text:
\section{Introduction}

The excitation of nucleon resonances has been the subject of great interest
since the development of the quark model in 1964 \cite{GellMann1964,Zweig1964}.
The proposed 3-quark structure of the baryons  when realized in the dynamical
quark models
resulted in prediction of a wealth of excited states
with underlying spin-flavor and orbital symmetry of $SU(6) \otimes O(3)$. Most of
the observed states have been found with hadronic probes, but they can also be
investigated with electromagnetic probes \cite{Copley1969}. From the
excited states predicted by the quark model, only a fraction has been observed to date.
The search for the "missing" states  and more detailed studies of the resonance structure
is now mostly carried out with electromagnetic probes and has been a major focus of
hadron physics for the past decade \cite{Burkert2004}. This has led to a broad
experimental effort in the development of large acceptance detectors and the measurement
of  exclusive meson photoproduction
and electroproduction reactions, including many polarization observables.
As a result, several new excited states
of the nucleon have been discovered and entered into the
Review of Particle Physics (RPP)~\cite{Agashe:2014kda}. Meson electroproduction
revealed intriguing new information regarding the structure underlying the excited
nucleon states \cite{Aznauryan2012}.

One of the important insights is strong evidence that resonances are not excited
from quark transitions alone, but there can be significant contributions from
meson-baryon interactions
as well, and that these two processes contribute to the excitation of the same state.
This information has been obtained initially through the observation that the
quark transition processes  often do not have sufficient strength
to explain fully the measured transition amplitudes and form factors. One of the best known
examples  is the photoexcitation of the $\Delta(1232){\frac{3}{2}}^+$ on the proton.
This  process is mostly
due to a magnetic dipole transition from the nucleon,
but only about 70\% of the magnetic dipole transition form factor at the real photon point
is explained by the quark content of the states.
A more satisfactory description of the
$\gamma^* p\rightarrow \Delta(1232){\frac{3}{2}}^+$
transition was achieved in
models that incorporate pion-cloud contributions
\cite{Thomas,Faessler} and also in the
dynamical reaction models, where
the missing strength has been attributed  to
dynamical meson-baryon interaction in the final state
\cite{Kamalov1999,Kamalov2001,Sato2001,Sato2007,Sato2008}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=meson.eps,scale=0.54}
\caption{\small
Symbolic representation of the main contributions
to the  $\gamma^* N \rightarrow N^*$
transition: (a) through quark transition; (b,c) through meson-baryon
pairs.
\label{meson}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The two
main processes that contribute to the  $\gamma^* N \rightarrow N^*$
transition
are illustrated in Fig. \ref{meson}
by the diagrams (a) and (b,c).
The relative strength of these processes is determined
by the dynamics of the quark interaction and $SU(6)\otimes O(3)$
structure of the $N$ and $N^*$ in the diagram of Fig. \ref{meson}(a),
as well by the meson-baryon coupling constants and dynamics
of meson-baryon interaction in the diagrams of Figs. \ref{meson}(b,c).
The common feature of all approaches that account for meson-baryon
contributions is the fact that
these contributions are rapidly losing their strength when
$Q^2$ increases.
With electron scattering experiments, we have the tool to measure how the two
contributions change their relative strength as a function of the distance
scale, i.e. as we change $Q^2$.
Furthermore, at relatively small $Q^2$,
we have a unique handle to determine experimentally the non-quark
contribution to $\gamma^* N \rightarrow N^*$,
if excitation of the state through quark transition
is suppressed.
Most suitable for this purpose
are measurements of the transition to resonant states with the
total spin of the quarks $S_{3q} = {\frac{3}{2}}$ that belong to the
$SU(6)\otimes O(3)$ multiplet $[70, 1^-]$.
In the approximation of the single quark transition model (SQTM)
\cite{Hey_Weyers,Babcock_Rosner,Cottingham,SQTM},
for the excitation of these states on proton, both transverse helicity amplitudes
are suppressed, i.e. $A^p_{1/2}=A^p_{3/2}=0$.
This suppression is known as the "Moorhouse" selection
rule \cite{Moorhouse}, and is independent of $Q^2$.
The states with suppressed transverse amplitudes are
$N(1650){\frac{1}{2}}^-$,  $N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$,
and $N(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$.
Two of them, $N(1650){\frac{1}{2}}^-$ and $N(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$, have partners in the same
multiplet with the same quantum numbers, $N(1535){\frac{1}{2}}^-$ and $N(1520){\frac{3}{2}}^-$,
for which the quark contributions are not suppressed.
These states can mix.
The mixing angle for the $N(1650){\frac{1}{2}}^-$ is large, approximately $-31^\circ$
\cite{Isgur_Karl,Hey1975}, making it unsuitable as a candidate
for a measurement of the non-quark components. The second state, $N(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$,
 has a much smaller mixing angle of about $ +10^\circ$ and is a good candidate for such a measurement,
if it can be separated experimentally from the $\Delta(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$.
While this separation is possible with the
data in at least two isospin configurations, e.g.  $ep\to e\pi^+ n$ and $ep\to e\pi^0 p$,
the $\pi^0$ data do not exist now in the energy range needed
for investigation of the $N(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$ and $\Delta(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$ contributions.
This leaves the
$N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$ as the sole suitable candidate
for a measurement of the non-quark
contributions to the transition amplitudes.  The suppression of the transverse amplitudes
for this state is also obtained in dynamical quark
models that do not rely on the single quark approximation~\cite{Aznauryan_quark,Merten,Giannini}.

\section{Data analysis and results}

The results on the
$\gamma^* p \rightarrow~N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$ transition reported
in this paper have been extracted
as part of global fits to over 37,000 cross section
data points collected recently with CLAS on the
$e p\rightarrow e n\pi^+$
at $1.8 \le   Q^2 < 4.5~$GeV$^2$ and $1.60 < W  < 2.0~$GeV \cite{Park}.
To further constrain the analysis, these data were combined
with the earlier CLAS data in the range $1.15 < W < 1.69~$GeV
at close values of $Q^2$ \cite{Park1}.
Therefore, the data sets at each $Q^2$ covered four resonance
regions from threshold to $2.0~$GeV.
Two conceptually different approaches,
unitary isobar model (UIM)
and dispersion relations (DR), were utilized in the analysis
to model the non-resonant contributions
which must be separated from the direct s-channel resonance contributions.
These approaches were described in detail in Refs.
\cite{Azn2003,Azn2009} and have been
successfully employed in Refs.
\cite{Azn2009,Azn065,Azn2005} for analyses of pion electroproduction data
in a wide range of $Q^2$ values from $0.16$ to $6~$GeV$^2$.

The UIM  \cite{Azn2003,Azn2009} was developed on the basis of MAID \cite{MAID}.
At the values of $Q^2$ under investigation, the background
of the UIM \cite{Azn2003,Azn2009} is built from
the nucleon exchanges in the $s$-
and $u$-channels and $t$-channel
$\pi$, $\rho$ and $\omega$ exchanges.
This background is unitarized via unitarization of the multipole amplitudes
in the $K$-matrix approximation.
Resonance contributions are parametrized
in the unified Breit-Wigner
form with energy-dependent widths.

The DR approach \cite{Azn2003,Azn2009} is based on fixed-$t$ dispersion
relations for invariant
amplitudes. They relate real parts of the amplitudes to
the Born term ($s$- and $u$-channel nucleon and $t$-channel
$\pi$ exchanges) and integral over imaginary parts of the amplitudes.
Taking into account isotopic structure,
there are 18 invariant amplitudes which describe $\pi$ electroproduction
on nucleons. For all these amplitudes, except one ($B_3^{(-)}$ in the notations
of Refs. \cite{Azn2003,Azn2009}), unsubtracted DR can be written.
For $B_3^{(-)}$, the subtraction is necessary. At the values of $Q^2$
under investigation, the subtraction was found empirically
in Ref. \cite{Azn2009} from the description of the data \cite{Park1}.
This subtraction was successfully employed in the present analysis.
In Ref. \cite{Azn2003}, the arguments were presented and discussed in detail, which show
that in $\pi$ electroproduction on nucleons, DR can be reliably used at $W \leq 1.8~$GeV.
The same conclusion was made
in early applications  of DR (see, for example, \cite{Crawford}).
Therefore, in our DR analysis, the
energy region is restricted by the first, second, and third resonance regions.

