text:
Jump to Arrow Down
Menu Menu mobile Menu desktop
Closeback
Faculties & Facilities
Central institution
Institutes & Facilities
Centralised faculty body
Institute of Educational Sciences
Institute of Special and Inclusive Education
Institute of Pre-Primary and Primary Education
Academic body in the Faculty of Education
Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy
Institute of Analytical Chemistry
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry
Chemistry Didactics
Institute of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Materials Science
Institute of Chemical Technology
Inter-institute body within the faculty
Wilhelm Ostwald Institut of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Faculty of History, Arts and Oriental Studies
Institute of Egyptology
Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Studies
Centralised faculty body in the Faculty of History, Arts and Oriental Studies
Institute of Anthropology
Institute for South and Central Asian Studies
Institute of Art Education
Institute of Theatre Studies
Institute of East Asian Studies
Institute for the Study of Religions
Academic body in the Faculty of History, Arts and Oriental Studies
Institute of Biochemistry
Other inter-institute body
Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences
Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics
Institute for Geography
Institute of Geophysics and Geology
Institute for Meteorology
Institute of Theoretical Physics
Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics
Faculty of Social Sciences and Philosophy
Institute of Communication and Media Studies
Institute for the Study of Culture
Academic body in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Philosophy
Ernst Jaeger Institute for Corporate Restructuring and Insolvency Law
Institute for the Legal Profession
Institute for Labour and Social Law
Institute for Foreign and European Private and Procedural Law
Institute for German and International Law of Banking and Capital Markets
Institute for the Foundations of Law
Institute for Broadcasting Law
Institute for Environmental and Planning Law
Institute for Public International Law, European Law and Foreign Public Law
Professorships not bound to an institute
Herder-Institute (German as a Foreign Language)
Institute for American Studies
Institute of Applied Linguistics and Translatology
Institute of British Studies
Institute of German Language and Literature
Institute of Classical Studies and Comparative Literature
Institute of Linguistics
Institute of Slavonic Studies
Institute of Sorbian Studies
Faculty of Sport Science
Institute of General Kinesiology and Athletics Training
Institute of Movement and Training Science in Sports I
Institute of Movement and Training Science in Sports II
Institute of Exercise and Public Health
Institute of Sport Medicine and Prevention
Institute of Sport Psychology and Physical Education
International Trainer Course
Institute of Practical Theology
Institute of Religious Education
Institute of Systematic Theology
Teaching Unit for Classical Languages
Academic body in the Faculty of Theology
Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology
Institute of Immunology
Institute of Food Hygiene
Institute of Parasitology
Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology
Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics
Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health
Institute of Pathology
Institute of Virology
Department for ruminants and swine
Department for small animal
Department for horses
Department for birds and reptiles
Oberholz Farm for Teaching and Research
Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
Institute of Physiological Chemistry
Institute of Physiology
Faculty of Economics and Management Science
Institute of Empirical Economic Research (IEW)
Institute of Building Design and Management (IGB)
Institute of Trade and Banking (IHB)
Institute of Real Estate Management (IIM)
Institute for Infrastructure and Resource Management (IIRM)
Institute of Public Finance and Public Management (PFPM)
Institute of Service and Relationship Management (ISRM)
Institute of Urban Development and Construction Management (ISB)
Institute for Theoretical Economics (ITVWL)
Institute of Accounting, Finance and Taxation (IUFB)
Institute of Insurance Science (IVL)
Institute of Software and System Development
Institute of Business Education and Management Training (IFW)
Institute of Economic Policy (IWP)
Filter institutes ...
Institute Head
Phone: 355305-0
Fax: 355305-99
Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine
Leipzig Institute of German Literature
Centre for French Studies
Higher Education Didactics Centre Saxony
Kustodie (Art Collection)
Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation
Saxon Preparatory Courses
Leipzig University Music
University Computer Centre
Centre for University Sport
Centre for Teacher Training and School Research
Centre for Media and Communication
Student Info Portal (German)
UniCard
Back to "Strategic Research Fields"
Intelligent Methods and Materials
Strategic Research Fields
The Intelligent Methods and Materials strategic research field combines the profile areas of Language and Culture in a Digital Age, Complex Matter, and Mathematical and Computational Sciences. The researchers come from the humanities and social sciences, computer science, life sciences and natural sciences. They work together on interdisciplinary topics and questions.
Our research profile areas
Complex Matter
Language and Culture in a Digital Age
Mathematical and Computational Sciences
Image: Daniel Janetzki, Visionauten
When they are combined, individual building blocks can produce completely new properties. The Complex Matter strategic research field was established to investigate and exploit these properties. It brings together some 27 professors from the Faculties of Physics and Earth Sciences, Chemistry and Mineralogy, BiosciencesLife Sciences, Mathematics and Computer Science, the Institutes of Pharmacy and Psychology, Mathematics and Computer Science and the Faculty of Medicine. From their respective standpoints, they investigate the elementary properties of individual objects – from tiny ions and molecules to complex nanostructures. In this way, they can develop functional units from complex matter such as sensors, catalytic converters and electronic components. One example of where the work of researchers from physics and chemistry overlaps with the biosciences is in the field of cell mechanics, where scientists are investigating how and why a cell changes due to disease.
The Complex Matter research profile area combines excellent basic research with fascinating applications. The researchers are grappling with major challenges that can only be overcome through cooperation between disciplines hitherto regarded as independent, and by closely aligning the experimental with the theoretical.
Currently, approximately 50 doctoral candidates receive excellent, structured postgraduate training at the Graduate School "Building with Molecules and Nano-Objects (BuildMoNa)", which forms part of the research profile area.
Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ)
Faculty of Life Sciences
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)
Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM)
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research
Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences (MPI MiS)
Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation
DFG Projects
Polymers under Multiple Constraints (CRC/Transregio 102)
CRC/Transregio 102, "Polymers under Multiple Constraints", is a long-term basic research project in an alliance with the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, which draws on expertise in chemistry, experimental and theoretical physics, and biophysics. Since 2011, the participating researchers have been investigating processes of structure formation and self-assembly in polymer systems, in which, apart from connectivity, molecular structure and dynamics are strongly influenced by additional constraints. Examples of such additional constraints are specific internal interactions, external forces, geometric constraints, high concentrations and topological interactions.
Functionality of Oxide Interfaces (CRC 762)
Collaborative Research Centre 762, "Functionality of Oxide Interfaces", focuses on the production and characterisation of oxide heterostructures with different components. Researchers from physics and chemistry are jointly developing these new materials with ferroelectric, magnetic, semiconducting and insulating properties. Established in 2008, the collaborative project with the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg is currently in its third funding period. Professor Marius Grundmann of the Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics is one of the project's two vice spokespersons.
Switchable Metal-Organic Frameworks (FOR 2433)
Research Unit 2433, "Switchable Metal-Organic Frameworks", investigates the fundamental aspects of porosity switching in porous coordination polymers. Flexible coordination polymers have the unique property of gradually changing their porosity during the adsorption of a gas. This cooperative process has great potential for application in catalysis, filtration and sensor technology. A combined use of preparation, characterisation and modelling aims to analyse the interaction of structure, dynamics and adsorption behaviour of flexible coordination polymers and to achieve a better understanding of dynamics in porous solids.
Integrated Chemical Micro Laboratories (InCheM) (FOR 2177)
The Integrated Chemical Micro Laboratories (InCheM) Research Unit aims to build a synergetic bridge between chemical synthesis and analytics in microreaction systems. Based on lab-on-a-chip technology, the researchers conduct fundamental work in the fields of microsynthesis on-chip and in flow-through reactors, integrating analytical concepts for the inline characterisation of chemical processes in real time. The resulting micro laboratories will be applied in various fields, including drug development, building substance libraries, controlling catalytic reactions, and in studies to elucidate reaction mechanisms.
Dynamics and Interactions of Semiconductor Nanowires for Optoelectronics (FOR 1616)
Semiconductor nanowires are ideal tools for investigating the fundamental boundaries of one-dimensional optoelectronic and photonic devices. So far, research has hardly gone beyond investigating the wires themselves. The next crucial step is the integration of nanowires into specific functional environments, so that their unique physical properties can be used, such as for efficient multicoloured LEDs or nanolasers at room temperature. The Dynamics and Interactions of Semiconductor Nanowires for Optoelectronics Research Unit has been investigating this since 2012.
ERC Advanced Grant: "HoldCancerBack – What Holds Cancer Cells Back?"
Project director: Professor Josef Alfons Käs
Duration: 2017–2022
European Research Council grantee Professor Josef Alfons Käs. Photo: Swen Reichhold
Projects Funded by Federal Ministries
Competence Center for Scalable Data Services and Solutions Dresden/Leipzig (ScaDS Dresden/Leipzig)
Scientific Coordinator: Professor Wolfgang E. Nagel (TU Dresden)
Deputy: Professor Erhard Rahm (Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Computer Science)
Simultaneous in Situ Neutron Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy for the Real-Time Investigation of Energy-Related Materials
Project director: Professor Holger Kohlmann (Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry)
Professor Marius Grundmann
Experimentalphysik/Halbleiterphysik
Professor Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
Anorganische Chemie (Photochemie/Organometallchemie)
Leipzig Interdisciplinary Working Group on Semiconductor Research
Virtual Institute for Energy Research at Leipzig University (VIER)
Graduate School BuildMoNa
Language and Culture in a Digital Age is a new research profile area designed to foster research cooperation between the humanities and computer science.
The main objective of this profile area is the establishment of research alliances to analyse forms of language and culture in the digital age, to apply methods of digitisation and to examine their significance in the present. The area sees itself as a useful bridge between computer science on the one hand and the humanities and social sciences on the other. The department sees itself as a bridge between computer science and the humanities and social sciences. It is also engaged in a critical discussion of methodological principles, the establishment of productive communication and jointly fathoming new forms of research, teaching and innovative publication.
Methods for the digital representation and analysis of sources in the humanities and social sciences (such as texts, images and music) are being applied and advanced. Just as important is a consideration of the significance of increasing digitisation for materials and analyses, processes of knowledge and culture transfer, and analyses of linguistic expression and language acquisition in educational processes.
The working group #digitalegegenwart, for example, conducts critical discussions on the significance of digital technologies and media. Research is also carried out from the perspective of general and single-language linguistics, for example into the formal representation of language, its diversity, processing, and individual language use and acquisition. A variety of collaborations between computer science and the humanities receive a high level of external funding, and their successes have been internationally recognised with the award of the Humboldt-Professur for Digital Humanities to Professor Gregory Crane.
Fraunhofer IMW
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA)
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences (MPI CBS)
Interaction of Grammatical Building Blocks (RTG 2011)
Research Training Group 2011, "Interaction of Grammatical Building Blocks" focuses on the phonology, morphology and syntax of natural languages. The doctoral candidates conduct wide-ranging, systematic studies of the possible interactions of grammatical building blocks from a range of theoretical perspectives. The basis for this is a multitude of detailed empirical investigations of phonological, morphological and syntactic phenomena from typologically different languages.
Current research projects include the Reinhart Koselleck Project "Structure Removal in Syntax. A New Approach to Conflicting Representations".
The following projects are receiving funding under the European Commission's current Framework Programme, Horizon 2020:
Form-Frequency Correspondences in Grammar (ERC AdG)
Recognition and Enrichment of Archival Documents (RIA)
The following project was funded under the previous EU Framework Programme FP7:
Mobility and Inclusion in Multilingual Europe
Funding from Federal Ministries
CLARIN-D: Centre-Based Research Infrastructure for the Humanities and Social Sciences – Expansion and Further Development
Project director: Professor Gerhard Heyer (Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Computer Science)
Gregory Ralph Crane was awarded the Humboldt Professorship in 2012. Crane is a classical philologist and applies computer science methods to systematise human cultural development. As a pioneer of the digital humanities, he supported Leipzig's Institute of Computer Science in its development into a centre for the digital humanities.
Professor Verena Klemm-Kuhn
Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft
Professor Barbara Stiebels
Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (Spezialisierung: Sprachtypologie)
This research profile area covers mathematical and computational sciences in the broad sense: the dovetailing of mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science with natural sciences and medicine.
There is a particular focus on structural questions that arise directly from challenges in the natural sciences. These include exact mathematical models for physics, standardisations of field theories, limits of predictability, the nature of chance and computability, self-organisation of living matter, the structure of large networks, and how to handle large amounts of data. One goal is the identification of new applications.
Researchers in this profile area are for example involved in the DFG Research Training Group Quantitative Logics and Automata, the International Max Planck Research School "Mathematics in the Sciences", and the Big Data Competence Center "ScaDS Dresden/Leipzig".
Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics
University Computing Centre
Arctic Climate Change (CRC/Transregio 172)
With the CRC/Transregio 172, we are conducting systematic large-scale research in the field of Arctic amplification for the first time in Germany. Applying a variety of different methods, the aim of the wide-ranging research alliance with the University of Bremen, the University of Cologne, the Alfred Wegener Institute and the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research is to observe climatic changes in the Arctic over long periods of time. On the basis of observations of measuring instruments on satellites, aircraft, airborne balloon platforms, research vessels, and the results of selected ground-based monitoring stations, the researchers are improving the reliability of models for predicting the warming already recorded in the Arctic.
CRC/Transregio 102, "Polymers under Multiple Constraints", is a long-term basic research project in an alliance with the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, drawing on expertise in chemistry, experimental and theoretical physics, and biophysics. Since 2011, the participating researchers have been investigating processes of structure formation and self-assembly in polymer systems, in which, apart from connectivity, molecular structure and dynamics are strongly influenced by additional constraints. Examples of such additional constraints are specific internal interactions, external forces, geometric constraints, high concentrations and topological interactions. In addition to the 24 sub-projects, the Transregio also includes the Integrated Research Training Group "Polymers: Random Coils and Beyond", which offers a structured doctoral programme for further qualification and to foster doctoral students' own scientific independence.
Quantitative Logics and Automata (RTG 1763)
Research Training Group 1763, "Quantitative Logics and Automata", was established with the aim of comprehensively investigating quantitative logics and automata and their connection with methods of theoretical computer science. The results of this research could potentially be applied to problems from the areas of verification, knowledge representation, and the solution of constraint satisfaction problems. The Research Training Group is run in cooperation with the TU Dresden.
Atmospheric and Earth System Research with the "High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft" (HALO) (Infrastructure SPP 1294)
The "High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft" (HALO) Priority Programme is coordinated by Professor Manfred Wendisch at the Leipzig Institute for Meteorology. HALO is a research aircraft that supports the project partners in their investigations of atmospheric processes, earth observation and climate research.
HorseVetMed – Telemetric Veterinary Medical Technology
Project director: Professor Walter Brehm (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Surgical Veterinary Clinic)
GEISER – From Sensor Data to Internet-Based Geo-Services – BMWI
Project director: Professor Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo
AMSL Electronic Resource Management. Optimised Usage and Allocation Control for Electronic Media in Saxon University Libraries
Project director: Leander Seige (Leipzig University Library, IT)
EXPLOIDS – An Innovative, Data Protection-Preserving Attack Detection System for Computers
Project director: Professor Martin Bogdan (Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Computer Science)
International Max Planck Research School
International Max Planck Research School "Mathematics in the Sciences" (IMPRS MiS)
The doctoral programme offers junior researchers a broad spectrum of mathematical fields, including geometry, partial differential equations and functional analysis, stochastics, and discrete mathematics. The IMPRS MiS is run by the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, the Institute of Mathematics, the Institute of Computer Science and the Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences.
Institute of Theoretical Physics Rainer Verch
Gravitationstheorie
Institute of Computer Science Martin Middendorf
Schwarmintelligenz und Komplexe Systeme
Professor Erich Schröger
Vice-Rector for Research and Young Academics
Prorektor für Forschung und wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs
A look at the research profile areas:
LUMAG Forschung 02/2015
Sustainable Principles for Life and Health
Globalisations
Share Icon Share this page Feedback Icon Give feedback about this page Print Icon Print this page
Last amended: 18/01/20
Share content via


