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Les thermes de Bliesbruck, découverts dans la commune du même nom dans le département français de la Moselle, en région Grand Est, sont un complexe thermal romain ayant fonctionné de la fin du .

Le complexe fait l'objet de travaux au bout d'un siècle environ, destinés à agrandir les espaces et à les adapter à de nouveaux usages, et de nouvelles modifications ont lieu au , siècle durant lequel le  subit de graves déprédations. Après une réutilisation durant l'Antiquité tardive, l'édifice est dépouillé de ses matériaux les plus précieux, mais il est cependant utilisé de manière très partielle vers la fin du Moyen Âge ou le début de la Renaissance par l'installation d'une maison forte sur son site. Les ruines s'effacent dans les siècles qui suivent.

Les fouilles archéologiques sur le site de Bliesbruck débutent de manière scientifique dans les années 1970, puis le département de la Moselle acquiert une partie du site en 1982, afin d'y réaliser d'importantes fouilles programmées. Les éléments des thermes sont dégagés entre 1987 et 1993 et sont désormais intégrés au parc archéologique européen de Bliesbruck-Reinheim dans un pavillon muséal destiné à protéger les vestiges.

Localisation

Le complexe thermal se situe à Bliesbruck, localité qui tire son nom de la rivière proche, la Blies. La localité se situe de part et d'autre d'une voie romaine structurant le bâti. À l'est se trouvait la voie principale. Les thermes sont situés non loin de la rivière.

Aujourd'hui, le site est à  de Sarreguemines,  à l'est de Metz et  de Sarrebruck. Le site est dominé par la colline du Homerich.

Histoire

Histoire du

Le site de Bliesbruck-Reinheim est occupé dès l'époque protohistorique et acquiert une importance au  avec un caractère princier celtique.

Le  est à son apogée au , situé à proximité d'une vaste  à plan axial. Deux quartiers artisanaux ont été identifiés : le quartier ouest a une vocation artisanale nette. Dans le quartier est, les archéologues ont dégagé un certain nombre d'installations destinées à la cuisson des aliments ainsi qu'une structure de  peut-être destinée à la .

L'agglomération perd son caractère urbain après les déprédations liées à la crise du , la plupart des édifices étant abandonnés. Le déclin dure jusqu'au milieu du . Le site est cependant occupé par la suite au Moyen Âge, avec une nécropole mérovingienne et une maison forte installée dans les thermes aux , avant que les ruines romaines ne disparaissent aux .

Histoire du complexe thermal

Antiquité
Les archéologues ont pu déterminer les différentes phases de l'histoire de l'édifice. Malgré les transformations, le complexe thermal a conservé son .

Phase 1 : fin du

La construction du complexe initial est datée de la fin du  ou du début du  ; elle marque une étape importante dans l'urbanisation de cette agglomération secondaire. Il prend la place d'un espace occupé précédemment par des édifices de terre et de bois. Il se situe le long d'un des côtés d'une place publique et est parallèle à la rue principale.

Des fosses à chaux datant de la construction ont été découvertes par les fouilleurs, ainsi que des zones utilisées pour la taille des pierres nécessaires pour le chantier. La fosse découverte dans la cour possédait un fond et des parois de bois.

L'ensemble mesurant  sur  comporte une succession de trois salles sur un axe est-ouest : ,  et . Ces deux dernières salles possèdent un système de chauffage au sol. Ces salles sont précédées, à l'est, d'une petite pièce d'accueil. Le  se termine par une abside et possède un bassin en brique rempli d'eau froide. Le  a également une abside et un bassin rempli d'eau chaude. Le  est rectangulaire. Cette pièce est d'un type connu en Campanie en particulier à Pompéi : la baignoire est localisée sur le mur nord, contigu au foyer et le mur nord contient une vasque destinée aux aspersions.

Chaque aile mesure environ  sur . À l'est et au sud, une rangée de sept boutiques se trouve le long de la palestre appuyée sur un portique avec des piliers en bois. Des foyers de cuisson ont été découverts sur place.

Un bassin de  sur  se situe au centre d'une cour située au nord et pour laquelle trois accès ont été reconnus. Cette cour n'est pas destinée aux exercices sportifs car trop petite, avec  de côté ; il s'agit d'une  à proximité du bassin. Celui-ci est en petit appareil revêtu d'un enduit rouge.

Au cours du , des modifications mineures sont entreprises, notamment l'adjonction de latrines au sud du complexe central, alimentées lors de la vidange du  et par un autre canal d'écoulement. Ces latrines peuvent accueillir environ  et sont accessibles depuis la rue. Un canal long de , large de  et profond de  est surmonté d'une banquette en bois sur laquelle les personnes peuvent s'installer. Une rigole destinée à rincer les éponges et un lavabo permettent aux usagers de se laver les mains.

Phase 2 : fin du

Dans le dernier tiers ou dernier quart du , l'ensemble subit d'importantes transformations et atteint son apogée.

Le petit édicule qui sert d'accueil laisse la place à un bâtiment nettement plus vaste, le  est reconstruit et le bassin de la palestre est comblé. L'aile nord est modifiée, le bâtiment situé tout au nord est relié au complexe, et l'aile sud-est entièrement refaite. Les locaux de l'aile nord sont modifiés et le bâtiment d'ateliers-boutiques est rattaché au complexe thermal, le portique est également modifié. L'aile sud, qui est rasée et reconstruite, comporte désormais des poteaux et une maçonnerie plus puissante laissant supposer l'existence d'un étage. Le portique fait désormais environ  de large.

Le bassin est comblé à la fin du , peut-être en raison du coût de fonctionnement d'une installation peu utilisée du fait des températures locales. La palestre, désaffectée et désormais dévolue au service, comporte dans son angle sud-est une salle chauffée accessible depuis le complexe central de  sur . Sur la palestre les prospections géophysiques ont mis en évidence un nymphée ou un temple. Non loin de là a été retrouvée une sculpture en ronde-bosse d'un enfant vu de dos tenant un objet. L'espace reste accessible au public.

Phase 3 : milieu du

Aux environs de 275, le complexe thermal connaît sa dernière phase d'agrandissement. La taille de l'édifice est alors de  sur  ou  sur .

L'adjonction à l'est de la pièce d'accueil de deux grandes salles chauffées de part et d'autre de la porte centrale modifie notablement la physionomie de l'édifice. Ces pièces sont sans doute des vestiaires et les travaux sont datés du début du  par Deru et Petit. Les surfaces et le nombre de salles chauffées augmentent, et ces travaux dénotent .

L'aile nord est encore modifiée et le portique fait place à une galerie fermée. L'aile sud est modifiée également : les deux premières boutiques en contact avec le complexe central font place à une salle plus grande qui déborde et occupe également le début du portique. La pièce au nord du complexe central est équipée d'un hypocauste et comporte une salle de chauffe qui empiète davantage sur la cour. L'édicule situé sur l'ancienne palestre est détruit, et la zone devient un espace de service pourvu de chemins empierrés et d'un puits-latrines destiné uniquement au personnel.

À la fin de ce siècle, l'édifice souffre des invasions barbares que subit l'Empire romain à cette période. Les destructions de cette période portent un coup fatal à la fonction balnéaire du complexe.

Antiquité tardive

Après les déprédations de la fin du , une partie de l'édifice est réhabilitée mais à présent sans but balnéaire ; les salles ne sont progressivement plus chauffées. Des constructions en matériaux légers sont installées le long de la voie dans la première moitié du .

Au , un atelier de bronzier s'installe dans la partie sud-est du complexe, et les boutiques situées au sud sont réutilisées. Le  est également réemployé.

Après l'Antiquité

Au Moyen Âge, une partie du sol du  est réutilisée et devient la pièce principale. Les murs de cette époque sont encore d'une épaisseur de . Un passage de  est prévu pour accéder à la pièce voisine. Le chemin d'accès au  est muré. Au sud, l'ancienne pièce chauffée est également réutilisée. Les matériaux, en particulier le plomb, sont récupérés, les personnes allant jusqu'à détruire les murs pour récupérer les canalisations, dont subsistent toutefois des traces dans le mortier du .

Au , le village appartient à la famille luxembourgeoise de Raville lors du mariage de Dietrich de Varsberg avec Lore de Brücken. La famille s'installe alors dans le château dénommé Altes Schloss. La dernière période d'occupation du  a pu être reconstituée à partir des murs mesurant  de hauteur.

Le complexe thermal, en particulier le , sur une longueur de  sur , fait l'objet de réaménagements au cours des  alors que le village appartient toujours à la famille de Raville. Les murs gallo-romains sont retouchés. Une petite maison forte est bâtie sur les ruines des thermes selon les sources du .

Sources, fouilles archéologiques et mise en valeur du site

Sources
Les thermes sont mentionnés dans un rapport daté de 1500.

Fouilles archéologiques
La localité romaine secondaire est fouillée à partir de 1979. De nouvelles fouilles menées entre 1987 et 1990 permettent de mettre au jour un complexe thermal d'une taille importante sur le site.

Le matériel retrouvé lors des fouilles a été publié soigneusement. Le site a livré des artefacts datant de l'époque médiévale qui ont été découverts dans le , comme des tessons de poterie et des fragments de fer à cheval, des objets en fer et quelques monnaies en argent.

