, USA). Wolbachia probe is described in detail in Additional file 1: Table S1. Post-hybridization, tissues were quickly rinsed in washing buffer at room temp (2 × 5 min), followed by two washes for 30 min each at 37 °C. After washing, tissues were equilibrated in 1× PBS with 0.01% Triton-X 100 for 5 min at room temperature and then incubated with Alexa Fluor® 488 phalloidin (Invitrogen, USA) recognizing F-actin (1:100 in 1× PBS-T) for 1.5 h. After one quick washing step with 1× PBS-T, tissues were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (0.2 μg/ml in 2× SSC) for 10 min at room temperature, washed 2× with 1× SSC and finally mounted in Roti-Mount© (Carl Roth, Germany) on sterile slides. Visualization of hybridized tissues was performed on either a Nikon A1 or an Olympus Fluoview 3000 confocal microscope.
ARM :
Wolbachia A-supergroup repeat motif
fluorescence in situ hybridization
Gbr :
Gfu :
G. f. fuscipes
Gmc :
G. morsitans centralis
Gmm :
G. morsitans morsitans
Gpa :
Gpg :
G. palpalis gambiensis
Gpp :
G. palpalis palpalis
Gsw :
G. swynnertoni
We thank Peter Takač (Slovak Academy of Science) for providing wild type and tetracycline-treated Glossina morsitans morsitans, and Kirsten Senti (University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria) for sharing FISH protocols. We also thank Carmen Marin (Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf, Austria) for her great support in tsetse fly handling and maintaining tsetse flies.
This work was supported by two grants (P22634-B17, P28255-B22) from the Austrian Science Fund to W.J.M., and by an Amadeus grant (FR13/2014) from the OeAD/Scientific & Technological Cooperation to D.I.S. Additional support came from the Coordinated Research Project D42016 'Comparing Rearing Efficiency and Competitiveness of Sterile Male Strains Produced by Genetic, Transgenic or Symbiont-based Technologies' from the International Atomic Energy Agency. The publication cost of this article was funded by the IAEA.
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Harvard Dataverse repository, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HMUNOZ.
DIS carried out molecular lab work, performed data analysis, participated in the design of the study and wrote the manuscript; ACP provided flies and helped writing the manuscript; AMM provided flies and helped writing the manuscript; WJM conceived the study, designed the study, and wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional file 1: Table S1. Sequences and positions of the 48 oligos within the Wolbachia 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA used for Stellaris® rRNA-FISH. (PDF 90 kb)
Additional file 2: Figure S1. Control FISH on Glossina spp. (a) G. m. morsitans ovary hybridized with Wolbachia (red), and Wigglesworthia (green) probes in parallel. Wigglesworthia probe does not cross-react with Wolbachia. (b) Milk gland of Wolbachia-uninfected G. p. palpalis hybridized with Wigglesworthia (green) and Wolbachia (red) probes. While Wigglesworthia is recognized in the lumen of the gland, Wolbachia probe does not give any signal. (c) Triple staining (Wolbachia in red, Wigglesworthia in green, Sodalis in pink) on tetracyline-treated G. m. morsitans female. None of three probes give a signal in the ovary. Fluorophore labels of 16-23S ribosomal RNA probes are FITC (Wigglesworthia), CAL Fluor Red 590 (Wolbachia), and Quasar 670 (Sodalis). Glossina DNA is stained in blue (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). (PDF 31389 kb)
Department Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Present Address: Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
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text:
Farmers New World Life Insurance will be leaving Mercer Island for Bellevue by the end of this year. The company, owned by Farmers Insurance, has been operating out of Mercer Island for six decades. Aaron Kunkler/Staff Photo
Farmers New World Insurance leaving Mercer Island
One of Island's largest employers relocating to Bellevue.
Tuesday, March 27, 2018 9:32am
Farmers New World Life Insurance will be leaving Mercer Island this year after more than six decades operating out of the city.
Information from the company was scarce, but Farmers spokesperson Carly Kraft said they were moving to a location in Bellevue. They anticipate the full move to be completed by the end of 2018.
"We've been proud to call Mercer Island home for decades," Kraft said.
The move will effect around 400 employees. Kraft declined to give a specific reason for the move, saying business needs had evolved and that the new office would benefit employees.
Mercer Island Chamber of Commerce Executive Director Laurie Givan didn't expect the announcement to hurt the city's economy if a new tenant was found soon. Commercial real estate is in high demand on Mercer Island, Givan said.
New World Life Insurance was started in Spokane in 1910 and moved to Seattle in 1930. The company was bought by Farmers Underwriters Association in 1953 when it was given its current name.
In 1958 the company moved to Mercer Island and opened its current location in 1982.
The property was sold to investors in 2005, but Farmers signed a 15-year lease to remain in the building, which should have ran through 2020. It is unclear why this was changed.
King County GIS records indicate CLF Mercer Island LLC owns the plot, which Farmers sits on with an appraised value of $39 million as of 2018. In 2005 the total taxable value registered on the company's website was $16 million.
Farmers cut 60 jobs in 2010, but still had around 600 employees at the Mercer Island facility at the time. The company is one of the largest employers on Mercer Island.
Farmers New World owning company, Farmers Insurance Company, is one of the largest insurance groups in the U.S.
Mercer Island volunteers serve meals to homeless on Chef Night
Mercer Island launches pilot rideshare program


