text:
Fred M. Vinson
American judge
"Fred Vinson" redirects here. For other uses, see Fred Vinson (disambiguation).
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Frederick M. Vinson
13th Chief Justice of the United States
June 21, 1946 – September 8, 1953
Appointed by
Harlan F. Stone
Earl Warren
53rd United States Secretary of the Treasury
July 23, 1945 – June 23, 1946
Henry Morgenthau Jr.
John Wesley Snyder
Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization
May 28, 1943 – July 23, 1945
William Hammatt Davis
Associate Justice of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
December 15, 1937 – May 28, 1943
Charles Henry Robb
Wilbur Kingsbury Miller
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Kentucky's 8th district
March 4, 1933 – May 27, 1938
Ralph Waldo Emerson Gilbert
Joe B. Bates
March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933
Elva R. Kendall
John Y. Brown Sr.
January 24, 1924 – March 3, 1929
William J. Fields
Frederick Moore Vinson
Louisa, Kentucky
September 8, 1953(1953-09-08) (aged 63)
Pinehill Cemetery
Julia Dixon (m. 1924)
Centre College (B.A.)
College of Law of Central University (LL.B.)
Frederick "Fred" Moore Vinson (January 22, 1890 – September 8, 1953) was an American Democratic politician who served the United States in all three branches of government. The most prominent member of the Vinson political family, he was the 53rd United States Secretary of the Treasury and the 13th Chief Justice of the United States.
Born in Louisa, Kentucky, he pursued a legal career and served in the United States Army during World War I. After the war, he served as the Commonwealth's Attorney for the Thirty-Second Judicial District of Kentucky before winning election to the United States House of Representatives in 1924. He lost re-election in 1928 but regained his seat in 1930 and served in Congress until 1937. During his time in Congress, he became an adviser and confidante of Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman. In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Vinson to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Vinson resigned from the appellate court in 1943, when he became the Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization. After Truman acceded to the presidency following Roosevelt's death in 1945, Truman appointed Vinson to the position of Secretary of the Treasury. Vinson negotiated the payment of the Anglo-American loan and presided over the establishment of numerous post-war organizations, including the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund.
After the death of Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone in 1946, Truman appointed Vinson to the Supreme Court. As of 2019[update] Vinson is the last Chief Justice nominee nominated by a president from the Democratic Party to be confirmed.[1][2] Vinson dissented in the case of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, which ruled against the Truman administration's control of the nation's steel mills during a strike. He ordered a rehearing of the Briggs v. Elliott case, which was eventually combined into the case known as Brown v. Board of Education. Vinson unexpectedly died of a heart attack in 1953.
2 United States Representative from Kentucky
3 United States Court of Appeals
4 Secretary of the Treasury
5 Chief Justice
6 Potential cabinet position
7 Death and legacy
Early years[edit]
Birthplace in Louisa, Kentucky
Frederick Moore Vinson, known universally as "Fred", was born in the newly built, eight-room, red brick house in front of the Lawrence County jail in Louisa, Kentucky, where his father served as the Lawrence County Jailer.[citation needed] As a child he would help his father in the jail and even made friends with prisoners who would remember his kindness when he later ran for public office.[citation needed] Vinson worked odd jobs while in school.[citation needed] He graduated from Kentucky Normal School in 1908 and enrolled at Centre College, where he graduated at the top of his class with a Bachelor of Arts degree.[citation needed] While at Centre, he was a member of the Kentucky Alpha Delta chapter of Phi Delta Theta fraternity.[citation needed] He received a Bachelor of Laws from the now defunct College of Law at the former Central University (now combined with another institution to form Eastern Kentucky University).[3] He entered private practice in Louisa.[3] He first ran for and was elected to office as the City Attorney of Louisa.[3]
Vinson joined the Army during World War I.[3] Following the war, he was elected as the Commonwealth's Attorney for the Thirty-Second Judicial District of Kentucky.[3] Vinson married Julia Roberta Dixon on January 24, 1924 in Ashland, Kentucky.[citation needed] They had two sons.[citation needed]
United States Representative from Kentucky[edit]
In 1924, Vinson ran in a special election for his district's seat in Congress after William J. Fields resigned to become the Governor of Kentucky.[citation needed] Vinson was elected as a Democrat and then was reelected twice before losing in 1928.[citation needed] His loss was attributed to his refusal to dissociate his campaign from Alfred E. Smith's presidential campaign.[citation needed] However, Vinson came back to win re-election in 1930, and he served in Congress through 1937.[citation needed]
While he was in Congress he befriended Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman, a friendship that would last throughout his life.[citation needed] He soon became a close advisor, confidant, card player, and dear friend to Truman.[citation needed] After Truman decided against running for another term as president in the early 1950s, he tried to convince a skeptical Vinson to seek the Democratic Party nomination, but Vinson turned down the President's offer.[citation needed] After being equally unsuccessful in enlisting General Dwight D. Eisenhower, President Truman eventually landed on Governor of Illinois Adlai Stevenson as his preferred successor in the 1952 presidential election.[citation needed]
United States Court of Appeals[edit]
Vinson was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on November 26, 1937, to an Associate Justice seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (now the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit) vacated by Associate Justice Charles Henry Robb.[3] He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9, 1937, and received his commission on December 15, 1937.[3] He was designated by Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone to serve as Chief Judge of the Emergency Court of Appeals.[3] His service terminated on May 28, 1943, due to his resignation[3].
Secretary of the Treasury[edit]
Official portrait as Secretary of the Treasury