Des pièces de monnaie de la fin du  ont été mises au jour. Les fouilles ont également permis de retrouver des éléments de parure très divers ayant appartenu aux usagers des thermes : bagues, perles, épingles à cheveux et fibules. Beaucoup de ces éléments de parure ont appartenu aux femmes, et les différents types de fibules trouvés sont difficiles à attribuer à une partie précise de la population. Les boutiques ont livré des vestiges d'ustensiles de cuisine et des ossements liés à la transformation alimentaire. Beaucoup d'éléments liés à l'artisanat textile ont aussi été découverts dans les thermes, sans que l'on puisse en tirer des déductions précises sur une activité réalisée sur place. Les fouilles ont permis de retrouver également des éléments liés au commerce, comme des stylets.

Les fouilles ont permis de mettre au jour des sculptures fragmentaires, des , dont une stèle figurant un Génie, , qui devait tenir d'une main une corne d'abondance et de l'autre une patère. Ces fragments ont été découverts en réemploi dans des maçonneries datables du . Des fragments de Génies ou de  ont été découverts dans le remblai de la palestre, ainsi que des fragments de statuettes de terre cuite.

Évocation et mise en valeur patrimoniale

Un important travail pédagogique a été réalisé, et permet de restituer l'état de l'édifice à différents moments de son histoire.

La protection des vestiges a été prévue dès la fouille, avec des systèmes de couvertures provisoires. Les vestiges des thermes de Bliesbruck sont désormais protégés par un pavillon muséal depuis 1993. L'aménagement de l'espace muséographique des thermes a été réduit dans le but de  : les vestiges ont été consolidés, et le pavillon consiste en une  dans laquelle se trouvent des passerelles permettant de visiter le site.

Description et fonctionnement du complexe
L'ensemble thermal monumental atteste l'importance de cette agglomération à vocation essentiellement artisanale. Le complexe thermal est bâti selon un axe nord-sud et fait  de long sur . La construction s'inscrit dans un , une rue empierrée large de  le borde sur sa partie méridionale.

L'état de l'édifice du milieu du  est le mieux connu : si à cette époque le complexe est le plus vaste, il faut souligner qu'il a alors perdu de sa régularité, en raison de la présence des pièces de service en façade.

Mode de construction et décor

Le bâtisseurs ont utilisé le pied romain et des multiples du pas, ce qui suppose qu'un plan régulier a présidé à sa réalisation.

Le décor est mal connu : les murs ou les sols sont couverts de plaques de calcaire, car des fragments ont été retrouvés, mais leur emplacement d'origine précis reste inconnu. De même, nous ne savons que peu de choses des décors peints ayant existé. Pour les décorations intérieures, les archéologues ont mis au jour des éléments d'un décor sur fond blanc avec des bandes de couleur et des décors végétaux ainsi que des guirlandes : ces éléments appartiennent à la première phase de l'histoire de l'édifice. Pour la phase finale, on connaît uniquement quelques éléments appartenant au , un décor de bandes rouges et noires sur fond blanc.

Lors de la phase de réfection, un enduit rose de tuileau a été apposé sur les murs extérieurs. Les fouilleurs ont mis au jour des fragments de verre.

Espace thermal

Les thermes obéissent à un certain rituel, , et cela se traduit par une formalisation dans l'architecture de ces règles. Le plan de l'édifice est en enfilade, selon un type connu en particulier à Pompéi, et l'effet monumental est amplifié par les deux ailes de boutiques qui donnent une symétrie à l'ensemble. Après les travaux d'agrandissement, le circuit classique est contrarié par la disposition des différents espaces.

Outre la partie balnéaire les édifices thermaux pouvaient avoir des espaces dédiés aux exercices physiques ou d'autres dédiés au loisir ou .

L'accueil a fait l'objet d'une réfection qui a permis d'augmenter ses capacités par l'ajout d'une salle. Au  deux vestiaires chauffés sont installées, qui suppriment un accès. Ils sont pourvus d'un enduit peint simple.

La partie « baignade » composée du , du  et du  mesure  sur . Elle est complétée par une autre salle chauffée de  sur . Un , dont le foyer est en gabbro, alimente le  et le  par un canal de chauffe. Les trois pièces possèdent initialement une voûte en berceau de tuf ou de béton ; la hauteur de ces voûtes devait être de  à . Dans l'état final de l'édifice une grande pièce est ajoutée au nord, pourvue d'un système de voûtes. Il manque dans l'édifice une étuve sèche,  où les baigneurs peuvent transpirer.

Le  fait  sur  avec des murs de  d'épaisseur en briques avec un enduit de chaux, le bassin d'eau froide ne représente qu'une longueur de . Le sol est en béton de chaux et la salle possède une voûte en berceau. La baignoire est située initialement dans l'abside, et pourvue d'un dallage de terre cuite, avant d'être agrandie et d'atteindre une taille de . L'évacuation se situe dans l'abside et rejoint les latrines. Un escalier est présent au nord de la pièce proche du système d'évacuation d'eau du bassin. Un accès permet de communiquer avec le . La pièce à l'est du  correspond à la zone d'accès aux thermes, puis à deux pièces chauffées.

Le  fait  sur . Il est moins haut que les autres pièces et sa taille permet l'installation de la sortie des cheminées ainsi qu'un système d'évacuation des eaux pluviales. La pièce possède du mobilier de bois. Il possède un système de chauffage par hypocauste provenant du  à travers le mur séparant les deux pièces. Le système de chauffage a du avoir quelques difficultés pour fonctionner. L'espace inférieur de la salle est composé de béton de chaux.

L'espace du  a été agrandi et une baignoire a pris place dans l'exèdre méridionale. C'est la pièce la plus chaude, avec une température d'environ . Il possède un sol suspendu et des tubulures le long des murs. La salle est pourvue de fresques et de marbres. Le mur extérieur comporte un enduit de mortier rose destiné à rendre étanches les murs.

Une cour de  sur  situé au nord de la partie « baignade » permet d'accéder à une autre pièce de chauffe. Cette pièce a pu servir de salle destinée aux exercices physiques ou à l'onction d'huile ou d'autres actions destinées aux soins, pour lesquels les archéologues ont découvert un certain nombre d'ustensiles divers.

Des latrines sont également installées, ainsi que des boutiques le long de la palestre.

Boutiques

Dans les deux ailes, nord et sud, des thermes, se trouvent des boutiques selon un schéma que l'on trouve dans d'autres sites archéologiques du bassin méditerranéen. Les boutiques sont destinées soit à des activités artisanales, soit à des activités commerciales ; elles peuvent abriter des tavernes et ont également comme objet de faire barrage aux gênes provenant de la rue pour les usagers de la palestre. Un bâtiment prolonge l'aile nord et est également destiné aux activités artisanales et commerciales.

Les boutiques sont bordées par un portique et font initialement la même superficie, de  sur  environ. La superficie des boutiques, d'environ , est commune. Le portique est composé de piliers de bois posés sur un support de pierre.

La palestre se trouve derrière l'aile nord des boutiques. Dans le prolongement de cette dernière se trouve un vaste édifice, de  environ sur  environ, ayant également abrité des commerces et des ateliers.

Les boutiques sont refaites lors des travaux de la fin du . L'aile sud comporte désormais six boutiques pour une superficie de  sur  environ. Le sol est en terre battue ou cailloutis, et la base d'un escalier a été parfois conservée. L'ouverture et la fermeture se font grâce à des panneaux de bois amovibles connus par les fouilles de Pompéi et Herculanum, ces derniers sites ayant conservé des moulages de telles installations. Une porte de service est présente. Les boutiques comportent un étage.

Les équipements intérieurs des boutiques devaient être en bois. Les fouilles ont mis en évidence des , foyers et fours, destinés sans doute à préparer des repas. L'aile nord a livré de la vaisselle culinaire et des tables. Des cuillères et une passoire à vin ont été retrouvés, et également des étiquettes de plomb destinés à des produits d'importation. Des stylets ont également été retrouvés.

Fonctionnement

Les établissements thermaux nécessitent la . Ces équipements sont aussi très coûteux en fonctionnement, nécessitant . Le noyau des bains a été en fonctionnement durant 180 ans.

L'eau ne manque pas, comme en témoigne la présence d'un grand bassin et d'un nymphée. les archéologues ont retrouvé des vestiges de canalisations en bois. Le canal des latrines est nettoyé par l'apport des eaux pluviales et les vidanges du .

Les systèmes mis en place permettent de chauffer les salles tièdes et chaudes et également l'eau destinée au bassin de la salle chaude. Une chaudière est reliée aux différentes pièces par un canal de chauffe. La chambre de chauffe, située à l'extérieur, abrite le foyer. Ce foyer a été déplacé lors des travaux de reconstruction afin d'optimiser sa rentabilité. La chaudière est en bronze ou en plomb, et l'eau froide est stockée au-dessus d'un massif de maçonnerie dans deux réservoirs, afin de pouvoir ajuster les températures. Les autres pièces sont chauffées par un foyer intégré au mur.

L'arrière du complexe thermal est utilisé par des chemins, un puits et des caniveaux.

Dans les petites villes, les bains ne sont pas utilisés de manière simultanée par les hommes et les femmes car ils ne possédaient pas deux espaces indépendants, contrairement aux plus grands complexes thermaux : les plages horaires de l'après-midi étaient peut-être destinées aux hommes. L'eau est renouvelée le matin et l'eau était plus propre à ce moment de la journée, l'accès devant alors en être plus cher.

