Fifth Element, a global capital firm in the commercial real estate market, revealed its SDG Impact Fund launch at the UN and selected Celsius as a wallet.
Fifth Element, a firm that connects global capital with commercial real estate markets globally, has announced at the United Nations its SDG Impact Fund launch. It will be the first to accept and deploy traditional assets and all forms of cryptocurrencies and digital assets. The fund will work towards the mission of meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Celsius Network, a decentralized lending and borrowing service for cryptocurrencies, is a founding member of the fund and will serve as its preferred wallet.
The fund aims to raise upwards of a hundred million dollars and deploy them through public blockchains using both fiat and cryptocurrency formats.
The UN Global Compact has held its SDG Frontier Finance forum event on September 21st, in conjunction with the International Day of Peace. The event consisted of a group of finance practitioners and experts who develop private financial instruments, which have the potential of driving private finance towards sustainability solutions.
Bryan Doreian, the Chief Development Magus of Fifth Element Fund announced the selection and partnership with Celsius during the forum. The event featured the first few donors to contribute to the fund. It also named Celsius Network as a founding member.
Scott Stornetta, an adviser to Celsius and one of the original inventors of blockchain technology, rejoiced in the technology used to power the project.
The Fifth Element Fund intends on using the public blockchain as a means to incorporate ts global programs. It seeks to use blockchain technology to execute and monitor its mission accordingly with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations General Assembly. They constitute a part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which has set goals that cover social and economic development issues such as energy, urbanization, poverty, education and several others.
The Celsius Network is a lending and borrowing service for cryptocurrencies that allows users to earn interest and borrow dollars against their altcoins. It strives to empower people with the banking services usually reserved for the top 1 percent.
Alex Mashinsky, the CEO of Celsius, believes the platform grants users similar interest rates to those of Wall Street and that the partnership with Fifth Element is a worthy endeavor.
Interested to learn more about the latest cryptocurrency news? Check out our news site for all things crypto, blockchain and fintech.
Lorraine is a multidisciplinary writer who hails from a background in marketing and SEO. She has obtained a bachelor's degree in English Rhetoric and Journalism at Hunter College. Her journalistic ventures have included reporting for a community newspaper in the Bronx and writing opinion pieces for her college newspaper, The Envoy. Although she does not own any cryptocurrency, she finds the crypto industry fascinating and expects crypto to exceed fiat usage one day.
Is Nasdaq Designing A Way To Predict Crypto Price Movements?


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On the Experimental Process in Evaluations of Brazilian Conversational Agents in Education
marzo 26, 2022 wpadmin
On the Experimental Process in Evaluations of Brazilian Conversational Agents in Education [Descargar]
L. N. Paschoal, T. U. Conte and S. d. R. S. d. Souza
Education;Systematics;Planning;Measurement;Search problems;Data analysis;Guidelines;Chatbot;chatterbot;systematic mapping
Conversational agents represent applications that interact in a natural language with humans. Due to their ability to process the human language, they have been explored in diverse areas, e.g., e-commerce, health, entertainment, and education. Particularly in the education field, they have been used as mechanisms that support the teaching of a second language, that recommend educational resources, and that resolve students' doubts, as a learning partner. Brazil is particularly interested in the educational technology community studying such software systems. Despite the strong interests in their development, few studies have addressed the impact such systems exert when they are used by students. Experimental studies have enabled a better understanding of the impact of technology on education based on evidence. This article presents an overview of empirical research on conversational agents in education through a mapping of the Brazilian community, identifying the way researchers systematically evaluate such agents produced in their research work. The results show a lack of experimental methodologies and taxonomies that support the planning, development, and reporting of experimental studies. However, a set of variables commonly employed has been recognized. An initial set of guidelines has been developed towards guiding experiments in this context and supporting the systematization of studies on experimental evaluations of pedagogical conversational agents.
L. N. Paschoal, T. U. Conte and S. d. R. S. d. Souza, "On the Experimental Process in Evaluations of Brazilian Conversational Agents in Education," in IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99-107, Feb. 2022. doi: 10.1109/RITA.2022.3149776
wpadmin marzo 26, 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Megastructures: Forced Labor and…
Megastructures: Forced Labor and Massive Works in the Third Reich
Join Dr. Alexandra Richie on a poignant tour of Poland to discover the remnants of the vast construction projects initiated by the Third Reich and hear the stories of those who were forced to build them.
This 12-day tour is named Megastructures after many of the large complexes built under the Third Reich like Peenemünde, the Politz Synthetic Oil Factory, and numerous gun batteries and bunkers. As we tour, we will pause to learn of the prisoners at the Neuengamme Concentration Camp near Hamburg who, at first, manufactured construction materials, then transitioned into the main force that cleared the city's rubble and bodies after the devastating bombing raids of 1943. In Prora, explore the Nazi's "Strength through Joy" initiative while visiting the three-mile-long resort that was never completed. Near the city of Walcz, Polish and Soviet forces waged a furious battle against the Germans along some of the largest fortifications in Europe, known as the Pomeranian Wall. End in Warsaw and experience an all-new itinerary with visits to Pawiak Prison, the Katyn Museum, and Treblinka.
Megastructures: Forced Labor and Massive Works in the Third Reich (July 6 to 17, 2023)
07/06/2023 - 07/17/2023 | 12:00 AM
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On the Road with The National WWII Museum
There is nothing like seeing the sights of World War II firsthand.
Experience the Victory
Travel to The National WWII Museum in New Orleans to explore, remember, and reflect on World War II through exclusive access to the Museum's campus.
Victory in the Pacific: Battle of Guadalcanal
With its position in the South Pacific, Guadalcanal was an ideal location for a Japanese airfield that could threaten vital US sea lanes to Australia.
Victory in the Pacific: Japan & Okinawa
The National WWII Museum's newest tour brings you to Japan, where World War II ultimately ended. Beginning in Tokyo, guests will investigate the Japanese perspective on the end of the war at the Yushukan War Memorial Museum and also explore the Japanese civilian experience at the National Showa Memorial Museum.
Italy: 1944
Join The National WWII Museum Educational Travel Program on this Italian journey of "Mud, Mountains, and Mules," with all of its sacrifices, heartbreak, and triumphs. With exquisite hotels in Rome and Florence and expert battlefield guides throughout, you will experience the best that Italy has to offer.
World War II in the Philippines
This fascinating journey will begin in the lush province of Bataan, where tour participants will walk the first kilometer of the Death March and visit the remains of the prisoner of war camp at Cabanatuan, which was liberated by American Army Rangers and Filipino Scouts on the eve of the Battle of Manila.
Philosophy and War: World War II in the Balkans
Aboard the iconic Sea Cloud Featuring Robert M. Citino, PhD
The all-new land-and-cruise tour Philosophy and War: World War II in the Balkans begins with two nights in Athens to explore the German occupation of Greece and the civil war that followed.
Normandy & the Seine River: From the D-Day Beaches to the Liberation of Paris
Featuring an exclusive lecture series by internationally recognized historians James Holland and John McManus, PhD, this land tour and river cruise brings together the very best of The National WWII Museum's flagship Normandy program with a whole new level of luxury—including world-class château accommodations and a five-star river cruise aboard the exclusively chartered Uniworld S.S. Joie de Vivre.


