text:
Largely based on an original article by Leslie Carraway (Associate Editor, Mammalian Species; 1999)
Click to access Word-Usage-in-Scientific-Writing.pdf
See (Carraway 2006) also.
Introduction to the Original Article
"Listed herein are words, terms and expressions commonly misused or in ways that sometimes produce ambiguous statements; included are explanations of usage and construction advocated by editors of many scientific journals.
The objective of scientific writing should be to report research findings and to summarise and synthesize the findings of others with clarity and precision. Thus colloquialisms, jargon, contrived acronyms and "faddish" terminology and expressions should be avoided. Editors recognise that authors are ultimately responsible for all aspects of their publications including grammar, word usage and clarity of precision and construction. Therefore this list is intended as a guide, not dogma"
Sub-introduction
I love this article, it is like a concise, science-focused version of the original Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Fowler 1964; Butterfield 2015). I have retained the style and content of the original article but have lightly edited and modified it to include things I have often encountered in undergraduate reports at the University of Hull. I have also added links to grammatical terms that some science undergrads may find confusing – I didn't know what a "dangling participle" was before reading this!
In my long experience as a teaching academic I have noticed a deterioration in some understanding of the fundamentals of the English language by British science students. I feel sure that this must to some degree be caused by the fact that we ask students to start specialising at the age of 16. Under the UK A-level system all but the very brightest, or most privileged, of kids can only choose 3 subjects. Most science students do not therefore have the opportunity to study English at A-level. As a result, I spend much of my effort with 1st year students correcting grammar and spelling. I do not begrudge this – science depends upon the ability of scientists to be excellent communicators in an international arena where English may not be the 1st language of your reader. If by helping my students with some fundamental aspects of written communication I make them better scientists, then "job done." Any errors herein are mine.
Another useful online resource I have been advised of is the Manchester Academic Phrasebook
A recent paper by Scott Hotaling, https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10165
Hotaling S (2020) Simple rules for concise scientific writing. Limnol Oceanogr 78:550. (open access)
As this is a live document, it will change with advice given from others and as I encounter new issues in scientific writing. I will be very happy to receive contradictions, corrections, suggestions and additions.
Dr Magnus Johnson, Senior Lecturer in Marine Environmental Science and Occasional Pedant, Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull (m.johnson@hull.ac.uk; @nephropseu)
ABOVE (… the above method; …as mentioned above). A term often used in reference to something preceding, but not necessarily "above"; a loose reference, convenient for writers but not for readers. Also, remember, if something was mentioned previously, to do so again is redundant.
ACCURATE (…an accurate estimate…). "Accurate" implies complete freedom from error or absolute exactitude. An "estimate" is an approximation. Try "…a reliable estimate."
AFFECT;EFFECT Affect is a verb that means to influence. Effect as a verb means to bring about; as a noun it means result.
ALIQUOT Means contained an exact number of times in another. Commonly misused to mean "subsample"
ALL OF; BOTH OF Just "all" or "both" will suffice in most instances
ALSO SEE (Also see Johnson et al, 2001). Usually unnecessary as author-date reference is adequate; allow the reader to judge whether perusing the article is warranted
ALTERNATE;ALTERNATIVE Alternate implies first one then the other; alternative implies a choice among two or more incompatible objects, situations, or courses of action.
AMONG Use when comparing more than two items.
AND HENCE; AND THEREFORE; AND THUS ("The food supply was reduced and thus, the population declined") Both a conjunction and conjunctive adverb are unnecessary. Use on or the other.
AND/OR/& Use one or the other, not both. Use "&" where it is necessary to save space or if it is part of a name,
APOSTROPHES The cat's toy (the toy belonging to the cat). The cats' toy (the toy belonging to the cats). Best not to use contractions in scientific writing (use they are, rather than they're; cannot rather than can't etc)
APPARENTLY;APPARENT Means obviously, clearly, plainly, evidently, seemingly, ostensibly or observably. You may know which meaning you intend but your reader may not. Consider using a specific one of the above to improve clarity.
APPEAR;APPEARS Use "seem(s)". (He always appears on the scene but never seems to know what to do)
AS A conjunction used in reference to a comparison; always associated with a verb, e.g. "Pocket mice carry seeds in their cheek pouches as [NOT like] do kangaroo rats". Do not use "as" in place of the words "that" or "whether". Compare with "like".
ASSUME An active verb often used with an inanimate subject to produce a ludicrous statement. ("The hypothesis assumes that", or "the model assumes" . . ). Models or hypotheses cannot assume anything! However, to use a model or to test a hypothesis certain assumptions are often required; the person who uses the model or tests the hypothesis must make the assumptions.
AS WELL AS Use "and"; it means the same thing.
AT THE PRESENT TIME; AT THIS POINT IN TIME Use "currently" or "now"; they mean the same thing
AVERAGE Meaningless unless presented with the associated standard deviation.
BEEN; BEING Someone has "been" (I have been gardening); someone is "being" (I am being sarcastic)
BELOW See comments about "above". Directions do not change ambiguity.
BETWEEN Use when comparing only two items. For more than two, use "among"
BUT SEE Often used with a literature citation presumably to indicate a contradiction. [Verts, (1968) reported that striped skunks in northern illinois commonly were infected with rabies ("but see" Jones, 1972).] This leaves the reader to wonder about the nature of Jones' contributions; did s/he report that skunks were never infected with rabies, rarely infected or always infected? For clarity, present the nature of the contradiction rather than forcing the reader to search the literature (they may not have the same access as you).
BY MEANS OF Just "by" will suffice in most instances.
CARRIED OUT (… studies were "carried out" at …) This is a colloquial usage. Try "conducted", "performed" or "was studied".
CASE Can be ambiguous, misleading or ludicrous because of different connotations. (In the case of Scotch whiskey . . ) Often used in padded sentences. If absolutely necessary use "instance" for example, "in this instance".
CHECKED Imprecise word because of the variety of possible meanings. Commonly used as a synonym for "examined" or "verified" as in "The traps were checked . . ." Choose the more precise words.
CLEAR-CUT;CLEAR-CUTTING "Clear-cut" may be used as an adjective to mean precise, definite or distinct, or as a transitive verb to mean "to remove all trees from an aea". However the word (commonly with the hyphen omitted) has become jargon among foresters and others to mean clear-cutting or even-aged forest management. "Clear-cut" may be used only as an adjective or verb, never as a noun; "clear-cutting" is the noun that means the area from which all trees were removed.
COLLECTIVE NOUNS Take singular verbs when the group is regarded as a unit, but plural verbs when the individuals of the group are regarded separately. "One thousand shrews is an adequate sample; however fewer than 500 shrews were trapped". "To the mixture 10 g was added" v "To the mixture 3 eggs were added"
COMMAS AND PUNCTUATION Not precisely a matter of word usage except in relation to how words are put together. The trend is toward less punctuation (particularly fewer commas), but such requires careful writing without misplaced or dangling elements. Use a final comma in series before "and" and "or."
COMPARED WITH;COMPARED TO To "compare with" means to examine differences and similarities; to "compare to" means represent as similar. Usually one "compares with" and "contrasts to"
COMPRISE Before common misuse, "comprise" meant to contain or include but not to constitute or compose. The distinction seems useful and worth preserving therefore, "The whole comprises the parts, but the parts do not comprise the whole"
DATA A plural noun that agrees with a plural verb or pronoun. "These data . . . ", "Data were . . ." Not "this data" or "data was." "Outliers have not been removed from this data" is just wrong. Commonly used with an active verb to produce ludicrous images; for example "The data show" Data may be interpreted by an investigator or the investigator may draw inferences from data. Often the word can be omitted without altering the meaning. Also, data don't have size, so avoid "too little data" to describe inadequate samples: try "too few data". Much as I agree with Carraway on this, we may have lost the battle over this word and should perhaps give in gracefully (Butterfield 2015)
DECREASED Do not use in place of "lesser". Decreased means to "diminish" (as in size, amount or strength). Lesser is used primarily as an adjective when making a comparison.
DEEP SEA; DEEP-SEA; DEEPSEA The "deep sea" is a noun, in the phrase "the deep-sea fish" deep-sea is an adjective. There is no such word as "deepsea"
DEMOGRAPHY A term often applied to the statistical study of animal populations. (The "demography" of a population of Microtus pennsylvanicus . . .) Strictly, "demography" applies only to human populations. Try "Changes is attributes of . . .", or "The dynamics of a population of . . "
DIFFER FROM; DIFFER WITH One thing "differs from" another although you may "differ with" your colleagues.
DIFFERENT FROM; DIFFERENT THAN "Different from", always!
DONE Research was done in the spring. Could mean completed or conducted. Use either "Research was completed . . . " or "Research was conducted . . ." as appropriate.
DUE TO "Due" is an adjective often mistakenly used as a preposition. "Due to" implies causality when only a relationship may be intended. Try "related to" or if causality is intended use "because of."
DURING THE COURSE OF; IN THE COURSE OF Just say "during" or "in" will suffice.
EITHER . . OR; NEITHER. . . NOR Apply to no more than two items or categories.
EQUALLY AS GOOD; EQUALLY AS GOOD AS Just "equally good" will do
OESTROUS;OESTRUS Oestrous is an adjective, oestrus is a noun. "Among species that have oestrous cycles, females are receptive only during oestrus".
ETC. Avoid entirely!
FAST (Foxes were "fasted"…) To "fast" meaning to starve is an intransitive verb. You may "fast" but you can't "fast" another organism, you "starve" it.
FELT ("It was felt that . . ."). One "feels" cloth, but "believes" ideas.
FISH;FISHES The plural of fish is fish if they are all the same species. If one is considering an assemblage comprising more than a single species then fishes should be used. See SPORTSMEN'S PLURALS.
FORMER;LATTER These words refer to only the first and second of only two items or categories
FREIGHT-TRAIN WORDING (Overuse of adjectives and noun modifiers). A commonly used system of compounding nouns and adjectives as a shorthand means of communicating with colleagues and subordinates that produces incomprehensible jargon. Does "current breeding evidence" mean evidence of current breeding or current evidence of breeding? There could be a difference. A good rule is to put the precise subject first for emphasis and to use appropriate prepositions to indicate relationships.
GIVEN "At a given time . . . " "Fixed," "specified" or "specific"are more precise. "Given" has several meanings.
HAEMOLYMPH;HEMOLYMPH Haemolymph is the English spelling, hemolymph the US version. However Butterfield (2015) generally recognises the move from æ to ae to e and seems to imply that as they are all pronounced the same way, for the sake of reducing confusion we should go with hemolymph.
HIGH(ER);LOW(ER) Overused! Commonly used imprecisely or ambiguously for greater, less(er), larger, smaller, more or fewer. Sometimes gobbledygook is produced such as, "Occurrences of higher concentrations were lower at higher levels of effluent outflow." Guess what that means!
HYPHENATED COMPOUND MODIFIERS Hyphenation often is necessary to indicate which adjective or noun modifier is modifying which noun. "A small-grain harvest.." (a harvest of small grain, not a small harvest of grain). Also, "20 litre samples" is different from "20-litre samples." In such situations hyphenate adverbs that do not end in "ly" as "… a well-developed muscle" but not those that end in "ly" as "..an overly obese muskrat"
IMPORTANT Something simply can't be "important" without a reason and usually it is the reason that is of interest to the reader. (Dandelions are "important" to the diet of goldfinches) Are dandelions "important" because goldfinches eat more of them? Are they "important" because they provide some nutritional requirement of goldfinches not available from other plants? Try "Dandelions occurred more frequently than other plants in material obtained from goldfinch stomachs" or "More goldfinches ate dandelion than any other food item."
INCREASED Do not use in place of "greater." Increased means an"addition" or "enlargement" (as in size, quality, extent, number, intensity, value or substance). Greater means to be larger in spatial dimension, or remarkable in intensity, magnitude, power or effectiveness.
IN FACT; AS A MATTER OF FACT Usage tends to weaken preceding and subsequent statements by implying that they might be less than factual. If a lead word is essential try "Indeed…"
IN ORDER TO "To" will suffice, the remainder is padding
INTERESTING; INTERESTING TO NOTE Presumptuous! Let the reader decide what is interesting. What is interesting to you may not be to the reader.
IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT Overly wordy, try "because".
IRREGARDLESS There is no such word! Use "regardless" or "irrespective"
IT SHOULD BE MENTIONED (NOTED, POINTED OUT, EMPHASIZED) Such phrases add nothing but words. Get to the point, omit the padding.
IT WAS FOUND (DETERMINED, DECIDED) Could be evasive; write frankly and directly. Instead of "It was found that some skinks have more than 12 mammae" write "Some skunks have more than 12 mammae"
LATIN PLURALS Be careful to distinguish between plurals and singulars. "Mental foramina were examined." "The mental foramen was examined." Other examples are uterus (uteri), spermatozoon (spermatozoa), testis (testes), vagina (vaginae), pinna (pinnae), naris (nares), phalanx (phalanges) and radius (radii).
LESS(ER); FEW(ER) Less refers to quantity; "few" refers to number. "He drank less beer today, so there were fewer empty cans"
LIKE A preposition, always associated with an object (nouns, pronouns or noun phrases). Used correctly when it replaces the phrase "similar to", or "similarity to", e.g. Grasshopper mice howl like [not as] coyotes. Compare with "as."
LIVETRAP; LIVE TRAP; LIVE-TRAP Livetrap (as one word) is a verb, whereas live trap (two words) is a noun. Therefore, animals are "livetrapped" in "live traps". Hyphenate "livetrap" only when it is a noun modifier as in "live-trap" grid.
MAJORITY; VAST MAJORITY "Majority" means more than half. "Vast" suggests immensity of extent. In almost all cases "most" will be more precise.
MASS Often confused with "weight." Bodies have mass, where forces are measured in units of weight. Thus "The average 'mass' of adult Microtus oregoni from the Coast Range is 19.1 g" or "The pregnant Peromyscus weighed 6 g more that n the heaviest nulliparous specimen." That is the pregnant one exerted a force greater than the heaviest nulliparous one equivalent to the Earth's pull on a 6 g mass.
MEAN Can impart different meaning than intended if not careful. "Mean deal lengths" (Are these longer than the docile deer lengths?) Try "mean lengths of deer." Be careful of "average" for the same reason. Average deer may not be longer than exceptional deer. Of course you should never present the mean of anything without its accompanying standard deviation.
MEASUREMENTS Measurements are recorded; they are never "taken" or "made." Dimensions of characters are measured.
MOISTER Better to use "more moist", "more mesic", or simple "wetter"
MOLLUSC; MOLLUSK Mollusc is a scientific term consisting of a phylum consisting of soft bodied organisms with a generally unjointed shell. Mollusk is a non-scientific american-english term that includes both molluscs and crustaceans.
NON; NONE A prefix, usually not hyphenated. Avoid overuse. Do not use "non" to substitute for established negative prefixes or where "not . . " will serve……. Use "incorrect" or "not correct" never "noncorrect". Similarly use "unreliable" or "not reliable", "uninfected" or "not infected" and "not significantly different. "Non" is never spelt "None."
NOT INCORRECT; NOT INCONSISTENT WITH; NOT UNCOMMON Double negatives become incomprehensible. Use "correct", "consistent with" or "common" to express positive concepts of correctness, consistency or commonness.
OCTOPUSES/OCTOPI Definitely octopuses unless you want to go really old school and use octopodes.
ON AVERAGE A colloquial usage. Probably unnecessary in science writing. Write "The average length of . . was greater." or "The distance between traps was on average 1.5 ± 0.3 m greater on the new grid. Never present a mean value without its accompanying standard deviation.
ONCE; WHEN Avoid use of "once" to mean when as "once" can mean one time, formerly, simultaneously or immediately. When (not "once") the mouse located the cache it began to fill its cheek pouches.
OUT;IN (…14 "out" of 17…….), (…14 "in" 17…), or (… to find "out" if…). In most instances "out" and "in" can be omitted without altering the meaning. Use of "..14 of 17…" and "… to find…" or "… to determine… ."
PARAMETER A perfectly good word that means an arbitrary constant each of which values characterizes a member of a system or a characteristic element or constant factor. However, the word has been misused in so many ways that it might be better to avoid using it. Try "characteristic", "dimension" or "distance."
PARTIALLY;PARTLY "Partially" implies bias in favour of one or the other. "Partly" is the more precise term when the concept of proportion or portion is meant.
PERCENT;PERCENTAGE Use the percent sign (%) with numerals; use percentage in reference to proportion of the whole expressed in hundredths. Compare with proportion.
PREDOMINATE; PREDOMINANT "Predominate" is a verb, "predominant" and adjective. The adverb is "predominantly" not "predominately"
PREVALENCE; INCIDENCE "Prevalence" means the number per unit of population at a specific time, "Incidence" means the number in a population per unit time. "The reported incidence of rabies in skunks in Northwestern Illinois averaged 23 cases per year." The prevalence of rabies in skunks in 1961 was 23 per 1000 examined."
PRIOR TO; PREVIOUS TO "Previous" and "prior" are adjectives that modify nouns. There are "prior" and "previous" events, that occur before something else. Likewise there are "subsequent" events that occur after something else. However, events do not occur "previous to" or "prior to" or "subsequent to" something else. Use "before" preceding" or "after" as the situation requires.
PROBLEM Indicates a question open to inquiry or a proposition stating something to be done. Often misused. £The potassium problem in deer caused . ." The sentence needs to be rewritten. Perhaps a better way to express the meaning would be "Inadequate potassium in deer caused. . ." or "Failure to meet the potassium requirements in deep caused"
PROPER NOUNS AS MODIFIERS Avoid by use of appropriate prepositions and by emphasising the precise subject. Instead of "Peromyscus metabolic rates.." try "Metabolic rates of Peromscus.." Instead of "North Carolina faunas . . ." use "Faunas of North Carolina . . "
PROPORTION Use in the sense of "part", e.g. the relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to magnitude, quantity or degree. Compare with percent.
PROVEN "Proven" is an adjective, but "proved" is the past participle. Be careful of this word; rarely is anything "proven" in science. We test hypotheses and sometimes fail to reject one, but this is not proof.
PROVIDED; PROVIDING "Provided" usually followed by "that" is the conjunction; "providing" is the participle.
RADIOCOLLAR Hyphenated when used as a noun, e.g., "Researchers equip animals with "radio-collars." But, one word when used as a verb, e.g. "Researchers radiocollar animals"
REASON WHY Omit "why." The "reason" is the "why."
RESPECTIVE; RESPECTIVELY Avoid use if possible.
SAID Often used incorrectly as "Ward (2019) said ." Nothing was "said" so use "write", "reported", "suggested", "noted", "recorded" or some other term.
SCAT Commonly used as a synonym for faecal dropping but imprecise because of numerous other meanings. Consider substituting "faeces", "faecal droppings," "faecal passage," "faecal pellets" or excrement for greater clarity.
SEE [See Smith (1980)] Superfluous! The reference alone is adequate.
SIGNIFICANT The word "significant" has a specific meaning in science writing. A "significant" effect usually means that a statistical threshold has been reached (e.g. p< 0.01). Try "definate" or "important".
SINCE "Since" has a time connotation, from some time in the past to the present. For clarity do NOT use as a synonym for "because".
SMALL IN SIZ\E; RECTANGUlAR IS SHAPE; GREEN IN COLOUR; TENUOUS IN NATURE All superfluous. Use "small", "rectangular", "green" and "tenuous" alone.
SPECIE There is no such word as "specie" when referring to a single species.
SPECIES NAMES Species names are always in italics and only the species is capitalised; Acanthephyra stylorostratus, Homo sapiens.
SPORTSMEN'S PLURALS Hunters and anglers regularly use "zero plurals" by omitting the "s", "es" or "ies." Always use zero plurals for "bison", "cattle","deep", "moose" and "sheep"; both zero plurals and plurals formed with a suffix can be used with "elk", "fish" [see entry under FISH] and "trout" but the suffix indicates a diversity of kinds (The northern "elks" are larger than the southern races.), but use the appropriate suffix to form the plurals for "antelope", "bear", "beaver", "buffalo", "caribou", "cat", "cougar", "coyote", "ermine", "fisher","fox","hare","jaguar","lemming, "lion", "lynx", "marten", "mink", "muskrat", "opossum", "otter", "peccary", "pig", "pronghorn", "puma", "rabbit", "raccoon", "rat", "seal","skunk", "squirrel", "walrus", "weasel", "whale", "wolf" and "wolverine."
SWITCHING TENSES "Wilson (1980) and Genoways (1979) 'have reported' that grammatical errors 'are' common in manuscripts that 'were' submitted for publication" Use the simple past tense – "found", "were", "had" and "occurred" – to report the findings of others; use the present tense for describing organisms. However do not change tenses within paragraphs. Avoid the use of the emphatic mood (When they "did" occur . . ." and be careful to use the subjunctive (If the bair "were" fresh, it would attract animals.)
TAKEN [Data were "taken" from Smith (1984).] Smith's data may have been used but they were not "taken" (extracted) from Smith! Likewise one does not "take" or "make" measurements, "dimensions", "characters" or "features are measured.
TAXA AND VERB AGREEMENT Scientific names of all taxonomic levels (kingdom, order, family, genus, species, subspecies) take singular verbs.
THAT;WHICH These are two words "that" can help when needed, to make intended meanings and relationships unmistakable, "which" often is of prime importance in science writing. If the clause can be omitted without leaving the modified noun incomplete, use "which" and enclose the clause with commas or parentheses, otherwise, use "that". For the sake of clarity going on a "which hunt" after completing a report is recommended. "The cat which sat on the mat" is just wrong.
THIS;THESE These pronouns (among others) commonly are used to begin sentences when the antecedents to which they refer are unclear. (elephants, whales and bats are mammals, although bats fly like birds. "These" animals are endothermic.) It is unclear whether just the mammals are endothermic, just the birds, or both the birds and the mammals. Make sure the antecedents of these pronouns are clear!
TO BE Frequently unnecessary.(The difference was found "to be" significant.) Omit "found to be". There is no change in meaning.
TO SEE (More research is needed "to see" if foxes kill cats.) "To see" means to perceive by eye. Substitute "to determine", "to ascertain" or "to detect."
TOTAL (A total of 10 squirrels was observed.) Commonly superfluous as, "Ten squirrels were observed" means the same thing. When absolutely necessary use "A total of . . ." as the subject, note that it takes a singular verb irrespective of the magnitude of the total to which reference is made.
TRAPPED "Trapped" means to capture in traps. Therefore "…study areas were trapped" produces a ludicrous assertion; "study areas were sampled!" Use "Traps were set for 3 nights in 4 areas."
USING This word is probably responsible for more ludicrous assertions in the literature than any other. (Cottontails were caught "using" live traps) Although cottontails may be caught in live traps they do not use them. Try the prepositions "in" or "with" or the phrase "by use of" to avoid ambiguous meanings (dangling participle).
UTILIZATION; UTILIZE "Use" will generally suffice. "Utilize" has a specific meaning – to use something for a purpose other than that which it was intended for. I use a pen to write, I may "utilize" it to scratch my back.
VARYING; VARIOUS; DIFFERENT; DIFFERING Commonly misused as synonyms. "Varying" amounts or "differing" conditions imply individually changing amounts or conditions rather than a selection of various amounts or different conditions.
VERY; QUITE; SOMEWHAT; CONSIDERABLE Avoid modifiers that impart indefinite measure. For example "A 'very' large bear" does not provide an indication of how large or provide a scale for judging the relative size of the bear. Either write "a large bear" or better "a 3 m tall bear . . ."
WAS NOT ABLE TO BE Just use "was not."
WHERE Implies a locality, position or direction. Do not use for "in which" or "for which" [Direct relationships in which (not where) muskrats and minks. . . )
WHICH IS; THAT WERE; WHO ARE Usually superfluous/ (The data "that were" related to age were analysed first.) Omit "that were"; it doesnt change the meaning. (The site "which is" located near Corvallis . . . .) Omit "which is,"
WHILE Implies simultaneity. Often misused for "although" or "whereas." (Diplodomys merriami has four toes on each hind foot, whereas (not while) D. ordani has five.) (Although (not while) deer sometimes chase coyotes, rabbits never do.]
Butterfield J (2015) Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press
Carraway LN (2006) Improve Scientific Writing and Avoid Perishing. Am Midl Nat 155:383–394. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2006)155[383:ISWAAP]2.0.CO;2
Fowler HW (1964) A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press