Vinson's signature, as used on American currency
Vinson resigned from the bench to become Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization, an executive agency charged with fighting inflation.[citation needed] He also spent time as Federal Loan Administrator (March 6 to April 3, 1945) and director of War Mobilization and Reconversion (April 4 to July 22, 1945).[citation needed] He was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury by President Truman and served from July 23, 1945, to June 23, 1946.[citation needed]
His mission as Secretary of the Treasury was to stabilize the American economy during the last months of the war and to adapt the United States financial position to the drastically changed circumstances of the postwar world.[citation needed] Before the war ended, Vinson directed the last of the great war-bond drives.[citation needed]
At the end of the war, he negotiated payment of the British Loan of 1946, the largest loan made by the United States to another country ($3.75 billion), and the lend-lease settlements of economic and military aid given to the allies during the war.[citation needed] In order to encourage private investment in postwar America, he promoted a tax cut in the Revenue Act of 1945.[citation needed] He also supervised the inauguration of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund, both created at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, acting as the first chairman of their respective boards.[citation needed] In 1946, Vinson resigned from the Treasury to be appointed Chief Justice of the United States by Truman.[citation needed]
Chief Justice[edit]
Swearing in of Chief Justice Vinson on White house portico
Vinson was nominated by President Harry S. Truman on June 6, 1946, to the Chief Justice seat on the Supreme Court of the United States vacated by Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone.[3] He was confirmed by the United States Senate by a voice vote on June 20, 1946, and received his commission on June 21, 1946.[3] Vinson took the oath of office as Chief Justice on June 24, 1946.[4] President Truman had nominated his old friend after Harlan F. Stone died. His appointment came at a time when the Supreme Court was deeply fractured, both intellectually and personally.[5] One faction was led by Justice Hugo Black, the other by Justice Felix Frankfurter.[5] Vinson was credited with patching this fracture,[according to whom?] at least on a personal level.[citation needed] He was the presiding officer of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges (now the Judicial Conference of the United States) from 1946 to 1948, and presiding officer of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1948 to 1953.[3] He served as Circuit Justice for the Fourth Circuit and the District of Columbia Circuit from June 26, 1946 to September 8, 1953.[3] His service terminated on September 8, 1953, due to his death.[3]
Fred M. Vinson bust, U.S. Supreme Court, Washington, D.C.. Sculptor Jimilu Mason
In his time on the Supreme Court, he wrote 77 opinions for the court and 13 dissents. His most dramatic dissent was when the court voided President Truman's seizure of the steel industry during a strike in a June 3, 1952 decision, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer.[citation needed] His final public appearance at the court was when he read the decision not to review the conviction and death sentence of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.[citation needed] After Justice William O. Douglas granted a stay of execution to the Rosenbergs at the last moment, Chief Justice Vinson sent special flights out to bring vacationing justices back to Washington in order to ensure the execution of the Rosenbergs.[citation needed] During his tenure as Chief Justice, one of his law clerks was future Associate Justice Byron White.[citation needed]
The major issues his court dealt with included racial segregation, labor unions, communism and loyalty oaths.[citation needed] On racial segregation, he wrote that states practicing the separate but equal doctrine must provide facilities that were truly equal, in Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents.[citation needed] The case of Briggs v. Elliott was before the Court at the time of his death.[citation needed] Vinson, not wanting a 5-4 decision, had ordered a second hearing of the case.[citation needed] He died before the case could be reheard, and his vote may have been pivotal, q.v., discussion of Brown in Felix Frankfurter.[citation needed] Upon his death, Earl Warren was appointed to the Court and the case was heard again.[citation needed]
As Chief Justice, he swore in Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower as President.
As of 2019[update], Vinson is the last Chief Justice to have been appointed by a Democratic President, namely Harry Truman. His successors, Earl Warren, Warren Burger, William Rehnquist and John Roberts were all appointed by Republican presidents (Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and George W. Bush, respectively). As the leader of a court entirely appointed by Roosevelt and Truman, he is also the last Chief Justice to preside over a court solely nominated by presidents of one political party (Harold Hitz Burton, the sole remaining Republican on the Court upon Vinson's death, had been nominated to the Court by Truman).
Potential cabinet position[edit]
When Secretary of State Dean Acheson came under fire from congressional Republicans for being "soft on communism" at the end of 1950 Vinson was briefly mentioned as the new Secretary of State and Dean Acheson as the new Chief Justice.[citation needed] This speculation died down when President Truman retained Acheson at the State Department.[citation needed]
Death and legacy[edit]
Vinson died suddenly and unexpectedly on September 8, 1953, of a heart attack at his Washington home, and his body was interred in Pinehill Cemetery in Louisa, Kentucky.[6][7]
An extensive collection of Vinson's personal and judicial papers is archived at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, where they are available for research.[citation needed]
A portrait of Vinson hangs in the hallway of the chapter house of the Kentucky Alpha-Delta chapter of Phi Delta Theta (ΦΔΘ) international fraternity, at Centre College.[citation needed] Vinson was a member of the chapter in his years at Centre.[citation needed] Affectionately known as "Dead Fred", the portrait is taken by fraternity members to Centre football and basketball games and other events.[citation needed]
The Fred M. Vinson Birthplace, in Louisa, Kentucky, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[citation needed]
World War I portal
