text:
What the systematic review of HPV vaccine clinical study reports does, and does not, reveal: commentary on Jørgensen et al.
Hilda Bastian ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8544-73861
The Original Article was published on 28 February 2020
Getting hold of, and analysing, clinical study reports (CSRs) for a substantial number of trials of HPV vaccines was a massive undertaking. Nearly 60,000 pages worth of CSRs were amassed, with potentially unique unpublished data points in the tens of thousands. In the end, though, I believe the systematic review by Jørgensen, Gøtzsche, and Jefferson [1] demonstrates the risks of relying too much on CSRs.
Journal articles are the usual clinical trial reports that systematic reviewers gather and analyse. Articles typically condense a possibly vast amount of data and methodological detail into just a few pages, perhaps with supplementary data files. That is a highly selective process—often misleadingly so. CSRs, on the other hand, do not have space constraints. The longest CSR package included in this systematic review had 11,456 pages, and even the shortest was 357 pages long.
However, CSRs are not synonymous with comprehensive data. All trials do not have CSRs, for starters. In this review, sometimes, there was one, but the researchers could not get access to a full copy, or the terms of use were too restrictive. Even when a CSR was available, it too included some condensed data, selective results reporting, and gaps in important detail. Sometimes, when data were in the supplied CSR, there were redactions. In the end, the authors report they did not get a single complete, unredacted CSR [2].
More than 3 years after they began requesting CSRs, Jørgensen and colleagues [3] were still missing trials for over 21% of all the people who participated in eligible studies. That means there is far more than 21% missing data for some outcomes not fully reported in the available CSRs. That is such a substantial amount, that, as the authors acknowledge, getting hold of it could up-end outcomes at the margins of statistical significance.
When the authors compared meta-analyses drawn from CSR data with those from data drawn from journal articles and/or a clinical trial registry, they found no important differences [2]. Although they argue that theirs is the first study to undertake this type of comparison, there have been similar studies. Results of those I found were mixed [4,5,6,7]. From the little evidence in these, plus the new Jørgensen paper, the absence of CSR data cannot be assumed to render the estimates calculated in a systematic review based on articles unreliable.
The principal value of CSRs seems to lie in data they contain that is not available in any other document. Unfortunately, Jørgensen and colleagues' methods paper does not include reliable estimates of the extent and importance of data missing from systematic reviews of journal publications, as the authors only compared CSR reports to a single journal article per trial [2]. That means potentially substantial amounts of published data were left out of this comparison. Similarly, the comparison of CSR reports to trial registry information is limited to a single registry, potentially overlooking additional information available on manufacturer websites and other registries.
For example, the 2018 Cochrane review of HPV vaccines included up to seven published articles for a single trial, with additional data from published pooled analyses that included the trial as well [8]. When Jørgensen et al. claim, for example, "If our systematic review of clinical study reports had relied on trial register entries or journal publications, it would have had no data for a quarter of our prespecified outcomes" [2], their findings do not relate to doing a systematic review based on all journal publications and register entries of a trial.
Turning to the outcomes of the HPV vaccines, Jørgensen and colleagues' results show broadly similar benefits to those Arbyn et al. found from reviewing trial publications in their recent Cochrane review [8]. Take, for example, the rate of cervical lesions graded CIN 2 or higher (CIN 2+). That is the level of possible cervical cancer precursor that would typically lead to treatment for women in economically advantaged countries. CIN 2+ is used as a measure because it generally takes many years for cervical cancer to develop after HPV infection. That means these trials were not long enough to assess cancer outcomes meaningfully. For perspective, by 1996, CIN 2+ progressed to invasive cancer for about 15% of women in a UK cervical screening programme from 1976 [9]. About a third of women with cervical cancer die within 5 years in the USA [10].
The Jørgensen review found a risk ratio or relative risk (RR) of 0.81 [0.68–0.97] for CIN 2+ based on 1 to 4 years of follow-up, or about a 20% reduction (from approximately 4.9% to 3.8%) (Additional file 4, analysis 3.7). The Arbyn review found an RR of 0.79 [0.65–0.97] for women who had received at least one dose of vaccine, based on follow-up mostly around 4 years, with one trial over 8 years (analysis 3.7). That was a reduction from approximately 5.1% to 4.0% in a few years.
The most influential conclusions of this systematic review, however, are likely to be the claims about serious and rare neurological harms, based on what the authors make clear are post hoc exploratory analyses. That is extremely worrying because I believe the authors are on very shaky ground here. The conclusions are shaky not just because of the risk of missing data overturning the findings as the authors discuss. To understand how troublesome I find their claims, we need to go back into the early stages of their study.
The original protocol for the systematic review envisaged gaining access to a rich source of detailed data on adverse events from CSRs. In particular, they wanted to be able to assess the risk of two rare neurological conditions, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). They point out in their protocol that both these conditions are exclusionary diagnoses: they could only apply if other, far more likely, causes of symptoms are ruled out.
However, when the yield of data was disappointing, the authors made two amendments to their protocol [11], developing more indirect ways of trying to assess potential harms as they realised their original plans were not feasible. In my view, this undercuts the methodological rigour of their work.
This, for example, is how they ultimately arrived at something they call "harms judged as 'definitely associated' with" POTS or CRPS. They collected every unique term used for any recorded adverse event and put them into an Excel sheet. They asked a single clinician to code those she considered definitely associated with POTS or CRPS. The result, as the authors point out, included conditions "that do not align well with the diagnostic criteria of POTS or CRPS", like constipation. Coded "definitely associated" was a very long list of symptoms including many kinds of common pain, conditions including food poisoning, and having tests including chest X-rays, blood tests, and ultrasounds. There did not have to be a cluster of them. These events are exceedingly more likely not to be associated with POTS or CRPS than they are to be a signal of a rare neurological condition.
The next methodological issue I found problematic was their conclusion, "we found that the vaccines caused serious neurological harms". They had data classified as serious neurological events, but they did not know how many separate individuals experienced them. So if a person had a headache bad enough to interfere with their normal activity as well as dizziness that affected them as badly, or they had disturbed sleep (or all three), then that one person would be counted as two (or three) people with serious neurological harms.
The problems inherent in the underlying data were exacerbated by the use of statistical methods that, in my opinion, systematically distorted the presentation of rates for association with POTS and CRPS and serious neurological harms. The authors computed rates that they presented as risk ratios, and, derived from those, numbers needed to harm (NNH). Both of these statistics unambiguously require knowing how many individuals were affected by harms as a proportion of all individuals [12, 13]—data that the authors did not have. You cannot know the risk of being harmed if you do not know how many people were harmed.
The authors drew the line at continuing this method of calculation in cases where events were so common that the numerators eventually exceeded denominators. The results of a meta-analysis in these circumstances, they wrote, would be "nonsensical". But the respective size of the data points is not what compromises these analyses. The problem is doing calculations with data points other than those the formulas require.
The authors argued that statistically exaggerating the rate of harms would be acceptable because adverse effects are likely to be under-ascertained. For example, any that might theoretically be caused by vaccine adjuvants would be hidden as the comparison groups were not placebos. They also point out that POTS and CRPS could be under-diagnosed. We cannot be sure, though, of the potential magnitude of any of this. What is certain is the rates being used to conclude vaccines cause serious nervous system harm and definite associations with CRPS and POTS are misnamed, and thus, misleading. As the authors report, their analyses show no statistically significant increase in any individual serious or fatal adverse event, or overall serious or fatal harms.
The authors also argue that events classified as serious neurological ones were so uncommon, duplication was unlikely. That is contestable, in my view, given the nature of those events (headaches, to a large extent). If the estimates are accurate, however, and also not a statistical fluke, the risk they calculated is very small: 0.15% versus 0.09%, an absolute difference of 0.06% (or six out of every 10,000).
Against that, we need to weigh the far more common harms caused by cervical cancer, and the surgical procedures used to diagnose it or rule it out. An estimated 2,000,000 women have abnormal Pap smear results in a year in the USA [14]. The National Cancer Institute estimates that 0.6% of women in the USA (or six out of every 1000) will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in their lifetime, and a third of them will die within 5 years. That would be two deaths for every 1000 women in the country [10]. Any substantial reduction in cervical cancer and its potential precursors will prevent anxiety and suffering on a very large scale.
This systematic review confirms that participants in these trials experienced a reduction in possible early signs of HPV-related cancers and the distressing surgical and non-surgical procedures undergone to treat abnormalities. Since the cut-off date for data inclusion in both the Jørgensen and Arbyn systematic reviews, a study following up trial participants for over 10 years has reported a statistically significant drop in cancer, too [15].
In practice, HPV vaccines are generally used at younger ages than in the trials, when the chance of already being exposed to the viruses is lower. Large-scale vaccination programmes and vaccination of boys might result in some herd immunity, and vaccines that protect against more strains of HPV than those in the trials are in use. Some estimate that the rate of cervical cancer in countries with high vaccination rates could be reduced by half or more in the next few years [8, 16, 17].
Publicity about safety concerns led to substantial drops in HPV vaccination in several countries [18,19,20]. So the stakes in discussing potential vaccine harms are high, both in the need to openly scrutinise the potential for harm and the need to do it responsibly. Only a very rigorous assessment could move us forward. I do not believe the Jørgensen et al. systematic review provides that.
Jørgensen L, Gøtzsche PC, Jefferson T. Benefits and harms of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: systematic review with meta-analyses of trial data from clinical study reports. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-0983-y.
Jørgensen L, Gøtzsche PC, Jefferson T. Benefits and harms of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: comparison of trial data from clinical study reports with corresponding trial register entries and journal publications. Syst Rev. 2020. 2020. Volume 9, Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01300-1
Jørgensen L, Doshi P, Gøtzsche PC, Jefferson T. Challenges of independent assessment of potential harms of HPV vaccine. BMJ. 2018;362:k3694. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3694.
Melander H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Meijer G, Beermann B. Evidence b(i)ased medicine—selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: review of studies in new drug applications. BMJ. 2003;326:1171–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1171.
MacLean CH, Morton SC, Ofman JJ, et al. How useful are unpublished data from the Food and Drug Administration in meta-analysis? J Clin Epi. 2003;56(1):44–51 https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(02)00520-6/fulltext.
Eyding D, Lelgemann M, Grouven U, et al. Reboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials. BMJ. 2010;341:c4737. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4737.
Rohner E, Grabik M, Tonia T, et al. Does access to clinical study reports from the European Medicines Agency reduce reporting biases? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in cancer patients. PLOS One. 2017;12(12):e0189309. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189309.
Arbyn M, Xu L, Simoens C, Martin-Hirsch PPL. Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5:CD009069. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009069.pub3.
Raffle AE, Alden B, Quinn M, et al. Outcomes of screening to prevent cancer: analysis of cumulative incidence of cervical abnormality and modelling of cases and deaths prevented. BMJ. 2003;326:901. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7395.901.
National Cancer Institute Surveillance. Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER). Cancer stat facts: cervical cancer. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute; 2019. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html
Jørgensen L, Gøtzsche PC, Jefferson T. Protocol amendment no. 1 and 2: benefits and harms of the human papillomavirus vaccines: systematic review of industry and non-industry study reports. York: PROSPERO; 2017. Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPEROFILES/56093_ PROTOCOL_20171116.pdf
Altman D, Machin D, Bryant T, Gardner M. Statistics with confidence: confidence intervals and statistical guidelines. Second edition. London: BMJ Books; 2000.
Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.1.0. London: Cochrane Collaboration; 2011.
Insinga RP, Glass AG, Rush BB. Diagnoses and outcomes in cervical cancer screening: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(1):105–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.043.
Luostarinen T, Apter D, Dillner J, et al. Vaccination protects against invasive HPV-associated cancers. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(10):2186–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31231.
Pollock KG, Kavanagh K, Potts A, et al. Reduction of low- and high-grade cervical abnormalities associated with uptake of the HPV bivalent vaccine in Scotland. Br J Cancer. 2014;111(9):1824–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.479.
Hall MT, Simms KT, Lew J-B, et al. Projected future impact of HPV vaccination and primary HPV screening on cervical cancer rates from 2017–2035: example from Australia. PLOS One. 2018;13(2):e0185332. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185332.
Morimoto A, Ueda Y, Egawa-Takata T, et al. Effect on HPV vaccination in Japan resulting from news report of adverse events and suspension of governmental recommendation for HPV vaccination. Int J Clin Oncol. 2014;29(3):549–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-014-0723-1.
Corcoran B, Clarke A, Barrett T. Rapid response to HPV vaccination crisis in Ireland. Lancet. 2018;391(10135):P2103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30854-7.
Suppli CH, Hansen ND, Rasmussen M, et al. Decline in HPV-vaccination uptake in Denmark – the association between HPV-related media coverage and HPV-vaccination. BMC Pub Health. 2018;1360. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6268-x.
I am grateful to Professor Thomas Lumley, Chair in Biostatistics at The University of Auckland, for statistical advice during the preparation of this commentary, and to Professor Jenny Doust for reviewing it. The views expressed, and any errors, are my own.
Bond University, Robina, Australia
Hilda Bastian
The author wrote and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Hilda Bastian.
I worked at IQWiG between 2004 and 2011, and where I participated in review of data on HPV vaccines as basis for information to the general public, and the development of the Institute's scientific methods. IQWiG included CSRs in its drug evaluations. I have both collaborated, and been in disagreements, with two of the authors (PCG and TJ). In 2018, I blogged about the authors' critique of the Cochrane review on HPV vaccines and the dispute between PCG and the Cochrane Collaboration.
Bastian, H. What the systematic review of HPV vaccine clinical study reports does, and does not, reveal: commentary on Jørgensen et al.. Syst Rev 9, 41 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01299-5
Revised: 14 June 2019


