text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}

Cooperative behavior in dissipative systems composed of
discrete elements  has attracted considerable interest. In particular,
granular flow exhibited by powder assemblies under non-equilibrium
conditions
 \cite{gra1,gra2,gra3,gra4},
traffic flow
 \cite{tra1,tra2,tra3},
 and  collective motion of living organisms
such as birds, fish, insects, bacteria and motional protein
have been investigated  extensively
 \cite{liv1,liv2,liv3,liv4,liv5},
and their spatio-temporal patterns
have been reproduced successfully by computer simulations of
both discrete and continuous models
 \cite{num1,num2,num3,num4,num5,num6,num7,num8}.
These successes suggest that at least some of these phenomena
can be categorized into one universality class.

As one example, we find  strong resemblance between
slugging phenomenon in granular flow and
congestion in traffic flow.
The problem we address here is to uncover the common structure
behind such apparently similar phenomena appearing in completely
different contexts.  We expect that this problem can be studied by
finding the simplest model which describes the "essential nature"
of the phenomena.
Toward understanding the slugging phenomenon of granular flow,
we analyzed
phenomenological two fluid models in the previous papers
 \cite{kdvphys1,kdvphys2},
and we derived the K-dV equation by focusing on the marginal point at which
the uniform fluidized state becomes unstable. Unfortunately, however,
phenomena which the K-dV equation can describe are quite restricted, and
we were unable to explain slugging phenomenon
even when taking into account higher order terms.
Until now, a simple model describing
slugging phenomenon has never been derived from phenomenological equations.
Study of traffic congestion is in a similar situation.

One of the reasons for such a poor understanding is that
many of the phenomenological models to be analyzed are rather complicated.
However, a quite simple model equation exhibiting
traffic congestion has been recently proposed by Bando et.al.
 \cite{bando1,bando2}.
In Section \ref{sec:model},
we introduce this model and review the study by Bando et.al.
In Section \ref{sec:reduce}, we analyze this model equation and derive
the modified K-dV (mKdV) equation at a critical point.
This equation is universal in the sense that
it is independent of the materials in question.
However, since the mKdV equation is a completely integrable system,
almost all solutions (solitons) are structurally unstable, that is,
they change discontinuously in response to perturbations of
the system. Nevertheless, as shown in Section \ref{sec:DKS},
there are solutions which deform continuously
when the mKdV equation is appended with higher order corrections.
We call such solutions 'deformable solitons',
distinguishing them from the structurally unstable solutions.
We show that there is a unique deformable kink soliton from which,
by continuous deformation,
a kink solution characterizing the essential features
of congestion can be obtained.
In the final section, we discuss several points, including
the correspondence between our study and
a slugging phenomenon in granular flow.

\section{Model}\label{sec:model}
In the present study, we employ a traffic flow model of the form
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:model}
\ddot{x}_i = a [ U(x_{i+1}-x_i) - \dot{x_i} ]   ,
\end{equation}
which was proposed recently by Bando et al.\cite{bando1,bando2}.
Here, the dot represents differentiation with respect to time,
$i$ is the vehicle index, ordered according to vehicle position
$x_i$ ($1 \le i \le N$),
and $U$ is the velocity which the drivers prefer, depending on
the inter-vehicle distance
 between the car in question and that immediately ahead of it,
$b_i (\equiv x_{i+1}-x_i)$.
Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}) expresses that all drivers tend to
adjust their vehicles' velocities to this velocity $U$
with a constant sensitivity $a$.
The function $U$ is assumed to be monotonically increasing,
with the supplemental conditions that $U(\infty) < \infty$ and $U(0) = 0$.
Although the theoretical analysis developed in this paper
does not depend on the detailed form of $U(b)$,
we assume $U(b)$ takes the form
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:explicitU}
U(b) = \tanh(b-2)+\tanh(2)	,
\end{equation}
when we need to discuss the system behavior concretely.
Further we consider the situation
that the vehicles run on a circuit of a length $L$,
and focus on the ``thermodynamic limit''
that $(L,N) \rightarrow (\infty,\infty)$ with $L/N$ constant.
Then, in the model system under consideration, there are two  parameters,
a sensitivity $a$ and a mean distance $\bar{b} (\equiv L/N)$.

Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}) has a uniform solution written as
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:unisol}
x_i(t)=\bar b i+U(\bar b)t+{\rm constant},
\end{equation}
which expresses that all vehicles run with the same velocity
$U(\bar b)$. Linear stability analysis of this uniform state
was performed \cite{bando1,bando2}, and it was found that the solution
(\ref{eqn:unisol}) is linearly unstable when
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:linear-stability}
        a < 2 U'(\bar{b})       .
\end{equation}
This unstable region in the parameter space $(a, \bar{b})$ is shown in
Fig.\ref{graph:unstable} \cite{bando1,bando2}.
Here, the prime refers to differentiation with respect to $\bar{b}$.
As seen in this graph, there exists a critical value of $a$,
denoted by $a_c$, such that uniform states with any $\bar{b}$ are
linearly stable when $a>a_c$, while uniform states for
some $\bar{b}$ in a neighborhood of $\bar{b}_c$
are unstable when $a<a_c$. In the parameter space,
the point $(a_c, \bar{b}_c)$ is located at the peak of the marginal
stability line defined by the equation $a=2U(\bar{b})$.
We thus can determine the critical point by solving
the equations  $U''(\bar{b}_c)=0$ and $a_c=2U'(\bar{b}_c)$.
For later convenience,
we present the expression of the relevant eigenvalue $\sigma(k)$
 of the $m$-th Fourier mode ($ k\equiv 2\pi m/N $)
 at the critical point $(a_c, \bar{b}_c)$
 in the long wave-length limit ($k\rightarrow 0$):
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:sigma-longwavelength}
\sigma(k) =
   \frac{a_c}{2} i k
 + \frac{a_c-a}{4}k^2
 - \frac{a_c}{12} i k^3
 - \frac{a_c}{16} k^4		+ O(k^5) .
\end{equation}

System behavior under the condition that the uniform state is unstable
has been investigated through numerical simulations of
Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}) \cite{bando1,bando2}.
It has been observed in this case that vehicles separate into several regions
in the circuit, in which vehicles form clusters
 with inter-vehicle distances fixed at the value $b_L$ or $b_H$
 \cite{bando1,bando2}.
Here, $b_L$ and $b_H$ satisfy $b_L < \bar b < b_H$
(see Figs. \ref{graph:unstable-spatio-temporal}
 and \ref{graph:unstable-ini-las-snap}).
Since $U(b_L) < U(b_H)$,
 a cluster with an inter-vehicle distance $b_L$ ($b_H$)
consists of slow (fast) moving vehicles.
It has been interpreted that
a cluster characterized by $b_L$ suffers traffic congestion
\cite{bando1,bando2}.
We note that each individual vehicle does not remain in a particular cluster.
In fact, vehicles at the edge of clusters behave as follows.
A vehicle at the head of a cluster with inter-vehicle distance $b_H$
encounters a slow-moving vehicle.
Then, the driver decreases his vehicle velocity
as the distance to the preceding vehicle decreases,
and eventually this vehicle becomes a member of a cluster
with inter-vehicle distance $b_L$.
Inversely, a vehicle at the head of a cluster characterized by $b_L$
will become a member of a cluster characterized by $b_H$ after some period.
That is, a given vehicle in the circuit
experiences a series of slow- and fast-moving states.
In this way, members of a cluster change in time.

The most remarkable feature is that
the inter-vehicle distances $b_L$ and $b_H$ are determined uniquely,
irrespective of initial conditions, number of clusters, and $\bar{b}$
\cite{bando1,bando2}.
In addition,
there are two kinds of interfaces connecting two neighboring clusters,
that is,
  one connecting the head of a $b_H$ cluster
  to the tail of a $b_L$ cluster,
  and the other connecting the head of a $b_L$ cluster
  to the tail of a $b_H$ cluster.
It was concluded that $b_L$, $b_H$ and the shapes of the interfaces
 characterize traffic congestion \cite{bando1,bando2}.
In this paper, we regard the interfaces as kink and anti-kink solutions
 of Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}) and develop a theory
 to determine $b_L$, $b_H$ and the shapes of the kink.

\section{Reduced Equations}\label{sec:reduce}
When we apply the methods of
dynamical system theory to Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}),
it is convenient to rewrite  it in the following form
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{v}_i &=& a [ U(b_i) - v_i ]	,\label{eqn:model2v}\\
\dot{b}_i &=& v_{i+1} - v_i		,\label{eqn:model2b}
\end{eqnarray}
where $v_i$ corresponds to the $i-$th vehicle velocity.
We first note that the equality  $\sum_i \dot b_i=0$ holds
 under periodic boundary conditions.
Since this implies that $\sum_i b_i $ is a conserved quantity,
we  expect that  the  characteristic time  scale of the
$m$-th Fourier component of the variable $b$
goes to infinity  as $k \rightarrow 0$
( see Eq.(\ref{eqn:sigma-longwavelength}) ).
On the contrary, from the form of Eq.(\ref{eqn:model2v}), we  conjecture that
$v_i$ relaxes to some value determined by the configurations of $\{b_i\}$
on a time scale of order $1/a$. Thus,
when we are concerned with the long time behavior,
we are allowed to assume that  the value of $v_i$ is determined
adiabatically by $\{b_i\}$. This statement is expressed by the relation
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:slav}
  v_i(t) = V(b_i, b_{i+1}, b_{i-1},\cdots).
\end{equation}
Substituting Eq.(\ref{eqn:slav}) into
Eqs.(\ref{eqn:model2v}) and (\ref{eqn:model2b}),
 we obtain the equations for $V$, and
we can solve these equations by formal polynomial expansions in ${b_i}$.
However, due to the complicated nature of these expressions,
it is difficult to extract the essential nature of solutions.
Thus we will focus on the system behavior near the critical point
$(a_c,\bar{b}_c)$ to simplify the problem.
With such a simplification,
the nature of kink solutions can be described, as we shall see later.
Carrying out numerical simulations of Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}),
we found that
 a kink solution appears supercritically below the critical point $a=a_c$.
Therefore we can expect that each of the variables $(b_i,v_i,i,t)$
possesses a self-similar nature at the supercritical bifurcation point.
We seek to determine the scaling properties
of the variables when $a=a_c(1-\epsilon^2)$, where we have introduced
$\epsilon$ as a small scaling parameter.
{}From the parabolic form of the marginal stability line
around the critical point, it is expected
that the amplitude of a kink solution
is scaled as $|b-\bar{b}_c| \propto \epsilon$.
Since the characteristic scales of space and time
diverge at the critical point, using $\sigma(k)$
 given by Eq.(\ref{eqn:sigma-longwavelength}),
we determine the scalings of $i$ and $t$ in the following way.
First, the real part of Eq.(\ref{eqn:sigma-longwavelength}) contains
both a fourth order dissipation term and
 a negative diffusion term whose coefficient is proportional to $a-a_c$.
{}From the balance of these two terms,
$k$ scales in proportion to $\epsilon$.
This leads to the scaling relation $i \propto \epsilon^{-1}$.
Second, the scaling of $t$ is determined
by the lowest order term in Eq.(\ref{eqn:sigma-longwavelength})
, which is given by a dispersion term
proportional to $k^3$ when we eliminate
a propagation term by shifting to a moving coordinate system.
Thus, $t$ is scaled as $t \propto \epsilon^{-3}$.