If so, relax. The flag was displayed temporarily during the annual Pride in the Plaza celebration, which took place in front of the History Center museum on Monterey Street..
Was the center supposed to totally ignore the festivities literally on its front door?
Of course not. Flying the flag was a welcoming, supportive and totally appropriate gesture.
Yes, some moron decided to steal the flag. That's a reason to commiserate with the History Center — not condemn it.
Yet our local prince of self-righteous indignation and self-appointed guardian of the taxpayer dollar, Kevin P. Rice, takes issue with flying a pride flag without any accompanying explanation.
"If they'd hung up a communist flag without any display right next to it to explain, how would that look? Why not hang a Russian flag?" he asked The Tribune.
Ummmm ... Kevin, it didn't really need an explanation. Pride in the Plaza was the explanation.
Or do you want that event kicked out of Mission Plaza for operating on city-owned land?
The other piece of "evidence" of the History Center's bias: It partnered with the Central Coast Queer Archive Project, a volunteer effort to document the history and experiences of local LGBTQ people.
We understand some members of our community believe homosexuality is morally wrong. That's their right, but that does not make it OK for them to deny that the LGBTQ community exists and has a history here.
Again, it's totally appropriate for a historical museum to be involved in documenting that history.
We'd add that it's the center's obligation. If it were to refuse to get involved in documenting the history of any significant population of our county, that would be cause for concern and for questioning whether the History Center deserves public funding.
The History Center's mission is to record and archive the history of all the people of San Luis Obispo County, regardless of race, religion, gender, status, wealth, political affiliation, education, etc.
Exactly. History does matter, and conducting a witch hunt to discredit a respected organization dedicated to recording the stories of San Luis Obispo County residents is dangerously misguided.
We strongly urge residents of San Luis Obispo County to stand behind the History Center.