I came upon this scripture in my reading yesterday. It is so like the Lord to give me exactly what I need when I need it the most. It's easy for me to focus on the circumstances around me. I can get stuck in a rut, sink into a pit, and forget that there is One who is victorious, and He lives IN ME. How could I forget? But there are moments when I take my eyes off of Him, and I make that choice to turn from the peace and calm that He has promised me, that my mind wanders and sets up camp in a dark and lonely place.
In this place, there is no light.
In this place, it's cold and dreary.
In this place, my heart is not at rest.
In this place, my mind is filled with should be's, could have been's and what if's.
But God's desire for me is that I would know my purpose — to love Him and be loved by Him. The very God of the Universe, the One who spoke the world into existence by His very breath, called my name. I shudder when I think about it. What does God see in me? When He looks at me, how does He feel? When He hears my voice, is it sweat to His ear?
The truth is that before God ever spoke the world into existence, He thought about me, and YOU! He desired that we would be, that we would know Him, and that we would make His Name known. So then why is it so easy to allow our minds to go to places of untruth and unrest?
I am camping here, in this truth, right now. It's been good for my heart to read this text in The Message translation. It gives me an even greater perspective of How God feels about me.
I know that although my mind wanders far away at times, He is right there calling me back to Him, with the very same breath that He first called me.
I have been chosen by the King of Kings.
I am His daughter, and nothing will every change that.
What about you, my friend? What comes to your mind when you think about the God of the universe calling you by name? I would love for you to share in the comments below.
I think there is something so tender about thinking about the Lord calling me by name. I think maybe because my name means supplanter that He calls me by a new name, but either way, I am glad He knows me so very intimately.
Beautiful painting! You are so talented!!
…When you're in over your head, I'll be there with you.
Father is always there and when the times are tough and scary we need only to look at Him and call out He will walk us through it all.
I am always thrilled when we talk about our Pappa calling us by name for my name means "my own". Well, the reason is obvious, don't you think!
Honestly, I get goosebumps thinking of Him calling me by name. The reality is I believe He calls me by name every day, but most days my ears are too focused on this world to hear Him. If only it were easier to shut out the noise and just tune into the God of the Universe. That's actually one way I'm trying to grow in my faith, is in quieting my mind to all things but Him. I've done it before, but it's extremely difficult. I'd like to have the self-discipline to do this frequently. I think it would be a wonderful way to spiritually crawl into His lap.
Oh friend…what a great place to camp! When I think about the fact that he thought about me before he created the world, it brings me to my knees. I LOVE these thoughts! Thank you, Barbie!