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
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United States Supreme Court cases during the Vinson Court
^ "Fred M. Vinson". Laws.com. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
^ David Leonhardt (June 2, 2014). "The Supreme Court Blunder That Liberals Tend to Make", The New York Times. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Frederick Moore Vinson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
^ Video: Big Four Turns Down Austria on Tyrol, 1946/06/24 (1946). Universal Newsreel. 1946. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
^ a b James E. St. Clair and Linda C. Gugin, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky: A Political Biography, p. 169-171.
^ Christensen, George A. (1983). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices". Supreme Court Historical Society 1983 Yearbook. Archived from the original on September 3, 2005.
^ Christensen, George A. (February 19, 2008). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited". Journal of Supreme Court History, Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 - 41. University of Alabama.
Abraham, Henry J., Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
Cushman, Clare, The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789-1995 (2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001) ISBN 1-56802-126-7; ISBN 978-1-56802-126-3.
Frank, John P., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions (Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (Chelsea House Publishers: 1995) ISBN 0-7910-1377-4, ISBN 978-0-7910-1377-9.
Hall, Kermit L., ed. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-505835-6; ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2.
Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
Pritchett, C. Herman, Civil Liberties and the Vinson Court. (The University of Chicago Press, 1969) ISBN 978-0-226-68443-7; ISBN 0-226-68443-1.
St. Clair, James E., and Gugin, Linda C., Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson of Kentucky: A Political Biography (University Press of Kentucky: 2002) ISBN 0-8131-2247-3; ISBN 978-0-8131-2247-2.
Symposium, In Memoriam: Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, 49 Northwestern University Law Review 1–75, (1954).
Urofsky, Melvin I., Division and Discord: The Supreme Court under Stone and Vinson, 1941-1953 (University of South Carolina Press, 1997) ISBN 1-57003-120-7.
Urofsky, Melvin I., The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Garland Publishing 1994). 590 pp. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1; ISBN 978-0-8153-1176-8.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fred M. Vinson
Author:Frederick Moore Vinson
Frederick Moore Vinson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
"Frederick Moore Vinson". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Frederick Moore Vinson Sr. at Find a Grave
Biography, at the U.S. Treasury Office of the Curator.
Truman Presents Supreme Court Chief Justice Vinson With Historic Gavel, 1948 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Chief Justice Vinson dies of Heart Attack, New York Times, September 8, 1953.
Obituary, NY Times, September 9, 1953, Vinson Excelled In Federal Posts.
Oyez Project, Fred M. Vinson, United States Supreme Court.
Supreme Court Historical Society, The Vinson Court.
William J. Fields Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Kentucky's 9th congressional district
March 4, 1924 – March 3, 1929 Succeeded by
Elva R. Kendall Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
None, district inactive
None, district inactive Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Kentucky's at-large congressional district
March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 Succeeded by
January 3, 1933 – May 12, 1938 Succeeded by
Charles Henry Robb Associate Justice of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
December 15, 1937 – May 28, 1943 Succeeded by
Office established Chief Judge of the Emergency Court of Appeals
March 2, 1942 – May 27, 1943 Succeeded by
Albert Branson Maris
James F. Byrnes Director of the Office of Economic Stabilization
1943 – 1945 Succeeded by
Henry Morgenthau Jr. U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
July 23, 1945 – June 23, 1946 Succeeded by
Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice of the United States
June 21, 1946 – September 8, 1953 Succeeded by
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
McLane
Fessenden
Boutwell
Cortelyou
MacVeagh
McAdoo
Mellon
Morgenthau
Vinson
Connally
Bentsen
Geithner
Cabinet of President Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
None (1945–1949)
Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
Edward R. Stettinius Jr. (1945)
James F. Byrnes (1945–1947)
George C. Marshall (1947–1949)
Dean G. Acheson (1949–1953)
Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1945)
Fred M. Vinson (1945–46)
John W. Snyder (1946–1953)
Secretary of War
Henry L. Stimson (1945)
Robert P. Patterson (1945–1947)
Kenneth C. Royall (1947)
James V. Forrestal (1947–1949)
Louis A. Johnson (1949–50)
George C. Marshall (1950–51)
Robert A. Lovett (1951–1953)
Francis B. Biddle (1945)
Tom C. Clark (1945–1949)
J. Howard McGrath (1949–1952)
James P. McGranery (1952–53)
Postmaster General
Frank C. Walker (1945)
Robert E. Hannegan (1945–1947)
Jesse Monroe Donaldson (1947–1953)
Harold L. Ickes (1945–46)
Julius A. Krug (1946–1949)
Oscar Littleton Chapman (1949–1953)
Claude Raymond Wickard (1945)
Clinton P. Anderson (1945–1948)
Charles F. Brannan (1948–1953)
Henry A. Wallace (1945–46)
W. Averell Harriman (1946–1948)
Charles Sawyer (1948–1953)
Frances Perkins (1945)
Lewis B. Schwellenbach (1945–1948)
Maurice J. Tobin (1948–1953)
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
Chief justices
John Jay (1789–1795, cases)
John Rutledge (1795, cases)
Oliver Ellsworth (1796–1800, cases)
John Marshall (1801–1835, cases)
Roger B. Taney (1836–1864, cases)
Salmon P. Chase (1864–1873, cases)
Morrison Waite (1874–1888, cases)
Melville Fuller (1888–1910, cases)
Edward Douglass White (1910–1921, cases)
William Howard Taft (1921–1930, cases)
Charles Evans Hughes (1930–1941, cases)
Harlan F. Stone (1941–1946, cases)
Fred M. Vinson (1946–1953, cases)
Earl Warren (1953–1969, cases)
Warren E. Burger (1969–1986, cases)
William Rehnquist (1986–2005, cases)
John Roberts (2005–present, cases)
Associate justices
J. Rutledge* (1790–1791)
Cushing (1790–1810)
Wilson (1789–1798)
Blair (1790–1795)
Iredell (1790–1799)
T. Johnson (1792–1793)
Paterson (1793–1806)
S. Chase (1796–1811)
Washington (1798–1829)
Moore (1800–1804)
W. Johnson (1804–1834)
Livingston (1807–1823)
Todd (1807–1826)
Duvall (1811–1835)
Story (1812–1845)