This research was conducted to further understand the knowledge base for adolescents and their parents around school-based vaccinations.
understand the knowledge base for adolescents and their parents around school-based vaccinations and the availability of catch up vaccinations up to 19 years of age.
examine the current knowledge and attitudes around vaccinations administered at school; determines information sources; and identifies any information gaps.
provide recommendations for messaging and channels to encourage the uptake of vaccines provided on the National Immunisation Program for adolescents.


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In accordance with the Article 18 of the Statistics Act, statistics agencies must obtain approval from the Commissioner of Statistics Korea for production of statistics on new subject, specifically regarding the matters stipulated in the Presidential Decree such as name of survey, type of statistics, purpose, coverage, method, and data disaggregation by gender.
The approval must be obtained also for any changes in already approved matters or for terminating the production of approved statistics.
Statistical approval system is aimed at preventing similar or overlapping data production thereby reducing the response burden on the public and eliminating factors that lead to unnecessary use of manpower and budget.
In order to ensure reliability of statistics produced and effectiveness of statistical system, the Commissioner of Statistics Korea is entitled to make request to the head of agency producing statistics to make business improvements to statistical production (i.e. suspend/change data production or dissemination) when it is deemed necessary (Statistics Act Article 12).
With the advance review of the budget for official statistical production, statistical budget for the central government can be approached from the government-wide perspective to determine the validity of budget request (i.e. priority for statistical development and overlapping data production).
Outstanding agencies are identified and rewarded by KOSTAT for best practices in development/improvement and dissemination and use of approved statistics for the past 1 year.


text:
Q: An object that securely provides both public API (read-only) and private API (read-write) This is an architecture problem. Programmers encounter this encapsulation problem quite often, but I haven't yet seen a complete and clean solution.
Related questions:
readonly class design when a non-readonly class is already in place
Controlling read/write access to fields
Normally, in OOP paradigm, objects store their data in fields. The class' own methods have full access to its fields. When you need to return value, you just return a copy of the data, so that the outside code cannot break the data.
Now suppose that the data pieces are complex, so they're themselves encapsulated in class objects and that these objects cannot be easily copied. Now, if you return such object from some property, the outside code has the same access to it as your internal code. For example, if you return a List<int>, everyone can add values to it. This is usually undesirable.
This problem is usually worked around using read-only wrappers - you wrap your full-access internal objects in read-only wrappers before returning. The problem with this approach is that the wrapper may be a poor substitution for the wrapped value - the wrapper is a different class. (And if you derive the read-only wrapper from the modifiable class (or vise-versa), then anybody can up-cast/down-cast the "read-only" object to the modifiable object, breaking the protection.)
I want a pattern such that:

*

*The data (say, an int value) has "public/read-only API" and "private/modifiable API".

*Only the object creator has access to the "private/modifiable API".

*The private/public APIs may have both passive parts (e.g. methods, properties) and active parts (e.g. events).

*Delegates should not be used except at the object creation stage. All calls should be direct.

*The access to the internal data from the "public/read-only API" (and, preferably, from the "private/modifiable API" too) should be as direct as possible. I don't want a big stack of wrappers to accumulate when composing such objects.

Here are the sample interfaces:
interface IPublicApi {
    int GetValue();
}

interface IPrivateApi {
    void SetValue(int value);
}

interface IPrivateConsumer {
    void OnValueChanged(); //Callback
}

I have devised such scheme. I want you to critique my solution or give your own solution.

A: There are several sub-problems that have to be solved.

*

*How to allow the "private API" code to access the private data without allowing the outside code to call it?

*How to give the "private API" access to the object creator?

*How to establish the two-way communication between the object and the code using the private API (calling/getting called)?

My system consists of these classes:
ReadableInt is the public API
ReadableInt.PrivateApi is the raw private API proxy object
ReadableInt.IPrivateConsumer is the public-to-private callback interface
public sealed class ReadableInt {
    int _value;
    IPrivateConsumer _privateConsumer;

    public ReadableInt(IPrivateConsumer privateConsumer, Action<PrivateApi> privateConsumerInitializer) {
        _privateConsumer = privateConsumer;
        var proxy = new PrivateApi(this);
        privateConsumerInitializer(proxy);
    }
    public int GetValue() {
        return _value;
    }
    private void SetValue(int value) {
        _value = value;
        _privateConsumer.OnValueChanged();
    }

    public interface IPrivateConsumer {
        void OnValueChanged();
    }

    public class PrivateApi {
        ReadableInt _readableInt;

        internal PrivateApi(ReadableInt publicApi) {
            _readableInt = publicApi;
        }

        public void SetValue(int value) {
            _readableInt.SetValue(value);
        }
    }
}

WritableInt is some private API consumer, which may reside in another assembly.
public sealed class WritableInt : ReadableInt.IPrivateConsumer {
    ReadableInt _readableInt;
    ReadableInt.PrivateApi _privateApi;

    public WritableInt() {
        _readableInt = new ReadableInt(this, Initialize);
    }

    void Initialize(ReadableInt.PrivateApi privateApi) {
        _privateApi = privateApi;
    }

    public ReadableInt ReadOnlyInt { get { return _readableInt; } }

    public void SetValue(int value) {
        _privateApi.SetValue(value);
    }

    void ReadableInt.IPrivateConsumer.OnValueChanged() {
        Console.WriteLine("Value changed!");
    }
}

One can use the classes like this:
var writeableInt = new WritableInt();
var readableInt = writeableInt.ReadOnlyInt;

This is how the system works:

*

*The private API (ReadableInt.PrivateApi) gains access to the main object (ReadableInt) private members by being an inner class. No up-casting/down-casting security breaches.

*Notice that the ReadableInt.PrivateApi constructor is marked internal, so only ReadableInt can create the instances. I could not find a more elegant way to prevent anyone from creating a ReadableInt.PrivateApi from a ReadableInt object.