text:
History of Cloning – With Introduction and Timeline
by Anuska Khadka in Biology
Making an identical copy of any living substance or a cell is the simplest definition of cloning. And in the world where science is taking the globe by storms, cloning is undoubtedly a hot topic of discussion, which obliviously is not free of controversy. Moreover, this topic shines a light on the fundamental question "So is cloning even important?".
Well, when you get a beautiful dog (for example, Siberian Husky) of such a high price, wouldn't you be super happy if you could make another one just like her and keep it or sell it, as you wish? Hold up, I know this might not sound right, but cloning few endangered species, who are failing to reproduce can literally save the ecosystem from significant danger.
Additionally, this technology could even be used for cloning stem cells of a diseased person, so different types of research can be done on these cells. However, when it comes to cloning a full human being, this whole topic still gets controversial!
The process of producing genetically identical organisms or DNA fragments, by using somatic cells, either artificially or naturally is called cloning; moreover, many species in our ecosystem do cloning naturally ( examples- bacteria, fungi, and even blueberry plants, hazel trees).
Cloning, genuinely speaking, is not a new terminology in science as it dates back to 5000BC when humans first discovered that planting seeds in the soil could grow a new crop. However, the first successful artificial cloning was invented by Steen Willadsen in 1984, and I'm sure you have heard of the famous lamb, Dolly, which was created by no other than Mr. Willadsen.
However, a scientific idea of cloning from a somatic cell came from a German scientist Hans Spemann, in 1938, when he proposed a "fantastical experiment" to transfer one cell's nucleus into an egg without a core nucleus, whose primary method was eventually used in cloning. Hans Spemann used salamander eggs for his experiments, and the first nuclear transfer experiment was also done in salamander embryos. Similarly, In 1944, Oswald Avery discovered that genetic information is carried by the nucleic acids of cells, which became a foundation for Watson and Crick to discover the structure of DNA in 1953.
Timeline of Cloning
1958 F.C. Steward grew whole carrot plants from carrot root cells, which encouraged the belief that cloning from adult cells may be possible.
1962 John Gurdon cloned frogs from differentiated adult cells.
1966 Niremberg, Mathaei, and Ochoa determined which codon sequences specify each of the 20 amino acids, thereby "cracking the genetic code" and opening the door to advances in genetic engineering.
1969 Shapiero and Beckwith isolated the first gene.
1972 Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules.
1973 Cohen and Boyer created the first recombinant DNA organisms.
1977 Fred Sanger invented a method for sequencing DNA, which later enabled researchers to map the genomes of various species.
1983 Kary B. Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction technique for rapid DNA synthesis
1984 Steen Willadsen, a Danish scientist, reported he had made a genetic copy of a lamb from early sheep embryo cells, a process now called twinning. This process is the first verified cloning of a mammal via nuclear transfer. Other scientists would eventually use his method to twin cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits, and rhesus monkeys.
1986 Steen Willadsen cloned cattle from differentiated cells.
1990 Human Genome Project began
1994 Neal First produced genetic copies of calves from embryos. They grew to at least 120 cells.
1996 Dolly, the first animal cloned from adult cells, was born (not announced until 1997).
1997 1. Only a week after the Dolly announcement, scientists brought cloning technology closer to humans by twinning rhesus monkeys from embryos.
2. The first cloned cow was produced from a fetal cell.
3. Researchers at the University of Hawaii produced the first mouse cloned from an adult cell.
4. The scientists who produced Dolly announce that they had created a lamb with a human gene in every cell of its body. Named Polly, the lamb was produced using a method similar to that used to create Dolly.
5. Richard Seed, a successful fertility researcher, announced his plans to clone a human.
1998 Ryuzo Yanagimachi and his postdoctoral student Teruhiko Wakayama in Hawaii cloned some 50 mice from an adult cell. Some of the mice were cloned of clones, created by using a technique different than that used to produce Dolly the sheep. The first project aimed at cloning a domestic pet, a dog named Missy (Missyplicity Project), was launched.
1999 Researchers at the University of Hawaii produced Fibro, the first male clone. The mouse was named after the type of cell—a fibroblast or connective tissue cell—that was taken from the genetic donor. All previous clones of adult mammals had been female.
2000 1. Britain became the first country to grant a patent for cloned early-stage human embryos. Geron Corporation, which received the patent, said it has no intention of creating cloned humans.
2. The group that created Dolly the sheep announced the first cloned pigs. Scientists hope that pigs could be genetically engineered for use in human organ transplants.
2001 1. An endangered Asian ox called a gaur was cloned. It died two days after the birth of an ordinary disease after it was cloned and gestated in the womb of a cow.
2. The first human clone embryo was produced; it was planned for embryonic stem cell harvesting, not reproductive cloning. However, it stopped dividing before stem cells can be harvested
2002 The first rabbits are cloned from adult cells.
2003 The first cloned bantengs (endangered species) were born to cows. The genetic donor had died 23 years earlier and his DNA preserved in the "Frozen Zoo" at San Diego Zoo's Center for the Reproduction of Endangered Species.
The first horse was cloned from an adult cell. The first deer was cloned from an adult cell. The first African wildcat was cloned from an adult cell.
2004 The first domestic cats were cloned using CT technology and publicly displayed.
2005 1. Researchers at Seoul National University produced Snuppy, the first clone of a domestic dog.
2. Unrelated cloned African wildcats were successfully bred under natural conditions. This was the first time unrelated clones of a wild species had produced offspring.
Everything has its pros and cons. Thus, if cloning is done correctly for medical purposes and the betterment of not only humanity but the whole ecosystem in general, the results will surely be beneficial. Nevertheless, if cloning is used for selfish purposes and to make duplicate humans for experiments, then it surely will create great problems that could be beyond our imagination. Therefore, cloning is a beautiful technique with lots of progress over time, but if not used well, it might lead to the destruction of humankind.
References: National Science Teaching Association | Reproductive Cloning
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Significators | Where to stick them!
Don't sweep me under the carpet!
Back in April, I ran a little poll asking YOU whether you'd consider using a significator in a reading. As I expected the majority of you said that you never used it in a reading, but an encouraging 20% said that you might consider using one now.
Anyyyyywaaaay – so far we've looked at lots of ways one might choose a significator – some complicated and others very simple.
But what to DO with the damned thing once you've got it?!
Traditionally with the Celtic Cross reading, it would be slipped beneath the first two cards of your spread, hitherto never to be referred to again! Well, what's the point of THAT?!
How could we make better use of this card?
Why not try keeping the significator off to one side, somewhere where it can be kept in view throughout the reading, and then see how that card 'relates' to the other cards in the spread?
In a circular-shaped spread – eg a Wheel of The Year type lay out – you could sit the significator in the centre. Literally placing your querent at the heart of the reading – and see how the card reacts to the others in the spread?
Is the Significator and the card you want to talk about from the same suit?
Or are they from suits where the elements are opposed (eg Wands and Cups, Swords and Pentacles)?
Is your significator looking towards the card under discussion?
Is the character in the OTHER card looking towards or away from the significator card?
Is your significator looking to the left or right? Straight out?
Does the significator mirror any aspect of the card under discussion?
Are there any symbols common to both the Significator and the other card?
I like that idea, Chloe – reading the cards around it as an answer. May I borrow that as a suggestion on an upcoming blog post?
The only way I ever tend to use a significator is to find "where" the person is right now and where they need to go. So, choosing a significator, shuffling it into the deck, then looking through the deck to find it and reading the cards around it as an answer. I've also a Major as a significator, describing the main life lesson the person feels they are currently exploring 🙂 I like what you say about keeping the card within the reading to look at how it onteracts with the other cards!
Grin, I read you whenever you post so stick to your schedule, darlin'! You know I'm a huge fan. Oh! If you have time, pop by mine tomorrow. I'm asking for input on a reading I did for me.
It's a spread in which the use of a significator is integral – so lots of fun!
There are loads of different ways to select cards as significators. If you have the time, if you check the posts that I made in April (you will be able to see them if you click the Blog Archive arrow for April) that outlined a few ways to select them.
Glad to hear that you might consider using a significator in your readings!
I have never used a significator in my readings but I can consider it. As far the point remains how to choose the significator, how about we take the court cards out, shuffle them and randomly pick one, and that is what is significator. because most of the times we are having different sides of our personality apparent which makes it difficult to decide which card best reflects those sides of our personality. I'm sure I'm not the only one with a multiple personality syndrome LOL but I am Queen of Wands but I have lots of Earth (Virgo Rising, Taurus Moon, Capricorn Stellium) so I don't know sometimes its the fire, sometimes the Earth which dominates. Can we do that?


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text:
Which Ought to You Buy, 2020 Or 2021?
Lots of the adjustments occurring within the automotive market at present, together with tightened credit markets in a capital-intensive industry and elevated authorities involvement are the newest global challenges. Asian cars have very dependable engines, however most often, they're far behind in terms of driving feeling and interior design. However, as they have excellent engines, it would be my alternative if I was in search of a reliable car with a superb driving expertise. SOME JURISDICTIONS PROVIDE FOR CERTAIN IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SUCH BECAUSE THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY RELEVANT REGULATION, WE DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL IMPLIED OR EXPRESS GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES ABOUT THE PROVIDERS.
By 2030, McKinsey estimates greater than a 3rd to nearly half of automobiles sold in China and Europe will be battery-powered and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles The anticipated market share for the U.S. is much decrease at roughly 17% to 36%, up from three% this 12 months. Another strategy is inductive charging using a non-conducting "paddle" inserted right into a slot within the automotive. Delco Electronics developed the Magne Charge inductive charging system round 1998 for the General Motors EV1 that was also used for the Chevrolet S-10 EV and Toyota RAV4 EV autos.
For Yahoo Answers, Yahoo Leisure, Yahoo Lifestyle, Yahoo Mail, Yahoo News, Yahoo Search and Yahoo Sport the Relevant Verizon Media Entity is Verizon Media New Zealand Limited (Address: Stage 1, 22-28 Customs Road East, Auckland 1010 New Zealand) and the following phrases apply: (a) the Terms and the connection between you and Verizon Media New Zealand Limited can be ruled by the legal guidelines of New Zealand without regard to its battle of law provisions, and (b) you and Verizon Media New Zealand Limited conform to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of New Zealand.
Laws requires retailers to label fuels containing ethanol on the dispenser, and limits ethanol use to 10% of gasoline in Australia. Such gasoline is often referred to as E10 by main brands, and it's cheaper than common unleaded gasoline. The chief dangers of such leaks come not from automobiles, but from gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. Because of this danger, most (underground) storage tanks now have extensive measures in place to detect and stop any such leaks, similar to monitoring programs (Veeder-Root, Franklin Fueling).
Australia has lengthy confronted a petrol (gasoline) sniffing drawback in remoted and impoverished aboriginal communities. Although some sources argue that sniffing was introduced by United States servicemen stationed in the nation's Top End throughout World Struggle II 119 or via experimentation by Forties-period Cobourg Peninsula sawmill employees, 120 different sources declare that inhalant abuse (equivalent to glue inhalation) emerged in Australia in the late 1960s. 121 Chronic, heavy petrol sniffing appears to occur among distant, impoverished indigenous communities, where the ready accessibility of petrol has helped to make it a standard substance for abuse.
There are numerous car business careers that range from working in a automotive dealership to a automobile factory. Some jobs could require a college education or previous expertise, however many jobs within the automotive area are available to individuals who full high school. There are additionally choices within the automobile trade for individuals who need to own a small enterprise.
Because of its low density, it is not easy to retailer pure gas or to transport it by automobile. Natural gas pipelines are impractical throughout oceans, for the reason that gasoline must be cooled down and compressed, because the friction in the pipeline causes the fuel to warmth up. Many present pipelines in America are near reaching their capability, prompting some politicians representing northern states to talk of potential shortages. The big commerce value implies that pure gas markets are globally a lot much less built-in, inflicting vital price differences throughout international locations. In Western Europe , the gasoline pipeline community is already dense. 58 better supply needed full quotation needed New pipelines are deliberate or beneath development in Japanese Europe and between gasoline fields in Russia , Near East and Northern Africa and Western Europe.
ought which
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text: Q: Power management issues! I'm using an HP-15BS542TU laptop. I have been using it for the past 4 years with Windows 10. I recently installed Ubuntu about 2 months ago. While on windows, my laptop lasted 10 hours on a full battery, Ubuntu lasts hardly an hour. I'm am running an i3-6006u processor with 4 GB ram and integrated graphics. I read up on the power management guides by other users which direct you to use tlp. But I already tried that and there has been no improvement! I would like your help in fixing this problem. Please help me!!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Unity and vuforia Compatibilty with Samsung and the Qualcomm APQ8017?
HI everyone, does anyone know if the Qualcomm APQ8017 is compatible with Vuforia? If not can someone help me find a tablet that is good to run AR and will be compatible in the long run?