Both approaches, UIM and DR, give comparable descriptions of the data
as is shown in Table~\ref{pip_data} and Fig.~\ref{str}.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|cccccc|}
\hline
&&Number of&&$\chi^2/N$&\\
$Q^2$&$W$&data points&&&\\
(GeV$^2$)&(GeV)&($N$)&UIM&${}$&DR\\
\hline
1.72&1.15-1.69&3530&2.7&&2.9\\
1.8&1.6-2.01&8271&2.4&&\\
&1.6-1.8&5602&2.3&&2.4\\
2.05&1.15-1.69&5123&2.3&&2.5\\
2.2&1.6-2.01&8140&2.2&&\\
&1.6-1.8&5539&2.3&&2.3\\
2.44&1.15-1.69&5452&2.0&&2.3\\
2.6&1.6-2.01&7819&1.7&&\\
&1.6-1.8&5373&2.0&&2.2\\
2.91&1.15-1.69&5484&2.1&&2.3\\
3.15&1.6-2.01&7507&1.8&&\\
&1.6-1.8&5333&2.1&&2.0\\
4.16&1.15-1.69&5778&1.2&&1.3\\
4.0&1.6-2.01&5543&1.3&&\\
&1.6-1.8&4410&1.5&&1.6\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{pip_data}
The values of $\chi^2$ for the
$\gamma^* p \rightarrow \pi^+ n$ cross sections
obtained in the analyses within UIM and DR.
The data at $Q^2=1.8,2.2,2.6,3.15,4$GeV$^2$ and
$Q^2=1.72,2.05,2.44,2.91,4.16$GeV$^2$ are, respectively, from
Refs. \cite{Park,Park1}.}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=15.8cm]{sec_1675.eps}
\vspace{-0.1cm}
\caption{\small
Differential
cross sections
for the $\gamma^* p\rightarrow  n\pi^+$ reaction
at $W=1.675~$GeV
as a function of pion azimuthal angle $\phi$
at different values of pion polar angle $\theta$.
Data are from Ref. \cite{Park}.
The rows correspond to
$Q^2=1.8~$GeV$^2$, $\epsilon=0.866$;
$Q^2=2.6~$GeV$^2$, $\epsilon=0.792$;
$Q^2=4~$GeV$^2$, $\epsilon=0.626$.
The columns correspond to
$cos{\theta}=-0.5,~0.1,~0.5$.
The solid (dashed) curves
are the results obtained using UIM (DR) approach.
\label{str}}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
In the global analysis, we have taken into account
all  4- and 3-star resonances
from the first, second, and third resonance
regions:
$\Delta(1232){\frac{3}{2}}^+$, $N(1440){\frac{1}{2}}^+$,
$N(1520){\frac{3}{2}}^-$, $N(1535){\frac{1}{2}}^-$,
$\Delta(1600){\frac{3}{2}}^+$, $\Delta(1620){\frac{1}{2}}^-$,
$N(1650){\frac{1}{2}}^-$,
$N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$,
$N(1680){\frac{5}{2}}^+$,
$N(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$, $\Delta(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$,
$N(1710){\frac{1}{2}}^+$, and
$N(1720){\frac{3}{2}}^+$.
From the resonances of fourth resonance region,
we have included the resonances
$\Delta(1905){\frac{5}{2}}^+$ and
$\Delta(1950){\frac{7}{2}}^+$ which have been clearly seen in
$\pi$ photoproduction.
For the masses, widths, and  $\pi N$ branching
ratios  of the resonances we used
the mean values of the data from the
RPP~\cite{Agashe:2014kda}.
The results on the resonances of
the first and second resonance regions including their model uncertainties
are based on the data \cite{Park1}.
They have been found and presented
in Ref. \cite{Azn2009}.
The analysis of the combined sets of data
\cite{Park,Park1} allowed us to get reliable results
for the electroexcitation amplitudes of the states
$N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$,
$N(1680){\frac{5}{2}}^+$, and $N(1710){\frac{1}{2}}^+$.
The isotopic pairs of the resonances
$\Delta(1600){\frac{3}{2}}^+$ and $N(1720){\frac{3}{2}}^+$.
$\Delta(1620){\frac{1}{2}}^-$ and $N(1650){\frac{1}{2}}^-$,
$\Delta(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$ and $N(1700){\frac{3}{2}}^-$
could not be separated from each other from the data on the $N\pi$ production
in one channel. For their investigation, data in at least two
channels, e.g.
$\gamma^* p\rightarrow n \pi^+$ and $\gamma^* p\rightarrow p \pi^0$, are necessary.

Here we present and discuss the results on the
$N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$, because of the unique role the state plays in the
study of the meson-baryon contributions to the $\gamma^* N \rightarrow N^*$
transition amplitudes.
Detailed results on the CLAS data and their global analysis
have been presented in Ref.~\cite{Park}.

The results
for the  $\gamma^* p \rightarrow~N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$
transverse helicity amplitudes extracted from the
experimental data
are shown in Fig. \ref{d15}.
The presented amplitudes
are averaged values of the results obtained using UIM and DR.
The uncertainty that originates from the averaging is considered
as one of the model uncertainties.
We consider also two other kinds
of model uncertainties.
The first one arises from
the uncertainties of the widths and masses of the resonances.
The second one
is related to the uncertainties of the background of UIM
and the Born term in DR.
The pion and nucleon electromagnetic form factors
that enter these quantities are known quite well
from experimental data \cite{Melnitchouk,Lachniet,Horn,Tadevos,Riordan},
and the second uncertainty is caused mainly by the poor knowledge of
the $\rho \rightarrow \pi \gamma$ form factor.
According to the QCD sum rule \cite{Eletski}
and quark model \cite{AznOgan} predictions, the $Q^2$ dependence
of this form factor is
close to the dipole form
$G_D(Q^2)
=1/(1+\frac{Q^2}{0.71GeV^2})^2$.
We used this form in our analysis
and have introduced in our final results a systematic
uncertainty that accounts for a $20\%$ deviation
from $0.71~$GeV$^2$.
All these uncertainties added in quadrature are presented as model
uncertainties of the amplitudes.
\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\vspace{-0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=12.8cm]{d15.eps}
\vspace{-0.3cm}
\caption{\small
Transverse helicity amplitudes
for the \protect $\gamma^* p \rightarrow~N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$
transition.
The full circles are
the amplitudes extracted from the data \cite{Park,Park1}
using the following mass, width, and $\pi N$ branching
ratio of the resonance:
$M=1.675~$GeV, $\Gamma=0.15~$GeV, and $\beta_{\pi N}=0.4$.
The bands show the model uncertainties.
The full triangles at $Q^2=0$ are the RPP estimates \cite{Agashe:2014kda}.
The solid and dashed curves correspond
to quark model predictions of Refs. \cite{Giannini} and
\cite{Merten}, respectively;
the dots at $Q^2=0$ are the predictions of the light-front
relativistic quark model from Ref. \cite{Aznauryan_quark}.
Dashed-dotted curves are absolute values of the
predicted meson-baryon contributions
from the dynamical coupled-channel model of Ref. \cite{Sato2008}.
\label{d15}}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

In Fig. \ref{d15}, we show also the predictions of different quark models
\cite{Aznauryan_quark,Merten,Giannini} that do not account for
meson-baryon contributions.
They are consistent with each other and confirm
the strong suppression of the
$\gamma^* p \rightarrow~N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$ transverse helicity amplitudes that
follows from the SQTM \cite{SQTM}.
The values of $A^p_{1/2}$ and $A^p_{3/2}$, predicted by quark models,
are smaller than statistical and model uncertainties of the
amplitudes extracted from the data \cite{Park,Park1}.
Therefore, taking into account these uncertainties,
the experimental $\gamma^* p \rightarrow~N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$ amplitudes
can be considered as determined predominantly by the contributions
caused by meson-baryon effects.
The extracted amplitudes show significant
coupling through $A^p_{1/2}$,
while $A^p_{3/2}$
is consistent with 0 within statistical and model uncertainties.
Taking into account values of the amplitudes at $Q^2=0$ {\cite{Agashe:2014kda}},
we conclude that $A^p_{3/2}$ drops much faster than $A^p_{1/2}$.