*In general, ReadableInt needs a reference to the private API consumer to call it (notifications etc.). To decouple the public API from concrete private API consumers, the private API consumer is abstracted as the ReadableInt.IPrivateConsumer interface. ReadableInt receives the reference to a ReadableInt.IPrivateConsumer object through the constructor.

*The private API controller object (ReadableInt.PrivateApi) is given to the creator (WriteableInt) via callback (Action<PrivateApi>) passed to the ReadableInt constructor. It's extremely ugly. Can anyone propose another way?

*There is a small problem: WritableInt.OnValueChanged() method is private, but is effectively public as it's an interface method. This can be solved with a delegate or a proxy. Is there any other way?

This system works, but has some parts that I'm not proud of. I particularly dislike the initialization stage when all parts are linked together. Can this be simplified somehow?

A: How I do it
The question is quite interesting. I'm not in any way an expert in OOP (God! I wish I would!), but here is how I do it:
public interface IReadOnlyFoo
{
    int SomeValue
    {
        get;
    }
}

public class Foo: IReadOnlyFoo
{
    public int SomeValue
    {
        get;
        set;
    }
}

public class Bar
{
    private Foo foo;

    public IReadOnlyFoo Foo
    {
        get
        {
            return foo;
        }
    }
}

It's not very secure, since you can cast IReadOnlyFoo to Foo. But my philosophy here is the following: when you cast, you take all the responsibility on yourself. So, if you shoot yourself in the foot, it's your fault.
How I would do if I were to avoid casting problem
First thing to consider here is that there are value types and reference types.
Value types
For the sake of this answer I would classify value types for pure data types (int, float, bool, etc.) and structures.
Pure data types
It is interesting that you explain your problem using int which is value type. Value types are get copied by assignment. So, you don't need any kind of wrapper or read only reference mechanics for int. This is for sure. Just make a read-only property or property with private/protected setter and that's it. End of story.
Structures
Basically, the same thing. In good designed code, you don't need any wrappers for structs. If you have some reference type values inside struct: I would say that this is a poor design.
Reference types
For reference types your proposed solution looks too complicated. I would do something like this:
public class ReadOnlyFoo
{
    private readonly Foo foo;

    public ReadOnlyFoo(Foo foo)
    {
        this.foo = foo;
    }

    public SomeReferenceType SomeValue
    {
        get
        {
            return foo.SomeValue;
        }
    }
}

public class Foo
{
    public int SomeValue
    {
        get;
        set;
    }
}

public class Bar
{
    private Foo foo;

    public readonly ReadOnlyFoo Foo;

