Hands bound, necks yoked, three Vietnamese Catholic priests stand surrounded by police, eyes averted, waiting to be photographed (fig. 1). They have just emerged from 33 rue Lagrandière, the central prison of Saigon. After the picture is taken, they embark with their minders onto a waiting steamship. Their destination is the notorious French prison on Poulo Condore, an island off the coast of Cochinchina.
During the colonial era, French officials, missionaries, and Vietnamese Catholics lived through changes and conflicts like these that ended European religious and political authority over Vietnamese Catholic life and transformed the place of the Church in Vietnamese society and politics. That is the focus of this study. It demonstrates how French colonial rule allowed for the transformation of Catholic missions in Vietnam into broad and powerful economic and institutional structures in which race defined ecclesiastical and cultural prestige, control of resources, and institutional authority. This, along with colonial rule itself, created a culture of religious life in which relationships between Vietnamese Catholics and European missionaries were less equal and more fractious than ever before. However, the colonial era also created unprecedented ties between Vietnam and the transnational institutions and culture of global Catholicism, as Vatican reforms to create an independent national Church helped Vietnamese Catholics to reimagine and redefine their relationships to both missionary Catholicism and to colonial rule itself. Much like the myriad revolutionary ideologies and struggles in the name of the Vietnamese nation, this revolution in Vietnamese Catholic life was ultimately ambiguous, even contradictory: it established the foundations for an independent national Church in Vietnam, but it also polarized the place of this new Church in postcolonial politics and society and produced deep divisions between Vietnamese Catholics themselves.
When the French finally arrested Phan Bội Châu in 1925, they organized a spectacular trial in Hanoi during which prosecutors presented the aging revolutionary's life as a public parable of the immorality and futility of opposition to France's civilizing mission. But in the case of the three priests who had supported Phan Bội Châu, missionaries and colonial officials did their best to downplay, or even hide, the details of the affair to Catholic communities and the broader public; if it had not been for the efforts of a few left-wing newspapers eager to criticize the Church, the affair likely would not have seen the light of day.3 This was because the affair raised troubling questions about French relationships with a Catholic community that missionaries and colonial officials had long thought of, and represented as, loyal subjects. Colonial officials worried that to make an example of the three Đông Dupriests would further strain relations with missionaries and Vietnamese Catholics, many of whom were now critical of colonial rule after a generation of political repression and economic exploitation by an often ardently secular French republican regime. For their part, missionaries knew that the political acts of the priests were inseparable from the tensions that had emerged between European and Vietnamese Catholics over that same generation, when missionary expansion limited Vietnamese autonomy in both the spiritual and worldly aspects of their Church like never before. As such, missionaries worried that making an example of the priests would make them martyrs, dead indictments of the missionary enterprise. Unlike in the case of Phan Bội Châu, the story of the priests had no value as a missionary or colonial morality play. It could only raise questions about the myth of a Catholic community in Vietnam united across races and predisposed by faith to welcome French tutelage.
Catholicism's place in Vietnamese society and politics deteriorated rapidly after the unification of the two Vietnamese kingdoms under the Nguyễn prince Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, who in 1802 defeated an uprising led by the Tây Sơn brothers that had overthrown the ruling dynasties in both kingdoms, and established his rule as the Gia Long emperor over all Vietnamese territories. Gia Long remained tolerant of Catholicism, thanks in large part to his growing ties while in exile during the Tây Sơn era to French Catholic bishops, who hoped to create more favorable conditions for Catholicism by supporting the exiled prince. Most famous was Pigneau de Béhaine, who appealed for French military intervention on behalf of the prince, and when it did not arrive rallied his own small army that fought alongside the prince's forces. Despite favorable beginnings, tolerance quickly vanished under Gia Long's successor, Minh Mạng, who sought to transform the new kingdom into a regional imperial power by means of a restructuring and modernization of the imperial bureaucracy, agricultural expansion, military conquests, and a revitalization of the ideological and ritual aspects of Confucian imperial rule. In doing so, Minh Mạng sought to bring a range of groups on the kingdom's geographic and cultural margins, Catholic and other, under greater control during the 1820s and 1830s.
Two related but distinct external developments rapidly made Catholicism the primary concern of Minh Mạng and his successors to the Nguyễn throne. The first was the rapid growth of the presence in Vietnam of the Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris, or MEP, in the mid-nineteenth century, a moment of extraordinary growth in global French missionary activity. This expanded the resources and reach of missions precisely when the Nguyễn sought to expand the control of the imperial buraucracy and military over the kingdom's populations. This in turn led many Catholics to resist the challenge that they felt Nguyễn rule posed to their spiritual and social autonomy, which they did through bribery of officials and participation in anti-Nguyễn uprisings. This then led the Nguyễn court to levy increasingly harsher proscriptions against the religion and its adherents. The second external development was the growing presence of the French navy in Asia, which during the 1840s began to exercise gunboat diplomacy regularly to protect French missionaries from growing Nguyễn repression. This only confirmed Nguyễn fears that Catholics were a potential conduit for external influence in Vietnam, and the court's repression of Catholics intensified.
During the 1850s, as the rise of British power in Asia and the growth of an industrial economy led the French to consider more direct intervention in the region, missionaries played an important role in convincing the French emperor, Napoleon III, to attack the Nguyễn kingdom in 1858. The war that followed resulted in the French conquest of lower Cochinchina in 1862, France's first foothold in the Nguyễn kingdom. Although official Nguyễn repression of Catholics sharply declined after the conquest of Cochinchina, primarily with the hope of negotiating a retrocession of lost territories, the relations between Catholics and other parts of Vietnamese society largely broke down, leading to a wave of communitarian violence in the years after the conquest. For reasons ranging from self-preservation to vengeance, some missionaries and Vietnamese Catholics lent significant support to Francis Garnier's failed invasion of Tonkin in 1873 and 1874, as well as during France's war with the Nguyễn and the Qing Empire in China from 1883 to 1885 that led to French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin, the remainder of the Nguyễn kingdom. During the final collapse of Nguyễn rule in the 1880s, tens of thousands of Catholics died in another terrible wave of communitarian violence.
As Christopher Goscha has shown, the expansion of colonial rule created new networks, mobilities, and imaginaries that led more and more Vietnamese to think of and meaningfully experience "Annam," or "Vietnam," as a cultural and material reality.8 One important part of this change was a body of new French historical scholarship, whose Western model of national history helped to form many foundational narratives of "Vietnamese" history. Many Vietnamese were heavily influenced by these ideas, and they also began to conceive of their past in national terms, albeit in different ways and for different ends. Indeed, French rule led to intense introspection among anticolonial intellectuals, who sought historical and cultural explanations to understand and to change the current state of what they increasingly thought of as a nation. Phan Bội Châu, perhaps because of his close ties to Catholics such as Mai Lão Bạng and the Cochinchinese landowner and intellectual Gilbert Trần Tránh Chiếu, was one of the first Vietnamese after the conquest era to question prevailing views of Catholics as culturally separate and procolonial. In his 1905 Viẹt Nam vong quốc sử (History of the loss of Vietnam), Châu did not deny the collaboration of some Vietnamese Catholics with the French, but he blamed it on missionaries for exploiting religion for political ends and on anti-Catholic elements in Vietnam for allowing anti-Catholicism to divide the nation. Châu, in Mark McLeod's words, thus "sought to emphasize those features of the Vietnamese that were more profound than mere religious preferences, such as membership in a unique 'race' (giong noi), the fraternal affection felt by those who shared common origins and upbringing (cung de, cung nuoi), and particularly a common exploitation by French colonialism."9 Châu's views, of course, were just as political as those of the Nguyễn and the French: his assumption that a Vietnamese nation united by a shared political objective was a historical and cultural fact left no room for the multiple, often bitterly opposed visions of the Vietnamese nation that would emerge during the long, terrible transition from colonial rule.
Modern historiography on Vietnamese Catholicism, written in the shadow of the highly politicized role of the Catholic Church during the wars of decolonization in Vietnam, has done little to complicate this nation-centered binary of exclusion and inclusion. During the First Indochina War from 1946 to 1954, the enthusiasm of Vietnamese Catholics for independence evolved into widespread opposition to the communist-led movement at the head of both the revolutionary regime of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in Tonkin and Annam and the anti-French resistance in Cochinchina. After the defeat of the French and the great power partition of Vietnam at the Geneva Conference in 1954, about two-thirds of northern Vietnam's roughly eight hundred thousand Catholics left the heartland of Vietnamese Catholicism for the southern Republic of Vietnam (RVN) in a mass exodus that came to be known as the Northern Migration (Bắc di cư). Those who remained in the DRV experienced regular, often severe restrictions and repression from the communist state. During the Second Indochina War, or the "Vietnam War," from 1954 to 1975, many Catholics strongly supported southern regimes, most notably that of Ngô Đình Diệm, the first president of the RVN and part of an illustrious Catholic family. The relationship between Catholics and the state was tense after the communist victory in 1975 and remains so today, thanks to issues such as Vatican diplomacy, émigré politics, parochial education, and land rights.
Modern Vietnamese-language historiography, especially on politically charged subjects, has long borne the weighty imprint of the legitimating narratives and priorities of the communist party-state. As Patricia Pelley argues about the ongoing project of imagining and consolidating an acceptable and useful vision of national history, "representations of the national past had to correspond with the political and intellectual exigencies of postrevolutionary and postcolonial times, and these were constantly in flux."11 Because of this, Vietnamese historians have had difficulties in their treatment of many historical subjects: national origins, "Chinese" legacies, ethnic minorities, popular culture, and regionalism, among others. However, their treatment of Catholics is particularly Janus-faced. On one hand, the political need to claim that all parts of Vietnamese society supported the communist revolution has produced a historiographical imperative to find evidence of Phan Bội Châu's claim of Catholic national belonging. This not only has led canonical Marxist historians such as Trần Văn Giàu and Trần Huy Liệu to sidestep subjects like the role of the Church during the French conquest, the Bắc di cư, and Catholic anticommunism, but it has also meant a regular effort since 1945 to valorize politically laudable Catholics such as the Đông Du priests, often described as the "three patriot priests" (ba vị linh mục yêu nước) in modern Vietnamese-language historiography.
Since the 1990s, changing conditions for research have produced a body of scholarship that has begun to move the historiography on Vietnamese Catholicism away from past polemics. One major reason for this was the opening in the early 1990s of the archives of the Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris to scholars outside the Church. Combining MEP archives with dynastic chronicles and a range of early modern materials, scholars such as Nola Cooke, Alain Forest, and Nhung Tuyet Tran have written the first nonconfessional social and cultural histories of Vietnamese Catholicism before the nineteenth century, and Laurent Burel and Jacob Ramsay have begun to meaningfully explore the relations between the Church, the Nguyễn state, and Vietnamese society in the nineteenth century.15 In Vietnam, during the ongoing emergence of the discrete conceptual and methodological field of religious studies (tôn giáo học), embodied by the founding of the journal Nghiên Cứu Tôn Giáo (Religious research) in 1999, Nguyễn Quang Hưng has led a more tempered reevaluation of the nineteenth century, and Nguyễn Hồng Dương has written the first serious social and economic studies of Catholic village life.16 James P. Daughton has recently shown how metropolitan Church-state conflicts made relationships between missionaries and colonial officials complex and often antagonistic.17 Finally, important recent studies by Claire Trần Thị Liên and Peter Hansen explore the range of contexts, from political to theological, that shaped Vietnamese Catholic experience during the First Indochina War and the Bắc di cư.18 However, there remains no comprehensive study of what is arguably the most critical question in the modern history of Vietnamese Catholicism: the transition from missionary authority to an independent national Church, which paralleled the rise and fall of colonial rule, and the cultural and political nature and consequences of this transformation.
In many ways, the life stories of the Đông Dupriests parallel how this work approaches its subject. Đồng, Tường, and Lĩnh, who were born between 1852 and 1870, grew up in a time of transformation and upheaval in Vietnamese Catholic life. From the 1850s until the 1880s, the missionary presence in Vietnam roughly tripled. From the 1880s until their arrest in 1909, it roughly tripled again. The expansion of missionary authority in Vietnam had great consequences for Vietnamese Catholics and their place in society. As youths, the priests experienced violence, displacement, and the destruction of Catholic communities at the hands of Nguyễn officials and non-Catholics, which led some of their coreligionists to support French military campaigns against Nguyễn authority. The second half of their lives before their arrest was equally transformative, as the rise of French colonial rule allowed for an influx of manpower and resources to help rebuild and extend Catholic missions. Although the extension and consolidation of French rule did offer Catholics some opportunities, whether by facilitating or directly supporting a rebuilding of religious life or giving Catholics positions in the nascent colonial regime, ordinary Catholics, most of whom had nothing to do with the rise of French rule, paid a heavy price for the ties between missions and colonial authorities. Chapter 1 begins with an overview of Catholic religious and social structures in the precolonial era and then explores the nature of mission expansion, which began in the mid-nineteenth century and continued throughout the colonial era. It ends with an exploration of the relationship between Catholic missions, the rise of French colonial rule, and the changing place of Catholicism in Vietnamese politics and society during the nineteenth century.
On the surface, the lives of Đồng, Tường, and Lĩnh in the early colonial era were much better than they had been before. In addition to benefiting from greater physical safety, they studied in better seminaries than had the previous generation of Vietnamese priests. Meanwhile, the children they ministered to had greater access to catechism and lay education, and many new churches were springing up around them. But not all was well in their religious community on the eve of their decision to join an anti-French movement. Problems started with the bishop, whose inability to manage personnel and money led him to move clergy arbitrarily from place to place, to assign multiple clergy to the same congregations, leaving others unstaffed, and to calculate budgets so poorly that seminaries ran out of money to buy food one month into the term, forcing the mission to sell valuable land to make up the deficit. The behavior of some missionaries was also scandalous. One reportedly took a wife and had children (and not only with his wife), which was a source of great amusement to non-Catholics, who poked their heads into the church when he baptized babies to comment that the babies looked like him. Many of the priests' parishioners complained about being under the authority of a missionary of such dubious moral character.23 Yet they, and the priests themselves, were now more firmly under missionary authority than ever before. While the three priests all held important positions, missionaries determined their duties and access to resources, just as they by and large controlled the mission's budgets and relations with political authorities. The priests also lived in a religious community in which most missionaries now lived and ate apart from the local clergy, and in which racial difference shaped the most basic aspects of daily life. And the relationship of missions with both the colonial state and local society remained difficult. The rise of political anticlericalism in France during the 1880s intensified conflicts over the disparate agendas of Church and state in the colony, while the many long-standing patterns of communitarian conflict in local society did not disappear with colonial rule. These changes are the focus of chapter 2, which is organized around three ongoing sources of conflict in Catholic life during the early colonial era: communitarian relations, tensions between Catholic missions and the colonial state, and fraying relations in Catholic life itself.