Subscribe to the Team SOLO newsletter and get special offers, coupons and party planning tips that'll make your guests swoon. By providing your zip code, we can send you exclusive details on promotions and coupons for your area!
By subscribing, you'll be entered for the chance to win a SOLObration Sampler, packed with SOLO swag and some of your favorite SOLO products! Read official rules.


text:
X-ray Diffraction Facility at Cornell University
Dr. Samantha N. MacMillan
Dr. Samantha N. MacMillan, Director of the X-ray Diffraction Facility at Cornell University, USA, recently purchased a single crystal X-ray diffractometer, the XtaLAB Synergy-S which was installed in March 2017. She offers her thoughts on the experience and how the new system has impacted on research.
Firstly, Dr. MacMillan shared her reasons for choosing the XtaLAB Synergy-S diffractometer
Our main concern was that our aging, sealed tube Mo system was not meeting the changing needs of our researchers. Two major hurdles that we consistently encountered were very small crystal sizes and the need for absolute structure information, neither of which we could accommodate with our system. To tackle these problems, we chose the Rigaku Oxford Diffraction XtaLAB Synergy-S system with a dual microfocus source (Mo/Cu) and HPAD detector.
The XtaLAB Synergy-S has changed the laboratory workflow at the Cornell University Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
After seeing how easy it is to work with the new system, our researchers are excited to use the instrument and are doing so with abandon! Determining the quality of a sample and setting up data collection is quick and intuitive with the CrysAlisPro software; spending less time on the set up allows us to focus on the results of the experiment and what it means for the science. Previously, about 70% of the time that was put into an experiment, from sample selection to finalized solution, was spent on experiment setup and waiting for the data collection to finish. With our new diffractometer, that number has dropped to about 15%. It's difficult to overstate the remarkable change in the way that the facility operates as a direct result of the new system. Happily, I'm a lot busier!
Having been using the system for a few months, Dr. MacMillan discusses the most important benefit of the new single crystal diffractometer
The new instrument has revitalized our researchers' interest in using X-ray crystallography as a real-time tool for their science instead of an afterthought or a special circumstance. The speed with which the new system collects high quality data allows our researchers to obtain a structure solution quickly, most times within a few minutes, making it competitive with NMR spectroscopy in terms of the most information content for the researchers' time. These swift solutions help drive forward the science in our department in a way that our facility was not able to do before.
Outlining the important features of the XtaLAB Synergy-S to the research at Cornell University
The combination of the dual microfocus source and HPAD detector is incredibly powerful and I have been consistently impressed with the quality of data that we can obtain from crystals that I would have originally written off. The overall design of the system is another feature that I've really enjoyed. It's clear that a lot of time was put into the design with an eye to how researchers actually use the instrument. It's a treat every time I open the enclosure door!
A message to anyone considering making a purchase of a new diffractometer
My decision was ultimately cemented by doing a demo of the instrument and I would recommend that anyone considering making a purchase do one, either in person or virtually. I absolutely would recommend my new system – the combination of speed, quality and design has transformed the way that we are doing research in the facility.
Finally she adds
One word sums up my experience with Rigaku Oxford Diffraction: respect. Every person that I've worked with at Rigaku has respected our researchers and, importantly, respected our science. It's been an absolute pleasure working with them.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Albany Bishop Scharfenberger To Lead Buffalo Diocese In Interim Role
WAMC Northeast Public Radio
Avery Schneider/WBFO
Albany Roman Catholic Diocese Bishop Ed Scharfenberger
As expected, the Diocese of Buffalo will install Albany Bishop Edward Scharfenberger as interim administrator after embattled Bishop Richard Malone's resignation. The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops confirmed the news Wednesday morning.
Scharfenberger has led the Albany Diocese since 2014. Malone faced intense criticism for his handling of the child sex abuse scandal. In a video distributed by the Albany Diocese, Scharfenberger says he will remain in Albany while spending one day a week in Buffalo.
Pope Francis on Wednesday accepted the resignation of Malone following widespread criticism from his staff, priests and the public over how he handled allegations of clergy sexual misconduct.
The Vatican announced the resignation in a brief statement, adding that Francis had named Scharfenberger to run the Buffalo diocese temporarily until a permanent replacement is found.
The Vatican's embassy to the U.S. said Malone offered to retire two years before the mandatory retirement age of 75 after learning the results of a Vatican-mandated inquiry into the western New York diocese and its handling of abuse cases.
In a statement, Malone said he had come to believe "that the spiritual welfare of the people of the Diocese of Buffalo will be better served by a new bishop who perhaps is better able to bring about the reconciliation, healing and renewal that is so needed."
The diocese has been named in more than 220 recent lawsuits by people who claim they were sexually abused by priests.
Many of the claims date back decades, long before Malone's arrival in Buffalo in 2012. But critics say there have been more recent missteps by Malone, including his decision to return to ministry a priest who had been suspended by a previous bishop for including "love you" in a Facebook message to an eighth-grade boy.
Malone later endorsed the same priest for a job as a cruise ship chaplain, even after he was also accused of making unwanted advances toward young men.
Malone has admitted to making mistakes in cases involving adult victims, but he had firmly refused to resign and insisted he wanted to remain on the job to see the diocese through a process of "renewal."
Pressure though on him to leave has been intense.
Over the past year, two key members of Malone's staff have gone public with concerns about his leadership, including his former secretary, the Rev. Ryszard Biernat, who secretly recorded Malone calling a then-active priest "a sick puppy," but taking no immediate action to remove him.
Earlier, his executive assistant, Siobhan O'Connor, leaked internal church documents after becoming concerned that Malone had intentionally omitted dozens of names from a publicly released list of priests with credible allegations of abuse.
In September, a group of lay Catholics that had been working with Malone to restore trust in the church instead joined in calls for his resignation.
A diocesan priest, meanwhile, has been circulating a "no confidence" letter for signatures.
The Vatican hasn't released the results of the inquiry into Buffalo conducted by Brooklyn Bishop Nicholas DiMarzio.
Malone said he had been made aware of the "general conclusions" of the report and that they had been a factor in his decision to seek early retirement.
"It is my honest assessment that I have accomplished as much as I am able to, and that there remain divisions and wounds that I am unable to bind and heal," he said.
Among those who have called for Malone's resignation is the former dean of seminarians at the diocese's Christ the King Seminary. In a letter outlining his decision to withdraw from his studies to become a priest, Stephen Parisi called the diocese's handing of clerical sexual abuse cases "disgusting and revolting" and raised questions about the institution's academic practices and oversight.
Malone in April suspended three priests after several seminarians complained the older men subjected them to disturbing and offensive sexual discussions during a party at a rectory.
Scharfenberger, the new apostolic administrator for Buffalo, said he plans to visit the eight-county diocese weekly while keeping up with his duties in Albany.
"I will be doing a lot of listening and learning," he said in a statement, expressing a desire for openness and transparency.
The Buffalo diocese has paid out more than $18 million to more than 100 victims under a compensation program established last year. Since August, it has been named in a wave of new lawsuits under a New York state law that suspended the usual statute of limitations and opened a one-year window for victims to pursue claims regardless of when the abuse happened.
Attorneys general in several states, including New York, have begun civil investigations into how the Catholic church reviewed and potentially covered up abuse.
Copyright 2019 Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.
WAMC News Bishop Edward Scharfenberger
Catholic Bishop Joins Farmworkers In Push For Overtime, Union Options
Dave Lucas
Albany Bishop Ed Scharfenberger joined farmworkers rallying Thursday at New York's Capitol for legislation to guarantee them overtime pay while removing…
Former St. Clare's Employees Rally At State Capitol
Employees of the former St. Clare's Hospital in Schenectady took their fight to get their pensions back to the state capitol today. About 100 people…
St. Clare's Pensioners Lawsuit Advances Ongoing Legal Battle
Former St. Clare's Hospital employees whose retirement plans have been thrown into chaos assembled Tuesday on the steps of the Schenectady County Judicial…