A meal begins with your drink choice and sets the tone for all of the courses to follow…yeah, no pressure! Here at Valley Smoke, we make it easy. Although we have a robust menu, you can't go wrong with your selections. The key is knowing which entrees, appetizers, desserts and drinks complement each other. Stick to one flavor palette and you'll be on a fast-track to the perfect meal. Here are some of our favorites meal pairings from Valley Smoke. Bon appetit!
2. Fruit is normally never showcased during the beginning portion of your meal. This is because the sweetness that comes from fruit often dulls the appetite. For this reason, fruit shows up mainly in desserts.
3. Creamy soups are food for the soul. However, they don't pair well with creamed vegetables such as our Poblano Cream Corn. Heavy, creamy starters shouldn't be followed up by creamy sides. Instead, try a side like a mixed green salad!
4. Who doesn't love sauce? Sometimes we get stuck on loving just one sauce. But the key to a complimentary meal is to mix it up a little and test out all of the homemade sauces Valley Smoke has to offer.
1. Complementing Seasonings: Starting off with a simple drink choice? Perk up your palette with a heavily seasoned appetizer to get your meal started the right way.
2. Complementing Temperatures: Varying temperatures throughout your meal creates interest and a much needed contradiction. Warm foods stimulate your appetite and appear in almost every course, so adding a cold side salad to any meal gives your meal balance.
3. Complementing Textures: Even in food, "opposites attract" is still a phrase that reigns true. Crunchy and smooth textures are ideal in meals, such as soup and salad. You could even just get our smooth Simple Tomato Soup that comes with crunchy grilled cheese croutons. Absolutely delicious!
These meal plans are just for inspiration, so feel free to substitute your own favorites to get the best tailored meal for you! We hope you feel equipped to walk in and order the perfectly paired meal at Valley Smoke. See you soon!


text:
by Post Malone (featuring Lil Baby & Meek Mill)
Album: Hollywood's Bleeding (2019)
This defiant anthem finds Post Malone boasting about how he achieved his success through his own hard work. Other people claim to deserve a share of the rewards Post is reaping, but he recognizes them as fake.
Cause I been on the road, been on the road, I
Quit actin' like you been with me this whole time
These fake friends weren't with Post when he hit the road at the beginning of his career. They flatter him by pretending to have been devoted to him since he started out, but he knows this isn't true. They only joined the Post bandwagon after he began accumulating hit records.
Post is joined on the song by Lil Baby and Meek Mill, who add verses pointing out some harsh truths to their fake friends. Meek Mill accuses people of dropping him when the hard work started only to return to his orbit once he began to reap the rewards. Lil Baby talks about how his "goin hard" has affected his relationships with women.
Post Malone explained to Spotify that the song's narrative about fake people is one that runs throughout Hollywood's Bleeding. He explained:
"A lot of people act like they had something to do with everything, but you really worked your ass off and they kinda sat back and said, 'Yeah I was there, I helped out.' And really, it turns out you really were only around for the perks of being my friend, not really there for my genuine love and pure comedy that I give to you. You weren't there for me, really for me, you were there for ulterior motives."
Lil Baby and Meek Mill have worked together several times, including on DJ Khaled's 2019 song "You Stay." This is Post's first collaboration with both artists.
Post Malone, Lil Baby and Meek Mill wrote the song with:
Canadian singer-songwriter Billy Walsh, who contributed to 15 out of the 17 Hollywood's Bleeding tracks.
Post Malone's go-to producer Louis Bell, who contributed to all of the Hollywood's Bleeding tracks.
Frequent Juice WRLD collaborator Nick Mira. He helmed the rapper's hit singles "Lucid Dreams (Forget Me)," "All Girls Are The Same" and "Robbery."
American rapper Vory, whose other writing credits include Bryson Tiller's "Don't" and Drake's "Mob Ties."
More songs from Post Malone
More songs from Lil Baby
More songs from Meek Mill
More songs about liars or people who are fake
Lyrics to On the Road
Post Malone Artistfacts


text:
fotohansel - Fotolia
Government-backed IoTUK programme launches
IoTUK programme is backed by £40m of government funding and will explore how the internet of things can be used to enable growth and improve quality of life
Alex Scroxton, Security Editor
Published: 10 Sep 2015 13:00
The Digital Catapult and the Future Cities Catapult have launched IoTUK, a programme to explore and expand the internet of things (IoT) in the UK.
Backed with money from a £40m IoT funding pot – which was first announced by the government in the spring Budget – IoTUK is designed to enable IoT entrepreneurship by providing support to businesses and public-sector organisations alike.
It will target those looking to explore the capabilities of the IoT in areas such as security and trust, data interoperability, investment justification and design and development.
Digital Catapult CEO Neil Crockett said he regarded the IoT as having reached a pivotal point in its evolution, and the UK was ready to take the conversation beyond smart fridges and first generation "point-to-point" IoT systems.
"This is about the combination of interoperability, AI and machine automation to create a game changer to the business models of every sector in the economy. The societal impact – from managing city infrastructure through to the delivery of our health and social services – will be huge.
"To stay ahead, the UK needs to be at the cusp of driving and gaining a new competitive edge from the fundamental technological changes that will happen in the next five years," said Crockett.
IoTUK will co-ordinate and manage the organisations to be appointed to deliver the recently announced funding for a city demonstrator, a security research unit and health and social care test-beds. These are being led by Innovate UK, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport's Digital Economy Unit, NHS England and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
"We have the academics, industry, talent and consumer demand to be IoT leaders, but there are challenges to overcome to realise this. From sharper research to more effective test beds for ideas and the unearthing of new systems for issues such as cyber security and the explosion of personal data, IoTUK is focused on addressing these and other gaps to help support and work with our growing IoT sector," said Crockett.
IoTUK has already planned out workshops and events across the UK. It has issued a call for real-world case studies, applicants for an IoT showcase and participants for a series of local innovation challenges and rapid incubation activities.
Read more on Internet of Things (IoT)
5PRING, Ferrovial challenge UK 5G innovators to lead UK construction 'revolution'
5G firms tune up for Sonic open networking scheme
Digital Catapult explores LPWAN and IoT for industry
IoT R&D projects missed out on £10m of government funding
EE launches 4G-capable IoT comms platform – ComputerWeekly.com
London innovation centre launches to tackle data ... – ComputerWeekly.com
Digital Catapult opens at King's Cross and begins ... – ComputerWeekly.com


text:
using Aspose.HTML.Live.Demos.UI.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;

namespace Aspose.HTML.Live.Demos.UI.Config
{
    /// <summary>
    /// The base page for all the other base page types, initializes access to the provider libraries and context
    /// </summary>
    public class BaseRootPage :  System.Web.UI.Page
    {
        private AsposeHTMLContext _atcContext;

        /// <summary>
        /// Main context object to access all the dcContent specific context info
        /// </summary>
        public AsposeHTMLContext AsposePageContext
		{
            get
            {
                if (_atcContext == null) _atcContext = new AsposeHTMLContext(HttpContext.Current);
                return _atcContext;
            }
        }

		private Dictionary<string, string> _resources;