For colonial officials and missionaries both, the involvement of Đồng, Tường, and Lĩnh in revolutionary activities embodied the critical state of many Catholic missions at the turn of the century. The three priests were not, in fact, outliers: many other priests in Nghệ An and nearby provinces were also linked to Phan Bội Châu, and missionaries reported widespread support for the three priests among ordinary Catholics.24 The opposition of some Vietnamese Catholics to political authority was not a new phenomenon, but during the colonial era many came to evince equally great opposition to missionaries themselves, and they began to appeal to the Vatican to address their myriad criticisms of European religious authority. On April 1, 1910, a group of Catholic notables from Nghệ An wrote directly to Pope Pius X bemoaning the "bad spirit" of many missionaries and the "scandalous discord" in the mission, especially the decision of a few missionaries to turn in Đồng, Tường, and Lĩnh, "for us an enormous dishonor and an immense tragedy for the faith."25 The growing links between Vietnamese Catholic life and Rome are the subject of chapter 3, which focuses on the consequences in Vietnam of a global campaign during the 1920s and 1930s to lay foundations for independent national Churches across European colonial empires. Rome's reforms aimed to form a better-educated and more self-sufficient clergy and laity in non-European Churches in order to forge closer, more direct ties between these Churches and the Vatican. These reforms were a response both to an ebbing missionary presence, which had been dealt a severe blow by the First World War and changing European religiosity, as well as to tensions between local Catholics, missionaries, and colonial authorities that plagued Catholic missions in Vietnam and throughout the world. By the 1930s in Vietnam, Rome's reforms had laid the foundations for an independent Church and contributed to the growth of a new culture in Catholic life that was as exhilarating for Vietnamese Catholics as it was threatening for missionaries and colonial officials.
Đồng and Lĩnh were released from Poulo Condore in 1918 as part of an amnesty to honor Vietnam's sacrifices for France during the First World War. However, they were forbidden to return to Nghệ An and were instead sent to Saigon, where they served as parish priests. There they encountered what was, in many respects, a different country, a place where Catholics spoke a virtually unintelligible Vietnamese and practiced their faith in very different ways. However, what was an exile for Đồng and Lĩnh was, by the interwar years, an increasingly central part of Vietnamese Catholic experience. Indeed, the Vatican's reforms to create the infrastructure for a national Church, as well as the economic, administrative, and cultural transformations of French rule, helped to create new and powerful connections not only between Catholics from different parts of Vietnam but also between Vietnamese Catholics and the global Catholic world. However, the emerging experience of a national religious community did not make relationships between Catholics and other parts of Vietnamese society less complex; powerful communitarian identity and new ties to global Church networks often reinforced boundaries, real and imagined, between Catholics and others. These changes are the focus of chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 4 explores how the emergence of a system to write spoken Vietnamese by means of the Western alphabet (quốc ngữ) made the printed word a part of mass Catholic experience and changed Catholic understandings of self and society. Chapter 5 examines how experiences such as migration, economic change, urbanization, pilgrimage, and festivals made the "imagined" religious community an increasingly tangible and central part of Vietnamese Catholic life.
The memory of the Đông Dupriests did not disappear, despite the best efforts of Church officials and French authorities. Missionaries arriving in Nghệ An in the 1930s reported that the story was an important part of local Catholic memory at a moment when the Great Depression and growing colonial repression were bringing more Vietnamese away from reform and toward resistance. Of the three priests, only Nguyễn Thần Đồng ever returned to Nghệ An. It was in 1944, in the midst of war and famine, and he was an old man with his revolutionary past well behind him. But his native village of Nhân Hòa had not forgotten him, and villagers held huge celebrations to honor his return. Present to welcome Đồng was Nguyễn Bá Tòng, whom Đồng had known in Saigon, and whose ordination as the first Vietnamese bishop in 1933 was an enormous symbolic turn away from missionary authority.26 Tòng's presence at Đồng's homecoming celebration embodies the close ties between religious reforms and the nationalist sentiment that had emerged in Catholic life in the generation since Đồng's arrest and exile. Indeed, the emergence of a national Church also helped to make Vietnamese Catholics enthusiastic about the idea of an independent nation, and during the interwar years it brought them into global Catholic politics in a way that would shape their perspectives and choices in the revolutionary era. The strong link between religion and new political identities, however, also brought Catholics into conflict with visions of Vietnamese nationalism that continued to see Catholicism as a cultural or political outlier, or even an opponent. Chapter 6 explores how Vietnamese Catholics came to understand and debate the idea of nationalism, how new essentialist ideas about "national culture" made religion a source of conflict in debates about Vietnamese nationalism, and how the rise of Social Catholicism and anticommunism shaped the relationship of Vietnamese Catholics to emerging revolutionary politics.
Nguyễn Thần Đồng died just two months after his return to Nghệ An, nine months before Hồ Chí Minh's proclamation of independence on September 2, 1945, realized the ambitions of the movement he had joined decades earlier. Chapter 7 examines the place of the Catholic Church in Vietnam's transition from colony to separate and opposing nationhoods. The First Indochina War, fought from 1946 until 1954 between the French and varying Vietnamese political factions, hastened the pace of Vatican institutional reforms, as the break from colonial rule led to a rapid extension of the Vietnamese Church hierarchy and a transfer of most Church institutions entirely to Vietnamese direction. As full-scale war erupted, new print organs and associational networks became crucial for circulating information and opinions as well as for Catholic community defense and mobilization. And as the broad but tenuous nationalist consensus fragmented, religion came to play a greater role in the political choices of Vietnamese Catholics: the Vatican's role in Catholic life strengthened anticommunist voices and supported the activities of Catholics such as the Ngô family, while left-wing Catholic ideas kept many Catholics in resistance networks even as Vietnamese communists cemented their ties to the global communist bloc. The end of this study, the 1954 partition of Vietnam and the Bắc di cư, marks a new era in Vietnamese Catholic history, when a newly independent Church now confronted the challenges of mass migration, civil war, reunification, and relations with communist authorities as it sought to shape its postcolonial future.
In his study of narratives of Chinese national history, Prasenjit Duara observes, "national history secures for the contested and contingent nation the false unity of a self-same, national subject evolving through time.... It allows the nation-state to see itself as a unique form of community which finds its place in the oppositions between tradition and modernity, hierarchy and equality, empire and nation."27 However, Duara argues that although all national narratives by necessity "appropriate dispersed histories according to present needs," the act of appropriation inevitably becomes a source of their tensions and shortfalls.28 In other words, the claims of other, competing histories never disappear but instead reemerge during historical or historiographical transitions. This study is written more than a generation after the end of the Second Indochina War, at a time when the turn toward a market economy, the tensions of one-party rule, widespread and rapid social mobility, religious revival, and other forces are pushing the revolutionary era further into Vietnam's past. Accordingly, the field of Vietnamese studies is turning away from the powerful national narrative of Vietnamese history and instead treating the nation as-to use Duara's words-"the site where different representations of the nation contest and negotiate with each other."29 Few subjects have as much potential to contribute to this project as Vietnamese Catholic history, and doing so was certainly my intention. However, I hope and believe that this effort to write a more meaningful history of Catholicism in modern Vietnam has not resulted in a Catholic narrative of Vietnamese national history. If anything, I hope that the portrait of change and conflict in Catholicism in Vietnam that emerges in these pages serves to provincialize the "nation" as a category of analysis in the writing of Vietnamese history.
This work rests on three main bodies of sources. The records of the French colonial and protectorate administrations in Vietnam, held in Aix-en-Provence, Hanoi, and Ho Chi Minh City, include documentation that ranges from the Ministry of Colonies to municipal administrations. Despite its well-known limitations, this material sheds light on a wide range of issues: Church-state relations; the economic, legal, and political standing of Catholic missions; Catholic schools, institutions of social welfare, and associations; communitarian relations; surveillance of Catholic individuals, groups, and press organs; and others. The French Foreign Ministry archives in Paris reveal the details of the deeply contentious relationship between French colonial officials and the Vatican surrounding Church reforms in the interwar era. Although scholars have made good use of French colonial documentation to study the Church's role in the conquest, early French rule in Cochinchina, and Church-state relations before the First World War, the bulk of these materials in this study are cited for the first time.
The second body of sources, Church documentation, primarily includes the records of the Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris and of the Vatican's mission organ, the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, as well as those of smaller Catholic orders. As scholars have begun to demonstrate for the early modern era, MEP documents, primarily letters from bishops and missionaries as well as annual reports from individual missions, are an invaluable source for the social and religious history of Catholicism in Vietnam, especially the organization of local mission life as well as relations between Vietnamese Catholics and missionaries. Only one other scholar, the Catholic historian Etienne Võ Đức Hạnh, has made systematic use of MEP materials for the colonial era, and he has done so only up to 1903. Missionary documentation on particular incidents or local affairs is often by a single author, unlike French colonial records, which typically include perspectives and testimonials from multiple layers of the French administration, from Vietnamese officials, from missionaries, and sometimes even from Vietnamese Catholics, all in the same dossier. The limits of MEP materials make Vatican documents, again used almost entirely for the first time here, all the more invaluable. Propaganda Fide's archives include detailed records of mission finances; reports of Vatican envoys; documents from the Apostolic Delegation in Indochina, the Vatican's first direct representative in Vietnam; and, most importantly, scores of letters from Vietnamese Catholics to officials in Rome and even to the pope about the difficult conditions in their missions, their poor relations with missionaries, and their aspirations for an independent Church.
The third and perhaps most valuable set of sources for this study is the extensive and almost wholly unexplored body of Catholic religious bulletins, journals, newspapers, and pamphlet literature in quốc ngữ, written mostly during the 1920s and 1930s. Despite Alexander Woodside's 1976 call for scholars to explore the "archival treasurehouse of Vietnamese journalism," I still had to cut open the pages of many newspapers and pamphlets when I read them in the Vietnamese National Library for the first time since these copies were deposited when the library's collections were still the colonial dépôt légal.30 These materials include theological, liturgical, and paraliturgical texts; writings on Catholic morality and ethics; Church histories; popular religious fiction in the form of novels, stories, poems, and plays; journalistic accounts of issues, events, or individuals; school primers and pedagogical manuals; and many other documents, again largely used for the first time here. This study also makes significant use of historical studies by Vietnamese Catholics both inside and outside Vietnam, many of them published locally and unconsidered in Western scholarship.
Several terms for Catholic officials and administrative designations require explanation. The smallest unit of Vietnamese Catholic life, họ, best translated in English as "subparish," is usually translated as "congrégation" in French. I use "congregation" here despite the important differences between this form of community and the one usually associated with the English term. The formal term for a Catholic mission was a vicariate (vicariat) and not a diocese (diocèse) or bishopric (évêché), giáo phận or địa phận in Vietnamese; the latter two refer to an ecclesiastical territory that, unlike a vicariate, is formally integrated into the Church hierarchy. Similarly, the head of a mission was an apostolic vicar (vicaire apostolique) and not a bishop (évêque, giám mục). However, French and Vietnamese sources most commonly use the terms "diocese" and "bishop." In hopes of clarity and consistency, I use the term "mission" and will refer to their heads as "bishops." Beginning in 1924, missions were formally designated by the name of the mission seat instead of by their French name (for example, Saigon and not Cochinchine Occidentale). Because the mission seat more clearly situates these territories geographically, I refer to missions as such for the entire colonial era within the text, although I preserve the original titles of documents in citations. Vietnamese Catholics virtually always took a Christian name, but many of the documents I came across do not include them. For this reason I have decided to omit Christian names altogether, even (and with apologies) if most of the people who are the focus of this study would probably have preferred otherwise. I also omit diacritics if they are unknown to me. I render into English the names of places that are well known to English readers (Hanoi, Saigon, etc.) and use diacritics when possible for other geographic references. Unless noted otherwise, translations are my own.
Those who study this place and time face vexing problems of nomenclature. The modern nation-state of Vietnam did not exist before 1945, so my use of this word is usually anachronistic. I use it anyway because, in my mind, the alternativesall pose greater problems. "Indochina" included the French protectorates of Cambodia and Laos, neither of which is a focus of this study. I avoid "Annam," the most common collective term for the three Vietnamese parts of Indochina during the colonial era, for sever al reasons. First, there was never a single state named "Annam" that governed the territories of modern-day Vietnam; there were critical differences between the discrete regimes that governed the northern region of Tonkin, the southern region of Cochinchina, and the central region of Annam (the use of this term at the time to refer to both the central region and all three regions is another point of confusion). Although "Annam" was certainly a powerful cultural idea during the colonial era, it never held the normative legal status that would oblige the use of the term in a historical study. Moreover, not only was "Annam" considered pejorative by some, but many Vietnamese during the colonial period simply did not identify as part of a community that spanned contemporary Vietnam's borders. In short, the problem is to find a term to refer to a bureaucratic regime and cultural identity that, during the colonial era, was in the process of becoming. If we accept that the origins of postcolonial Vietnamese regimes and identities have their roots in the colonial era, we need a language to describe them before 1945, but, precisely because they were contingent and deeply contested, there is no single term that will work in all circumstances. I therefore use the word "Vietnam" simply as shorthand to describe the three Vietnamese regions of French Indochina, and the phrase "Vietnamese Catholics" to indicate the study's focus on those Catholics who identified as or were categorized as ethnic Vietnamese (kinh, itself admittedly a problematic category). In doing so, I do not mean to suggest that the modern nation of Vietnam or the identities that it has generated existed in the same form during the colonial era.
In this important new study, Charles Keith explores the complex position of the Catholic Church in modern Vietnamese history. By demonstrating how French colonial rule allowed for the transformation of Catholic missions in Vietnam into broad and powerful economic and institutional structures, Keith discovers the ways race defined ecclesiastical and cultural prestige and control of resources and institutional authority. This, along with colonial rule itself, created a culture of religious life in which relationships between Vietnamese Catholics and European missionaries were less equal and more fractious than ever before. However, the colonial era also brought unprecedented ties between Vietnam and the transnational institutions and culture of global Catholicism, as Vatican reforms to create an independent national Church helped Vietnamese Catholics to reimagine and redefine their relationships to both missionary Catholicism and to colonial rule itself. Much like the myriad revolutionary ideologies and struggles in the name of the Vietnamese nation, this revolution in Vietnamese Catholic life was ultimately ambiguous, even contradictory: it established the foundations for an independent national Church, but it also polarized the place of the new Church in post-colonial Vietnamese politics and society and produced deep divisions between Vietnamese Catholics themselves.
Charles Keith is Assistant Professor of History at Michigan State University.