text:
Q: How to get remaining timeout in Django cache I'm throttling the post requests on a view that lets users add articles.
I'm currently using a decorator like so:
def throttle_post(func, duration=60):
    def inner(request, *args, **kwargs):
        if request.method == 'POST':
            remote_addr = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR') or \
                          request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
            key = '%s.%s' % (remote_addr, request.get_full_path())
            if cache.get(key):
                messages.add_message(
                request, messages.ERROR, 'you cant add articles so fast, try waiting another {} seconds.format(remaining))
                return redirect(request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER'))
            else:
                cache.set(key, 1, duration)
        return func(request, *args, **kwargs)
return inner

I want to display in the message how many seconds are remaining for the timeout.
thanks

A: no it is not possible to do, if you want it you have to cache the value to another memory like redis or etc

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>com.mps.deepviolet.api (com.github.spoofzu:DeepViolet 1.0.10-SNAPSHOT API)</title>
<meta name="date" content="2017-05-17">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../stylesheet.css" title="Style">

com.mps.deepviolet.api

Interfaces

IDVCipherSuite

IDVEng

IDVHost

IDVSession

IDVX509Certificate

Classes

DVFactory

Enums

IDVX509Certificate.TrustState

IDVX509Certificate.ValidState

Exceptions

DVException

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
// Copyright (c) 2007-2013 Barend Gehrels, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
// Copyright (c) 2008-2013 Bruno Lalande, Paris, France.
// Copyright (c) 2009-2013 Mateusz Loskot, London, UK.
// Copyright (c) 2013 Adam Wulkiewicz, Lodz, Poland.

// Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software License,
// Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)

#ifndef BOOST_GEOMETRY_MULTI_ALGORITHMS_DETAIL_EXTREME_POINTS_HPP
#define BOOST_GEOMETRY_MULTI_ALGORITHMS_DETAIL_EXTREME_POINTS_HPP

#include <boost/geometry/algorithms/detail/extreme_points.hpp>

#endif // BOOST_GEOMETRY_MULTI_ALGORITHMS_DETAIL_EXTREME_POINTS_HPP


Conveniently located on the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa the magic and mystique of the Sultanate of Oman is impossible to resist.
Shahrazad's stories from "1001 Nights" come alive and Sinbad the sailor is believed to have sailed from a coastal town here.
Travel back in time to a place so beautiful and unspoilt that it could only exist in legend or your imagination.
Miles of undisturbed coastline, pristine golden sand beaches, a shimmering blue ocean, rose gardens perched atop misty mountains, ancient ruins and the undulating splendor of the desert together with an excellent road network and the legendary Omani hospitality will satisfy the most discerning visitor.
Since 1970 His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said has presided over an unprecedented period of modernization and national renaissance while retaining a strong sense of heritage and culture.
A drive on the beautiful palm lined beachfront promenade will bring you into Muscat, the capital city of the Sultanate of Oman.
World famous for its cleanliness, spacious parks and roadways lined with green lawns and flowers Muscat is dramatically set with mountains on one side and the Arabian Gulf on the other.
Stop to view and photograph the Sultan's Al Alam Palace flanked by the Portuguese forts of Jalali and Mirani constructed in 1552.
Visit Bait Al Zubair museum, a historic residence transformed to display fine exhibits of Omani history and culture.
The Grand Mosque, true to its name, is the grandest of monuments in the region and one of the best in the world.
Visit and photographs this imposing monument and continue to Muttrah, famous for its Souk.
Khanjar, the curved silver dagger worn by Omani men on ceremonial and cultural occasions, traditional pottery, ethnic silver jewelry, paintings, perfumed oils, bronze coffee pots and perhaps the most known fragrance in the world, frankincense, and the traditional incense burners are just few of the items on display.
Enjoy a walk in the Souk and shop for souvenirs before returning to the ship.
Compulsory long sleeves and full length trousers and ladies must be fully covered with a headscarf to enter the Grand Mosque. Shoes must be removed. Visiting hours only until 11.00hrs.
No cameras allowed in the museum.
Suitable for elderly and assisted persons.
Shops in the Souk accept US$, €uros, British pounds and all major credit cards.