Based on these considerations, we express the variable $b_i$ as
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scaleb}
b_i(t)  = \bar{b}_c
 + 2 \epsilon \;
\sqrt{U'(\bar{b}_c)/|U'''(\bar{b}_c)|} \;
 \tilde{b}(Z,T)			,
\end{equation}
where $U'(\bar{b}_c) > 0$, $U'''(\bar{b}_c) < 0$,
 and $Z$ and $T$ are a scaled position and time defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
Z  &=& 2 \epsilon ( i - U'(\bar{b}_c) t ) 	,	\label{eqn:scalez}\\
T  &=& \frac{4}{3}  \epsilon^3  U'(\bar{b}_c) t	.	\label{eqn:scalet}
\end{eqnarray}
Here, elaborate prefactors in Eqs.(\ref{eqn:scaleb}),(\ref{eqn:scalez})
and (\ref{eqn:scalet}) are introduced so that we can
obtain the simplest form of the equation for $\tilde b$.
 (See Eq.(\ref{eqn:mkdv}).)
Then, from Eq.(\ref{eqn:slav}), $v_i$ is expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:slav-b}
v_i =
  V( \epsilon\,\tilde{b}(Z,T),
     \epsilon\,\tilde{b}(Z+2\epsilon,T),
     \epsilon\,\tilde{b}(Z-2\epsilon,T), \cdots )	.
\end{equation}
Since $\epsilon$ is a small parameter,
a Taylor expansion can be applied to
 the terms like $\tilde{b}(Z+2\epsilon,T)$ in Eq.(\ref{eqn:slav-b}).
This leads to the expression
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:slav-b-e}
v_i =
\tilde{V}(\epsilon \tilde{b}(Z,T),
	  \epsilon^2\partial_Z\tilde{b}(Z,T),
	  \epsilon^3\partial_Z^2\tilde{b}(Z,T), \cdots )	.
\end{equation}
Substituting Eq.(\ref{eqn:slav-b-e})
 into the right-handed side of Eq.(\ref{eqn:model2b}), we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon^4 \partial_T \tilde{b} &=&
A [ 	\tilde{V}(\epsilon \tilde{b}(Z+2\epsilon,T),
	  \epsilon^2\partial_Z\tilde{b}(Z+2\epsilon,T),
	  \cdots )
-\tilde{V}(\epsilon \tilde{b}(Z,T),
	  \epsilon^2\partial_Z\tilde{b}(Z,T),
	  \cdots )	],
\nonumber \\
&=& \epsilon \partial_Z
\tilde{B}(	\epsilon\tilde{b},
		\epsilon^2\partial_Z\tilde{b},
		\epsilon^3\partial_Z^2\tilde{b},\cdots) ,
\label{eqn:tildeB}
\end{eqnarray}
where $A$ is a constant
 given by $A=(8U'(\bar{b_c})/3)\sqrt{U'(\bar{b}_c)/|U'''(\bar{b}_c)|}$.
Here, since $\tilde{V}$ remains unknown,
 we determine by assuming the following form:
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:expandV}
\tilde{V} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \epsilon^n
 \tilde{V}^{(n)}(\tilde{b},\partial_Z\tilde{b},\partial_Z^2\tilde{b},\cdots) .
\end{equation}
{}From the form of Eq.(\ref{eqn:slav-b-e}),
we find that the terms $\tilde{V}^{(n)}$ are expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:tildeVn}
\left\{
\begin{array}{rcl}
\tilde{V}^{(0)} &=& \tilde{V}_0					\nonumber,\\
\tilde{V}^{(1)} &=& \tilde{V}_1\tilde{b}			\nonumber,\\
\tilde{V}^{(2)} &=& \tilde{V}_{20}\tilde{b}^2
		  + \tilde{V}_{21}\partial_Z\tilde{b}		\nonumber,\\
\tilde{V}^{(3)} &=& \tilde{V}_{30}\tilde{b}^3
		  + \tilde{V}_{31}\partial_Z\tilde{b}^2
		  + \tilde{V}_{32}\partial_Z^2\tilde{b}		\nonumber,\\
&\cdots& \nonumber,
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{V}_0,\tilde{V}_1,\tilde{V}_{20},\tilde{V}_{21},
\tilde{V}_{30},\tilde{V}_{31},\tilde{V}_{32}$, etc. are constants
which are calculated in the following way.
First, we substitute
 Eq.(\ref{eqn:expandV}) ( using Eq.(\ref{eqn:tildeVn}) )
 into Eq.(\ref{eqn:model2v}),
where $\dot{v}_i$ is expressed as a functional of $\tilde{b}$,
 using Eqs.(\ref{eqn:slav-b-e}) and (\ref{eqn:tildeB}).
Then, collecting terms of equal order on both sides,
	noting the relation $a=a_c (1-\epsilon^2)$,
 and comparing coefficients of $\tilde{b},\tilde{b}^2,\partial_Z\tilde{b}$ etc.,
successively, we obtain $\tilde{V}^{(n)}$.
( Terms on both sides of the equation are now functionals of $\tilde{b}$. )
Substituting $\tilde{V}$ derived in this way into Eq.(\ref{eqn:tildeB}),
	we get a reduced equation for $\tilde{b}$ in the form:
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:expandB}
\partial_T \tilde{b} = \partial_Z \sum_{n=0} \epsilon^n
B^{(n)}(\tilde{b},\partial_Z\tilde{b},\partial_Z^2\tilde{b},\cdots) .
\end{equation}

Since we know the scalings of ($\tilde{b},Z,T$),
no explicit calculation is necessary to find
which terms can appear in $B^{(0)}$.
Such terms must be of the same order as $\partial_T{\tilde{b}}$,
and therefore the three terms
$\tilde{b}^3, \partial_Z \tilde{b}^2$ and $\partial_Z^2 {\tilde{b}}$
can appear in $B^{(0)}$,
but the term $\partial_Z \tilde{b}^2$ cannot.
This can be explained in the following way.
Since $U(b)-U(\bar{b}_c)$ is an odd function of $b-\bar{b}_c$
 at least up to the order $\epsilon^3$ at the critical point,
$\tilde{V}$ has the same symmetry up to the same order in $\epsilon$.
This implies that $\tilde{V}_{20}$ and $\tilde{V}_{31}$,
 defined in Eq.(\ref{eqn:tildeVn}), vanish.
As a result, $B^{(0)}$ also has the same symmetry at the critical point.
An explicit calculation in fact does yield a
$B^{(0)}$ which contains only $\tilde{b}^3$ and $\partial_Z^2 \tilde{b}$.
Substituting this $B^{(0)}$ into Eq.(\ref{eqn:expandB}),
we finally get the modified K-dV (mKdV) equation,
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:mkdv}
\partial_T \tilde{b}(Z,T)
 = \partial_Z^3 \tilde{b}(Z,T) -  \partial_Z \tilde{b}^{3}(Z,T)	,
\end{equation}
which has been derived in the contexts of
 plasmas, or helical magnet systems, etc.\cite{mkdvphys1,mkdvphys2,mkdvphys3}.

We consider the steady traveling solutions
of the mKdV equation (\ref{eqn:mkdv}).
Substituting $\tilde{b}(Z,T) = g(Z-cT)$ into (\ref{eqn:mkdv}),
we get
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:traveling-eq0}
\frac{{\rm d}^2 g}{{\rm d}Z^2} = {g}^3 - c g + \gamma	,
\end{equation}
where $\gamma$ is an integral constant
which is determined by the boundary conditions.
Since the periodic boundary conditions we assume give $\gamma=0$,
we consider the case $\gamma=0$ in the argument below.
Here, it is worth noting that
the steady solutions of the non-conserved Ginzburg-Landau equation
also satisfy Eq.(\ref{eqn:traveling-eq0}) with $\gamma=0$.
Also, Eq.(\ref{eqn:traveling-eq0}) can be regarded as
the Hamilton equation for a nonlinear oscillator
in a fourth order potential and can be solved analytically.
When $c<0$, the potential is convex everywhere,
 and thus all solutions are unbounded except that one
 which just remains on a peak.
When $c>0$, the potential has double peaks,
 and solutions bounded between these two peaks can exist.
As a result, the following three parameter family of solutions
( with $\gamma=0 )$ are obtained.
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:g0}
g(Z-cT) = g^{(0)}(\theta;m) =
 \sqrt{\frac{2 m c}{1+m}}
 \quad {\rm sn} \left(
 \frac{4 K(m)\,\theta }{2\pi}\;;\; m
 \right)				,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\theta = \Omega^{(0)}(m) (Z-cT) + \phi,\quad
\Omega^{(0)}(m) \equiv \frac{2\pi}{4 K(m)} \sqrt{\frac{c}{1+m}}	,
\end{equation}
where ${\rm sn}(x,m)$ is a Jacobi elliptic function,
	with ${\rm sn}(x,0)=\sin(x) and {\rm sn}(x,1)=\tanh(x)$,
and $K(m)$ is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind \cite{Y.Otsuki}.
This family is parametrized by a traveling velocity $c$ $(c>0)$,
 a modulus $m$ $(0 \le m \le 1)$,
 and a phase $\phi$ $(0 \le \theta < 2\pi)$.
In particular, solutions with $m=1$ take the form of kink patterns. Thus,
there are an infinite number of
kink solutions parameterized by the traveling velocity $c$
and position $\phi$.