Thompson (1823–1843)
Trimble (1826–1828)
McLean (1830–1861)
Baldwin (1830–1844)
Wayne (1835–1867)
Barbour (1836–1841)
Catron (1837–1865)
McKinley (1838–1852)
Daniel (1842–1860)
Nelson (1845–1872)
Woodbury (1845–1851)
Grier (1846–1870)
Curtis (1851–1857)
Campbell (1853–1861)
Clifford (1858–1881)
Swayne (1862–1881)
Miller (1862–1890)
Davis (1862–1877)
Field (1863–1897)
Strong (1870–1880)
Bradley (1870–1892)
Hunt (1873–1882)
J. M. Harlan (1877–1911)
Woods (1881–1887)
Matthews (1881–1889)
Gray (1882–1902)
Blatchford (1882–1893)
L. Lamar (1888–1893)
Brewer (1890–1910)
Brown (1891–1906)
Shiras (1892–1903)
H. Jackson (1893–1895)
E. White* (1894–1910)
Peckham (1896–1909)
McKenna (1898–1925)
Holmes (1902–1932)
Day (1903–1922)
Moody (1906–1910
Lurton (1910–1914)
Hughes* (1910–1916)
Van Devanter (1911–1937)
J. Lamar (1911–1916)
Pitney (1912–1922)
McReynolds (1914–1941)
Brandeis (1916–1939)
Clarke (1916–1922)
Sutherland (1922–1938)
Butler (1923–1939)
Sanford (1923–1930)
Stone* (1925–1941)
O. Roberts (1930–1945)
Cardozo (1932–1938)
Black (1937–1971)
Reed (1938–1957)
Frankfurter (1939–1962)
Douglas (1939–1975)
Murphy (1940–1949)
Byrnes (1941–1942)
R. Jackson (1941–1954)
W. Rutledge (1943–1949)
Burton (1945–1958)
Clark (1949–1967)
Minton (1949– 1956)
J. M. Harlan II (1955–1971)
Brennan (1956–1990)
Whittaker (1957–1962)
Stewart (1958–1981)
B. White (1962–1993)
Goldberg (1962–1965)
Fortas (1965–1969)
T. Marshall (1967–1991)
Blackmun (1970–1994)
Powell (1972–1987)
Rehnquist* (1972–1986)
Stevens (1975–2010)
O'Connor (1981–2006)
Scalia (1986–2016)
Kennedy (1988–2018)
Souter (1990–2009)
Thomas (1991–present)
Ginsburg (1993–present)
Breyer (1994–present)
Alito (2006–present)
Sotomayor (2009–present)
Kagan (2010–present)
Gorsuch (2017–present)
Kavanaugh (2018–present)
*Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
Kentucky's delegation(s) to the 68th–75th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)
68th Senate: A. O. Stanley | R. P. Ernst House: B. Johnson | J. W. Langley | R. Y. Thomas Jr. | A. Rouse | A. W. Barkley | D. H. Kincheloe | J. M. Robsion | R. Gilbert | M. Thatcher | J. W. Morris | F. M. Vinson
69th Senate: R. P. Ernst | F. M. Sackett House: B. Johnson | J. W. Langley | R. Y. Thomas Jr. | A. Rouse | A. W. Barkley | D. H. Kincheloe | J. M. Robsion | R. Gilbert | M. Thatcher | F. M. Vinson | V. Chapman
69th Senate: R. P. Ernst | F. M. Sackett House: B. Johnson | J. W. Langley | A. Rouse | A. W. Barkley | D. H. Kincheloe | J. M. Robsion | R. Gilbert | M. Thatcher | F. M. Vinson | V. Chapman | J. W. Moore
69th Senate: R. P. Ernst | F. M. Sackett House: B. Johnson | A. Rouse | A. W. Barkley | D. H. Kincheloe | J. M. Robsion | R. Gilbert | M. Thatcher | F. M. Vinson | V. Chapman | J. W. Moore | A. J. Kirk
70th Senate: F. M. Sackett | A. W. Barkley House: D. H. Kincheloe | J. M. Robsion | R. Gilbert | M. Thatcher | F. M. Vinson | V. Chapman | J. W. Moore | W. V. Gregory | K. G. Langley | H. D. Moorman | O. Ware
71st Senate: F. M. Sackett | A. W. Barkley House: D. H. Kincheloe | J. M. Robsion | M. Thatcher | W. V. Gregory | K. G. Langley | C. W. Roark | J. D. Craddock | L. Newhall | R. L. Blackburn | L. L. Walker | E. R. Kendall
71st Senate: F. M. Sackett | A. W. Barkley House: D. H. Kincheloe | J. M. Robsion | M. Thatcher | W. V. Gregory | K. G. Langley | J. D. Craddock | L. Newhall | R. L. Blackburn | L. L. Walker | E. R. Kendall | J. W. Moore
71st Senate: A. W. Barkley | J. M. Robsion House: D. H. Kincheloe | M. Thatcher | W. V. Gregory | K. G. Langley | J. D. Craddock | L. Newhall | R. L. Blackburn | L. L. Walker | E. R. Kendall | J. W. Moore | C. Finley
71st Senate: A. W. Barkley | B. M. Williamson House: M. Thatcher | W. V. Gregory | K. G. Langley | J. D. Craddock | L. Newhall | R. L. Blackburn | L. L. Walker | E. R. Kendall | J. W. Moore | C. Finley | J. L. Dorsey Jr.
72nd Senate: A. W. Barkley | M. M. Logan House: M. Thatcher | W. V. Gregory | J. W. Moore | C. Finley | F. M. Vinson | A. J. May | V. Chapman | G. H. Cary | B. Spence | C. R. Carden | R. Gilbert
73rd Senate: A. W. Barkley | M. M. Logan House: W. V. Gregory | F. M. Vinson | A. J. May | V. Chapman | G. H. Cary | B. Spence | C. R. Carden | F. Hamilton | J. Y. Brown
74th Senate: A. W. Barkley | M. M. Logan House: W. V. Gregory | F. M. Vinson | A. J. May | V. Chapman | G. H. Cary | B. Spence | C. R. Carden | J. M. Robsion | E. O'Neal
74th Senate: A. W. Barkley | M. M. Logan House: W. V. Gregory | F. M. Vinson | A. J. May | V. Chapman | G. H. Cary | B. Spence | J. M. Robsion | E. O'Neal | E. W. Creal
75th Senate: A. W. Barkley | M. M. Logan House: F. M. Vinson | A. J. May | V. Chapman | B. Spence | J. M. Robsion | E. O'Neal | E. W. Creal | B. M. Vincent | N. J. Gregory
SNAC: w66m38bt
US Congress: V000106
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Late last year and into the first part of 2014, we reported on the formation of Manitou's Local First Grocer, a food co-op laboriously organized by Elise Rothman d'Hauthuille.
Recently, membership — divided into three tiers, at $60, $150 and $300 — has grown to around 150 people.
Though there's been support and enthusiasm on the surface, what we're now told by Rothman d'Hauthuille is that the interim board of directors that she put in place while forming the co-op recently fired her as Local First Grocer's general manager (she does remain a co-op member). She's since largely been in the dark about goings on.
Sadly, it appears to be one of those science fiction-esque scenarios where the object one creates turns on him or her and the real question of control and power is called forth. Not quite Terminator, but you get the idea.
According to Rothman d'Hauthuille, a group of around 20 members (composing a necessary 10 percent of membership) has petitioned for a special meeting to remove the interim board of directors and elect a new board. Ergo we have a potential fight brewing.
Rothman d'Hauthuille, in an email, said she'll "be at the Manitou Brewing Company on Sunday [the day prior] from 4 to 5:45 to answer questions members and other stakeholders may have. The BOD has been asked to make themselves available as well."
The most important thing to me is that the board of directors of Local First represents the members. If the members vote in a new board and for whatever reason that new board doesn't want me involved, or wants my role limited, that'll be fine with me. But I don't think that any board that understands this model is going to want me out completely.
We're trying to pull the community back together and trying to make this as positive as we can. We want to make this a long-lasting, sustainable thing for the community. It's why we're all here, involved and passionate about the project. It's not about any one person, it's about the community.