		/// <summary>
		/// key/value pair containing all the error messages defined in resources.xml file
		/// </summary>
		public Dictionary<string, string> Resources
		{
			get
			{
				if (_resources == null) _resources = AsposePageContext.Resources;
				return _resources;
			}
		}
		protected override void OnInit(EventArgs e)
        {
            // Initialize our base class (System.Web,UI.Page)
            base.OnInit(e);
            // Check to see if the Session is null (doesnt exist)
            if (AsposePageContext.Session != null)
            {
                // Check the IsNewSession value, this will tell us if the session has been reset.
                // IsNewSession will also let us know if the users session has timed out
                if (Session.IsNewSession)
                {
                    // Now we know it's a new session, so we check to see if a cookie is present
                    string cookie = Request.Headers["Cookie"];
                    // Now we determine if there is a cookie does it contains what we're looking for
                    if ((null != cookie) && (cookie.IndexOf("ASP.NET_SessionId") >= 0))
                    {
                        //since it's a new session but a ASP.Net cookie exist we know
                        //the session has expired so we need to redirect them
                        //if ((Request.RawUrl.ToString().IndexOf("Index.aspx") < 0) && (Request.RawUrl.ToString().IndexOf("User.aspx") < 0))
                        //{
                        //   Response.Redirect("~/Default.aspx");
                        //}
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        protected override void OnLoad(EventArgs e)
        {
            // Sync the central context store with the first loaded context for this page
            AsposeHTMLContext.atcc = AsposePageContext;
            base.OnLoad(e);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Every year we received hundreds of pieces of advice from our members worldwide. From these, each month we pick the best 12 travel tips to include in our Journeywoman Newsletter. Then, at the end of the year we cut all those tips down to the best 25 for you to bookmark and keep. There's interesting places to sleep, places to eat and spots to shop - this list will come in so handy as you explore new destinations in the coming twelve months.
MY FAVORITE HOTEL IN PARIS -- writes Lorraine in Belleair, USA - Grand Hotel De Champaigne is my favorite hotel in Paris. Its just off Rue de Rivoli and near the Seine in the 1st arrondissement. It is just steps away from three metro stops. An easy walk to the Louvre, Notre Dame and the Left Bank. There is everything you would need to meet your needs within minutes. This hotel is not easily found, but it is worth seeking it out. It is hidden behind the major avenues. I prefer a balcony room where I can sit and look out on the rooftops of Paris. Their breakfast is a little pricey. Within steps are much less expensive options.
BEST INDIAN FOOD IN TORONTO -- writes Marilyn in Toronto, Canada -- I'd like to recommend Bukhara Grill, a relative new addition to our city's dining scene. They serve some of the best Indian food I've had outside of India, including a number of dishes I'd never seen on an Indian menu before - including the Kashmiri naan, a deliciously crisp, thin and buttery bread enclosing a filling of fruit and nuts that I will order forever. It's clean and comfortable with white linen tablecloths and napkins, and a good selection of beers and wines. P.S. I'm told that Monday is the chef's volleyball night, so perhaps Tuesday - Sunday might be a better choice to visit. Address: 2241A Bloor Street West. Runnymede subway station.
GREAT FILM ABOUT INDIA -- Even if you never travel to India, I recommend the film, 'The Lunch Box.' Saajan, a Mumbai office worker nearing retirement, is delivered the wrong lunch by a dabbawala. Young housewife Ila had intended it for her emotionally indifferent husband. Not only is the story a lovely one but you get to see Mumbai in the background and learn more about 'dabbawalas', the men who deliver these home cooked meals from Indian wives to their worker husbands.
A DELICIOUS SQUARE IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM -- writes Marilyn in Montreal, Canada -- I have been to Brussels many times and one of my favorite stops is Place du Grand Sablon. This charming city square is beautiful and houses many cafés , chocolate and pastry shops and antique stores. Café Vieux Saint Martin is a must whenever I go to Brussels. This is where I get my Dover sole fix! This café/ bistro is expensive but worth the treat. There are three wonderful chocolate shops in the square - Wittamer, is both a outstanding pastry and chocolate shop where you can have a cappuccino and a most delicious sweet, Pierre Marcolini, and of course Godiva. On Saturday and Sunday, there is an antique market and the square is busy with local people who enjoy eating, walking and shopping in Place du Grand Sablon.


text:
'Outrageous': Calls to rip up Crown's $200m compensation shield
Crown royal commission
By Patrick Hatch
July 4, 2021 — 11.55pm
The Andrews government is facing calls to step in and stop Crown Resorts from claiming up to $200 million in compensation if the findings of the state's royal commission result in changes to how its Melbourne casino can operate.
With the inquiry focused on the extent of the gambling harm carried out Crown's Melbourne casino, commissioner Ray Finkelstein has raised grave concerns about the manner in which the company deals with gambling addiction.
The inquiry has so far heard evidence of Crown letting a patron gamble for 18-hours straight and that patrons are three times more likely to experience gambling harm at the casino than at other venues in the state.
However, any action taken by the Victorian government based on the recommendations from the inquiry that hurts Crown's bottom line could trigger a compensation claim of up to $200 million, under a deal the James Packer-backed casino signed with the Napthine government in September 2014.
Crown could claim up to $200 million in compensation if Victoria imposes new rules to limit gambling harm. Credit:Chris Hopkins
The "regulatory certainty" clauses inserted into Crown's commercial agreement with the state entitles the casino to compensation worth 10.5 times any profit it loses if the government changes certain rules around how the casino can operate.
These include lowering the maximum bet limits on most of its 2628 poker machines from $10 per spin - which is double what's allowed at any other venue in Victoria - or introducing a new pre-commitment scheme to stop gamblers losing more money than they can afford.
The 2014 deal, struck two months before the Napthine government lost power to Premier Daniel Andrews' Labor party, extended Crown's licence until 2050, and allowed it to add 128 more poker machines and 40 more gaming tables to its casino in exchange for $910 million in extra tax payments.
Victoria's treasurer at the time Michael O'Brien, who is now the opposition leader, defended the compensation clause when it was first announced, saying that NSW had given Crown "far more generous regulatory certainty than Victoria has".
Mr Andrews raised concerns about the deal at the time but ultimately said he would honour it if he won government after Crown agreed to retrain 500 retrenched workers at the casino.
Reason Party leader and Upper House MP Fiona Patten said the state parliament should move to amend the legislation to void the compensation clause.
Crown Melbourne has 2628 poker machines, including 1000 which can spin without any maximum bet limit. Credit:Peter Braig
"If Crown has behaved in manner that is in direct contravention of their casino licence... then they shouldn't be eligible for a single cent in compensation under this agreement," she said.
"It would take a lot of chutzpah, I would think, for Crown management to even contemplate attempting to even bring it up given the current situation they find themselves in."
Victorian Greens leader Samantha Ratnam said the compensation clause was "outrageous" and that evidence from the commission already showed that Crown was unfit to hold its casino licence.
"The government should already be preparing to rip the contract up, to make sure Victorians aren't liable for Crown's corrupt behaviour," Ms Ratnam said.
An Andrews government spokeswoman said it was inappropriate to comment on how it might deal with the compensation clause while the inquiry was still under way.
Meanwhile, a Crown spokeswoman said that "out of respect for the Victorian royal commission and its processes", it would not comment on whether it would seek to claim compensation if new rules are imposed on its casino.
NSW suspended Crown's licence for its new Sydney casino late last year after an independent inquiry in that state examined evidence - first raised by this masthead - of criminal infiltration and money laundering at its Melbourne and Perth casinos.
Commissioner Finkelstein will hand over his recommendations to the government by October 15 outlining whether Crown is fit to run its flagship Melbourne casino, and if not, what changes could be needed to make it a suitable licence holder.
The opposition's shadow gaming minister Steph Ryan said on Sunday there was "nothing in Crown's contract which entitles them to break the law" and that Victorians expected the Labor government to "put aside its cosy relationship with Crown" when the commission hands down its recommendations.
As well as a change to Crown's poker machine bet limits, the casino can also claim compensation if the government stops it from operating up to 1000 machines in "unrestricted mode", which means they can spin constantly without any maximum bet limit.
Gamblers lost around $450 million from Crown's pokies every year before the COVID-19 pandemic, according to its financial reports.
Crown could also claim compensation if the government limits access to ATMs within the casino, and if it introduces a program that made patrons set a limit on how much they were willing to loose before gambling, other than the state's existing and widely criticised YourPlay scheme.
YourPlay could be exposing gamblers to greater harm at Crown, the commission has heard, because it disables all harm reduction measures on Crown's unrestricted poker machines. The most commonly chosen loss limit on the scheme is $1 million per day, the commission has heard.
Crown having to make change to its loyalty scheme - which the casino has been accused of using to encourage people to gamble more than they can afford - could also trigger compensation.
The royal commission will resume public hearings on Monday and is set to conclude on Friday, with senior Crown leaders including executive chairman Helen Coonan and Crown Melbourne CEO Xavier Walsh due to give evidence.
The Business Briefing newsletter delivers major stories, exclusive coverage and expert opinion. Sign up to get it every weekday morning.
Crown Resorts
Patrick Hatch is a business reporter at The Age and Sydney Morning Herald.Connect via Twitter or email.


text:
title: Examples
---

These examples demonstrate how to use **itk.js** to create an interactive web app to provide
scientific insights into your spatial data.

Start with the **Getting Started** *Hello World!* example.

The **Recipes** section describes ways to use frameworks to build your web app
quickly and easily.

The **Examples** section provides simple demonstrations of how to achieve
common tasks.

The **Building** section details the processing of building your itk.js
application with Node.js.