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The Sun Also Rises
This article is about the novel. For other uses, see The Sun Also Rises (disambiguation).
The first edition of The Sun Also Rises published in 1926 by Scribner's, with dust jacket illustrated by Cleonike Damianakes. The Hellenistic jacket design "breathed sex yet also evoked classical Greece".[1]
The Sun Also Rises, a 1926 novel by American Ernest Hemingway, portrays American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights. An early and enduring modernist novel, it received mixed reviews upon publication. However, Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes that it is now "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work",[2] and Hemingway scholar Linda Wagner-Martin calls it his most important novel.[3] The novel was published in the United States in October 1926 by Scribner's. A year later, Jonathan Cape published the novel in London under the title Fiesta. It remains in print.
Hemingway began writing the novel on his birthday—21 July—in 1925, and finished the draft manuscript barely two months later, in September. After setting aside the manuscript for a short period, he worked on revisions during the winter of 1926.
The basis for the novel was Hemingway's trip to Spain in 1925. The setting was unique and memorable, depicting sordid café life in Paris and the excitement of the Pamplona festival, with a middle section devoted to descriptions of a fishing trip in the Pyrenees. Hemingway's sparse writing style, combined with his restrained use of description to convey characterizations and action, demonstrates his "Iceberg Theory" of writing.
The novel is a roman à clef: the characters are based on real people in Hemingway's circle, and the action is based on real events. Hemingway presents his notion that the "Lost Generation"—considered to have been decadent, dissolute, and irretrievably damaged by World War I—was in fact resilient and strong.[4] Hemingway investigates the themes of love and death, the revivifying power of nature, and the concept of masculinity.
BackgroundEdit
In the 1920s Hemingway lived in Paris, was foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star, and traveled to Smyrna to report about the Greco–Turkish War. He wanted to use his journalism experience to write fiction, believing that a story could be based on real events when a writer distilled his own experiences in such a way that, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, "what he made up was truer than what he remembered".[5]
Hemingway (left), with Harold Loeb, Duff Twysden (in hat), Hadley Richardson, Donald Ogden Stewart (obscured), and Pat Guthrie (far right) at a café in Pamplona, Spain, July 1925. The group formed the basis for the characters in The Sun Also Rises: Twysden as Brett Ashley, Loeb as Robert Cohn, Stewart as Bill Gorton, and Guthrie as Mike Campbell.
With his wife Hadley Richardson, Hemingway first visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona, Spain, in 1923, where he was following his recent passion for bullfighting.[6] The couple returned to Pamplona in 1924—enjoying the trip immensely—this time accompanied by Chink Dorman-Smith, John Dos Passos, and Donald Ogden Stewart and his wife.[7] The two returned a third time in June 1925 and stayed at the hotel of his friend Juanito Quintana. That year, they brought with them a different group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith, Stewart, recently divorced Duff, Lady Twysden, her lover Pat Guthrie, and Harold Loeb.[8] In Pamplona, the group quickly disintegrated. Hemingway, attracted to Duff, was jealous of Loeb, who had recently been on a romantic getaway with her; by the end of the week the two men had a public fistfight. Against this background was the influence of the young matador from Ronda, Cayetano Ordóñez, whose brilliance in the bullring affected the spectators. Ordóñez honored Hemingway's wife by presenting her, from the bullring, with the ear of a bull he killed. Outside of Pamplona, the fishing trip to the Irati River (near Burguete in Navarre) was marred by polluted water.[8]
Hemingway had intended to write a nonfiction book about bullfighting, but then decided that the week's experiences had presented him with enough material for a novel.[7] A few days after the fiesta ended, on his birthday (21 July), he began writing what would eventually become The Sun Also Rises.[9] By 17 August, with 14 chapters written and a working title of Fiesta chosen, Hemingway returned to Paris. He finished the draft on 21 September 1925, writing a foreword the following weekend and changing the title to The Lost Generation.[10]
A few months later, in December 1925, Hemingway and his wife spent the winter in Schruns, Austria, where he began revising the manuscript extensively. Pauline Pfeiffer joined them in January, and—against Hadley's advice—urged him to sign a contract with Scribner's. Hemingway left Austria for a quick trip to New York to meet with the publishers, and on his return, during a stop in Paris, began an affair with Pauline. He returned to Schruns to finish the revisions in March.[11] In June, he was in Pamplona with both Richardson and Pfeiffer. On their return to Paris, Richardson asked for a separation, and left for the south of France.[12] In August, alone in Paris, Hemingway completed the proofs, dedicating the novel to his wife and son.[13] After the publication of the book in October, Hadley asked for a divorce; Hemingway subsequently gave her the book's royalties.[14]
Publication historyEdit
Hemingway spent December 1925 in Schruns, Austria, with Hadley and Jack. During that period he wrote The Torrents of Spring.
Hemingway apparently maneuvered Boni & Liveright into terminating their contract so he could have The Sun Also Rises published by Scribner's instead. In December 1925 he quickly wrote The Torrents of Spring—a satirical novella attacking Sherwood Anderson—and sent it to his publishers Boni & Liveright. His three-book contract with them included a termination clause should they reject a single submission. Unamused by the satire against one of their most saleable authors, Boni & Liveright immediately rejected it and terminated the contract.[15] Within weeks Hemingway signed a contract with Scribner's, who agreed to publish The Torrents of Spring and all of his subsequent work.[16][note 1]
Scribner's published the novel on 22 October 1926. Its first edition consisted of 5090 copies, selling at $2.00 per copy.[17] Cleonike Damianakes illustrated the dust jacket with a Hellenistic design of a seated, robed woman, her head bent to her shoulder, eyes closed, one hand holding an apple, her shoulders and a thigh exposed. Editor Maxwell Perkins intended "Cleon's respectably sexy"[1] design to attract "the feminine readers who control the destinies of so many novels".[18] Two months later the book was in a second printing with 7000 copies sold. Subsequent printings were ordered; by 1928, after the publication of Hemingway's short story collection Men Without Women, the novel was in its eighth printing.[19][20] In 1927 the novel was published in the UK by Jonathan Cape, titled Fiesta, without the two epigraphs.[21] Two decades later, in 1947, Scribner's released three of Hemingway's works as a boxed set, including The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and For Whom the Bell Tolls.[22]
By 1983, The Sun Also Rises had been in print continuously since its publication in 1926, and was likely one of the most translated titles in the world. At that time Scribner's began to print cheaper mass-market paperbacks of the book, in addition to the more expensive trade paperbacks already in print.[23] In the 1990s, British editions were titled Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises.[24] In 2006 Simon & Schuster began to produce audiobook versions of Hemingway's novels, including The Sun Also Rises.[25]
Plot summaryEdit
On the surface, the novel is a love story between the protagonist Jake Barnes—a man whose war wound has made him unable to have sex—and the promiscuous divorcée usually identified as Lady Brett Ashley. Barnes is an expatriate American journalist living in Paris, while Brett is a twice-divorced Englishwoman with bobbed hair and numerous love affairs, and embodies the new sexual freedom of the 1920s. Brett's affair with Robert Cohn causes Jake to be upset and break off his friendship with Cohn; her seduction of the 19-year-old matador Romero causes Jake to lose his good reputation among the Spaniards in Pamplona.
Book One is set in the café society of young American expatriates in Paris. In the opening scenes, Jake plays tennis with his college friend Robert Cohn, picks up a prostitute (Georgette), and runs into Brett and Count Mippipopolous in a nightclub. Later, Brett tells Jake she loves him, but they both know that they have no chance at a stable relationship.
In Book Two, Jake is joined by Bill Gorton, recently arrived from New York, and Brett's fiancé Mike Campbell, who arrives from Scotland. Jake and Bill travel south and meet Robert Cohn at Bayonne for a fishing trip in the hills northeast of Pamplona. Instead of fishing, Cohn stays in Pamplona to wait for the overdue Brett and Mike. Cohn had an affair with Brett a few weeks earlier and still feels possessive of her despite her engagement to Mike. After Jake and Bill enjoy five days of fishing the streams near Burguete, they rejoin the group in Pamplona.
All begin to drink heavily. Cohn is resented by the others, who taunt him with anti-semitic remarks. During the fiesta the characters drink, eat, watch the running of the bulls, attend bullfights, and bicker with each other. Jake introduces Brett to the 19-year-old matador Romero at the Hotel Montoya; she is smitten with him and seduces him. The jealous tension among the men builds—Jake, Campbell, Cohn, and Romero each want Brett. Cohn, who had been a champion boxer in college, has a fistfight with Jake and Mike, and another with Romero, whom he beats up. Despite his injuries, Romero continues to perform brilliantly in the bullring.
Book Three shows the characters in the aftermath of the fiesta. Sober again, they leave Pamplona; Bill returns to Paris, Mike stays in Bayonne, and Jake goes to San Sebastián on the northern coast of Spain. As Jake is about to return to Paris, he receives a telegram from Brett asking for help; she had gone to Madrid with Romero. He finds her there in a cheap hotel, without money, and without Romero. She announces she has decided to go back to Mike. The novel ends with Jake and Brett in a taxi speaking of the things that might have been.
Major themesEdit
Paris and the Lost GenerationEdit
Gertrude Stein in 1924 with Hemingway's son Jack. She coined the phrase "Lost Generation".
The first book of The Sun Also Rises is set in mid-1920s Paris. Americans were drawn to Paris in the Roaring Twenties by the favorable exchange rate, with as many as 200,000 English-speaking expatriates living there. The Paris Tribune reported in 1925 that Paris had an American Hospital, an American Library, and an American Chamber of Commerce.[26] Many American writers were disenchanted with the US, where they found less artistic freedom than in Europe. (For example, Hemingway was in Paris during the period when Ulysses, written by his friend James Joyce, was banned and burned in New York.)[27]
The themes of The Sun Also Rises appear in its two epigraphs. The first is an allusion to the "Lost Generation", a term coined by Gertrude Stein referring to the post-war generation;[note 2][28] the other epigraph is a long quotation from Ecclesiastes: "One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose."[29] Hemingway told his editor Max Perkins that the book was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever." He thought the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but were not lost.[4]
Hemingway scholar Wagner-Martin writes that Hemingway wanted the book to be about morality, which he emphasized by changing the working title from Fiesta to The Sun Also Rises. Wagner-Martin argues that the book can be read either as a novel about bored expatriates or as a morality tale about a protagonist who searches for integrity in an immoral world.[30] Months before Hemingway left for Pamplona, the press was depicting the Parisian Latin Quarter, where he lived, as decadent and depraved. He began writing the story of a matador corrupted by the influence of the Latin Quarter crowd; he expanded it into a novel about Jake Barnes at risk of being corrupted by wealthy and inauthentic expatriates.[31]
Hemingway at home in his apartment on the Left Bank, Paris, 1924
The characters form a group, sharing similar norms, and each greatly affected by the war.[30] Hemingway captures the angst of the age and transcends the love story of Brett and Jake, although they are representative of the period: Brett is starved for reassurance and love and Jake is sexually maimed. His wound symbolizes the disability of the age, the disillusion, and the frustrations felt by an entire generation.[30]
Hemingway thought he lost touch with American values while living in Paris, but his biographer Michael Reynolds claims the opposite, seeing evidence of the author's midwestern American values in the novel. Hemingway admired hard work. He portrayed the matadors and the prostitutes, who work for a living, in a positive manner, but Brett, who prostitutes herself, is emblematic of "the rotten crowd" living on inherited money. It is Jake, the working journalist, who pays the bills again and again when those who can pay do not. Hemingway shows, through Jake's actions, his disapproval of the people who did not pay up.[32] Reynolds says that Hemingway shows the tragedy, not so much of the decadence of the Montparnasse crowd, but of the decline in American values of the period. As such, the author created an American hero who is impotent and powerless. Jake becomes the moral center of the story. He never considers himself part of the expatriate crowd because he is a working man; to Jake a working man is genuine and authentic, and those who do not work for a living spend their lives posing.[33]
Women and loveEdit
The twice-divorced Brett Ashley represented the liberated New Woman (in the 1920s, divorces were common and easy to be had in Paris).[34] James Nagel writes that, in Brett, Hemingway created one of the more fascinating women in 20th-century American literature. Sexually promiscuous, she is a denizen of Parisian nightlife and cafés. In Pamplona she sparks chaos: in her presence, the men drink too much and fight. She also seduces the young bullfighter Romero and becomes a Circe in the festival.[35] Critics describe her variously as complicated, elusive, and enigmatic; Donald Daiker writes that Hemingway "treats her with a delicate balance of sympathy and antipathy."[36] She is vulnerable, forgiving, independent—qualities that Hemingway juxtaposes with the other women in the book, who are either prostitutes or overbearing nags.[37]
Nagel considers the novel a tragedy. Jake and Brett have a relationship that becomes destructive because their love cannot be consummated. Conflict over Brett destroys Jake's friendship with Robert Cohn, and her behavior in Pamplona affects Jake's hard-won reputation among the Spaniards.[35] Meyers sees Brett as a woman who wants sex without love while Jake can only give her love without sex. Although Brett sleeps with many men, it is Jake she loves.[38] Dana Fore writes that Brett is willing to be with Jake in spite of his disability, in a "non-traditional erotic relationship."[39] Other critics such as Leslie Fiedler and Nina Baym see her as a supreme bitch; Fiedler sees Brett as one of the "outstanding examples of Hemingway's 'bitch women.'"[40][41] Jake becomes bitter about their relationship, as when he says, "Send a girl off with a man .... Now go and bring her back. And sign the wire with love."[42]
Critics interpret the Jake–Brett relationship in various ways. Daiker suggests that Brett's behavior in Madrid—after Romero leaves and when Jake arrives at her summons—reflects her immorality.[43] Scott Donaldson thinks Hemingway presents the Jake–Brett relationship in such a manner that Jake knew "that in having Brett for a friend 'he had been getting something for nothing' and that sooner or later he would have to pay the bill."[44] Daiker notes that Brett relies on Jake to pay for her train fare from Madrid to San Sebastián, where she rejoins her fiancé Mike.[45] In a piece Hemingway cut, he has Jake thinking, "you learned a lot about a woman by not sleeping with her."[46] By the end of the novel, although Jake loves Brett, he appears to undergo a transformation in Madrid when he begins to distance himself from her.[46] Reynolds believes that Jake represents the "everyman," and that in the course of the narrative he loses his honor, faith, and hope. He sees the novel as a morality play with Jake as the person who loses the most.[47]