In Fig. \ref{d15}, we show the results
from the dynamical coupled-channel approach by the
EBAC group \cite{Sato2008}. In this approach the meson-baryon
contributions to the
$\gamma^* p \rightarrow~N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$ amplitudes have been
found at the resonance pole position.
The amplitudes that are presented
in Fig. \ref{d15} are absolute values of these contributions continued
to the real axis close to the mass of the
state $N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$.
$Q^2$-behaviour of the amplitudes extracted from experiment and their sizes
are qualitatively
consistent  with these results of the dynamical coupled-channel approach \cite{Sato2008}.

\section{Summary}

Based on new high precision data from CLAS in the
$ep\to e\pi^+n$ channel \cite{Park}, combined with previously obtained
data on the same channel at close values of $Q^2$ but at lower values of $W$~\cite{Park1},
we have extracted the electroexcitation helicity amplitudes for the
resonance $N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$. A special feature
of this state is the strong suppression of the transverse helicity amplitudes for
its excitation through quark transition from the proton. This feature
allowed us to draw conclusions regarding the dominant strength
of the meson-baryon contributions to the $\gamma^* p \rightarrow~N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$ transition.
The results are important as unambiguous experimental test  for
models that account for the meson-baryon contributions to the
electroexcitation of nucleon resonances and will support theoretical developments
towards a more complete understanding of the dynamics
of nucleon resonance excitations.

The data \cite{Park,Park1} cover the relatively high $Q^2$ range.
It would be desirable to study the state $N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$
at lower $Q^2$ to map out the transition to the real photon point
where the amplitudes are not well known. Furthermore, measurements
on the neutron are very desirable, as significant strength
through quark transition is expected for both transverse amplitudes
in the excitation of the $N(1675){\frac{5}{2}}^-$ from the neutron \cite{SQTM}.

{\bf Acknowledgments}. This work was supported by the
State Committee of Science of Republic of Armenia, Grant 13-1C023,
and the US Department of Energy, Office of Science,
Office of Nuclear Science, under contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


"My fear is that we may have state and local officials that pursue brand names over real benefits," adds Dan LeFevre on LinkedIn.
The data center move comes after the Utah legislation approved a sales tax deal (SB3002) to entice the development of future large business centers around Utah. As part of the package, Facebook is set to receive a sales tax exemption provided by the state. They are expected to save $5.8 million in sales tax exemptions and $150 million in additional property tax incentives over the next 20 years. In return, Facebook promises to invest $100 million in infrastructure and utility improvements targeted to grow rural western Utah Country.
The proposed improvements include an electrical substation that provides a higher power delivery capacity to support the data center and future economic growth in the areas around Eagle Mountain. But will it have as big of an impact as everyone thinks it will?
Utah legislators have always been interested in the kinds of economic growth that Facebook is said to bring to the state. Two years prior to the Eagle Mountain announcement, there were talks of the Facebook data center going into an area of West Jordan. This deal was struck down in August 2016 after the Board of Education said that they would only agree on the center if the proposed tax break plan was decreased and capped at $100 million. After the decrease in the proposed tax break plan, Facebook lost interest in West Jordan, and ended up putting the facility in Los Lunas, New Mexico, instead.
However, the Eagle Mountain deal appears to work out a little better for the community, anyway. West Jordan is a rapidly developing area, and real estate is expensive. Unsurprising to most, the state of Utah has less to lose with the construction of a data center in a remote area like that of Eagle Mountain, where the land is cheaper, and it's less populated.
What does this mean for Eagle Mountain?
Facebook expects to employ anywhere from 30-50 people at the data center full time, with potential contracting work coming later on, but as everyone on mentioned on LinkedIn, these numbers aren't that astounding in terms of added job growth. In fact, it seems like a new restaurant or two could bring the same in terms of new jobs to the area.
But though the data center itself won't create hundreds of new jobs around Eagle Mountain, the building of the center, as well as the added growth of other potential companies in the area just might. Large tech companies like Adobe, Bluehost, Instructure, and now Facebook have figuratively "set up shop" throughout Utah Valley. It's the hope of the Utah legislation that many other industry leaders will follow suit, creating a lot more than 50 jobs throughout Eagle Mountain.


Recently, my sister and brother in law launched a business that I am amazed by. It was really awesome to see the beginning idea and how it has evolved and then launched into something great.That Cheap Furniture is a new furniture business aimed at selling inexpensive and quality pieces of furniture for your home. Not only is it going to last and be REAL wood (because frankly, that bookcase of yours is probably made out of particleboard) but it is ridiculously cheap, with prices competing with Ikea. Plus, there is free shipping... which is always a reason to buy something in my book. Another awesome thing about TCF is they name all of their collections after a family member (maybe I'll get lucky one day!). That Cheap Furniture is launching another collection of furniture pieces in a week, so be sure to check it out and maybe it will be the missing item on your Christmas list. I love supporting small businesses, and find it hard to say no to quality businesses like this one. Head on over to their website to find out more about their story and see all their furniture they have so far!
I am always blown away by the things Aric & Alex make, they always help me out on technical projects for Always Rooney and I think That Cheap Furniture is such a great business to allow people to have quality pieces of furniture in their home, or as I like to call it: "say no to particleboard!"
If you are one of the first 1,000 followers on twitter or facebook you could win a piece from their first collection, the Elliot Collection!
I hope you are having a wonderful Saturday so far!


here is how to easily make a baking soda rocket.
Now it is time to make the primer of the rocket by means of paper and of Baking soda. It is necessary to roll up the powder in the paper and to close every extremity with the brooch. The brooch has to exceed on one side.
The rocket is ready to launch. you just need to put a bit of vinegar in the bottle and set the primer In the mouth of the bottle so that it does not touch the vinegar.Use the cap and the brooch for this like show on the picture.


text:
Wolfgang Lange ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Wolfgang Lange (Philologe) (1915–1984), deutscher Mediävist
 Wolfgang Lange (Pädagoge) (1921–1977), deutscher Pädagoge, Mathematikmethodiker und Hochschullehrer
 Wolfgang Lange (Politiker), deutscher Politiker (DBD), MdV
 Wolfgang Lange (Wirtschaftswissenschaftler) (* 1932), deutscher Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und Entwicklungshelfer
 Wolfgang Lange (Kanute) (1938–2022), deutscher Kanute
 Wolfgang Lange (Philosoph) (* 1955), deutscher Philosoph
 Wolfgang Kurt Lange (1907–um 1994), deutscher Wirtschaftsstatistiker und Marktforscher