Now, let us recall that  in  numerical simulations of Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}),
the amplitude of kink solutions is determined uniquely
irrespective of initial conditions. This leads us to the question:
which solution correspond to the observed one?
For such a selection problem, first of all, the stability of the
solutions must be discussed.   We note here that  the mKdV equation is
a completely integrable system \cite{mkdvmath}. That is,
the solutions are ``neutral'', in the sense that they are specified by
an infinite set of conserved quantities whose values are determined by
the initial conditions. This implies that the stability argument for the
solutions cannot identify the observed one.
Then, it must be noted that integrable systems are
structurally unstable.  If higher order terms
of the equation for $\tilde{b}$ are taken into account,
the phase space structure changes discontinuously.
We are now led to consider the mKdV equation with higher order corrections.
After some calculation, we obtain
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:mkdv-dissipation}
\dot{\tilde{b}} =
 \partial_Z^3 \tilde{b}
 - \partial_Z \tilde{b}^3
 - \frac{\epsilon}{\alpha} [ \partial_Z^2
 ( \tilde{b} + \partial_Z^2 \tilde{b} - \alpha \tilde{b}^3 )
 + \beta \partial_Z \tilde{b}^4	] + O(\epsilon^2) ,
\end{equation}
where
$\alpha = 2/3$ and $\beta=0$
when the an explicit form of $U(b)$
given in Eq.(\ref{eqn:explicitU}) is assumed.
Here, $\alpha=2/3$ holds for an arbitrary form of $U(b)$
satisfying $U'''(\bar{b}_c)<0$,
but $\beta$ is derived as $\beta=(U''''(\bar{b}_c)/3)
\sqrt{U'(\bar{b}_c)/|U'''(\bar{b}_c)|^3}$.
In the argument below,
we consider the general case, in which $\beta \ne 0$.

\section{deformable kink soliton}\label{sec:DKS}
We now consider how the mKdV steady traveling solutions (\ref{eqn:g0})
are affected by the perturbation resulting in Eq.(\ref{eqn:mkdv-dissipation}).
Substituting $\tilde{b}(Z,T) = g(Z-cT)$	into Eq.({eqn:mkdv-dissipation}),
we obtain the equation for the steady traveling solutions as
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:traveling-eq}
\frac{{\rm d}^2 g}{{\rm d}Z^2}
 = g^3 - c g + \frac{\epsilon}{\alpha}\left[
\frac{{\rm d}}{{\rm d}Z}\left(
 g + \frac{{\rm d}^2 g}{{\rm d}Z^2} - \alpha g^3 \right)
+ \beta g^4 \right] + \gamma	.
\end{equation}
As before, we will concentrate on the case $\gamma=0$.
We solve Eq.(\ref{eqn:traveling-eq}) using a perturbation method
which is similar to the Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky method
for nonlinear oscillations \cite{kbm}.
First, we consider this equation without the perturbation.
Then, since the differential equation for $g$ is second order,
the solutions can be expressed as trajectories
 in a two dimensional phase space.
For this purpose we must introduce a coordinate system
in the phase space. While the obvious coordinate system is
 $(g, {\rm d}g/{\rm d}Z)$, we are not limited to this one.
Since we are free to choose coordinate systems, we choose that
which is best suited to treat the present problem.
In the coordinate system we use, $g(Z)$ is expressed as
\begin{equation}
g(Z)=g^{(0)}(\theta(Z);m(Z)),
\end{equation}
where the function $g^{(0)}$ is given by Eq.(\ref{eqn:g0}).
Using the coordinate system $(\theta, m)$,
we rewrite Eq.(\ref{eqn:traveling-eq0}) as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{{\rm d} \theta}{{\rm d} Z} &=& \Omega^{(0)}(m)	,\\
\frac{{\rm d} m}{{\rm d} Z} &=& 0			.
\end{eqnarray}

Next, we take the perturbation into account.
Since a third order derivative term is included in the
perturbation, the dimension of the phase space becomes three.
However, noting that the motion in the new dimension has
a small time scale of order $\epsilon$,
 we can treat Eq.(\ref{eqn:traveling-eq})
as a two-dimensional system in  our perturbation theory.
That is,  we express $g$  as
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:gex}
g=g^{(0)}(\theta;m) + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\epsilon^n g^{(n)}(\theta;m),
\end{equation}
and the evolution of the coordinates $\theta$ and $m$ are written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{{\rm d} \theta}{{\rm d} Z}
 = \Omega
 =& \Omega^{(0)}(m) +
 &\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\epsilon^n\, \Omega^{(n)}(m)
				  	,\label{eqn:theta-perturbed}\\
\frac{{\rm d} m}{{\rm d} Z}
 = M
 =&
 &\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\epsilon^n\, M^{(n)}(m)
			     		.\label{eqn:m-perturbed}
\end{eqnarray}
Here, $g^{(n)}$, $\Omega^{(n)}$ and  $M^{(n)}$ can be
determined by Eq.(\ref{eqn:traveling-eq}) perturbatively.
We now present the method to calculate
$g^{(1)}$, $\Omega^{(1)}$ and  $M^{(1)}$.

Substituting Eq.(\ref{eqn:gex}) into Eq.({\ref{eqn:traveling-eq}) and
collecting terms of order $\epsilon$, we obtain
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:Lg1}
\hat{L} g^{(1)} = h^{(1)},
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\hat{L} \equiv - {\Omega^{(0)}}^2 \partial_\theta^2 + 3 {g^{(0)}}^2 - c,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
h^{(1)}= \left\{
 2 \Omega^{(0)}
\left(
\Omega^{(1)} \partial_\theta^2 + M^{(1)}\partial_\theta\partial_m
\right)
+
\left(
\partial_m\Omega^{(0)}
\right)
M^{(1)} \partial_\theta
-
\frac{1}{\alpha}
\left[
\Omega^{(0)}
\left(
 1 + {\Omega^{(0)}}^2 \partial_\theta^2 - 3 \alpha {g^{(0)}}^2
\right)
 \partial_\theta
+\beta {g^{(0)}}^3
\right]
\right\}
 g^{(0)}								.
\end{equation}
Here, from the fact that $(\theta, m)$ parameterizes the family of solutions
of Eq.(\ref{eqn:traveling-eq0}), we can easily derive the relations
$\hat{L}\cdot \partial_\theta g^{(0)}=0$ and
$\hat{L}\cdot \partial_m g^{(0)}=0$.
This implies that there is a solution $g^{(1)}$ only under
a solvability condition. Since we are interested in the case that
the perturbation expansion is well-defined, we enforce the solvability
condition expressed as
\begin{equation}
(\partial_\theta g^{(0)}, h^{(1)})= (\partial_m g^{(0)}, h^{(1)})= 0,
\end{equation}
where $(f,g)=\int_0^{2\pi} d\theta f(\theta)g(\theta)$ for $2\pi$ periodic
functions $f$ and $g$. These two equations yield the expressions of
$\Omega^{(1)}$ and $M^{(1)}$.  Then, $g^{(1)}$ can be obtained
{}from Eq.(\ref{eqn:Lg1}), owing to the solvability condition.
We show only the result of $M^{(1)}$  which will be
important in the following discussion. We  obtain
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:t1}
M^{(1)} = \tau(m)[c^{*}(m)-c]	,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:tau}
\tau(m) =
\frac{
	\displaystyle\frac{m}{(1+m)^{5/2}}
	\displaystyle\int_0^{4K}\!\!\!\!\!dx
	\left[
		(\partial_x^2 {\rm sn}(x;m))^2
		+ 6m\alpha (\partial_x {\rm sn}(x;m))^2
			   ({\rm sn}(x;m))^2
	\right]
}{	\alpha
	\partial_m
	\left[ \displaystyle\frac{m}{(1+m)^{3/2}}
		\displaystyle\int_0^{4K}\!\!\!\!\!dx
						(\partial_x {\rm sn}(x;m))^2
	\right]
}		,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:c-star}
c^{*}(m) =
\frac{
(1+m)
\displaystyle\int_0^{4K}\!\!\!\!\!dx (\partial_x {\rm sn}(x;m))^2
}
{
\displaystyle\int_0^{4K}\!\!\!\!\!dx
\left[
(\partial_x^2 {\rm sn}(x;m))^2
+ 6m\alpha (\partial_x {\rm sn}(x;m))^2 ({\rm sn}(x;m))^2
\right]
}		.
\end{equation}
The profiles of the functions $c^{*}(m)$ and $\tau(m)$ are
displayed  in Fig.\ref{graph:c-star-and-tau}.
For later convenience, we define $m^*(c)$ as the inverse
function of $c^*(m)$.

We study the differential equation Eq.(\ref{eqn:m-perturbed})
with Eq.(\ref{eqn:t1})
under the boundary condition $m(Z=0)=m_0$.
We discuss the behavior of solutions for four cases:
(i)   there is no $m^*(c)$ for a given $c$,
(ii)  $m_0=m^*(c)$,
(iii) $m_0<m^*(c)$ and
(iv)  $m_0>m^*(c)$.
For case (i),
the sign of $M^{(1)}(m(Z))$ is positive (negative) definite for all $Z$.
When $M^{(1)}(m_0)$ is positive (or negative),
$m(Z)$ increases as $Z$ increases (decreases).
Then $m(Z)=1$ is realized at a finite $Z$.
Since $M^{(1)}(m(Z))$ is positive (negative) even at this point,
$m(Z)$ overshoots $1$ as $Z$ increases (decreases) further.
Thus a perturbed solution cannot be defined,
and there is therefore no steady traveling solution in this case.
For case (ii), $M^{(1)}(m_0)=0$.
This leads to the equality $m(Z)=m^*(c)$ for all $Z$,
that is, the perturbation does not make $m$ inhomogeneous.
Thus, the expression
\begin{equation}
g^{(0)}(\theta,m^*(c)) + \epsilon g^{(1)}(\theta,m^*(c)),
\end{equation}
with $\theta=\Omega (Z-cT)+\phi$
gives a steady traveling solution of Eq.(\ref{eqn:mkdv-dissipation}),
where
\begin{equation}
\Omega=\Omega^{(0)}(m^{*}(c))+\epsilon\Omega^{(1)}(m^{*}(c)).
\end{equation}
We call the unperturbed solution with $(c,m^{*}(c))$
a ``deformable soliton''
because the effects of infinitely small perturbations
can be absorbed into infinitely small deformations of
the unperturbed solution. The corresponding perturbed solution
is called a ``deformed soliton''.
In case (iii), $M^{(1)}(m_0)$ is negative.
Here, $m(Z)$ increases (decreases) as $Z$ decreases (increases)
 and converges asymptotically to the fixed point $m(Z)=m^{*}(c)$ ($m(Z)=0$).
Thus, we obtain $m(-\infty)=m^{*}(c)$ and $m(\infty)=0$, that is,
the corresponding solution is a propagating front solution
 connecting the solution characterized by
$(c, m^{*}(c))$ and the uniform state characterized by $m=0$.
In case (iv), $M^{(1)}(m_0)$ is positive.
In this case, $m(Z)$ decreases as $Z$ decreases
 and converges asymptotically to the fixed point $m(Z)=m^{*}(c)$
 similarly to case (iii).
Nevertheless, $m(Z)$ increases as $Z$ increases
 and overshoots $1$ similarly to case (i).
Thus a perturbed solution cannot be defined,
and thus there is no steady traveling solution in this case,
as in case (i).
As a result,
all solitons except deformable solitons
are destroyed by the infinitesimal perturbation.
The deformable solitons of the mKdV equation form
a two parameter family parametrized by the modulus $m$
and arbitrary phase $\phi$.
The traveling velocity of the soliton with modulus $m$
is given by $c^{*}(m)$.  Note that the soliton with $m=1$ represents
a kink pattern, while the other solitons are periodic.
Therefore, we can expect that the deformed kink soliton
corresponds to that observed
in numerical simulations of the traffic flow model, Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}).