The corrida, the fiesta, and natureEdit
Hemingway (in white trousers and dark shirt) fighting a bull in the amateur corrida at Pamplona fiesta, July 1925
In The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway contrasts Paris with Pamplona, and the frenzy of the fiesta with the tranquillity of the Spanish countryside. Spain was Hemingway's favorite European country; he considered it a healthy place, and the only country "that hasn't been shot to pieces."[48] He was profoundly affected by the spectacle of bullfighting, writing,
It isn't just brutal like they always told us. It's a great tragedy—and the most beautiful thing I've ever seen and takes more guts and skill and guts again than anything possibly could. It's just like having a ringside seat at the war with nothing going to happen to you.[48]
He demonstrated what he considered the purity in the culture of bullfighting—called afición—and presented it as an authentic way of life, contrasted against the inauthenticity of the Parisian bohemians.[49] To be accepted as an aficionado was rare for a non-Spaniard; Jake goes through a difficult process to gain acceptance by the "fellowship of afición."[50]
The Hemingway scholar Allen Josephs thinks the novel is centered on the corrida (the bullfighting), and how each character reacts to it. Brett seduces the young matador; Cohn fails to understand and expects to be bored; Jake understands fully because only he moves between the world of the inauthentic expatriates and the authentic Spaniards; the hotel keeper Montoya is the keeper of the faith; and Romero is the artist in the ring—he is both innocent and perfect, and the one who bravely faces death.[51] The corrida is presented as an idealized drama in which the matador faces death, creating a moment of existentialism or nada (nothingness), broken when he vanquishes death by killing the bull.[52]
Hemingway named his character Romero for Pedro Romero, shown here in Goya's etching Pedro Romero Killing the Halted Bull (1816).
Hemingway presents matadors as heroic characters dancing in a bullring. He considered the bullring as war with precise rules, in contrast to the messiness of the real war that he, and by extension Jake, experienced.[30] Critic Keneth Kinnamon notes that young Romero is the novel's only honorable character.[50] Hemingway named Romero after Pedro Romero, an 18th-century bullfighter who killed thousands of bulls in the most difficult manner: having the bull impale itself on his sword as he stood perfectly still. Reynolds says Romero, who symbolizes the classically pure matador, is the "one idealized figure in the novel."[53] Josephs says that when Hemingway changed Romero's name from Guerrita and imbued him with the characteristics of the historical Romero, he also changed the scene in which Romero kills a bull to one of recibiendo (receiving the bull) in homage to the historical namesake.[54]
Before the group arrives in Pamplona, Jake and Bill take a fishing trip to the Irati River. As Harold Bloom points out, the scene serves as an interlude between the Paris and Pamplona sections, "an oasis that exists outside linear time." On another level it reflects "the mainstream of American fiction beginning with the Pilgrims seeking refuge from English oppression"—the prominent theme in American literature of escaping into the wilderness, as seen in Cooper, Hawthorne, Melville, Twain, and Thoreau.[55] Fiedler calls the theme "The Sacred Land"; he thinks the American West is evoked in The Sun Also Rises by the Pyrenees and given a symbolic nod with the name of the "Hotel Montana."[40] In Hemingway's writing, nature is a place of refuge and rebirth, according to Stoltzfus, where the hunter or fisherman gains a moment of transcendence at the moment the prey is killed.[52] Nature is the place where men act without women: men fish, men hunt, men find redemption.[40] In nature Jake and Bill do not need to discuss the war because their war experience, paradoxically, is ever-present. The nature scenes serve as counterpoint to the fiesta scenes.[30]
All of the characters drink heavily during the fiesta and generally throughout the novel. In his essay "Alcoholism in Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises", Matts Djos says the main characters exhibit alcoholic tendencies such as depression, anxiety and sexual inadequacy. He writes that Jake's self-pity is symptomatic of an alcoholic, as is Brett's out-of-control behavior.[56] William Balassi thinks that Jake gets drunk to avoid his feelings for Brett, notably in the Madrid scenes at the end where he has three martinis before lunch and drinks three bottles of wine with lunch.[57] Reynolds, however, believes the drinking is relevant as set against the historical context of Prohibition in the United States. The atmosphere of the fiesta lends itself to drunkenness, but the degree of revelry among the Americans also reflects a reaction against Prohibition. Bill, visiting from the US, drinks in Paris and in Spain. Jake is rarely drunk in Paris where he works but on vacation in Pamplona, he drinks constantly. Reynolds says that Prohibition split attitudes about morality, and in the novel Hemingway made clear his dislike of Prohibition.[58]
Masculinity and genderEdit
Critics have seen Jake as an ambiguous representative of Hemingway manliness. For example, in the bar scene in Paris, Jake is angry at some homosexual men. The critic Ira Elliot suggests that Hemingway viewed homosexuality as an inauthentic way of life, and that he aligns Jake with homosexual men because, like them, Jake does not have sex with women. Jake's anger shows his self-hatred at his inauthenticity and lack of masculinity.[59] His sense of masculine identity is lost—he is less than a man.[60] Elliot wonders if Jake's wound perhaps signifies latent homosexuality, rather than only a loss of masculinity; the emphasis in the novel, however, is on Jake's interest in women.[61] Hemingway's writing has been called homophobic because of the language his characters use. For example, in the fishing scenes, Bill confesses his fondness for Jake but then goes on to say, "I couldn't tell you that in New York. It'd mean I was a faggot."[62]
In contrast to Jake's troubled masculinity, Romero represents an ideal masculine identity grounded in self-assurance, bravery, competence, and uprightness. The Davidsons note that Brett is attracted to Romero for these reasons, and they speculate that Jake might be trying to undermine Romero's masculinity by bringing Brett to him and thus diminishing his ideal stature.[63]
Critics have examined issues of gender misidentification that are prevalent in much of Hemingway's work. He was interested in cross-gender themes, as shown by his depictions of effeminate men and boyish women.[64] In his fiction, a woman's hair is often symbolically important and used to denote gender. Brett, with her short hair, is androgynous and compared to a boy—yet the ambiguity lies in the fact that she is described as a "damned fine-looking woman." While Jake is attracted to this ambiguity, Romero is repulsed by it. In keeping with his strict moral code he wants a feminine partner and rejects Brett because, among other things, she will not grow her hair.
Anti-semitismEdit
Mike lay on the bed looking like a death mask of himself. He opened his eyes and looked at me.
'Hello Jake' he said very slowly. 'I'm getting a little sleep. I've wanted a little sleep for a long time ....'
'You'll sleep, Mike. Don't worry, boy.'
'Brett's got a bullfighter,' Mike said. 'But her Jew has gone away .... Damned good thing, what?'
— The Sun Also Rises [65]
Hemingway has been called anti-Semitic, most notably because of the characterization of Robert Cohn in the book. The other characters often refer to Cohn as a Jew, and once as a 'kike'.[66] Shunned by the other members of the group, Cohn is characterized as "different", unable or unwilling to understand and participate in the fiesta.[66] Cohn is never really part of the group—separated by his difference or his Jewish faith.[30] Critic Susan Beegel goes so far as to claim, "Hemingway never lets the reader forget that Cohn is a Jew, not an unattractive character who happens to be a Jew but a character who is unattractive because he is a Jew."[67] Hemingway critic Josephine Knopf speculates that Hemingway might have wanted to depict Cohn as a "shlemiel" (or fool), but she points out that Cohn lacks the characteristics of a traditional shlemiel.[68]
Cohn is based on Harold Loeb, a fellow writer who rivaled Hemingway for the affections of Duff, Lady Twysden (the real-life inspiration for Brett). Biographer Michael Reynolds writes that in 1925, Loeb should have declined Hemingway's invitation to join them in Pamplona. Before the trip he was Duff's lover and Hemingway's friend; during the fiasco of the fiesta, he lost Duff and Hemingway's friendship. Hemingway used Loeb as the basis of a character remembered chiefly as a "rich Jew."[69]
Writing styleEdit
The novel is well known for its style, which is variously described as modern, hard-boiled, or understated.[70] As a novice writer and journalist in Paris, Hemingway turned to Ezra Pound—who had a reputation as "an unofficial minister of culture who acted as mid-wife for new literary talent"—to mark and blue-ink his short stories.[71] From Pound, Hemingway learned to write in the modernist style: he used understatement, pared away sentimentalism, and presented images and scenes without explanations of meaning, most notably at the book's conclusion, in which multiple future possibilities are left for Brett and Jake.[70][note 3] The scholar Anders Hallengren writes that because Hemingway learned from Pound to "distrust adjectives," he created a style "in accordance with the esthetics and ethics of raising the emotional temperature towards the level of universal truth by shutting the door on sentiment, on the subjective."[72]
F. Scott Fitzgerald told Hemingway to "let the book's action play itself out among its characters." Hemingway scholar Linda Wagner-Martin writes that, in taking Fitzgerald's advice, Hemingway produced a novel without a central narrator: "Hemingway's book was a step ahead; it was the modernist novel."[73] When Fitzgerald advised Hemingway to trim at least 2500 words from the opening sequence, which was 30 pages long, Hemingway wired the publishers telling them to cut the opening 30 pages altogether. The result was a novel without a focused starting point, which was seen as a modern perspective and critically well received.[74]
Each time he let the bull pass so close that the man and the bull and the cape that filled and pivoted ahead of the bull were all one sharply etched mass. It was all so slow and so controlled. It was as though he were rocking the bull to sleep. He made four veronicas like that ... and came away toward the applause, his hand on his hip, his cape on his arm, and the bull watching his back going away.
—bullfighting scene from The Sun Also Rises [75]
Wagner-Martin speculates that Hemingway may have wanted to have a weak or negative hero as defined by Edith Wharton, but he had no experience creating a hero or protagonist. At that point his fiction consisted of extremely short stories, not one of which featured a hero.[30] The hero changed during the writing of The Sun Also Rises: first the matador was the hero, then Cohn was the hero, then Brett, and finally Hemingway realized "maybe there is not any hero at all. Maybe a story is better without any hero."[76] Balassi believes that in eliminating other characters as the protagonist, Hemingway brought Jake indirectly into the role of the novel's hero.[77]
As a roman à clef, the novel based its characters on living people, causing scandal in the expatriate community. Hemingway biographer Carlos Baker writes that "word-of-mouth of the book" helped sales. Parisian expatriates gleefully tried to match the fictional characters to real identities. Moreover, he writes that Hemingway used prototypes easily found in the Latin Quarter on which to base his characters.[78] The early draft identified the characters by their living counterparts; Jake's character was called Hem, and Brett's was called Duff.[79]
Although the novel is written in a journalistic style, Frederic Svoboda writes that the striking thing about the work is "how quickly it moves away from a simple recounting of events."[80] Jackson Benson believes that Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices for life in general. For example, Benson says that Hemingway drew out his experiences with "what if" scenarios: "what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night? What if I were wounded and made crazy, what would happen if I were sent back to the front?"[81] Hemingway believed that the writer could describe one thing while an entirely different thing occurs below the surface—an approach he called the iceberg theory, or the theory of omission.[82]
If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing.
—Hemingway explained the iceberg theory in Death in the Afternoon (1932).[83]
Balassi says Hemingway applied the iceberg theory better in The Sun Also Rises than in any of his other works, by editing extraneous material or purposely leaving gaps in the story. He made editorial remarks in the manuscript that show he wanted to break from the stricture of Gertrude Stein's advice to use "clear restrained writing." In the earliest draft, the novel begins in Pamplona, but Hemingway moved the opening setting to Paris because he thought the Montparnasse life was necessary as a counterpoint to the later action in Spain. He wrote of Paris extensively, intending "not to be limited by the literary theories of others, [but] to write in his own way, and possibly, to fail."[84] He added metaphors for each character: Mike's money problems, Brett's association with the Circe myth, Robert's association with the segregated steer.[85] It wasn't until the revision process that he pared down the story, taking out unnecessary explanations, minimizing descriptive passages, and stripping the dialogue, all of which created a "complex but tightly compressed story."[86]
Hemingway said that he learned what he needed as a foundation for his writing from the style sheet for The Kansas City Star, where he worked as cub reporter.[note 4][87] The critic John Aldridge says that the minimalist style resulted from Hemingway's belief that to write authentically, each word had to be carefully chosen for its simplicity and authenticity and carry a great deal of weight. Aldridge writes that Hemingway's style "of a minimum of simple words that seemed to be squeezed onto the page against a great compulsion to be silent, creates the impression that those words—if only because there are so few of them—are sacramental."[88] In Paris Hemingway had been experimenting with the prosody of the King James Bible, reading aloud with his friend John Dos Passos. From the style of the biblical text, he learned to build his prose incrementally; the action in the novel builds sentence by sentence, scene by scene and chapter by chapter.[30]
Paul Cézanne, L'Estaque, Melting Snow, c. 1871. Writer Ronald Berman draws comparison between Cézanne's treatment of this landscape and the way Hemingway imbues the Irati River with emotional texture. In both, the landscape is a subjective element seen differently by each character.[89]
The simplicity of his style is deceptive. Bloom writes that it is the effective use of parataxis that elevates Hemingway's prose. Drawing on the Bible, Walt Whitman and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Hemingway wrote in deliberate understatement and he heavily incorporated parataxis, which in some cases almost becomes cinematic.[90] His skeletal sentences were crafted in response to Henry James's observation that World War I had "used up words," explains Hemingway scholar Zoe Trodd, who writes that his style is similar to a "multi-focal" photographic reality. The syntax, which lacks subordinating conjunctions, creates static sentences. The photographic "snapshot" style creates a collage of images. Hemingway omits internal punctuation (colons, semicolons, dashes, parentheses) in favor of short declarative sentences, which are meant to build, as events build, to create a sense of the whole. He also uses techniques analogous to cinema, such as cutting quickly from one scene to the next, or splicing one scene into another. Intentional omissions allow the reader to fill the gap as though responding to instructions from the author and create three-dimensional prose.[91] Biographer James Mellow writes that the bullfighting scenes are presented with a crispness and clarity that evoke the sense of a newsreel.[92]