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
drop database if exists CrowdFund;
create database CrowdFund;
use CrowdFund;

drop table if exists `Accounts`;
create table `Accounts` (
 `UID` varchar(45) not null,
 `Passcode` varchar(45) not null,
 PRIMARY KEY (`UID`));

drop table if exists `UserProfiles`;
create table `UserProfiles` (
  `UID` varchar(45) not null,
  `FirstName` varchar (45) null,
  `LastName` varchar(45) null,
  `Gender` varchar(25) null,
  `City` varchar(45) null,
  `State` varchar(45) null,
  `Cellphone` varchar(45) null,
  `EmailAddress` varchar(45) null,
  `CreditCardNumber` varchar(45) null,
  `Interests` varchar (140) NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`UID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`UID`) REFERENCES `Accounts`(`UID`));

drop table if exists `Following`;
create table `Following` (
  `UID` varchar(45) not null,
  `FollowerID` varchar(45) not null,
  PRIMARY KEY (`UID`, `FollowerID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`UID`) REFERENCES `UserProfiles`(`UID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`FollowerID`) REFERENCES `UserProfiles`(`UID`));

drop table if exists `Projects`;
create table `Projects` (
 `ProjID` int not null,
 `ProjName` varchar(45) not null,
 `Description` varchar(1500) not null,
 `OwnerID` varchar(45) not null,
 `MinFundValue` int not null,
 `MaxFundValue` int not null,
 `PostTime` datetime not null,
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 `StartTime` datetime null,
 `TargetTime` datetime not null,
 `CompleteTime` datetime null,
 `LikeCount` int DEFAULT 0,
 `SponsorCount` int DEFAULT 0,
 `AlreadyFund` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT 0.00,
 `Status` varchar(45) DEFAULT 'Funding',
 `AvgRating` decimal(2,1) null,
 PRIMARY KEY (`ProjID`),
 FOREIGN KEY (`OwnerID`) REFERENCES `UserProfiles`(`UID`));

drop table if exists `Tags`;
create table `Tags` (
 `Tag` varchar(45) not null,
 PRIMARY KEY (`Tag`));

drop table if exists `Label`;
create table `Label` (
 `ProjID` int not null,
 `Tag` varchar(45) not null,
 PRIMARY KEY (`ProjID`, `Tag`),
 FOREIGN KEY (`ProjID`) REFERENCES `Projects`(`ProjID`),
 FOREIGN KEY (`Tag`) REFERENCES `Tags`(`Tag`));

drop table if exists `Pledges`;
create TABLE `Pledges` (
  `ProjID` int not null,
  `UID` varchar(45) not null,
  `PledgeTime` datetime not null,
  `Amount` decimal(10,2) not null,
  `CreditCardNumber` varchar(45) not null,
  PRIMARY KEY (`ProjID`, `UID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`ProjID`) REFERENCES `Projects` (`ProjID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`UID`) REFERENCES `UserProfiles` (`UID`));

drop table if exists `Charges`;
create table `Charges` (
  `ProjID` int not null,
  `UID` varchar(45) not null,
  `Amount` decimal(10,2) not null,
  `CreditCardNumber` varchar(45) not null,
  `ChargedTime` datetime not null,
  PRIMARY KEY (`UID`, `ProjID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`UID`, `ProjID`) REFERENCES `Pledges` (`UID`, `ProjID`));

drop table if exists `Reviews`;
create table `Reviews` (
  `UID` varchar(45) not null,
  `ProjID` int not null,
  `Rating` int not null,
  `RateTime` datetime not null,
  `UserReview` varchar(3000) null,
  PRIMARY KEY (`UID`, `ProjID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`UID`, `ProjID`) REFERENCES `Pledges`(`UID`, `ProjID`));

drop table if exists `Likes`;
create table `Likes` (
  `UID` varchar(45) not null,
  `ProjID` int not null,
  PRIMARY KEY (`UID`, `ProjID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`UID`) REFERENCES `UserProfiles`(`UID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`ProjID`) REFERENCES `Projects`(`ProjID`));

drop table if exists `Materials`;
create table `Materials` (
  `MID` int not null,
  `MName` varchar(45) not null,
  `UID` varchar(45) not null,
  `MPath` varchar(255) not null,
  `UploadTime` datetime not null,
  PRIMARY KEY (`MID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`UID`) REFERENCES `UserProfiles` (`UID`));

drop table if exists `Attach`;
create table `Attach` (
  `MID` int not null,
  `ProjID` int not null,
  PRIMARY KEY (`MID`, `ProjID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`MID`) REFERENCES `Materials` (`MID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`ProjID`) REFERENCES `Projects` (`ProjID`));

drop table if exists `StageUpdate`;
create table `StageUpdate` (
  `UID` varchar(45) not null,
  `ProjID` int not null,
  `MID` int not null,
  `UpdateTime` datetime not null,
  PRIMARY KEY (`UID`, `ProjID`, `MID`, `UpdateTime`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`UID`) REFERENCES `UserProfiles` (`UID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`ProjID`) REFERENCES `Projects` (`ProjID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`MID`) REFERENCES `Materials` (`MID`));

drop table if exists `Comments`;
create table `Comments` (
  `UID` varchar(45) not null,
  `ProjID` int not null,
  `UserComment` varchar(3000) not null,
  `CommentTime` datetime not null,
  PRIMARY KEY (`UID`, `ProjID`, `CommentTime`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`UID`) REFERENCES `UserProfiles` (`UID`),
  FOREIGN KEY (`ProjID`) REFERENCES `Projects` (`ProjID`));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


So I recently bought a new Asus laptop and I noticed that it came with a choice between AC Unity and other one. How do I go about redeeming this?
Hi, The offer would be from Asus, so there should be full details about how to claim on the leaflet?
It's not a leaflet, just a sticker on the box that says my ROG Gear comes with a full AC game. I'm not too sure where to enquire?
I would contact your retailer - who sold you it - or - Asus customer support directly.
Normally you would get a leaflet with a code and full instructions, if you purchased the items new and the offer was still valid.