Click Here To See Our Livermore Location!
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The North American Indian, A stunning photographic record of the lives of the vanishing tribes of the continent's indigenous people compiled at the start of the 20th century over almost 30 years is set to sell with an estimate of $1m to $1.5m.
The North America Indian by Edward S Curtis is viewed as important a cultural work as John James Audubon's seminal title Birds of America.
The ground-breaking book is also seen as a masterpiece of photography and crucial social record of various native tribes.
New York's Swann Auction Galleries is set to sell one of the earliest complete sets, in its original binding, in an auction on October 18.
As well as its historic importance, Kaplan expects it to attract a great deal of attention from a wide range of collectors.
Curtis was a significant figure in the development of photography as an art form and social record, working with photography pioneers Alfred Stieglitz and Lewis Hine.
He began his career as a portrait photographer in Seattle in the early 1890s, hoping to document Native American life. After his skills came to the attention of Theodore Roosevelt, whose children Curtis photographed, Roosevelt lent his support to the project and introduced him to J.P. Morgan. Morgan bankrolled the first phases of the project.
"What Curtis brought to this project is not only of documentary and photojournalistic importance, but also of great significance artistically, with the images as beautiful and grand as can be," says Kaplan.
The project made a hero of Curtis at the time. "He had a keen awareness that the culture was being decimated by government agents and missionaries and was vanishing before his eyes, and he was determined to ensure that the spirituality, rituals and culture of the people was treated with respect," says Kaplan.
Swann Galleries achieved a house record when they took $1.44m in 2012 for another, rebound complete set of The North American Indian, a sale that Kaplan also handled.
Kaplan commented, "All the superlatives are there: heroic, epic, grand, majestic. This magnum opus has been compared to Audubon in terms of the vision and grandeur of the completed project," she explained. "The notion of the Big Idea and unravelling the great mystery of the native culture for the general population to understand has become embedded in the national psyche.


Do you have a birthday or an anniversary celebration coming up? If the answer is yes, we are happy to tell you that you have clicked on the perfect gift card for each of these occasions. With an eGift card from Centrepoint, the receiver is given access to a large collection of fashionable apparel for all age groups and to an amazing assortment of shoes, cosmetics and household items.
Centrepoint is home to Splash, which is synonymous to fashion and style. So, if you are desperately looking for a gift for a fashionista or a follower of fashion trends, a Centrepoint gift card is perfect. Yes! They have items for everyone and for every occasion. Men, teenagers and women will rejoice with this gift card as they will able to buy the most stylish apparel. Mothers will also love this gift card as they can purchase the best baby clothes and items from Babyshop that will make their baby comfortable and stylish, all at the same time.
Let's no forget the amazing range of shoes available at Centrepoint from the famous Shoe Mart. The Shoe Mart department is not to miss as gift receivers will be able to purchase items from the world's most famous shoe brands, such as Sketchers, Puma, and Reebok.
Centrepoint gifts also give your loved ones access to Lifestyle. This brand is perfect for anyone looking to lay their hands on the best skincare products, makeup and perfumes. Not only that! Lifestyle is also your loved one's gateway to the trendiest accessories, the best household furniture as well as the coolest room accessories for kids. So, if you need a gift for someone who just gave birth, someone who is all about healthy skin and beautiful make up, or even someone who loves handbags and wallets, Centrepoint must be your go-to gift card!
It is amazing what one single gift card can do! In the case of Centrepoint, it can bring smiles, happiness, relief, comfort and style all at once. So go ahead, and choose Centrepoint today.
This eGift Card is redeemable against all merchandise offered at the listed Centrepoint outlets in UAE.
This eGift Card is also valid in Babyshop, Shoemart, Splash and Lifestyle Standalone stores in UAE .
This eGift Card is partially redeemable.
This eGift Card is not valid for online purchases.
Got the reasonable items.i am happy with what i got.


text:
Jeopardy: GOAT
2020 Renewal Scorecard
AHS: 1984
#OneChicago
black-ish Season 6
Zoey's Playlist
Mrs. Maisel Season 3
NBC Boss Open to More Community, Insists Fans Will Get 'Same Show' Despite Dan Harmon Ouster
By Michael Ausiello / July 24 2012, 9:47 AM PDT
NBC's top exec insists Community has not been sent to Friday night to die.
At the Television Critics Association's summer press tour in Beverly Hills on Tuesday, Peacock chairman Robert Greenblatt maintained that the cult fave is not necessarily heading into its final season. "I would love nothing more than for Community to have a following on Friday and continue," he told reporters, adding that the decision to move the show off Thursdays was part of a larger plan to "broaden the audience" of its sitcoms.
"We're in a transition with our comedy programming," he explained. "Those Thursday comedies, which the critics love and we love, tend to be a bit more narrow than we would ultimately like as we go forward. Community has always been on the bubble, and we decided to bring it back and see what a fourth season will do for us."
Regarding the ouster of showrunner Dan Harmon, Greenblatt said, "I think the fans of Community are going to get the same show that they have loved from the beginning. Every so often, it's time to make a change with the showrunner. You sort of evaluate the creative and how the show is run and how the writing staff works… [and] sometimes you want to freshen the show. We just decided it was time to do that on Community. No disrespect to anyone."
Other highlights from NBC's exec session at press tour…
ELECTION DAZE | NBC will air two live primetime Saturday Night Live election specials on Sept. 20 and 27.
VOICE BURNOUT? | Asked if NBC is concerned about airing two cycles of The Voice per season (one in the fall, another in the winter), Greenblatt argued, "Almost every reality franchise does two cycles a season, and one could argue that American Idol and The X Factor are the same show. We're obviously cautious about expanding it. But we've also done some things to the format to ensure that it's an even better show."
STERN WARNING | The addition of Howard Stern on America's Got Talent didn't exactly move the ratings needle for the network, but network reality boss Paul Telegdy isn't complaining. "Given the television landscape," he said, "we're thrilled with the perfformance of the show and would be delighted if Howard wants to come back.
TODAY TROUBLES | "Shows go through transitions" that "are always difficult," Greenblatt said in response to a question about the rocky departure of Ann Curry on Today. "We took as much care as [we] could to make this transition happen. It's never easy."
If you like TVLine, you'll LOVE our weekly newsletter. Click here to subscribe.
TAGS: Community, NBC, The Voice
GET MORE: Fall TV Preview
'Crisis on Infinite Earths': All Your Burning Questions Answered
Today's Hottest Stories
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3Psych 2 Adds Million Little Things' Allison Miller, Sarah Chalke, Others
4Veronica Mars: Hulu Boss Defends That Season 4 Twist, Calls Backlash 'a Testament' to Series' Popularity
5Sex Education Season 2 Premiere Recap: Hands-On Experience Helps Otis Get Back in Business
1Veronica Mars: Hulu Boss Defends That Season 4 Twist, Calls Backlash…89
2Rachel Maddow Gets Biggest Audience Ever With Lev Parnas Interview81
3Confederate Officially Axed: HBO Confirms Controversial Slavery Drama…59
4Mindhunter Cast Released From Contracts as Season 3 Is Put on…49
5Peacock Sets July Launch Date: NBCUniversal Streaming Service Will…46
Aaron Hernandez's Killing Fields
NBA Primetime Saturday
Premier Boxing Champions Special


Luxury travel is diametrically opposed to traveling on budget. 'Luxury' as the term Suggests, is to have the best of everything by paying the maximum for it. If you have money and want to make your vacations a dream come true then go for the luxuries available in the travel world.


text:
Q: Exported jar from Eclipse works on Linux but not Windows I have a program which I wrote in Eclipse on Ubuntu. I exported the program into a runnable .Jar and it works fine on Linux systems.  If I try to use it on a Windows system I get an UnsatisfiedLinkError related to two SWT .Dll files. I've been trying to open it by typing in the command line:
java -jar <filename>.Jar`

Is there a way I can pack these .Dll files into the runnable .Jar? I've never encountered this error before so I'm really not sure what to do. Any help is very much appreciated.

A: I solved the issue by using SWTJar.

SWT is a Java widget toolkit that provides access to native UI elements. This presents a problem when it comes to packaging an application as you need to include a different SWT jar for each platform (Windows/Linux/OSX)/(32/64bit). To support all of these standard platforms you have to build and distribute 6 different packages which isn't really in the spirit of Java's write once, run anywhere.

How it works:

SWTJar is an ant task which allows you to build a single jar which loads the correct SWT classes at runtime allowing you to distribute a single jar which works across (Windows/Linux/OSX)/(32/64bit).

Just in case anyone else runs into this problem! :)

A: I think you need to follow these steps. And based on how they are worded, it sounds like the runnable jar is only for a single target platform, although it can be any supported platform.