In order to support this conjecture further,
we need to check the linear stability of the deformed solitons
by studying Eq.(\ref{eqn:mkdv-dissipation}).
However, we have not yet obtained a rigorous result for this problem.
In this paragraph we present a plausible conjecture.
First, one may prove the asymptotic stability of
all kink solutions of the mKdV equation
by introducing a physically acceptable norm, as
recently done for  solitary pulse solutions  \cite{pego}.
Then, the deformed kink soliton,
which is a solution of Eq.(\ref{eqn:mkdv-dissipation}),
can be shown to be stable if it can be proven that the correction
of eigenvalues associated with the linear stability
is bounded to order $\epsilon$.
On the other hand, from the fact
 that the tail of the kink solution simply decays exponentially,
we expect that the kink interacts with a neighboring anti-kink attractively
\cite{kinkatt}.
This implys that periodic deformed solitons
with sufficiently large $m$ are unstable.
Then, since there is no apparent reason to assume that there is a critical $m$
below which the stability of these solutions is changed,
we conjecture that all deformed periodic solitons are unstable, while
the deformed kink soliton is stable.

Next we confirm that the deformed kink soliton
corresponds to that observed
in numerical simulations of Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}).
First, using Eq.(\ref{eqn:g0}), we find that the profile of $b_i$
corresponding to the deformable kink soliton is a kink pattern
connecting the two uniform states
characterized by $b_L$ and $b_H$, where $b_L=\bar b_c-\Delta b$,
and $b_H =\bar b_c+\Delta b$ with
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:predicted-amplitude}
\Delta b = 2\epsilon\sqrt{\frac{c^*(1) U'(\bar{b}_c)}{|U'''(\bar{b}_c)|}}.
\end{equation}
This expression can be compared with that obtained by
solving the model Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}).
We thus carried out numerical simulations of Eq.(\ref{eqn:model})
using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method.
In Figs.\ref{graph:kinkamp} and \ref{graph:kinkform},
 the result is shown together with the theoretical curve.
It is seen that Eq.(\ref{eqn:predicted-amplitude})
gives a good approximation of the numerical result
for $\epsilon$ smaller than about 0.25.
Although the discrepancy increases as $\epsilon$ becomes
large, we believe that the behavior for larger $\epsilon$ can be
 accounted for simply by calculating
 higher order terms in Eq.(\ref{eqn:expandB}).
Therefore, we conclude that the kink pattern arising in traffic congestion
corresponds to the deformed kink soliton.

\section{Discussion}\label{sec:discussion}

To this point, we have analyzed Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}) around the critical point
$(a_c, \bar{b}_c)$.  Similarly, we can obtain the result that system behavior
near another point on the marginal line
defined by Eq.(\ref{eqn:marginal-stability-line})
is described to lowest order in a perturbative expansion
by the K-dV equation \cite{kdvphys1,kdvphys2,harcri}.
The K-dV equation
is also a completely integrable system with an infinite number of
conserved quantities \cite{kdvmath1,kdvmath2}. Then, owing to the effects
 introduced by higher order terms in the expansion,
 a pulse solution with some amplitude is thought to
 determine the long time behavior \cite{kawa,ei}.
Here, we should remark that this K-dV pulse solution is observed
only in a quite narrow region in parameter space.
This contrasts sharply with the case of our deformed kink soliton,
which is observed in a wider region, even beyond the marginal stability
line. ( This is discussed further below. )
We believe that understanding the difference between these cases is important.
However, we have no theory related to this problem.
We conjecture that a crucial step is to formulate the non-perturbative
nature of continuous deformations of the solution.

Further, as shown in Figs.\ref{graph:stable-spatio-temporal} and
\ref{graph:stable-ini-las-snap},
kink patterns  are observed even when the uniform state is stable.
This result implies that final states depend on initial conditions,
because the non-uniformity of vehicle velocities vanishes
when the magnitude of fluctuations around the uniform states
are sufficiently small. Moreover, if a kink pattern forms,
its amplitude is determined by only the value of $a$
irrespective of the linear stability of the uniform states.
Then, from Eq.(\ref{eqn:predicted-amplitude}), we can expect that
the parameter region where kink patterns can appear is approximated well as
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:kink-appear}
| \bar b -\bar b_c | <
 2 \epsilon \sqrt{\frac{c^{*}(1) U'(\bar{b}_c)}{|U'''(\bar{b}_c)|}} ,
\end{equation}
recalling that $a=a_c(1-\epsilon^2)$.
The validity of this expression was confirmed by numerical simulations.
On the other hand,
the marginal stability line of uniform states is given by
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:marginal-stability-line}
\bar{b} - \bar{b}_c
 = \pm \epsilon \sqrt{\frac{2U'(\bar{b}_c)}{|U'''(\bar{b}_c)|}} .
\end{equation}
This line is contained in the region defined by Eq.(\ref{eqn:kink-appear})
because $2c^{*}(1)=5/2$.
Therefore, kink patterns can appear even when the uniform states are stable.

Finally, we briefly discuss a slugging phenomenon appearing
in quasi-one dimensional granular flow.
As a typical experimental system, we consider the sedimentation of
solid particles (powder) in fluid confined in a narrow pipe.
We assume that the density and velocity of solid particles are
dynamical variables which  can be regarded as a functions of
the vertical position $z$ owing to
 the system's quasi-one dimensional geometry.
In order to see the correspondence with the traffic flow model further,
it is convenient to introduce a description employing "powder elements"
instead of a continuous description.
That is, the velocity of powder $v(z,t)$
contained in the $i$-th element located at the position $z$
is represented by $v_i(t)$.
(This is nothing but a shift from the Euler picture to the Lagrange picture.)
Let us consider the equation of motion for the powder element.
The most important force, responsible for the variety of dynamical behavior,
is the drag force due to the fluid around the settling powder element.
This is proportional to the velocity difference between the powder element
and fluid. Further, it is known that the proportionality coefficient
(drag coefficient) is determined by the powder density.
Taking the drag force and the gravitational force into account,
we obtain a simple form for the equation of motion:
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:sedimentation}
\dot{v}_i =
 - a_s(\rho) v_i - \tilde{g} = a_s(\rho) [ U_s(\rho) - v_i ],
\end{equation}
where $a_s(\rho)$ is a (rescaled) drag coefficient,
$\tilde{g}$ is a specific gravitational acceleration, and
$U_s(\rho) \equiv -\tilde{g}/a_s(\rho)$.
This model can describe a uniform state in which all elements settle with
the same velocity $U_s(\rho)$.
There is one unknown function $a_s(\rho)$ in the model, but this
can be determined experimentally. Actually, from experiments
on sedimentation of solid particles in three dimensional fluid
\cite{buscall}, it is known that the sedimentation velocity $U_s$ is
a monotonically decreasing function of the powder density.
Using this experimental data, the drag coefficient $a_s(\rho)$
can be determined.

One may suspect that the model equation (\ref{eqn:sedimentation})
is too simple to describe complicated phenomena
and that for a realistic description we must include
a dissipation force accounting for collisions
between particles and a chemical potential force.
Still, our model equation (\ref{eqn:sedimentation}) is instructive when
we consider the correspondence between slugging phenomenon in granular flow
and traffic congestion, since Eq.(\ref{eqn:sedimentation}) is of
 the same form as the traffic flow model (\ref{eqn:model})
if we neglect the $\rho$ dependence of $a_s$.
(Note that $\rho$ may be related to inter-vehicle distance $b$.)
The problem which needs to be considered is
whether or not the analysis developed above
can be applied to the model system (\ref{eqn:sedimentation}).
The main difference between the two models is the $\rho$ dependence of
$a_s$, which  causes  the asymmetric term
$\partial_Z\tilde{b}^2$ in $B^{(0)}$.
 ( Recall the argument appearing before Eq.(\ref{eqn:mkdv}). )
Due to the presence of this term,
 we cannot obtain the mKdV equation
 even when we focus on a critical point.
Nevertheless, we conjecture that the asymmetric term
does not change the essential nature of solutions, i.e., the effects
caused by the asymmetric term can be absorbed into deformation of
the kink soliton in the mKdV equation. For this reason, we believe that
slug flow is described by a deformed kink soliton.
In order to prove this statement, we need to develop a
non-perturbative method describing the continuous deformation of solutions.
To construct  such a theory is a future problem.

\section{Acknowledgment}
We are grateful to K.Nakanishi for informing us about reference
\cite{bando1,bando2}
and stimulating discussions on the behavior of the model Eq.(\ref{eqn:model}).
We thank M.Bando and K.Hasebe for their encouragement to this work.
We also thank S-I,Ei and T.Ogawa for informing us about reference \cite{pego}
and discussions on the effect of perturbation to integrable systems.
G.C.Paquette is acknowledged for fruitful discussions on the notion
 of structural stability.
This research was supported in part
 by JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Multiple Google analytics Access code generated by Signin button I am trying to query Google Analytics data for the first time using their API and was having difficulty with the Google Sign in page. I got the Java script code from https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/web/.
Everything is working fine except once the user signs in the Google sign-in button doesn't change. It gives the impression to the user that he/she can click on it again. When clicked on it again, the Google java script code generates another Authorization code and it keeps doing it every time it is clicked.
Am I missing something? Shouldn't the button detect not to re-execute the code? Or is this something I need to explicitly handle in java script?
Thanks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Four facts about indigent households If South Africa were a suburb of 100 households, 22 would be beneficiaries of government's indigent programme.
Identification. South Africa is the only nation-state named after its geographic location; there was a general agreement not to change the name after the establishment of a constitutional nonracial democracy in 1994.