text:
US Partisan Politics and Political Platforms
The RNC was pure propaganda designed to sanitize
The RNC was pure propaganda designed to sanitize Trump's damning record on race, immigration, women, and the pandemic
The 2020 Republican National Convention painted an alternate reality for the country, portraying President Donald Trump as a tolerant, levelheaded leader who acted swiftly to contain COVID-19. During his speech on Thursday, Trump said his administration is focusing "on the science, the facts, and the data" to handle the pandemic. This couldn't be further from the truth. Roughly 1,500 people gathered on the South Lawn of the White House for the final night of the convention and Trump's address. They sat in chairs that were not six feet apart, and many of them were maskless. It sent a message that everything is fine in the US, even as the virus continues to spread at an alarming rate across the country. Over 180,000 Americans have died from the virus. Millions are unemployed. But these devastating stats were consistently ignored during the convention, which almost made it seem as if the pandemic is over. Donald Trump Jr. on the first night of the RNC praised his father's handling of the pandemic, stating that he "acted quickly and ensured ventilators got to hospitals that needed them most, he delivered PPE to our brave frontline workers, and he rallied the mighty American private sector to tackle this new challenge."
But this is far from how things played out in reality. Trump has repeatedly downplayed the threat of the virus, pushed against expanding testing, and misled the public on the state of the US outbreak. Public health experts have slammed Trump's handling of the pandemic, and polling has consistently shown the vast majority of Americans disapprove of his response to the outbreak. The convention was well-coordinated effort to sanitize Trump's damning record on an array of issues, from his handling of the pandemic to his treatment of women. The RNC turned the White House into a campaign venue, exploiting the power and grandeur of the presidency to boost Trump's reelection prospects. To put it another way, it was propaganda for one of the most controversial presidents in modern US history as he fights for reelection after bungling his response to one of the biggest crises this country has ever seen. The basic message of the convention was inherently contradictory: The US is a nation consumed by chaos and only Trump can fix it — even though he's been president for three and a half years. Republicans succeeded in pulling off the convention without major mishaps, but they can't rewrite history and they can't erase the fact that the US is a nation in crisis under the current administration.
Trump IS the current president. Whatever ails the nation now, and there is plenty, Trump owns it. The buck stops at HIS desk.
OrphanSlug
A sinister place...
In case anyone is curious... *all* conventions for any party, including for a 1st term President looking for #2, are all propaganda.
Every single one of them, without exception.
All we are talking about is how far any single convention may go info fantasy land to make their points.
aociswundumho
Capitalist Pig
Libertarian - Right
No, Trump is not your daddy. You know the situation with the virus, make your own decisions and stopping looking to the government to tell you what to do.
Regarding the looting, arson, and violence going on in liberal cities, that is the culmination of decades of leftism, and has nothing whatsoever to do with the federal government.
Moderate Right
Slightly Conservative
The DNC was pure propaganda designed to sanitize.
aociswundumho said:
No, Trump is not your daddy.
Trump is the current president and has been the president for the past four years. Not Joe Biden
Trump is responsible for the condition of the US. That's how it has always worked, and that's how it works with Trump in the Oval Office.
The buck stops at HIS desk.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Home » News » THE AMAZING POWERS OF DOPAMINE: New DopaRush Shots to the Rescue!
THE AMAZING POWERS OF DOPAMINE: New DopaRush Shots to the Rescue!
April 23, 2021 - Admin
Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in the body, most commonly associated with feelings of reward, pleasure, and satisfaction.
Not only is this highly critical neurotransmitter involved in reward and pleasure, it also affects mood, motivation, focus, decision-making, and motor control.
Essentially, with proper levels of dopamine, individuals perform better, are happier, more motivated, more productive, and more resilient!
How Do We Get Dopamine?
Our brains release dopamine when we eat food that we crave, have sex, and exercise. The ingestion of certain substances also elicits a dopamine response.
Previous research has consistently shown the crucial role dopamine neurons play in reward learning.
Reward learning is a process through which humans (as well as other animals) acquire information, skills, or behaviors by receiving rewards after performing specific (i.e correct or desired) actions, typically in response to a question.
The quintessential example of this is food. A rat pushes a lever and gets a food pellet. It does it again, and gets another tasty food pellet. This positive reinforcement encourages the rat to continually push their lever for its reward. And, all the while dopamine is working in the background. The same thing happens to us humans when we eat something highly palatable -- pizza, cookies, candy, cake, etc.
When dopamine is released in the brain, it increases an individual's levels of desire, driving us to seek out, search, and acquire things that make us feel good. It also increases our level of arousal and goal-directed behavior. This culminates in a near endless reward-seeking loops, where we're constantly on the hunt for our next "fix" of dopamine.
Interestingly, research has found that when individuals receive rewards that are better than what they expect to receive, dopamine neurons are activated. However, when the reward received is worse than expected, dopamine signaling is suppressed.[1]
Now there are natural ways to boost dopamine (for ex. exercise), but more and more individuals are turning to potentially hazardous options to boost dopamine, including drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine.
While both can serve to increase dopamine levels in the brain, the end results and long-term effects on the brain and human body are quite different.
Exercise, for instance, in addition to boosting dopamine has also been shown to increase BDNF levels in the brain (which supports the maintenance and survival of neurons). It also improves cardiovascular health, combats weight gain, and builds lean muscle -- all of which promote health, wellness, and longevity.
The same of which cannot be said of drugs like marijuana and cocaine.
In fact, a recent study published in the journal Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience discovered that during cocaine withdrawal neurons in the brain associated with depression connect to neurons embedded in an anti-reward system.[2]
Typically, when we make a positive choice (and are thus rewarded for it) neurons in the brain's ventral tegmental area (VTA) produce dopamine, which in turn induces feelings of joy or pleasure and spreads throughout the brain, subsequently motivating us to repeat those actions or behaviors to again achieve feelings of pleasure and reward (FYI, this is a key component of addictive behavior).
Now, when we don't achieve the reward for which we're looking (or stop taking addictive substances) a region of the brain, called the lateral habenula, becomes hyperactive and transmits signals to the VTA that results in depressive symptoms.
However, this new study found that instead of connecting to the rewarding dopamine neurons they mostly connected to an anti-reward network. Researchers believe this reorganization of neural-circuitry may explain adverse behavior commonly seen with cocaine withdrawal.[2]
Now, cocaine may seem like a bit of an extreme example for some (if not all) of you reading this, so let's take a look at a less extreme substance that's even starting to become more "mainstream" in certain areas of the world -- marijuana.
A 2016 study published in Molecular Psychiatry found that heavy, prolonged use of cannabis may impair the dopaminergic system, which could have a number of deleterious effects on learning and behavior.[3]
Specifically, researchers noted that chronic cannabis use was linked to lower dopamine release in the striatum--a region of the brain that is involved in attention, working memory, and impulsive behavior.[3]
Previous research had noted that chronic abuse (addiction) to other dopamine-boosting substances, such as cocaine and heroin, had similar adverse effects on dopamine release, but this study was the first to provide evidence that chronic cannabis use could be damaging to the body's dopaminergic signaling.
This becomes all the more disconcerting when you realize that other studies suggest that blunted dopamine transmission and decreased dopamine receptor availability are key biomarkers both for the development of addiction and resistance to treatment.[4]
While all of this may seem a bit disheartening, the good news is that you don't have to go to extremes (or imbibe in potentially dangerous substances) to increase dopamine levels.
In fact, there's a number of everyday things you can do, such as get enough sleep, exercise, manage stress and eat a diet rich in foods that contain tyrosine (a building block of tyrosine.
Foods rich in tyrosine include:
Dairy (including cheese)
Furthermore, you can also use natural supplements to increase dopamine production in the body, which don't come with the deleterious effects to the brain's structure and function as other substances do.
It is these same compounds that we've used time and again in the creation of our best-selling pre workout and productivity supplements in AML Pre Workout, Dopa Rush and Dopa Rush Pre Workout as well as our newest dopamine-boosting supplement -- DopaRush Shots!
What Are Dopa Rush Shots?
We're all familiar with energy shots -- they're those little bottles next to the check-out register that promise 5-hour energy, but contain little more than the caffeine equivalent of a strong cup of coffee and a couple of B-vitamins, all sequestered in a proprietary blend.
Dopa Rush Shots are the prototypical energy shot done right!
We've included the best elements from our best-selling pre workout and nootropic supplements and concentrated them into an easy-to-drink, on-the-go supplement that can be used to help increase:
Mental alertness
Dopa Rush Shots are designed for students, athletes and motivated professionals looking for that edge needed to excel on the field, in the office or classroom, and in the gym!
If you've any Advanced Molecular Labs products in the past, you're well acquainted with the ingredients in Dopa Rush Shots, but for those of you new to the brand (or those looking for a refreshers), let's take a closer look at the prime movers behind Dopa Rush Shots.
The Sweet Science of Dopa Rush Shots
You know it; you love. You probably use it everyday already -- caffeine.
Caffeine is a strong CNS stimulant that increases mental alertness, acuity, and wakefulness. It's the foundation of all great pre workouts (including AML pre workout and Dopa Rush Pre Workout), and for good reason -- caffeine flat out works.
Not only does it increase mental energy and productivity, it also enhances exercise performance, primarily due to delaying the onset of fatigue.
But, caffeine isn't just about increasing energy -- it also increases dopamine release as well as dopamine receptor availability.[5]
Beyond boosting dopamine, caffeine also stimulates the release of other important neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and adrenaline, which helps turbocharge cognitive function for greater concentration, motivation, and performance in or out of the gym.
As we mentioned above, exercise is a natural means to increasing dopamine levels in the brain, but recent research also finds that the addition of caffeine (at a dose of 3mg/kg) to exercise increases dopamine to a greater extent than exercise alone.[6]
Perhaps, best of all, caffeine is safe (when used in reasonable doses), and doesn't impart the unwanted effects on the brain that other dopamine-boosting stimulants do, such as cocaine. In fact, research indicates that " lifelong coffee/caffeine consumption has been associated with prevention of cognitive decline, and reduced risk of developing stroke, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.[7]