Hemingway also uses color and visual art techniques to convey emotional range in his descriptions of the Irati River. In Translating Modernism: Fitzgerald and Hemingway, Ronald Berman compares Hemingway's treatment of landscape with that of the post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne. During a 1949 interview, Hemingway told Lillian Ross that he learned from Cézanne how to "make a landscape." In comparing writing to painting he told her, "This is what we try to do in writing, this and this, and woods, and the rocks we have to climb over."[93] The landscape is seen subjectively—the viewpoint of the observer is paramount.[94] To Jake, landscape "meant a search for a solid form .... not existentially present in [his] life in Paris."[94]
ReceptionEdit
Hemingway's first novel was arguably his best and most important and came to be seen as an iconic modernist novel, although Reynolds emphasizes that Hemingway was not philosophically a modernist.[95] In the book, his characters epitomized the post-war expatriate generation for future generations.[96] He had received good reviews for his volume of short stories, In Our Time, of which Edmund Wilson wrote, "Hemingway's prose was of the first distinction." Wilson's comments were enough to bring attention to the young writer.[97]
No amount of analysis can convey the quality of The Sun Also Rises. It is a truly gripping story, told in a lean, hard, athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame. Mr. Hemingway knows how not only to make words be specific but how to arrange a collection of words which shall betray a great deal more than is to be found in the individual parts. It is magnificent writing.
—The New York Times review of The Sun Also Rises, 31 October 1926.[98]
Good reviews came in from many major publications. Conrad Aiken wrote in the New York Herald Tribune, "If there is a better dialogue to be written today I do not know where to find it"; and Bruce Barton wrote in The Atlantic that Hemingway "writes as if he had never read anybody's writing, as if he had fashioned the art of writing himself," and that the characters "are amazingly real and alive."[19] Many reviewers, among them H.L. Mencken, praised Hemingway's style, use of understatement, and tight writing.[99]
Other critics, however, disliked the novel. The Nation's critic believed Hemingway's hard-boiled style was better suited to the short stories published in In Our Time than his novel. Writing in the New Masses, Hemingway's friend John Dos Passos asked: "What's the matter with American writing these days? .... The few unsad young men of this lost generation will have to look for another way of finding themselves than the one indicated here." Privately he wrote Hemingway an apology for the review.[19] The reviewer for the Chicago Daily Tribune wrote of the novel, "The Sun Also Rises is the kind of book that makes this reviewer at least almost plain angry."[100] Some reviewers disliked the characters, among them the reviewer for The Dial, who thought the characters were shallow and vapid; and The Nation and Atheneum deemed the characters boring and the novel unimportant.[99] The reviewer for The Cincinnati Enquirer wrote of the book that it "begins nowhere and ends in nothing."[1]
Hemingway's family hated it. His mother, Grace Hemingway, distressed that she could not face the criticism at her local book study class—where it was said that her son was "prostituting a great ability .... to the lowest uses"—expressed her displeasure in a letter to him:
The critics seem to be full of praise for your style and ability to draw word pictures but the decent ones always regret that you should use such great gifts in perpetuating the lives and habits of so degraded a strata of humanity .... It is a doubtful honor to produce one of the filthiest books of the year .... What is the matter? Have you ceased to be interested in nobility, honor and fineness in life? .... Surely you have other words in your vocabulary than "damn" and "bitch"—Every page fills me with a sick loathing.[101]
Still, the book sold well, and young women began to emulate Brett while male students at Ivy League universities wanted to become "Hemingway heroes." Scribner's encouraged the publicity and allowed Hemingway to "become a minor American phenomenon"—a celebrity to the point that his divorce from Richardson and marriage to Pfieffer attracted media attention.[102]
Reynolds believes The Sun Also Rises could have been written only circa 1925: it perfectly captured the period between World War I and the Great Depression, and immortalized a group of characters.[103] In the years since its publication, the novel has been criticized for its anti-Semitism, as expressed in the characterization of Robert Cohn. Reynolds explains that although the publishers complained to Hemingway about his description of bulls, they allowed his use of Jewish epithets, which showed the degree to which anti-Semitism was accepted in the US after World War I. Cohn represented the Jewish establishment and contemporary readers would have understood this from his description. Hemingway clearly makes Cohn unlikeable not only as a character but as a character who is Jewish.[104] Critics of the 1970s and 1980s considered Hemingway to be misogynistic and homophobic; by the 1990s his work, including The Sun Also Rises, began to receive critical reconsideration by female scholars.[105]
Legacy and adaptationsEdit
Hemingway's work continued to be popular in the latter half of the century and after his suicide in 1961. During the 1970s, The Sun Also Rises appealed to what Beegel calls the lost generation of the Vietnam era.[106] Aldridge writes that The Sun Also Rises has kept its appeal because the novel is about being young. The characters live in the most beautiful city in the world, spend their days traveling, fishing, drinking, making love, and generally reveling in their youth. He believes the expatriate writers of the 1920s appeal for this reason, but that Hemingway was the most successful in capturing the time and the place in The Sun Also Rises.[107]
Bloom says that some of the characters have not stood the test of time, writing that modern readers are uncomfortable with the anti-semitic treatment of Cohn's character and the romanticization of a bullfighter. Moreover, Brett and Mike belong uniquely to the Jazz Age and do not translate to the modern era. Bloom believes the novel is in the canon of American literature for its formal qualities: its prose and style.[108]
The novel made Hemingway famous, inspired young women across America to wear short hair and sweater sets like the heroine's—and to act like her too—and changed writing style in ways that could be seen in any American magazine published in the next twenty years. In many ways, the novel's stripped-down prose became a model for 20th-century American writing. Nagel writes that "The Sun Also Rises was a dramatic literary event and its effects have not diminished over the years."[109]
The success of The Sun Also Rises guaranteed interest from Broadway and Hollywood. In 1927 two Broadway producers wanted to adapt the story for the stage but made no immediate offers. Hemingway considered marketing the story directly to Hollywood, telling his editor Max Perkins that he would not sell it for less than $30,000—money he wanted his estranged wife Hadley Richardson to have. Conrad Aiken thought the book was perfect for a film adaptation solely on the strength of dialogue. Hemingway would not see a stage or film adaption anytime soon:[110] he sold the film rights to RKO Pictures in 1932,[111] but only in 1956 was the novel adapted to a film of the same name. Peter Viertel wrote the screenplay. Tyrone Power as Jake played the lead role opposite Ava Gardner as Brett and Errol Flynn as Mike. The royalties went to Richardson.[112]
Hemingway wrote more books about bullfighting: Death in the Afternoon was published in 1932 and The Dangerous Summer was published posthumously in 1985. His depictions of Pamplona, beginning with The Sun Also Rises, helped to popularize the annual running of the bulls at the Festival of St. Fermin.[113]
^ The Torrents of Spring has little scholarly criticism as it is considered to be of less importance than Hemingway's subsequent work. See Oliver (1999), 330
^ Hemingway may have used the term as an early title for the novel, according to biographer James Mellow. The term originated from a remark in French made to Gertrude Stein by the owner of a garage, speaking of those who went to war: "C'est une génération perdue" (literally, "they are a lost generation"). See Mellow (1992), 309
^ Hemingway wrote a fragment of an unpublished sequel in which he has Jake and Brett meeting in the Dingo Bar in Paris. With Brett is Mike Campbell. See Daiker (2009), 85
^ "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative."
^ a b c Leff (1999), 51
^ Meyers (1985), 192
^ Wagner-Martin (1990), 1
^ a b Baker (1972), 82
^ Meyers (1985), 98–99
^ Meyers (1985), 117–119
^ a b Balassi (1990), 128
^ a b Nagel (1996), 89
^ Balassi (1990), 132, 142, 146
^ Reynolds (1989), vi–vii
^ Baker (1972), 44
^ Mellow (1992), 338–340
^ Baker (1972), 76, 30–34
^ Oliver (1999), 318
^ qtd. in Leff (1999), 51
^ a b c Mellow (1992), 334–336
^ Leff (1999), 75
^ White (1969), iv
^ Reynolds (1999), 154
^ McDowell, Edwin, "Hemingway's Status Revives Among Scholars and Readers". The New York Times (July 26, 1983). Retrieved 27 February 2011
^ "Books at Random House" Archived 2010-05-16 at the Wayback Machine. Random House. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
^ "Hemingway books coming out in audio editions" MSNBC.com (February 15, 2006). Retrieved 27 February 2011.
^ Reynolds (1990), 48–49
^ Oliver (1999), 316–318
^ Ecclesiastes 1:3–5, King James Version.
^ a b c d e f g h Wagner-Martin (1990), 6–9
^ a b Nagel (1996), 94–96
^ Daiker (2009), 74
^ Nagel (1996), 99–103
^ Fore (2007), 80
^ a b c Fiedler (1975), 345–365
^ Baym (1990), 112
^ qtd. in Reynolds (1990), 60
^ Donaldson (2002), 82
^ a b Balassi (1990), 144–146
^ Reynolds (1989), 323–324
^ a b qtd. in Balassi (1990), 127
^ Müller (2010), 31–32
^ a b Kinnamon (2002), 128
^ Josephs (1987), 158
^ a b Stoltzfus (2005), 215–218
^ Bloom (2007), 31
^ Djos (1995), 65–68
^ Balassi (1990), 145
^ Elliot (1995), 80–82
^ Elliot (1995), 87
^ Mellow (1992), 312
^ Davidson (1990), 97
^ Hemingway (2006 ed), 214
^ a b Oliver (1999), 270
^ Beegel (1996), 288
^ Knopf (1987), 68–69
^ a b Wagner-Martin (1990), 2–4
^ Hallengren, Anders. "A Case of Identity: Ernest Hemingway", Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Wagner-Martin (1990), 11–12
^ qtd. in Balassi (1990), 138
^ Svoboda (1983), 9
^ Benson (1989), 351
^ qtd. in Oliver (1999), 322
^ Balassi (1990), 125, 136, 139–141
^ Balassi (1990), 150; Svoboda (1983), 44
^ "Star style and rules for writing" Archived 2014-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. The Kansas City Star. KansasCity.com. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Aldridge (1990), 126
^ Berman (2011), 59
^ Trodd (2007), 8
^ a b Berman (2011), 55
^ Wagner-Martin (1990), 1, 15; Reynolds (1990), 46
^ Wagner-Martin (2002), 4–5
^ "The Sun Also Rises". (October 31, 1926) The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
^ qtd. in Wagner-Martin (1990), 1
^ Reynolds (1990), 43
^ Bloom (2007), 28; Beegel (1996), 282
^ Aldridge (1990), 122–123
^ Nagel (1996), 87
^ Leff (1999), 156
^ Palin, Michael. "Lifelong Aficionado" and "San Fermín Festival". in Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure. PBS.org. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
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Baker, Carlos (1972). Hemingway: The Writer as Artist. Princeton: Princeton UP. ISBN 978-0-691-01305-3
Baker, Carlos (1987). "The Wastelanders". in Bloom, Harold (ed). Modern Critical Interpretations: Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises". New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-55546-053-2
Balassi, William (1990). "Hemingway's Greatest Iceberg: The Composition of The Sun Also Rises". in Barbour, James and Quirk, Tom (eds). Writing the American Classics. Chapel Hill: North Carolina UP. ISBN 978-0-8078-1896-1
Baym, Nina (1990). "Actually I Felt Sorry for the Lion". in Benson, Jackson J. (ed). New Critical Approaches to the Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Durham: Duke UP. ISBN 978-0-8223-1067-9
Beegel, Susan (1996). "Conclusion: The Critical Reputation". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-45574-9
Benson, Jackson (1989). "Ernest Hemingway: The Life as Fiction and the Fiction as Life". American Literature. 61 (3): 354–358
Berman, Ronald (2011). Translating Modernism: Fitzgerald and Hemingway. Tuscaloosa: Alabama UP. ISBN 978-0-8173-5665-1
Bloom, Harold (1987). "Introduction". in Bloom, Harold (ed). Modern Critical Interpretations: Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises". New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-55546-053-2
Bloom, Harold (2007). "Introduction". in Bloom, Harold (ed). Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises". New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7910-9359-7
Daiker, Donald (2009). "Lady Ashley, Pedro Romero and the Madrid Sequence of The Sun Also Rises". The Hemingway Review. 29 (1): 73–86
Davidson, Cathy and Arnold (1990). "Decoding the Hemingway Hero in The Sun Also Rises". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). New Essays on Sun Also Rises. New York: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-30204-3
Djos, Matt (1995). "Alcoholism in Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises". The Hemingway Review. 14 (2): 64–78
Donaldson, Scott (2002). "Hemingway's Morality of Compensation". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises: A Casebook. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-514573-1
Elliot, Ira (1995). "Performance Art: Jake Barnes and Masculine Signification in The Sun Also Rises". American Literature. 63 (1): 77–94
Fiedler, Leslie (1975). Love and Death in the American Novel. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-1799-7
Fore, Dana (2007). "Life Unworthy of Life? Masculinity, Disability, and Guilt in The Sun Also Rises. The Hemingway Review. 16 (1): 75–88
Hays, Peter L., ed. (2007). "Teaching Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises." Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press.
Hemingway, Ernest (1926). The Sun Also Rises. New York: Scribner. 2006 edition. ISBN 978-0-7432-9733-2
Josephs, Allen (1987). "Torero: The Moral Axis of The Sun Also Rises". in Bloom, Harold (ed). Modern Critical Interpretations: Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises". New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-55546-053-2
Kinnamon, Keneth (2002). "Hemingway, the Corrida, and Spain". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises: A Casebook. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-514573-1
Knopf, Josephine (1987). "Meyer Wolfsheim and Robert Cohn: A Study of a Jew Type and Sterotype". in Bloom, Harold (ed). Modern Critical Interpretations: Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises". New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-55546-053-2
Leff, Leonard (1999). Hemingway and His Conspirators: Hollywood, Scribner's and the making of American Celebrity Culture. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-8545-5
Mellow, James (1992). Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-37777-2
Meyers, Jeffrey (1985). Hemingway: A Biography. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-42126-0
Müller, Timo (2010). "The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field, 1926–1936". Journal of Modern Literature. 33 (1): 28–42
Nagel, James (1996). "Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-45574-9
Oliver, Charles (1999). Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work. New York: Checkmark Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-3467-3
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Reynolds, Michael (1989). Hemingway: The Paris Years. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31879-1
Reynolds, Michael (1998). The Young Hemingway. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31776-3
Stoltzfus, Ben (2005). "Sartre, "Nada," and Hemingway's African Stories". Comparative Literature Studies. 42 (3): 228–250
Stoneback, H.R. (2007). "Reading Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises: Glossary and Commentary." Kent, OH: The Kent State UP.
Svoboda, Frederic (1983). Hemingway & The Sun Also Rises: The Crafting of a Style. Lawrence: Kansas UP. ISBN 978-0-7006-0228-5
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Wagner-Martin, Linda (2002). "Introduction". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises: A Casebook. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-514573-1
Wagner-Martin, Linda (1990). "Introduction". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). New Essays on Sun Also Rises. New York: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-30204-3
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Hemingway Archives, John F. Kennedy Library
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sun_Also_Rises&oldid=899529824"