    public Bar()
    {
        foo = blablabla;
        Foo = new ReadOnlyFoo(foo);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Kachel, David Henry; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA, Gunner in 1971, deceased 6 Feb 2007.
Kadey, Patrick James; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 10 Nov 1983, qualified General Military Training on 26 May 1984, qualified TQ1 Basic Artilleryman on 4 Aug 1984, promoted Bombardier on 1 Feb 1985, qualified TQ1 Motor Support Equipment Operator on 6 Jan 1985, component transfer to Regular Force on 10 Apr 1984.
Kaighin; Lance Bombardier in 58th Battery 15th Coast Brigade RCA in 1941.
Kaighin, RW; Sergeant listed on the Warrant Officers and Sergeant's Mess gong.
Kaily, Karamjit Singh; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 2 Jun 1997, qualified QL2 General Military Training on 3 Aug 1987, qualified QL3 Basic Artilleryman on 22 Aug 1987, released 22 Nov 1997.
Kalam, N; Gunner in 2014.
Kalashnikoff, Ulia; Taken on strength 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 3 Jul 1978, released 22 Aug 1978.
Kalman, Eric George; Taken on strength as a Musician in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 13 Jul 1981, qualified General Military Training on 16 Aug 1981, qualified TQ1 Musician on 7 Sep 1981, qualified TQ2 Musician on 2 Aug 1982, promoted Bombardier on 13 Jul 1982, qualified TQ3 Musician (Clarinet) on 6 Jun 1983, qualified TQ1 Musician (Alto Sax) on 22 Jun 1984, promoted Master Bombardier on 1 Mar 1985, transfer to Supplementary List on 9 Jan 1987.
Kalmoni, Abdallah Saeed; Taken on Strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 3 Feb 1990, qualified General Military Training on 23 Jul 1991, qualified QL3 Basic Artilleryman on 9 Aug 1991, qualified QL4 Communications on 7 Aug 1992, released on 31 Jan 1994.
Kalmoni, Salah Aldean; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 13 Jun 1987, qualified General Military Training on 13 Aug 1987, qualified TQ1 Basic Artilleryman on 11 Feb 1988, QL4 qualified Infantry Communications on 2 Aug 1988, qualified Driver Non-Trade on 16 Feb 1989, promoted Bombardier on 13 Jun 1989, qualified Junior leaders Course/Combat Leaders Course on 15 Jun 1990, qualified QL4 Artillery Communications on 7 May 1992, qualified QL4 Artillery Recce and Command Post Technician on 17 Jul 1992, promoted Master Bombardier on 20 Feb 1993, qualified QL 6a Detachment Commander on 29 Jul 1994, released on 7 Sep 1995.
Kalsi, Malkit Singh; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 10 APR 1986, qualified General Military Training on 9 Aug 1986, qualified TQ2 Artillery Communicator on 16 Nov 1986, qualified Non Trade Driver on 6 Dec 1986, qualified TQ1 Basic Artilleryman on 25 Jan 1987, promoted Bombardier on 10 Apr 1988, transferred to Supplementary Ready Reserve on 30 Nov 1992.
Kamann, Kenneth Allan; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA on 9 May 1957.
Kaounas, Evangelos; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 28 Jan 1988, qualified General Military Training on 14 Apr 1988, released on 23 Oct 1988.
Kaounas, Konstadinos; Taken on Strength as a Gunner in 31st Battery 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 15 Aug 1986, released on 23 Jun 1988.
Kappel, Manfred Klaus; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA on 18 Dec 1957.
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Kay, James; Seven years in 5th Royal Highlanders, attested Canadian Over-Seas Expeditionary Force 22 Jul 1915, arrived England 30 Nov 1915 in rank of Sergeant, confirmed rank of Sergeant 7 Jul 1916, taken on strength 165th Siege Battery Canadian Garrison Artillery 26 Jul 1916, to be provisional Sergeant Major 27 Jul 1916, confirmed in rank of Battery Sergeant Major 20 Sep 1916, embarked for France 21 Sep 1916, 165th Siege Battery now 5th Siege Battery 11 Jan 1917, to be provisional Lieutenant 20 May 1917, killed in action 28 Jul 1917, buried at the Cabaret-Rouge British Cemetery, Souchez Pas de Calais, France.
Kazmark, Gilen Edmund Alfred; Taken on strength 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 17 Jun 1978, released 24 Aug 1978.
Keeling, Frederick Temple; Taken on strength as a Gunner with 85th Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Regiment RCA NPAM on 2 Aug 1940, assigned regimental number V10428, to be Acting Sergeant 15 Sep 1940, assigned new regimental number K417502, granted commission in the rank of Lieutenant (P.M.) in 1941, posted to Headquarters 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM 11 Jan 1941, appointed Paymaster.
Keen, John Patrick; Taken on strength British Columbia Light Horse in 1933, BC Light Horse renamed BC Hussars, transferred to 15th Field Brigade Canadian Artillery 24 Feb 1934, mobilized with 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA, OC Narrows North, Yorke Island, deployed United Kingdom 1941, repatriated to Canada, retired 1954.
Keen, Mark Bradley Edward; Taken on strength with 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 28 Jan 1978, transferred to G Battery, 3rd Regiment Royal Canadian Horse Artillery on 15 April 1980, enroled in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 26 Sep 1985, qualified General Military Training, TQ 1,2,3, Artilleryman, Driver Tracked, Basic Winter Warfare, released on 27 Nov 1985.
Keen, Robert Nicholson; Taken on strength British Columbia Light Horse in 1933, BC Light Horse renamed BC Hussars, transferred to 15th Field Brigade Canadian Artillery 24 Feb 1934, seconded to Seaforth Highlanders of Canada in Oct 1939, wounded at Ortona, repatriated to Canada 1945, transferred to Supplementary Reserve in 1948, attached FAP from Supplementary Reserve (RCIC) as Major 15th Field Regiment RCA on 9 Oct 1952, ceases attachment on 12 Feb 1958, transferred to Rocky Mountain Rangers, deceased 10 Jul 2010.
Keene, Dennis Henry; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA with former service Royal Artillery on 27 Feb 1958, promoted substantive Bombardier on 27 Feb 1958, promoted Acting Sergeant on 1 Sep 1958.
Keene, Kenneth Stewart; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 2 May 2002, qualified QL3 Artillery on 30 Aug 2002, qualified Artillery Communications on 16 Mar 2003, promoted Bombardier in 2004, awarded Most Efficient Bombardier of the Year 2005, promoted Master Bombardier 29 Feb 2012, promoted Sergeant in 2014.
Keenleyside, Hugh Llewellyn; 68th Battery Canadian Field Artillery Gunner May 1918, Bombardier, 2nd Canadian Tank Battalion Sergeant Sept 1918, England Oct 1918, Sergeant-Major, Nov 1918, Canada Nov 1918, Discharged Jan 1919.
Keeping, Ewart Allan; Taken on strength with the 82nd Regiment, qualified Lieutenant at School of Infantry on 28 Feb 1916, taken on strength with the Prince Edward Island Heavy Brigade Canadian Garrison Artillery, taken on strength as a Gunner with the No. 5 Siege Battery Canadian Garrison Artillery on 5 Aug 1916, embarked on the S.S. Southland on 26th Sep 1916, unit renamed 8th Siege Battery Canadian Garrison Artillery on 31 Mar 1917, landed in France on 31 Mar 1917, absorbed into 3 Brigade Canadian Garrison Artillery on 3 Apr 1918, proceeded to England on 28 Mar 1919, appointed Acting Sergeant on 7 Sep 1918, transferred to Royal Air Force as Flight Cadet on 5 Oct 1918, deceased 11 Nov 1983, buried at Murray Harbor South Cemetery PEI.
Keith, Sylvanus John; Attested Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force 12 Oct 1915, regimental #301920, Gunner 39th Battery 10th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery, taken on strength Reserve Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 29 Dec 1915, transferred to 5th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery, landed in France 19 Jan 1916, admitted to hospital otitis media 9 May 1916, rejoined unit 12 May 1916, attached to HQ Corps Signals for Visual Signals course 5 Dec 1916, rejoined unit 16 Dec 1916, admitted to hospital chronic otitis media 24 May 1917, rejoined unit 1 Jun 1917, 1st Army Rest Camp 4 Jul 1917, rejoined unit 18 Jul 1917, proceeded on leave 1 Aug 1917, rejoined unit 9 Aug 1917, wounded buried by shell 1 Nov 1917, invalided and taken on strength Canadian Artillery Regimental Depot 8 Nov 1917, attached to 2nd CCD 24 Dec 1917, ceases attachment 5 Jan 1918, taken on strength Reserve Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 3 May 1918, taken on strength composite Brigade Canadian Reserve Artillery 23 May 1918, taken on strength 68th Battery 16th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery North Russia Expeditionary Force 25 May 1918, proceeded overseas 20 Sep 1918, arrived Archangel 1 Oct 1918, embarked for the United Kingdom 11 Jun 1919, to Canada 5 Jul 1919, discharged 18 Jul 1919, deceased 30 Apr 1931, buried Mt Auburn Cemetery Rimbey AB.
Kellahan, Darcy Vincent; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA on 27 Nov 1958.
Kelly, Clifford Darton; Drafted 18th draft 68th Overseas Depot Battery Canadian Field Artillery Gunner #2557330 29 Nov 1917, appointed Acting Bombardier 1 Mar 1918, arrived in England 28 Apr 1918, reverts to Gunner on arrival 28 Apr 1918, proceeds overseas France 29 Oct 1918, taken on strength 19th Battery 4th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 27 Dec 1918, posted Canadian Artillery Regimental Depot 19 Mar 1919, attached HQSS Ripon 28 Mar 1919, embarked for Canada 16 Aug 1919, discharged 30 Aug 1919, emigrated to USA 1929, bacteriologist New York 1930, deceased 24 Feb 1970 Edmonton AB.
Kelly, John Frederick; Taken on strength as a Gunner with 58th Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Regiment RCA NPAM on 7 Aug 1940, assigned regimental number V9961, appointed Acting Bombardier, assigned new regimental number K416518.
Kelly, Terrence Lee; Taken on strength as a Gunner 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 23 Oct 1975, released 27 Jan 1976.
Kelly, William; Taken on strength Royal Irish Rifles 8 years, attested Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force 12 Jun 1915, regimental #183, I Section 2nd Division Ammunition Column, embarked Canada 13 Jun 1915, landed England 24 Jun 1915, embarked for France 16 Sep 1915, 4 days Field Punishment No2 drunkenness conduct prejudice to the good order and discipline 1 Jan 1916, attached to 6th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 25 May 1916, granted 10 days leave 7 Feb 1917, returned from leave 26 Feb 1917, admitted 22 General Hospital 30 Mar 1917, discharged 5 Jun 1917, taken on strength 6th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 19 Jun 1917, admitted hospital 23 Jul 1917, invalided and taken on strength Canadian Artillery Regimental Depot 7 Nov 1917, taken on strength Reserve Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 4 Jan 1918, taken on strength 68th Battery 16th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery North Russia Expeditionary Force 21 Aug 1918, proceeded overseas 20 Sep 1918, arrived Archangel 1 Oct 1918, embarked for the United Kingdom 11 Jun 1919, discharged in England 30 Jul 1919.
Kelsey, MG; Private in 85 Battery in 1969.
Kemp, Horace Henry Howard; Attested 3 Feb 1916, regimental #315887, 47th Battery 10th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery, Driver 11th Battery, embarked Halifax 11 Sep 1916, arrived Liverpool England 22 Sep 1916, posted 54th Battery 15th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 22 Jan 1917, taken on strength to 3rd Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 20 Mar 1917, taken on strength Regimental Depot 16 Nov 1917, taken on strength Reserve Brigade 5 Apr 1918, taken on strength 68 Battery 16th Brigade 21 Aug 1918, proceeded overseas to North Russia Expeditionary Force 20 Sep 1918, disembarked Archangel 1 Oct 1918, embarked Archangel for United Kingdom 18 Jun 1919, to Canada 5 Jul 1919, discharged 15 Jul 1919.
Kempe, Norman Lester; Taken on strength as a Gunner 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 5 Mar 1977, qualified Artilleryman on 25 Aug 1977, promoted Bombardier on 1 Apr 1978, qualified Driver Wheeled on 11 May 1978, released 15 Aug 1979.
Kendall, Hugh; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA, Private in 2017, qualified Gunner 2018.
Kendall, Percival Henry; Attested 8 May 1916, No 346900, embarked Montreal 14 May 1916, arrived Liverpool 29 May 1916, taken on strength Canadian Depot Siege Artillery 2 Jun 1916, taken on strength 165th siege Battery Canadian Garrison Artillery 7 Jun 1916, proceeded overseas 19 Sep 1916, admitted hospital wounded left leg 16 Oct 1916, taken on strength Regimental Depot 12 Apr 1917, taken on strength 11th Siege Battery 28 Jun 1917, taken on strength 2nd Battery Reserve Brigade 4 Jul 1917, taken on strength 5th Canadian Siege Battery 11 Jul 1917, attached No 20 Ordnance Workshop 18 Aug 1917, rejoined unit 8 Sep 1917, to rest camp 24 Sep 1917, rejoined unit 3 Oct 1917, granted 14 days leave 15 Mar 1918, to No 8 Medical Workshop 20 May 1918, rejoined unit 31 May 1918, gassed and sent to Field Ambulance 19 Jul 1918, rejoined unit 26 Jul 1918, granted 14 days leave UK 8 Jan 1919, embarked for Canada 3 May 1919, disembarked Halifax 9 May 1919, discharged 12 May 1919.
Kenmare, Harry; Warrant Officer Class II in 1958, 43rd Medium Anti-Aircraft Regiment RCA in 1958.
Kennedy, Andrew N; Gunner in 31 Battery from 1999 to 2000.
Kennedy, Gordon Robertson; Taken on strength 31 Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM 6 Aug 1940, assigned regimental number VV9455, assigned new regimental number K415562.
Kennedy, James Vincent; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA on 10 Nov 1955, struck off strength on transfer to Western Command Contingent COTC on 13 Dec 1956, Lieutenant in 158th Battery 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA in 1962.
Kennedy, John Douglas; Taken on strength 31 Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM 30 Aug 1940, assigned regimental number VV9456, assigned new regimental number K415563.
Kennedy, John William; Attached to 15 Field Regiment RCA from WCPSU as Sergeant on 18 Jan 1951, ceases attachment from WCPersSU on 30 Apr 1953.
Kennedy, Murdock A; Attested Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force 9 Aug 1915, regimental #183, 40th Battalion, arrived England 28 Aug 1915, arrived in France 9 Mar 1916, joined unit 25th Battalion 24 Mar 1916, transferred to 12th Battery 3rd Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 4 Aug 1916, awarded 1 good conduct badge 9 Aug 1917, granted leave to Paris 14 Aug 1917, returned from leave 26 Aug 1917, invalided and posted to Canadian Artillery Regimental Depot 17 Nov 1917, forfeits 2 days pay by RW and 1 day pay for ? for overstaying pass from hospital 11 Apr 1918, taken on strength Reserve Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 3 May 1918, taken on strength Composite Brigade Canadian Reserve Artillery 23 May 1918, taken on strength 68th Battery 16th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery North Russia Expeditionary Force 21 Aug 1918, proceeded overseas 20 Sep 1918, arrived Archangel 1 Oct 1918, awarded Military Medal in recognition of gallant conduct in the field 8 Apr 1919, Driver in "C" Sub Section Apr 1919, embarked for the United Kingdom 11 Jun 1919, to Canada 5 Jul 1919, discharged 18 Jul 1919, deceased 5 Nov 1972 Sydney NS.
Kennedy, Nicholas Martin; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 2 Feb 1995, qualified General Military Training on 3 Aug 1995, qualified QL3 Artillery on 10 Nov 1995, released on 22 Oct 1996.
Kennedy, Noell Lewis; Taken on strength as a Gunner 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 23 Jun 1982, transferred to the British Columbia Regiment (DCO) on 1 Oct 1982.
Kennelly, Frank J; Lieutenant in 1958, 43rd Medium Anti-Aircraft Regiment RCA in 1958.
Kenney, Theodore Victor; Member 3rd Field Battery Montreal, attested 2 Nov 1917, regimental #343154, Gunner 72nd (Queen's) Battery Canadian Field Artillery, embarked Halifax 3 Feb 1918, disembarked Liverpool England 16 Feb 1918, taken on strength 68 Battery 16th Brigade 7 Sep 1918, proceeded overseas to North Russia Expeditionary Force 20 Sep 1918, arrived Archangel 1 Oct 1918, embarked Archangel for United Kingdom 11 Jun 1919, struck off strength to Canada 5 Jul 1919, discharged 15 Jul 1919, deceased 2 May 1975, buried Mt Royal Cemetery Montreal QC.
Kenny, Gregory Allan; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 16 Aug 1982, released on 1 Feb 1983.
Kenny, Ryan Lee; Taken on strength as a Gunner 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 6 Jul 1982, released 30 sep 1982.
Kent, MV; On 1947-1967 list of reunion invitees.
Keoughan, Julian; Taken on strength with the Prince Edward Island Heavy Brigade Canadian Garrison Artillery, taken on strength as a Gunner with the No. 5 Siege Battery Canadian Garrison Artillery on 25 Apr 1916, promoted provisional Bombardier 17 Jun 1916, embarked on the S.S. Southland on 26th Sep 1916, unit renamed 8th Siege Battery Canadian Garrison Artillery on 31 Mar 1917, landed in France on 31 Mar 1917, confirmed as Bombardier 10 Jun 1917, to Rest Camp 16 Aug 1917, rejoined unit on 29 Aug 1917, awarded the Military Medal for Bravery in the field on 11 Dec 1917, admitted to hospital Trench Fever on 30 Dec 1917, taken on strength Canadian Artillery Reinforcement Depot on 5 Jan 1918, attached to 2 CCD on 4 Mar 1918, cease attachment on 26 Apr 1918, taken on strength Reserve Battery Canadian Garrison Artillery on 26 Apr 1918, struck off strength to Canada 12 Jan 1919, discharged 22 Mar 1919.
Kerlin, Donald Edward; Second Lieutenant from 1940 to 1941, 58th Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM in 1940, 85th Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM in 1941.
Kern, Michael Arthur Conrad; Taken on strength as a Gunner 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 24 Feb 1976, released 29 Aug 1976.
Kerr, Edmund George; Taken on strength as a fife player in 10th RG fife and drum band for 4 years, attested Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force 21 Sep 1915, 9th Battery, taken on strength Reserve Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 1 Jan 1916, drafted to France 1 Divisional Artillery Column 5 Jul 1916, posted to 3rd Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 10 Jul 1916, wounded shell wound to face and hands 6 May 1917, rejoined unit 26 Jun 1917, shell wound back and elbow 13 Jul 1917, invalided and posted to Canadian Artillery Reinforcement Depot 8 Aug 1917, attached to 2 CCD 5 Oct 1917, ceases to be attached to 2 CCD 14 Dec 1917, taken on strength Composite Brigade Canadian Reserve Artillery 14 Dec 1917, taken on strength 68 Battery 16 Brigade North Russia Expeditionary Force 21 Aug 1918, proceeded overseas 20 Sep 1918, disembarked Archangel 1 Oct 1918, Gunner in "C" Sub Section, awarded Cross of St George, embarked Archangel for the United Kingdom 11 Jun 1919, to Canada 5 Jul 1919, discharged 15 Jul 1919.