Tyrosine is an amino acid that serves as a building block for dopamine biosynthesis. In essence, it provides a natural alternative to enhancing dopamine levels and improving performance as opposed to psychostimulants (e.g. cocaine and amphetamines) which can bring unwanted side effects (as we discussed above).
Unlike most supplements, energy drinks, and energy shots, which typically only contain a pixie-dusting of tyrosine, AML Dopa Rush Shots includes a full 2,000mg of L-tyrosine, which has been shown in research to not only help mitigate stress, but also improve performance.[8,9,10]
Velvet Bean
As we just mentioned, tyrosine is an important building block in the production of dopamine. It's converted into L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.
L-Dopa is the direct precursor to dopamine naturally produced within the body.
Velvet bean is a naturally occurring source of L-Dopa.
Velvet bean (aka mucuna pruriens) has a long history of use as a natural herbal remedy and aphrodisiac due to its anti-diabetic, aphrodisiac, anti-neoplastic, anti-epileptic, and anti-microbial activities.
Furthermore, velvet bean has also been shown to be neuroprotective and possess analgesic (pain-relieving) and anti-inflammatory properties[11]
Additional studies suggest that L-Dopa may help attenuate declining dopamine levels, making it an intriguing natural alternative for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[12]
Garcitrin™
For those of you not familiar with our other dopamine-boosting supplements, then the ingredient Garcitrin may be something new. It is a trademarked extract of Garcinia Cambogia, standardized for garcinol.
Garcinol is a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative found in the rind of Garcinia which has traditionally been used for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties.[13,14]
More pertinent to its inclusion in Dopa Rush Shots, garcinol also functions as a monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor.[15]
What is noteworthy about an MAO-B inhibitor?
MAO-B is an enzyme that metabolizes (breaks down) certain neurotransmitters in the body, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
In fact, Parkinson's researchers have been developing a class of prescription medications based on MAO-B inhibition to treat the symptoms of the disease.
MAO-B inhibitors are not new to dietary supplements. In fact, another well-known MAO-B inhibitor has been used for years -- hordenine.
However, hordenine is included on the FDA's "Advisory List," which means the FDA is taking steps to further evaluate the ingredient as to whether or not it is safe and/or effective.
Garcitrin™ (garcinol) offers a superior option for MAO-B inhibition which supports longer-lasting dopamine levels in the body for greater energy, mood, motivation and focus.
Bioperine™
Bioperine is a prominent black pepper extract standardized for piperine.
Piperine is the pungent alkaloid in black pepper that is known to stimulate dopamine release by activating the TRPV receptor in the brain. [16]
Moreover, iperine also inhibits the enzyme that degrades dopamine — monoamine oxidase— complementing the activities of Garcitrin.[17]
This means that piperine supports dopamine levels both directly and indirectly in the brain, further improving mood, focus, and concentration.
NO Taurine!
Taurine is an amino acid commonly added to energy drinks, pre workout supplements, and energy shots.
It is a non-essential amino acid that maintains cell volume, aids muscle contraction and supports antioxidant defense systems in the body. It may also play a role in supporting cardiovascular health.[18]
While these properties might make taurine seem like an alluring, if not compulsory, inclusion in energy and performance-enhancing supplements, when used in combination with caffeine (as is often the case), the research isn't as conclusively positive.
Several studies have found that the combination of taurine + caffeine did not improve performance, energy, or attention.[19,20,21,22]
In fact, the combination of taurine + caffeine resulted in decreased feelings of vigor and lowered the stimulating effects of caffeine. Furthermore, the combination of caffeine and taurine was actually noted to increase feelings of fatigue.
But, that's not all, other research suggests that combining taurine with caffeine may have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system.
A 2015 study found that "consumption of a caffeine and taurine containing ED results in a subtle, but significant increase of myocardial contractility 1 h after consumption."[23]
Interestingly, the control in the study was a dose of caffeine (equivalent to the amount contained in the energy drink). Yet, researchers observed no significant changes in cardiac function compared to baseline, leading the team to conclude that the combination of caffeine and taurine or taurine itself is responsible for this inotropic effect.[23]
Another study conducted in 2018 found that a caffeine + taurine energy drink increased diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and level of discomfort in healthy young people.[24] However, there was no caffeine control in the study.
Most recently, a 2020 study in rats assessed the neurobehavioral effects of caffeine, taurine, and gluconolactone when administered the substances alone and in combination orally for 21 days.[25]
Researchers concluded that the "highest toxic effects, including alterations in neurotransmitter levels, were observed in animals treated with a combination of food additives [taurine, gluconolactone, and glucuronolactone] at high doses."[25]
Decreases in dopamine levels were also observed in the taurine and combination group animals compared to the control.[25]
While animal studies do not translate 100% to humans, it does give one pause as to whether or not taurine should be included alongside caffeine. Furthermore, there is no conclusive evidence indicating that the combination of taurine + caffeine enhances either mental or physical performance, but there is data suggesting it may reduce performance.
As such, AML DopaRush Shots contain NO Taurine (or gluconolactone for that matter).
Dopamine is a primetime neurotransmitter that plays an essential role in mood, motivation, focus, motor control, and decision-making.
There are a great many ways to increase dopamine levels, but not all are safe over the long term.
Dopa Rush Shots (as well as Dopa Rush, Dopa Rush Pre-Workout and AML Pre Workout) were developed using natural ingredients to support the body's endogenous production of dopamine for greater energy, mood, motivation, focus,and performance, both mentally and physically.
If you're someone who's been spending $3 (or more) on overpriced underdosed energy drinks and energy shots, grab a serving of Dopa Rush Shots today and see what a real supplement (one rooted in science) can do for you!
Rare rewards amplify dopamine responses. Nature Neuroscience(2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00807-7.
Joseph Clerke et al, Output-Specific Adaptation of Habenula-Midbrain Excitatory Synapses During Cocaine Withdrawal, Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience (2021). DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.643138
E van de Giessen, J J Weinstein, C M Cassidy, M Haney, Z Dong, R Ghazzaoui, N Ojeil, L S Kegeles, X Xu, N P Vadhan, N D Volkow, M Slifstein, A Abi-Dargham. Deficits in striatal dopamine release in cannabis dependence. Molecular Psychiatry, 2016; DOI: 1038/mp.2016.21
Trifilieff P, Ducrocq F, van der Veldt S, Martinez D. Blunted Dopamine Transmission in Addiction: Potential Mechanisms and Implications for Behavior. Semin Nucl Med. 2017 Jan;47(1):64-74. doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.09.003. Epub 2016 Oct 13. PMID: 27987559.
Volkow, N., Wang, GJ., Logan, J. et al. Caffeine increases striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the human brain. Transl Psychiatry 5, e549 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.46
Lee JB, Lee HJ, Lee SJ, Kim TW. Blood dopamine level enhanced by caffeine in men after treadmill running. Chin J Physiol. 2019 Nov-Dec;62(6):279-284. doi: 10.4103/CJP.CJP_59_19. PMID: 31793465.
Nehlig A. Effects of coffee/caffeine on brain health and disease: What should I tell my patients? Pract Neurol. 2016 Apr;16(2):89-95. doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2015-001162. Epub 2015 Dec 16. PMID: 26677204.
Selasi Attipoe, Stacey A. Zeno, Courtney Lee, Cindy Crawford, Raheleh Khorsan, Avi R. Walter, Patricia A. Deuster, Tyrosine for Mitigating Stress and Enhancing Performance in Healthy Adult Humans, a Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature, Military Medicine, Volume 180, Issue 7, July 2015, Pages 754–765, https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00594
Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Tyrosine promotes cognitive flexibility: evidence from proactive reactive control during task switching performance. Neuropsychologia, 69, 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.022
Lampariello LR, Cortelazzo A, Guerranti R, Sticozzi C, Valacchi G. The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2012;2(4):331-339.
Hornykiewicz O. L-DOPA. Journal of Parkinson's Disease. 2017;7(Suppl 1):S3-S10. doi:10.3233/JPD-179004.
Fuchs RA, McLaughlin RJ. Garcinol: A Magic Bullet of Amnesia for Maladaptive Memories?. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(3):581– doi:10.1038/npp.2016.165 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240180/
Nadia Saadat and Smiti V. Gupta, "Potential Role of Garcinol as an Anticancer Agent," Journal of Oncology, vol. 2012, Article ID 647206, 8 pages, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/647206.
Mazumder, M. K., Paul, R., Phukan, B. C., Dutta, A., Chakrabarty, J., Bhattacharya, P., & Borah, A. (2018). Garcinol, an effective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Medical Hypotheses, 117, 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.06.009
McNamara FN, Randall A, Gunthorpe MJ. Effects of piperine, the pungent component of black pepper, at the human vanilloid receptor (TRPV1). Br J Pharmacol. 2005;144(6):781–790. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706040
Lee, S. A., Hong, S. S., Han, X. H., Hwang, J. S., Oh, G. J., Lee, K. S., Ro, J. S. (2005). Piperine from the fruits of Piper longum with inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase and antidepressant-like activity. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 53(7), 832–835.
Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Tappia PS, Dhalla NS. The potential health benefits of taurine in cardiovascular disease. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2008 Summer;13(2):57-65. PMID: 19343117; PMCID: PMC2586397.
Jeffries, O., Hill, J., Patterson, S. D., & Waldron, M. (2017). Energy Drink Doses Of Caffeine And Taurine Have A Null Or Negative Effect On Sprint Performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research
Bichler, A., Swenson, A., & Harris, M. A. (2006). A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids, 31(4), 471–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-005-0302-x
Giles, G. E., Mahoney, C. R., Brunye, T. T., Gardony, A. L., Taylor, H. A., & Kanarek, R. B. (2012). Differential cognitive effects of energy drink ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucose. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 102(4), 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.07.004
Peacock A, Martin FH, Carr A. Energy drink ingredients. Contribution of caffeine and taurine to performance outcomes. Appetite. 2013;64:1–4.
Doerner JM, Kuetting DL, Luetkens JA, Naehle CP, Dabir D, Homsi R, Nadal J, Schild HH, Thomas DK. Caffeine and taurine containing energy drink increases left ventricular contractility in healthy volunteers. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Mar;31(3):595-601. doi: 10.1007/s10554-014-0577-7. Epub 2014 Nov 26. PMID: 25425431.
Nowak D, Gośliński M, Nowatkowska K. The Effect of Acute Consumption of Energy Drinks on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Blood Glucose in the Group of Young Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(3):544. Published 2018 Mar 19. doi:10.3390/ijerph15030544
Boyina R, Dodoala S. Evaluation of the Neurobehavioural Toxic Effects of Taurine, Glucuronolactone, and Gluconolactone Used in Energy Drinks in Young Rats. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2020;17(6):659-666. doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.33602