Interprétation

Élément de la parure monumentale du
Les thermes de Bliesbruck sont importants et comparables à d'autres du nord-ouest de l'Empire romain. Les agrandissements successifs de la construction ont abouti à une augmentation de la surface dédiée aux activités balnéaires et à l'accueil.

Le complexe thermal au  est le mieux connu et occupe un  d'environ  et la place comporte trois autres bâtiments publics ; elle est intégrée à un tissu urbain de . L'un des côtés de cette place est occupé par une basilique comportant trois nefs et mesurant  sur . L'édifice est dédié à des activités commerciales ou sociales mais non à des activités politiques ou administratives. Le sud est occupé par des boutiques. Le milieu de la place est occupé quant à lui par une fontaine monumentale munie d'un hémicycle dont peu de vestiges subsistent. Des exemples sont connus de lien entre des thermes et une fontaine monumentale, et à Bliesbruck la fontaine et les thermes constituent selon Petit un  dans une . Il faut signaler que le centre public était peut-être plus vaste au , dans un état moins connu que celui du siècle suivant.

Les thermes de Bliesbruck sont une composante d' et sont l'édifice principal du centre public. Même si les thermes d'autres  sont connus, la connaissance de la place des thermes dans les agglomérations est souvent trop peu connue, sauf à Bliesbruck où l'on appréhende son .

Exemple d'évergétisme dans un
Le coût de construction a sans doute été de  et le coût annuel de fonctionnement de . Ces coûts ne sont pas compensés par les recettes, sans doute modestes du fait de la faiblesse des droits d'entrée demandés aux usagers, même si à Bliesbruck il devait y avoir en plus des recettes liées aux boutiques et à certains services supplémentaires présents dans le complexe thermal.

Le complexe thermal de Bliesbruck est sans doute une  comme le suggère sa présence sur le centre public du . Cependant, du fait du caractère monumental de l'édifice, il est probable que l'on soit en présence d'un édifice bâti grâce à l'évergétisme de notables locaux mais dont le fonctionnement a pu aussi être assuré par le même système des liturgies. Bien que le site n'ait pas livré de découvertes épigraphiques permettant de confirmer ce fait, une découverte faite à Heerlen dans un établissement thermal important peut corroborer cette hypothèse, car le complexe y est restauré par un décurion suite à vœu à Fortuna. Les vestiges de divinités sculptées découverts dans des thermes peuvent être liés à un élément de décor ou un patronage, certaines pièces pouvant même être consacrées ; cependant à Bliesbruck trop peu d'éléments permettent d'avancer une telle interprétation.

L'évergétisme en Gaule Belgique, dont chez les Médiomatriques, est réalisé tant par les élites locales que par les collectivités, des  ou , organisées dans l'ordre des décurions. Les thermes de Bliesbruck ont été réalisés soit du fait d'un notable, soit du fait de la collectivité et au sein de celle-ci d' y ayant exercé des magistratures. Le propriétaire de la grande  de Reinheim a pu avoir ce rôle.

Témoignage de la romanisation
Les installations thermales ne sont pas uniquement destinées à l'hygiène dans l'Empire romain, et sont des  ainsi que des espaces de sociabilité qui occupent un rôle majeur dans ce domaine.

Les thermes font partie des installations qui témoignent de la vitesse de la diffusion du mode de vie romain, non seulement dans les chefs-lieux, mais aussi dans les petites agglomérations comme le  de Bliesbruck.

L'histoire du complexe thermal de Bliesbruck avec ses différentes phases d'expansion témoigne du rôle croissant, au fil du temps, des pièces chauffées non balnéaires. L'aspect social prend le pas sur le côté balnéaire : les thermes deviennent alors un espace privilégié pour l', s'y déroulent alors des activités sociales, discussions, jeux, repos et repas.

Notes et références

 Bliesbruck-Reinheim, parc archéologique européen

 Un habitat de la fin du Moyen Âge dans les thermes gallo-romains de Bliesbruck (Moselle)

 Parc archéologique européen de Bliesbruck-Reinheim, guide de visite

 Les thermes publics de Bliesbruck

 Au cœur de la ville, des thermes publics

 Les thermes publics de Bliesbruck (Moselle , France) : un complexe aux fonctions sociales et économiques au cœur d'une agglomération secondaire de la cité des Médiomatriques

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de thermes romains
 Parc archéologique européen de Bliesbruck-Reinheim

Bibliographie

Ouvrages généraux
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Ouvrages généraux sur Bliesbruck
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Ouvrages sur les thermes ou le centre monumental
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Liens externes

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Bliesbruck
Monument historique en Moselle
Monument historique classé en 1986
Monument historique inscrit en 1995


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James Busby
Creating games is an extremely time-consuming affair that requires tremendous amounts of teamwork and patience. With so many different artists working together, it's not surprising that things get added, taken out and reworked to fit current themes and industry trends. While certain visuals and mechanics may be tweaked or scrapped entirely, it's very rare that a game sees its story, setting, characters, and genre radically overhauled, especially when it's already been announced to the public.
It's a logistical disaster many video game companies are keen to avoid at all costs, but the developers behind BioShock quickly found themselves in a never-ending nightmare of developmental changes. Join us as we dive into the watery depths of BioShock's past and unearth the ideas that would eventually lead to the creation of this critically acclaimed game.
© BioShock / Irrational Games / Fair Use
Irrational beginnings
To understand BioShock's development we need to take a quick trip back to 1997 – a time when Hanson's hit song "MMMBop" filled the airwaves and double denim was all the rage. While the rest of the world was busy drowning out nonsensical lyrics and fighting off jean-clad invaders, Lead developer Ken Levine co-founded Irrational Games along with Jonathan Chey and Robert Fermier. The team was composed of former Looking Glass Studios employees, the Massachusetts-based game developer that famously produced System Shock. Irrational Games would go onto create a sequel to this iconic cyberpunk shooter in 1999, receiving critical acclaim and reputation as a cult classic, but failing to achieve financial success.
After developing titles like Freedom Force and Tribes: Vengeance, Levine was eager to return to the more interactive and immersive narratives that made the System Shock games so unique. Unfortunately, EA had previously turned down his pitch for a third instalment in the series due to poor sales, but this didn't stop him from drumming up a spiritual successor that would play host to one of gaming's most iconic settings.
The splice of life
Before Big Daddies, Little Sisters, and Splicers roamed around the eerie underwater walkways of Rapture they were mere concepts based on three separate groups. By 2002 Levine and co had slung together an idea that involved drones (Little Sisters) that would carry desirable objects, protectors that guarded the drones (Big Daddies), and harvesters (Splicers) that would attempt to extract resources from the drones. While the general concept did eventually make it into BioShock, the setting changed repeatedly during development.
An early tech demo featured an abandoned space station overrun with genetically-mutated monsters, while the narrative revolved around rescuing someone from a cult and helping them to readjust to normal life – a theme that was resurrected and later explored in BioShock: Infinite. However, Irrational eventually scrapped this setting after they agreed that they were veering away from their initial visions of the game.
Two years later 2K Games caught wind of the project and offered to publish the game, showing interest in the drone, protector, and harvester concept. While this core mechanic remained untouched, the wider narrative and setting had altered significantly. The space station had transitioned into an abandoned World War II-era Nazi laboratory, recently unearthed by 21st century scientists. Genetic experiments within the labs had gradually formed themselves into an ecosystem that was based on the three forces concept, but unlike the 2002 tech demo this version of the game included many gameplay elements that would actually make it into BioShock. Core ideas like using Plasmids and EVE to enhance and alter attacks were introduced, while stealth and other freeform options were present. Even the iconic radio clippings and personal recordings of deceased characters had already made their way into this version of the game.
However, the WWII aesthetic was considered bland and the design team had difficulty coming up with content that fit the game's overall theme. Things just weren't flowing the way they had envisioned. Irrational found themselves sinking ever deeper into the vast ocean of developmental woes, but this time it was sink or swim for the Massachusetts-based developers. In an effort to veer away from the oversaturated cyberpunk market the team agreed to ditch the setting and started looking for something unique and untouched in modern FPS games. This move would ultimately lead them to the watery depths of Rapture – an area heavily inspired by the art deco design of Manhattan's 30 Rockefeller Center. The building's ornate design and iconic statue of Atlas helped inspire Rapture's architecture, while the history behind the Rockefeller Center fed into game's themes of oppression and freedom.
Cry, Little Sister
The team now had a setting they could work with and development took a turn for the better, but while the Big Daddy idea had been formulated, they still didn't know what to do with the drone concept. Designs ranged from bugs to dogs in wheelchairs, but none of these evoked the pathos and vulnerability Levine was looking to create. Eventually, the developers came up with the idea of using little girls. This controversial approach sparked debate between both Irrational and publisher 2K games, but the concept was later changed so that the Little Sisters would be invulnerable until the player had dealt with the Big Daddy. The basic morale choice of either saving the girls, or harvesting them was also put in to sidestep the fears of facing controversy, while also offering players with meaningful choices that had real consequences – further adding to BioShock's dark undertones of perceived freedom.
Despite enduring years of developmental turmoil, creative tensions, and several game-changing overhauls, BioShock eventually released in August 2007 to critical acclaim. It's hard to believe that BioShock could have joined countless cancelled games that have never seen the light of day, but Irrational Games' perseverance ensured that the City of Rapture never truly sank to the unreachable depths below.
James is a journalist who has written for the likes of PC Gamer, Games Radar, Kotaku, LoL Esports, and many more. If you'd like to get in touch with James you can contact him via email at james.busby@allgamers.com or by following him on Twitter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to our new website.  Content will be added over time so please check back often.
This email is to remind you that Marsden Bros will be closed for the Royal Hobart Show on Thursday, 25th of October.  Deliveries to the North of the State will still be available for goods ordered on the Wednesday.
If you want a good, economical A-Board, made in Australia using proper Signwhite Colourbond sheeting, then you can't go past our Economy A-Board.  It's the same as our standard A-Board, 900x600,  but without the support bar in the middle of the face or the carry handle.
Right now we're trying to make room for another big shipment, so we're letting them go for just $61 ea + gst and freight (we can fit 2 A-Boards in a package to reduce freight costs).  Normally you would have to buy 5 x A-Boards to get this price,  but with this offer there is no minimum order quantity.
Roll-Up Banner Displays can look great - or they can look terrible!  And we all know that nothing will kill a client's confidence in you faster than a terrible looking display.  That's why it pays to use the right materials for the job, a quality roll-up banner stand and a banner film designed for the job.
Our ViewBlockoutPP is just that banner film.  It is designed to stay flat and not curl in at the edges.  It is a block-out so any back lighting won't show up shadows.  It is a satin finish so that front-lighting won't give off dazzling reflections making the print unreadable.  It is double-sided, should you want to make a double-sided display.
Avery Banner 1220 Series and suitable Acrylic Paints.
(c)2018 Marsden Bros Pty Ltd  No part of this website may be reproduced without the express permission of Marsden Bros Pty Ltd with the exception of Price Lists, Product Information Pages and Trading Terms and Conditions which must be reproduced in full, including date of publishing, without alteration.