Everybody knows that other than the company, the second most important element of a party is the drinks menu! So, if you're staying at one of our party houses this Christmas, rather than stocking up before you head to Herefordshire, why not add some local tipples to your party instead!?
I can't quite believe I'm saying it, but it's that time of the year again… Christmas! We love the festive season, so if you've booked to stay with us and enjoy a Herefordshire Christmas, we want to make sure you have the most magical time.
Summer has finally come to a close and the daylight hours are beginning to fade, but there's no reason why you shouldn't be able to get just as much enjoyment out of autumn. In fact, we think it's a great time to enjoy a few days away, especially in the beautiful Herefordshire countryside.
As you all know, we're huge foodies here at The Whittern Estate! We take every opportunity to try the very best produce in the Three Counties and further afield where we can too!
Herefordshire is foodie heaven and in the past 12 months we've seen the city's restaurant scene increase rapidly. So, if you're visiting us at White Heron Properties this summer, we encourage you to venture out into the surrounding areas to sample the delicious local cuisine on offer.


text:
Solar Company in Bellport, NY 11713
Bellport, NY Property Owners are Taking Full Advantage of Solar Panel Installation Cost Saving Incentives
Smart Home Energy Source Leads the Movement to Change the Bellport, NY Area to Solar Power
Smart Home Energy Source is proud to offer a solar solution to residents and business owners in Bellport, NY so they may experience the benefits of generating their own clean energy and taking part in the fight against climate change. Creating value, energy efficient solutions combined with delivering passion, expertise, teamwork and customer satisfaction, makes Smart Home Energy Source a highly recommended solar company performing solar power installation in Suffolk County.
Solar energy is the power of the future so Smart Home Energy Source wants to make going solar accessible, economical, profitable and eco-friendly. Smart Home Energy Source is a full-service solar company. The team installs commercial and residential solar power throughout Bellport, NY.
Solar Incentives, Tax Credits, Tax Exemptions and Federal Incentives in Bellport, NY
When purchasing your solar panel system you are exempt from paying state sales tax in Bellport, NY. You may also receive a tax exemption for a solar power installation. Property tax exemption allows you to add an upgrade on your home or building so you will not be required to pay extra taxes on the upgrade. In addition to the state level tax incentives, the Federal Solar Investment Tax Credit, typically takes more money off the cost of the system.
Get More Information About Solar Panel Installation in Bellport, NY
There is no better time than now to install a solar power system and begin your instant savings in Suffolk County. Smart Home Energy Source is happy to review the current Bellport, NY solar incentives and provide you with a free energy assessment and consultation.
Smart Home Energy Source is a highly recommended solar company Bellport. Call 631-201-5501 today to learn more about solar panel installation and schedule a free consultation with an expert.
Some information about Bellport, NY
Bellport is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 2,084 at the 2010 census. The village is named after the Bell family, early settlers of the area. South Country Road in the village, features small businesses such as antique shops, artist galleries, small inns, restaurants, and a service center. These family run businesses get community support through the Bellport Chamber of Commerce. Bellport is also home to the Gateway Playhouse, a professional summer theater in operation since 1950. Bellport is in the town of Brookhaven and is on the south shore of Long Island adjoining Great South Bay. It is officially known as the Incorporated Village of Bellport.
The land that is now Bellport was purchased along with what is now the hamlet of Brookhaven (then called Fireplace Neck) and western South Haven from the Unkechaug Indians in 1664 by settlers from nearby Setauket, who were attracted by the plentiful harvests of salt hay. The part that became Bellport was named Occumbomock Neck. Jonathan Rose was the first permanent settler in the 1680s, and by 1720 the Rose family owned much of Occumbomock Neck. In 1829, Captain Thomas Bell, a Scottish immigrant, bought land there. He sold sections of it, and by 1843 the village had 30 dwellings and 200 inhabitants. He changed the name to Bell-Port (now Bellport), envisioning a seaport, since Bellport was very close to the Old Inlet, a breach in the barrier island Fire Island, which gave Bellport easy access to the open ocean. With Colonel William Howell, Bell built a dock and a road to the dock. The breach healed over, however, and Bellport instead became a tourist attraction, with wealthy visitors coming by railroad and then coach from New York City. Although all seven hotels eventually closed, the last in the 1950s, Bellport remained associated with wealthy New Yorkers, who eventually established year-round residences. After World War II, nearby Camp Upton was converted into Brookhaven National Laboratory, bringing in more, highly educated, year-round residents.
Bellport was incorporated as a village in 1910. On July 4, 1980, the Bellport Academy and Bellport Village Historic District were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
On March 8, 1963, Bellport High School burned down. No one was killed, but 40 students and teachers were hospitalized. The replacement school was built in Brookhaven, but is still called Bellport High School.
Learn more about Bellport.
Useful links for Bellport, NY
Open a Bellport, NY map
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Bellport, NY is located in Suffolk county in New York State
Map of Bellport, NY

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Most Students With Disabilities Take State Exams
By Christina A. Samuels — August 09, 2005 2 min read
Most students with disabilities took state reading tests during the 2003-04 school year, but states are struggling to create and give alternate assessments that measure grade-level and below grade-level standards for at least some special education youngsters, according to the U.S. Government Accountability Office.
"Most Students With Disabilities Participated in Statewide Assessments, but Inclusion Options Could Be Improved," is available from the Government Accountability Office.
State education officials told the congressional watchdog agency that the alternate tests, required under the 1997 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act to be in place by 2000, were still fairly new, and that training teachers to use and administer such exams took a long time.
In a report released July 20, the GAO singles out Oregon for its innovative approach to state exams. For example, the state permits all students, with or without disabilities, to use certain accommodations when taking state reading tests.
But while Oregon may be further along than most states, it has taken time and effort to get there, said Nancy J. Latini, the assistant superintendent for the state office of student learning and partnerships, which oversees special education. Ms. Latini helped the GAO with the report.
"We have spent at least the last four years in training across the state, training people in how to administer the tests, teaching people how to pick the right tests for kids," she said, referring to the state's alternate exams. "We'll continue that this year."
The GAO wrote the report, addressed to Sen. Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee, in response to questions about the extent to which states have included students with disabilities in their testing systems, and whether those exams accurately reflect student performance.
See the related item,
The report focuses on the percent of students with disabilities who participated in state reading tests in 2003-04 because complete data were not available for state mathematics tests or for the 2004-05 school year.
Of the 48 states and the District of Columbia that provided usable information, 41 states reported that at least 95 percent of students with disabilities took state reading tests, with most taking the regular state exams. Relatively few special education youngsters took alternate state tests. The remaining states and the District of Columbia had lower participation rates.
Barriers to Use
The GAO probed why alternate assessments aren't used more.
"State officials reported that providing alternate assessments was challenging, particularly because of the time and expertise required to design such assessments and the training necessary for teachers to implement them," the report says. State officials estimated that teachers need two to three years of training to administer alternate tests properly.
State officials asked for models of alternate tests that measure grade-level standards. The report recommends that the U.S. Department of Education make information on model exams more easily available on its Web site and work with states that excluded a high percentage of students with disabilities from their tests.
"We're really charting a new path here," said Martha L. Thurlow, the director of the National Center on Educational Outcomes, a federally financed center, based at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. Questions about how to devise good tests for students with disabilities are helping improve tests for all youngsters, she said.
Senior Writer/Editor, Education Week
Christina Samuels is a senior writer/editor covering educational equity for Education Week.
A version of this article appeared in the August 10, 2005 edition of Education Week as Most Students With Disabilities Take State Exams
Special Education Ed. Dept. Seeks Comment on IDEA Rules
Christina A. Samuels, June 21, 2005
Special Education Special Education Test Flexibility Detailed
Christina A. Samuels, May 17, 2005
Special Education States to Get New Options on NCLB Law
David J. Hoff, April 12, 2005
Special Education What Biden's Pick for Ed. Secretary Discussed With Disability Rights Advocates
Advocates for students with disabilities want Biden to address discipline and the effects of COVID-19 on special education.
Miguel Cardona, President-elect Joe Biden's nominee for Secretary of Education, speaks after being introduced at The Queen Theater in Wilmington, Del., Dec. 23, 2020, as Biden, right, and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris, left, look on.
Carolyn Kaster/AP
Special Education Schools Struggled to Serve Students With Disabilities, English-Learners During Shutdowns
The needs of students with IEPs and English-language learners were not often met after the pandemic struck, says a federal report.
Corey Mitchell
Special Education How Will Schools Pay for Compensatory Services for Special Ed. Students?
States' efforts so far suggest there won't be enough money to go around for all the learning losses of students with disabilities from COVID-19 school shutdowns.
iStock/Getty
Special Education Whitepaper Dyslexia: How to Identify Warning Signs at Every Grade
Read the new whitepaper by Dr. Pamela Hook to learn how to recognize the warning signs of dyslexia at different grade levels.
Content provided by Lexia Learning


text:
Female VC Lab
E024: Pratibha Vuppuluri: Unreasonable Group
Yes, we operate immersive programs for growth-stage entrepreneurs offering solutions to seemingly intractable challenges. Yes, we are also a multi-media company, a private global network, and an investment firm. We forge unlikely partnerships with some of the world's largest institutions and most admired brands, and we operate multiple initiatives across asset classes, industries and geographies, because we are dedicated to doing whatever it takes to drive resources to and break down barriers for entrepreneurs solving BFPs.
00:00 Introduction
00:24 What inspired you to become a VC?
01:41 What is your investment thesis? What is the motivation for your thesis?
03:36 What are you currently reading or learning or listening to these days?
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08:48 Thank you
Featured Guest Bio:
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text:
"SON OF HAMAS" WINS COURT CASE: Calls to thank Christians who have been praying for him
July 1, 2010 By joelcrosenberg in Epicenter
Mosab's case has attracted international attention. This photo was taken on the set of a CNN interview with Christiane Amanpour.
By God's grace and the prayers of evangelical Christians around the U.S. and around the world, Mosab Hassan Yousef, the son of one of the founders of Hamas, won his court case Wednesday after the U.S. government relented and decided to grant him political asylum.
Mosab called me yesterday to tell me the good news. He asked me to pass on his heartfelt thanks to everyone who has been praying faithfully for him, including those who participated in the 2010 Epicenter Conference over the weekend. At the conference, we showed an exclusive interview with Mosab on how he moved from jihad to Jesus. Tens of thousands of Christians prayed for the Lord to protect him, grant him favor with the U.S. authorities, and give him courage and boldness to continue being a witness for how the Lord Jesus Christ has completely changed his heart and given him a deep love for the U.S., Israel, as well as his fellow Palestinians.
The U.S. government had threatened to deport Mosab as a "threat" to the United States given his past involvement in Hamas. If this had happened, Mosab could have been sent back to the West Bank where he would have faced almost certain assassination by Hamas terrorists. But at a hearing near San Diego yesterday, the judge essentially acknowledged that Mosab had truly renounced Islam, become a devoted follower of Jesus Christ, renounced Hamas, renounced violence, and become a double-agent for the Israeli intelligence services. In so doing, Mosab helped the Israelis thwart scores of terrorist attacks and arrest scores of terrorists, and thus save hundreds of innocent Israeli, Palestinian and American lives.
Supporting Mosab has been dozens of Congressman and Senators; former CIA Director James Woolsey; and Gonen Ben Itzhak, Mosab's "handler" in the Shin Bet, Israel's secret service agency (similar to our FBI). Since coming to the U.S. a few years ago, Mosab has been outspoken about the evils of Hamas and Radical Islam, and outspoken about his love for Jesus. His book, Son of Hamas, tells of his transformation from jihad to Jesus and hit the New York Times best-seller list this spring.
Thanks again to everyone who has been faithfully praying for Mosab. Please continue to pray for his safety, his spiritual growth, and for the Lord to give him wisdom where to live now, and how to invest his time for God's kingdom.
* To order a copy of the DVD with all the speeches and presentations from the 2010 Epicenter Conference — including an exclusive interview with the "Son of Hamas" on the extraordinary story of how he became a follower of Jesus Christ — please click here (www.epicenterconference.com).
« ISRAELI LEADER THANKS EVANGELICALS AT EPICENTER CONFERENCE
NETANYAHU TO MEET WITH OBAMA ON JULY 6 »