text:
Gupta PK, Godec J, Wolski D, Adland E, Yates K, Pauken KE, Cosgrove C, Ledderose C, Junger WG, Robson SC, et al. CD39 Expression Identifies Terminally Exhausted CD8+ T Cells. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11 (10) :e1005177.Abstract
Exhausted T cells express multiple co-inhibitory molecules that impair their function and limit immunity to chronic viral infection. Defining novel markers of exhaustion is important both for identifying and potentially reversing T cell exhaustion. Herein, we show that the ectonucleotidse CD39 is a marker of exhausted CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells specific for HCV or HIV express high levels of CD39, but those specific for EBV and CMV do not. CD39 expressed by CD8+ T cells in chronic infection is enzymatically active, co-expressed with PD-1, marks cells with a transcriptional signature of T cell exhaustion and correlates with viral load in HIV and HCV. In the mouse model of chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus infection, virus-specific CD8+ T cells contain a population of CD39high CD8+ T cells that is absent in functional memory cells elicited by acute infection. This CD39high CD8+ T cell population is enriched for cells with the phenotypic and functional profile of terminal exhaustion. These findings provide a new marker of T cell exhaustion, and implicate the purinergic pathway in the regulation of T cell exhaustion.
Mahoney KM, Sun H, Liao X, Hua P, Callea M, Greenfield EA, Hodi SF, Sharpe AH, Signoretti S, Rodig SJ, et al. PD-L1 Antibodies to Its Cytoplasmic Domain Most Clearly Delineate Cell Membranes in Immunohistochemical Staining of Tumor Cells. Cancer Immunol Res. 2015;3 (12) :1308-15.Abstract
Blocking the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway has clinical benefit in metastatic cancer and has led to the approval of the mAbs pembrolizumab and nivolumab to treat melanoma and nivolumab for non-small cell lung cancer. Expression of PD-L1 on the cell surface of either tumor cells or infiltrating immune cells is associated with a higher likelihood of response to PD-1 blockade in multiple studies. Most mAbs to PD-L1 in use are directed to its extracellular domain and immunohistochemically stain tumor tissue with a mixture of cytoplasmic and membrane staining. Cytoplasmic staining obscures the interpretation of a positive reaction on the tumor cell membrane, and thus affects the accuracy of PD-L1 scoring systems. We developed a mAb to the cytoplasmic domain of PD-L1, 405.9A11 (9A11), which is both more selective for membranous PD-L1 and more sensitive in IHC and Western blotting, compared with previous mAbs specific for the PD-L1 extracellular domain. Here, we compare immunohistochemical staining patterns of PD-L1 expression in five types of tumors, using five PD-L1 mAbs: 9A11, 7G11, and three commercially available mAbs. We demonstrate that 9A11, as well as two other cytoplasmic domain-specific mAbs, E1L3N and SP142, can clearly delineate the membrane of PD-L1-positive cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and facilitate interpretation of staining results.
Sharma MD, Shinde R, McGaha TL, Huang L, Holmgaard RB, Wolchok JD, Mautino MR, Celis E, Sharpe AH, Francisco LM, et al. The PTEN pathway in Tregs is a critical driver of the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Sci Adv. 2015;1 (10) :e1500845.Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is profoundly immunosuppressive. We show that multiple tumor types create intratumoral immune suppression driven by a specialized form of regulatory T cell (Treg) activation dependent on the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) lipid phosphatase. PTEN acted to stabilize Tregs in tumors, preventing them from reprogramming into inflammatory effector cells. In mice with a Treg-specific deletion of PTEN, tumors grew slowly, were inflamed, and could not create an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In normal mice, exposure to apoptotic tumor cells rapidly elicited PTEN-expressing Tregs, and PTEN-deficient mice were unable to maintain tolerance to apoptotic cells. In wild-type mice with large established tumors, pharmacologic inhibition of PTEN after chemotherapy or immunotherapy profoundly reconfigured the tumor microenvironment, changing it from a suppressive to an inflammatory milieu, and tumors underwent rapid regression. Thus, the immunosuppressive milieu in tumors must be actively maintained, and tumors become susceptible to immune attack if the PTEN pathway in Tregs is disrupted.
Odorizzi PM, Pauken KE, Paley MA, Sharpe A, Wherry JE. Genetic absence of PD-1 promotes accumulation of terminally differentiated exhausted CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med. 2015;212 (7) :1125-37.Abstract
Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) has received considerable attention as a key regulator of CD8(+) T cell exhaustion during chronic infection and cancer because blockade of this pathway partially reverses T cell dysfunction. Although the PD-1 pathway is critical in regulating established "exhausted" CD8(+) T cells (TEX cells), it is unclear whether PD-1 directly causes T cell exhaustion. We show that PD-1 is not required for the induction of exhaustion in mice with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. In fact, some aspects of exhaustion are more severe with genetic deletion of PD-1 from the onset of infection. Increased proliferation between days 8 and 14 postinfection is associated with subsequent decreased CD8(+) T cell survival and disruption of a critical proliferative hierarchy necessary to maintain exhausted populations long term. Ultimately, the absence of PD-1 leads to the accumulation of more cytotoxic, but terminally differentiated, CD8(+) TEX cells. These results demonstrate that CD8(+) T cell exhaustion can occur in the absence of PD-1. They also highlight a novel role for PD-1 in preserving TEX cell populations from overstimulation, excessive proliferation, and terminal differentiation.
Schildberg FA, Sharpe AH, Turley SJ. Hepatic immune regulation by stromal cells. Curr Opin Immunol. 2015;32 :1-6.Abstract
A metabolic organ, the liver also has a central role in tolerance induction. Stromal cells lining the hepatic sinusoids, such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), are the first liver cells to encounter gut-derived and systemic antigens, thereby shaping local and systemic tolerance. Recent studies have demonstrated that stromal cells can modulate immune responses by antigen-dependent and independent mechanisms. Stromal cells interfere with the function of other antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and induce non-responsive T cells as well as regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The immunosuppressive microenvironment thus created provides a means to protect the liver from tissue damage. Such tolerized surroundings, however, can be exploited by certain pathogens, promoting persistent liver infections.
Godec J, Cowley GS, Barnitz AR, Root DE, Sharpe AH, Haining NW. Inducible RNAi in vivo reveals that the transcription factor BATF is required to initiate but not maintain CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (2) :512-7.Abstract
The differentiation of effector CD8(+) T cells is critical for the development of protective responses to pathogens and for effective vaccines. In the first few hours after activation, naive CD8(+) T cells initiate a transcriptional program that leads to the formation of effector and memory T cells, but the regulation of this process is poorly understood. Investigating the role of specific transcription factors (TFs) in determining CD8(+) effector T-cell fate by gene knockdown with RNAi is challenging because naive T cells are refractory to transduction with viral vectors without extensive ex vivo stimulation, which obscures the earliest events in effector differentiation. To overcome this obstacle, we developed a novel strategy to test the function of genes in naive CD8(+) T cells in vivo by creating bone marrow chimera from hematopoietic progenitors transduced with an inducible shRNA construct. Following hematopoietic reconstitution, this approach allowed inducible in vivo gene knockdown in any cell type that developed from this transduced progenitor pool. We demonstrated that lentivirus-transduced progenitor cells could reconstitute normal hematopoiesis and develop into naive CD8(+) T cells that were indistinguishable from wild-type naive T cells. This experimental system enabled induction of efficient gene knockdown in vivo without subsequent manipulation. We applied this strategy to show that the TF BATF is essential for initial commitment of naive CD8(+) T cells to effector development but becomes dispensable by 72h. This approach makes possible the study of gene function in vivo in unperturbed cells of hematopoietic origin that are refractory to viral transduction.
Ron-Harel N, Sharpe AH, Haigis MC. Mitochondrial metabolism in T cell activation and senescence: a mini-review. Gerontology. 2015;61 (2) :131-8.Abstract
The aging immune system is unable to optimally respond to pathogens and generate long-term immunological memory against encountered antigens. Amongst the immune components most affected by aging are T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes are cells of the cell-mediated immune system, which can recognize microbial antigens and either directly kill infected cells or support the maturation and activation of other immune cells. When activated, T cells undergo a metabolic switch to accommodate their changing needs at every stage of the immune response. Here we review the different aspects of metabolic regulation of T cell activation, focusing on the emerging role of mitochondrial metabolism, and discuss changes that may contribute to age-related decline in T cell potency. Better understanding of the role of mitochondrial metabolism in immune cell function could provide insights into mechanisms of immune senescence with the potential for developing novel therapeutic approaches to improve immune responses in aged individuals.
Tuladhar R, Oghumu S, Dong R, Peterson A, Sharpe AH, Satoskar AR. Ox40L-Ox40 pathway plays distinct roles in regulating Th2 responses but does not determine outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania major. Exp Parasitol. 2015;148 :49-55.Abstract
Ox40 ligand (Ox40L)-Ox40 pathway has been shown to enhance Th2 responses and play a role in pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania major. Using Ox40l(-/-) BALB/c mice we analyzed the role of this pathway in determining the outcome to CL caused by L. mexicana and compared to L. major. Contrary to our expectations, Ox40l(-/-) mice were highly susceptible to both L. major (LV39) and L. mexicana (M379) and developed large non-healing lesions containing parasites comparable to Ox40l(+/+) BALB/c mice. Interestingly, upon in vitro stimulation with Leishmania antigen (LmAg), the lymph node cells from L. major infected Ox40l(-/-) mice produced significantly less IL-4 and IL-10 compared to Ox40l(+/+) mice. L. mexicana infected Ox40l(-/-) and Ox40l(+/+) mice did not show any difference in the production of IL-4 and IL-10. No difference was noted in the amount of Th1 cytokines IFN-ү and IL-12 produced by Ox40l(-/-) and Ox40l(+/+) mice infected with either parasite. These results indicate that the Ox40L-Ox40 pathway promotes Th2 bias only in L. major infection but not L. mexicana infection and this pathway is not critical for susceptibility to CL.
Schatton T, Yang J, Kleffel S, Uehara M, Barthel SR, Schlapbach C, Zhan Q, Dudeney S, Mueller H, Lee N, et al. ABCB5 Identifies Immunoregulatory Dermal Cells. Cell Rep. 2015;12 (10) :1564-74.Abstract
Cell-based strategies represent a new frontier in the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. However, the paucity of markers for isolation of molecularly defined immunomodulatory cell populations poses a barrier to this field. Here, we show that ATP-binding cassette member B5 (ABCB5) identifies dermal immunoregulatory cells (DIRCs) capable of exerting therapeutic immunoregulatory functions through engagement of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). Purified Abcb5(+) DIRCs suppressed T cell proliferation, evaded immune rejection, homed to recipient immune tissues, and induced Tregs in vivo. In fully major-histocompatibility-complex-mismatched cardiac allotransplantation models, allogeneic DIRCs significantly prolonged allograft survival. Blockade of DIRC-expressed PD-1 reversed the inhibitory effects of DIRCs on T cell activation, inhibited DIRC-dependent Treg induction, and attenuated DIRC-induced prolongation of cardiac allograft survival, indicating that DIRC immunoregulatory function is mediated, at least in part, through PD-1. Our results identify ABCB5(+) DIRCs as a distinct immunoregulatory cell population and suggest promising roles of this expandable cell subset in cellular immunotherapy.
Huynh A, DuPage M, Priyadharshini B, Sage PT, Quiros J, Borges CM, Townamchai N, Gerriets VA, Rathmell JC, Sharpe AH, et al. Control of PI(3) kinase in Treg cells maintains homeostasis and lineage stability. Nat Immunol. 2015;16 (2) :188-96.Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are required for immunological homeostasis. One notable distinction between conventional T cells (Tconv cells) and Treg cells is differences in the activity of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K); only Tconv cells downregulate PTEN, the main negative regulator of PI(3)K, upon activation. Here we found that control of PI(3)K in Treg cells was essential for lineage homeostasis and stability. Mice lacking Pten in Treg cells developed an autoimmune-lymphoproliferative disease characterized by excessive T helper type 1 (TH1) responses and B cell activation. Diminished control of PI(3)K activity in Treg cells led to reduced expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α subunit CD25, accumulation of Foxp3(+)CD25(-) cells and, ultimately, loss of expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in these cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that control of PI(3)K signaling by PTEN in Treg cells is critical for maintaining their homeostasis, function and stability.
Sage PT, Tan CL, Freeman GJ, Haigis M, Sharpe AH. Defective TFH Cell Function and Increased TFR Cells Contribute to Defective Antibody Production in Aging. Cell Rep. 2015;12 (2) :163-71.Abstract
Defective antibody production in aging is broadly attributed to immunosenescence. However, the precise immunological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate an increase in the ratio of inhibitory T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells to stimulatory T follicular helper (TFH) cells in aged mice. Aged TFH and TFR cells are phenotypically distinct from those in young mice, exhibiting increased programmed cell death protein-1 expression but decreased ICOS expression. Aged TFH cells exhibit defective antigen-specific responses, and programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 blockade can partially rescue TFH cell function. In contrast, young and aged TFR cells have similar suppressive capacity on a per-cell basis in vitro and in vivo. Together, these studies reveal mechanisms contributing to defective humoral immunity in aging: an increase in suppressive TFR cells combined with impaired function of aged TFH cells results in reduced T-cell-dependent antibody responses in aged mice.
Paterson AM, Lovitch SB, Sage PT, Juneja VR, Lee Y, Trombley JD, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV, Sobel RA, Rudensky AY, Kuchroo VK, et al. Deletion of CTLA-4 on regulatory T cells during adulthood leads to resistance to autoimmunity. J Exp Med. 2015.Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of T cell responses. Germline Ctla4 deficiency is lethal, making investigation of the function of CTLA-4 on mature T cells challenging. To elucidate the function of CTLA-4 on mature T cells, we have conditionally ablated Ctla4 in adult mice. We show that, in contrast to germline knockout mice, deletion of Ctla4 during adulthood does not precipitate systemic autoimmunity, but surprisingly confers protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and does not lead to increased resistance to MC38 tumors. Deletion of Ctla4 during adulthood was accompanied by activation and expansion of both conventional CD4(+)Foxp3(-) (T conv) and regulatory Foxp3(+) (T reg cells) T cell subsets; however, deletion of CTLA-4 on T reg cells was necessary and sufficient for protection from EAE. CTLA-4 deleted T reg cells remained functionally suppressive. Deletion of Ctla4 on T reg cells alone or on all adult T cells led to major changes in the Ctla4 sufficient T conv cell compartment, including up-regulation of immunoinhibitory molecules IL-10, LAG-3 and PD-1, thereby providing a compensatory immunosuppressive mechanism. Collectively, our findings point to a profound role for CTLA-4 on T reg cells in limiting their peripheral expansion and activation, thereby regulating the phenotype and function of T conv cells.
Lina TT, Alzahrani S, House J, Yamaoka Y, Sharpe AH, Rampy BA, Pinchuk IV, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island's role in B7-H1 induction and immune evasion. PLoS One. 2015;10 (3) :e0121841.Abstract
During Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection CD4+ T cells in the gastric lamina propria are hyporesponsive and polarized by Th1/Th17 cell responses controlled by Treg cells. We have previously shown that H. pylori upregulates B7-H1 expression on GEC, which, in turn, suppress T cell proliferation, effector function, and induce Treg cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms and the functional relevance of B7-H1 induction by H. pylori infection to chronic infection. Using H. pylori wild type (WT), cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI-) and cagA- isogenic mutant strains we demonstrated that H. pylori requires its type 4 secretion system (T4SS) as well as its effector protein CagA and peptidoglycan (PG) fragments for B7-H1 upregulation on GEC. Our study also showed that H. pylori uses the p38 MAPK pathway to upregulate B7-H1 expression in GEC. In vivo confirmation was obtained when infection of C57BL/6 mice with H. pylori PMSS1 strain, which has a functional T4SS delivery system, but not with H. pylori SS1 strain lacking a functional T4SS, led to a strong upregulation of B7-H1 expression in the gastric mucosa, increased bacterial load, induction of Treg cells in the stomach, increased IL-10 in the serum. Interestingly, B7-H1-/- mice showed less Treg cells and reduced bacterial loads after infection. These studies demonstrate how H. pylori T4SS components activate the p38 MAPK pathway, upregulate B7-H1 expression by GEC, and cause Treg cell induction; thus, contribute to establishing a persistent infection characteristic of H. pylori.
Maazi H, Patel N, Sankaranarayanan I, Suzuki Y, Rigas D, Soroosh P, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH, Akbari O. ICOS:ICOS-ligand interaction is required for type 2 innate lymphoid cell function, homeostasis, and induction of airway hyperreactivity. Immunity. 2015;42 (3) :538-51.Abstract
Allergic asthma is caused by Th2-cell-type cytokines in response to allergen exposure. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a newly identified subset of immune cells that, along with Th2 cells, contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma by producing copious amounts of IL-5 and IL-13, which cause eosinophilia and airway hyperreactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature of asthma. ILC2s express ICOS, a T cell costimulatory molecule with a currently unknown function. Here we showed that a lack of ICOS on murine ILC2s and blocking the ICOS:ICOS-ligand interaction in human ILC2s reduced AHR and lung inflammation. ILC2s expressed both ICOS and ICOS-ligand, and the ICOS:ICOS-ligand interaction promoted cytokine production and survival in ILC2s through STAT5 signaling. Thus, ICOS:ICOS-ligand signaling pathway is critically involved in ILC2 function and homeostasis.
Sage PT, Sharpe AH. In vitro assay to sensitively measure T(FR) suppressive capacity and T(FH) stimulation of B cell responses. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1291 :151-60.Abstract
T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells stimulate, whereas T follicular regulatory (T(FR)) cells inhibit, B cell responses. Despite the potent immunoregulatory roles for TFR cells in controlling the magnitude of antibody production, the precise mechanisms by which T(FR) cells exert their suppressive effects are not yet clear. The lack of specific assays to assess T(FR) cell function separately from differentiation has hindered progress in elucidating T(FR) cell function. This is due, in part, to difficulty in separating T(FR) cells from phenotypically similar, but functionally different, T(FH) cells. Here we describe an in vitro approach for sensitively and quantitatively assessing the capacity of T(FR) cells to suppress T(FH)-mediated B cell antibody production utilizing both ELISA and flow cytometry to measure B cell responses. Beyond assessing T(FR) function, this assay system can also be used to sensitively measure T(FH) stimulatory capacity as well as B cell function.
Khor B, Gagnon JD, Goel G, Roche MI, Conway KL, Tran K, Aldrich LN, Sundberg TB, Paterson AM, Mordecai S, et al. The kinase DYRK1A reciprocally regulates the differentiation of Th17 and regulatory T cells. Elife. 2015;4.Abstract
The balance between Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells critically modulates immune homeostasis, with an inadequate Treg response contributing to inflammatory disease. Using an unbiased chemical biology approach, we identified a novel role for the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase DYRK1A in regulating this balance. Inhibition of DYRK1A enhances Treg differentiation and impairs Th17 differentiation without affecting known pathways of Treg/Th17 differentiation. Thus, DYRK1A represents a novel mechanistic node at the branch point between commitment to either Treg or Th17 lineages. Importantly, both Treg cells generated using the DYRK1A inhibitor harmine and direct administration of harmine itself potently attenuate inflammation in multiple experimental models of systemic autoimmunity and mucosal inflammation. Our results identify DYRK1A as a physiologically relevant regulator of Treg cell differentiation and suggest a broader role for other DYRK family members in immune homeostasis. These results are discussed in the context of human diseases associated with dysregulated DYRK activity.
Kleffel S, Posch C, Barthel SR, Mueller H, Schlapbach C, Guenova E, Elco CP, Lee N, Juneja VR, Zhan Q, et al. Melanoma Cell-Intrinsic PD-1 Receptor Functions Promote Tumor Growth. Cell. 2015;162 (6) :1242-56.Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) activate tumor-specific immunity and have shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of melanoma. Yet, little is known about tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1 pathway effects. Here, we show that murine and human melanomas contain PD-1-expressing cancer subpopulations and demonstrate that melanoma cell-intrinsic PD-1 promotes tumorigenesis, even in mice lacking adaptive immunity. PD-1 inhibition on melanoma cells by RNAi, blocking antibodies, or mutagenesis of melanoma-PD-1 signaling motifs suppresses tumor growth in immunocompetent, immunocompromised, and PD-1-deficient tumor graft recipient mice. Conversely, melanoma-specific PD-1 overexpression enhances tumorigenicity, as does engagement of melanoma-PD-1 by its ligand, PD-L1, whereas melanoma-PD-L1 inhibition or knockout of host-PD-L1 attenuate growth of PD-1-positive melanomas. Mechanistically, the melanoma-PD-1 receptor modulates downstream effectors of mTOR signaling. Our results identify melanoma cell-intrinsic functions of the PD-1:PD-L1 axis in tumor growth and suggest that blocking melanoma-PD-1 might contribute to the striking clinical efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy.
Sage PT, Sharpe AH. T follicular regulatory cells in the regulation of B cell responses. Trends Immunol. 2015;36 (7) :410-8.Abstract
High affinity antibodies result from interactions between B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in germinal centers (GCs). Recent studies have identified an effector subset of T regulatory cells termed T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells that specifically controls GC responses by suppressing Tfh and B cells. The discovery of Tfr cells has shed new light on pathways regulating humoral immunity that enable potent and specific responses to pathogens while restricting autoimmunity. Here, we review the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation and function of Tfr cells. In this context we discuss recent insights into the role of Tfh cells in disease, how this knowledge may be translated therapeutically, and important areas of further research.