text:
Fred McKenzie may refer to:

 Fred McKenzie (footballer) (1903–1979), Scottish footballer
 Fred McKenzie (politician) (1933–2008), Australian politician
 Fred McKenzie (weightlifter), bronze medalist in weightlifting at the 1984 Summer Paralympics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Als Brand-Gutachten (offiziell Bericht über die Deutsche Bundesbahn) wird umgangssprachlich ein Bericht einschließlich eines Vorschlags für ein neues Bundesbahngesetz bezeichnet, der am 30. Januar 1960 von der 1958 eingerichteten "Prüfungskommission für die Deutsche Bundesbahn" unter Leitung des Finanz- und Wirtschaftsberaters Friedrich Brand an den Bundesminister für Verkehr Hans-Christoph Seebohm und den Bundesminister der Finanzen Franz Etzel übergeben wurde. Der Bericht wurde am 10. Februar 1960 als Drucksache 03/1602 an den Bundestag weitergeleitet.

Vorgeschichte

Im Rahmen einer Studie zum 20-jährigen Jahrestag der Bahnreform vom 1. Januar 1994 "20 Jahre Bahnreform und Deutsche Bahn AG: Erfolge und künftige Herausforderungen" blicken die Autoren auch zurück bis in die 1950er Jahre. Im Personenverkehr sank der Anteil der Bundesbahn am Modal Split zwischen 1950 und 1960 von 37 % auf 17 %. Als Ursache wird hier die steigende Motorisierung angegeben. Trotz steigender Güterverkehrsleistung sank auch der Marktanteil am Gesamtgüterverkehr von 1950 bis 1960 von 56 % auf 37 % und damit deutlicher als in den folgenden Jahrzehnten. Unter den besonderen Lasten nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg werden aufgeführt: "Bereits in den 1950er Jahren wurden dem Schienenverkehr in der Bundesrepublik zahlreiche Lasten ohne adäquaten finanziellen Ausgleich auferlegt. So musste der Wiederaufbau kriegsbeschädigter Bahnanlagen und -einrichtungen eigenständig, also durch Verschuldung, finanziert werden. Flüchtlinge, Spätaussiedler und Kriegsheimkehrer waren in den 1950er Jahren auch ohne vorhandenen Bedarf einzustellen."