text:
The Student Voice and Newspaper of Jesuit Dallas since 1942
Celebrating 10 Years Online
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Arts Visual Arts December Art Focus: Downey's Church
December Art Focus: Downey's Church
Sam Powell '17
If the end of the year were able to speak, it would holler, "Surprise! Finals time!" Students cram for their finals as they hatefully scroll their eyes across seemingly infinite pieces of paper while jerking their fingers upward to hear the pop of the seventh can of Red Bull. The process continues as the clock strikes one, two, and so on.
In many cases, the idea of finals clouds the student brain with the notions of anxiety and distress over the four (or five) days to come. However, only a handful consider the wonders of the holidays that would arrive shortly after, and as the student body spends countless of tedious hours preparing in the Information Commons, they should remember the joy that will come at the end of this tremendous obstacle. This remembrance shall occur through a swift glance and interpretation of Dennis Downey's San Miguel Church.
Dennis Downey, born in St. Louis in 1941, lived in Kansas City and initiated his sketching and drawing career in his high school years. This interest of art persisted through his college years, but instead of returning to Kansas City, Downey felt it was necessary to move into the deserts of Santa Fe. Under the arid Arizona sky and the influence of Southwestern impressionists such as Wilson Hurley and Eric Sloan, Downey launched his career as a fulltime artist. Over time, he bettered his styles in a transformation from a realistic style of art to one that fits his title as an impressionist. The evolution of his work sings the praises of Wilson Hurley, a master of depth and perception, and Eric Sloan, a genius in sky and cloud formations on the canvas. In fact, most of his works utilize the clouds to both differentiate fantasy from realism and create emotion, a concept which Downey refers to as "cloud scape." The San Miguel Church displays no clouds, but it definitely fits the identity of Dennis Downey through its enormous starry western sky and lofty mountains.
"I like the perspective of buildings on the left side and the atmospheric background of the mountains," said Luke Lewis '17, utilizing his knowledge obtained in Art Appreciation. The entire premise and presentation of the work seems simple: a Christmas Eve on a wintry night in a Spanish colonial village, probably housing the Anasazi Native Americans. The stars and lights, especially the blazing star of Bethlehem, suggests that the streets should be filled with partying in the celebration of Jesus' coming, but as in all paintings, opinions vary.
Museum Director Elizabeth Hunt Blanc stated that the scene "resembles the time Christ was born. There was no intense partying in Bethlehem." Furthermore, in accordance with Downey's style of art, she viewed the piece as a "fantasy church, but it is realistic, illustrative, and a true Christmas scene with the star of Bethlehem." Joe Carver '17, agreed and appreciated the "classic Christmas with adobe with, for it shows a different Hispanic Perspective." In fact, Downey painted pieces such as these for that reason, diversity: "It only could have happened because of the diversity of artists who live here and who shared their experiences with me."
Perhaps the very idea of tranquility will aid the students in the finals, and it will persist through the Holiday season. In order to increase the visibility of the message, Mrs. Hunt Blanc will move the piece to a more crucial location. Overall, as the first semester draws to a close, the Jesuit Art Program has appreciated the addition to Mrs. Hunt Blanc to the community and the art we appreciate in it!
Happy Holidays from the Monthly Art Focus!
Samuel David Powell is a St. Paul the Apostle School graduate. His favorite subject is history, which Jesuit starved him of during his freshman year. He now writes for The Roundup. Not much else to say...
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text:
Svend Ranulf (* 26. März 1894 in Odense; † 16. März 1953 in Aarhus) war ein dänischer Philosoph und Soziologe. Er war von 1939 bis zu seinem Tode Professor für Philosophie an der Universität Aarhus, wo er im sogenannten "dänischen Positivismusstreit" in Konflikt zu Theodor Geiger geriet, der ebenfalls in Aarhus lehrte.

Werdegang
Ranulf absolvierte bis 1916 in Odense eine Lehrerausbildung und wandte sich danach der Philosophie zu. 1922 legte er das Magister-Examen ab, 1924 wurde er promoviert. Bei Studienaufenthalten in Leipzig und Paris entstand sein, nie mehr schwindendes Interesse an der Soziologie, wobei er sich als Schüler von Émile Durkheim verstand. 1938 bewarb er sich erfolglos um die erste dänische Professur für Soziologie in Aarhus, die dann Theodor Geiger erhielt. Zu Geiger stand Ranulf seit dessen Emigration 1933 in einem gespannten Konkurrenzverhältnis und beargwöhnte eifersüchtig, wie Geiger erst in Kopenhagen, dann in Aarhus, Anerkennung in der noch schwach strukturierten dänischen Sozialwissenschaft gewann. Die Berufung des fachwissenschaftlich vielfach besser qualifizierten Geiger auf den neugeschaffenen Lehrstuhl verwand Ranulf nicht – selbst als er 1939 auf eine Professur für Philosophie in Aarhus berufen wurde. Nach der Rückkehr Geigers aus Schweden (er hatte Dänemark während der deutschen Besetzung des Landes verlassen müssen) verwickelte Ranulf ihn in den sogenannten "dänischen Positivismusstreit" Dabei offenbarte er erhebliche fachwissenschaftliche Wissenslücken, die seinem Ansehen abträglich waren. Auch sein zweiter Versuch, Soziologieprofessor zu werden, scheiterte 1949 an der Universität Kopenhagen.

"Dänischer Positivismusstreit"
In seinem 1946 erschienenen Methodenbuch (Socialvidenskabelig metodelære) kritisierte Ranulf die Verschwommenheit und Unüberprüfbarkeit der geisteswissenschaftlich orientierten deutschen Soziologie. Konkret richtete sich Ranulf gegen das Methodenverständnis in Geigers dänischsprachigem Überblickswerk Sociologi. Grundrids og Hovedproblemer aus dem Jahr 1939. Auch frühere Arbeiten von Geiger, insbesondere dessen Beitrag in Vierkandts Handwörterbuch der Soziologie von 1931, galten ihm als Inbegriff problematischer Methodik. Er befand, dass die verstehende Soziologie der Weimarer Republik, insbesondere Geigers Schriften, zu ungenau sei und forderte empirische Exaktheit ein. Zudem machte Ranulf Geiger den Vorwurf, er habe mit seiner Soziologie – wenn auch unabsichtlich – dem nationalsozialistischen Denken Tür und Tor geöffnet. Schon 1939 hatte Ranulf auch Ferdinand Tönnies zu den "wissenschaftlichen Vorläufern" des Faschismus gezählt.

Geiger, der 1933 wegen "nationaler Unzuverlässigkeit" seine Braunschweiger Professur verloren hatte, verstand die Anwürfe als böswillige Unterstellung und eklatante Verdrehung
seines Wissenschaftsverständnisses und als Rufschädigung in der Zeit unmittelbar nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges, in der die Schikanen und Gräueltaten der Nazi-Barbarei im besetzten Dänemark noch in lebendiger Erinnerung waren. Er reagierte mit der in wenigen Tagen verfassten Streitschrift "Ranulf contra Geiger. Ein Angriff und eine offensive Verteidigung". Darin stellte er fest, dass Ranulf sich eines überkommenem Methodenverständnisses bediente, das nicht auf Durkheim direkt zurückgehe, sondern auf die vereinfachte Version dessen Schülers François Simiand, der die Forschungsmethoden der Naturwissenschaften bruchlos auf die Sozialwissenschaften übertragen wollte. Dass er sich damit in einen Gegensatz zu Max Weber begab, den er bewunderte, thematisierte Ranulf nicht. In seiner Entgegnung tadelte Geiger Ranulfs unscharfe Begrifflichkeit und theoretische Konzeption, in der der Stellenwert der Forschungsmethodik weit überschätzt werde. Geiger wies darauf hin, dass kein noch so ausgeklügelter methodischer Zugriff das eigene Nachdenken über den Problemzusammenhang ersetzen könne.

Nach Lektüre der Geiger-Streitschrift erkannte Ranulf in einem Brief, dass "wir tatsächlich weniger uneinig sind, als ich geglaubt hatte", setzte seine Angriffe aber dennoch fort. Der Konflikt endete erst mit Geigers Tod 1952.

Die von Ranulf behauptete Affinität zwischen Phänomenologie und Nationalsozialismus hielt René König rückblickend nach dem Tode der beiden Kontrahenten für nicht abwegig und nannte Ranulf einen "äußerst originellen dänischen Soziologen" und einen "sehr scharfsinnigen methodologischen Denker".

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Der eleatische Satz vom Widerspruch. Gyldendalske Bogh, Kopenhagen 1924.
 Moral indignation and middle class psychology: a sociological study. Kopenhagen 1938.
 Hitlers Kampf gegen die Objektivität. Universitetsforlaget, Aarhus 1946.
 On the survival Chances of democracy. Munksgaard, Kopenhagen 1948.
 Socialvidenskabelig metodelære. Munksgaard, Kopenhagen 1946.
 Methods of Sociology. Munksgaard, Kopenhagen 1955.