Kerr, William Joseph Alphonse; Taken on strength 31 Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM 6 Aug 1940, assigned regimental number VV9457, assigned new regimental number K415564.
Kerry, WR; Taken on strength with 158 Battery 15th Field Regiment RCA on 19 Mar 1959.
Ketler, Christopher; Transferred to 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA as a Sergeant in 2016.
Ketter, Merlin; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA on 12 Mar 1957.
Khoshkhessal, Yazdi Nooshin; Taken on strength as a Musician in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 17 Feb 1988, released on 26 May 1989.
Khoury, Jerome David; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 10 Apr 1986, released on 11 Apr 1986.
Kiceluk, JW; Private in 158 Battery in 1969.
Kidd, David Harold; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 19 May 1994, qualified General Military Training on 27 Aug 1994, released on 2 Nov 1995.
Kidd, Keith H; Lieutenant in 1958, 43rd Medium Anti-Aircraft Regiment RCA in 1958.
Kidd, William Peter; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 11 Jul 1983, qualified General Military Training on 19 Aug 1983, qualified TQ1 Basic Artilleryman on 20 Sep 1983, promoted Bombardier on 11 Jul 1984, qualified TQ2 Communications on 20 Jul 1984, qualified TQ2 Basic Artillery Technician on 10 Aug 1989, qualified Driver Non-Trade on 1 Jan 1984, transferred to Regular Force on 26 Jan 1985.
Kiernan, Lance Rolf; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 15 Feb 1977, qualified General Military Training on 18 Jun 1977, qualified TQ1 Basic Artilleryman on 25 Aug 1977, promoted Bombardier on 17 Mar 1978, qualified TQ2 Artillery Driver on 13 Jun 1978, released on 2 Mar 1979, re-enroled on 1 Sep 1980, transferred to Supplementary List on 1 Mar 1982, transferred to 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 1 Mar 1983, qualified Junior NCO Course on 30 Jun 1983, released on 20 Dec 1983.
Kildare, David Norton; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA on 25 Oct 1954 with former service Canadian Army (Reserve Force), struck off strength on release on 17 Feb 1955.
Kilian, Walter G; Bombardier in the Regimental Band from 1986 to 1990, 31 Battery in 1992.
Kiloh, David Bruce; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 15 Jan 1976, promoted Acting Lieutenant on 15 Apr 1976, released 26 Dec 1976.
Kim, Hyung Daniel; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 15 Apr 2004.
Kim, Min Kwoun; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA, Bombardier from 2014 to 2017.
Kim, Minwoo; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA, Bombardier in 2017.
Kim, Paul Hyun Joo; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 11 Jun 1988, qualified General Military Training on 27 Aug 1988, qualified QL1 Artilleryman on 30 Dec 1988, qualified Forward Observation Officer Technician on 11 Aug 1989, qualified Artillery Recce Technician on 11 May 1990, qualified FMC Driver Wheeled on 15 Jun 1990, promoted Bombardier on 11 Jun 1990, qualified BTT Finance on 3 Aug 1990, qualified BTT Supply Technician on 23 Aug 1990, qualified QL3 BTT Infantry on 9 Aug 1991, transferred to Seaforth Highlanders of Canada on 1 Nov 1991.
Kincaid, Norman Kent; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA on 11 Apr 1957 with former service Canadian Army (A), Sergeant listed on the Warrant Officers and Sergeant's Mess gong.
King, Ernest John; Taken on strength 31 Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM 6 Aug 1940, assigned regimental number VV9458, appointed Acting Sergeant 15 Sep 1940, assigned new regimental number K415505.
King, HB; Lieutenant in 85th Battery 15th Field Brigade Canadian Artillery in 1928, Lieutenant from 1930 to 1939, in the Corps Reserve of Officers in 1939.
King, James Wesley; Attested Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force 29 Jan 1916, regimental #663311, No. 2 Overseas A.S.C. Training Depot, embarked St John NB 22 Jan 1918, arrived England 6 Feb 1918, taken on strength Reserve Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 1 Apr 1918, taken on strength 68th Battery 16th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery North Russia Expeditionary Force 8 Sep 1918, proceeded overseas 20 Sep 1918, arrived Archangel 1 Oct 1918, embarked for the United Kingdom 18 Jun 1919, to Canada 5 Jul 1919, discharged 15 Jul 1919.
King, Maurice Robert; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA with former service on 17 Nov 1988, qualified General Military Training, qualified Artillery Basic Trades Training on 21 Aug 1990, released on 13 Feb 1991.
Kingshott, Ronald Henry; Gunner in 15th Field Regiment RCA in 1949, appointed Acting Bombardier on 2 May 1949, appointed Acting Sergeant on 1 Jun 1949, confirmed Sergeant on 16 Feb 1950, struck off strength on transfer to 102nd Coast Regiment RCA on 16 Mar 1950.
Kinney, Catherine Joyce; Taken on strength 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 4 Jul 1977, released 2 Aug 1977.
Kinninmont, James Russell Adamson; Taken on strength 31 Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM 6 Aug 1940, assigned regimental number VV9459, assigned new regimental number K415565.
Kirby, William John Cameron; Taken on strength as a Second Lieutenant in 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM on 7 Aug 1940, attended Physical Training course in 1941.
Kirchoffer, Richard Aaron; Taken on strength as a Musician in HMCS Discovery on 9 Apr 1992, transferred to 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 10 Dec 1992, released on 12 Oct 1995.
Kirk-Owen, Ernest Peter; Taken on strength 31 Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM 6 Aug 1940, assigned regimental number VV9460, assigned new regimental number K415566.
Kirkpatrick, William Andrew; Sergeant in 15th Field Brigade RCA in 1937, taken on strength with 15th Coast Regiment RCA on 10 Oct 1946, promoted Sergeant in 15th Coast Regiment RCA on 7 Nov 1946, appointed Acting Battery Quarter Master Sergeant on 1 Apr 1947, Staff Sergeant in 1948, reverted to Sergeant on 31 May 1949, struck off strength on 24 Nov 1949.
Kirkpatrick-Crockett, M; Major in 15th (Coast) Brigade RCA CA in 1942.
Kirstiuk, Julian; Captain from 1958 to 192, 43rd Medium Anti-Aircraft Regiment RCA in 1958, 85th Battery 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA in 1962.
Kitching, Bob; Gunner in 85th Heavy Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA on Yorke Island.
Kitching, Charlie K; Gunner in 85th Heavy Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA on Yorke Island, appointed Acting Sergeant on 23 Sep 1948, confirmed Sergeant on 1 Feb 1949, appointed Acting Staff Sergeant on 3 Nov 1949, appointed Acting Warrant Officer Class II on 22 Jun 1950, struck off strength enlisted Canadian Army (Active Force) on 6 May 1951.
Klassen, Suzanne Marie; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 15 Dec 1992, released on 22 Jun 1994.
Klein, Tricia Leigh; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 26 Sep 1998, released on 24 Aug 2000.
Klemm, Richard George; Taken on strength as a Musician in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA with former service on 18 May 1986, qualified TQ1 Musician on 31 Jul 1986, released on 30 Nov 1987.
Klingbeil, Maryanne; Taken on strength in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 2 Jul 1974, released 25 Aug 1974.
Kluftinger, Stefan; Taken on strength as a Musician in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 27 Jun 1984, qualified General Military Training on 17 Aug 1984, qualified TQ1 Musician on 17 Aug 1984, promoted Bombardier on 27 Jun 1985, released on 27 Aug 1985.
Knapman, Douglas Richard; Taken on strength in 17 Service Battalion on 6 Apr 1982, transferred to 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 1 Feb 1983, released on 19 Feb 1983.
Knerle; Sergeant in 15th Field Brigade RCA in 1937.
Knight, Algernon Edward Grenfell; Attested into 102nd Regiment (Rocky Mountain Rangers) Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force 26 May 1915, assigned regimental number 442114, transferred to 54th Battalion, Corporal 12 Jun 1915, appointed Lance Sergeant 13 Jun 1915, appointed Corporal 1 Jul 1915, embarked Montreal 16 Jul 1915, disembarked Plymouth 30 Jul 1915, reverted to ranks 12 Aug 1915, discharged on appointment to commission in Royal Field Artillery 24 Sep 1915, to be Temporary Lieutenant Canadian Field Artillery 27 Mar 1918, posted to 31 Battery 10th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 5 Oct 1918, posted 9th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 10 Oct 1918, sailed for Canada 15 Mar 1919, demobilized 12 Apr 1919, deceased 23 Feb 1932 Canoe BC.
Knight, Arthur Anatole; Attached FAP 15th Field Regiment RCA as Lieutenant on 23 Apr 1953 from Supplementary Reserve (RCAPC), cancel attached fap from Supplementary Reserve (RCAPC) on 15 Jun 1955.
Knight, Johnny F; Gunner in 85th Heavy Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA on Yorke Island in Aug 1939.
Knight, Laurence Gilbert; Taken on strength as a Gunner with 85th Battery 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA NPAM, assigned regimental number V10429, on Advance Party 14 Sep 1940, appointed Cook 15 Sep 1940, assigned new regimental number K417538, taken on strength 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA CASF 31 Oct 1940, taken on strength from General List 31 Battery 15th Coast Regiment RCA on 1 Apr 1946 as Lieutenant, promoted Captain on 10 Apr 1947, Captain in 85 Battery in 1948, struck off strength to the Supplementary Reserve of Officers on 30 Sep 1948.
Knoesel, Larry Robert; Taken on strength 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 4 Jul 1977, released 15 Sep 1977.
Knopp, Gustav Charles; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 18 Jan 1996, released on 23 Oct 1996.
Knowles, Earl Adolphus; Enrolled US Army as Cook under the name of Parker Lewis 24 Jul 1917, deserted 26 Jul 1917, attested Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force 23 Feb 1918, regimental #334695, 63rd Overseas Depot Battery Canadian Field Artillery, embarked Halifax 9 Apr 1918, arrived Liverpool England 20 Apr 1918, taken on strength Reserve Brigade Canadian Field Artillery 20 Apr 1918, attended cookery school 12 Aug 1918, taken on strength 68th Battery 16th Brigade Canadian Field Artillery North Russia Expeditionary Force 17 Sep 1918, proceeded overseas 20 Sep 1918, arrived Archangel 1 Oct 1918, forfeits 14 days pay for drunkenness 25 May 1919, Gunner in "C" Sub Section Apr 1919, embarked for the United Kingdom 11 Jun 1919, to Canada 5 Jul 1919, discharged 18 Jul 1919, deceased Nov 1943.
Knudsen, Arne; Served in the Danish Navy in 1936, served with the International Brigade from 1936 to 1938, Taken on Strength in 31 Battery 15th Coast Brigade RCA in 1939, Sergeant in 1940, transferred to 111th Battery, 7th Anti-Tank Regiment RCA, Italy Campaign 1943, European theatre in 1944, deceased 7 March 2007.
Knudsen (Knudson), William Egnar; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA on 6 May 1957, struck off strength on release on 1 Aug 1957.
Kobzey, RSB; Acting Sergeant in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA in 1968, winner of RCAA Special to Corps Senior NCO Competition in 1968.
Koch, Sean Alexander; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 9 Apr 1998, qualified QL2 General Military Training on 16 May 1999, released on 14 Sep 2000.
Koelt, GH; Private in 85 Battery in 1969.
Kofoed, Anders John Wesley Bodtker; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Regiment RCA on 28 Oct 1948, struck off strength on 9 Mar 1950.
Kolesnykor, Vladyslar; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 27 Jun 2002.
Kong, BX; Bombardier in 2014.
Koprowski, Eric Bogdan; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 25 May 1985, qualified General Military Training on 9 Aug 1985, released on 30 Mar 1986.
Korn, Leslie Anthony; Taken on strength as a Gunner 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 4 Jul 1977, released 4 Aug 1978.
Kornder, ID; Medical Officer from 1969 to 1976, Acting Captain in 1969, Captain in 1969.
Kostinuk, Darren Craven; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 22 Mar 1983, qualified General Military Training on 26 May 1984, qualified QL3 Basic Artilleryman on 4 Aug 1984, promoted Bombardier on 1 Feb 1985, qualified QL3 Motor Support Equipment Operator on 6 Jan 1985, released on 31 Jan 1994.
Kostinuk, John William Craven; Taken on strength on enrolment on 14 Mar 1957, struck off strength on release on 1 Aug 1958, Drummer in Band of the 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA in 1962, deceased 19 Feb 2018.
Kostinuk, John; taken on strength with 1st Searchlight Regiment RCA in 1939, transferred to the 108th (Howitzer) Battery in Lethbridge in 1939, concentrated in Camp Shilo with remainder 2nd Anti-Tank Regiment RCA in 1940, arrived in England and adopted anti-invasion role in 1940, promoted Lance Bombardier in 1942, appointed Acting Bombardier in 1943, transferred to 1st Canadian General Reinforcing Unit as Private Driver Mechanic 'C', transferred to 2nd Provost Company, promoted Lance Corporal.
Kostuk, Patty A; Sergeant in the Regimental Band.
Kothlow, Kenneth William; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Regiment RCA on 17 Jun 1948, taken off strength on transfer to Canadian Army Regular Force.
Kouveletsos, Aristides; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 17 Dec 1983, released on 21 May 1984.
Kovacs, Ernie; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 28 Nov 1974, qualified General Military Training on 19 Dec 1974, qualified Basic Artilleryman on 4 Jan 1975, qualified Artillery Technician on 1 Aug 1975, promoted Bombardier on 1 Apr 1976, operational tour with United Nations Emergency Force Middle East from Jul 1976 to Jan 1977, qualified TQ2 Driver Wheeled on 3 Jun 1978, qualified Combat Leaders Course on 9 Aug 1986, promoted Master Bombardier on 1 Dec 1986, transferred to Headquarters Pacific Militia Area as an Intelligence Operator on 9 Sep 1989, transferred to Supplementary Ready Reserve in 1991.
Kozlowski, MA; Private in 31 Battery in 1986.
Kozlowski, Mark Andrew; Taken on strength as a Gunner 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 18 Mar 1976, employed GAMESCAN from 22 Aug 1976 to 16 Jun 1976, qualified Artilleryman on 8 Jan 1977, released 28 Apr 1977.
Kraemer, Sonya; Taken on strength as an Administrative Clerk in 12 Service Battalion on 5 Jul 1976, transferred to headquarters Militia Area Pacific on 2 Aug 1976, qualified Administrative Clerk on 15 Apr 1977, promoted Corporal on 1 Aug 1977, transferred to 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 1 Nov 1978, qualified Finance Clerk on 22 Aug 1980, transferred to Supplementary List on 22 Aug 1980.
Kraemer, Wolfgang Heinrich; Taken on strength 15th Field Regiment RCA on 30 Oct 1958.
Kraft, Ralph David; Re-enroled as a Lieutenant in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 14 Nov 1987, qualified General Military Training, Junior Leaders Course, Senior NCO Course, Basic Trades Training, STT, Intermediate Trades Training , Basic Officer Training, Basic Army Officer Training and Basic Classification Training Artillery, released on 25 Feb 1988.
Krahn, Christopher Taiho; Taken on strength as a Musician in 5th (BC) Field Regiment RCA, transferred to 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 25 Jan 1990, released on 15 Jan 1991.
Kramer, Oswin R; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA, Private in 2017.
Kroeker, James A; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 20 Oct 1983, qualified General Military Training on 26 May 1984, qualified TQ1 Artilleryman on 4 Aug 1984, promoted Bombardier on 9 Feb 1984, released on 7 Feb 1988.
Kroeker, Loren Dale; Taken on strength as a Cook in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 22 May 1986, qualified General Military Training on 14 Jun 1986, qualified TQ1 Cook Course on 18 Jul 1986, released on 15 Aug 1986.
Kubacki, Christopher W; Private in 31 Battery in 1986.
Kuhn, Daniel S; Transferred to BC Militia District Heaquarters from 49th Field Artillery Regiment RCA, Transferred to 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA, Second in Command 2001 to 2004, Lieutenant-Colonel and Commanding Officer from 2004 to 2007, Deputy Commander 39 Canadian Brigade Group from 2008.
Kullar, Hardial Singh; Member of 102nd Coast Regiment RCA in 1954, deceased 1968.
Kung, EJ; Taken on strength 15th (Vancouver) Coast Brigade RCA, appointed Acting Sergeant.
Kung, Him Fong (John); Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 12 Jun 1975, qualified General Military Training on 31 Aug 1975, released on 1 Feb 1976.
Kung, Leo HY; Second Lieutenant in 1976, Lieutenant in 1978, Captain from 1978 to 1984.
Kurtagic, Goran; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 1 Apr 1999, qualification Level 2 on 26 Jul 1999, qualified QL3 Artillery on 20 Aug 1999, operational tour with SFOR in 2000, qualified Basic Artillery Technician on 17 Aug 2001, promoted Bombardier on 8 Sep 2001, qualified Driver Wheeled on 10 Feb 2000, Master Bombardier 2005, awarded Most Efficient Bombardier of the Year 2006, awarded Most Proficient Detachment Commander of the Year in 2007 and 2008, Operational tour in Afghanistan, Sergeant in 2009, Warrant Officer in 2016.
Kurylowicz, Dyane; Taken on strength as an Administrative Clerk in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 9 Aug 1985, qualified TQ1 Administrative Clerk on 10 Oct 1985, promoted Corporal on 13 Oct 1985, qualified TQ2 Administrative Clerk on 20 Mar 1986, qualified Driver Non-Trade on 30 Dec 1985, transferred to Royal Westminster Regiment on 1 Jun 1987.
Kushnir, EJ; Private in 31 Battery in 1986.
Kuzyk, Matthew Gary William; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 20 Feb 2003, qualified Basic Military Qualification on 1 Aug 2003, qualified Soldiers Qualification on 28 Aug 2003.
Kwai, Abraham Gock; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 2 Jul 1984, qualified General Military Training on 10 Aug 1984, released on 22 Sep 1984.
Kwan, Keon Joe; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 7 Oct 1982, qualified General Military Training on 31 Dec 1983, released on 8 Mar 1983.
Kwan, Tommy Wai Sing; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 7 Jul 1975, qualified Artilleryman on 11 Jan 1976, promoted Bombardier on 1 Feb 1977, qualified Basic Artillery Technician on 1 Jul 1977, released 19 May 1978.
Kwantes, Jacobus Albert; Taken on strength as a Gunner in 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 6 Dec 1990, released 1 Mar 1992.
Kwok, Michael Tai-Kee; Taken on strength 15th Field Artillery Regiment RCA on 7 Jul 1980, released 31 Aug 1980.
Have I inadvertently placed personal information of yours on line that you don't approve of?