Das Kabinett hatte am 1. Juni 1954 im Rahmen der Entwicklung eines gesamtwirtschaftlichen Verkehrskonzeptes ein Gutachten über Maßnahmen zur Wiederherstellung der Wirtschaftlichkeit der Bundesbahn bei Dr. Karl Ottmann in Auftrag gegeben ("Ottmann-Gutachten"). Anfang 1956 wurde ein Unterausschuss des Bundestagsausschusses für Verkehrswesen zur "Wiederherstellung der Wirtschaftlichkeit der Deutschen Bundesbahn" unter Vorsitz von Dr. Paul Bleiß eingerichtet. Der "Bleiß-Ausschuss" befasste sich mit allen Fragen, die im Ottmann-Gutachten behandelt worden waren.

Wegen angekündigter Tariferhöhungen bei Bundesbahn und Bundespost stellte die SPD-Opposition am 15. Januar 1958 eine Große Anfrage betreffend "Anhebung der Verkehrstarife". Nach Aussprache wurde ein Antrag der Fraktion der CDU/CSU, DP zur Beratung der Großen Anfrage der Fraktion der SPD bei einigen Enthaltungen ohne Gegenstimmen angenommen.

Auftrag und Bildung der Prüfungskommission

Am 12. Februar 1958 fasste der Deutsche Bundestag den Beschluss ohne Gegenstimmen, dass die Regierung

Die geforderte Kommission wurde am 24. Juli 1958 von den beiden Ministerien mit folgenden Mitgliedern eingesetzt:
 Friedrich Brand (1891–1979), Vorsitzender der Kommission, deutscher Wirtschafts- und Finanzberater
 Paul Binder (1902–1981), deutscher Politiker (CDU), Mitglied des Landtags von Baden-Württemberg
 Heinrich Giesbert, deutscher Rechtsanwalt
 Karl Ottmann (1892–1970), ehem. Präsident des Hauptprüfungsamtes für die Deutsche Bundesbahn
 Karl Sachs (1886–1980), Schweizer Elektroingenieur, ehem. Professor für elektrische Zugförderung und Grundlagen des Eisenbahnmaschinenbaus
 Viktor von Schmiedeberg (1889–1969), deutscher Ministerialbeamter, ehemals im Verwaltungsrat der Deutschen Bundespost
 Joachim Schöne (1906–1967), deutscher Politiker (SPD), ehemaliger stellvertretender Vorsitzender des Wirtschaftsausschusses des Bundestages

Die meisten Mitglieder der Kommission kamen der damit verbundenen Arbeit nebenberuflich nach.

Inhalte des Gutachtens

Am 10. Februar 1960 wurde der Bericht über die Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) vom 30. Januar 1960 von den Bundesministern für Verkehr und der Finanzen bekannt gegeben.

Auf knapp 300 Seiten folgt nach dem Zitat der Aufgabenstellung eine Zusammenfassung der Prüfungsergebnisse sowie der Entwurf für ein neues Bundesbahngesetz. Der anschließende Hauptbericht besteht aus folgenden römisch nummerierten Teilen:
 Die gegenwärtige finanzielle und wirtschaftliche Lage der DB
 Die Ungleichheit der Startbedingungen im Wettbewerb der Verkehrsträger
 Die Verlustquellen der DB und Vorschläge für ihre Beseitigung
 Sozial-, Beteiligungs- und Grundstückspolitik (Möglichkeiten für Kostensenkungen und Ertragssteigerungen)
 Maßnahmen auf dem Gebiete der technischen Rationalisierung und Modernisierung
 Der Investitionsplan (10-Jahres-Plan und 4-Jahres-Abschnitt)
 Anregungen für organisatorische Änderungen
 Personalwirtschaft und Personalpolitik einschließlich Einsparungsmöglichkeiten
 Vorschau auf die künftige Entwicklung, einschließlich einer Schlussbemerkung der Kommission zum Gesamtbericht

Zusammenfassung des Prüfungsergebnisses der Kommission

(Hervorgehoben sind die Zwischenüberschriften der Zusammenfassung)

In der Vorbemerkung wird deutlich gemacht, dass die Vorschläge der Kommission das Ziel haben, "der DB die erforderliche Handlungsfreiheit […] zu sichern und ihr die Mittel und Möglichkeiten zu geben, ihr Verkehrsangebot zu verbessern und ihren Betrieb wirtschaftlich zu gestalten."

Die Bundesbahn solle nach Einschätzung der Kommission ein rechtlich selbstständiges Unternehmen werden, das nach kaufmännischen Gesichtspunkten zu führen sei. Dies wurde aber im Entwurf eines neuen Bundesbahngesetzes nicht aufgenommen, da eine "Änderung des rechtlichen Status der DB zu einer Verschleppung der dringend gebotenen Sanierungsmaßnahmen führen könnte." Die vorgeschlagenen Änderungen weisen dennoch in die Richtung, die Bundesbahn wie eine Aktiengesellschaft zu führen.

Beim Finanzausgleich zwischen Bund und DB geht es den Autoren neben einer substanziellen Kapitalerhöhung hauptsächlich um Übernahme der Pensionslasten für ehemalige und aktive Beamte durch den Bund und um Herstellung der Startgleichheit der verschiedenen Verkehrsträger; bei Binnenschifffahrt und Straßenverkehr seien die Wegekosten wesentlich stärker subventioniert als bei der DB.

Zur Beseitigung der Verlustquellen der DB adressiert die Kommission zunächst die sehr hohen Verluste im Personenverkehr (1958: 847,3 Mio. DM). Diese hätten ihr größte Ursache im Berufs- und Schülerverkehr mit stark subventionierten Tarifen. Wegen der verbesserten wirtschaftlichen Situation der meisten Bevölkerungsschichten, schlägt die Kommission vor, "dass eine Tarifermäßigung jedem zusteht, der die Eisenbahn häufig und regelmäßig in Anspruch nimmt. Sie empfiehlt daher, ein um 33 1/3 v. H. ermäßigtes Abonnement für Dauerbenutzer der DB zu schaffen." Zudem müssten viele Streckenkilometer in Buslinien umgewandelt ("verkraftet") werden und "zahlreiche Bahnhöfe in Haltestellen und Agenturen umgewandelt werden". Die Verluste im Stückgutverkehr (1958: 374,6 Mio. DM) sollen durch tarifliche und organisatorische Neuordnungen gesenkt werden. Durch die vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen sollen die Verluste binnen vier Jahren mehr als halbiert werden.

Personaleinsparungen seien in erster Linie über technische Modernisierung und den damit möglichen "natürlichen Personalabgang" über zehn Jahre möglich. Im Bericht wird auch darauf eingegangen, inwieweit der Beamtenstatus bei der DB aufrechterhalten werden kann. Es solle weniger Beamtenstellen geben und mehr Tätigkeiten an externe Unternehmen vergeben werden. Auch eine Lockerung der Mitbestimmung der Personalräte, sei erforderlich, da die "Bestimmungen des Personalvertretungsgesetzes, die auf eine öffentliche Verwaltung zugeschnitten sind, nicht aber für ein in stärkstem Konkurrenzkampf stehendes Unternehmen passen […]".

Bei der Beurteilung der Sozialpolitik "hält es [die Kommission] nicht für vertretbar, dass ein erheblicher Teil des Personal- und Sachaufwands für Sozialeinrichtungen als Betriebsaufwand der DB verrechnet wird, da dies eine Verschleierung des tatsächlichen Aufwands für soziale Zwecke bedeutet."

Die Beteiligungspolitik der DB umfasst viele Beteiligungen und Unterbeteiligungen, die für den Betriebszweck nach Ansicht der Kommission nicht in diesem Umfang erforderlich seien. Die Beteiligungen sollten überprüft werden, stärker auf die Interessen des Unternehmens ausgerichtet werden und dafür "ist eine Bearbeitung aller Beteiligungen an einer Stelle der Hauptverwaltung der DB erforderlich".

Die Grundstückspolitik der DB wird nur Rande kritisiert, da der Großteil des Grundeigentums von etwa 115.000 ha, nämlich ca. 100.000 ha für Betriebszwecke benötigt würde. Eine schnelle Verwertung von frei werdenden Grundstücken aufgrund von Stilllegungen wird angemahnt.

Die vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen auf dem Gebiete der technischen Rationalisierung und Modernisierung umfassen die folgenden Punkte, die in einem 10-Jahres-Plan abgearbeitet werden sollen:
 Elektrifizierung: 5000 km zusätzlich zu den aktuellen 3350 km
 Verdieselung zur Ablösung des Dampfbetriebs besonders auf Rangier- und Nebenstrecken
 Rollendes Material: Modernisierung des Güter- und Reisezugwagenparks, Einführung der automatischen Kupplung
 Werkstättendienst: Stilllegung von mindestens 20 Ausbesserungswerken aufgrund der Modernisierung
 Oberbau: der Nachholbedarf, der zu Langsamfahrstellen führt, soll vorrangig befriedigt werden und durch Vergabe an Dritte auch der Förderung der mittelständischen Wirtschaft dienen
 Signalwesen: Verkürzung der Umstellungsdauer auf neue Stellwerke von 40 auf 20 Jahre wird für möglich gehalten

Im Abschnitt Der Investitionsplan wird zunächst bedauert, dass die Bundesbahn "keine klar umrissene Konzeption" habe, wie der Betrieb in 10 Jahren aussehen würde. Es werden daher nur ein Plan für die nächsten vier Jahre gutgeheißen, aber die Gesamtinvestitionsaufwände in den kommenden 10 Jahren dennoch auf 25 bis 30 Mrd. DM beziffert. Für die ersten vier Jahre werden die wichtigsten Kennzahlen für eine Investitionssumme von 10 Mrd. DM genannt.

Organisatorische Vorschläge werden erteilt, um sich der im vorgeschlagenen neuen Bundesbahngesetz eigenwirtschaftlichen Struktur zu nähern. Wie sehr diese Maßnahmen am bestehenden System rütteln, wird durch diese Bemerkung deutlich: "Abschließend ist zu sagen, dass die Sanierung der DB nicht nur eine Frage der technischen Modernisierung und der Umgestaltung der innerbetrieblichen Organisation ist, sondern ebenso auch ein Problem der personellen Führung sowie einer entschlossenen Neuorientierung auf die veränderten wettbewerblichen Verhältnisse und die daraus zu ziehenden Folgerungen. Vermehrte Einstellung von Kaufleuten, Volks- und Betriebswirten ist notwendig, um den Betrieb mit kaufmännischem Geist zu erfüllen."