text:
Phalangopsis bauxitica är en insektsart som beskrevs av Carina Marciela Mews och Carlos Frankl Sperber 2008. Phalangopsis bauxitica ingår i släktet Phalangopsis och familjen syrsor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Syrsor
bauxitica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tag: Mike Abou-Mechrek
#TBT: An Interview with Mike Abou-Mechrek
Today we sit down with former Ottawa Renegades offensive lineman Mike Abou-Mechrek. Drafted by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 1999 and quickly going on to establish himself as a reliable starter throughout his 10 year career, Mike played in Ottawa from 2002-2004 before winning a Grey Cup with Saskatchewan in 2007.
RR: You played for the Renegades from 2002-2004, what are some of your favourite memories of that time?
MBM: Ask any of the players, coaches, GMs, or front office staff, anybody at all who was a part of that Renegade family, and they'll tell you that their favourite memory of Ottawa was the people. We came together as a family like no other team that I was on in my 20 years playing the game. I'm still good friends with some of those guys and even our children are best friends . We forged a bond that couldn't have been built anywhere except on an expansion team in a foreign city, lead by Coach Pao Pao, Kani Kuahi and their beautiful wives Dottie and Gay who brought all of us "Renegades" together.
Why did you choose to sign in Ottawa as a free agent?
Playing with Winnipeg was great and I had just finished my 3rd season in the CFL and 2nd as a starter, but I felt that being on an expansion team would give me more job security so that I could grow and get better as a football player. That, combined with the fact that I'm from Toronto and wanted to be closer to home without being too close, made it an easy choice. Ottawa is a beautiful city that I may still retire in and live there again one day.
What kind of challenges does an expansion team face that a normal team wouldn't?
Football is the ultimate team sport and expansion teams are just a bunch of "Renegades" thrown together on a roster – they aren't a team. The X's and O's are the same as everyone else but the guys don't know each other yet.
Many people blame the Renegades ownership for being a distraction to the team, did you ever feel that way?
I went back to Winnipeg in 2005 so I didn't see the entire circus but I will say that the first act was enough for me.
Who was the toughest defensive player you were lined up against?
I'd say there were three: Joe Fleming, Johnny Scott and Cameron Wake
Did you have a favourite (or least favourite) stadium to play in?
Yeah, the Rogers Centre. I've won a high school city championship, a Vanier Cup, and a Grey Cup in the it, plus it's in my home town, so you'd think I'd love the place but I don't. It feels like you are playing in someone's back yard: no fans, no atmosphere, no passion.
What was your typical pre-game meal?
Half a chicken with two cups of pasta and a big salad….which I would throw up before every game.
Run blocking > pass blocking?
Of course, you shouldn't even need to ask
Describe your perfect day off while living in Ottawa.
Bike ride from Barrhaven down to the Byward Market, stopping at the Canal Ritz for a rest and refreshment. That's the best drive/ride there is in Ottawa in my opinion.
Once I was feeling refreshed I'd continue down to the market , maybe hit up a used book store, eat some delicious Lebanese cuisine and find another patio. Later on someone would have to come pick me up and take me home because all that bike riding and refreshing makes one tired.
Who was the funniest guy you ever played with?
Marc Parenteau
Is the a special reason why you wore #67?
Many reasons. First off it's the last year the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Cup. Secondly it's slimming; the 6 gives the number the girth that a big man like me needs but the 7 brings the eyes in to the waist line, the number really accentuates my V shaped body haha. The worst and final reason is that it's two away from 69 (me and you baby).
Now that you've retired, what are you doing for work?
I'm a Certified Financial Planner, which is what I originally wanted to be when I grew up, football just got in the way. In fact, I started my career in finance while playing in Ottawa, I was sure they would cut me and wanted to be ready to move on once they did. Thankfully I've never been cut.
Abou
Do you still keep in touch with any former teammates, and if so, who?
Alex Gauthier, Marc Parenteau, George Hudson and Val St'Germain are some of my best friends, our wives all get along and our kids are the same age. It was such a blessing to come to Ottawa and meet such good people. I also keep in touch with Greg Bearman too, but he doesn't have a wife and kids. I chat with Gay Kuahi on Facebook at least once a week.
What piece of advice would you offer any high school or university lineman looking to go pro?
Don't look to go pro, just work hard at whatever you are going to do, or else it isn't worth doing. If you focus on something you love to do the "pros" will find you. I was quite a fat, shy kid with low self esteem and football gave me a vehicle where my size finally was an advantage – as I WAS athletic. All the faster smaller kids who used to call me names and then run away in the school yard had nowhere to run to on the gridiron.
O-line coaches in junior ball have their work cut out for them because quite simply the kids aren't strong enough to do things 'right'. Trusting a coach is the best thing any athlete can do, especially when you are learning to play o-line. Everyone knows what the QB or RB has to do but no one knows what the O-line does or why they do it until they play the position. It's quite humbling learning a game you thought you knew all over again.
For those looking to get better at football, or anything else: trust your coach/mentor, come up with a plan, and then do what you said you were going to do. The single best piece of advice I ever got (and it didn't pertain to football at the time) was SHUT UP AND WORK.
Thank you very much Mike for a hell of an interview! Take care and we hope to see you in Ottawa again soon!
Posted on September 18, 2014 April 27, 2015 by redblackrenegadePosted in InterviewsTagged #TBT, cfl, Interview, Mike Abou-Mechrek, O-line, ottawa, r nation, renegades, saskatchewan, Toronto. 4 Comments