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We are the UK's leading people advisory business across public and not for profit sectors, helping organisations build future ready leadership to accelerate transformational change. Working in partnership with the NHS remains at the heart of our business. In the last two years, we have worked with 150 + separate healthcare organisations and this alliance ensures we build and share significant insight across the sector.
Ability to assimilate complex briefs, undertake detailed and relevant market research and propose appropriate courses of action.
Strong skills in persuading and influencing.


text:
What 1,147 Men Really Think About #MeToo
We partnered with GQ on an exclusive survey that asked men about everything from workplace harassment to consent—and the results were eye-opening.
Reporting by Justine Harman and Benjy Hansen-Bundy
Get a group of women together—over dinner, drinks, or direct message—and #MeToo eventually comes up. But broach the movement with the men in your life? We're betting you'll hear crickets. It's understandable—we're in a brave new era without a rule book. It's hard for men to know exactly what to say. (In fact, when Glamour tried to assign a male reporter to interview real men on their attitudes, he came back from the bars empty handed. "I've frankly never had such a dead end with a reported piece," he told us. No one, he said, was willing to say "anything worthwhile on the record.")
But for change to happen, we have to start talking. So we partnered with our brother mag GQ to begin having these difficult conversations. We created a survey and sourced answers from more than 1,000 men between the ages of 18 and 55 from all across the country. The responses were anonymous. And the results were…complicated. Some respondents were skeptical: "[This movement] will stigmatize men and lead to further distrust of women." Others were hopeful: "High-powered creeps are already out of jobs. I have no idea how that cannot help." But all were honest. As one admitted, "I work in a kitchen. We are all miscreants. Everything said on the line is probably considered sexual harassment by someone who doesn't work in the industry."
We tore through the data to find some of the most illuminating insights into how men think. And then we got busy parsing out its many implications. While at times frightening and infuriating, there are also moments of clarity that show how the social reckoning is affecting change. What follows is as close to a blueprint as we have on the male brain as it pertains to Me Too.
Want to see more on our survey results from the GQ point of view? Read their analysis here.
Men's Real Thoughts on #MeToo May Surprise You (Hint: Nearly One in Two Hasn't Heard of It)
Let this sink in for a second: A whopping 41 percent of men told us they've never heard of the #MeToo movement. Those who were unaware were generally younger, Southern, married, and more likely to report an annual income of $100,000 or more. Oh, and having a college degree doesn't make a man any more likely to be in the know than his less-educated peers. Across the board, when it comes to the topic of accusations of sexual misconduct, men are very unlikely to share their opinions with the women in their life.
We asked men to describe in their own words: How have the men you know reacted to the #MeToo movement? What words or phrases do you hear used the most? They answered:
Some were hopeful: "For the most part, the men I've talked to have said that a lot of 'powerful people' need to be outed for their heinous actions, because this stuff has gone on way too long and has been met with too much silence and cowering."
Some were torn: "Most men I talk with have been extremely supportive. Others have expressed fears of a mob mentality, especially when the pitchforks go up immediately without due process. But many have mentioned Donald Trump as the cover boy for sexual harassment. Men are disturbed [by the fact that he] is suffering no consequences for grabbing women 'by the pussy.'"
Some were anxious: "Most men are unsure of how to handle speaking to women on a normal basis. Now they are even more unsettled and confused about how to approach a woman, handle a conversation, or give a compliment. Some have said that the movement may not have a true, lasting effect."
Some cited generational divides: "Younger men acknowledge the problem, but older men tend to dismiss it as overblown."
Some were angry: "The men are afraid that if they even look [at a woman] the wrong way, they might get sued or fired. They are saying that men are getting pushed out of the flirting game. And that most women these days are turning to each other for sex."
Read More: What Is Sexual Harassment? A Glossary of the #MeToo Movement
Men Tend to Think Women Who Come Forward Are Treated Fairly
The topic of women who have come forward with allegations of assault and misconduct were equally divided. GQ's Benjy Hansen-Bunden sums up the on-the-ground sentiment like this: "I think the lesson a lot of guys learned very quickly during all the Me Too revelations, myself included, was that this moment called for men to basically shut up and listen for a while. Now it feels like we're in a new phase—it's time to start the conversation about how we fix the big structural problems. I mean, a guy who groped women still got elected president. So everyone has to participate. But I think guys are still a little wary. One guy wrote, 'The movement doesn't come across as inclusive to men.' To be honest, I feel some of that trepidation too." And despite studies that show speaking up about sexual harassment often comes with repercussions, the majority of men think accusers get the benefit of the doubt.
We asked men for their honest thoughts on the topic of women who come forward:
Some were skeptical: "A lot of women wait years, sometimes 10 or more, to come forward. It's usually to get money or to hurt an ex. If it really happened, they would have gone to the police right away," said one. "If something happens to someone, and you feel like you have to wait or hide it before bringing it to light, you shouldn't bring it up at all," offered another. While many brought up the topic of due process: "It depends. Is she being truthful? Was there a proper investigation? I hope that all people, in general, are taken seriously when making an allegation like this."
Some were fed up: "Most of the time men are treated unfairly. Equality is a lie when it comes to men's rights," said one. "[Women] are believed once they make the accusation. They don't have to prove anything," offered another.
Some felt coming forward is a lose-lose scenario: "I have witnessed how black-and-white things become when a woman makes such an accusation. I have seen a good man convicted and condemned for a female speaking up with a false accusation. The man had no chance. He lost his job and freedom. His reputation was permanently and irreparably damaged. His family was torn apart. I have also seen it work the other way around too. Either way, the woman comes out the other end a victim and a champion, but as a tramp and a hussy too. [At least] from the offender and their associates' point of view."
Some sided with accusers: "Considering [there are] women who've been [issued] death threats…for coming forward, I don't think they are treated fairly. In fact, I don't think any victims are treated fairly—women, men, or other identifiers. All are dismissed and looked down upon after coming forward," said one. "Depending on the culture of the business where the harassment takes place, a brotherhood can exist. Or the idea that 'boys will be boys.' I have personally seen women come forward [about] sexual harassment, only to be shot down by the 'big boss' due to the fact that the aggressor was an important cog in his business. I'm sure this happens often," offered another.
Read More: What to Do When Someone You Know Has Been Accused of Sexual Harassment
Male Perceptions on Consent Are Perhaps the Most Confounding
Overall, men's attitudes toward consent made us feel hopeful: A full 77 percent of men said it's a must to get consent at every stage of a sexual encounter. But go deeper into our findings, especially about married or dating couples, and the data is a bit more...patriarchal. In fact, 59 percent of men agreed that husbands were "entitled to" sex with their wives (46 percent agreed that boyfriends were "entitled to" sex with their girlfriends). And in terms of communicating consent, men aren't waiting for clear, verbal cues: 35 percent told us that when it comes to gauging whether a sexual partner is enjoying a sexual encounter, "I don't need to do much; it's usually obvious." And to convey their own interest, 60 percent of men say they rely on physical cues—such as looking at a partner, moaning, or pulling a partner closer. Glamour's Justine Harman and GQ's Benji Hansen-Bundy discussed the findings.
GQ: Well, at the very least this one data point—that 77 percent of men said it's a must to get consent at every stage of a sexual encounter—shows that most men are not horrible monsters.
GLAMOUR: But I feel like if I were at a sports bar or a frat, the way I would be treated by men would be different than what our findings suggest. Especially since 50 percent of guys ages 18 to 34 agreed with this statement: "If your partner is willing to kiss you, she must be willing to do other sexual acts." That means Aziz Ansari–type scenarios, where the man and the woman are having very different experiences during the same sexual encounter, will continue.
GQ: I wish I could say I thought we'd see an immediate reduction in those Aziz-type situations, but I think it's going to take time. These stats probably speak to the broader fucked-up-ness of our sex education in this country. I'd also say that the discussion seems to be missing a broader examination of human sexuality so far. For example, when we asked, "How do you define the boundary between unwanted but harmless advances and harassment?" there was this pervading sense of defeat in the answers. One guy said, "I feel that there is no line anymore, so you better just keep to yourself." For as long as Western literature has covered courtship, it's almost always the man in pursuit of the woman, with varying degrees of doggedness.
Read More: #MeToo Forced Me to Reevaluate Own Sexual History—and I've Taken Advantage of Women
GLAMOUR: When one guy said, "The principle that I employ is that everyone gets one free pass. When you put your interest out, regardless of how overt or covert the advance was, that is all that you are entitled to," I had to pause. Back when I was single, I would always turn down the first inquiry—a guy had to try at least twice to prove he was actually interested. It was all part of the game.
GQ: That's what I mean. It can feel like there's some cognitive dissonance between what is by-the-books acceptable and what actually works between two people. It made me nervous to say that out loud. We're definitely opening a can of worms.
GLAMOUR: I'm sweating.
Read More: Your Best Consent Ever: How You Both Can Get the Sex You Want
Men Are Scared…Which May Be a Good Thing
In some ways, this movement is (shockingly) having little-to-no effect: The majority of men we surveyed in very top jobs still hadn't heard of Me Too. And yet some men feel fearful in general. About one third of men ages 18 to 55 say they're personally worried about being wrongly accused of sexual harassment at work. (Those with self-reported incomes over $100K were significantly more likely to be worried.) This fear could be actually be a good thing: "It's part of a course correction," says Hansen-Bundy. "The data also shows that younger men are more likely to say Me Too will improve workplace equality, which I think shows that the movement may be educating guys on a broader cultural level."
Read More: What to Do When You've Been Sexually Harassed At Work
Justine Harman is the features director of Glamour; Benjy Hansen-Bundy is a senior associate editor at GQ.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Eagle Point, Oregon, professional Todd Bergen piloted two horses to five-figure paychecks in the Snaffle Bit Futurity Open finals.
While he didn't achieve the Open Championship he was striving for, he wrote his name in the NRCHA history books as only the second rider to break the $2 million earnings mark. The only other horseman to claim that distinction is Blanchard, Oklahoma, professional Todd Crawford.
"When I started into this, just like anybody, I didn't know much, and I just wanted to become a good trainer. That's all I strived to do, is train my horses the best I can. To be somebody in this industry that could be only the second person to achieve that [$2 million rider] status – it means a lot," he said.