The planning and construction of forest harvesting roads is a major and expensive operation that is critical to the orderly flow of logs. In tropical environments, road development has to contend with difficult terrain and high and protracted rainfall. Traditionally, logging roads have tended to use high-impact construction methods featuring wide clearing widths, major earthworks and relatively crude construction standards. The justification for such practices has commonly been on the basis of economic and operational needs. Poorly located, constructed or maintained roads are inefficient and can cause major soil and water hazards with serious and long-term social implications to affected communities, which may be distant from the site of the actual road.
Codes of practice have aimed at setting basic standards to reduce these adverse impacts whilst still meeting operational and other needs. Such new standards are often opposed by the timber industry as being impractical and uneconomic. Experience in code development in tropical Australia and a review of harvesting practices in the South Pacific suggests that proper road construction, sound environmental management, beneficial social outcomes and operational economics need not necessarily conflict. With few exceptions, good practice can achieve production, social and environmental management needs economically.
While acknowledging the many examples of good roading practice, this paper concentrates on the problems that can occur and offers some basic, but key points that are considered fundamental to making forest harvesting roads effective, economic and environmentally responsible for all parties concerned.
1) Production needs: The primary purpose is to provide a road network of a standard and density that guarantees operational access and the timely and economic delivery of the required volume of wood. Access requirement is relatively short term. Economics must consider both the direct costs of planning and constructing an optimum network as well as the indirect costs and production ramifications caused by impassable roads, slow haul speeds, accidents, vehicle damage and landowner disputes. Industry must address the total road economics.
2) Social needs: Logging roads may be required for other purposes well after logging has ceased. Forest services may require access for silvicultural operations. Governments and communities seek road infrastructure to serve the access and development needs of an area. The need is usually long term and may be at odds with harvesting requirements and logging road development.
Landowners may obstruct or prevent roading for personal, cultural or financial reasons.
Community demand for roads may be without essential planning and have unreasonable expectations as to the road standard, particularly bridges that can be afforded by the industry. The logging roads may not be appropriate to community needs and cause social problems and undesirable development.
The community may have no capacity, skills or intent to provide essential and ongoing road maintenance.
Despite this, community approval is often essential to the continuous and uninterrupted use of roads for logging.
3) Environmental needs: Roading can be a major and ongoing cause of adverse environmental impact. Impacts such as overclearing, visual scarring and accelerated land instability can have serious social and forest-sustainability ramifications. The primary problem tends to be soil loss and watercourse sedimentation. Roads and tracks are the sources of major sedimentation of watercourses with direct and ongoing impacts on community water supply and aquatic habitats. Environmental needs must be identified and then managed to avoid damage. Environmental concerns need to be addressed if logging is to remain acceptable.
The optimum forest road has to balance these needs and constraints in a way that is economic for the timber industry. This requires effective and economic planning, construction and maintenance of roads.
The costs and economics of road development and use are of primary importance to the overall economics of a logging operation. Various figures are often quoted for different standards of roads but unless the nature of the road and the basis for the figures are known, these costs have little meaning.
During a review of logging standards in the South Pacific, logging managers appeared rather vague on the question of roading costs. This may have been corporate policy - not to reveal costs. However, it is suspected that many simply do not have the accounting procedures to determine the real costs of roading (or indeed any other element of harvesting) other than an overall operational cost per cubic meter. Further, observation of the often considerable range of equipment standing idle and the apparent inefficient organization and operation of equipment suggests that there are likely to be significant savings if the inefficiencies could be clearly identified and corrected.
whether acquisition of equipment or adoption of different construction methods is viable.
Too often, suggestions for improvement (e.g. compaction) are rejected on the basis that it will cost more. The matter can only be evaluated by analysing whether the investment achieves greater savings in direct or indirect costs in road construction or use.
1) The costs of roading must consider all elements. This will require that companies have appropriate accounting practices. Various texts can provide guidance on cost calculation to include all essential aspects and permit proper analysis and management of roading. Such procedures can be complicated. An alternative is to conduct studies on specific components to derive a reasonable cost estimate that can guide management.
2) Costs increase dramatically with road standards. Costs per kilometre quoted for major roads tend to be double those of minor roads. Conversely minimal-standard haul roads are relatively cheap. Clearly a properly designed road network, with each standard of road used in its appropriate place, will reduce and optimize total costs.
cost and production impact of truck damage, repair and unavailability.
These indirect costs can be substantial and need to be factored into decisions on road standards, construction methods and maintenance intensity.
Road alignments that are unworkable because the full length and practicality were not surveyed and roads had to be realigned or relocated.
Tortuous alignments increase road lengths and incur an ongoing production penalty in haulage time and cost.
Alignments that involve excessive side-cutting or watercourse crossings at great cost.
Undesirable grades that limit use, compromise safety and results in vehicle damage and production penalties.
Roads that do not tap the best resources and require long skid distances.
Landowner disputes or road use disruption because of conflicts over social or cultural issues.
Planning, or the lack of it, sets the economic base of road construction, use and maintenance. Time spent in effective planning can result in substantial and enduring rewards.
The road system should involve an appropriate network of major, minor and haul roads of progressively decreasing width and standard to achieve the production needs with minimum total cost and environmental impact. Because costs and impacts tend to increase with both road standard and density, total efficiency will depend on optimal planning to meet the need with the minimum necessary infrastructure with overall economy.
Road classification: This must have practical meaning and guide industry as to the required minimum road standards at a particular point. In the Asian-Pacific region, volume per week is used but this can be difficult to predetermine. The classification system must relate to need and it may be more meaningful to express this in terms of total volume, which is easily calculated prior to logging. If this approach is used then the point at which haul roads should become minor and then major roads can be simply determined by both industry and the forest services. The question of classification needs closer analysis and specification.
Belief in haul road capability: Where there has been a tradition of wide roads there can be great concern as to the practicality of the minimum standard of a haul road. Experience in Australia under conditions equivalent to most tropical situations demonstrated that haul roads with very narrow clearing widths and minimal formation can operate effectively and economically if appropriately managed and used.
Clearing width: Clearing width should be kept to a minimum needed to construct the road construction, permit surface drying and provide sight lines. There is a common belief that road clearings must be very wide to permit sun drying. Road surfaces need exposure to sunlight. However, the width required to effectively achieve this can be quite narrow due to the high angle of the sun in the tropics. Some standards specify a permitted maximum width. Under this regime, logging companies tend to automatically clear the full permitted distance. The Code of Practice for Forest Harvesting in Asia-Pacific standard of one meter beyond the earthworks is more realistic (FAO, 1999).
Extent of earthworks: It is common in the lesser elements of the road network to see excessive earthworks and lowering of the road into the terrain. Apparently this is caused by road builders cutting down to find a hard surface. This is time consuming and costly, complicates drainage and eliminates the possibility of regrowth of trees after logging. Given the limited use and life of such roads, it may be preferable to minimize excavation and utilize compaction to achieve a load-bearing surface.
Roading density: The issue of roading density relates to the spacing of minor and particularly haul roads. Whilst the subject of many texts, the planning of an optimum road density can be both complicated and difficult. The objective is a density/spacing that results in the lowest combined cost of roading and skidding. The basic considerations are terrain, volume per hectare and relative roading and skidding costs. If loggers do not know these costs, there is no way that an appropriate density can be planned. The cost of excessive or inadequate road density can be significant in terms of production costs and time.
Road standards and density should be the minimum necessary to meet needs economically.
Planning and road construction must meet the logging needs and be timely. Firstly, it is not uncommon to see roads and landings constructed, often with extensive earthworks, and then remaining unused, with the road becoming a massive skid trail. There may be weather-related reasons for this but clearly the time, costs and impacts of such works are considerable. The plan must meet the operational need.
Secondly, planning and road construction must be sufficiently advanced and ahead of logging to avoid haulage on unfinished roads. Poor planning, operational pressures and weather can result in haulage being attempted on unfinished sections of roads. This is not only difficult because of bogging and the need to tow trucks through the area; it can also have secondary adverse implications for skidding and loading with undesirable landings and skid trails being developed to overcome the problem of the unfinished road. Roading must be ahead of the needs, and planning should provide areas that can be worked in wet weather or where roading is delayed. Smashing through roads to meet the production target may yield the logs but can be hugely expensive because of low productivity, damage to roads and equipment, safety and the environment.
The engineering principles of road construction are well known. While forest roads cannot generally afford the detail, finesse and cost applied to public road engineering, they must at least achieve the fundamental requirements for a successful road pavement. Basically any soil can support any load provided it is compacted (to achieve strength) and it is kept dry (to prevent water entering the road and weakening it). A forest road must have a good foundation and a water-resistant or shedding surface. Unless a road achieves these two factors adequately, it will fail. An effective road will (i) be constructed from the base upward in layers that provide a good foundation and (ii) be provided with an effective surface. Too often, due to pressure to provide access, the forest road builder ignores these fundamentals and attempts to solve the lack of load bearing capacity by excessive clearing, sun drying and gravelling. If the road is not delivering the production because of bogging or other failures, the chances are the fundamentals have been overlooked. In the long term this is poor economics that stops or delays production, reduces travel speeds, damages trucks and ultimately costs more than good construction.
less surface erosion (increasing road life and reducing maintenance costs), dust formation and sediment production.
Consolidation by leaving the road surface to settle over a period of time is a poor substitute for compaction. It is strongly suggested that effective compaction is worth the cost.
1) Surface drainage should drain road surface water and divert this and other water from adjacent areas away from the road formation. First, surface drainage is provided by shaping and compacting the road profile to shed water in either a crowned, outsloped or insloped formation. The crossfall should be in the 4 to 6 percent range to shed water without making driving difficult or dangerous. The correct profile established in construction should be maintained by grading and recompaction. Second, a system of table, turnout and cross-drains should direct water away from the road area.