text:
Q: Values Getting Skewed When Passed Between Scripts Unity I'm working on a portal system and am up to making the traveller go through the portal. For this, I just set the traveller's position to the position of the other portal. When I do this, however, the Z rotation of the camera gets skewed, and they are teleported slightly higher than they should. Any help is welcome <3
Portal Script
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

public class Portal : MonoBehaviour
{
    //Portal Camera Positioning
    public Portal linkedPortal;
    private Camera portalCam;
    private Camera playerCam;

    //Portal Sceen Texture
    private PortalScreen portalScreen;
    private MeshRenderer screenRen;
    private RenderTexture viewTexture;

    //Travellers
    //[SerializableField]
    List<PortalTraveller> trackedTravellers;
    public Vector3 desiredCameraRotation;
    public Vector3 desiredCameraPosition;
    private Transform globalRuler;
    PortalTraveller[] travellersToAdd;
    [HideInInspector]
    public float travellerDistance;

    //Debug
    [HideInInspector]
    public float dstToPlayer;

    void Awake()
    {
        playerCam = Camera.main;
        portalCam = linkedPortal.GetComponentInChildren<Camera>();
        portalScreen = GetComponentInChildren<PortalScreen>();
        screenRen = portalScreen.GetComponent<MeshRenderer>();
        globalRuler = GameObject.FindWithTag("GlobalRuler").transform;
        trackedTravellers = new List<PortalTraveller>();
        travellersToAdd = GameObject.FindObjectsOfType<PortalTraveller>();

        foreach (PortalTraveller traveller in travellersToAdd)
        {
            if (!trackedTravellers.Contains(traveller))
            {
                trackedTravellers.Add(traveller);
            }
        }
    }

    void Update()
    {
        Render();
    }

    static bool VisibleFromCamera(Renderer renderer, Camera camera)
    {
        Plane[] frustumPlanes = GeometryUtility.CalculateFrustumPlanes(camera);
        return GeometryUtility.TestPlanesAABB(frustumPlanes, renderer.bounds);
    }

    void Render()
    {
        if (!VisibleFromCamera(screenRen, playerCam))
        {
            return;
        }

        desiredCameraPosition = transform.position - (playerCam.transform.position - linkedPortal.portalScreen.screenPos);
        desiredCameraPosition.y = playerCam.transform.position.y;
        desiredCameraRotation = playerCam.transform.eulerAngles + new Vector3 (0f, 180f, 0f);

        portalCam.transform.position = desiredCameraPosition;
        portalCam.transform.eulerAngles = desiredCameraRotation;

        if (viewTexture == null || viewTexture.width != Screen.width || viewTexture.height != Screen.height)
        {
            if (viewTexture != null)
            {
                viewTexture.Release();
            }

            viewTexture = new RenderTexture (Screen.width, Screen.height, 0);
            portalCam.targetTexture = viewTexture;
            screenRen.material.SetTexture("_MainTex", viewTexture);
        }
    }

    void LateUpdate()
    {
        HandleTravellers();
    }

    void HandleTravellers()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < trackedTravellers.Count; i++)
        {
            PortalTraveller traveller = trackedTravellers[i];
            Transform travellerT = trackedTravellers[i].transform;

            Vector3 toTraveller = traveller.transform.position - transform.position;
            int portalSide = System.Math.Sign(Vector3.Dot(toTraveller, transform.right));
            int portalSideOld = System.Math.Sign(Vector3.Dot(traveller.previousTravellerVector, transform.right));
            travellerDistance = Mathf.Abs(Vector3.Distance(transform.position, travellerT.position));

            //Debug.Log("Handled");
            if (travellerDistance > linkedPortal.travellerDistance)
            {
                break;
            }

            if (portalSide < portalSideOld && travellerDistance < globalRuler.transform.lossyScale.z / 2 )
            {
                //Debug.Log(travellerDistance);

                var positionOld = travellerT.position;
                var rotationOld = travellerT.rotation;
                Quaternion rot = Quaternion.Euler(desiredCameraRotation.x, desiredCameraRotation.y, 0f);

                traveller.Teleport(transform, linkedPortal.transform, desiredCamerxaPosition, rot);
                traveller.previousTravellerVector = toTraveller;
                //trackedTravellers.RemoveAt(i);
                i--;
            }
            else
            {
                traveller.previousTravellerVector = toTraveller;
                dstToPlayer = Mathf.Abs(Vector3.Distance(transform.position, travellerT.position));
            }
        }
    }

    void OnValidate()
    {
        if (linkedPortal != null)
        {
            linkedPortal.linkedPortal = this;
        }
        travellersToAdd = GameObject.FindObjectsOfType<PortalTraveller>();
    }
}

Traveller Script
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

public class PortalTraveller : MonoBehaviour
{
    public Vector3 previousTravellerVector;

    public void Teleport(Transform originalPortal, Transform linkedPortal, Vector3 pos, Quaternion rot)
    {
        transform.position = pos;
        transform.rotation = rot;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Grundfos Multilift MSS lifting stations must be disposed of according to local regulations by using a public or private waste collection service. If this is not possible, contact the nearest Grundfos company or service workshop.
The oil chamber of the pump contains 60 ml non-toxic oil (Shell Ondina 15).
Pump and none-return valve can be removed from the tank with standard tools.
None-return valve and controller box are assembled using screws and bolts and can be disassembled with standard tools.
The pump cannot be disassembled with standard tools as the covers and housing of the motor unit are welded. A saw might be of help here.
Screws, gaskets etc.: Various materials (steel, NBR) less than 5% of weight.