Im letzten Abschnitt Vorschau und Betriebsvorkalkulation der Zusammenfassung wird eine beispielhafte Kalkulation für das Jahr 1966 vorgenommen, und abschließend gemahnt: "Die erwartete Rentabilitätsverbesserung ist jedoch nur dann zu verwirklichen, wenn über die Investitionspläne der DB und ihre Finanzierung rechtzeitig die erforderlichen Beschlüsse gefasst werden."

Reaktionen in der Presse

Im Spiegel wurden Auswirkungen des Gutachtens angezweifelt: "Trotz all dieser Bemühungen […] erweist sich das Gutachten dann aber schließlich doch als eine Kapitulation vor der Unmöglichkeit, eine Einrichtung wie die Bundesbahn überhaupt im kaufmännischen Sinne zu sanieren."

In Die Zeit fällt die Bewertung ähnlich aus: "Der Mut, mit dem die Brand-Kommission diese und viele andere heiße Eisen der Verkehrspolitik angefasst hat, ist geradezu bewundernswert. […] Auf das nun einsetzende Tauziehen aller Beteiligten und darauf, was dann von einigen der hochfliegenden Brand-Ideen übrigbleiben wird, dürfen wir wirklich gespannt sein."

In einer Veröffentlichung 20 Jahre nach der Bahnreform von 1994 wird rückblickend gewertet: "Die Kommission erkannte bereits damals, dass die Bundesbahn eigentlich in ein rechtlich unabhängiges Unternehmen umgewandelt werden müsste. Dennoch hielt man im Abschlussbericht vom Januar 1960 – dem sogenannten Brand-Gutachten – nicht an diesem Vorschlag fest […]."

Auswirkungen

Die Anregungen des Brand-Gutachtens wurden in der kleinen Verkehrsreform von 1961 aufgenommen. Infolgedessen verzichtete der Bund auf die Tilgung von Schulden durch die Bundesbahn, die zwischen 1952 und 1960 aufgenommen worden waren, und gewährte Hilfszahlungen in Höhe von 600 Mio. DM für Investitionen und zur Abgeltung betriebsfremder Lasten. Weiterhin wurde ein wichtiger Entschluss zur Liberalisierung des Güterverkehrs gefällt: Die Tarifparität zwischen Straßen- und Schienengüterverkehr wurde aufgehoben, um den Verkehrsträgern – und damit auch der Bundesbahn – mehr Freiräume in der Preisgestaltung einzuräumen. In Folge der Liberalisierung verfielen in den darauf folgenden Jahren jedoch die Preise, insbesondere im Straßengüterverkehr. Daher war der Bahnvorstand gezwungen, weiter zu rationalisieren und legte Pläne vor, welche die Stilllegung von 7.000 bis 8.000 km Bahnstrecke vorsahen. Der Vorstand wollte nur noch Strecken betreiben, die auch aus unternehmerischer Sicht sinnvoll erschienen, und sich stärker auf den Fernreise- und Wagenladungsverkehr konzentrieren.

Literatur
 Bericht der Prüfungskommission für die Deutsche Bundesbahn über die Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) vom 30. Januar 1960. Bundestags-Drucksache 03/1602, Bonn 10. Februar 1960 Dokumentations- und Informationssystem für Parlamentsmaterialien
 Stellungnahme der Bundesregierung zu dem Bericht der Prüfungskommission für die Deutsche Bundesbahn. Zu Bundestags-Drucksache 03/1602, Bonn 20. Juni 1960 Dokumentations- und Informationssystem für Parlamentsmaterialien
 Bericht der Prüfungskommission für die Deutsche Bundesbahn vom 30. Januar 1960, Stellungnahme der Bundesregierung zu diesem Bericht sowie die neuesten Wirtschaftsergebnisse der Deutschen Bundesbahn und ein Verzeichnis der Aufstellungen und Tabellen hierzu. Bundestags-Drucksache 04/840, Bonn 12. Dezember 1962 Dokumentations- und Informationssystem für Parlamentsmaterialien

Einzelnachweise

Verkehrspolitik (Deutschland)
Schienenverkehrsgeschichte (Deutschland)
Deutsche Bundesbahn


text:
Young Investigator Award Winners List Available
As with the 1st World Congress a Young Investigator Award Competition was included as part of the program. There were three categories: Biomedical Engineering (Sponsored by IFMBE –International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering); Food, Biotechnology and Environment (Sponsored by DIL – German Institute of Food Technologies); and Biology and Medicine (Sponsored by Mr. Frank Reidy). Each of the three categories included awards for students and for Post-Docs/Early Stage Investigators. Springer also donated books to be awarded to each winner.
The list of all 18 winners of the Young Investigator Award Competition are now available from the following page: wc2017.electroporation.net/young-investigator-award-competition/winners.
Things to do in Norfolk
Special post-World Congress 2017 Issue in Frontiers in Microbiology Announced
wc2017congress
Special post-World Congress 2017 issue in TCRT (Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment) announced
Special post-World Congress 2017 issue in Technology announced
Special post-World Congress 2017 issue in BioMed Research International announced

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: './configure: no such file or directory' when I try to install firefox from tar.bz2 file Downloaded and unpacked firefox-57.0b13.tar.bz2 into Downloads/firefox.
No install or readme instructions found there.
Attempted to install using
./configure
make
make install

When I enter ./configure, I get no such file or directory.
What am I doing wrong?

A: It has a binary file called firefox. Double click to open it or type ./firefox in terminal. It's precompiled. It doesn't need to be installed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Lindsey promoter trap lines
Keith Lindsey Institute of Plant and Microbial Sciences, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University
Click here to view all 191 of these lines.
About the Lindsey promoter trap lines
These lines were donated by Keith Lindsey , Botany Dept, Leicester University, University Road, Leicester, UK
This transgenic population contains the T-DNA promoter trap vector pDgusBin19 (Topping et al. 1991; Lindsey et al. 1993). The T-DNA contains at the right border a constitutively expressed nptII gene, conferring resistance to kanamycin, and at the left border, a promoterless gusA gene. The gusA coding region on this T-DNA, which has its own ATG but no TATA box, can be activated following insertion downstream of a native gene promoter trap ("interposon"). This can facilitate the cloning of genes that are expressed in specific cell types (Lindsey et al. 1993), or that are inducible by environmental factors, including pathogens (Goddjin et al. 1993). The T-DNA can also, of course, act as insertional mutagen to facilitate the cloning of genes essential for developmental, biochemical, or physiological processes.
The transformation procedure used was that of Clarke et al. 1992., using root explants inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA4404 (Prefix BFM) or C58C1. All lines are in the C24 background except those prefixed by "BFM" which are Landsberg erecta. Each line was sent to NASC as mixed seed ie as a mixture of segregating wild types, hemizygotes and homozygotes for T- DNA but each line listed is derived from a single independent primary transformant (T1). Lines containing T-DNA can be selected by planting on the medium containing 25 mg/l kanamycin sulphate.
Some of the lines have been tested for GUS expression in seedlings and flowers. This information is given for the individual lines. The remaining lines have not been tested for GUS expression at this stage of development.
Sets in this collection
Nasc code
Set contents
N4549 Complete set of Lindsey T-DNA Tagged lines View set contents
Lindsey, K., et al. 1993. Tagging genomic sequences that direct transgene expression by activation of a promoter trap in plants. Transgenic Research 2(1):33-47. PMID: 8513337.


You have probably heard about the latest trend in home construction and home design: Prefab Homes. Prefabricated homes (also known as prefab homes, manufactured homes or modular homes) are now one of the most popular building methods. Before we go into the discussion about this new and promising method of home building, we must first understand what it is.
According to the definition of Collin's Dictionary, a prefabricated home is defined as a building or a structure that has been made from parts which were made in a factory and then quickly put together at the place where the structure is to be built. In layman's terms, prefabricated homes are homes which materials are manufactured or built off site and then assembled on site. But are prefab homes really worth the hype? This article explores the different advantages of having a prefab home.
Because materials for prefab homes are made in factories, each component can easily be customised to your preferred look or feel. Many prefab home building companies offer a wide range of designs to fit their clients' exact liking. Clients can choose from a large pool of materials, colours and textures among others. Through the years, modular homes have evolved together with architecture. New architectural designs and techniques have allowed modern prefab homes to become more versatile and flexible when it comes to design.
Most, if not all, prefab homes are designed with specifications that consume less energy than a traditional stick-built house. This is because the windows usually installed in prefab homes are thermally efficient. The modular homes are able to insulate heat. This works by keeping air leaks from becoming a problem by constructing tightly sealed materials. Prefab homes also produce zero to minimal wastes. A prefab home can save about up to 50% more energy consumption because of this. Also, prefab homes are often characterised by its use of big windows which saves your energy bill from costs in lighting your home.
Depending on its size and customisation, prefab homes can be cheaper than your average stick-built house. This is because materials being manufactured in the prefabrication process are made in a controlled environment. There is a significantly lower chance of spoilage or weakening of materials caused by external factors like sudden changes in temperature or adverse weather conditions. Moreover, in controlled environments, materials can easily be recycled or reused.
Modular Homes are built relatively faster than the conventionally-built houses because they are not influenced or affected by negative weather constraints. A research done by Wong and Vimonsatit of Curtin University showed that poor weather conditions is one of the most usual causes of delay in constructions. As was said above, the materials for prefab homes are made inside factories. As a consequence, prefab homes are faster to build because of their continuous and simultaneous operations. On-site, they are readily assembled and the process is more expeditious.