Undergraduates intimidated by the task of writing a ten-page term paper may find it helpful to break the assignment and the paper into smaller units. Here is a model breakdown, showing the structure of a hypothetical 22-paragraph essay, which would normally work out to about 10-12 pages. Each gray rectangle represents one paragraph. Of course, this is an overly formulaic proposal. History will not fit into such neat boxes. Some sections will be longer than others. But this is a starting place for your wanderings.
The hard part about writing is that there is no set order in which the elements should be written. Among the first tasks are to break the story into sections, write a topic sentence for each planned paragraph, and come up with a working hyopthesis. All will change in the course of actually writing. Your evidence will change your thesis. Your thesis will suggest ways in which to present your evidence. Keep rereading and rewriting thesis and evidence and conclusion until all tell the same story.
Paragraph two explains how the paper will answer the question posed in the lead. The paragraph ends with the thesis statement: a one-sentence summary of the argument of the essay.
It is often useful to break down the body of the essay into two, three, or four parts, each identified with a subhead. Three is an especially strong number. For example, Section I could state one side"s position in a debate, Section II could state the opposing case, and Section III could explain how the conflict was resolved.
Paragraph 1 of the conclusion reiterates your thesis, explaining why it is the best means of understanding the evidence you presented in the body.


text:
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About MO-AWWA
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About the Missouri Section AWWA
The Missouri Section of the American Water Works Association (MO-AWWA) is dedicated to the promotion of public health and welfare by assuring drinking water of unquestionable quality and sufficient quantity. AWWA, as a leader for the public drinking water profession, works to advance the technology, science, and governmental policies relative to the public drinking water profession's role in stewardship of water resources.
The Section takes an active role in working with regulatory and legislative bodies to advocate public policy consistent with achieving these goals.
Objectives of MO-AWWA
The objectives of this Section are to promote public health, safety, and welfare through the improvement of the quality and quantity of water delivered to the public and the development and furtherance of understanding of the problems relating thereto by:
advancing the knowledge of the design, construction, operation, water treatment, and management of water utilities and developing standards for procedures, equipment, and materials used by public water supply systems;
advancing the knowledge of the problems involved in the development of resources, production and distribution of safe and adequate water supplies;
educating the public on the problems of water supply and promoting a spirit of cooperation between consumers and suppliers in solving these problems; and
conducting research to determine the causes of problems of providing a safe and adequate water supply and proposing solutions thereto in an effort to improve the quality and quantity of the water supply provided to the public.
Get Involved with MO-AWWA
Opportunities for participation in the Missouri Section abound—through committee membership, presentations, events, or simply networking with fellow water industry professionals in an educational and social environment—opportunities are always available. Please check out our upcoming events and latest magazine issue for opportunities near you to network with fellow water industry professionals in an education and social environment.
If you're interested in joining a committee or simply learning more, please contact one our committee chairs.
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text:
Text, newsletter (x) ›
Report (x) ›
History (x) ›
Smith (x) ›
Coale (x) ›
Gordon (x) ›
Radiometric validation of age, growth, and longevity for the blackgill rockfish (Sebastes melanostomus),
As nearshore fish populations decline, many commercial fishermen have shifted fishing effort to deeper continental slope habitats to target fishes for which biological information is limited. One such fishery that developed in the northeastern Pacific Ocean in the early 1980s was for the blackgill rockfish (Sebastes melanostomus), a deep-dwelling (300-800 m) species that congregates over rocky pinnacles, mainly from southern California to southern Oregon. Growth zone-derived age estimates from otolith thin sections were compared to ages obtained from the radioactive disequilibria of 210Pb, in relation to its parent, 226Ra, in otolith cores of blackgill rockfish. Age estimates were validated up to 41 years, and a strong pattern of agreement supported a longevity exceeding 90 years. Age and length data fitted to the von Bertalanffy growth function indicated that blackgill rockfish are slow-growing (& = 0.040 females, 0.068 males) and that females grow slower than males, but reach a greater length. Age at 50% maturity, derived from previously published length-atmaturity estimates, was 17 years for males and 21 years for females. The results of this study agree with general life history traits already recognized for many Sebastes species, such as long life, slow growth, and late age at maturation. These traits may undermine the sustainability of blackgill rockfish populations when heavy fishing pressure, such as that which occurred in the 1980s, is applied., Cited By (since 1996):13, CODEN: FSYBA, ,
Stevens, Andrews, Cailliet, Coale, Lundstrom
Age and growth of the pacific grenadier (Coryphaenoides acrolepis) with age estimate validation using an improved radiometric ageing technique,