text:
Asa Gray Garden
…And all rare blossoms from every clime
Grew in that garden in perfect prime.
-Percy Bysshe Shelley
We encourage all to visit our newly renovated Asa Gray Garden. In collaboration with the award-winning Halvorson Design Partnership and R. P. Marzilli Landscape Contractor, this garden includes a diverse mix of 130 taxa of trees, shrubs, perennials, grasses, annuals and bulbs which will provide four-seasons of color, texture and interest. An enlarged central water feature and reflecting pool help create a sense of calm within this newly re-designed meditative landscape.
…made him feel as if the fountain were an immortal spirit
that sung its song unceasingly
and without heeding the vicissitudes around it…
-Nathaniel Hawthorne
In lieu of specific plant discussion, we recall this garden's namesake, the preeminent nineteenth century botanist, Asa Gray (1810-1888). The eldest of eight siblings of a farmer/tanner in Sauquoit, New York, he graduated from Fairfield Medical College in 1831. Lynn Barber in The Heyday of Natural History 1820-1870 states, "At the beginning of the nineteenth century, all laymen and most scientists believed that the earth and all the species on it had been created by God in six days towards the end of October in the year 4004 B.C." Gray eschewed an incipient medical practice for a botanical life that led to decades of research and publishing. Later botanical renown positioned him to become the foremost American advocate of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), when in 1859, Origin of Species revealed the then heretical theory of evolution and the process of natural selection.
Gray's formative botanical career began routinely, but auspiciously as well. Routine would be teaching high school botany in 1832. More auspicious, that same year he first met John Torrey (1796-1873), professor of chemistry and botany at what would become Columbia Medical School. They went on a collecting expedition in New Jersey and the following year Gray became an assistant to Torrey, then the leading U.S. botanist and a major correspondent with plant collectors throughout America and beyond. This correspondence and trading of botanical specimens built the foundation for the rest of Gray's life. He and Torrey remained lifelong friends and professional collaborators. Between 1838 and 1843 they researched and co-authored the early portion of the Flora of North America. In Gray's first year-long visit to Europe in 1838-39, he visited all the leading herbaria from Padua, to Berlin, to Paris, to Glasgow and Kew Gardens examining and studying North American, European and Asian plant species.
Asa Gray 1877 Colorado Rockies front center Jane Gray on right in white Joseph Hooker seated left
In 1842 Gray accepted the Fisher professorship of natural history at Harvard College, with the understanding that he could confine his work "to instruction and lecturing of botany and to the superintendence of the botanic garden." Remaining until his death he eventually positioned Harvard to be renown for botanical study. In 1848 he married Jane Lathrop Loring (1821-1909) and they both are buried in Lot 3904, Holly Path. At Harvard, Gray joined with Torrey in New York, as leading American botanists from the 1840's onward, a period of greater western U. S. expansion, as well as the beginnings of overseas expeditions. This era of "Manifest Destiny," with its military expeditions, railroad surveys, U. S. explorations, etc. resulted in floods of botanical specimens from associated collectors that needed to be classified and named. Thousands of collected dried and pressed plant samples destined to become herbarium sheets facilitated abundant botanical priority naming. Gray is credited by the International Plant Names Index with 752 records. Herbarium sheets and reference books were Gray's tools of his trade. In 1865 it was estimated that his herbarium collection contained 200,000, at the time of his death it was estimated to be twice that size. Today, Harvard University's Gray Herbarium includes over five million specimens.
A prolific author for more than four decades of monographs, reports, proceedings of societies, reviews, as well as numerous books, many professionals as well as amateurs still depend upon The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. It went through five edited editions in his lifetime and now 130-years after his death, updated and still in print, it is just commonly referred to as "Gray's Manual."
If you have knowledge
Let others light their candles in it.
-Margaret Fuller
A notable interest of Gray's was his study around issues of plant-distribution, today included in fields of biogeography and paleobotany. In 1840 Gray wrote a review of the Flora Japonica by Phillip Franz Siebold (1796-1866). In this two-volume, large-format, with hand-colored illustrations of Japanese plants, Gray observed striking morphological similarities between several Asian and Eastern North American genera. In the 1850's Gray received dried specimens directly from Japan collected as part of the U. S. Surveying Expedition to the North Pacific Ocean, adding to his topic list of Eastern Asia-Eastern North America Floristic Disjunction. During this time Gray was a friend and frequent correspondent with Charles Darwin. In brief, this floristic disjunction could be attributed to advanced glaciers sundering temperate floras into great divided branches, evolving from a common ancestor, as opposed to divine speciation as cause.
On January 11, 1859 Gray presented his theory at a meeting of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Here we turn to Hunter Dupree's authoritative biography Asa Gray, "The scene…was the house of Mr. Charles Greely Loring [1794-1867] in Boston. On that spot he had courted Jane…Old Jacob Bigelow [1787-1879], the president and a botanist from an earlier day, was on hand…twenty-two members were present…The wealth of Boston had its representatives…" Dupree quotes Gray's closing, "…to refer the distribution by species as well as their origin simply to the Divine will…would remove the whole question out of the fields of inductive science…" Through this paper Gray had firmly established botany as scholarly discipline on American soil. Our re-planted Asa Gray Garden includes numerous examples of Eastern Asia-Eastern North America plant pairings to honor this noble botanist.
We conclude our brief encomium by quoting William G. Farlow's (1844-1919) closing from his Memoir of Asa Gray, read before the National Academy, April 17, 1889, "…some of you will recall hours spent in his quiet home in Cambridge among his books and flowers, his only children… He found a country in which a few botanists were struggling against general neglect and popular ignorance. He left a great nation in which, very largely through his exertions, the value of botany had become generally recognized… although we may have good botanists in the future … it is hardly likely that hereafter any single botanist will hold the same comparative place in public esteem as that filled by Asa Gray in his day."
…We are stardust
Billion-year-old carbon
We are golden
Caught in the Devil's bargain
And we got to get ourselves back to the garden…
About the Author: Jim Gorman
Visitor Services Assistant	View all posts by Jim Gorman →