Since arriving in the San Francisco Bay Area, I've marveled at how some crawlspaces can be soaked while others are bone dry during the same time of year. I've come out of several of them looking like mud man. But, it took getting into one that was bone dry on one side and soaked on the other one to begin to figure it out. I finally got answers to this mystery after inspecting a house that is tearing itself apart!
Normal Wet Crawlspace Causes. The causes for wet crawlspaces are surface water runoff and ground water movement. In the Bay Area, this is no exception. What is different is the soil. It's clay and sand. It's desert dry in the summer and rain-forest soaked in the winter.
First Weird Crawlspace. I remember when I inspected my first house with a crawlspace in the region. I could've made pottery out of the mud in there. This house didn't have surface water runoff problems. The surrounding area was on a broad plateau on top of a hill shared by a whole neighborhood. All the gutters and downspouts were in good repair. But the ground was uniformly soaked. Why? I didn't have an answer but I've been searching for answers ever since.
7 Underground Rivers. I went to a class on enclosing crawlspaces with a bunch of other Home Performance contractors. I was shocked. The instructor and the other students in the class thought I was crazy. However, a like-minded home inspector explained there are 7 underground rivers flowing under Bay Area homes. I didn't buy it, then and I'm not sure I do now. I can't figure out who would be crazy enough to build houses in known river beds. The urban legend around here is that it's true. I've yet to confirm it.
Second Weird Crawlspace. I inspected a house recently where the house was tearing itself apart. The walls are cracked. The ceiling is cracked. The doors don't close. The foundation cripple wall leans, and the brick wall is fractured. The place looks like an earthquake hit it, no one bothered to fix it and the homeowner just decided to live with it.
This house is on a flat property with a retaining wall in the back and front. In this case, the downspouts at the front of the house empty right at the foundation, but the ones in back drain properly.
The termite inspector got into the crawlspace first. He reported a cripple wall, rather than a girder (beam) was supporting the center of the floor. This wall was twisted out of shape.
When I looked at the same wall, I discovered it was on a concrete beam, but the wood frame was in direct contact with the dirt. Wood and dirt don't mix. First, wood absorbs water from dirt, then swells. Besides, termites like it too.
In the crawlspace, the soil is uneven. At the front of the house, fill dirt dug out to pour the foundation was not put back, so the area creates a swimming pool. This area is damp, but the back (uphill) side of the crawlspace was dry. It's reasonable to conclude storm water running off the roof is saturating the soil at the front of the crawlspace, but it doesn't explain everything. It's uniformly wet, all the way across.
What blew my mind was that the foundation walls were solidly in position. They're still plumb and square. Expected cracks are missing.
First Epiphany. As I lay on my back in the crawlspace pondering the situation with my client, it occurred to me that I'd need to recommend both a geotechnical engineer to investigate the foundation and a structural engineer for the structure. It was then I remembered I was in earthquake territory.
I wondered out loud if there is away to get both types of engineers in one person for my client. After all, I'm several disciplines in one. Then it hit me. To put a house back together after an earthquake, companies specializing in both foundations and structures would be essential to put houses back together again. I concluded we needed an earthquake contractor to inspect the house.
My client and his Realtor arranged for one to show up in 45 minutes. I crawled out, cleaned myself up, and finished the inspection—just in time for the earthquake guy to show up. I wasn't going to miss this!
Adobe Soil. Our earthquake contractor explained ground water is the issue. Then he told me what I needed to solve this mysterious home condition. What I didn't know was water impermeable soil is not very far below the surface: 1-2 feet. The soil on top has been broken up to build the house, grow trees, lay pipes, grow gardens, etc.
Storm water is absorbed by the clay soil alright. But water doesn't get to go far before being forced to move sideways. In this case, water flows from the hill in the back toward the street in front. Even though I couldn't see the hill on the surface, there was a water fall underneath. This is the source of the seasonal moisture causing uneven wetting of the crawlspace.
The concrete beam in the center of the crawlspace is rising and falling with the seasons. To make matters worse, the wood cripple wall is seasonally swelling and drying too. Hence, the house is seasonally tearing itself apart continuously, all day, every day, 24×7.
Solution. To protect this house, water flowing down the waterfall (adobe-soil hill) needs to be diverted. The proposed solution is a French drain, carved into the rock-hard soil at the back of the house.
Lessons for Bay Area Homeowners. Now that I understand the problem, I have a few recommendations.
Don't' assume the adobe soil under the house is as flat as the soil on top.
Put the drain in only after consulting with a geotechnical engineer to ensure the foundation will rise and fall evenly with the seasons—like it's supposed too!
Be sure to divert roof water runoff away from the foundation. Many use buried drains in the Bay Area.
Consult with engineers with earthquake companies to solve both structural and foundation concerns.
Thankfully, most wet crawlspace problems are easier to explain. It's best to deal with surface water and ground water by conventional means by using obvious solutions first. You'll need them regardless of whether something more complicated is going on. Check out our blog post from the Common Complaint series: Damp Crawlspaces.
I think someone knew I needed that information for a house I inspected 1.5 hours later. This house was suffering from high moisture conditions and the homeowner was concerned about possible mold.
About those 7 underground rivers: I'll still keep looking into them too. In the meantime, if you find your house built in a previous river bed, DON'T MAKE YOUR HOME THERE!


This is a quick guide to the packet mixes out there. These are pretty easy to make and the only kit you need is a half decent non-stick pan, whether the traditional Teflon type or one of the new fancy and greener ceramic non-sticks! Plus a good fish slice, plastic or silicone. Whether you want thicker American/Scotch style thick pancakes or thinner, larger crepes - it's up to you, just reduce or increase the liquid accordingly. Start thick and thin down as you need.
And while this is a breakfast recipe, savoury pancakes are also a nice and easy way to serve some delicious stir-fried vegetables for lunch or supper!
Look out for these brands - some may be available on supermarket free-from shelves, others from health food shops. Most or all of these are GF too.
PS It's actually pretty easy and very cheap to make your own vegan pancakes - see our simple recipe here. You can even make it up as a dry mix and store it. All you have to do is add liquid and oil before making!
Mix the batter according to the packet instructions.
Heat a frying pan - preferably non-stick - and drizzle in a little oil once it's very hot. A hot pan makes better pancakes.
Using a ladle or similar, drizzle in the batter, tilting the pan and swirling it slightly to distribute the batter evenly over the pan.
Fry for a minute or two, then flip, using a fish slice or similar. Each side should be a light golden brown.
Serve hot and eat immediately.


text:
Modi government has dented India's image abroad
Mahendra Ved
When External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, a seasoned diplomat who understands America well, declined to meet a US Congressional delegation that included an Indian-origin member critical of India's current Kashmir policy, eyebrows were raised. Besides Kashmir, the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and a National Register of Citizens (NRC) that are widely perceived as discriminatory have painted a negative picture of India abroad.
Signals are unmistakable. United States Ambassador to India, Ken Justor, has removed from his official web account pictures of him visiting different religious shrines. Diplomats posted in New Delhi do not speak on record but they convey their 'concerns' privately. Their classified reports sent back home couldn't be positive.
Japanese Premier Shinzo Abe, although a friend of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and foreign minister of Bangladesh, India's friendliest neighbour, recently postponed their visits. Dhaka is having to do diplomatic fire-fighting to prevent domestic fallout. While foreign governments are silently monitoring, some of their lawmakers, representative bodies and the media are vocal.
For many weeks, protests over the two laws are raging across the country and not just in the winter-hit North; in cities and not just the university campus where they are accused by the Modi Government and its voluble political and 'cultural' arms as housing "urban Naxals".
The government says these protests are engineered by disgruntled political parties and groups of Left-liberals and "anti-nationals" who are "pro-Pakistan", having an agenda to "break" (tukde-tukde is the term).
The reality is quite different. Violence which has hit many a university campus, critics say, is officially sponsored. Only, the government does not want to acknowledge it. Over 25 protestors have died. Unsurprisingly, the world sees it as a Hindu-Muslim conflict. Nothing draws international attention to a country more than a religious conflict.
Some of the government's political allies and members of the ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA) are, after supporting it have, quite opportunistically, done a U-turn.
The government has been assuring foreign governments that its actions, taken and those intended, are its "internal matter". But widespread protests indicate that concerns persist.
Being a democracy, shutting out the Internet in parts of the country in this information age, legislating and acting without conducting due processes and marshalling of evidence before declaring chunks of population as "illegal immigrants", even if they came from neighbouring countries, cannot exactly be seen as "internal".
More so, because far from being a hush-hush exercise, it is part of a high decibel public discourse. The government's credibility is being seriously questioned. Its aggressive, even toxic justification, calling supposed illegal migrants 'termites' and its policy's critics 'traitors' has worsened things.
Worst, perhaps, is enacting CAA to accord unsolicited citizenship to people in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh. If it is meant to undo 'injustice' done to them during 1947 Partition, as the official argument goes, why Afghanistan, not really a part of the British Empire, and where India has invested billions to earn goodwill, is included?
Why Buddhist majority Sri Lanka, the Maldives with near-total Muslim population, Hindu majority Nepal are excluded remains unexplained. Why a number of communities with microscopic or zero populations in those countries like Jains and Zoroastrians, are included? It is obvious, by process of elimination, why Muslims are not.
Asking people of other countries to become Indian citizens casts aspersions and is an affront to their sovereignty. Two questions arise. One, have those people sought Indian citizenship and two, what has been done about those who have sought and are already in India?
The Modi Government with over four years left to renew its current popular mandate is firmly in saddle. But the restiveness at home has certainly hit its popularity abroad. What message an expelled foreign student on university exchange scholarship and a Norwegian woman tourist asked to leave for participating in protests carry back?
Leaving out political shenanigans, the issues coming to fore are how the world looks at India. Since its Independence, it has been comfortable with an India that, despite all its flaws, is pluralist, tolerant of its great diversities and essentially democratic and federal, where rule of law by and large has prevailed. Indeed, progress following economic reforms of the 1990s, democratic values, culture and the positive role of the diaspora have defined India's image so far.
Pakistan figuring in India's political discourse has had many debilitating effects. It has revived the "two-nation" theory - treating Hindus and Muslims as separate 'nations' that India had rejected right from the beginning. But this has been Home Minister Amit Shah's principal justification for enacting the twin laws.
The Hindutva fervour has made India seem a mirror image of Pakistan. Ordinary Indians seem like Pakistan-haters and by implication, wary, suspicious and even hostile to fellow-Muslims. Despite recurring sectarian violence that is mostly politically inspired, this has not been India's record.
The tragedy is that Modi Government's own development agenda has been overtaken by the political one. This is compounded by an economic slowdown, a halved GDP, dip in rural spending, increasing evidence of joblessness and farm distress. Most of the political agenda that it is in haste to implement is strongly divisive and two together have contributed to its current image abroad.
Many Indians reject this as foreign 'interference' in internal matters. But being democratic, India is not water-tight. There is no absolute freedom, be it political or economic on how religious, ethnic and other minorities are treated in a country. Support to this thinking comes from some European scholars who are mesmerized by Hinduism but are unable to distinguish it from the political agenda currently sought to be thrust. Sadly, many Indians have also fallen victims f this.
Some of the Modi Government's own achievements during its first term (2014-2019) are being undone on the diplomatic. Modi's close rapport with Trump, including "Howdy Modi" has not prevented Congressional censures, the US from trying to block crucial defence purchases, restricting visa facilities, pressurising on "buy more" of American goods and getting India into the US-China trade crosshair.
Rapport with Saudi Arabia and the UAE have fetched investment pledges. But that has not stopped the two royalties from holding a Kashmir conference to boost Pakistan's standpoint. The personal rapport that Modi has painstakingly struck with many a world leader has its limits.
Ditto, the diaspora. They respond to the Indian situation because the governments in the countries they live treat them accordingly. The admiring crowds that thronged Madison Square Garden and Wembley are silent. After Shinzo Age postponed his India visit, a small group was shown supporting the controversial laws in Tokyo.
You wonder for whose benefit these expensive shows of solidarity are staged. Politicizing diaspora, even assuming many are Modi admirers, has its limits too.
Granted that we are living in a world - societies down to individuals and families - that is getting divided, if the birthplace of Yoga does not have peace for its own citizens, its plans to become "vishwaguru" (teacher to the world) carry little relevance.
The writer, a senior Indian journalist, is President, Commonwealth Journalists Association (CJA)
Courtesy: Lokmarg
More From OP-ED