Current and historic longevity estimates for the Pacific grenadier (Coryphaenoides acrolepis) range from 6 to greater than 60 years. Age estimates in this study using growth increment counts in thin otolith sections indicate the Pacific grenadier is a long-lived fish. To validate this growth information, age was determined using the radioactive disequilibria of 210Pb and 226Ra in otolith cores from adult Pacific grenadier. Radiometric ages closely agreed with age estimates from counting growth increments, which confirms their annual periodicity. Radiometric results indicate the Pacific grenadier can live at least 55.8 years (-7.4, +10.1 years). Growth increment counts from large fish indicate longevity may approach 73 years. Because the Pacific grenadier is long-lived and matures late in life, it may be vulnerable to heavy fishing pressure. Therefore, conservation measures need to be taken to sustain this rapidly developing fishery., Cited By (since 1996):39, Fish and Fisheries, CODEN: CJFSD, ,
Andrews, Cailliet, Coale
Application of an ion-exchange separation technique and thermal ionization mass spectrometry to 226Ra for radiometric age determination of long-lived fishes,
Andrews, Coale, Nowicki, Lundstrom, Palacz, Burton, Cailliet
Radiometric age validation of the yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) from southeastern Alaska,
Andrews, Cailliet, Coale, Munk, Mahoney, O'Connell
Age, growth and radiometric age validation of a deep-sea, habitat-forming gorgonian (Primnoa resedaeformis) from the Gulf of Alaska,
Sustainable fisheries require (1) viable stock populations with appropriate harvest limits and (2) appropriate habitat for fish to survive, forage, seek refuge, grow and reproduce. Some deep-water habitats, such as those formed by deep-water stands of coral, may be vulnerable to fishing disturbance. The rate at which habitat can be restored is a critical aspect of fishery management. The purpose of this study was to characterize growth rates for a habitat-forming deep-sea coral. Two nearly complete colonies of red tree coral (Primnoa resedaeformis) collected from waters off southeast Alaska were used for an analysis of age and growth characteristics. CAT scans revealed that colonies consisted of multiple settlement events, where older basal structures provided for settlement of new colonies. The decay of 210Pb over the length of the colony was used to validate age estimates from growth ring counts. Age estimates were over 100 yr for sections near the heavily calcified base. Based on validated growth ring counts, growth of red tree coral ranged from 1.60 to 2.32 cm per year in height and was approximately 0.36 mm per year in diameter. These growth rates suggest that the fishery habitat created by red tree coral is extremely vulnerable to bottom fishing activities and may take over 100 years to recover., Cited By (since 1996):69, Fish and Fisheries, CODEN: HYDRB, ,
Andrews, Cordes, Mahoney, Munk, Coale, Cailliet, Heifetz
The yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus), a dominant component of an important deep-water rockfish fishery of the Gulf of Alaska, is thought to be long-lived with an estimated longevity exceeding 100 years. For the purpose of monitoring stocks, age is routinely estimated by counting growth zones in otolith cross-sections using the break-and-burn technique; however, such age estimates for this species have remained unvalidated. To evaluate these age data, age estimations from the break-and-burn technique were corroborated by comparing results from transverse sectioning of otoliths. The agreement between the techniques was excellent and each technique had a very low coefficient of variation (3.6% and 4.5%). Radiometric age validation of these estimates was performed on the otolith core material (first three years of growth) of pooled age groups having an average estimated age of 27.4-101.4 years. Agreement was variable and somewhat subjective, but radiometric data support ages estimated from otolith growth zone counts. The strongest support for age that exceeds 100 years comes from the observation that as age derived from growth zones approached and exceeded 100 years, the sample ratios measured (210Pb:226Ra) approached equilibrium. The radiometric results of our study validate the estimates derived from growth zones and the age estimating procedures, which confirms that the longevity of yelloweye rockfish exceeds 100 years., Cited By (since 1996):22, CODEN: AJMFA, ,
To improve the accuracy and precision of radiometric age determination using 210Pb: 226Ra disequilibria in otoliths of fishes, a technique was developed incorporating an ion-exchange procedure followed by isotope-dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) to determine 226Ra. This technique counts ionized radium atoms directly; therefore, the uncertainty of the technique is superior to conventional radio-decay dependent techniques. Calcium and barium are major components of the otolith matrix that can interfere with TIMS analysis of radium. To remove these interferants, an ion-exchange separation procedure was developed. This procedure was tested by applying it to otolith samples from three fish species in three separate radiometric ageing studies. The resultant separations and TIMS determinations indicate that the procedure efficiently separates radium from calcium and barium. Measured 226Ra activities for each species were similar to previous radiometric ageing studies, with the exception of one sample. When results were compared with traditional 226Ra determination techniques, radon emanation and α-spectrometry, the separation procedure with isotope-dilution TIMS had significant advantages. Samples over three times smaller than attempted in other studies were processed with decreased uncertainty and processing time., Cited By (since 1996):30, Fish and Fisheries, CODEN: CJFSD, ,
Cailliet (12) + -
Lundstrom (4) + -
Mahoney (4) + -
Munk (4) + -
Cordes (2) + -
Heifetz (2) + -
Nowicki (2) + -
O'Connell (2) + -
Palacz (2) + -
Stevens (2) + -
Sanders (1) + -
Stephenson (1) + -