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Don't let the name fool you, this is not your average chicken and garden salad! Jam, chutney, mustard, lemon… sounds a bit weird, but just wait till you try it. You'll be coming back for more!
Perhaps the most loved Indian dish worldwide today, this cook at home from scratch version will hit all the right notes – rich and creamy, the key is in the yoghurt marinade that let's all the flavour in. Yum!
Now this is different! The middle eastern flavours, heartiness of lamb and unique flavor of eggplant makes for a truly creative dish that will take your taste buds on a journey. Bit of fresh yoghurt and mint on the side… yes please!
Now here's a little something special. Not only does it look amazing but the flavours are sensational. Did we say it's super healthy too! Try it on a warm summers night outdoors. Perfect!


Sometimes nurses need their shots too. Sit back and relax after a long day of bettering lives with our Nostalgic Nurse custom whiskey glass. Crafted from premium glass, each one-of-a-kind keepsake makes a perfect gift for new, retiring, or current nurses. Engraved with our vintage inspired design, each rocks glass features the name and year of your choice to commemorate an array special occasions. Our personalized rocks glass measures 4.5 tall with a 3 diameter and holds 10 ounces. Dishwasher safe.


text:
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UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '64' WHERE name = 'PS_PRODUCT_PICTURE_HEIGHT';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '3' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_MINWORDLEN';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '6' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_WEIGHT_PNAME';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '10' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_WEIGHT_REF';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_WEIGHT_SHORTDESC';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_WEIGHT_DESC';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '3' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_WEIGHT_CNAME';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '3' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_WEIGHT_MNAME';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '4' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_WEIGHT_TAG';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '2' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_WEIGHT_ATTRIBUTE';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '2' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_WEIGHT_FEATURE';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'PS_SEARCH_AJAX';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0' WHERE name = 'PS_DISPLAY_JQZOOM';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0' WHERE name = 'PS_BLOCK_BESTSELLERS_DISPLAY';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0' WHERE name = 'PS_BLOCK_NEWPRODUCTS_DISPLAY';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0' WHERE name = 'PS_BLOCK_SPECIALS_DISPLAY';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'PS_STORES_DISPLAY_CMS';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'PS_STORES_DISPLAY_FOOTER';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '350' WHERE name = 'SHOP_LOGO_WIDTH';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '99' WHERE name = 'SHOP_LOGO_HEIGHT';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'PS_DISPLAY_SUPPLIERS';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'PS_DISPLAY_BEST_SELLERS';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0' WHERE name = 'PS_LEGACY_IMAGES';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'jpg' WHERE name = 'PS_IMAGE_QUALITY';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '7' WHERE name = 'PS_PNG_QUALITY';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '90' WHERE name = 'PS_JPEG_QUALITY';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '2' WHERE name = 'PRODUCTS_VIEWED_NBR';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'BLOCK_CATEG_DHTML';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '4' WHERE name = 'BLOCK_CATEG_MAX_DEPTH';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'MANUFACTURER_DISPLAY_FORM';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'MANUFACTURER_DISPLAY_TEXT';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '5' WHERE name = 'MANUFACTURER_DISPLAY_TEXT_NB';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '8' WHERE name = 'NEW_PRODUCTS_NBR';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '10' WHERE name = 'BLOCKTAGS_NBR';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0_3|0_4' WHERE name = 'FOOTER_CMS';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0_3|0_4' WHERE name = 'FOOTER_BLOCK_ACTIVATION';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'FOOTER_POWEREDBY';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'http://www.prestashop.com' WHERE name = 'BLOCKADVERT_LINK';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'store.jpg' WHERE name = 'BLOCKSTORE_IMG';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'jpg' WHERE name = 'BLOCKADVERT_IMG_EXT';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'CAT3,CAT8,CAT5,LNK1' WHERE name = 'MOD_BLOCKTOPMENU_ITEMS';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0' WHERE name = 'MOD_BLOCKTOPMENU_SEARCH';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'http://www.facebook.com/prestashop' WHERE name = 'BLOCKSOCIAL_FACEBOOK';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'http://www.twitter.com/prestashop' WHERE name = 'BLOCKSOCIAL_TWITTER';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'http://www.prestashop.com/blog/en/' WHERE name = 'BLOCKSOCIAL_RSS';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'https://www.google.com/+prestashop' WHERE name = 'BLOCKSOCIAL_GOOGLE_PLUS';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'My Company' WHERE name = 'BLOCKCONTACTINFOS_COMPANY';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '42 Puffin street\n12345 Puffinville\nFrance' WHERE name = 'BLOCKCONTACTINFOS_ADDRESS';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0123-456-789' WHERE name = 'BLOCKCONTACTINFOS_PHONE';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'sales@yourcompany.com' WHERE name = 'BLOCKCONTACTINFOS_EMAIL';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '0123-456-789' WHERE name = 'BLOCKCONTACT_TELNUMBER';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = 'sales@yourcompany.com' WHERE name = 'BLOCKCONTACT_EMAIL';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'SUPPLIER_DISPLAY_TEXT';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '5' WHERE name = 'SUPPLIER_DISPLAY_TEXT_NB';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'SUPPLIER_DISPLAY_FORM';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'BLOCK_CATEG_NBR_COLUMN_FOOTER';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '' WHERE name = 'UPGRADER_BACKUPDB_FILENAME';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '' WHERE name = 'UPGRADER_BACKUPFILES_FILENAME';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '40' WHERE name = 'CONF_AVERAGE_PRODUCT_MARGIN';
UPDATE `PREFIX_configuration` SET value = '1' WHERE name = 'PS_DASHBOARD_SIMULATION';