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The Wedding Party arrive at the Abbey
1. Prince William
Prince William of Wales (L) with his brother Prince Harry of Wales arrive to attend the Royal Wedding
2. Page boys and bridesmaids
Page boys and bridesmaids arrive at Westminster Abbey, London,
4. Princes Charles and Camilla
Prince Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall arrive to attend the Royal Wedding of Prince William to Catherine Middleton
5. Carole Middleton
6. Pippa Middleton
Pippa Middleton arrives at Westminster Abbey with the bridesmaids ahead of the wedding
7. Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II, The Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Charles and The Duchess of Cornwall in Westminster Abbey for the marriage of Prince William and Kate Middleton.
9. Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh
Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh travel along The Mall to Westminster Abbey
10. Prince William
11. Carole Middleton
12. Page boys and bridesmaids
Page boys and bridesmaids arrive at Westminster Abbey, London, escorted by Pippa Middleton before her sister, Kate's, marriage to Prince William.
14. Wedding party arrive at the Abbey
Prince William and Prince Harry on their way to the Abbey
Prince William arrives at Westminster Abbey
17. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh arrive to attend the Royal Wedding
18. Princesses Eugenie and Beatrice
19. Princess Beatrice


Hunas Falls Hotel enjoys one of the most scenic hotel settings in Sri Lanka, high in the hills near Elkaduwa, about an hour and a quarter north west of Kandy, the hill-country capital. It will appeal to guests seeking seclusion in a peaceful mountain retreat. It is particularly appealing for those nature lovers journeying between the cultural triangle and Kandy, but with no time to visit the hill country further afield around Nuwara Eliya.
From the Hunas Giriya mountain range, a waterfall cascades through the steeply-banked tea and spice plantations to end in the small lake alongside which this hotel is situated. It is a land of fascinating sunsets, early-morning mists and relative cool, where temperatures average between 17-25C by day, and as low as 10C at night. Rest amid the hotel garden or enjoy refreshing hillside walks. A hotel of solid country traditions that, the tea plantations apart, would be just as at home in the Scottish highlands.
Hotel Hunas Falls, Kandy offers 19 Mini Suites, 9 superior rooms, 1 Royal Suite and 2 Luxury Theme Suites. Hotel's friendly staff and personalised service coupled with mordern state of art amenities makes your stay unforgettable experience. Guests feel relaxed in the peaceful and serene environment of this hotel.
Temple of the Tooth, Knuckles range- jungle safari, Udawattekele sanctuary, Peradeniya botanical gardens, Sigiriya rock climb ,Pinnawela elephant orphanage, Corbets Gap ,Hunas Falls, Aluvihara Tapestry.


Have you noticed how many numbered list blog posts there are on the internet?
What's a numbered list post you ask? A list post is a post that uses a numbered list in the title and structure of the post.
List posts are a staple on blogs because they work.
Most people that consume content online scan quickly, so a list post as a highly organised way to present 'snackable content' that your readers can quickly digest on the run.
So your next blog challenge is to write a list post on a mental health issue.
Once you start writing list posts, it's likely you'll enjoy it so much you'll continue to use this format for blogging on a regular basis.
A final tip: The most popular numbered posts are 3, 5, 7, 9, or 10. Odd numbered lists (or 10) get more engagement than other numbers, so consider using one of those numbered lists for your post.