Peirson M. Hall, U.S. Atty., of Los Angeles, Cal.
Mooney Hoffman, of Los Angeles, Cal., for appellee.
Before WILBUR and SAWTELLE, Circuit Judges.
Upon stipulation of counsel for the respective parties, ordered appeal dismissed; mandate forthwith.


Nancy Nowacek Eyebeam Resident talking about the Citizen Bridge, her major residency project.
She makes task-based encounters between bodies, things, and the space around them. Her work examines the relationship between late-capital post-industrial time-sense and body-sense, where physique has been eclipsed by other man-made machines as useful — or valuable — technology.
We make bridges every day. From a hand-shake to a text, a friend request to an email introduction. When we write code, negotiate contracts or obtain insurance, or when we make a meal and sit down to together—we're building bridges.
Bridges expand our idea of what a technology could be. They link land masses to transport people and goods, but also connect cultures to one another, transporting ideas and values.
Citizen Bridge is a kind of bridge in reverse.
For several years now, I've been building a bridge between Red Hook and Governors Island. With the help of a long list of contributors and collaborators, I've designed several versions of a modular system for a temporary floating structure that can be built by anyone who wants to join in. A sand bar used to connect these two bodies of land, and rebuilding that sand bar together—even if it's only for a day—would be my offering towards building a truly connected city. Bridges, as we normally think of them, are agents of political will, and require large corporate structures with vast resources to construct. They are permanent monuments to ideas of progress rooted in time and space.
But this one has been the aggregate of email introductions, handshakes and small talk, texts, tweets, phone calls and lunchtime conversations. So many meetings and documents. If I printed the emails generated by the project to date, they would stand at least as tall as me. But every time I step into a generic governmental conference room to talk through policies and codes under the flat light of fluorescent bulbs, I feel strangely empowered.
Before now, I'd always considered citizenship in terms of the Pledge of Allegiance—a grand and abstract idea of a nation so vast that it didn't seem to see me, as a single, small person. Although in kindergarten I recited the Pledge of Allegiance every morning, and as an adult, I exercise my right to vote and I (struggle to) pay my taxes, the bridge makes me feel different.
Citizenship is the space between people. It's about our allegiance to each other, as people, not to the abstraction of a country.
Though the internet and mobile technologies are bridges, they sometimes lose subtlety through their virtuality, pile up misunderstandings, and split the attention. They build bridges, but people never seem to cross them all the way: what happened to getting coffee and hashing out a plan?
Citizen Bridge is worth every minute spent waiting on subway platforms and in reception areas. It's been built from a thousand tiny bridges between enthusiasts, experts, students, neighbors, lawyers, engineers, educators, bureaucrats, architects, writers, and artists.
The bridge-building I call Citizenship is best performed IRL.
And we have to do it not just with our eyes or keyboards, but our whole beings. It is the care and consideration we show for one another, the space between us.
And we—as citizens—are nothing without a shared environment to call home. And in the 21st century of shifting climate realities, we need to start considering our environment as another body that must be cared for.
In New York City, our environment is our waterways and given near-future predictions, our city is sinking. The 580 miles of water that ring the boroughs are going to become more and more present in our lives in the coming years in ways we are only beginning to understand, and we don't know what to do with it all.
Up to the mid-1900s in New York City, life was lived on the water. It was our food source, our bathtub, our commute and our economy. All New Yorkers shared it. Today, at best, the waterways are an inconvenience—a space to get over or under. The water is still viewed as so toxic that 'No Swimming' signs line the few sandy inlets where feet can actually touch water. More superstorms like Sandy are predicted though many still have not fully recovered from her.
We have lost our connection to the water. And because of that, we've lost our shared experience of this city and one another.
Citizen Bridge hopes to be the handshake, the introduction towards a shared experience: one between one New Yorker and another, and between New Yorkers and the water.
Because Citizen Bridge proposes to span Buttermilk Channel, a commercial shipping thoroughfare, regulatory agencies will only allow it to open for one day. On that day, you can meet me on the waterfront where I'll be handing out a citizen pledge to sign. In triplicate, of course.
I, , am a citizen of the water.
I acknowledge that our natural environment and the city's waterways are important to my future and the future of my family, neighborhood and city.
I value working with others to realize ideas that support a creative, empowered and sustainable relationship to the water and our city.
I believe that cities are acts of collective imagination, and that through cooperation and sweat, we can bridge our differences, and shape the future of our city.


text:
WATCH: Thirdy Ravena sinks buzzer-beater to nip Greece U21 squad
ALYSA SALEN
The UAAP Finals MVP breaks the Greek team's heart with a clutch 3-pointer for the Ateneo Blue Eagles
MANILA, Philippines – Thirdy Ravena continues to show he can deliver in crunch time for the Ateneo de Manila University, not just in the UAAP but overseas, as well.
Ravena beat the buzzer with a contested triple to tow the Blue Eagles to a thrilling 84-82 win over the Greece under-21 national team in Athens, Greece last Sunday, June 24 (Philippine time).
The Greeks led 82-81 thanks to a free throw and Ateneo found its back against the wall with no timeouts left, meaning the Blue Eagles needed to race the full length of the court for a decent look.
Fortunately, Matt Nieto found Ravena lurking at the top of the 3-point line and the reigning UAAP Finals Most Valuable Player banked in the trey right as the buzzer sounded to his teammates' delight.
Ateneo flew to Greece to gain experience as the school seeks to defend the UAAP title it won last season.
And Ravena has made the overseas training his own avenue to showcase his wares, especially his hops. Against another Greek team, the second-generation cager slammed home two dunks.
#Shhhhhh pic.twitter.com/lWLcmQ303I
— Thirdy (@ThirdyRavenaaa) June 21, 2018
Part 2. #Shhhhhh pic.twitter.com/PVWjtw7Jxg
Ravena and the Blue Eagles return to the Philippines this week to face the Colegio de San Juan de Letran Knight in the quarterfinals of the Filoil Flying V Preseason Cup on June 28 at the Arena in San Juan. – Rappler.com


text:
/ RI
Adin Ballou CAPRON, Congress, RI (1841-1911)
CAPRON, Adin Ballou, a Representative from Rhode Island; born in Mendon, Worcester County, Mass., January 9, 1841; attended the Woonsocket High School and Westbrook Seminary, near Portland, Maine; settled in Stillwater, Providence County, R.I., and engaged in milling and dealing in grain; enlisted as a sergeant in the Second Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry, in May 1861; promoted to the rank of sergeant major July 11, 1861; commissioned lieutenant in September 1861; served in the Signal Corps until the close of the Civil War, having been commissioned first lieutenant on March 3, 1863, and subsequently promoted to the rank of captain and major by brevet; member of the State house of representatives 1887-1892 and served as speaker in 1891 and 1892; unsuccessful candidate for election in 1892 to the Fifty-third Congress; elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fifth and to the six succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1897-March 3, 1911); was not a candidate for renomination in 1910; resumed his former business activities in Stillwater, Providence County, R.I., where he died March 17, 1911; interment in Swan Point Cemetery, Providence, R.I.
Source: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1771-Present
Members of the Current Senate
Floor Leaders of the Senate
Members of the Current House of Representatives
Speakers of the House of Representatives
Profile of Rhode Island