text:
Q: I have deployed my Django website in 000webhosthost for free but its not working I have deployed my Django 1.7 website in 000webhosthost for free but its not working. It is deployed with no error but it is not working properly. This is link of  My website on 000webhost and its snapshot is-

Here i can find the problem is static files are not including and include function is not working.

My index.html program is-

{% load staticfiles %}
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{% static 'webpage/style.css' %}" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.2.0/css/bootstrap.min.css">

{% include "webpage/header.html" %}

Key Achievements

Ph.D. in Computer Science

 Incharge Principal S.P. College

Guest Lectures for Research and finishing schools

Researcher in image processing domain of computer science

Head of MCA Department at P.R.Patil Group of Educational Institutes, Amrvavati

Teaching

Having more than 2-decades of academic experience including :teaching (PG,PG) ,research and administration.

Served as a Professor in computer department of  symbiosis International University, Pune-2009-2010

Sr  Lecturer at  in MCA department from 2008-2009 HVMPM, Amravati.,

Lecturer   from 2003 at HVMPM, Amravati.

Research

Registered supervisor for Ph.D in Computer Science at Amravati university, Nagpur University, Symbiosis International University.

6 phd students working and 03 awarded phd degree.

Invited Talks

Ph.D. in Computer Science

 Incharge Principal S.P. College

Guest Lectures for Research and finishing schools

Researcher in image processing domain of computer science

Head of MCA Department at P.R.Patil Group of Educational Institutes, Amrvavati

Anybody please help.