text:
Mary & Martha has a career plan listing on their website that allows you to see the different bonus structures as you move up in the consulting ranks. To start, you make 25% of the profit and once you sell $1200 a month, you earn a 5% bonus. The bonus structure makes it more difficult for those at the bottom to make money so. To make a good income, it appears that you would need to advance higher in the ranks at Mary & Martha.
"Being a successful entrepreneur also means being a good leader. Leadership is the ability to bring people to a place where they want to follow you, not feel like they are forced to follow you. This takes investing in your team personally. They must know you're not only going to hold them accountable and drive them to be better, but [you will] also look out for them when they are struggling. It's not transactional, it's a relationship." – Steve Schwab, founder and CEO of Casago
C12 is a fee-for-service for-profit organization that operates on membership dues. Prospective members must be invited to join. C12 is a blend of Christian business leadership best practices and general management tools coupled with Godly counsel, accountability, Christian business coaching, a focus on spiritual values and needs, and practical ways to run businesses based on Biblical principles for the eternal benefit of stakeholders.
Despite cultural differences, the successes and failures of entrepreneurs can be traced to how leaders adapt to local conditions.[128] With the increasingly global business environment a successful leader must be able to adapt and have insight into other cultures. To respond to the environment, corporate visions are becoming transnational in nature, to enable the organization to operate in or provide services/goods for other cultures.[129]
Overall, the Internet itself is overflowing with one money making opportunity after another. While making money online for most people isn't their primary source of income, it can net a very solid supplement stream of incoming dollars each month. There are some online entrepreneurs, however, that are managing to mine gold due to all the effort, persistence, and time they've invested in order to make that dream come true. Can one of these online money making options work for you?
If you have a great deal of business experience and knowledge, why not create a business that helps aspiring entrepreneurs find success? As a business consultant, you can use your skills to help new business owners get off to a good start and help experienced entrepreneurs keep up with demand. Your chances of success may be greater if you focus your strategy on a niche aspect of business consulting. You can start this process by following this 18-step checklist for becoming a small business consultant.
A nascent entrepreneur is someone in the process of establishing a business venture.[55] In this observation, the nascent entrepreneur can be seen as pursuing an opportunity, i.e. a possibility to introduce new services or products, serve new markets, or develop more efficient production methods in a profitable manner.[56][57] But before such a venture is actually established, the opportunity is just a venture idea.[58] In other words, the pursued opportunity is perceptual in nature, propped by the nascent entrepreneur's personal beliefs about the feasibility of the venturing outcomes the nascent entrepreneur seeks to achieve.[59][60][61] Its prescience and value cannot be confirmed ex ante but only gradually, in the context of the actions that the nascent entrepreneur undertakes towards establishing the venture,[62] Ultimately, these actions can lead to a path that the nascent entrepreneur deems no longer attractive or feasible, or result in the emergence of a (viable) business. In this sense, over time, the nascent venture can move towards being discontinued or towards emerging successfully as an operating entity.
Research on high-risk settings such as oil platforms, investment banking, medical surgery, aircraft piloting and nuclear power plants has related distrust to failure avoidance.[117] When non-routine strategies are needed, distrusting persons perform better while when routine strategies are needed trusting persons perform better. This research was extended to entrepreneurial firms by Gudmundsson and Lechner.[118] They argued that in entrepreneurial firms the threat of failure is ever present resembling non-routine situations in high-risk settings. They found that the firms of distrusting entrepreneurs were more likely to survive than the firms of optimistic or overconfident entrepreneurs. The reasons were that distrusting entrepreneurs would emphasize failure avoidance through sensible task selection and more analysis. Kets de Vries has pointed out that distrusting entrepreneurs are more alert about their external environment.[119] He concluded that distrusting entrepreneurs are less likely to discount negative events and are more likely to engage control mechanisms. Similarly, Gudmundsson and Lechner found that distrust leads to higher precaution and therefore increases chances of entrepreneurial firm survival.
Jesper Sørensen wrote that significant influences on the decision to become an entrepreneur are workplace peers and social composition. Sørensen discovered a correlation between working with former entrepreneurs and how often these individuals become entrepreneurs themselves, compared to those who did not work with entrepreneurs.[110] Social composition can influence entrepreneurialism in peers by demonstrating the possibility for success, stimulating a "He can do it, why can't I?" attitude. As Sørensen stated: "When you meet others who have gone out on their own, it doesn't seem that crazy".[111]
No matter which way you do it, it's passive income—money you earn while you sleep because you put these products up for sale on your website and a customer can buy and download them any time of day or night, automatically. All you have to do is check the sales periodically to see what topics or types of products are selling best so you can make more of those.
"Entrepreneurship is the mindset that allows you to see opportunity everywhere. It could be a business idea, but it could also be seeing the possibilities in the people who can help you grow that business. This ability to see many options in every situation is critically important; there will be unending challenges that will test your hustle." – Preeti Sriratana, co-founder and chief strategy officer of Sweeten
A private, nonprofit organization whose purpose is to connect business men and women of the western world with entrepreneurs of the developing world in order to help these entrepreneurs create and build sustaining businesses that will enable them to improve the standard of living in their communities, fund the work of their local churches, and raise the social impact of Christians in their country.
Virtually every small business needs help running their day-to-day administrative tasks, but they may not particularly want to pay a full-time in-house employee to do it. Virtual assistants perform a variety of tasks that a traditional assistant or secretary would normally do, including making travel arrangements, paying bills, or managing expense reimbursements.
Can't design, write, or code websites? No problem. Don't let that stop you from earning money on the Internet. If you have some extra time a couple of hours a week, you can perform numerous research tasks on behalf of other people or companies who can't spend the time to do it themselves. Many organizations and various businesses hire people to research certain subjects or to help them with online investigations everyday. You could be one of them.
Michelacci and Schivardi state there has been a rise in the number of self-employed people with a baccalaureate degree. However, their findings also show that those who are self-employed and possess a graduate degree has remained consistent throughout time at about 33 percent. They briefly mention those famous entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs and Mark Zuckerberg who were college dropouts, but they call these cases all but exceptional as it is a pattern that many entrepreneurs view formal education as costly, mainly because of the time that needs to be spent on it. Michelacci and Schivardi believe that in order for an individual to reach the full success they need to have education beyond high school. Their research shows that the higher the education level the greater the success. The reason is that college gives people additional skills that can be used within their business and to operate on a higher level than someone who only "runs" it.
Paula is a New Jersey-based writer with a bachelor's degree in English and a master's degree in education. She spent nearly a decade working in education, primarily as the director of a college's service-learning and community outreach center. Her prior experience includes stints in corporate communications, publishing, and public relations for nonprofits. Reach her at fernandes.write@gmail.com.
I am starting with a personalized business. Christian Wood Signs, Plaques, Pictures, T-Shirts, Things of that natures. I plan to excel this business to a store and then online. My goal is to let as many as I can know that Jesus is Love… If I can save one person. I mean fully save one person then I am doing what I am suppose to do. Stomp Hell for a living is the job for all Christian's. I plan to do this whole heartedly…
"Entrepreneurship is an unavoidable life calling pursued by those who are fortunate enough to take chances. [They are] optimistic enough to believe in themselves, aware enough to see problems around them, stubborn enough to keep going, and bold enough to act again and again. Entrepreneurship is not something you do because you have an idea. It's about having the creativity to question, the strength to believe and the courage to move." –Jordan Fliegel, managing director of Techstars
Researchers Schoon and Duckworth completed a study in 2012 that could potentially help identify who may become an entrepreneur at an early age. They determined that the best measures to identify a young entrepreneur are family and social status, parental role modeling, entrepreneurial competencies at age 10, academic attainment at age 10, generalized self-efficacy, social skills, entrepreneurial intention and experience of unemployment.[120]
Entrepreneurs may also be driven to entrepreneurship by past experiences. If they have faced multiple work stoppages or have been unemployed in the past, the probability of them becoming an entrepreneur increases[109] Per Cattell's personality framework, both personality traits and attitudes are thoroughly investigated by psychologists. However, in case of entrepreneurship research these notions are employed by academics too, but vaguely. According to Cattell, personality is a system that is related to the environment and further adds that the system seeks explanation to the complex transactions conducted by both—traits and attitudes. This is because both of them bring about change and growth in a person. Personality is that which informs what an individual will do when faced with a given situation. A person's response is triggered by his/her personality and the situation that is faced.[112]
Founder, Dr. R. Stanley Tam, made a promise to God that if God would prosper this business he would honor God in any way he could. God has consistently done His part and, with His help, we do ours to the best of our ability. Mr. Tam has placed 100% of the ownership of United States Plastic Corp. into a foundation whose purpose is to establish churches in third world countries.
While some entrepreneurs are lone players struggling to get small businesses off the ground on a shoestring, others take on partners armed with greater access to capital and other resources. In these situations, new firms may acquire financing from venture capitalists, angel investors, hedge funds, crowdsourcing or through more traditional sources such as bank loans.
Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, or "the owner or manager of a business enterprise who, by risk and initiative, attempts to make profits".[6] Entrepreneurs act as managers and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship is the process by which either an individual or a team identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. Early-19th-century French economist Jean-Baptiste Say provided a broad definition of entrepreneurship, saying that it "shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield". Entrepreneurs create something new, something different—they change or transmute values.[7] Regardless of the firm size, big or small, they can partake in entrepreneurship opportunities. The opportunity to become an entrepreneur requires four criteria. First, there must be opportunities or situations to recombine resources to generate profit. Second, entrepreneurship requires differences between people, such as preferential access to certain individuals or the ability to recognize information about opportunities. Third, taking on risk is a necessity. Fourth, the entrepreneurial process requires the organization of people and resources.[8]
Scholars interested in nascent entrepreneurship tend to focus less on the single act of opportunity exploitation and more on the series of actions in new venture emergence,[66][69],.[68] Indeed, nascent entrepreneurs undertake numerous entrepreneurial activities, including actions that make their businesses more concrete to themselves and others. For instance, nascent entrepreneurs often look for and purchase facilities and equipment; seek and obtain financial backing, form legal entities, organize teams; and dedicate all their time and energy to their business[70]
To work as a consultant, you must purchase one of their start-up kits, priced at $395, $595, or $795. There is a monthly fee for the website, but it is free for the first three to six months, depending on the kit you choose to buy. Premier Designs offers a credit line to their consultants, meaning that the consultants can charge the products to an account and pay for it later when they begin to earn money. While you are not required to have an inventory of jewelry, it can be helpful to sell more at home shows.
At each Close to My Heart Gathering they host, consultants have the potential to earn rewards credits and up to three 50% off items. You must sell $300 per quarter to remain active and you will receive a 22% base commission. Instead of having to wait to get paid by Close to My Heart, consultants just collect the money from the sale and then send the cost of the product to the company. As you sell more, you can receive higher commissions, up to 35% per month.
Still, the owner, Doug Erickson, insists it is a religious company because, when it was failing and he thought about selling them off, he "gave it over to God" and now it makes money. "Erickson believes that his role as President and majority shareholder of the Dealerships is that of a steward of a business given to him by God and that his employees are God's children who are entrusted to his care. He regards it as his religious duty to operate the Dealerships in conformity with his religious beliefs," states the complaint. It also notes that he believes his company is a "marketplace ministry," meaning he evangelizes to his employees and customers — a fact that I'm sure some of his customers would no doubt prefer to be made aware of before coming to shop.
It's a question that came to the forefront with Eden Foods, a self-proclaimed "faith-based" business challenging the contraception mandate. Although the owner filed suit out of religious objection to covering birth control, he admitted to reporter Irin Carmon he really didn't care one way or the other, he just didn't want to pay for it. "Because I don't care if the federal government is telling me to buy my employees Jack Daniel's or birth control. What gives them the right to tell me that I have to do that? That's my issue, that's what I object to, and that's the beginning and end of the story."
Cesaire Assah Meh found that corporate taxes create an incentive to become an entrepreneur to avoid double taxation.[139] Donald Bruce and John Deskins found literature suggesting that a higher corporate tax rate may reduce a state's share of entrepreneurs.[140] They also found that states with an inheritance or estate tax tend to have lower entrepreneurship rates when using a tax-based measure.[140] However, another study found that states with a more progressive personal income tax have a higher percentage of sole proprietors in their workforce.[141] Ultimately, many studies find that the effect of taxes on the probability of becoming an entrepreneur is small. Donald Bruce and Mohammed Mohsin found that it would take a 50 percentage point drop in the top tax rate to produce a one percent change in entrepreneurial activity.[142]
People are changing the way they search and consume content on the internet. No longer is it just text rich articles that people read from finding them on a Google search. Internet users are now getting more engaged with rich media such as videos. Because they are more engaged, Vloggers are able to leverage this to their financial gain. Vloggers can make millions of dollars a year from their audiences.
Close to My Heart specialized in scrapbooks and stamping supplies. Competitively priced, the products are attractive to hobbyists who would like to support a Christian organization. This sales marketing position is available to people in the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Since 2008 Close to My Heart has supported more than 1,500 children through the charity Operation Smile.
The internet changes so fast that one year online equals about five years in the real world. But the principles of how to start and grow a successful online business haven't changed at all. If you're just starting a small business online, stick to this sequence. If you've been online awhile, do a quick review and see if there's a step you're neglecting, or never got around to doing in the first place. You can't go wrong with the basics.


Hmm, they're going through their slides incredibly quickly. Missed the important bits.
Next year it's going to be about Digital Divides.
OK, I've just googled Jill and she's at the University of Greenwich.
Hans Rosling, David Cavallo and Itiel Dror will be the three keynote speakers.
It will be in Leeds.


text:
Agathidium varians es una especie de escarabajo del género Agathidium, tribu Agathidiini, familia Leiodidae. Fue descrita científicamente por Beck en 1817.