Sean Courtney is killed with his wife ... so sad..
anyways i love how i can read W.S. books over and over and still be entertained by them as if it was the first time reading it. my next fav book is Eagle in the sky that was such a brilliant book and it will always be one of my favorites. i hope to have copies of all of his books very soon so i dont have to try to get them from the library anymore! :P i was first introduced to wilbur Smith my my sister who lived in Gambia and kenya for 7 years and she told me how grafic his detailed accounts of africa were and that they are very accurate to what reality is in africa. that is what made me read them . it only takes one and then you are hooked on his books for life. i have always been interested in africa and i hope to one day go there and see for myself what it is like, but untill then i will see it through Wilbur Smith's eyes. by the way.. does anyone know if wilbursmith announces his next booksigning location? ex: does anyone know id he is coming to canada for a book tour?
Hey feet, welcome to the forum!


Professor Dame Sally Davies, Chief Medical Officer, has called the problem of antibiotics resistance a 'ticking time bomb', which is 'as big a risk as terrorism.' She has urged the government to address the issue at the upcoming G8 summit in London. The cause of this problem is two-fold. In the last five to ten years, bacteria that cause infections have developed multiple resistances to antibiotic treatments in greater numbers than ever, a 'step change' according to the CMO. Secondly, pharmaceutical companies are not delivering new forms of antibiotics that can fight the bacteria that have already become immune to existing drugs.
Sadly, the use of homeopathic remedies is not currently part of this discussion. Homeopathy can offer multiple alternative remedies, which may well be more cost effective than antibiotics. Arnica, for example, is often taken for seven days before and after surgery in order to prevent infection and speed healing. Calendula, frequently used as an anti-septic on cuts, scrapes and burns, prevents the growth and spread of bacteria. I've known Homeopathic dentists to advise a mixture containing Hepar Sulph, Gunpowder and Pyrogens and Arnica for patients with an abscess or undergoing root canal treatment. This list could be much longer. When so many alternatives to antibiotics exist and antibiotic resistance is becoming such a threat, it begs the question: why not consider homeopathic remedies as viable alternatives to antibiotics?
In addition to the cost benefits, there is good scientific reason to do so. The Irish Society of Homeopaths has recently offered a summary of the research basis for homeopathic alternatives to antibiotics. Sinus infections, respiratory infections and ear infections have all been treated with homeopathic remedies—with impressive results. The Irish Society of Homeopaths concludes that homeopathic remedies are at least as effective as conventional treatments and that they could serve as a first-line treatment for viral and mild bacterial infections. This in turn would help preserve the efficacy of existing antibiotics.
In addition to the work done by the Irish Society the Faculty of Homeopathy gives details on its website of research which shows Homeopathy to be effective.
Even if the NHS is far from ready to start using homeopathic remedies as a first-line treatment, at the very least more research should focus on this issue. When antibiotic resistance threatens global health with such intensity, can we really afford to overlook such a promising alternative to antibiotics?