A: According to plan comparison on http://www.000webhost.com/, their free plan does not include python support. The screenshot you provided confirms this hypothesis, since django templates are served as ordinary html files.
If you are looking for a free hosting for django sites, take a look at https://www.heroku.com/. Their free plan is fairly limited, but allows you to host a simple django page.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Opinion analysis: Court strikes down Minnesota ban on "political" apparel at the polls
Chief Justice Roberts with opinion in Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
When Minnesota voters go to the polls in November, they'll likely have more wardrobe options than the last time the state held an election. That's because this morning the Supreme Court ruled that a state law prohibiting voters from wearing clothing or other apparel containing political messages to the polls violates the First Amendment. Minnesota had defended the law as a measure to ensure an "orderly and controlled environment" at the polls, but today the justices agreed with the challengers that the law is too vague. However, the justices left open the possibility that the state could pass a new law regulating apparel at the polls, as long as that law is more targeted.
Chief Justice Roberts with opinion in Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (Art Lien)
The dispute arose in 2010, when Andrew Cilek went to his local polling place to vote. Cilek was wearing a T-shirt bearing (among other things) the Tea Party logo and the message "Don't Tread on Me," as well as a button with the message "Please I.D. Me," often worn by opponents of voter fraud. When an election worker told him that he would have to take off or cover up the T-shirt and button, Cilek refused. He was eventually allowed to vote, but an election worker recorded his name and address.
Cilek and the Minnesota Voters Alliance, a group that describes itself as a "nonpartisan political organization" made up of "citizens, volunteers, and experts committed to safeguarding and improving our elections process," went to court to challenge the law as a violation of the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit upheld the law, but today the Supreme Court – by a vote of 7-2 – reversed.
In an opinion by Chief Justice John Roberts, the majority emphasized that states have the right to try to ensure a peaceful polling place. Moreover, because polling places are, "at least on Election Day, government-controlled property set aside for the sole purpose of voting," restrictions on speech there are subject to a relatively low bar: The restrictions simply have to be reasonable.
But Minnesota's ban on "political" apparel fails even that "forgiving" test, the majority concluded, because both the text of the law and the state's interpretations of it provide so little guidance about what kind of apparel may or may not be worn to the polls. For example, the court observed, the word "political" could include "a button or T-shirt merely imploring others to 'Vote!'" And some of the state's efforts to provide more guidance on what apparel is allowed, through a policy distributed in 2010, the court suggested, may make things murkier, rather than clearer. The court noted that the policy would bar "issue oriented material designed to influence or impact voting," such as the "Please I.D. Me" buttons worn by Cilek and his colleagues, even though there was no voter I.D. requirement on the ballot. "A rule whose fair enforcement requires an election judge to maintain a mental index of the platforms and positions of every candidate and party on the ballot is not reasonable," the court stressed.
After lamenting the lack of guidance in the Minnesota law at issue, the court then tried to provide a little guidance of its own. While making clear that it was not endorsing the constitutionality of such laws, the court noted that other states restrict apparel at the polls "in more lucid terms": California bars signs and apparel that advocate for or against candidates or measures on the ballot, and Texas prohibits apparel "relating to a candidate, measure, or political party appearing on the ballot, or to the conduct of the election." The court also appeared to confirm in a footnote that states "may prohibit messages intended to mislead voters about voting requirements and procedures." But here, the court concluded, Minnesota has not provided the kind of "objective, workable standards" needed to pass muster under the First Amendment.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissented, in a relatively brief opinion joined by Justice Stephen Breyer. Sotomayor agreed with the majority that states can place at least some restrictions on apparel at the polling place, but she would have asked the Minnesota Supreme Court "for a definitive interpretation of the political apparel ban," "which likely would obviate the hypothetical line-drawing problems that form the basis of the Court's decision today."
Posted in Merits Cases
Cases: Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
Recommended Citation: Amy Howe, Opinion analysis: Court strikes down Minnesota ban on "political" apparel at the polls, SCOTUSblog (Jun. 14, 2018, 12:28 PM), https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/06/opinion-analysis-court-strikes-down-minnesota-ban-on-political-apparel-at-the-polls/


The purpose is to design and build a rolling chassis that is capable of traversing various terrains, which will provide support to the components and make driver feel comfortable and safe to drive.
Bernard, T.; Zarlenga, C.; Rolins, A.; Troshchenko, A.; Ward, S.; Miller, J.; Buchala, K.; Dominguez, A.; Breshnahan, M.; Copeland, J.; Sanders, W.
Alajai, N.; Cunha, N.; Brio, M.; Dilindi, B.; Ha, R.; Frutchey, D.; Hernandez, J.; Kames, E.; Kruger, M.; Marley, C.; Lai, S.; Neiger, A.; Lu, Y.; Ni, L.; Rieder, K.; On, P.; Yang, M.; Perry, C.; Zhang, Q.; Roger, J.; Stevens, J.; Alshebl, S.
Florida Tech Robotic Mining team is a multidisciplinary group that aims to design and build a multirobot system to compete in the 2015 NASA Robotics Mining Competition.
The Suspension Sub-team focused it's design decisions for the FP-15 around ensuring the tires stay in optimum contact with the road.
Subramanian, A.; Hicks, A.; Romano, C.; Gatera, G.; Alameri, J.; Dushane, M.; Rhoney, M.; Momanyi, N.; Burke, S.