portable ice cube maker machine 1 of 1 cheap portable ice cube maker machine portable ice cube maker machine countertop compact.
cloth cord covers walmart fabric cord covers target home depot home design ideas living room home ideas centre anzac highway.
mission accent table mission unfinished indoor plant stand mission oak accent table small mission accent table.
cloth fence shade cloth fence extension canvas privacy fence.
blue bed rest pillow light blue pillows amazon bed rest pillow baby lumbar blue bed rest pillow with arms.
magnifying mirror with led light light up makeup mirror led light up makeup mirror new impressions vanity co o touch led light up makeup mirror amazon com led tweezerman led lighted 15x magnifying mir.
8 pc sectional sofa 8 seat sectional sofa leather mart three piece sectional sofa with ideas 8 8 sectional sofa 8 piece sectional couches corvus outdoor 8 piece grey wicker sectional sofa set.
2 gang single receptacle cover.
high quality bi fold closet doors closet folding mirror doors high end bi fold high end bi fold closet doors best bi fold closet doors.
girls canopy bed frame home and furniture fascinating girl canopy bedroom sets in twin bed frame agreeable little girl.


text:
Beni Prasad embarrasses Congress again with Rahul v/s Modi remark
Barabanki (UP) August 20 (CMC) In comments that can stoke a fresh controversy, Union minister Beni Prasad Verma on Monday said the next Lok Sabha elections will see a direct fight between Rahul Gandhi and Narendra Modi.
A day after he said that the SP chief Mulayam Singh Yadav was "dreaming" of becoming Prime Minister, Verma on Monday said that parties like Samajwadi Party do not have all India presence and hence cannot form a government at the centre.
"The government (at the Centre) will either be of Congress or Modi. Why they (SP )are misleading. Does the public not understand all this.... If Rahul Gandhi is our candidate, then the election in the 2014 will be Rahul Gandhi versus Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi. No other party is in between," Verma said.
The Union Minister, however, steered clear of drawing parallel between Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Rahul Gandhi saying "If Rahul Gandhi will become Prime Minister, he will do so with the blessings of Manmohan Singh".
Verma also hailed the prime minister as a "frank" person saying the country will never get such a "gentle" person as prime minister. "The whole world considers him an honest persons except the Opposition parties in our country," he said.
Verma said that he always wanted Rahul Gandhi to become the Prime Minister but the decision rests on when it has to be taken by the Congress president and the prime minister.
"Who fights for Muslims. It is Congress, which fights for them at the national level. Small insignificant parties have misled them. Congress is concerned about Muslims, Hindus, Christians and all and on the other hand there are the traders of votes, who are concerned only about their votes," he said.
Labels: Beni Prasad embarrasses Congress again with Rahul v Modi remark
Beniprasad Verma is a loud speaker!


text:
Frog Dreaming
Watch Frog Dreaming in HD
Slow buffering? Pause & wait 1-3 minutes and play again! Do not Reload the page.
Frog Dreaming 1985 123Movies
Watch Frog Dreaming full movie free from 123Movies. This movie is produced in Australia, released in the year 1985. Genres are Adventure, Drama, Family, here is the storyline: American boy Cody lives in Australia with his guardian, Gaza. Cody is very imaginative, inventive, and inquisitive. He comes accross some strange events happening in Devil's Knob national park associated with an aboriginal myth about "frog dreamings". Cody tries to investigate…
Category: Adventure, Drama, Family
Directed By: Brian Trenchard-Smith
Cast: Dempsey Knight, Dennis Miller, Henry Thomas, Katy Manning, Rachel Friend, Tamsin West, Tony Barry
Release Country: Australia
Available Quality: HD
IMDb Rating: 6.3
Sam Flynn, the tech-savvy and daring son of Kevin Flynn, investigates his father's disappearance and is pulled into The Grid. With the help of a mysterious program named Quorra, Sam…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Science Fiction
Three friends get together and bury a box making a pact to open it at midnight at their high school graduation. In the little town in Georgia that they live…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Comedy, Drama, Family, Music, Romance
When Dr. Indiana Jones – the tweed-suited professor who just happens to be a celebrated archaeologist – is hired by the government to locate the legendary Ark of the Covenant,…
Hellfighters
The adventures of oil well fire specialist Chance Buckman (based on real-life Red Adair), who extinguishes massive fires in oil fields around the world.
Genre: Action, Adventure, Romance
A young girl Abigail lives in a city whose borders were closed many years ago because of an epidemic of a mysterious disease. Abby's father was one of the sick…
Transported to Barsoom, a Civil War vet discovers a barren planet seemingly inhabited by 12-foot tall barbarians. Finding himself prisoner of these creatures, he escapes, only to encounter Woola and…
Corey (Fred Savage) refuses to let his emotionally disturbed younger brother Jimmy (Luke Edwards) be institutionalized, and the two run away together. They soon join forces with a resourceful girl…
Country: Brazil, USA
Genre: Adventure, Comedy, Drama, Family, Romance
The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex
The Russo family and friends are headed to Tuscany, Italy, to meet their long lost relatives… but when Alex tries to prove she's more than a seemingly carefree young Wizard,…
Genre: Adventure, Comedy, Drama
The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
At the height of the Cold War, a mysterious criminal organization plans to use nuclear weapons and technology to upset the fragile balance of power between the United States and…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Comedy
A young boy and a girl with a magic crystal must race against pirates and foreign agents in a search for a legendary floating castle.
Genre: Action, Adventure, Animation, Family, Fantasy, Romance
The Swan Princess: Royally Undercover
Princess Alise, Lucas and their royal woodland friends are going undercover on a secret spy adventure!
Country: India, South Korea, USA
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Family
Stargate: The Ark of Truth
SG-1 searches for an ancient weapon which could help them defeat the Ori, and discover it may be in the Ori's own home galaxy. As the Ori prepare to send…
Genre: Adventure, Science Fiction, TV Movie
Trailer: Frog Dreaming
Putlockers
YTSMovies
Stay Connected for Latest updates
We daily update our site with new data, Never miss the chance to watch new episodes and be the first of your friends. You must Like and follow us on social networking sites to get the latest updates on movies, tv-series, and news.
Copyright © 2014-2020 123Movies.ge - All rights reserved.
This site is absolutely legal and contain only links to other websites on the Internet, We do not host or upload any video, films, media files. 123movies.ge is not responsible for the accuracy, compliance, copyright, legality, decency, or any other aspect of the content of other linked sites. If you have any legal issues please contact the appropriate media file owners or host sites.


US authorities have issued an arrest warrant for a man wanted for questioning in connection with the sniper attacks which have killed 10 people in the Washington DC area.
Police said they were looking for John Allen Mohammed, also known as John Allen Williams, and his stepson. Officers said they were both armed and dangerous.
It is believed the men may have information about the sniper attacks, but Police Chief Charles Moose warned "not to assume they were involved in the shootings".
Chief Moose also issued another direct message to the sniper during a news conference.
Earlier, FBI agents conducted a major search at a house in Tacoma, Washington state, which is 3,200 kilometres (2,000 miles) from the capital.
Mr Mohammed is believed to have served in the army at a base near Tacoma and to have lived in the house.
Fort Lewis, to the south of the town, provides some of the most intensive sniper training in the US military, correspondents say.
Local television has shown FBI agents and other officers searching the yard of a house in Tacoma with metal detectors and chainsaws, combing the soil and a large tree stump in an apparent search for bullets and metal fragments.
"It looks like an archaeological dig there with tapes running the full length of the yard," one resident said.
A spokesman for Fort Lewis base could not confirm if Mr Mohammed had lived at the address.
In another development, police are investigating a possible link between the sniper and a killing in Montgomery, Alabama, according to the news agency AFP.
A 52-year-old woman was shot and killed outside a liquor store there on 21 September. Another woman was wounded.
At the press conference late on Wednesday, Chief Moose delivered a cryptic message.
"You asked us to say, 'We have caught the sniper like a duck in a noose'. We understand that hearing us say this is important to you. However we want you to know how difficult it has been to understand what you want."
The reference to a duck and noose apparently comes from a folk tale, in which a rabbit attempts to catch a duck in a noose but ends up thwarted by the duck, according to the Washington Post.
"Let's talk directly," the police chief continued.
"We have an answer for you about your option. We are waiting for you to contact us."
That may refer to the snipers' demands for $10m apparently left in a note at the scene of one of the shootings.
Since 2 October, 10 people have been killed and three others wounded in Maryland, Virginia and Washington DC in apparently random attacks.
The US Government has agreed to give $600,000 to schools in the area to strengthen security.
President George W Bush said local police would have "the full resources of the federal government" to help catch the killer.
"There is a ruthless person on the loose. We pray for a quick end to this period of violence and fear," he said.
Police confirmed on Wednesday that 35-year-old bus driver Conrad Johnson, shot on Tuesday morning, was the sniper's latest victim.
In their appeal for witnesses, police have stressed that any immigrants should not hold back information for fear of police investigating their status.
Chief Moose has offered to set up a private post office box "or another secure method" for the sniper to contact police.
"This is a full scale thorough search"
"These people do have information about the shooting"


text:
Great Lakes Maritime Academy Receives Support for Education and Training
U.S. Senators Debbie Stabenow and Carl Levin today announced support for the Great Lakes Maritime Academy at Northwest Michigan College's Great Lakes Campus. The Academy will receive a $1 million grant, which comes through the Department of Transportation, to be used for education and training.
"Just last week I had the opportunity to visit the Great Lakes Maritime Academy and see our cadets piloting ships using the Academy's new state-of-the-art simulator," said Stabenow. "Our Great Lakes support hundreds of thousands of jobs. This support will help Northern Michigan's Maritime Academy continue to be the go-to institution for training the future leaders of our commercial shipping industry."
"Shipping is a major driver of the Great Lakes economy, and trained crews are essential to the safe and efficient operation of our merchant fleet," said Levin. "As the only freshwater institution of its kind, the Great Lakes Maritime Academy is essential to the region's economy and to continuing our maritime heritage, and I'm pleased that this federal support will help it fulfill its vital mission."
The Great Lakes Maritime Academy trains deck and engineering officers for the commercial shipping industry. The Academy is the only maritime academy in the United States that offers graduates the opportunity to be licensed to work on the Great Lakes and on the sea.
The $1 million grant was made possible by the sale of obsolete vessels from the Maritime Administration's National Defense Reserve Fleet, which were purchased for recycling. The National Maritime Heritage Act requires 25 percent of the sales be distributed to maritime academies for facility and training ship maintenance, repair, and modernization, and for the purchase of simulators and fuel.