New York, December 4, 2013 /3BL Media / - Announcing MakeImpactNYC 2014: Do Good in Your 'Hood the first-of-its kind "Five boroughs, one city, endless impact" event bringing together entrepreneurs and innovators from every part of New York City who are building a new social impact economy: New Yorkers who are improving the lives of their neighbors and communities through entrepreneurial solutions.
On one special day, January 16, 2014, Good-B.com, NYC's leading online news and new media platform supporting entrepreneurs for social good joins Fordham University's Center for Humanistic Management and the city's leading social impact entrepreneurs, innovators, incubators, coworking spaces, business leaders, educators, and social good-doers at the Gabelli School of Business near Lincoln Center to celebrate what makes New York great: innovation, community, entrepreneurship — and a commitment to make the city we call home a better place for everyone in it.
This is not your typical social good conference! MakeImpactNYC features social enterprises focused on solving critical local problems including job creation, access to healthcare, minority opportunities, youth education, economic and community development, affordable housing, and arts and cultural support. The conference celebrates NYC's social entrepreneurship achievements, explores the city's pressing issues, and builds community and collaboration across all 5 boroughs. The day is capped off with the first ever "Social Good Battle of the Boros" entrepreneur pitch competition, a "friendly" New York style "battle" where borough changemakers vie for the "Best of the Boros Social Impact Crown." It's all in good fun and for a good cause: celebrating what makes New York the new capital for social innovation.
Participants include Etsy, CBS/EcoMedia, Girls Who Code, Centre for Social Innovation, Pratt Institute, Fordham B-School, Good Business NY, Return on Change, ThatMattersLive, Locavesting, HelpChipIn, InfluencerCon, Silicon Harlem, Fundrise, Be Social Change, Staten Island Makers Space, The Kitchen, incubators, impact investors, and local business leaders showcasing the NYC social entrepreneurship ecosystem across all five boroughs. After all, if we can make impact here, we can make impact anywhere!
Good-b aka Good Business International, Inc.™ is an innovative new media company based in New York City dedicated to building a better world through sustainable business. Good-b is a source and resource supporting small to medium enterprises and entrepreneurs to build socially, environmentally and economically sustainable businesses. Together, we can change the world one business at a time.


text:
Video Games, Violence, and the Ethics of Fantasy: Killing Time
Christopher Bartel
London: Bloomsbury Academic (2020)
Truth in interactive fiction.Alex Fisher - 2022 - Synthese 200 (6):1-18.details
This paper provides an account of truth in interactive fiction. Interactive fiction allows the audience to make choices, resulting in many different possible fictions within each interactive fiction, unlike in literary fiction where there is just one. Adequately capturing this feature of interactive fiction requires us to address familiar issues regarding impossible fiction and the nature of time in fiction. Truth in interactive fiction thus requires a complex account to capture its multitude of fictions. It is argued that a full (...) account of truth in interactive fiction requires distinguishing two works for each interactive fiction, which contain distinct fictional truths. The actual work encompasses what is in fact represented as fictional, whilst in the implied work, truth in fiction is governed by authorial intention, hence mistakes are not fictionally true. This dual account best captures our aesthetic evaluation of interactive fictions, for which we often need to distinguish how the work actually is from how it was intended to be. (shrink)
Resisting the Gamer's Dilemma.Thomas Montefiore & Paul Formosa - 2022 - Ethics and Information Technology 24 (3):1-13.details
Intuitively, many people seem to hold that engaging in acts of virtual murder in videogames is morally permissible, whereas engaging in acts of virtual child molestation is morally impermissible. The Gamer's Dilemma (Luck in Ethics Inf Technol 11:31–36, 2009) challenges these intuitions by arguing that it is unclear whether there is a morally relevant difference between these two types of virtual actions. There are two main responses in the literature to this dilemma. First, attempts to resolve the dilemma by defending (...) an account of the relevant moral differences between virtual murder and virtual child molestation. Second, attempts to dissolve the dilemma by undermining the intuitions that ground it. In this paper, we argue that a narrow version of the Gamer's Dilemma seems to survive attempts to resolve or dissolve it away entirely, since neither approach seems to be able to solve the dilemma for all cases. We thus provide a contextually sensitive version of the dilemma that more accurately tracks onto the intuitions of gamers. However, we also argue that the intuitions that ground the narrow version of the Dilemma may not have a moral foundation, and we put forward alternative non-moral normative foundations that seem to better account for the remaining intuitive difference between the two types of virtual actions. We also respond to proposed solutions to the Gamer's Dilemma in novel ways and set out areas for future empirical work in this area. (shrink)
Computer Ethics, Misc in Applied Ethics
Technology Ethics, Misc in Applied Ethics
Video Games in Aesthetics
The Grave Resolution to the Gamer's Dilemma: an Argument for a Moral Distinction Between Virtual Murder and Virtual Child Molestation.Morgan Luck - 2022 - Philosophia 50 (3):1287-1308.details
In this paper a new resolution to the gamer's dilemma is presented. The first part of the paper is devoted to strictly formulating the dilemma, and the second to establishing its resolution. The proposed resolution, the grave resolution, aims to resolve not only the gamer's dilemma, but also a wider set of analogous paradoxes – which together make up the paradox of treating wrongdoing lightly.
Murder in Social and Political Philosophy
What does the gamer do?Rebecca Davnall - 2020 - Ethics and Information Technology 23 (3):225-237.details
The 'Gamer's Dilemma' is the problem of why some actions occurring in video game contexts seem to have similar, albeit attenuated, kinds of moral significance to their real-world equivalents, while others do not. In this paper, I argue that much of the confusion in the literature on this problem is not ethical but metaphysical. The Gamer's Dilemma depends on a particular theory of the virtual, which I call 'inflationary', according to which virtual worlds are a metaphysical novelty generated almost exclusively (...) by video games. Actions performed in virtual worlds really belong to the kinds of action they appear to—'virtual murder' is a kind of murder. Inflationary theories are contrasted with 'deflationary' theories which, in effect, consider video games purely as systems for generating images, and thus the gamer as a consumer of media images. Inflationary theories struggle to explain why video games produce this unique metaphysical novelty; deflationary theories fail to do justice to the intuition that there is some significant difference between the gamer and the consumer of other media forms. In place of either, I sketch a theory of the gamer as performer, primarily by analogy with stage and cinema actors, which I suggest captures more of the moral complexity of the gamer's action. (shrink)
The video gamer's dilemmas.Rami Ali - 2022 - Ethics and Information Technology 24 (2).details
The gamer's dilemma offers three plausible but jointly inconsistent premises: Virtual murder in video games is morally permissible. Virtual paedophelia in video games is not morally permissible. There is no morally relevant difference between virtual murder and virtual paedophelia in video games. In this paper I argue that the gamer's dilemma can be understood as one of three distinct dilemmas, depending on how we understand two key ideas in Morgan Luck's original formulation. The two ideas are those of occurring in (...) a video game and being a virtual instance of murder or paedophelia. Depending on the weight placed on the gaming context, the dilemma is either about in-game acts or virtual acts. And depending on the type of virtual acts we have in mind, the dilemma is either about virtual representations or virtual partial reproductions of murder and paedophelia. This gives us three dilemmas worth resolving: a gaming dilemma, a representation dilemma, and a simulation dilemma. I argue that these dilemmas are about different issues, apply to different cases, and are susceptible to different solutions. I also consider how different participants in the debate have interpreted the dilemma in one or more of these three ways. (shrink)


... Where did I go wrong?
Thanks for the update!! I really admire how much work you've put into this and howskilled you are... I can say without a doubt it is the most impressive GM script I have ever even seen!
Did you make a change to the Bonus Cards code?
This applies to 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cards held.
Aerial Attack wrote: Did you make a change to the Bonus Cards code?
Can you reproduce? If so can you get me a screenshot?
Location: lost in a rabbit hole!
yeti i know this was posted some time ago by others but 9 hours appearing as 0 hours on the countdown clock is giving me heart attacks as i usually click on "jump to next playable game" and when i seee i have just a few mins left i rush my move to get it finished in time when in reality i have buckets of time.
Don't now why people on here don't like being cooks, remember under siege: A former SEAL, now cook, is the only person who can stop a gang of terrorists when they sieze control of a US Navy battleship.
rebelman wrote: yeti i know this was posted some time ago by others but 9 hours appearing as 0 hours on the countdown clock is giving me heart attacks as i usually click on "jump to next playable game" and when i seee i have just a few mins left i rush my move to get it finished in time when in reality i have buckets of time.
What game number is that?
yeti_c wrote: What game number is that?
dpg wrote: (btw, I only noticed this today after I updated firefox to 2.0.0.11. That isn't to say it wasn't happening with an earlier firefox - just that I didn't notice it!
Hmmm... I just checked from another computer and it isn't happening there. Both are running firefox 2.0.0.11 and greasemonkey 0.7.20070607.0 - the only difference is the operating system - the problem occurs on the XP machine but not the windows 2000 one.
Can you also check the cards display top right to see if it matches?
The same problem started happening to me after I checked this thread and clicked Ctrl+F5 and it cleared my cache. So the problem's not with not clearing the cache!
Still getting the unwanted text included even after clearing the cache - funnily enough I am now seeing this on the windows 2000 machine too after I cleared the cache there.
yeti_c wrote: Can you also check the cards display top right to see if it matches?
If you mean the standard built in bonus card counter, that still shows as a proper image.
Might be stupid but maybe the image url was changed?
The1exile wrote: If you mean the standard built in bonus card counter, that still shows as a proper image.
The weird thing is - all it does is copy that and write it out in the table!!!
Sorry, missed that request - top right display is normal with <image of a card>xN.
same prob here with the bonus card counter. the count is correct but have the extra text. also you should update the "script hompage" link on the userscipts.org page to point to this thread. thanks for all your hard work!
The url for the image was changed.
What happens is, the script cannot find the image, so it uses the Alt text. The Alt text is "N Bonus Cards". The image is always followed by the number of cards "N". So when the image cannot be found you get "N Bonus CardsN".
no need to search for all that code though..
Curious as to why I didn't see it despite a CTRL F5... my cache must be holding onto a copy!!!


We're pleased to welcome our neighbors in the Setaukets and Three Village area to Storage Post. Our friendly self storage experts can help you with you, whatever your storage needs may be.
If you are looking for a storage unit in East Setauket or a Storage Facility in 11733 then call us today.