Weblinks
 Svend Ranulf, Gyldendal - Den Store Danske, Übernahme aus Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, dänisch, abgerufen am 15. Dezember 2014

Einzelnachweise

Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Soziologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Aarhus)
Däne
Geboren 1894
Gestorben 1953
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The ideal CFA study plans that you find on the internet stress 5-6 months of studying and 300-350 hours as a minimum.
But before we get into the details, it's worth stressing that if you're just starting to study or are behind with < 15 weeks until the exam then you need to embrace (1) being uncomfortable, and (2) stealing time and maximizing how many hours you study each week (see our studying tips and tricks post). There's no alternative to this because you have to get through thousands of pages of material with enough time to review and do multiple mock exams.
But you've probably beat yourself up enough about not being far enough along in the process already. We're not here to do that. We're here to present an ambitious but feasible schedule to get you through the material while doing enough practice problems and building in enough review to pass this test.
We think there are some best practices for reviewing the CFA material in a way that maintains your speed without sacrificing retention. The list is below, but what it boils down to is (1) priming your brain before you read with a quick summary of what's coming, (2) understanding how this material fits into the overall structure of the CFA curriculum (here's a post on topic weighting and a comprehensive L1 overview), (3) getting a sense for the types of questions/problems you are likely to see, (4) drilling those problems, and (5) maintaining your working knowledge of past material even as you read the new stuff.
Skip Ethics and GIPS and save it for the end.


text:
Karine Dussert-Sarthe and Steve Jarrett join the Orange Technology and Innovation Division
10/09/2019 Paris 15:46 GMT
Download the press release Download(34 kB)
The Technology and Innovation (TGI) Division supports Orange's transformation into a multi-services operator. It covers activities relating to strategic innovations, research and the implementation of group technical and data policies.
In order to step up this transformation and ensure more agile innovation between entities, the new TGI division was created on 1 July 2019.
Mari-Noëlle Jégo-Laveissière, Deputy CEO and Chief Technology and Innovation Officer at Orange, explains: "In the context of rapid changes to our customers' habits and expectations, we are strengthening our ability to prepare for Orange's future, by building competitive assets that create value for the Group."
The Division is organised around five key skills: Customer Equipment and Partnership, Product Marketing & Design, Data & AI, Networks and Services. Two new directors joined the executive committee on 1 September 2019. Karine Dussert-Sarthe and Steve Jarrett were appointed by Mari-Noëlle Jégo-Laveissière.
Karine Dussert-Sarthe is appointed Director of Product Marketing & Design
Karine Dussert-Sarthe will lead a new department consolidating marketing, design and start-ups expertise and contributing to projects involving product and service innovation.
Karine has extensive experience in marketing and strategy. She previously worked at Oliver Wyman, then at several operators: at Orange France, in the Consumer Department as Director of Mobile activities; at the Australian operator Telstra; and at SFR as Director of Marketing. In Australia, she launched the Belong brand, she was the Chief of Staff to the CEO David Thodey, and she developed the Big Data and Analytics function to transform the customer experience at the incumbent operator Telstra. She also established a joint venture to step up its digital transformation. She was recently responsible for operations and marketing at the US digital group Match.com for Europe, and repositioned the Match brand platform for Europe.
Steve Jarrett as Senior Vice President of Data and Artificial Intelligence
Steve Jarrett has taken responsibility for a new Data and AI Department defining the Group's data strategy. This new organisation consolidates key skills to help the company develop use cases, enrich services, improve processes based on data and artificial intelligence, as well as enhance the value of this data externally.
Steve has been a product leader and entrepreneur in AI and mobile for over 25 years, including building one of Facebook's first strategic machine learning programs in 2013, working with Apple on the original iPod, and product managing the first mobile browser at General Magic. He has also been founding CEO of three software companies in the US and UK.
Press contact: +33 1 44 44 93 93
Olivier Emberger - olivier.emberger@orange.com
About Orange & HR
Orange is one of the world's leading telecommunications operators with sales of 41 billion euros in 2018 and 148,000 employees worldwide at 30 September 2019, including 88,000 employees in France. The Group has a total customer base of 268 million customers worldwide at 30 September 2019, including 209 million mobile customers and 21million fixed broadband customers. The Group is present in 26 countries. Orange is also a leading provider of global IT and telecommunication services to multinational companies, under the brand Orange Business Services. In December 2019, the Group presented its new "Engage 2025" strategic plan, which, guided by social and environmental accountability, aims to reinvent its operator model. While accelerating in growth areas and placing data and AI at the heart of its innovation model, the Group will be an attractive and responsible employer, adapted to emerging professions.
Orange is listed on Euronext Paris (symbol ORA) and on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol ORAN).
For more information on the internet and on your mobile:
www.orange.com, www.orange-business.com or to follow us on Twitter: @orangegrouppr and @orange.
Orange and any other Orange product or service names included in this material are trademarks of Orange or Orange Brand Services Limited.


text:
Saturday 22nd June, 7.30pm
£15 per person, Under 18s £5
Booking opens 15 April
Cuckfield Music Festival is delighted that the brilliant and versatile pianist Dominic Ferris will perform at the Festival on June 22nd. Dominic's range covers everything from classical to popular – from Chopin and Gershwin to Elton John and Billy Joel.
Dominic trained at the Royal College of Music. Since then (among many other things) he has recorded piano music for the opening ceremony of the Sochi Winter Olympics; played at the international press launch of a royal wedding; and recorded the Elvis Presley If I Can Dream album with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. The album sold over a million copies, and Dominic toured the UK, Europe and the USA performing it, including a performance at Graceland with Priscilla Presley. June 23rd should be quite an evening!


Once, the site of the Mound House was home to an ancient people.
Now, the "jewel" of Fort Myers Beach is home to hands-on education.
The entire sixth-grade class of Oasis Middle School spent the last two weeks visiting the Mound House in groups to learn more about the colorful history of this area.
A group of Oasis Middle sixth graders are led by Mound House volunteer Ceel Spuhler to the Mound House's "Beneath Our Feet" exhibit on Fort Myers Beach.
Oasis Middle sixth graders Chaini Curtis-Franklin, Sophie Garcia and Sophia Gois check out the decorative Calusa alligator head during their trip to the Mound House.
Dexter Norris, an education program coordinator, said Oasis students started coming to the Mound House for a field trip last year when one of the sixth-grade teachers wanted to bring her class. The school administration liked it so much, Oasis sent all of its sixth-graders. There are about 300 sixth-grade students at Oasis; they visited in groups of 45 to 50.
On Aug. 29, Ceel Spuhler led the tour to the "Beneath Our Feet" exhibit. Becky Werner led a talk about archaeology. Norris spoke to the students about Calusa jewelry and artwork, using some of the replicas. The highlight for most of the students was trying their hand at the atlatl - the spear-throwing tool the Calusa used for hunting.
It was Nikita Shchevyer's first visit to the Mound House. He said "it was amazing." His favorite parts were the underground exhibit and the atlatl-throwing.
Jill Frank also liked the archeological exhibit underground.
"You could see where people used to live," she said. "They explained it really well."
Matt Clark, the sixth-grade teacher at Wednesday's trip, said making a visit to the Mound House aligns with the student's curriculum.
"It's really cool. They can see it hands-on," he said. "They can see how archeology works and learn about ancient people with no written record."
Amelia Koralik appreciated the creativeness of the Mound House's programming, and said it was "tons of fun" to experience how the Calusa may have lived.
"It was very educational," Koralik said. "I recommend people coming here, it's pretty darn cool."


text:
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Unexpected Season 4 Episode 1
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Inexperienced Otis channels his sex therapist mom when he teams up with rebellious Maeve to set up an underground sex therapy clinic at school.
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One of the things I love about a cutting machine is all the cool things you can make with vinyl cuts. I have made signs for windows, decorated tumblers, labeled totes and probably a lot more if I thought about it.
Last week Linda was working on a file she created and sent it to me because I wanted to cut one for a friend. Linda had some problems figuring out the feature to get the words to curve properly so I sat at the computer while talking to her and manually spaced out all the letters more evenly and then she had me send the file back to her. I told her "my journalism major that I never followed through on finally paid off" and we discussed how back in the day before computers and software programs that typesetting was a lot of counting and basic math. I am thinking I might have stayed with journalism if we would have had all the cool programs that are available today. I sure did hate counting words and figuring out how to justify the columns.
Here is a picture of the decal after I got it cut. The guy I gave it too loved it. I told him "as soon as my friend Linda sent me the file I knew I had to cut one for you!". He is quite the gun enthusiast so it works perfect for him.
I have been asked to make a few more of these decals and as soon as I get the other things done I am needing to finish I will get these cut and weeded.
Since my friend Linda made this file I will not be offering it for download on my blog but you can contact her at Nothin' Fancy and ask if she would be willing to send you the file.
i want to cut this out too...i live in a hunting area, the gun club is near enough that when the wind blows from the south we can hear the people shooting.
Love It. My husband is a hunter and loves his guns. He is really upset about all the news and the gun control issues right now. He says the only way to stop a bad person with a gun is to have a good person with a gun.
Cool decal! would work as a security notice on your front door for home or work.
Thank your friend, Linda for the idea and share.
A vinyl walls decal is a attractive, impressive touch on simple walls. Once set up, vinyl decals take on the appearance of color, but without the outstanding craftsmanship that goes into artwork design on a walls.
Have You Heard Of Vaporizing?
Valentine's Day Card...Made By CHUCK!


On Monday, actor and television host Mike Rowe responded to a question from one of his former fans asking why he never decided to join the military. Similar to hundreds of millions of Americans, Mike Rowe never served in the military. When asked why he has never served, Mike Rowe gives a brutally honest answer.
"That's why I'm blown away by the character of the young men and women who choose to wear a uniform today. I do what I can to support these people, and I acknowledge their extraordinary service whenever and wherever possible," Rowe said.
Rowe explained that in hindsight, he might have done things differently.


text:
Russia offers T-90S main battle tank to Peruvian Army
16 May 2013	(Last Updated May 16th, 2013 18:30)
Russia is offering a full-scale model of its T-90S main battle tank (MBT) to the Peruvian Army in response to interest expressed by the service in the tank in 2012, Uralvagonzavod plant representative and former armed forces general Alexei Maslov has revealed.
Announced at the ongoing 2013 International Defense Technology Exhibition and Prevention of Natural Disasters (SITDEF PERU) exhibition, the tank is currently being showcased at the army's headquarters in Lima, Peru.
Maslov was quoted by RIA Novosti as saying: "Given the genuine interest of Peru in purchasing T-90-type tanks, Uralvagonzavod is prepared to leave the tank in this country for testing after the exhibition is over."
Without disclosing the location of operational tests, Maslov said that Moscow had a good chance of selling T-90S tanks to Peru, which is expected to acquire between 120 and 170 tanks of the same class.
"Maslov said that Moscow had a good chance of selling T-90S tanks to Peru, which is expected to acquire between 120 and 170."
However, the tank is expected to be transferred to the 18th Tank Brigade, which is based in Fuerte General de División EP Rafael Hoyos Rubio (Rímac) for comparative tests against US M1A1 Abrams, Spanish Leopard 2A4s and Dutch Leopard 2E6s, as well as Ukranian T-64E and T-84 MBTs, as reported earlier by Armyrecognition.com.
This acquisition forms part of Project Ugarte, which seeks replacement of the land force's ageing Russian T-55 tanks fleet. which was built between 1973 and 1978.
An upgraded version of the T-72 tank, the T-90s MBT features a modernised 125mm gun, new fire control, navigation and communications systems, as well as a remotely-controlled mounted 7.62mm machine gun.
The third-generation tank is powered by a multifuel 1,130hp diesel engine with gas turbine injection, which enables it to attain a top speed of more than 60kmph on the road and up to 45kmph on rough terrain.
Image: The T-90S main battle tank features increased firepower, mobility and protection.
Royal Arms International
Tactical Breaching and EOD Equipment for Military Operations
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Lightweight Armour Components


ipPermissions - The sets of IP permissions. You can't specify a destination security group and a CIDR IP address range in the same set of permissions.
cidrIp - Not supported. Use a set of IP permissions to specify the CIDR.
fromPort - Not supported. Use a set of IP permissions to specify the port.
ipProtocol - Not supported. Use a set of IP permissions to specify the protocol name or number.
toPort - Not supported. Use a set of IP permissions to specify the port.
sourceSecurityGroupName - Not supported. Use a set of IP permissions to specify a destination security group.
sourceSecurityGroupOwnerId - Not supported. Use a set of IP permissions to specify a destination security group.