text:
Video Games & Gaming›
Value of the game market in Japan 2012-2015
Value of the game market in Japan from 2012 to 2015 (in billion Japanese yen)
The timeline presents the value of the game market in Japan from 2012 to 2015. The value increased from nearly 978 billion yen to approximately 1.36 trillion yen in the measured period.
Value in billion Japanese yen
includes household games and online platform games
Video Games & Gaming
Best selling PC games of all time worldwide as of February 2019
Global top-selling console games in 2018, by unit sales
Best-selling video games ranked by sales volume in Germany 2018
Visitors at the video game trade fair gamescom in Germany 2010-2018
Statistics on "Video games in Germany"
Number of computer and video games sold in Germany from 2006 to 2015 (in million copies)Sales volume of computer and video games in Germany 2006-2015
Number of computer and video games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013, by gaming platform (in million copies)Sales volume of computer and video games in Germany 2009-2013, by platform
Revenue from computer and video games (software) sales in Germany from 2006 to 2018 (in million euros)Revenue from video game sales in Germany 2006-2018
Revenue from computer and video games sales in Germany from 2006 to 2017, by platform (in million euros)Sales revenue from computer and video games in Germany 2006-2017, by platform
Revenue share of computer and video games in Germany from 2006 to 2017, by gaming platformRevenue share of computer and video games in Germany 2006-2017, by platform
Average price of computer and video games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013, by gaming platform (in euros)Average computer and video game price in Germany 2009-2013, by platform
Number of computer gamers in Germany in 2018, by gender (in millions)Computer gamers in Germany 2018, by gender
Consumer spending for video games in Germany from 2003 to 2022* (in million euros)Consumer spending for video games in Germany 2003-2022
Number of console games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013, by type (in million copies)Sales volume of console games in Germany 2009-2013, by type
Average price of console games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013 (in euros)Average price of console games sold in Germany 2009-2013
Best-selling computer and video games ranked by retail sales volume in Germany in 2018 (in 1,000 copies)Best-selling video games ranked by sales volume in Germany 2018
Top-selling console games worldwide in 2018, by unit sales (in millions)Global top-selling console games in 2018, by unit sales
Sales volume of handheld and console video games in Germany from 2003 to 2016* (in millions)Sales volume of handheld and console video games in Germany 2003-2016
Average retail price of console and handheld video games in Germany from 2005 to 2016* (in euros)Retail price of console and handheld games in Germany 2005-2016
Number of computer games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013 (in million copies)Sales volume of PC games in Germany 2009-2013
Average price of PC games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013 (in euros)Average price of PC games in Germany 2009-2013
Unit sales of the best selling PC games of all time worldwide as of February 2019 (in million units)Best selling PC games of all time worldwide as of February 2019
Revenue from PC games in Germany from 2010 to 2022* (in million euros)Revenue from PC games in Germany 2010-2022
Sales volume of computer games in Germany from 2005 to 2016* (in million units)Sales volume of PC games in Germany 2005-2016
Average retail price of computer games in Germany from 2005 to 2016* (in euros)Retail price of PC games in Germany 2005-2016
Revenue from online and browser game subscription fees in Germany from 2008 to 2018 (in million euros)Revenue from online and browser game fees in Germany 2008-2018
Revenue from paid virtual additional content for computer and video games in Germany from 2008 to 2018 (in million euros)Revenue from virtual additional content for video games in Germany 2008-2018
Revenue from online games in Germany from 2003 to 2018* (in million euros)Revenue from online games in Germany 2003-2018
Number of online and/or browser game users in Germany from 2008 to 2015 (in millions)Number of online and browser game users in Germany 2008-2015
Share of online and browser game users in Germany in 2014, by genderGender distribution of online and browser game users in Germany 2014
Age distribution of online and browser game users in Germany in 2014Age distribution of online and browser game users in Germany 2014
Number of users of paid virtual additional content for computer and video games in Germany from 2008 to 2014 (in millions)Buyers of virtual additional content for video games in Germany 2008-2014
Share of private households owning a games console in Germany from 2006 to 2018Share of households with games consoles in Germany 2006-2018
Average daily usage time of video games in Germany from 2014 to 2018 (in minutes)Daily usage time of video games in Germany 2018
Share of age classifications in computer game ratings issued by USK in Germany from 2004 to 2018Share of age classifications in USK computer game ratings in Germany 2004-2018
Number of visitors at the video game trade fair gamescom in Germany from 2010 to 2018Visitors at the video game trade fair gamescom in Germany 2010-2018
Mexico: eSports & gaming revenue 2014-2022
Video game development studios financing mechanisms in France 2014-2016
Economic models adopted by video game development studios in France 2014-2016
Video game development studios which chose self-commercialization in France 2014-2016
Attractiveness of France in the video game sector according to companies 2014-2016
Italy: Nintendo Switch reveal video appreciation 2016
Video game industry sales in Spain 2013-2022, by game type
Distribution platforms used by studios for home console games in France 2014-2016
Italy: opinion on price of Nintendo Switch 2016
Share of gaming development studios with an independent status in France 2014-2016
Accounting situation of video game companies in France 2013-2015
Video game companies sources of funding in France 2014-2016
Language availability in Spanish video game productions 2018
Italy: PlayStation Plus appreciation November 2016
Italy: interest in a sequel og the video game The Order 1886 2016
Italy: Lucca Comics & Games convention participation intentions 2016
Revenue of the eSports market in France 2016-2018
Italy: Milan Games Week show festival participation intentions 2016
Italy: preordering video games 2016
Italy: intention of purchasing the video game Dishonored 2 2016
Video Game Industry
Online Gaming Industry
MMO and MOBA gaming
Video game industry in Europe
Video game industry in Spain
Video game industry in the United Kingdom (UK)
Video games market in the U.S.
Video games in Sweden
Video games in Norway
Video games in Denmark
Video games in Italy
Online gaming in the United Kingdom (UK)
Essential Facts About the Computer and Video Game Industry 2019
Video gaming market leaders
Video game market in France
Number of computer and video games sold in Germany from 2006 to 2015 (in million copies)
Number of computer and video games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013, by gaming platform (in million copies)
Revenue from computer and video games (software) sales in Germany from 2006 to 2018 (in million euros)
Revenue from computer and video games sales in Germany from 2006 to 2017, by platform (in million euros)
Revenue share of computer and video games in Germany from 2006 to 2017, by gaming platform
Average price of computer and video games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013, by gaming platform (in euros)
Number of computer gamers in Germany in 2018, by gender (in millions)
Consumer spending for video games in Germany from 2003 to 2022* (in million euros)
Number of console games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013, by type (in million copies)
Average price of console games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013 (in euros)
Best-selling computer and video games ranked by retail sales volume in Germany in 2018 (in 1,000 copies)
Top-selling console games worldwide in 2018, by unit sales (in millions)
Sales volume of handheld and console video games in Germany from 2003 to 2016* (in millions)
Average retail price of console and handheld video games in Germany from 2005 to 2016* (in euros)
Number of computer games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013 (in million copies)
Average price of PC games sold in Germany from 2009 to 2013 (in euros)
Unit sales of the best selling PC games of all time worldwide as of February 2019 (in million units)
Revenue from PC games in Germany from 2010 to 2022* (in million euros)
Sales volume of computer games in Germany from 2005 to 2016* (in million units)
Average retail price of computer games in Germany from 2005 to 2016* (in euros)
Revenue from online and browser game subscription fees in Germany from 2008 to 2018 (in million euros)
Revenue from paid virtual additional content for computer and video games in Germany from 2008 to 2018 (in million euros)
Revenue from online games in Germany from 2003 to 2018* (in million euros)
Number of online and/or browser game users in Germany from 2008 to 2015 (in millions)
Share of online and browser game users in Germany in 2014, by gender
Age distribution of online and browser game users in Germany in 2014
Number of users of paid virtual additional content for computer and video games in Germany from 2008 to 2014 (in millions)
Share of private households owning a games console in Germany from 2006 to 2018
Average daily usage time of video games in Germany from 2014 to 2018 (in minutes)
Share of age classifications in computer game ratings issued by USK in Germany from 2004 to 2018
Number of visitors at the video game trade fair gamescom in Germany from 2010 to 2018
Revenue of the eSports and video games market in Mexico from 2014 to 2022 (in million U.S. dollars)
Video game development studios financing mechanisms in France between 2014 and 2016
Economic models adopted by video game development studios in France between 2014 and 2016
Share of video game development studios which chose self-commercialization in France between 2014 and 2016
Would you say that France is an attractive country for video game companies?
Were you impressed by the reveal video of the new home gaming system Nintendo Switch?
Sales value of the video games industry in Spain from 2013 to 2022, by game type (in million euros)
Digital distribution platforms used by development studios for home console video games in France between 2014 and 2016
According to you, how much should the new home gaming system Nintendo Switch cost?
Share of video game development studios with an independent status in France between 2014 and 2016
Accounting situation of video game companies in France between the end of 2013 and 2015
Video game companies sources of funding in France between 2014 and 2016
Share of products created by the video game industry in Spain in 2018, by language
PlayStation Plus of November*: are you satisfied with the offer?
Would you be interested in a sequel of the video game The Order 1886?
Are you going to attend the Lucca Comics & Games gaming convention?
Revenue of the eSports market in France from 2016 to 2018* (in U.S. dollars)
Are you going to attend the Milan Games Week show festival in October 2016?
Do you usually preorder the video games you want to purchase?
Are you going to purchase the video game Dishonored 2?