/* No right column */
DELETE FROM `PREFIX_hook_module` WHERE id_hook = (SELECT id_hook FROM `PREFIX_hook` WHERE name = 'displayRightColumn');

/* displayHome */
SET @id_hook = (SELECT id_hook FROM `PREFIX_hook` WHERE name = 'displayHome');
UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 1
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'themeconfigurator')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 2
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockfacebook')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 3
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockcmsinfo')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

/* displayNav */
SET @id_hook = (SELECT id_hook FROM `PREFIX_hook` WHERE name = 'displayNav');
UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 1
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockuserinfo')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 2
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockcurrencies')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 3
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blocklanguages')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 4
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockcontact')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

/* displayTop */
SET @id_hook = (SELECT id_hook FROM `PREFIX_hook` WHERE name = 'displayTop');
UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 1
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blocksearch')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 2
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockcart')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 3
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blocktopmenu')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 4
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'themeconfigurator')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 5
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockwhislist')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

/* displayHomeTab && displayHomeTabContent */
SET @id_hook = (SELECT id_hook FROM `PREFIX_hook` WHERE name = 'displayHomeTab');
SET @id_hook2 = (SELECT id_hook FROM `PREFIX_hook` WHERE name = 'displayHomeTabContent');

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 1
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blocknewproducts')
AND id_hook IN (@id_hook, @id_hook2);

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 2
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'homefeatured')
AND id_hook IN (@id_hook, @id_hook2);

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 3
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockbestsellers')
AND id_hook IN (@id_hook, @id_hook2);

/* displayFooter */
SET @id_hook = (SELECT id_hook FROM `PREFIX_hook` WHERE name = 'displayFooter');
UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 1
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blocknewsletter')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 2
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blocksocial')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 3
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockcategories')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 4
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockcms')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 5
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockmyaccountfooter')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 6
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockcontactinfos')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

/* displayProductButtons */
SET @id_hook = (SELECT id_hook FROM `PREFIX_hook` WHERE name = 'displayProductButtons');
UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 1
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'blockwishlist')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;
UPDATE `PREFIX_hook_module` SET position = 2
WHERE id_module = (SELECT id_module FROM `PREFIX_module` WHERE name = 'productpaymentlogos')
AND id_hook = @id_hook;

INSERT INTO `PREFIX_hook_module_exceptions` (`id_shop`, `id_module`, `id_hook`, `file_name`)
(
	SELECT 1, m.id_module, h.id_hook, 'category'
	FROM `PREFIX_hook` h
	JOIN `PREFIX_hook_module` hm ON (hm.id_hook = h.id_hook)
	JOIN `PREFIX_module` m ON (m.id_module = hm.id_module)
	WHERE
	h.name='displayLeftColumn' AND m.name IN ('blockbestsellers', 'blockmanufacturer', 'blocksupplier', 'blockmyaccount', 'blockpaymentlogo')
	GROUP BY m.id_module
);


text:
Veira-Monton (en francès Veyre-Monton) és un municipi francès, situat al departament del Puèi Domat i a la regió d'Alvèrnia-Roine-Alps. L'any 2007 tenia 3.335 habitants.

Demografia

Població
El 2007 la població de fet de Veyre-Monton era de 3.335 persones. Hi havia 1.304 famílies de les quals 228 eren unipersonals (88 homes vivint sols i 140 dones vivint soles), 500 parelles sense fills, 496 parelles amb fills i 80 famílies monoparentals amb fills.

La població ha evolucionat segons el següent gràfic:

Habitants censats

Habitatges
El 2007 hi havia 1.426 habitatges, 1.334 eren l'habitatge principal de la família, 26 eren segones residències i 66 estaven desocupats. 1.353 eren cases i 73 eren apartaments. Dels 1.334 habitatges principals, 1.191 estaven ocupats pels seus propietaris, 115 estaven llogats i ocupats pels llogaters i 28 estaven cedits a títol gratuït; 1 tenia una cambra, 30 en tenien dues, 109 en tenien tres, 379 en tenien quatre i 815 en tenien cinc o més. 1.095 habitatges disposaven pel capbaix d'una plaça de pàrquing. A 404 habitatges hi havia un automòbil i a 874 n'hi havia dos o més.

Piràmide de població
La piràmide de població per edats i sexe el 2009 era:

Economia
El 2007 la població en edat de treballar era de 2.368 persones, 1.685 eren actives i 683 eren inactives. De les 1.685 persones actives 1.587 estaven ocupades (847 homes i 740 dones) i 98 estaven aturades (34 homes i 64 dones). De les 683 persones inactives 320 estaven jubilades, 208 estaven estudiant i 155 estaven classificades com a «altres inactius».

Ingressos
El 2009 a Veyre-Monton hi havia 1.444 unitats fiscals que integraven 3.598 persones, la mediana anual d'ingressos fiscals per persona era de 23.507 €.

Activitats econòmiques
Dels 151 establiments que hi havia el 2007, 3 eren d'empreses alimentàries, 1 d'una empresa de fabricació de material elèctric, 9 d'empreses de fabricació d'altres productes industrials, 31 d'empreses de construcció, 31 d'empreses de comerç i reparació d'automòbils, 8 d'empreses de transport, 6 d'empreses d'hostatgeria i restauració, 1 d'una empresa d'informació i comunicació, 9 d'empreses financeres, 7 d'empreses immobiliàries, 21 d'empreses de serveis, 15 d'entitats de l'administració pública i 9 d'empreses classificades com a «altres activitats de serveis».

Dels 42 establiments de servei als particulars que hi havia el 2009, 1 era una gendarmeria, 1 oficina de correu, 7 tallers de reparació d'automòbils i de material agrícola, 1 taller d'inspecció tècnica de vehicles, 5 paletes, 7 guixaires pintors, 8 fusteries, 4 lampisteries, 1 electricista, 2 perruqueries, 2 restaurants, 2 agències immobiliàries i 1 saló de bellesa.

Dels 9 establiments comercials que hi havia el 2009, 1 era un supermercat, 1 una botiga de menys de 120 m², 2 fleques, 1 una carnisseria, 2 llibreries i 2 floristeries.

L'any 2000 a Veyre-Monton hi havia 21 explotacions agrícoles que ocupaven un total de 504 hectàrees.

Equipaments sanitaris i escolars
L'únic equipament sanitari que hi havia el 2009 era una farmàcia.

El 2009 hi havia 1 escola maternal i 1 escola elemental.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

 Résumé statistique Fitxa resum de dades estadístiques de Veyre-Monton a l'INSEE.
 Évolution et structure de la population Fitxa amb el detall de dades de Veyre-Monton a l'INSEE
 France par commune Dades detallades de tots els municipis de França accessibles a partir del mapa.

Municipis del Puèi Domat