Brain disorders and mental illness represent a tremendous social and economic burden, with few effective treatments. The goal of our research is to identify the causes of brain conditions, and develop interventions to restore healthy function using synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation. We study the striatum, and important brain region for both simple and complex movements and cognitive functions. The striatum contains a variety of cell types, which receive synaptic input from many different sources and relay information through the basal ganglia. We examine the function of neural circuits formed by striatal synapses that connect specific sources and targets. Our multidisciplinary approach includes quantitative analysis of gene expression; genetic and molecular manipulations of neural circuits; measurement of synaptic function and plasticity using electrophysiology; and optogenetic stimulation of circuits in brain slices and behaving animals. Our current research focuses on autism spectrum disorders and drug addiction - two brain conditions that affect overlapping elements of striatal circuitry."
Rothwell PE. Autism spectrum disorders and drug addiction: Common pathways, common molecules, distinct disorders? Front Neurosci. 2016 Feb 5;10:20.
Fuccillo MV, Rothwell PE, Malenka RC. From synapses to behavior: what rodent models can tell us about neuropsychiatric disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(1):4-6.
Rothwell PE, Hayton SJ, Sun GL, Fuccillo MV, Lim BK & Malenka RC. Input- and output-specific regulation of serial order performance by corticostriatal circuits. Neuron. 2015;88(2):345-56.
Rothwell PE, Fuccillo MV, Maxeiner S, Hayton SJ, Gokce O, Lim BK, Fowler SC, Malenka RC, Südhof TC. Autism-associated neuroligin-3 mutations commonly impair striatal circuits to boost repetitive behaviors. Cell. 2014;158(1):198-212.
Lim BK, Huang KW, Grueter BA, Rothwell PE, Malenka RC. Anhedonia requires MC4R-mediated synaptic adaptations in nucleus accumbens. Nature. 2012;487(7406):183-9.
Grueter BA, Rothwell PE, Malenka RC. Integrating synaptic plasticity and striatal circuit function in addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012;22(3):545-51.
Rothwell PE, Thomas MJ, Gewirtz JC. Protracted manifestations of acute dependence after a single morphine exposure. Psychopharmacology 2012;219:991-998.
Dieter Brandner (Neuroscience, University of Minnesota).
Carlee Toddes (Neuroscience, University of Minnesota).
Brian Trieu (Neuroscience, University of Minnesota).


We all have an idea of our ideal workspace. Somewhere to create and dream. Here are a few easy ways to transform your home into a place where you can truly be productive.
You don't necessarily have to be bent over a desk in order to designate something as your personal workspace. If the living area or kitchen tends to be empty during a certain time of the day, use it to your advantage and haul out the bigger projects.
Relax. This isn't an office, so settle down and make yourself as comfortable as you can. Here at Mezcla Designs, we've gotten into the habit of stretching out onto the carpet and listening to relaxing music playlists on YouTube.
A little cleanliness can go a long way. Spend your time creating rather than rummaging through your stuff, trying to find that certain brush or screwdriver. A way you can do this is simply by arranging everything in a set of drawers. Make sure to label which drawer is which, however.
It's good to sit back and see what you've accomplished so far, especially when you're on the verge of losing your focus. Remember, consistency is one of your important allies. Never stop dreaming up the things you can design next.


Stone Carving facilities are available to current members who purchase a stone carving package. Members must have taken or taught a stone carving class at SCAA within the last 3 years to join the stone carving studio. The studio is equipped with 6 stone carving benches, running water, and a vaccum to clean up the stone dust. Work produced must be of an educational nature only, as production/commercial work is not permitted by the non-profit regulations of our facility. Studio use fees are $225/year. Please visit our office to get more information.


As one college within the The City University of New York, BMCC shares CUNYs mission to preserve academic excellence and extend higher educational opportunity to a diversified urban population. In addition, Borough of Manhattan Community College is dedicated to providing general, liberal arts, career education and continuing education programs, relevant to the needs, interests and aspirations of students of all ages.
The College is committed to offering quality education in a pluralistic urban environment, to fostering excellence in teaching, to facilitating the enhancement of learning, and to sustaining full access to higher education for those who seek fulfillment of personal, career or socioeconomic goals. BMCC is also committed to providing collaborative programs and services responsive to the educational, cultural and recreational needs of the community.
Located in the heart of an exciting and vibrant city, BMCC reflects the best of downtown Manhattan: the culture of Tribeca, the vibrancy of Wall Street, and the promise of the Statue of Liberty.
Question and Answer about "CUNY Borough of Manhattan Community College"


text:
Ayça Aysin Turan
Ayça Aysin Turan (born in Sinop) is a Turkish actress. She continued her education in the Department of Radio, Cinema and Television in Istanbul University. She was also educated in Sinop Municipal Conservatory. In 2011, she played "Gülfem" character in "Dinle Sevgili" TV series. The main output of the actress was with "Ada" character in Karagül TV series. Karagül stepped into publishing life in 2014 and she took part with names such as Ece Uslu, Serif Sezer and Yavuz Bingöl. Her first feature film is "Sevimli Tehlikeli" signed by Özcan Deniz, who shared Sükrü Özyildiz's lead role in 2015. She played her first lead role in "Meryem" TV series.
Aksiyon, Fantezi, Bilim-Kurgu
Trailer: Protector


Ed Funderburk presents the model planes he made to Paul Norman, who was a Navy flight captain on fighters during WWII.
MINT HILL – What started as a business relationship between a real estate agent and a client looking to sell his house, eventually turned into a friendship based on a shared interest in history and aviation.
It didn't matter the two friends are more than 30 years apart.
Ed Funderburk, 60, has been selling real estate in Mecklenburg and Union counties for 32 years. Paul Norman, 94, had already moved to a new house on Grove Hall Avenue in Mint Hill, but he hadn't sold his previous home. He strung Funderburk along for about a year while he debated whether to sell the house, rent it out or let his family decide what to do.
One day, Norman called Funderburk and asked him to come by his office. He owns the Paul Norman Company, a sheet metal fabrication shop near the Charlotte Douglas International Airport, and has reported for work every day until this past year. His daughter, Susan, now runs the business.
As soon as Funderburk walked into Norman's office, he noticed his aviation and World War II memorabilia.
"I threw my paperwork on the chair beside me and I said, 'Hell, let's talk about planes,'" Funderburk said.
Funderburk had wanted to be a fighter pilot in the Navy and even passed the entrance exam after graduating college. But after talking with fighter pilots that came out of Vietnam, he decided at the last minute not to go in due to the politics. Norman was a Navy flight captain (crew chief) on naval fighters in WWII. It was the perfect match.
"I've always had great respect for those who served, regardless of which conflict," Funderburk said.
The two talked for hours about Norman's time in the Navy. He was 18 years old and living in Union Grove, N.C., when he was drafted for WWII. He saw joining the service as an educational experience and a change of pace from life on a farm.
When the war began in 1939, the United States was just coming out of The Great Depression. Good paying jobs were still hard to come by and new opportunities were scarce, Norman said.
Norman had wanted to be a pilot, but missed the deadline to apply. As a crew chief, he prepped the planes before flight, checked the instruments and controls, diagnosed problems and trained repairmen. He had to be an expert on every aspect of the planes he worked on, which included the Grumman F4F Wildcat and F6F Hellcat.
The F4F Wildcat was an American carrier-based fighter aircraft that began service with both the U.S. Navy and British Royal Navy in 1940. With a top speed of 318 mph, the Wildcat was the only effective fighter available to the U.S. during the early part of WWII, but it wasn't as quick or maneuverable as Japan's Mitsubishi A6M Zero.
The F4F Wildcat was eventually replaced with the faster F6F Hellcat, which was credited with destroying more than 5,000 enemy aircraft while in service. The Hellcat could compete with the Zero and was the U.S. Navy's dominant fighter in the second half of the Pacific War.
Funderburk eventually sold Norman's house, but their relationship didn't end there. He felt compelled to do something special for Norman, so over a period of almost two years, he built replicas of the F4F Wildcat and F6F Hellcat. He recently gifted Norman the planes as a thank you, and Norman says they're very good.
The models are extremely detailed from the color schemes to wear from the pilot walking along the wings to the marks from the pilot's feet rubbing on the pedals. Funderburk does a lot of research for every model he builds to make them as realistic as possible.
Norman gets nostalgic whenever he looks at the models Funderburk made. He said it brings him back to both a critical time in his life and a crucial point in history for the country. He said WWII was "cruel" from all sides but it had to be done, and he lost a lot of friends.
Funderburk believes it's important to honor all of our veterans – whether they were on the front lines of combat or behind the scenes making sure the planes, tanks, ships and other machinery were in good shape.
When it comes to recognition, it is no surprise Norman shies away from the limelight. He appreciates the time Funderburk spent on the models, but he's humble.


PARIS, France - An inspired Lucie Safarova pulled off the biggest upset of the fortnight at the French Open on Monday, taking out No.2 seed and defending champion Maria Sharapova, in straight sets.
It's always been a dangerous match-up for Sharapova - she'd won four of their previous five meetings, but their last three matches were marathon three-setters - and from the beginning Safarova gave her trouble, jumping out to a 3-1 lead and, after getting broken back, sneaking the set out in a tie-break.
The second set was a similar story, Safarova racing out to a 3-0 lead, Sharapova grinding back to 3-all, and the two staying on serve the next few games. But with Sharapova serving 4-5, Safarova pounced, missing her first match point with a netted forehand but immediately bringing up match point No.2.
The No.13-seeded Safarova ripped one last forehand winner to finish Sharapova off, 7-6(3), 6-4.
"I feel like I had small openings, and I just wasn't able to play a good few points," Sharapova said. "I just wasn't able to keep that level up today. She was able to do that for a longer period of time. She was the much more aggressive player, took the time away from me, created her angles - and I didn't.
"That was the difference today, in my opinion. My opponent was at a much higher level than I was, and more consistently than I was, and that results in a bad day at the office. It was just a tough day."
"The last few times I played Maria we had really long battles. I remember they were really close, and I almost beat her in Stuttgart, but I always lost," Safarova said afterwards. "Yesterday I was really pumped, and really ready, and I just wanted to take this match. I was just excited to be there.
"It was a beautiful day, a beautiful day to play."
That short crosscourt forehand Safarova hit on match point was something she used all match.
"Well, you have got to use it," she said. "It's a different rotation, and players usually don't like it, so I was taking advantage of the forehand side. Obviously I had to keep serving strong and just go for it. But I also had to concentrate hard - she's such a fighter and can come back from any situation."
Safarova's win over the World No.2 was the equal-biggest win of her career. She beat a No.2-ranked Justine Henin at Paris [Indoors] in 2007 and a No.2-ranked Caroline Wozniacki at Stuttgart in 2010.
She's now into her third Grand Slam quarterfinal, having been a quarterfinalist at the Australian Open in 2007 (falling to Nicole Vaidisova) and a semifinalist at Wimbledon in 2014 (falling to Petra Kvitova).
Next up for Safarova here will be No.21-seeded WTA Rising Star Garbi馿 Muguruza, who rallied from 2-0 down in the first set and 4-1 down in the second set to beat No.28 seed Flavia Pennetta, 6-3, 6-4.