Every day I feel grateful for our Jewish way of life, what Judaism stands for, how I am raising my kids. We are preparing for the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashana, going to our new family on the first night, my new sister-in-law and all the new cousins, so much fun. Then the following night we are having a full house of friends, and our kids friends, we are all so excited for all the celebrations, delicious food, and all the good wishes for a happy, healthy year, full of success!
My kids decorated Rosh Hashana cards in their Jewish school that they go to every day after their public school, they are so excited to eat apples and honey.


Increase its permeability and comfortable to wear.
Effectively prevent falling down when you do vigorous daily outdoor exercise.
You can know the daily date clearly that you just need to press the button.


Jannik Vesteraard has spoken about his frustrations about being out of the team, read what he has to say here.
"Of course, I was disappointed that I did not get playing time at the World Cup. It's therefore a challenge to maintain motivation along the way. "
The only problem is that he is speaking about his 16 month absence from the Denmark team ahead of his first game time since June 2018 when he played the full 90 minutes in his country's 2-0 win over Austria.
His words could equally apply to his time at Saints where after initially looking promising he has appeared to have lost his way somewhat and looked a lot short of being the domineering defender that Saints fans hoped that he would be.
Hopefully he will be applying this philosophy to regaining his spot in the starting XI at St Mary's where he found himself 4th choice central defender when Mark Hughes reverted to a three man defence for the first half against Chelsea.
Certainly we need him to do so and do so fast !
Get two free £10 bets on Southampton v AFC Bournemouth (or other matches) by opening a new account at William Hill. Place an initial bet of a minimum of £10 and William Hill will give you two £10 bets. You must enter the promotional code ''F20'' when signing up as a new customer.
Unfortunately, Jannik looks like a carthorse alongside sprinters. He appears unable to jump and can only win headers by leaning over shorter attackers. Also, like a number of Saints current first team he doesn't seem quite as fit as he should be - in fact, less fit than the others. I think MH is right to have left him out and, should he play at the weekend, he could be made to look foolish. Hughes really needs to galvanise the Saints players for this weekend otherwise the crowd could get on his back against Newcastle. We really need a result.
It does make you wonder how often our scouts actually watch some of these players before recommending a signature on a big cheque. This guy isn't going to get any quicker or more agile is he? I, of course, hope he improves but have decided not to hold my breath.
Early days, let's not write him off just yet!
Saints V Bournemouth It's Just About Football !
Five Minutes And You're Almost There !


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Community briefs and calendar for the local area
Community News and Notes Community briefs and calendar for the local area Check out this story on zanesvilletimesrecorder.com: https://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/story/news/local/2019/04/19/community-news-notes/39366417/
Published 9:21 a.m. ET April 19, 2019
Small business round table planned
ZANESVILLE - Rea & Associates will host a small business round table to help business owners solidify the foundation of their business from 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. May 8 on the joint campus of Ohio State University and Ohio University Zanesville.
Topics will include recruitment, retention and human resources best practices; the addiction epidemic in Ohio; legal perspectives; basics and benefits of estate planning; cybersecurity; and tax considerations.
Cost is $50 and includes breakfast and lunch. Register at go.reacpa.com.
Woman's Auxiliary having spring brunch
ZANESVILLE - The Salvation Army Women's Auxiliary will have its annual spring brunch at 11 a.m. May 16 in the gymnasium of the local Salvation Army, 515 Putnam Ave.
A preview of the silent auction and baked goods sale starts at 10 a.m. Zanesville history items will be on display and there will be entertainment from locals. Reservations are $15 a person and can be made by calling 740-607-1209.
Art teacher honored
ZANESVILLE - Wilma Lawn, art teacher at Zane Grey Elementary and Intermediate schools, has received the third annual Avant-Garde Award for Excellence in Art Education by a seven member committee of the Zanesville Museum of Art.
The $1,000 award sponsored by The Community Bank is given to one local area art educator who has made considerable contributions to the field of art education and has shown willingness to go above and beyond the call of duty in the field.
Ohio Barn Conference set
NASHPORT - The Friends of Ohio Barns will hold its 20th annual Ohio Barn Conference April 26 and 27. Friday will feature a bus tour of barns in Licking County and Friday will have various events at Virtues Golf Course in Nashport.
Keynote speaker David Wilhelm will present Ohio's Barns: What Would My Father Say? Chris Klingemeier will have a presentation on architectural deconstruction, Tom O'Grady will speak on moundbuilders as Ohio's first settlement group, Dan Toth will discuss how the barn became the official architectural structure of Ohio. An awards ceremony, silent auction and panel discussion will also be held.
For more information, call 614-738-4302 or email friendsohiobarns@gmail.com.
Veterans banquet scheduled
NEW LEXINGTON - A banquet to salute veterans by Disabled Veterans Outdoors and Whitetails Unlimited will be at 5 p.m. April 27 at the coliseum in the Perry County Fairgrounds, 5445 Ohio 37, New Lexington.
Special guest will be Travis Turner. Several raffles will be held. Tickets with whitetails membership are $40 and general admission is $25. For more information, call 740-621-3695.
Easter Egg Hunt 11 a.m., Cornerstone Full Gospel Church, 4509 Salt Creek Drive, Duncan Falls.
Memoir Writing Workshop 10 a.m.-noon, Dover House, 158 Main St., McConnelsville, with Lois Spencer. $5.
Poetry Out Loud 2 p.m., John McIntire Library, 220 North Fifth St., Zanesville.
"Burning the Future - Coal in America" documentary 6 p.m., Michael Seiler Studio and Galleries, 129 South 7th St., Zanesville.
Rushville Easter Eggstravaganza 11 a.m.-1 p.m., Rushville Church, 8594 Main St., Rushville.
The Don Norman Band 8 p.m., Weasel Boy Brewing Co., 126 Muskingum Ave., Zanesville.
LEGO Day 3 p.m., Dresden Branch Library, 816 Main St., Dresden.
CPR Training 4:30-8:30 p.m., Zane State College, 1555 Newark Road, Zanesville. $65 for two year certification.
Movie Monday 6 p.m., Duncan Falls/Philo Branch Library, 222 Main St., Duncan Falls.
Read or Share this story: https://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/story/news/local/2019/04/19/community-news-notes/39366417/
Lucky Spin arcade looking to open on Maple Avenue