Apparently, my email form has been broken for days, but of course no one could email me about it. I apologize to anyone who's tried to reach me over the past week through that form, and wondered why the heck they didn't get a response.
There were three problems relating to the server optimizations I'd recently made: 1. Moving wordpress into its own install directory broke some URLS on the contact form itself, so it wasn't able to execute when you clicked "submit". 2. Implementing caching: my email-dave.php file is a copy of index.php, which has all the wordpress goodness in it…including the "staticize" code that serves up cached versions of pages. So the changes I made to the URLS were not being served, because nothing triggered the "I am dirty" flag back to staticize. 3. After being staticized, the email form no longer can submit to itself and perform the actual sending of mail, with the send confirmation. It instead reloads the form, which in static form has all the PHP code stripped out! I added code to the staticize plugin to skip certain files to avoid this.


text:
BIG-IP Access Policy Manager: OAuth Concepts and Configuration
OAuth Overview
Manual Chapter : OAuth Overview
14.1.5, 14.1.4, 14.1.3, 14.1.2, 14.1.0
APM OAuth 2.0 support
APM in OAuth roles in the network
OAuth roles that APM supports
On a single BIG-IP® system, Access Policy Manager (APM) can be configured to act as an OAuth 2.0 client and resource server, or to act as an OAuth 2.0 authorization server, or to act as both.
For APM to act in both OAuth roles on one BIG-IP system requires two virtual servers, one for each role, and two hostnames, one for each role.
OAuth 2.0 roles
OAuth 2.0 specification RFC 6749 defines the roles in this table.
OAuth role
resource owner
Can grant access to a protected resource. A resource owner can be an end-user (person) or another entity.
Hosts protected resources, and can accept and respond to requests for protected resources using access tokens.
Makes requests for protected resources on behalf of, and with authorization from, the resource owner. The client is an application.
Issues access tokens to the client after successfully authenticating the resource owner and obtaining authorization.
APM in OAuth resource server and client roles
When Access Policy Manager (APM) acts as an OAuth resource server, users can log on using external OAuth accounts to gain access to the resources that APM protects. External OAuth accounts can be social accounts, such as Facebook and Google, or enterprise accounts, such as F5 (APM) and Ping Identity (PingFederate).
In this configuration, APM becomes a client application to an external OAuth authorization server, such as F5, on another BIG-IP® system, or Google.
APM in the OAuth authorization server role
When Access Policy Manager (APM) acts as an OAuth authorization server, APM can grant authorization codes, access tokens, and refresh tokens, and APM can perform token introspection.
About OAuth database backup
If the BIG-IP system on which you are running Access Policy Manager (APM) is set up as an OAuth Server, it may also be configured for High Availability (HA). In that case, the OAuth database on the active system is automatically synchronized with one or more redundant systems within a device group.
HA supports real-time synchronization of the BIG-IP configuration, including the OAuth database, and switching over seamlessly when needed. The redundant BIG-IP systems can reside in different data centers remote to each other, as long as they can reach each other through an IP network. No additional synchronization or switching over is required for the OAuth database. For details on configuring High Availability, refer to
BIG-IP Device Service Clustering: Administration
In addition to the HA solution, you can also manually back up and restore systems using a UCS configuration archive. To do this, refer to the knowledgebase article:
K13132: Backing up and restoring BIG-IP configuration files with a UCS archive
on support.f5.com. The UCS archive contains all of the files you need to restore the current system configuration onto a new system, including all configuration files for the BIG-IP system, APM, and the OAuth database (if in use).
Configuring one BIG-IP system for two OAuth roles
You can configure one BIG-IP system with Access Policy Manager (APM) acting in an OAuth 2.0 client / resource server role and in an OAuth 2.0 authorization server role.
Configure APM to act as an OAuth client / resource server (or to act an OAuth resource server gateway).
Follow the instructions in
BIG-IP Access Policy Manager: Single Sign-On Concepts and Configuration
on the AskF5 web site located at
support.f5.com
It doesn't matter whether you configure APM to act as an OAuth authorization server first or second. What's important is that you create separate virtual servers for each of the two configurations.
Configure APM to act as an OAuth authorization server.
In this step, be sure to configure a virtual server that is distinct from the one you configured for APM in the previous step.
In your DNS configuration, configure two host names:
Point one hostname to the virtual server configured for APM as an OAuth authorization server.
Point the other hostname to the virtual server configured for APM in the other role (OAuth client / resource server or OAuth resource server gateway).
You have configured a BIG-IP system on which APM can play two OAuth roles.
Do not attempt to use a single FQDN to point to different ports on a single virtual server as an alternative; it does not work and is not supported.


text:
Sarah Carlisle Choate Sears (* 5. Mai 1858 in Cambridge, Massachusetts; † 25. September 1935 in Gouldsboro, Maine) war eine amerikanische Fotografin, Malerin, Kunstsammlerin und -mäzenin.

Leben
Sarah Carlisle Choate war die Tochter von Charles Francis und Elizabeth Carlisle Choate. Ihre Familie gehörte zu den sogenannten "Brahmanen von Boston". Ab 1876 studierte sie in Boston Malerei an der Cowles Art School und Kunstgeschichte am Museum of Fine Arts. 1877 heiratete sie den Großgrundbesitzer Joshua Montgomery Sears, einen der damals vermögendsten Männer Bostons. Die Ehe ermöglichte ihr ein sorgenfreies Leben, sodass sie sich ausschließlich ihren eigenen Interessen widmen konnte.

Sie beendete ihre Kunststudien und wurde eine erfolgreiche Aquarellistin, die zahlreiche Preise gewann. Sie stellte unter anderem bei der World's Columbian Exposition 1893 in Chicago, bei der Weltausstellung 1900 in Paris, der Pan-American Exposition 1901 in Buffalo sowie bei der Louisiana Purchase Exposition 1904 in St. Louis aus.

Ab 1890 entdeckte sie die Fotografie für sich und stellte alsbald in fotografischen Salons aus.1892 wurde sie Mitglied des Boston Camera Club, wo Fred Holland Day auf ihre Stillleben und Porträtstudien aufmerksam wurde. Um 1900 befreundete sich Sears mit der amerikanischen Impressionistin Mary Cassatt, zur gleichen Zeit wurde sie in die elitäre Brotherhood of the Linked Ring in London und Alfred Stieglitz' Photo-Secession in New York aufgenommen.

Mit der Krankheit ihres Mannes ab 1904 unterbrach Sears ihre künstlerischen Aktivitäten. Nach dessen Tod im Folgejahr widmete sie sich familiären Geschäften. In den nächsten Jahren bereiste sie zusammen mit Cassatt und Gertrude Stein Europa, wo sie als Kunstsammlerin einen glamourösen Lebensstil pflegte und sich mit zahlreichen Künstlern, Musikern und Schriftstellern umgab. Vornehmlich sammelte sie Werke von Edgar Degas und Édouard Manet. Ihre Sammlung stiftete sie später dem Bostoner Museum of Fine Arts.

Auf Anregung von Alfred Stieglitz sammelte sie außerdem Werke von Georges Braque, Paul Cézanne, Arthur B. Davies, Henri Matisse und Maurice Prendergast. Für Prendergast entwickelte sie eine besondere Vorliebe, so ermöglichte sie dem Künstler Ausstellungen in Boston und finanzierte ihm eine Studienreise nach Europa.

1907 wurden zwei Fotografien von Sarah Choate Sears in Alfred Stieglitz' Fotomagazin Camera Work veröffentlicht: Mary (1907) und Mrs. Julia Ward Howe (Camera Work #18). Zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte sie ihr Interesse an der Fotografie jedoch bereits weitgehend verloren. Sie fotografierte in späteren Lebensjahren nur noch selten und widmete sich stattdessen der Aquarellmalerei.

Sarah Choate Sears starb am 25. September 1935 in West Gouldsboro, Maine.

Fotografische Arbeiten

Literatur
 Stephanie M. Buck: Sarah Choate Sears: Artist, Photographer and Art Patron. Syracuse University, 1985 (englisch).
 Charlotte Gere, Marina Vaizey: Great Women Collectors. Philip Wilson Publishers, 1999, ISBN 0-85667-503-2 (englisch).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fotograf (Vereinigte Staaten)
Kunstmäzen
Kunstsammler
Piktorialismus
Maler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Künstler (Boston)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1858
Gestorben 1935
Frau


Letternoon recently caught up with beautiful Christina during her lengthy stay in New York. She and her business partner / husband were in town for exciting business meetings that will soon result in an increased presence of her brand at American luxury retailers. Simultaneously, she was getting ready for Jewelry Arabia in Bahrain and her Christmas events in Beirut. All the while developing her new lines. What does a busy business owner and designer do to keep it all together? We sat down to ask over a fine dinner at Ilili restaurant, the owner of which is her cousin, by the way.
My main influence in creating Tar Tar was Jean Michel Basquiat. I was doing some research on graffiti art in school and was totally blown away with his world of symbols, colors, references; his artistic world in general. I then decided that I was going to create my own label named Tar Tar (Tar is a word he repeatedly uses in his works) with his crown symbol upside down as the logo. I wasn't sure what I was going to be selling at the time, but two years later I finished my studies, quit my job at the University, and Tar Tar was born.
What inspires you? From the Middle East? Around the world?
I dream a lot...I really daydream, and anything that triggers that is food for soul to me. I love stories! I can obsess over one song and play it on repeat for a month! Social interactions fascinate me, as well as scientific discoveries. I also love surprises!


Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is a vigorous and aggressive fern, spreading rapidly by means of strong underground stems or "rhizomes". Bracken is a major weed in many upland and upland margin areas, causing management problems in agriculture, forestry, conservation, game management and recreation.
• See a variety of low and high tech equipment that can be used to control bracken including a horse roller, scything, toppers and weed wipes.
The afternoon is free, supported by the Forestry Commission Scotland, Woodland Trust and the Farming Advisory Service. For more details please see the flier attached.