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Just 3 blocks to the beach. Hardwood floors. Nice balcony off dining area.
or call 609-729-8505 to book this vacation rental or for more info.
Adorable one bedroom apartment n Crest. Perfect for a couple or small family.
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Large 4 Bedroom home, 3.5 bloks to the beach. Home can accommodate 10 people comfortably.
Located in the heart of Wildwood Crest, this spacious home has plenty of room for the entire family. Four large bedrooms, 2 fulls baths, a huge kitchen and dining area, a nice size living room and a full-size laundry room.
This efficiency condo is located right at the beach. Just step out and you are there! Enjoy a glass of wine and ocean breezes on your own patio. There is a $250 security deposit.
Located in one of the most desirable areas of Wildwood Crest....Royal Crest's amenities include a large, in-ground, professionally-maintained pool with child area, gas grills, pool bathroom, outside shower, elevator. reserved parking for two cars. This Ocean-Facing unit gives you direct, full-width ocean views. Don't be fooled by other advertised units that make you crane your neck to see the ocean. Ask for a picture from their deck and compare to ours!
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Triplex with 2 apartments available for rent. There is an upstairs 2 bedroom unit with spectacular ocean views and a smaller 2 bedroom unit. Each has been completely renovated.
Contact: Tara at sd1996@rcn.com to book this vacation rental or for more info.
Contact: Joyce Jewell at info@jewelrealestateagency.com or call 609-729-8505 to book this vacation rental or for more info.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using FlubuCore.Context;
using FlubuCore.Tasks;
using FlubuCore.Tasks.Attributes;
using FlubuCore.Tasks.Process;

namespace FlubuCore.Tasks.Docker.Container
{
    public partial class DockerContainerLogsTask : ExternalProcessTaskBase<int, DockerContainerLogsTask>
    {
        private string _container;

        public DockerContainerLogsTask(string container)
        {
            ExecutablePath = "docker";
            WithArguments("container logs");
            _container = container;
        }

        protected override string Description { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Show extra details provided to logs
        /// </summary>
        [ArgKey("--details")]
        public DockerContainerLogsTask Details()
        {
            WithArgumentsKeyFromAttribute();
            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Follow log output
        /// </summary>
        [ArgKey("--follow")]
        public DockerContainerLogsTask Follow()
        {
            WithArgumentsKeyFromAttribute();
            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
        /// </summary>
        [ArgKey("--since")]
        public DockerContainerLogsTask Since(string since)
        {
            WithArgumentsKeyFromAttribute(since.ToString());
            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Number of lines to show from the end of the logs
        /// </summary>
        [ArgKey("--tail")]
        public DockerContainerLogsTask Tail(string tail)
        {
            WithArgumentsKeyFromAttribute(tail.ToString());
            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Show timestamps
        /// </summary>
        [ArgKey("--timestamps")]
        public DockerContainerLogsTask Timestamps()
        {
            WithArgumentsKeyFromAttribute();
            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Show logs before a timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
        /// </summary>
        [ArgKey("--until")]
        public DockerContainerLogsTask Until(string until)
        {
            WithArgumentsKeyFromAttribute(until.ToString());
            return this;
        }

        protected override int DoExecute(ITaskContextInternal context)
        {
            WithArguments(_container);

            return base.DoExecute(context);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » Nation » Severe storms still rolling across Alabama, and this is only the beginning
Severe storms still rolling across Alabama, and this is only the beginning
RSS April 5, 2017
A long-duration, high-impact severe weather event in progress across Alabama on Wednesday morning with severe storms continuing to move over the state.
And this is only the beginning of what could be several episodes of severe weather today, according to the National Weather Service.
Strong thunderstorms with large hail continued to roll from across parts of Alabama as of 10 a.m. Wednesday.
However, the activity was starting to clear out from west to east, and the forecasters said it was the beginning of an expected lull before more storms develop this afternoon.
A tornado watch was still in effect from roughly Birmingham southward. It will be in effect until noon:
A tornado watch has been issued for parts of Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi until 12 PM CDT
— NWS Tornado (@NWStornado)
The National Weather Service offices in both Mobile and Birmingham said they will remove counties from the watch as the worst of the first round of storms passes. However, that's only to set the stage for another watch later.
IMPORTANT NOTE: We'll be cancelling counties from the current watch to prepare for another watch later on. THIS IS NOT AN ALL CLEAR!!
— NWS Birmingham (@NWSBirmingham)
Forecasters said computer models are still suggesting storms will redevelop later this afternoon and could become supercells.
Numerous severe thunderstorm warnings had already been issued Wednesday morning as of 10 a.m.
There have been several tornado warnings issued so far today — all in south Alabama.
The Storm Prediction Center said the risks with these early storms are large hail, damaging wind gusts and a tornado or two.
Large hail has already been reported in many areas — some up to baseball sized.
To make things more complicated, two weather radars were out of order as of Wednesday morning.
The weather service said the radar in Fort Rucker in south Alabama was hit by lightning and would be down for 24 hours. The radar out of Maxwell Air Force Base near Montgomery was also not operational.
The weather service in Birmingham has put out the call to storm spotters in southeast Alabama for additional help with the radars being down.
CALLING ALL STORM SPOTTERS!! We need your help in SE AL today with two radars DOWN (KMXX & KEOX).
A warm front was moving quickly northward across the state Wednesday morning, and the air south of it will become more unstable as the day progresses.
Temperatures were rising quickly south of the front with 70s reported across south-central and south Alabama. The sun was also coming out in spots in south and west Alabama.
NOT a good thing in terms of instability this afternoon. Breaks in the clouds at our office too.
Severe storms with the potential to produce tornadoes are moving through our area. Stay Safe!
— NWS Mobile (@NWSMobile)
The weather service said more storms are likely to develop through the morning — and the main concern will be large hail, although a tornado or two can't be ruled out.
However, the tornado threat will rise in the next few hours and peak in the afternoon.
NOAA's Storm Prediction Center has placed a large part of Alabama under a moderate risk of severe weather for today.
A moderate risk means widespread severe weather is likely — including a few strong tornadoes.
The area in Alabama under the moderate risk has grown steadily over the past 24 hours and now includes many of Alabama's major cities, including (from north to south): Gadsden, Birmingham, Anniston, Talladega, Auburn, Montgomery, Greenville, Troy and Dothan.
The Huntsville area was shifted from the moderate risk area to an enhanced risk earlier this morning.
All of Alabama has some sort of severe weather risk. Areas in west and parts of central Alabama, including Huntsville, Decatur, Tuscaloosa and Mobile, have an enhanced risk, which means numerous severe storms will be possible.
The northwest corner of the state has a slight risk and could face scattered storms.
This setup differs from typical severe weather episodes in Alabama because areas in the eastern part of the state could face the greatest threat.
The weather service said the tornado threat could tick upward starting later this morning before this batch of storms moves into Georgia.
A second round of storms will be possible later this afternoon along a cold front that will move into Alabama from the west.
The greatest tornado threat is still expected to run along and east of Interstate 65 later this afternoon.
The weather service said a few strong, long-track tornadoes will be possible with the afternoon storms.
The worst of the weather was expected to move out of Alabama later tonight, with calmer weather expected for the rest of the week.


text:
Innovative SMU Research Points Way for Cultural Responsiveness Training
January 13, 2020 Gigi Marino, SMU News
New research out of Samuel Merritt University's Occupational Therapy program offers a potential road map for how to teach health science students cultural responsiveness.
The research, published in the Journal of Occupational Therapy Education, showed improvements in the students' self-reported knowledge of culturally responsive care following a nine-hour Social and Cultural Concepts Module. The training is seen by some as an early step to addressing the disparities in health outcomes among some racial and ethnic groups that result from unequal access to health care.
As part of the module, students reviewed case studies of patients from diverse backgrounds, conducted face-to-face interviews with patients from diverse backgrounds about their care, and journaled about their observations related to culture and health care. The 35 entry-level doctor of occupational therapy students who took part in the module and the pre- and post-surveys reported improved understanding and comfort with 22 of the 30 concepts measured—pointing to the benefit of incorporating such culturally responsive training into the curriculum, researchers found.
'I knew it was low, but not that low'
Robert Freeman, OTD '20, one of seven graduate researchers on a team lead by Professor Elizabeth Ching, said the study led to an ah-ha moment he hadn't anticipated.
"Based on my review of the U.S. demographics from 2015 to 2018, African Americans account for just 5% to 9% of practicing occupational therapists, "said Freeman, who is African American. "I knew it was low, but not that low. That was eye-opening. What are the challenges for African Americans getting into grad school, and how can we increase the numbers?
The lack of racial diversity in occupational therapy, as well as its educational programs, are obstacles to providing culturally responsive care to all people, populations, and communities, Freeman said. It makes sense then that educating health care practitioners, including occupational therapists, to conceptualize and understand the culture of patients and to use their understanding to extend care in a culturally responsive way is critical to leveling health inequities, according to the team's findings.
In addition to being eye-opening, working as part of the research team was great career experience since so few occupational therapy students from diverse backgrounds have such an opportunity, Freeman said.
'We're ahead of most'
In fact, "Our team's research is unique, not only because there is scant research in this area, but also because all of the researchers are persons of color," Ching pointed out. In addition to Ching and Freeman, the team included Elsa Contreras, OTD '20, Precious Dimalanta, OTD '20, Linda Duran, OTD '20, Ursula Hawe, MOT '20, Susannah Hong, OTD '20, and Wilton Ramos, OTD '20.
Based on the team's findings, Ching believes it's crucial for occupational therapy programs, and health sciences in general, to implement standardized and consistent culturally responsive curriculum.
"Cultural responsiveness education needs to be systemic rather than, as is too often the case today, a perspective left to individual instructors or even students to represent in our courses," Ching said. "At Samuel Merritt, we're ahead of most because we've taught the Social and Cultural Concepts Module since 2015 but there's always more we can do and I think that's part of what this research teaches us."
Doctor of Occupational Therapy
Immersive Learning
Surgeon General Calls on SMU to Raise Awareness About the Health Impacts from Adverse Childhood Experiences
For years, research has shown that children who experience trauma such as abuse, neglect, and parental divorce, or who have an incarcerated parent are at higher risk for poor health outcomes, even...
SMU Professor Trains Physical Therapists on First-of-Its-Kind Trip to Africa
Doctor of Physical Therapy Professor Sharon Gorman recently returned from a U.S. Department of State-sponsored trip to the small central African nation of Burundi, where she trained physical...
SMU Names Two New Senior Leaders
Two new leaders in academic affairs and advancement have been appointed to the Samuel Merritt University (SMU) executive team, President Dr. Ching-Hua Wang announced today. On July 8, Fred Baldini, Ph...