1. Do you ship the item to my country and what the shipping rates are?
2. How long will I receive items after I place an order?
3. Does the product price include shipping cost?
The product price include shipping cost. The online system will generate a shipping quote for your order.
4. How do I change the shipping method?
Once you have placed an order, the shipping method is not supposed to be changed anymore.
5. How do I know if my items have been shipped or not?
When items are shipped out, we will send notification to your registered email address. The tracking number might not be available until a few days after dispatch, we will update the tracking information once it is available.
6. How to track my purchase?
Once you get the tracking number, you may check the item delivery status online by accessing the website of the related delivery company.
7. Why is my tracking number invalid?
The tracking information normally appears after 2-3 working days. If a tracking number is not searchable after this period of time, there are several possible causes:The shipping company has not yet updated the most recent delivery information on their website; the tracking code is wrong; the parcel has been delivered a long time ago and the shipping company has removed it from the the tracking code history.
Packages that are either stolen, lost or undelivered are NOT our responsibility. If your package does not arrive within or after the estimated delivery time then you should contact your Local Postal Office to explain the situation and provide them with your tracking number.


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How To Scam Your Way To The Hamptons
Aug 6, 2016 @ 2:00 pm By lexi ioannou
Hey guess what? Galore's your new best travel buddy. We're covering every corner of the U.S. of A. this month. Click here for more.
Let's get real, you can't just go to the Hamptons. You have to be worth a milli or know people to summer it in the ever so classy Long Island. If you want to be kickin' it with Leonardo DiCaprio at the Surf Lodge this summer this is what you're going to have to do as a broke babe to get there.
1. Be A Rich Kid's Baby Sitter
Make that cash money and get to enjoy the Hamptons by babysitting a brat or two. It may suck, but being a nanny is pretty much a guaranteed ticket to staying in a Hamptons mansion for free.
2. Go On Bumble
Find a guy who has a Hamptons house and message him. This will take some serious stalking skills but it's definitely doable, especially if you're in the Manhattan area. Obvi at first you gotta be low-key because he can't figure out your plan. Once you get to cyber flirt hardcore for a few days then you can slide into his DM's all like "so what are you up to this weekend?" and he'll be all like "oh heading out east for the weekend" and you'll be like, "oh, what a shame I was really looking forward to maybe seeing you ;)" and then most likely his next text to you will be his address and the best back roads to take.
3. Ride The Jitney Back & Forth Until You Make A Friend
The Jitney is the $33-one-way bus that transports people from the grody stench of Manhattan to the sweet sea breezes of Manhattan all summer long. Hopefully you'll meet someone on the first ride since this shit takes four hours each way. As soon as you secure the friendship then come up with a bogus excuse as to why you don't want to spend the night at your place — "oh my parents have their annoying friends in town, we should hang out tonight."
4. Get An Internship For a Swanky Hamptons Business
So many options here, whether you chose a snobby clothing boutique, nautical furniture store or a finger-food catering company. Hell you could even work for on ranch if you want, they literally have everything you can imagine in the Hamptons. Whatever job you choose is going to be a guaranteed ticket to spending time in the Hamps.
5. Be An Uber Driver
Uber driver = way to make Hamptons friends without having to fake your identity AND gives you a valid reason to be there in the first place and not look like a creep. If it ends up being a complete fail at least you made some $$ and can just drive your ass home.
6. Pay For Tinder Pro and Pretend You Live In The Hamptons
…And then hookup with a guy that lives in the Hamptons and stay over at his place. This may sound ratchet AF but this honestly can really work out in your favor especially if he's hot. Like no one's gotta know and a lack of summer plans calls for desperate measures. Just make sure he's not a murderer or hardcore creep first.
Gimme More POP
Keeping up with Woody McClain
Dec 21, 2021 @ 11:00 am Shirley Reynozo
Dec 21, 2021 @ 11:00 am
6 Things I Obsessed Over This Month That Would Make Great Gifts
Dec 8, 2021 @ 5:24 pm Ashley Uzer
Dec 8, 2021 @ 5:24 pm
Ashley Uzer
Noa Kirel, the Israeli artist we can't get enough of
Nov 30, 2021 @ 2:00 pm Shirley Reynozo
Noa Kirel is an Israeli singer, actress, and television host. As a showstopping vocalist, clever lyricist, dynamic dancer, and scene-stealing actress, Noa Kirel presents a different kind of story for popular music and culture. She has emerged as an influential and inspirational force. She has won the MTV Europe Music Awards for best Israeli act.
Artist without border Danna Paola clues us in on her upcoming music projects
Nov 23, 2021 @ 12:00 pm Shirley Reynozo
Nov 23, 2021 @ 12:00 pm
Danna Paola is an extremely charismatic and multi-hyphenate artist whose talent measures beyond imagination. The actress turned singer is a young trailblazer; Danna has won 87 awards out of 122 nominations, her most recent nomination being for the MTV Millennial Awards for Mexican Artists. Apart from her constellation of successes, Danna is one of the
Certified Breakout Artist Malú Trevejo Clues Us In On Her Show-Stopping, Bilingual Music and Influences
Interview conducted by JaJuan M. Morris-Guity With a show-stopping voice, undeniable energy, and no shortage of attitude, Malú Trevejo emerged as an undeniable phenomenon by simply being herself. Now, she places her personality front-and-center on a series of singles and her forthcoming debut project for Atlantic Records slated for 2022. Of Cuban and Spanish descent, the
Chloé Caillet Breaks Out With Mesmerizing Debut "Love Ain't Over"
Nov 11, 2021 @ 4:18 pm Jenna Barrott
Jenna Barrott
Introducing rising star of the electronic scene, Chloé Caillet As a DJ, producer, and creative director, Chloé is the true definition of a multi-hyphenate with an unmistakable artistic vision to boot. Her slick blend of disco, electronic, house, and funk has seen her play at some of the world's biggest festivals like Glastonbury and Burning


Wikileaks released its third set of John Podesta emails on Tuesday.
Wikileaks has released over 6,000 of Podesta's emails in the last week.
Podesta is a top Clinton advisor and confidant.
The documents reveal the Clinton team's hatred for everyday Americans.
In one document Hillary Clinton's Communications Director Jennifer Palmieri trashes US Catholics.
I imagine they think it is the most socially acceptable politically conservative religion. Their rich friends wouldn't understand if they became evangelicals.
On Wednesday Fr. Jonathan Morris went on America's Newsroom to discuss the recent Wikileaks documents of Clinton officials trashing Catholics.
Fr. Morris went off on the Hillary campaign.
Father Jonathan Morris: What they're saying in these emails is complete bigotry. We've gone way beyond that in our country. We've elected a Catholic president John F. Kennedy. Our current vice president is Catholic. We need to respect the fact that some people believe differently than us and religion is not for the stupid.


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The Moscow Times Remembers: Kendall Churchill and Willard McCoy
Kendall Churchill
In the run-up to Victory Day on May 9, when Russia commemorates 70 years since the Allied victory over Nazi Germany, staff members at The Moscow Times describe the wartime experiences of their own families.
Today, lifestyle editor Lara McCoy tells the story of her grandfathers Kendall Churchill and Willard McCoy.
After graduating from high school in the summer of 1944, my maternal grandfather, Kendall Churchill, walked around his hometown of Corydon, Indiana in a sailor's hat singing "Anchor's Aweigh." He knew he was going off to fight in World War II, and he was sure he was going into the navy. But when he arrived at the recruiting center, the navy had taken its number of recruits for the day. He was headed for the army instead. He became part of the 86th Infantry of the 10th Mountain Division and in December, he sailed for Italy. The 10th Mountain Division's push through Italy began in Naples, but the most serious fighting was further north, in the Apennines and the Po Valley.
Although my mother said that my grandfather never talked about the war when she was growing up, by the time I knew him, he talked about it a lot. He told funny stories, like when he was in basic training and took half a watermelon from the cafeteria line before being told the rules were "take all you want, but eat all you take." And he was honest about how scared he was, sleeping in a foxhole on the side of a mountain in the Apennines.
On Victory Day, he was in a small town in northern Italy and although I never heard him tell this story, in a memoir he wrote in the 1960s, he recalled how happy the people were and how the people in the village fed the soldiers scrambled eggs. He said he had never tasted anything so good.
Willard McCoy
On that day in early May 1945, my paternal grandfather, Willard McCoy, was on the destroyer U.S.S. Wiseman anchored in Manila harbor, where the ship was providing electricity to the Philippines. He had joined the navy in May 1943 and was part of the first crew of the U.S.S. Wiseman, which was commissioned into the navy in April 1944. The ship escorted convoys in the Atlantic for most of 1944 and was crossing the Straits of Gibraltar on D-Day. In December 1944, the Wiseman was refitted as a floating power station and in January 1945, it sailed through the Panama Canal, headed for the Pacific.
My grandfather McCoy also didn't talk much about his war experience. He told me that the sailors would paint a picture of every ship they sank on one of the Wiseman's towers, and he was fond of telling the story of how once they fired a torpedo at what they thought was a submarine but turned out to be a whale. They painted the whale on the tower, too. He talked about selling shoes and cigarettes in the Philippines, where the Wiseman was stationed for several months. He didn't smoke, so he was able to make some pretty good deals trading the cigarettes from his ration.
In early August, the ship set sail headed for the Sea of Japan ready to take part in the final assault on Japan. While en route, the sailors learned that a big bomb had been dropped on Japan; they didn't know at the time that it was an atomic bomb. On August 15, 1945, my grandfather was sleeping on the deck of the ship when suddenly the horn started blowing and flares started going off, not only from the Wiseman, but from all the ships in the fleet. He told my father that at that moment he thought "Well, this is it. We are invading Japan." But instead, over the loudspeakers he heard: "The war is over. Japan has surrendered."
The views expressed in opinion pieces do not necessarily reflect the position of The Moscow Times.
The Moscow Times Remembers: Abduragim Sagidov
In the run-up to Victory Day on May 9, when Russia commemorates 70 years since the Allied victory over Nazi Germany, staff members at The Moscow...
The Moscow Times Remembers: Nathan and Marsha Bodner
The Moscow Times Remembers: Anna Fyodorovna Andreyeva
In the run-up to Victory Day on May 9, when Russia commemorates 70 years since the Allied victory over Nazi Germany, staff members at The Moscow Times...
opinion Alexei Zakharov
Attitudes to the vaccine are strongly influenced by trust in the Kremlin and local governance.


Book World Inc. has announced plans to close all 45 stores with a liquidation sale going on now through January 15, 2018. The company attributed their declining revenue due to e-commerce and digital books.
"With great sadness, we must tell you, today, that our business can no longer go on," said the company on their website. "Having worked so very hard for more than 40 years, you can well understand how devastating this is for us and everyone involved with Book World. We tried to keep Book World afloat, and to be successful, but that was not meant to be. After over 40 years since the opening of our first book store all Book World stores will be closing their doors sometime in early 2018."
Based in Appleton, Wisconsin, Book World operates 45 outlets in the Midwest. According to Publishers Weekly, the company plans to layoff all 300 booksellers in its stores, as well as its 12 employees in the corporate offices.
Back in June, PW ranked Book World as the United Stats' fourth-largest general trade bookstore chain behind Barnes & Noble, Books-A-Million, and Half-Price Books.
Amazon Eying NEW YORK CITY For Next Bookstore Location?


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Q: Do healing globes improve as you progress? Fairly straightforward question. Do healing globes improve at all as you progress? Or does any improvement have to come from gear?

A: Yes and no. Health globes heal a percentage of your character's maximum health based on which type of health globe you pick up (Depends on the Size of the globe). The only way to get more than the percentage you're supposed to get is through items that increase the amount of health you get from health globes by X, abilities, or passives. You'll always gain more from them the more health you have, but otherwise you can only improve them with items, abilities, or passives.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Mets are better off keeping Jeff McNeil
By Zack Laird
Philadelphia Phillies v New York Mets / Sarah Stier/GettyImages
The New York Mets certainly made a splash before the MLB lockout began. Although Max Scherzer was the big name, the Mets also added players like Starling Marte and Eduardo Escobar to their lineup.
With the signing of Escobar, the Mets seemingly have a log-jam of infielders for the 2022 season, when and if it begins. It's possible that the team will look to move a big league infielder.
With some combination of Pete Alonso or Dominic Smith holding down first base, and Francisco Lindor at shortstop every day, that leaves McNeil, Escobar and J.D. Davis to fill the other three spots.
That's not even mentioning Robinson Cano and any role he might play in the upcoming season. With that in mind, the team may look to trade McNeil or Davis. Let's examine that possibility and why McNeil shouldn't be traded.
Why the Mets are better off keeping McNeil
First, the introduction of the DH into the National League will certainly benefit the Mets' everyday lineup. This allows them to get McNeil, Davis, or Smith into the everyday lineup more regularly, where previously they would be on the bench.
With as deep as the Mets lineup can be, it doesn't make sense to trade away a bat like McNeil. Adding to his bat, McNeil is a versatile glove in the field, capable of playing both infield and outfield. The best option would be to have McNeil 2nd, allowing Escobar or Davis to play third.
If McNeil were to be traded, it would likely be for bullpen help, a starting pitcher, or prospects to beef up the farm system. However, coming off his 2021 season, McNeil's trade value has likely declined, making any potential trade not worth it.
2021 marked his worst statistical season of his young career. It doesn't make sense to unload McNeil now with his value not being what it used to be. A better bet is to keep him and rely on him returning to his old self, or as close as possible to that player.
Keeping McNeil also better balances out the Mets lineup. His left-handed bat would better compliment the team's lineup, which leans right-handed, even with Francisco Lindor being a switch hitter.
Even with McNeil's poor offensive year by his standards, he still ranked third on the team in batting with his .252 average. At a time in baseball where it is hard to find contact hitters, McNeil is one the Mets shouldn't be pushing out the door.
Overall, there is no doubt the Mets struggled offensively last season. With that in mind, it doesn't make sense to trade a proven .300 big league hitter, especially when his trade value would be down after this last season.
The best idea for the Mets should be to keep McNeil in the lineup, hoping he can return to his old self.
Next. What to expect from Max Scherzer's first season on the Mets. dark


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High school scores, summaries and schedules for Dec. 2, 2020
By: HSSN Staff
Wednesday, December 2, 2020 | 10:22 PM
Thursday's schedule
Canon-McMillan at Cathedral Prep at Erie Bank Sports Park, 8:15 p.m.
Hampton at Armstrong at Belmont Sports Complex, 7 p.m.; Shaler at Hempfield at Kirk S. Nevin Arena, 7:15 p.m.; Thomas Jefferson at Mars at Baierl Ice Complex, 9:10 p.m.
Blackhawk at Beaver at Brady's Run Ice Arena, 6:45 p.m.; Fox Chapel at Greensburg Salem at Kirk S. Nevin Arena, 9:15 p.m.
Neshannock at Carrick at Ice Castle Arena, 7 p.m.; Trinity at Connellsville at Ice Mine Rink, 7:15 p.m.; Ringgold at Bishop Canevin at Ice Castle Arena, 9 p.m.; Wilmington at Central Valley at Brady's Run Ice Arena, 9:05 p.m.
To report scores, email ptrsports@triblive.com. Visit TribHSSN.triblive.com/scores for results, stats, standings and box scores from around Western Pa.
More High School Other
• High school scores, summaries and schedule for Jan. 16, 2021
• High school scores, summaries and schedules for Jan. 14, 2021


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Our bumpy year: Queen reflects on troubled times in TV address
The Queen records her annual Christmas broadcast at Windsor Castle in Berkshire
By Tony Jones
The Queen will acknowledge the "bumpy" path the royal family and the nation has experienced over the past 12 months in her Christmas Day message.
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/our-bumpy-year-queen-reflects-on-troubled-times-in-tv-address-38810199.html
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/da5ad/38810198.ece/AUTOCROP/h342/2019-12-24_new_55871067_I1.JPG
During 2019, the Duke of Edinburgh was involved in a dramatic car accident, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex spoke about their struggles living in the public eye, and the Duke of York gave a disastrous television interview about his friendship with a convicted sex offender.
The toxic mood of the public debate around Brexit has continued throughout the past 12 months, with the issue bitterly dividing the country and parliament, leading to uncertainty.
But the Queen will comment on how "small steps taken in faith and in hope" can be significant, and ultimately break down "long-held differences".
She will also highlight the 75th anniversary of the Second World War D-Day landings and how former "sworn enemies" joined together to mark the milestone in 2019. In her Christmas Day broadcast to the nation and the Commonwealth, the Queen, speaking about the life of Jesus and the importance of reconciliation, will say: "...how small steps taken in faith and in hope can overcome long-held differences and deep-seated divisions to bring harmony and understanding...
"The path, of course, is not always smooth, and may at times this year have felt quite bumpy, but small steps can make a world of difference."
The Queen's comment is thought to be her first public reference to the personal events her family has experienced this year.
Commentators may interpret the Queen's words as indicating the past year may be one she would rather forget, like 1992 which she dubbed her "annus horribilis" after the marriages of three of her children collapsed.
In that year the Princess Royal divorced, the Duke and Duchess of York separated as did the Prince and Princess of Wales, and Windsor Castle went up in flames.
During the past 12 months, the most damaging event for the monarchy was Prince Andrew's appearance on the BBC's Newsnight programme which has left his reputation in tatters.
Concerns have been voiced by royal watchers about Harry and Meghan who have based themselves in Canada for the festive break with baby son Archie.
The couple missed the Queen's pre-Christmas lunch at Buckingham Palace and will not be present for the traditional royal family gathering at the monarch's private Sandringham estate on Christmas Day.
Philip, aged 98, voluntarily surrendered his licence after he was involved in a car crash on the Sandringham estate in January that left two women in another vehicle injured, while a baby with them had a miraculous escape.
The Queen is filmed sitting at a desk featuring photographs of her family with a large Christmas tree in the background.
In June, the UK hosted a major international event in Portsmouth commemorating the 75th anniversary of D-Day and attended by world leaders including US President Donald Trump, Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Germany's Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Emmanuel Macron.
The Queen will say in her message: "By being willing to put past differences behind us and move forward together, we honour the freedom and democracy once won for us at so great a cost."
Harry and Meghan post images supporting Canadian mental health campaign
By Tony Jones, PA Court Correspondent The Duke and Duchess of Sussex have posted social media images in support of a Canadian mental health campaign.


The Gold Coast Film Festival rolled through town in April and the Southern Gold Coast was proud to host back to back nights of outdoor cinema, screening Surf Classics at Kirra Hill Community Centre.
Crowds flocked to the spectacular outdoor setting for the rare screening of 1966 cult classic, The Endless Summer, on Saturday 29 April, followed by family favourite Surf's Up on Sunday 30 April.
The Saturday night event was also supported by Surf World Gold Coast, with great displays of vintage surf boards from the 1950s and 60s on display, along with an exhibition of local surf photography from the collection of Surf World Gold Coast's Chairman, Mal Sutherland, also from the era. Sufficed to say these exhibits were thoroughly enjoyed by film-goers, and locals will have the opportunity to see more at Surf World's Pop Up Display of Surfing through the 50s and 60s, to be held at Kirra Hill on Sunday 18 June.
It was a great weekend of free entertainment for the local community, and thanks must go to Gold Coast Film Festival, Division 14 Councillor Gail O'Neill, Surf World Gold Coast and our events team for delivering a successful first year of the Gold Coast Film Festival on the Southern Gold Coast.