Se distribuye por Suecia, Alemania, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Francia, Noruega, Países Bajos, Austria, Luxemburgo, Polonia, Dinamarca, Italia, Estonia, Bélgica, Croacia, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Rumania, Suiza, España y Montenegro. La especie se mantiene activa durante todos los meses del año.

Referencias

varians
Insectos descritos en 1817
Insectos de Europa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
This Week in Food News: Maui Brewing Goes Off the Grid; LA Times Hires New Critics; New Orleans Culinary Institute Opens
By Jennifer Matthewson Food, Wine, and Spirits January 16, 2019
Maui Brewing Goes Grid-Free
Pacific Business News reported this week that Maui Brewing Company is aiming to become the first grid-independent brewery of its size in the US by the end of 2019. According to energy reporter HJ Mai, the Hawaiian island brewer has invested more than nine million dollars over the last six years to make the conversion to solar and biofuel, and hopes to have it complete by the third quarter. Beneficial for both sustainability and marketing purposes, co-founder Garrett Marrero also considers the investment to be one that will ensure profits long-term.
"I look at it as protection for the company. My first and ultimate responsibility is to take care of my team, to make sure we're profitable and that our paychecks cash," he said. "I look at this as a way to help protect and insulate our company from any sort of market changes, namely, energy."
LA Times Hires New Critics
Six months after beloved food critic Jonathan Gold passed, the Los Angeles Times announced the assignments of two new restaurant reviewers. Writer Lucas Kwan Peterson spoke with Patricia Escárcega, a Southern California native who has been leading The Arizona Republic and the Phoenix New Times as critic and reporter, respectively, while Andrea Chang sat down for a Q&A with Bill Addison, most recently the National Critic for Eater.
Says Addison, "I really take pride in trying to understand where a restaurant is coming from in all aspects: in its cooking, in its staffing, in its atmosphere, in its style of service."
Newsbits
Whole Foods is officially scrapping their Whole Foods 365 store expansion. The brand, which merged with Amazon last year, noted that the existing twelve brick-and-mortar stores will continue to operate as-is.
Spirits writer Camper English dropped his roundup of beverages featured at the Winter Fancy Food Show held this week in San Francisco, including Pappy Van Winkle syrups, Jack Daniels Whiskey Cake, and "weird waters."
The New Orleans Culinary & Hospitality Institute, or NOCHI for short, opened its doors earlier this month to local students pursuing careers in cooking and hospitality. Led by a board of philanthropists and restaurateurs, including Ti Martin and Dickie Brennan, children of the late Ella Brennan of Commander's Palace fame, the school is focused on offering accelerated culinary courses, designed to offer students a bevy of professional kitchen skills without the often-hefty price of larger culinary schools.
~Jennifer Matthewson
bill addisoncamper englishdickie brennanella brennanfood newsjonathan goldlos angeles timesmaui brewingnew orleans culinary and hospitality instituteti martinwhole foods
Jennifer Matthewson
Jennifer Matthewson is a writer and entrepreneur based in Portland, Oregon. She is a freelance writer, founder and managing editor of Daily Blender, and author of "Career Diary of a Caterer."
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Eiffel Tower to light up in the colours of the team with most social media activity during Euro 2016
Football fans are soon to have the opportunity to light up the Eiffel Tower in colours of their choosing during Euro 2016.
That's no lie. For 10 minutes every day during the Euros, France's most iconic monument will light up in the colour of a specific team.
However, they won't be the colours of the winning teams, but of the teams that were most mentioned on social media that day.
For 10 minutes after the last match of the day ends, the Eiffel Tower will light up in the colours that the company Orange calculates is the most hashtagged nation on that particular day.
Fans, therefore, are very much encouraged to actively use the hashtags for the duration of the tournament.
What's more, the tournament will be offering a special fan trophy to the most creative and enthusiastic fan at the Euros. The fan will have his or her image projected on an enormous ball in the middle of the principle stadium.
The Euros will be taking place all over France starting as of tomorrow, 10 June.
Ski slopes in Europe forced to close early - here's where travelers are impacted
Warm weather and heavy rain across the continent have caused the closure of ski runs and lift all across Europe. Here's all you need to know.
The best European train routes to try in 2023
If you love train travel, you'll love these new train services connecting European destinations in 2023.
The 8 best places for skiing in France
The range of resorts in France is staggering. Read our lowdown on the best ski slopes for foodies, families or festival lovers before you book.


text:
The Minute Hand Of A Clock Is 10 Cm Long. How Far Does The Tip Of The Hand Move In 20 Minutes?
The minute hand moves through 120o in 20 minutes or moves through radians.
Since the length of the minute hand is 10 cm, the distance moved by the tip of the hand is given by the formula
If π/2 < α < π, then the expression is equal to
If 0 < θ < π/2 and sin θ + cos θ + tan θ + cot θ + sec θ + cosec θ is equal to 7, then sin 2θ is a root of the equation
then tan θ1 tan θ2 tan θ3 tan θ4 is equal to
are in
yz + zx + xy is equal to
Value of the determinant
x + y + z is equal to
Find the radian measure corresponding to –37o30'.
A rail road curve is to be laid out on a circle. What radius should be used if the track is to change direction by 25o in a distance of 40 metres?


Download the Syllabus and see the PBI Roadmap for details.
WANT TO KNOW IF IT'S A GOOD FIT FOR YOU?
Given the small group size (6) I want to ensure the right participants enroll at the right time.
Book a conversation with Jeanne to see if it's the right fit.
You don't have to do a lot of things, you just need to do the right thing.
The Personal Brand Incubator Program is an intensive, 8-week group coaching program led by Jeanne for creatives, coaches and career-driven individuals looking to start, build or more effectively grow their own business. You will learn and implement while in the group with the support of a like-minded community.
Refine your brand identity by connecting with your brand essence, tone, voice, look and feel that feels clear, comfortable and authentic.
Design your programs and pricing structure in a way that is generous to others while enabling you to honor your own worth.
Receive a complete guide to selling your services so you can establish a professional and sustainable process to getting paying clients.
Gain mindset strategies to focus your efforts on the most impactful areas necessary to build your business.
We only want the right participants for this small group coaching experience. Let us know how we can help determine if it's the right time to join us.


A list of 873 words by 538785259.
I'm always entertained by the terms @JohnTolva tweets using the hashtag #termsfromtoday. As best I can tell, the tag emerged in mid 2011 after a brief flirtation with an alternate hashtag form.
You'll have to ask him what it all means.


The Right Honourable Roméo LeBlanc became Governor General of Canada on February 8, 1995, following a long and distinguished career of public service. An Acadian born in Memramcook, New Brunswick in 1927, he was the first Governor General from the Maritimes.
He earned a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Education at l'Université St-Joseph, Memramcook and studied French Civilization at l'Université de Paris. He also holds a number of honorary degrees.
Ir. LeBlanc spent nine years as a teacher. He quickly developed strong beliefs about the important role educators play in our society, which he continues to hold today.
In 1960, he turned to journalism, working as a correspondent for Radio-Canada. This led to Mr. LeBlanc serving as Press Secretary to Prime Ministers Lester B. Pearson and Pierre Elliott Trudeau.
Mr. LeBlanc was elected to the House of Commons in 1972, representing the riding of Westmorland-Kent in New Brunswick. He was a cabinet minister from 1974 to 1979 and 1980 to 1984.
As Canada's longest-serving fisheries minister, Mr. LeBlanc won a lasting reputation as a friend of the fishermen. He helped to establish Canada's 200-mile fishing limit and to shape the International Law of the Sea. Under his leadership, conservation and resource management encouraged strong growth in the fishing industry during the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Mr. LeBlanc became a Senator in 1984 and was appointed Speaker of the Senate in 1993.
As Governor General, in addition to the official role and responsibilities, Mr. LeBlanc promoted several personal causes including voluntarism, the teaching of Canadian history, Indigenous peoples, and peacekeeping and the military.
Roméo LeBlanc was married to Diana Fowler LeBlanc and they had four children. Mr. LeBlanc passed away on June 24, 2009.


Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to Rosemary by Grateful Dead. Please check back for more Grateful Dead lyrics.
the mirror was a window she sat by alone.
All around the garden grew scarlet and purple and crimson and blue.


Chi non cammina, non cadrà. (proverbio russo).
Apple Tree explores the relationships between the content and the container, the form and its meanings. The work is consist of 60 jars containing latex apples hanging on a tree. The apples were created by covering real apples with multiple layers ,once dry the apples are taken out leaving a thin skin. It has the exact same shape of the original object but when taken in hand it reveals its true nature: an empty shell with no content. Latex is used in art to create moulds (the so called negative of a sculpture). In Apple Tree, the objects in latex are both the positive and the negative: there is only a thin membrane that separates these two opposite concepts. The material itself has its own life, changing colour and shape like the skin of a human being, and this evolution is part of the concept behind these works.
produzione d'eccellenza di un territorio riconosciuto dall'Unesco come patrimonio dell'umanità.
artistico, in particolare piemontese, attraverso l'arte contemporanea.
Agliano; Naturalmente Wine Resort; Cantine Scagliola, Calosso.
contemporanea, esplora luoghi da riscoprire.
"Barbera Agliano" e "Associazione Amici di Calosso" e con il supporto della Fondazione CRT.
coordinamento e organizzazione di Francesca Rusconi.
Castelnuovo Calcea con performance di Stefano Giorgi .