2) Subsurface drainage protects the road against water that has entered through the road surface and subsurface water that enters from surrounding areas or the water table. The objective is to prevent the road from becoming saturated in a zone between the surface and a level approximately one metre below the surface. This is achieved by surface drainage, compaction of the subgrade and pavement, and drainage or road elevation to keep the road above the level of the local water table.
high soil loss leading to stream sedimentation and serious environmental impacts.
lack of fill-protection or sediment-trapping systems.
The generally inadequate provision of cross-drainage is a major concern. Culverts and pipe cross-drains are expensive and time consuming to construct. Rollover water bars and inverts can be a simple and inexpensive alternative in some cases.
There is ample advice in the literature on the design and construction of effective and appropriate drainage and sediment trapping devices.
The combination of effective compaction and good drainage will result in an effective road. Conversely, inadequate compaction or drainage will, at minimum, cause inefficiencies and, in many cases, road failure. It is all too common to see road surfaces being bladed off to make them workable. This is not only expensive, but is a short-term measure that removes the road pavement and destroys the drainage system with disastrous environmental outcomes. It is also a certain sign that engineering fundamentals have not been achieved.
Sites for crossings should be excluded from initial alignment clearing and disturbance to avoid soil being bared and debris being pushed into the watercourse.
Crossings should be planned and set out to preserve vegetation, except on the actual crossing alignment. Clearing should be confined within this area.
Culverts and crossings are best constructed with an excavator because it is almost impossible for the work to be done by bulldozer without excessive disturbance. Excavators can easily complete all operations without entering the watercourse.
Gravelling is an expensive operation and gravel may not be available, or may be of poor quality.
The use of gravel should be based on need and relate to road standard and design life. Gravelling should be avoided on temporary roads.
Effective compaction and formation may reduce the need for gravelling. Gravel may not fix the problems caused by poor compaction and formation.
1) Size material: Firstly, the minimum gravel depth should be about 1.5 times the size of the largest particle. The use of unscreened materials can require greater volumes. Secondly, it is common to see unscreened material being hauled considerable distances only to be dumped and the larger materials graded off the road. Quite simple screens can be erected at the gravel extraction site to roughly size material. The appropriate size can then be dispatched to the appropriate course. Bottom courses can use large materials whereas surface layers should use finer materials to achieve a smooth running surface. Even simple screening can result in significant savings, avoid wastage and achieve an improved road surface.
2) Formations should be smoothed prior to gravelling to reduce wastage caused by having to fill irregular surfaces.
3) Compaction should be used to consolidate the gravel and increase its effective life.
unnecessary and excessive environmental damage.
concentrates efforts in priority areas.
Responsible environmental management must be applied throughout the construction phase. Damage must be avoided as repair is usually difficult, costly, impractical or simply not done. Supervision must be aware of, and avoid, works that pose environmental threats.
Ideally road construction should have a range of equipment available so that each task can be achieved in the most efficient way. Equipment is expensive. For small operations or companies, the capital cost of acquiring bulldozers, graders, compactors and excavators may appear to be prohibitive. However, using bulldozers only for construction is inefficient. Larger companies have a greater capacity to utilize appropriate equipment with savings in earth movement, drainage, formation and gravelling.
Bulldozers remain the major multi-purpose tools for clearing and earthworks. The type of bulldozer used should be matched to the clearing and earthmoving needs. While bulldozers can do many tasks, they may not necessarily perform these efficiently and it may be more economic to invest in purpose-built machines (e.g. graders for formation) than continue using bulldozers.
Excavators are very versatile and effective construction equipment with significant advantages over bulldozers for excavation and placement of earth, battering of slopes and particularly for the construction of watercourse crossings and culverts. This efficiency tends to increase as conditions become more difficult (e.g. waterlogged). Their use is strongly recommended.
Graders can spread material and form road surfaces to a high standard and most efficiently without the waste, inefficiency and poor standards resulting from the use of bulldozers.
Compactors, whether towed or self-propelled, are important tools and their effective use can result in significantly improved standards and overall and long-term savings. Compactors should be matched to the soil type. Steel vibratory drum rollers are the most common. Other machinery including graders, loaders and trucks can assist in compaction, but this requires that the equipment varies the running track to compact the entire road surface. However, in general, this cannot match purpose-built compactors because ground pressures are much lower and the compaction is uneven. Compactors must be used properly, rolling the earth progressively from the edge to the centre of crowned roads with correct engagement and disengagement of the vibratory mechanism to achieve a uniformly strong and smooth surface.
Trucks and scrapers: Where soil movement distances are short (i.e. less than 50 metres), bulldozers will perform quite effectively. As distances become longer, bulldozer use becomes increasingly slower, uneconomic and wasteful in terms of lost materials. Trucks and scrapers become more economic with distance.
The effectiveness and economics of road construction are highly dependent on the skill and attitudes of the people involved.
Forest service staff should inspect, identify problems and positively contribute to road construction. They cannot do this unless they have a practical understanding and experience of road construction and equipment management. It is not uncommon for forest officers to avoid inspection because they do not know the process or criticize without being able to provide answers. Training is generally needed and forest officers should have the knowledge to intervene in a situation before it becomes a problem. The industry has the right to expect that the forest officers are experienced and can provide helpful and productive suggestions. Forest officers must have the skills to be able to assess plans and evaluate road-construction operations.
1) The operator must be trained in correct techniques. This may take time.
2) The operator must be given the time to practise and gain experience so that new skills can be applied with economic speed.
3) The operator must have incentives to encourage application of best practices. Incentives may be in the form of financial reward, security of employment or prestige.
4) Operators with good skills should be encouraged by seeking their advice and by allowing them to operate without unwarranted and demeaning supervision.
Training will only be effective where there is a corporate employment policy that seeks and values a core of skilled operators. Too often the operator is regarded as expendable and easily replaced. Such attitudes do not result in good operation and can prove to be expensive in the long term.
Roads must be used and maintained in a way that preserves their lives and efficiency.
Production will be slow, unsafe and counterproductive in terms of road and vehicle damage. Industry must provide for wet weather areas and log stockpiling to overcome these events.
Use of the road will provide the highest threat of soil loss and stream sedimentation. Continued use with increased rutting will only worsen the situation.
The Code of Practice for Forest Harvesting in Asia-Pacific provides operational restrictions for felling, skidding and road construction but provides no guidelines for haulage. This oversight may need correction.
It is all too common to see a well-aligned and constructed road become ineffective, if not impassable, because maintenance has not been applied or is applied properly. Road systems must be maintained to ensure their efficiency and keep drainage and sediment control systems operative.
Proper maintenance requires a concerted inspection program with regular checks of drainage systems and early correction of faults.
correcting safety hazards to vehicular traffic.
A good operating surface will improve haulage speeds and reduce vehicle damage. It requires effective surface grading to smooth ruts and compact the surface to enhance the life of the grading. Drainage maintenance requires the surface profile to be restored as well as the table, turnout and cross-drains. Water must be able to freely drain from the road surface and then be managed in the side-drainage system.
Grading material from the road to the sides instead of returning material to the road.
Not using compaction with grading with the result that re-profiling has only short-term benefits and surface loss is increased.
Surface grading creates a rill along the road edge and prevents surface water from entering the side drains.
Not removing road edge vegetation, which stops free surface drainage and confines water to the road.
Not reopening table, turnout and cross-drains.
Grading demands knowledge of the objectives, timing, skills and correct techniques in application. Good grading is more than just temporarily smoothing the surface.
Cost assessment needs to cover total costs of skidding and haulage, in addition to the direct road construction and maintenance.
Environmental effectiveness can be assessed via audits or monitoring programs. The Queensland Department of Natural Resources in Australia has developed auditing procedures and practices for their Native Forest Timber Production Code of Practice. Alternatively, or in addition, forest officers should utilize indicator-type monitoring systems soundly. Provided these are well designed and used cooperatively and positively, they can be useful tools for both government and industry. The aim is to identify and correct problems.
The need to get smart: Industry can react to the imposition of new standards in one of two ways. Firstly, it can fight, object and resist. This is rarely sensible or productive unless the standard is in error. The alternative is to accept and try to meet the standard. In Queensland, the introduction of a code was strongly opposed as being uneconomic. Two years later, the objections had disappeared. Industry quickly realized the value of the techniques and avoided problems or the need for corrective work - all parties gained.
Seeing is believing: Calls to change the modus operandi are often opposed because there is little or no experience in implementing new practices and there is disbelief in their effectiveness. There can be great value in visiting conforming operations and seeing how they work. Often lack of understanding or experience results in an enormous waste of effort as people "reinvent the wheel".
Collating road construction and management information. There are many appropriate texts, manuals and guidelines that can provide practical and relevant information on road construction. Preparation and publication of a list of useful information would be useful.
Training programs should be developed for roading supervisors, forest officers and operators to achieve similar benefits obtained from chainsaw and logging machine operator training. This should involve hands-on experience in equipment management and construction techniques. Development of road training is not a trivial matter given the need for access to land and equipment. Given the cost, such training may be best conducted on a regional basis.
FAO. 1999. Code of Practice for Forest Harvesting in Asia-Pacific. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok.
Forest Codes of Practice - a range of forest codes of practice and other information has been prepared by the Queensland Department of Natural Resources.
Roads in the Wet Tropics - Queensland Department of Main Roads provides an overview of environmental management systems for sealed and unsealed roads in tropical situations.
Unsealed Roads Manual - Guidelines to Good Practice. A 1993 publication of the Australian Road Research Board providing design, construction and maintenance information.
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control - Engineering Guidelines for Queensland Construction Sites. A 1996 publication of the Queensland Division of the Institute of Engineers, Australia.
Forest Road Manual - a 2000 production of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries (Forestry).