Optical Density A measure of the transmittance of light through an optical material that is based on a logarithmic scale. Examples: O.D. 1 = 10% transmittance, O.D. 2 = 1% transmittance, O.D. 3 = 0.1% transmittance, O.D. 4 = 0.01% transmittance.
Beam Effect Using the lasers beam as a sculptural element in space (as opposed to shining it on a wall to create graphics) . A common technique is to scan the beam through theatrical smoke. If a line is scanned you will see a plane of laser light; if a circle is scanned you see a cone.
Lumia A gauze-like effect produced by shining a laser beam through distorting material such as rippled glass.
Scanner Any device which moves back and forth; usually refers to a galvanometer scanner. Two are needed to draw laser graphics. A mirror on each scanner moves in response to an electrical current. The scanners are arranged so the beam reflects first off one mirror, then off the other. The first mirror moves the beam horizontally, the second moves it vertically. This arrangement means the scanners can position the beam anywhere within a square area. By repeatedly scanning the same signal at high speeds, the illusion of a single, fixed image is created.
Scanner Amp An electronic device which conditions a signal from a computer or other source, and makes it compatible with galvanometer scanners. Closed-loop scanner amplifiers are used with position-detecting scanners; the amplifier controls the scanner based on position feedback signals. Open-loop scanner amplifiers are used with non-position detecting scanners.
Laser Projector Equipment which takes a laser beam and produces projected graphics or beam effects.
Vector Graphics Images created by moving from point to point —examples include handwriting and computer plotters. Most laser graphics are vector graphics. To produce a laser graphic, a computer is first used to draw a series of connect-the-dot points. These are translated to electrical signals and are sent to the scanners. At the projection screen, the moving beam travels from point to point at high speeds, smoothing out the dots. This creates the illusion of a fixed, non-moving image.
Blanking The technique of turning the laser beam on and off with precise control (as opposed to chopping). For scanned graphics blanking allows images to have disconnected sections where the beam is hidden. Blanking can be digital (on/off) or analog (continuous intensity control). Blanking can be performed with a third scanner, an acosto-optic modulator, or by electronically contolling the laser output as done with semiconductor lasers.
ILDA Speed Ratings The International Laser Display Association has developed a standard to measure the performance of scanners and scanner driver cards. The two most common "standard" speeds for scanners is 12,000 points-per-second and 24,000 points-per-second while displaying the ILDA test pattern. Speed standards are designed to help make artwork compatable with different scanners and scanner amps. When displaying artwork that was designed for slower scanners on high-speed scanners, the points that make up the artwork may become apparent. To eliminate this the scanners must be tuned to a slower speed.


text:
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls import include, url
from django.conf.urls.static import static
from django.contrib import admin
from django.views.generic import TemplateView
from django.views import defaults as default_views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^$', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='pages/home.html'), name="home"),
    url(r'^about/$', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='pages/about.html'), name="about"),
    url(r'^dashboard/$', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='pages/dashboard.html'), name="dashboard"),

    # Django Admin, use {% url 'admin:index' %}
    url(settings.ADMIN_URL, include(admin.site.urls)),

    # DRF
    url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework')),
    url(r'^api/', include('femstats.core.apiv1', namespace='api')),

    # User management
    url(r'^users/', include("femstats.users.urls", namespace="users")),
    url(r'^accounts/', include('allauth.urls')),

    # Fertility App
    url(r'^fertility/', include("femstats.fertility.urls", namespace="fertility")),

] + static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)

if settings.DEBUG:
    # This allows the error pages to be debugged during development, just visit
    # these url in browser to see how these error pages look like.
    urlpatterns += [
        url(r'^400/$', default_views.bad_request),
        url(r'^403/$', default_views.permission_denied),
        url(r'^404/$', default_views.page_not_found),
        url(r'^500/$', default_views.server_error),
    ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub