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Brownfield Integration: Why It's Important For Modernizing Your Enterprise
By Isuru Udana Loku Narangoda
Transforming a conventional business into a digital business is essential to expand the business and increase its productivity. Integrating heterogeneous systems and building an ecosystem with these integrated components are fundamental requirements in the digital transformation of enterprises. Many organizations have one or more legacy systems that provide limited support for integrating with other systems. However, it is impractical to replace all existing systems by building them from scratch. Therefore, the challenge is to drive all these existing systems towards brownfield integration. This article delves into the importance of brownfield integration, challenges you may encounter, and how you can use WSO2 Enterprise Integrator for brownfield integration.
Brownfield vs. Greenfield
Brownfield land (image on the top) is an area of land that has been used for commercial or industrial purposes. Greenfield land (image on the bottom) is land that has never been used for such industrial purposes. Similarly, in software, a brownfield is a system that is already in existence. Brownfield integration means integrating existing systems with the rest of the world. A greenfield system could be a system that is developed for a completely new environment without taking into considerations how to integrate with other systems in existence. Brownfield land could contain hazardous substances and construction on such land has to be handled carefully. Similarly, integration with brownfield software systems has to be done with extra care compared to building a system from scratch.
Why is Brownfield Integration Important?
Most modern systems support integration with other systems through APIs that are exposed through well-known protocols and standards. However, it's difficult to expect all existing systems of an organization to be capable of integrating with other systems with well-known standards and APIs.
Most legacy systems use proprietary or non-standard ways to talk with the outside world. These legacy systems will be eventually replaced by modern systems, even though it takes time. Nevertheless, organizations may want to accelerate their digital transformation strategy rather than delay this process by waiting to replace the existing system with a modern one. Building everything from scratch is not cost effective and is also a tough call for a manager to make, especially if a system plays a vital role in the core business of an organization . Furthermore, no one wants massive change at once. Therefore, typically a part of the new system is integrated with the existing system and both co-exist during a transition period. This gives decision makers more freedom to change the system in its entirety if needed and minimize the business risk to the organization. Not all existing systems are replaceable but this should not be a reason for not digitally transforming an enterprise. If any existing system is not replaceable, then we need to find new ways to bring functionality to these systems by integrating them with other systems. Driving these existing systems towards brownfield integration is an important aspect in today's digital world.
Let us now look at the various types of systems in brownfield integration.
Types of Systems in a Brownfield Integration Environment
Depending on integration capabilities, modern enterprise systems can be categorized into four types.
Systems based on standard protocols
Some existing systems may have a way to integrate with other systems in a standard way. (A standard way of integration means support for a standard protocol like HTTP, JMS, FTP, etc). It's highly likely that a system built in the past decade contains APIs for integration. Most integration solutions support this type of integration and it's comparatively simple to integrate with these systems.
Systems based on non-standard or proprietary protocols
Some systems provide extension points to integrate with other systems. However, these extension points are not based on a common standard. For example, some systems provide SDKs to build programs to integrate with their systems. Proprietary systems like SAP do the same. A majority of brownfield systems belongs to this category. Compared to systems based on standard protocols, integration with these systems is not straight forward, but also not impossible.
File-based systems
Most old systems use files, like CSV, to transfer data. Integration with these systems therefore needs files.
Systems that don't provide any integration points
Some standalone systems do not provide any extension points for integration at all. A majority of such systems uses databases to store data. Integrating with these systems require integrating with their databases.
Key Functionality Requirements
Now let's look at the features required in an integration solution for brownfield integration. These features include:
Message transformation
Message routing
Service orchestration
Protocol switching
Parallel processing
Let's examine each of these in detail.
In this illustration, we have the brownfield on the right. On the left, we have the new system we are building. Imagine that we get a request from the user and we can't send the message as it is to the existing system. In such a case, we need to transform and construct the message as required by the existing service.
In the picture, the client is sending two types of messages. Routing can be based on the content of the message, a header, or some property of the message. Depending on the type of message, it needs to be routed to the correct service.
When building an integration solution we might have to connect with multiple systems and orchestrate them to build a new service. This picture shows 3 systems that exist in the brownfield. In this scenario, we orchestrate them to build a system that provides new functionality and invoke services one after the other sequentially.
In the above illustration, the brownfield system is exposed over JMS protocol and we need to build a new system that is exposed over HTTP protocol. The ability to perform protocol switching is a key feature for an integration solution.
Parallel processing is the other key functionality. In this scenario, we have two systems and we need to talk to both systems at the same time to reduce the latency. The integration solution clones the incoming request message and sends it to both services simultaneously.
WSO2 Enterprise Integrator has the capability to perform brownfield integration and let's now take an in-depth look at how it works.
Implementation of Key Functionality Requirements with WSO2 Enterprise Integrator
WSO2 Enterprise Integrator is an open source, hybrid integration platform that allow developers quick, CI/CD-friendly integration of any application, data, microservice or system. It provides an enterprise service bus, which mediates and transforms data between legacy systems, SaaS applications, services, and APIs. You can employ APIs to interface with legacy systems while insulating the underlying complexities securely and cost-effectively. WSO2 Enterprise Integrator has industry ready connectors and templates, and allows you to develop your own custom connectors for corner cases.
This integration platform covers all angles of enterprise integration - service integration, data integration, business processors, and messaging.
We can implement key functionality requirements for brownfield integration with WSO2 Enterprise Integrator and each requirement is discussed in-depth in the following sections.
Let's revisit this picture and place WSO2 Enterprise Integrator between the client and the server. WSO2 Enterprise Integrator is capable of transforming messages from any one format to any other format. It has built-in support for common message types like JSON, XML, CSV, etc. and we can extend the functionality to handle any type of message format that is not supported by default. The unit of message processing is called a mediator in WSO2 Enterprise Integrator, which has several mediators for different types of transformations. For simple message enriching, there is a mediator called enrich mediator. For simple message constructions, there is something called payload factory mediator, which allows to define the expected payload format and parameterize whichever element we want. The Datamapper mediator allows us to visually map data fields in the input message and the output message. For advanced transformations, we can even use an XSLT script and plug it using the XSLT mediator.
WSO2 Enterprise Integrator supports various kinds of routing requirements. Routing can be based on the content of the message, the header of the message, or on some property of the message. This integration platform also has mediators like Switch for message routing, which is very similar to the Switch statement in a programming language and there is also a mediator called Filter, which is similar to an If-else statement.
WSO2 Enterprise Integrator has a simple mechanism to orchestrate services. With the use of Call mediator, we can call services in a sequential manner. An asynchronous non-blocking transport implementation is used for invoking an HTTP service using the Call mediator. Even though the user sees a sequential synchronous invocation, the underlying threading mechanism is asynchronous. These threads are non-blocking and do not wait for the backend to respond. Hence, it will help to increase the productivity while utilizing fewer resources.
WSO2 Enterprise Integrator has the capability to receive and deliver a message over any protocol. The message is received through a transport listener or an inbound endpoint and sent through an endpoint using a transport sender. It has built-in support for almost all standard protocols and some well known proprietary protocols. There's flexibility to extend and introduce new transport listeners and senders to handle any unknown protocols.
Now let's look at how we can integrate with different types of systems in the brownfield.
Brownfield Integration with Different Types of Systems
Integration with systems that talk in standard protocols
WSO2 Enterprise Integrator has built-in support for a wide variety of standard protocols such as the ones listed below and many more:
HTTP/ HTTPS
JMS, AMQP, MQTT, KAFKA message protocols
FTP/ SFTP/ FTPS/ SMB file handling protocols
SMTP/IMAP mail protocols
In this diagram, there is an existing legacy system that is capable of integration over the FTP protocol on the right. We need to expose this as an API to the outside world over the HTTP protocol. We place WSO2 Enterprise Integrator in the middle and connect to the existing system over the FTP protocol. We can then expose a new API to the outside world over the HTTP protocol in WSO2 Enterprise Integrator.
Integration with systems that talk in non-standard/proprietary protocols.
WSO2 Enterprise Integrator has support for some well known proprietary systems like SAP. But you could come across systems which WSO2 Enterprise Integrator doesn't offer support out of the box. For these, we can easily extend the functionality of WSO2 Enterprise Integrator to support these proprietary or legacy systems. There are various extension points available in each layer of WSO2 Enterprise Integrator's architecture to extend its functionality.
The above illustration shows a legacy system which talks in a nonstandard protocol on the right. We need to expose this as an API to the outside world over the HTTP protocol. We place WSO2 Enterprise Integrator in the middle but it does not know how to talk to the existing system. Therefore, we must write a connector and plug it into WSO2 Enterprise Integrator. We can then connect with the existing system and expose an API over the HTTP protocol.
Integration with File-based Systems
As discussed earlier, many legacy systems use files as the medium to transfer messages between systems. These files are transferred over various protocols. It can be a local file system or remote file systems based on FTP, SFTP, etc. WSO2 Enterprise Integrator supports all kinds of file transfer protocols. There are different kinds of file handling use cases. One involves polling a directory or location periodically, selecting files, and processing them. For listening and polling to a directory, WSO2 Enterprise Integrator has a File Inbound Endpoint and a VFS Transport Listener. Another use case involves looking for a file in a particular location, upon some external trigger. For example, if we receive a request for an API, we select a file from a directory. For this type of integration, WSO2 Enterprise Integrator has a connector called the File Connector. Yet another use case is writing data to the file system. Both the File Connector and VFS Transport sender are capable of doing this.
The diagram below illustrates the first use case we discussed, where the legacy system writes data to the file system. WSO2 Enterprise Integrator listens to that directory, selects the file, and performs a web API call using the data in the file.
In this diagram, WSO2 Enterprise Integrator exposes an HTTP API to the outside world. When it receives a request from the client, data contained in the HTTP request is written as a file into the file system. The legacy system can then process this file.
Integration with Systems that Use Databases
As mentioned earlier, some standalone systems do not provide any extension points for integration at all and store their data in databases, and the way to integrate with these systems is by integrating with their databases. To expose databases and other data sources as services, WSO2 Enterprise Integrator provides a rich set of data integration features.
The diagram above shows a simple scenario where WSO2 Enterprise Integrator is connected to a database of an existing legacy system and the data available in these databases are exposed over an HTTP API using WSO2 Enterprise Integrator.
In this article, we discussed why brownfield Integration is important and how WSO2 Enterprise Integrator can be used for this purpose. We looked at key functionality areas of brownfield integration and the features required by an integration solution to do brownfield integration. As discussed, WSO2 Enterprise Integrator can fulfill all the key integration requirements covering all the aspects of integration - service integration, data integration, business processing, and messaging. Learn more about its capabilities here.
Isuru Udana Loku Narangoda
Architect/Associate Director


I recently ordered four Droid Incredibles for myself and three employees last week. When the Fedex arrived I was more than a little surprised to unpack four Motorola Droid phones instead of the Droid incredible. In a panic I rushed to a nearby computer screen and Googled "Motorola Droid vs Incredible" for a prize fight comparison. After scanning several side by side comparisons this is what I found.
The physical qwerty board (although not the best of qwerty boards) was still a benefit over just the virtual qwerty, especially when under heavy fire from texts and tweets. The 2oz difference in weight was not a deal breaker for me nor was the 5 vs 8 megapixel camera on the rear of the phone. The Motorola Droid is a great value in price since the incredible has arrived on the market. Power users and camera fanatics may gravitate toward the Incredible vs the Motorola droid but your battery will pay for the extras.
There will be more to come on the coolness (and effectiveness) of the Droid especially because I just migrated from a Blackberry Curve and found it to be a big adjustment. There are a few stumbling blocks to steer clear of for new users and I will provide the best solutions in subsequent posts. Some apps rock the house on android 2.1 and some are just plain garbage. I will also talk about a nice solution for syncing your Motorola or Incredible Droid to outlook without using an exchange server. You can use IMAP or POP and mimic similar push technology like the Blackberry. At the end of the day the Motorola Droid gets a thumbs up from Startup Addict Musings.
If you're still on the fence between Motorola droid vs Incredible be sure to check out this nice comparison courtesy of wirefly. See you on the next droid post.


Shining sateen shows off the glittery fun of a Poppy Storypatch: a petite yet surprisingly versatile bag to carry solo or clip inside your bigger Sublingual Viagra no rx, cheap clomid. Poppy.
Hi Fione, We do not have ready stock at the moment as we are doing on a pre-order basis. Please place your orders and our e-retail staff will inform you if there are available stock for your order. Thanks!


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Most of us are constantly looking for new ways to improve our health routine. One way that is so simple, yet underrated, is drinking warm lemon water.
While lemon water might not be the sexiest trend around, science has proved that there are many health benefits packed into this simple drink.
And best of all, we all can easily afford it. With a cost of about 25 cents, lemon water has an impressive benefit-to-cost ratio compared to other health drinks that could cost upwards of $8.
These key nutrients play specific roles that can significantly increase your health and longevity in a number of ways.
Lemon water is packed with many essential nutritional compounds like vitamin C, antioxidants, fiber, potassium, and citric acid (1).
There's no denying that digestive aids are on the rise (2). From kombucha to probiotics, the demand is at an all-time high for natural remedies to treat digestive issues.
Surprisingly, most people do not know that lemons are natural laxatives–don't worry it's not like drinking prune juice or taking Exlax.
Lemons contain an organic compound called citric acid that stimulates the colon to remove waste from the body (3).
Lemons contain a very high concentration of citric acid compared to most citrus fruits and have thus been proven to be an excellent aid to digestion (4). So instead of costly digestive drinks, drinking some lemon water each morning can give your digestive system the kick start it needs.
While the holy grail to completely cure acne and wrinkles has yet to be discovered, lemon water is shown to help alleviate both symptoms.
You see, lemons are rich in vitamin c, which is a powerful water-soluble antioxidant.
Vitamin C and the other natural antioxidants in lemons help attack free radicals in our bodies.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that form in our body from food, medicine, water, and even the air we breathe.
The bad news is free radicals can cause significant harm to our bodies. In fact, free radicals are associated with a long list of diseases including cancer and Alzheimer's disease. They are also one of the main causes of physical aging because they attack healthy cells.
So those wrinkles that you see in the mirror are caused by free radicals.
Luckily, lemon water helps protect skin against free radical damage (oxidation). As a result, lemon water can help maintain a healthy complexion (4).
The vitamin C found in lemons also increases collagen production (5). Collagen helps plump and tighten the skin to reduce the appearance of wrinkles.
When you want to boost your immune system with vitamin C to fight off illness, what's the first fruit that comes to mind?
Most people think of oranges.
There are, however, plenty of other fruits that contain high amounts of vitamin C. And lemons are one of them.
Lemons contain almost as much vitamin C as oranges and have plenty of other natural compounds like bioflavoniods, potassium, and antioxidants.
These compounds will give your immune system the boost it needs to fight off illnesses like the common cold (6). Drinking warm water with lemon also helps the body absorb these vitamins, which increases the immune-boosting effects.
Vitamin C only helps fight illness if you're regularly consuming it before you get sick. That's why it's best to drink lemon water every morning. Not only will it decrease your chances of getting sick, but it can significantly reduce the duration of olds when you do catch one (7).
Skip the breath mint, and grab a lemon instead!
While it may come as a surprise, lemons are great at naturally freshening your breath.
The citric acid found in lemons has antibacterial properties that kill bacteria that cause bad breath.
Interestingly, saliva also helps destroy bacteria in your mouth that cause bad breath (8). For instance, that infamous morning breath is caused by the lack of saliva in your mouth while sleeping.
When you wake up and drink lemon water, the tang of lemons stimulates saliva production. This is why drinking lemon water in the morning is a great way to freshen your breath.
Just be careful to not let lemon sit on your teeth too long because the acidity can lead to tooth decay. Also, don't brush your teeth immediately after drinking lemon water.
Water is the most important nutrient the body needs.
While there's been some debate over how much water a person needs to drink per day, we all can agree that drinking water is important.
Adding some lemon improves the taste of water which is really helpful for those who don't enjoy drinking plain water. Plus, getting into the habit of drinking lemon water every day will help you reach your body's daily water needs.
Which is helpful considering most of us don't drink anywhere near enough water.
Lemon water is a fantastic post-workout drink.
Not only does lemon water help you hydrate after exercise, it also helps with recovery thanks to the powerful antioxidants in lemons.
As you workout, lactic acid builds up in your muscles and causes a burning sensation.
The more in shape you are, the less burning sensation there is because there's a higher number of blood vessels in the bloodstream that help break down the lactic acid. (9).
Lemon water is a great to drink after a workout because it breaks down lactic acid which allows for you to train longer, get stronger, and recover faster.
Also, most sport drinks are high in calories and sugar. Lemon water is a great alternative because it has next to zero sugar.
As we have already discussed, lemons are packed with vitamin c.
Among it's many other benefits, vitamin C is shown to be a key nutrient in keeping your heart healthy.
In fact, people who have low levels of vitamin c are more prone to heart attacks, stroke, or peripheral artery disease (7).
While drinking lemon water because of its vitamin C content will not solely protect you against a heart attack, it does help protect your arteries against damage. Healthy arteries equals a healthy heart.
Doesn't starting your morning with a warm cup of lemon water sound relaxing?
Mornings set the mood for the rest of the day and starting your's off with warm lemon water helps calm the body and mind.
This sets the standard and enhances your mood for the rest of the day.
It has also been proven that simply smelling lemon can help increase your mood. Aromatherapists uses lemon extract as a naturally calming and clarifying scent. (10).
Lemon water is not a miracle weight loss drug, but it can definitely aid in your weight loss journey.
A glass of warm lemon water in the morning helps you feel full longer and eat less later. It's also a healthy substitute for other sugary drinks or coffee.
Lemon water also boosts your metabolism and burns extra calories. Based off a study from the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, one cup of warm water can increase your body's internal temperature and metabolism (11).
While it may not be as effective as burning 500 calories on the treadmill, lemon water can help reduce your calorie intake and boost your metabolism throughout the day.
The prevalence of kidney stones is increasing globally and if you are prone to them, lemon water is a great tactic to prevent new ones from forming.
Citric acid is shown to be a great aid against kidney stones (12). When ingested, citric acid is broken down and carried out of the body through urine. While in the urine, citric acid coats small kidney stones and prevents them from collecting other material and turning into larger stones.
So the more citric acid in urine, the less likely kidney stones will form (13).
Now that you understand the importance of drinking lemon water, it's time to show you how.
When: It can be drank anytime throughout the day, but it is best to drink lemon water first thing in the morning. This allows your body to absorb all the nutrients and use them throughout the day.
How: Only two ingredients are needed: water and organic lemons.
Step 1: heat about 8oz of water to a low simmer.
Step 2: slice one whole, cleaned lemon.
Step 3: place the lemons and hot water into a cup.
Step 4: Brew for about 3 minutes.
Step 5: leave the lemons in the cup and drink. Use a straw if you want to prevent the acid from slowly degrading your tooth enamel.
Longer shelf life than whole lemons.
Easily bought online and shipped to your house.
Saves you time from not having to cut lemons each morning.
Can be easily brought with you to make lemon water on the go.
Step 2: transfer water to cup and add about 3-5 drops of lemon essential oil.
Step 3: stir and drink.
There's more to lemon than meets the eye.
Lemon water is full of enriching nutrients that can help start your day on the right track. Instead of spending a fortune on health drinks with 20+ ingredients that you can't pronounce, stick to just two: lemons and water.
No matter how you cut it, lemon water is a simple and inexpensive way to improve your day and overall health.


Creating a Marketing Budget for 2019 | Marketing CoPilot Inc.
If you are like most sales and marketing people or part of the management team that leads the annual budgeting process, you have likely already engaged in "budgeting" for 2019. Unless you are an accounting type or love spreadsheets, I know of few people who really enjoy this process. If you are a marketer or responsible for the marketing budget, you enjoy it even less because marketing is the most harshly judged and smallest percentage of an overall budget. I personally still have post traumatic syndrome associated with trying to defend a marketing budget in my last tech company job.
Marketing is viewed as a cost centre instead of a strategic growth tool by most management teams.
Marketing budgets are approached as "buying attention" instead of measuring the results of creating engagement.
Marketers generally do a poor job of tying their budgets to business results, therefore management teams are confused about the outcome of investment.
If you apply this lens to your marketing budget, then you need to focus on the work you need to do in educating the customer and how you support their journey of buying from you.
Creating the right marketing budget for your organization.
First off, you need to set the stage for the objective of marketing. Any marketer worth their salt, needs to be a change agent on this subject. In today's 24/7 internet world, "the internet feels like a vast, free media playground, a place where all your ideas deserve to be seen by just about everyone." In fact, the internet and digital marketing in general is exactly the opposite. The point of marketing today is not to mass market or even create "permission." The goal of marketing today is the "generous act of helping someone solve a problem. Their problem," says Seth Godin.
When viewed with this lens, the first thing you should be doing when assessing a marketing budget is to look at all the things you spend money on today and decide if the goal of the exercise is to mass market or help someone solve their problem. Are you buying "eyeballs" hope they respond to your offer or are you truly creating content your customer or prospect values because its about them not you.
The only thing that matters in a business today is marketing and innovation – the rest is cost.
If you are marketer today (EVERYONE TODAY IS IN MARKETING) and you aren't lobbying for a budget to develop good content, a strong web presence and tools to track and measure quality leads in the pipeline, then you are likely creating a budget that has a good chance of getting axed when times are tough.
Marketing and marketers need to be Architects of Growth, not as cost centers. To do this means having a solid understanding of the market you serve and the content buyers' value when making a purchasing decision. This is how you flip the budgeting process on its head and take control of the ask you are making of senior management.
We have two useful guides to help you with the budgeting exercise. One is a digital marketing analysis that you can check yes/no to understand what you need to execute inbound marketing in today's uber-competitive market. The second is a guide to help with better goal setting in your marketing function. It's hard to make a case for marketing dollars if you can't tie it back to business goals.
Hope this helps – Happy Marketing in 2019!


Although marquees are designed to be weatherproof there is always scope for drafts through the entrance. Particularly if the entrance is simply an unlaced wall. To make the entrance weatherproof we can install modular Debut Doors which make a good seal against the wind and rain.


Fun Way to exercise – Add Music!
Exercising can be helpful to your soul and body.
Many might have a hard time exercising, but choosing good workout songs can provide help to keep you motivated. For many, listening to good music and choosing workout songs may aide in inspiring one to work out more.
• Concentrate on your favourite kind of music. Start with a song which you would really want to hear.
• Pick on an assortment of music will help to get up your energy to keep you participated in your own exercise. Pump up music is best for workout.
• Opt for a radio if you don't have a playlist in mind.
• Asynchronous Music & Synchronous Music – For the first, there is no link between the workout and beat of the song you're listening to and vice-versa for the second, which means that there is a link between the two. Research says that this is helpful to better manage energy while performing exercises like cardio workouts such as running.
What I have for an exercise program is the Sweat With Kayla application on my phone. I mute it and turn on my own music to keep me motivated and not be bored with the routine and plans.
Try to do this trick and help yourself. Have fun while working out! It is also encouraging besides music to workout with a friend. So, invite a friend and start working out!


text:
Thin Lizzy To Announce New Band Name and Album on Christmas
. (hennemusic) This fall, Thin Lizzy announced the group will start recording a new album – to be released under a new name – and that they will cease touring under the Thin Lizzy brand after going out on one last UK tour.
The trip wrapped up Monday in London, and now the group is sharing its plans moving forward.
"A massive thanks to all fans who have supported TL for the last 2 years, it's been the biggest honor and privilege of my life to be part of this," posted singer Ricky Warwick. "Stay tuned for big announcements on Xmas on the album and new band name ...2013 is gonna be a very busy year!"
Although Thin Lizzy are scheduled to play an Australian tour with KISS and Motley Crue in the spring, as well as some headline dates of their own, the band revealed their name change and new album plans earlier this fall.
"Out of respect to Phil Lynott and the legacy he created, we have decided that we should not release a new album under the Thin Lizzy name," said guitarist Scott Gorham in September. Read the rest here.
hennemusic is an official news provider for antiMusic.com.
Copyright hennemusic - Excerpted here with permission.
Thin Lizzy CDs, DVDs and MP3s
Thin Lizzy T-shirts and Posters

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hyundai Scoupe
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Ulsan, Korea
Park Jong-Seo[1]
FF layout
1.5L 92 hp (69 kW) I4
1.5L 115 hp (86 kW) I4
93.8 in (2,383 mm)
165.9 in (4,214 mm)
1990-92: 64.0 in (1,626 mm)
1989 Hyundai Scoupe
1993-1995 Hyundai Scoupe
The Hyundai Scoupe was a 2-door coupé based on the Hyundai Excel. The name, a portmanteau of "sporty" and "coupe," was pronounced "scoop". In the UK and other countries it is known as an "S Coupé". It was sold in the US from December 1988 through 1995. An 81 horsepower, 1.5L Mitsubishi sourced I4 engine provided power to the front wheels via a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission.
Several changes came for 1993, when Scoupes got a facelift, including the current Hyundai "H" logo, new flush headlamps plus body-colored side moldings and redesigned front sheetmetal, taillights, and rear bumper. The Base and LS models came with a new and improved, In-house manufactured, 1.5L 12-valve, direct-port fuel-injected engine, called "Alpha". The 1,495 cc Alpha, with a 75.5 mm (2.97 in) bore and an 83.5 mm (3.29 in) stroke, produced 92 hp (69 kW) at 5,500 rpm and 97 lb⋅ft (132 N⋅m) of torque at 4,000 rpm in naturally aspirated form, with a 10:1 compression ratio, and 115 hp (86 kW) at 5,500 rpm and 123 lb⋅ft (167 N⋅m) of torque at 4,500 rpm when turbocharged, with a 7.5:1 compression ratio.[2] Turbos came only with 5-speed manual shift, while Base and LS models could have an optional 4-speed automatic.
The Australian spec S-Coupe GT Turbo has been road tested by several Australian magazines, returning times of 9.2-9.3 secs for 0–100 km/h and 16.8 secs for the 0–400 m dash.[citation needed]
Facelifted rear of Hyundai Scoupe
Hyundai says the Scoupe was the first production application for Garrett Automotive Products' T15 turbocharger, which was new for the early 1990s. The turbo unit includes water-cooled bearings and housings and an integral wastegate.
The naturally aspirated Alpha boasts a 14% increase in power over its 1.5L Mitsubishi-designed predecessor, and the turbo produces 42% more power.
A Lotus-tuned suspension[3] was installed in both Base and LS models, while a slightly firmer strut valving was used in the GT. This, combined with the 2,176 lb (987 kg) curb weight made the car an interesting driving sport compact considering the low MSRP.[original research?]
The GT's EPA was 27 miles per US gallon (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg‑imp) city, and 33 miles per US gallon (7.1 L/100 km; 40 mpg‑imp) highway.
The 1988-92 "Base" models achieved 26 miles per US gallon (9.0 L/100 km; 31 mpg‑imp) city and 34 miles per US gallon (6.9 L/100 km; 41 mpg‑imp) Hwy for Manual Trans, and 25 miles per US gallon (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp) city and 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg‑imp) for Automatic.
For 1993 the Scoupe received a facelift and Hyundai's first internally developed engine. The 1993-95 "Base" Alpha 1.5 engine models achieved 28 miles per US gallon (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg‑imp) city 36 miles per US gallon (6.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg‑imp) Hwy for Manual Trans and 25 miles per US gallon (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp) City and 34 miles per US gallon (6.9 L/100 km; 41 mpg‑imp) for Automatic.
The car was replaced by the Tiburon in 1996.
This car made an appearance on BBC Top Gear Series 13 Episode 2 as Richard Hammond's car for the challenge where the presenters are finding the perfect car for a 17-year-old driver.
Scoupe Turbo[edit]
The Scoupe GT (LS Turbo in the USA) was Hyundai's first attempt at a sports car and featured South Korea's first domestically designed engine with a cast-iron block and crankshaft. The engine contains an aluminum head, aluminum pistons and steel connecting rods. A special compact pentroof combustion chamber design with central spark plug location was incorporated to optimize engine efficiency. The engine utilizes a Robert Bosch GmbH electronic engine control system and a knock sensor.[citation needed]
^ Chung, Kyung-Won. "Hyundai Motor Company: Design Takes the Driver's Seat" (PDF). Design Management Institute. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ "Ward's Auto World, September 1992, at". Hyundaiclub.net. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
^ "HYUNDAI MOTOR AMERICA - A BRAND HISTORY". HyundaiNews.com. February 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyundai S Coupé.
Hyundai Motor Company, automobile timeline
Hyundai Motor Company, automobile timeline, 1968–1997 — next »
Type 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
Subcompact Pony Pony
Excel Excel Accent
Compact Elantra Elantra
Mid-size Cortina Cortina Cortina Cortina Stellar
Sonata Sonata Sonata
Full-size 20M Granada Grandeur New Grandeur
Sports Scoupe Tiburon
SUV Galloper
MPV Santamo
Pickup Cortina Pony Pony
Porter Porter
Minivan Grace Starex
« previous — Hyundai Motor Company, automobile timeline, 1995–present
Type 1990s 2000s 2010s
City car Eon Santro
Atos/Santro i10 i10 i10/Grand i10 Nios
Atos Prime Grand i10
Subcompact Xcent
HB20 HB20
Accent Accent Accent Accent Accent
Compact Elantra Elantra Elantra Elantra Elantra
Mid-size i40
Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata
Marcia G70
Full-size New Grandeur Grandeur Grandeur Grandeur Grandeur
Dynasty Aslan
Genesis Genesis G80
Equus Equus G90
Coupé Genesis Coupe
Sports Scoupe Tiburon Tiburon Veloster Veloster
Crossover Venue
Creta/ix25 Creta/ix25
Tucson Tucson/ix35 Tucson
Santa Fe Santa Fe Santa Fe Santa Fe
Veracruz Palisade
SUV Galloper Terracan
Minivan Lavita ix20
Trajet Entourage
Pick-up Porter New Porter Porter II
Van Grace Starex Starex/Grand Starex/H-1/i-Load/i800
(Co)-developed by Hyundai Motor India Ltd.
Sold under the Genesis brand
Hyundai road vehicle timeline, North American market, 1984–present
Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Subcompact Grand i10(M)
Excel Excel Accent Accent Accent Accent Accent
Compact Pony(C) Elantra Elantra Elantra Elantra Elantra Elantra
Elantra Touring Elantra GT(C+US) Elantra GT(C+US)
Sport compact Scoupe Tiburon Tiburon Veloster(C+US) Veloster(C+US)
Mid-size Ioniq
Stellar(C) Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata
XG Azera Azera(C+US)
Coupé Genesis Coupe(C+US) Genesis
Full-size Genesis(C+US) Genesis(C+US)
Equus(C+US)
Crossover SUV Venue(C+US)
Kona(C+US)
Creta(M)
Tucson Tucson Tucson
Santa Fe Santa Fe Santa Fe Sport Santa Fe
Veracruz Santa Fe (LWB / XL) Palisade
Minivan Entourage
Van Starex(M)
(C) Vehicles exclusive to Canada
(M) Vehicles exclusive to Mexico
(C+US) Vehicles exclusive to Canada and U.S., 2014 and later only
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyundai_Scoupe&oldid=935670430"
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
1980s cars
Cars introduced in 1988
Articles needing additional references from July 2008
Articles needing cleanup from September 2012
Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2012
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2012
Articles that may contain original research from July 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008


This standing poster frame that holds graphics stands 67" tall and holds (2) 22"w x 28"h images back-to-back for double sided viewing. It is one of our most popular floor sign stands. This poster frame is field tested and a proven winner! Easy assembly, all hardware provided for this postings display. Each poster frame ships in two boxes. Upscale, thick, polished clear acrylic draws attention to your bills, notices, pictures, prints and brochures! The floor standing unit, poster frame has base dimensions are 24" wide by 18" deep. This lobby sign available with brochure/magazine pocket attachments and/or custom headers, see related products below.
This poster frame, also known as an acrylic display, is also available in a series of wall mounting and ceiling hung models. If a custom poster display is more applicable for your needs, contact one of our custom sales representatives to discuss your ideas and pricing. See our "Related Product" section, to the right, where we offer a wide variety of pre-printed posters for retail, financial and marketing based businesses.


Kelly Noel lifted my layout at this month's Studio Calico DT work! I'm always a big fan of her work. I was very glad to read e-mail from Kelly. and looking foward for a long time.
Here is the layout that was lifted by Kelly.
Photo taken by Tanamu. I love this 'love and smile' photo!!
Sometimes he says that 'Mama! Hug!!' and he attaches cheeks to my cheeks. He is sooooo very cute!!
I made this while feeling happiness.
Today's work is a mini album. I only occasionally make the mini album.
Because … Because it takes time very much! lol!
Sassafras wee bundle is suitable to make a mini album! Its pattern is smaller than a 12×12 inch's. It means that a small photo does not lose in a pattern. So nice!
I spilled a mist on all pages and painted the edge of the album in Gesso.
It is a boyish layout today. I made it with a new work of Crate Paper "TOY BOX" collection - this is soooo cote!! The 3-D chipboard sticker appears again. I fell in love with this chipboard at first sight , and decided to buy this collection ! It may be incomprehensible with the screen … Glitter and felt or rhinestones are inlaid the top with. These are so very pretty!! Looooooooooooooooove!!!
Using Fiskars Everywhere Punch is so fun! And my favorite item is a cork star! (with a die of Sizzix) Isn't it cool?
Thank you for looking! Have a nice weekend!!
We went to Universal Studios Japan last week with my parents. These papers and chipboards are perfect for the photos. Don't you think so?
Love Bo Bunny 'Blast Off' collection! It's soooo cute! I love the navy blue.
This part is a mini-book. 4 photos in it. I took lots of photos at Universal Studios Japan!!
The new challenge has been revealed on the Sassafras blog!
The challenge of this month is using the sketch.
"A" and "B" are separated from flag banner. I put them on the paper and I attached a string and hung it.
The circle that "A" and "B" hang from is a journal tags sticker. I cut it into pieces in an edge and the circle .
I surrounded a blocking part with two footers of the papers. I closed the junction by a sewing machine.
What a cute brooch is this! Love it!!
Go to the Sass blog, and check a lot of splendid inspirations from the Sass team!!


text:
Statutes > North-carolina > Chapter_59 > GS_59-907
§ 59‑907. Transactionof business without registration.
(a) No foreign limitedpartnership transacting business in this State without permission obtainedthrough a certificate of authority under this Article shall be permitted tomaintain any action or proceeding in any court of this State unless suchforeign limited partnership shall have obtained a certificate of authorityprior to trial.
(b) The failure of aforeign limited partnership to obtain a certificate of authority to transactbusiness in this State shall not impair the validity of any contract or act ofthe foreign limited partnership and shall not prevent the foreign limitedpartnership from defending any action or proceeding in any court of this State.
(c) A foreign limitedpartnership failing to obtain permission to transact business in this State asrequired by this Article or by prior statutes then applicable shall be liableto the State for the years or parts thereof during which it transacted businessin this State without such permission in an amount equal to all fees and taxeswhich would have been imposed by law upon such foreign limited partnership hadit duly applied for and received such permission plus interest and allpenalties imposed by law for failure to pay such fees and taxes, plus fivehundred dollars ($500.00) and costs. The Attorney General shall bring actionsto recover all amounts due the State under the provisions of this section.
(d) The Secretary ofState is hereby directed to require that every foreign limited partnershiptransacting business in this State comply with the provisions of this Article.The Secretary of State is authorized to employ such assistants as shall bedeemed necessary in his office for the purpose of enforcing the provisions ofthis Article and for making such investigations as shall be necessary toascertain foreign limited partnerships now transacting business in this Statewhich may have failed to comply with the provisions of this Article.
(e) A limited partnerof a foreign limited partnership is not liable as a general partner of theforeign limited partnership solely by reason of the foreign limitedpartnership's having transacted business in this State without registration.
(f) A foreign limitedpartnership, by transacting business in this State without registration,appoints the Secretary of State as its agent for service of process withrespect to causes of action arising out of the transaction of business in thisState. (1985 (Reg. Sess., 1986), c. 989, s. 2; 1999‑362,s. 36; 2000‑140, s. 101(r).)


Dentist Entrepreneur Organization is excited to be hiring an apprentice position which will lead the creation and launch of our digital products. This course will be produced by DEO and launched to the dental market.
The position will be the primary driver of the project and will have significant responsibility in planning, strategy and execution of the product launch. This position will play a massive role in helping our company's mission to be the #1 resource in the dental industry for small group dental practices. The apprentice will be given expert level training and work closely with Dentist Entrepreneur Organization's CEO!
Do You Have A Passion For Digital Marketing And Marketing Funnels?
This is a special position and unique opportunity for the type of person that loves digital marketing, learning from experienced people in the industry and a real thirst for personal and professional growth.
On top of what Google says, an apprenticeship is an amazing way to get real world experience while cutting your learning time drastically. The experience you gain in an apprenticeship is usually unattainable in any other way. Learn more here, here and here.
Heavy emphasis on product management and ensure project is on task and completed on time.
Jeff Walker's Product Launch Formula. We will be following this exactly. This is a remarkably effective (important) marketing strategy for which we will provide you full training, including unlimited access to Jeff Walker's $3,000 course. You will have the opportunity to learn this system inside and out.


text:
Q: uploading a file with Struts2 (the web server which I use is Tomcat 7) When I used Struts2 to upload a file ,I clicked submit in jsp, however, tomcat showed me the wrong message,I have searched on the Internet, but I can't find the answer,so I hope someone can help me ,thanks!
The Wrong Message is below:
HTTP Status 500 -
type Exception report
message
description The server encountered an internal error () that prevented it from fulfilling this request.
exception
java.lang.NullPointerException
java.io.FileInputStream.<init>(FileInputStream.java:134)
lanxiaoxing.upload.upLoadAction.execute(upLoadAction.java:58)
sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57)
sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:601)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invokeAction(DefaultActionInvocation.java:441)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invokeActionOnly(DefaultActionInvocation.java:280)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:243)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.DefaultWorkflowInterceptor.doIntercept(DefaultWorkflowInterceptor.java:165)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ValidationInterceptor.doIntercept(ValidationInterceptor.java:252)
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.validation.AnnotationValidationInterceptor.doIntercept(AnnotationValidationInterceptor.java:68)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ConversionErrorInterceptor.intercept(ConversionErrorInterceptor.java:122)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor.doIntercept(ParametersInterceptor.java:195)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor.doIntercept(ParametersInterceptor.java:195)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.StaticParametersInterceptor.intercept(StaticParametersInterceptor.java:179)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MultiselectInterceptor.intercept(MultiselectInterceptor.java:75)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CheckboxInterceptor.intercept(CheckboxInterceptor.java:94)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.FileUploadInterceptor.intercept(FileUploadInterceptor.java:306)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ModelDrivenInterceptor.intercept(ModelDrivenInterceptor.java:89)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor.intercept(ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor.java:130)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.debugging.DebuggingInterceptor.intercept(DebuggingInterceptor.java:267)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ChainingInterceptor.intercept(ChainingInterceptor.java:126)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.PrepareInterceptor.doIntercept(PrepareInterceptor.java:138)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.I18nInterceptor.intercept(I18nInterceptor.java:165)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletConfigInterceptor.intercept(ServletConfigInterceptor.java:164)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AliasInterceptor.intercept(AliasInterceptor.java:179)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ExceptionMappingInterceptor.intercept(ExceptionMappingInterceptor.java:176)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.execute(StrutsActionProxy.java:52)
org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:488)
org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.ExecuteOperations.executeAction(ExecuteOperations.java:77)
org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.doFilter(StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter.java:91)

note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the Apache Tomcat/7.0.26 logs.
Apache Tomcat/7.0.26
the struts.xml is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.1//EN"
   "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.1.dtd">
<struts>
<package name="lanxiaoxing.user" extends="struts-default">
<action name="loginUser" class="lanxiaoxing.user.userAction">
  <result name="success">success.jsp</result>
  <result name="error">error.jsp</result>
</action>
</package>
<package name="lanxiaoxing.upload" extends="struts-default">
<action name="upLoad" class="lanxiaoxing.upload.upLoadAction">
  <result name="SUCCESS">upload_success.jsp</result>
</action>
</package>
</struts>

the upLoadAction.java is:
package lanxiaoxing.upload;

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import org.apache.struts2.*;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.*;

public class upLoadAction extends ActionSupport{

/**
 *
 */
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private File lanxiaoxingfile;
private String lanxiaoxingfileContentType;
private String lanxiaoxingfileName;
private String savePath;

private String getSavePath(){
    HttpServletRequest request = ServletActionContext.getRequest();
    return request.getSession().getServletContext().getRealPath(savePath);
}

public File getlanxiaoxingfile(){
    return lanxiaoxingfile;
}
public void setlanxiaoxingfile(File lanxiaoxingfile){
    this.lanxiaoxingfile=lanxiaoxingfile;
}

public String getlanxiaoxingfileContentType(){
    return lanxiaoxingfileContentType;
}
public void setlanxiaoxingfileContenType(String lanxiaoxingfileContentType){
    this.lanxiaoxingfileContentType=lanxiaoxingfileContentType;
}

public String getlanxiaoxingfileName(){
    return lanxiaoxingfileName;
}
public void setlanxiaoxingfileName(String lanxiaoxingfileName){
    this.lanxiaoxingfileName=lanxiaoxingfileName;
}

public void setsavePath(String savePath){
    this.savePath=savePath;
}

public String execute() throws Exception{
    setsavePath("");

    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(getSavePath()+"\\"+getlanxiaoxingfileName());

    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(getlanxiaoxingfile());

    byte[]buffer = new byte[1024];
    int len=0;
    while((len=fis.read(buffer))>0){
        fos.write(buffer, 0, len);
    }
    return SUCCESS;
}

}

A: Your getter and setter names are all incorrect; they should follow normal Java naming conventions, and the conventions expected by the file upload interceptor, e.g.:
public void setLanxiaoxingfile(File lanxiaoxingfile) { // Note capital "L"

This assumes a file input field with the name "lanxiaoxinfile".
IMO the "file" portion of that variable name is redundant.
See the file upload docs for more info.
Also, as tusar says, the result name should be lower-case "success", or just left blank, as that is the default. The default stack already contains the "fileUpload" interceptor, though, so re-configuring it for this action would be redundant and misleading.
Consider doing the file copy via a utility method, or just use one of the Commons IO file copy utilities.

A: FileUpload using Struts2 and missing the fileUpload and defaultStack interceptors seems causing the error. Try changing your action-declaration like :
<action name="upLoad" class="lanxiaoxing.upload.upLoadAction">
    <interceptor-ref name="fileUpload">
        <param name="maximumSize">999999999999</param>
        <param name="allowedTypes">
            image/png,image/gif,image/jpeg,image/pjpeg
        </param>
    </interceptor-ref>
    <interceptor-ref name="defaultStack"></interceptor-ref>
    <result name="success">upload_success.jsp</result>
</action>

Also , SUCCESS is actually a String "success" thats why I modified the result-name to small letters.
While learning, it is always good to follow a tutorial.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Women's Fashion History
Famous Fashion Designers
Iconic Coco Chanel logo purse
The list of famous fashion designers continues to grow, as up-and-comers gradually gain fame and recognition in this sometimes fickle arena.
List of 12 Famous Fashion Designers
Get a group of fashion-loving, opinionated people together, ask them who their top 10 picks for famous designers are, and you're likely to spark a spirited discussion. While the name Chanel will undoubtedly pop up, some lesser-knowns may be hotly debated. Does Balenciaga belong in the same category as Betsey Johnson? Just how far up the list should you place Helmut Lang?
Women's Spring Fashion Jackets
Gallery of Top Spring Fashion Trends for Women
Petite Women Fashion Pictures
While this isn't a definitive list of all the famous fashion designers who've ever designed a gown, it's a good start.
Chanel: French legend Coco Chanel revolutionalized women's fashion, and not only with her cardigan styles and little black dress. She preferred relaxed, masculine-inspired clothing, which was in sharp contrast to the tightly corseted, confining women's dresses of the day. She's been credited with popularizing slacks for women, and who can forget her timeless fragrance, Chanel No. 5?
Balenciaga: Spanish designer Cristóbal Balenciaga is unparalleled when it comes to modern femininity. While not as well-known as some other 20th century fashion powerhouses, Balenciaga's post-World War II vision set the style scene ablaze with such innovations as the baby doll dress and the sack dress.
Armani: This Italian designer's name is synonymous with elegance and luxury. With a keen awareness of buying trends, Georgio Armani has branched out beyond couture and offers more affordable styles for the average man and woman under a few sub-labels, including Armani Exchange.
Gucci: Another famous Italian name, Guccio Gucci founded this high-end brand in 1921. After his death in the early 1950s, Gucci's family took over the business, and although the Gucci clan was notorious for in-fighting, it survived under the family name until the 1980s, when it went public. Known for edgy chic, Gucci lasted through years of turmoil and bad business, but is once again a reputable force in the fashion world.
Oscar de la Renta: Classic designs that celebrate a woman's beauty are the hallmarks of de la Renta, who originates from the Dominican Republic. While some designers seem to create clothing with no regard of the people they're creating for, de la Renta's eye for fashion has long celebrated the feminine form. He designs for the young socialite, the mature lady, as well as celebrity dresses that show up on the red carpet.
Dior: Christian Dior is haute couture at its best. Credited with creating the "New Look" two years after World War II ended, Dior's shapely fashions quickly became all the rage. It didn't take long for the Paris-based company to expand overseas; a majority of French export fashions in the 1950s bore the name Dior.
Givenchy: Designing at a time when ladylike fashion was the norm, Hubert de Givenchy won praise for his feminine yet modern styles. Everyone from Audrey Hepburn to members of the Kennedy clan sported his clothing.
Diane von Furstenberg: Where would today's woman be without the wrap dress? Credit Belgian-American von Furstenberg for this easy and flattering design. Her original dresses were made of casual jersey knit, but wrap dresses are made in many different materials today.
Calvin Klein: While this brand sometimes gained more exposure for its racy ad campaigns, Calvin Klein has been going strong since the 1960s. Clean, minimalist lines define this brand, which manufactures men's and women's clothing, fragrances and accessories, including lingerie whose simple designs are favored by those who prefer easy styles that showcase the body.
Versace: After Gianni Versace's senseless murder in 1997, his sister Donatella has headed this couture brand. Styles are often cutting-edge and beloved by celebrities like Elton John, Jennifer Lopez and Beyonce Knowles.
Ralph Lauren: The polo shirt is ubiquitous in American fashion and you can thank Ralph Lauren for that. The polo player logo that's recognized around the world falls in line with his all-American fashions. Classic and timeless are just two ways to describe the typical Polo Ralph Lauren piece.
Donna Karan: American Karan made it easy for women to put a wardrobe together based on seven mix-and-match pieces, which was dubbed her "Essentials" line. With more accessible labels like DKNY, she made good-quality fashion affordable for all women.
Other Notables
Some other designer names you may be familiar with include:
Fresh Talent
Many of yesteryear's famous designers have long since passed away, although their brands remain. When it comes to finding the next crop of talent, you may see a future high-end couturier on Project Runway. After all, every designer has to begin somewhere.
Dolce & Gabbana Brand History
Top Fashion Designers
By Naima T. Fleming
Fashion Designer for Winter Clothes
Most Popular Handbag Designers
Professional Associations in Fashion and Clothing
Seventh Avenue
Guide to 1960s Women's Fashions By Danielle Jennings
1960s Hippie Fashion By Crystal Schwanke
What Did Women Wear in Medieval Times By Jessica Gomez
Women's Fashion in the 1940s By Beth Asaff
Traditional Mexican Clothing for Women By Mary Gormandy White
Charity Navigator Ratings System Explained
Yeast Infections in Dogs: How to Spot & Treat It


text:
Q: Dynamically pass object type to generic method I've been playing around with generics, and am trying to figure out how (if possible) I can use a single method across multiple classes by passing the object dynamically.
I have a couple of classes, Foo and Bar as per below:
[Serializable()]
public class Foo
{
    private string m_Code;
    private Bar m_Bar = new Bar();

    public string Code
    {
        get { return m_Code; }
        set { m_Code = value; }
    }

    public Bar Bar
    {
        get { return m_Bar; }
        set { m_Bar = value; }
    }
}

and
[Serializable()]
public class Bar
{
    private string m_Name;

    public string Name
    {
        get { return m_Name; }
        set { m_Name = value; }
    }
}

If I populate my class with some dummy data as such:
Foo.Code = "myFoo";
Foo.Bar.Name = "myBar";

I have a generic method to return a value from the class:
public static object getItem<T>(T obj, string _Value)
{
try
{
    object _Resolved = null;
    _Resolved = obj.GetType().GetProperty(_Value).GetValue(obj, null);
    return _Resolved;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
    return null;
}
}

Calling my getItem method like below works fine.
string FooCode = Convert.ToString(getItem<Foo>(myFoo, "Code")) // returns "myFoo"
string BarName = Convert.ToString(getItem<Bar>(myFoo.Bar, "Name")) // returns "myBar"

What I am curious about is if there is a generic way of addressing my getItem method, by defining the object?
For example:
object myObject = Foo;
string FooCode = Convert.ToString(getItem<typeof(myObject)>(myObject, "Code")) // And this would returns "myFoo"

or:
object myObject = Bar;
string BarName = Convert.ToString(getItem<typeof(myObject)>(myObject, "Name")) // And this would returns "myBar"

A: You can do like this.
string FooCode = Convert.ToString(getItem(myFoo, "Code")) // returns "myFoo"
string BarName = Convert.ToString(getItem(myFoo.Bar, "Name")) // returns "myBar"

It automatically infer type of object. If you want to call Generic method at runtime from object type then you have to create generic method using reflection. Following is the example.
public class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Foo myFoo = new Foo();
            myFoo.Bar = new Bar();
            myFoo.Bar.Name = "Jinal";
            myFoo.Code = "Ths is test";
            // By Using infer
            string FooCode = Convert.ToString(getItem(myFoo, "Code")); // returns "myFoo"
            string BarName = Convert.ToString(getItem(myFoo.Bar, "Name"));

            // Using Reflection
            Type ex = typeof(Program);
            MethodInfo mi = ex.GetMethod("getItem");
            object foo = myFoo;
            var methodgetItem =  mi.MakeGenericMethod(foo.GetType());
            string result = Convert.ToString(methodgetItem.Invoke(null, new object[]{foo , "Code"}));

            object bar = myFoo.Bar;
            var methodgetItem1 = mi.MakeGenericMethod(bar.GetType());
            string result1 = Convert.ToString(methodgetItem1.Invoke(null, new object[] {bar , "Name" }));

            Console.ReadLine();
        }

        public static object getItem<T>(T obj, string _Value)
        {
            try
            {
                object _Resolved = null;
                _Resolved = obj.GetType().GetProperty(_Value).GetValue(obj, null);
                return _Resolved;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                return null;
            }
        }
 }

A: In the getItem method, you are not using the Type parameter T.
For your specific question (where type of obj is not known at compile time), you could simply define your method as follows -
public static object getItem(object obj, string _Value)


text:
About Sexual Harassment: My Jewish Standard - Dear Rabbi Zahavy - Talmudic Advice Column - for December 2017
Dear Rabbi Zahavy
Your Talmudic Advice Column
Dear Rabbi Zahavy,
I have been subjected to sexual harassment by a person of authority. I cannot avoid this person. He is persistent and aggressive towards me. He has made it clear that he wants to have sex with me. I am not interested in his proposition. I find his unrelenting advances intimidating and awful.
Is there some advice that you can offer to me from the Jewish perspective that will help me deal with this terrible situation?
Harassed in Hackensack
Dear Harassed,
I'll try to offer some guidance, but as you can tell from the daily barrage of recent news stories, this sort of problem is serious in our society at large, it is widespread in our world, and it is terribly hard to resolve.
First, I'll remind you that this problem is not new.
Second, I'll assure you that this problem is nearly intractable. The Talmud has a saying that there is no such entity as a guardian who can be appointed to protect us from wanton sexual aggressions.
Third, I'll nevertheless suggest some steps that you may take to help you avoid harassment, and protect your personal integrity.
We know that sexual harassment is not new because it is described in dramatic details in our ancient Torah in the book of Genesis, and in our sacred writings in the book of Esther.
The Hebrew slave Joseph, son of our patriarch Jacob, we are told in parashah Vayeshev, was subjected to harassment by the wife of his owner, Potiphar. Sure, you may rightfully object that ancient narratives are irrelevant, and ironic where they portray a man as the victim of harassment. That is not the usual case that we know of in most cultural and individual settings.
Look at how this story unfolds. The wife of the powerful vizier of Egypt took a sexual liking to her slave Joseph. She asked him for sex. He refused. She repeated and demanded. He fled. According to the midrash, she framed him, telling Potiphar that Joseph performed special sexual acts with her.
Potiphar believed his wife and had Joseph sent to prison. The obvious lesson of that story is that pushing back against power did not yield a good immediate result. Yet as that story and the subsequent narratives unfold in Genesis and Exodus, in prison Joseph interprets the dreams of Pharaoh's baker and wine steward, then interprets Pharaoh's dream — and then becomes vizier of Egypt. Joseph's sexual harassment at the outset of the story led to the salvation of the tribes of Israel from the starvation of famine. Wow.
In our second example, at the beginning of the book of Esther, we are regaled with a saucy story of how the Persian queen Vashti was subject to harassment by the king. She was ordered to appear at his feast — the insinuation was that she was to appear naked for the delight of the guests and perhaps to provide them other sexual favors as well. She refused to be humiliated in this way, and was removed as queen. She might have been executed. The obvious lesson of that story is that pushing back against power did not yield a good direct result.
Yet as that story unfolds, we are told that this episode opened the door for the selection of Esther as the new queen. And that eventually resulted, after intrigues and meanderings of narrative epic proportions, in Esther saving the Jewish people from death and destruction at the hands of the evil enemy Haman.
And do not forget that the king decides to hang Haman only when he catches him in bed with the queen. Esther knew that Haman was begging for his life. But the king saw him as a sexual harasser and predator and sent him to the gallows.
Yes, these are some ancient Bible stories. Okay, sexual harassment is not a new problem. How does that help you today?
Let's come down from our sacred texts to our profane earth, to the troubling events that have come out in the news of late, and to the terrible situation that you face in your life.
Let me be clear and absolute. I can assure you that the misconduct to which you are subjected is not part of God's ultimate large plan for the salvation of the Jewish people. Sexual harassment, plain and simple, are acts of evil perpetrated by offenders against innocent victims.
Unfortunately, I also can predict that retaliation against the resistant victim, like that described in the ancient texts, also occurs in the modern cases that we face.
And further, the problem is that in modern times, even though there are some few laws that define harassment acts actionable, even criminal, society makes it hard to pursue claims and mainly ignores the bad actions that go on in this area — at least until they become celebrity news stories.
In Israel the legal situation in this matter is somewhat enlightened. There are specific disciplinary provisions. For example a civil service law says: "An employee shall not act sexually towards another employee, if the act harms or harasses the employee or his dignity, or if the act was not committed with his consent, explicitly or implicitly" (Section 43.422). Another civil service law specifies which acts are forbidden: "an act of a sexual nature — including speech or an allusion" (Section 43.421).
In 1998, the Knesset adopted a formidable sexual harassment law. It prohibits sexual harassment to protect people's dignity, liberty, and privacy.
In Section 3, this law provides a list of acts that may be considered in certain circumstances to be sexual harassment. They include indecent acts; repeated suggestions of a sexual nature addressed to a person who has made it clear to the harasser that she is not interested in his proposals; repeated references that focus on a person's sexuality, if the person concerned has made it clear to a harasser that he or she is not interested in his references; and degrading treatment in relation to the person's sex or sexuality, including sexual orientation.
If there is a relationship of authority between the harasser and the harassee — perhaps between an adult and a minor or a disabled person, or between a therapist and a patient, or between an employer and an employee, those acts will be considered sexual harassment, "even if the harassee has not shown the harasser that he or she is not interested in such proposals or references."
In the United States, workplaces and schools specifically are domains that are in general terms protected under federal laws. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a federal law that prohibits employers from discriminating against employees based on sex, race, color, national origin, and religion.
Sadly, I must tell you that though the laws exist, as anyone who has had cause can attest to you that prosecuting their offenders is difficult, time consuming, expensive, and often not effective.
And so now — what should you do to avoid sexual harassment to begin with? Vice President Mike Pence has come up with a strategy for himself that resembles the ultra-Orthodox practice of avoiding yihud. In stringently observant circles, a man or a woman must avoid situations of yihud — being alone in a closed private room with a member of the opposite sex.
When conservatives bragged about Pence's Puritan-like purity during last year's presidential campaign, they said that he never dines alone with a woman who is not his wife, nor does he attend functions without his wife if alcohol is being served.
Of course, segregation of the sexes in schools and synagogues is a matter of public Orthodox policy, and it has been a core feature of Orthodox life for centuries, even millennia
In preparing to teach a course next term called "The Halakhah of Sexual Harassment," I learned how quickly traditional Orthodox society is moving to bolster segregation of the sexes, and expand on the prohibition of yihud.
Based on the lessons of Rabbi Yaakov Ephraim Forsheimer, the rabbi and dayan of the Beis Midrash Govoha in Lakewood, Rabbi Yitzhak Levi Rublov recently published a 13-chapter Hebrew book on a website in Israel called, "A Locked Garden — Concerning the Laws of Yihud." He saw the need to publish this book "because of the decline of the generations" in sexual morality. In his introduction, he remarks in amazement that the Shulkhan Arukh, the code of Jewish law from 1565, devotes only a single section to the laws of yihud (Even HaEzer 22). Rabbi Yitzhak Levi says that for nearly each one of Rabbi Yosef Caro's 20 short paragraphs on yihud, he was compelled to write a whole chapter to expand upon and explain the halacha.
It seems from this development that the rabbis, at least those on the right, have given up on expecting adults to behave properly, at least when they are alone in mixed company.
Sure, many will say, shouldn't men and women grow up, and learn to restrain their urges, to try to understand the nuances of relationships between the sexes, and to know better when sexuality is a permitted part of that mix and when it is not?
And yet consider so many prominent examples that have been publicized in the past few weeks alone. They are stories about educated and respected men who failed to grasp what is wrong with their repeated overt acts of sexual harassment.
I heard Dr. Ruth Westheimer speak recently at the Academy for Jewish Religion. She refused to talk about the epidemic of harassment. But she did offer this observation: If two people get into bed naked together, then consent for sexual activity is a given.
Sorry, Dr. Ruth. Though I did not object when you said that in your question-and-answer session, I don't see that as a given. Even under those circumstances, "no means no."
Today, colleges are particularly confusing places for defining the levels of sexual consent. Administrators at many campuses know this and are working hard to educate and develop policies to make the atmosphere safer and better. Gone are the days when Yale fraternity brothers can cheer gleefully on a Friday night of partying, "No means Yes. Yes means anal." Those rowdies are gone from the campus, or at least their fraternity was suspended in 2014. And good riddance.
And finally, yes, some permutation of the Jewish laws prohibiting yihud might not be a bad idea for some circumstances. For instance, in your situation, you may consider avoiding meeting one-on-one with the person who is harassing you, if that is feasible. Although difficult to enact, advice to avoid yihud may help students grappling with those issues on campus, employees in the workplace, or other people elsewhere. Some form of yihud policy or practice may deny harassers the opportunity to harm their victims, and help our permissive culture rein in rampant sexual harassment.
The bottom line is that despite millennia of civilization, human nature has not changed. Sexual harassment persists. Yet there is a marked difference between our world and the ancient one. Today we have the power of the media, and the unprecedented ubiquitous technology to record and report every human action, good and bad. We have the power to bring immoral acts instantly before a crowd of good ethical people.
And we hope and pray that when they learn about it, the good people will step forward and exert pressure, by persistent social action and by campaigning for greater and more accessible legislation, to protect the victims and to punish the bad guys.
To conclude, let me phrase this point in the style of medieval rabbinic law. In twelfth century Egypt, Maimonides said (Mishnah Torah, Laws of Sanhedrin and the Penalties in their Jurisdiction, 24:5), "At any time, and in any place, a Jewish court has the license to give a person lashes if he has a reputation for immorality and people gossip about him, saying that he acts licentiously. This applies provided the rumor is heard continuously … and he does not have any known enemies who would spread this unfavorable report. Similarly, a person with such an unsavory reputation may be humiliated, and scorn may be heaped on his mother in his presence."
Hmmm. Still something to think about, 800 years later.
Tzvee Zahavy received his Ph.D. from Brown University and his rabbinic ordination from Yeshiva University. He teaches advanced Talmud, halacha, and Jewish law codes at the Academy for Jewish Religion in New York, where he also serves as the coordinator of the rabbinics curriculum. He is a prolific author and has published numerous articles and books about Judaism and Jewish texts. Check out www.tzvee.com for more details.
The Dear Rabbi Zahavy column offers mindful advice based on talmudic reasoning and wisdom. It aspires to be equally open and meaningful to all the varieties and denominations of Judaism. You can find it here on the first Friday of the month. Please mail your questions to the Jewish Standard or email them to zahavy@gmail.com.
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The elimination of trans fats in certain counties in New York state led to a comparable decline of cardiovascular events, according to a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association Cardiology on Wednesday.
One of the overlooked aspects of trans fatty acids is their effect on gut permeability. By inducing a leaky gut, this allows microbial fragments to enter into the blood and generate inflammatory responses in the blood that will directly impact the heart cells.


text:
Join us this Friday for our Santa Lucia Festival! Details below.
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The Inner Rainbow
An Illustrated History of Human Consciousness from Ancient India to the Present Day
Featuring more than 50 color images, The Inner Rainbow takes the reader on an inner journey through time, from Ancient India to the present day. This is the journey of human consciousness—the story of an eternal, metamorphic process. As the author suggests, consciousness is not a self-contained, unchangeable faculty. The way we perceive the surrounding world today—with the potential for sophisticated and exact observation of natural phenomena—has evolved over thousands of years. What was once a blurred and fragmentary perception in the time of Ancient India has evolved to a clear awareness of everyday reality.
Using pictures as his starting point, Henk van Oort outlines a remarkable narrative, beginning with the age-old myth of Noah's Ark, in which a rainbow is presented to the survivors of the Biblical flood. This rainbow in nature, with its seven colors, is mirrored in the ancient teaching of the seven human chakras, also with seven colors. Through a gradual process of change over centuries, this outer rainbow has been internalized into an inner rainbow, shaping a bridge between body, soul and spirit.
With its ever-changing consciousness, this inner rainbow is a wonderful sense organ, in process of reaching a new peak of development. Understanding our past—the progressive stages we have passed through—is a prerequisite for optimal use of our consciousness now. Ultimately, then, this book can be seen as a guide for working with your own inner rainbow: to expand, deepen and enliven your picture of the world and your true self.
Written by Henk van Oort
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For many hospitals, data backup and recovery is a daunting task. Their data stores are multiplying so quickly that completing a regular backup within the designated window has become a physical impossibility. However, there is light at the end of the tunnel; it is possible to develop a set of best practices for the protection and security of healthcare data and transform the backup nightmare into a workable and cost effective disaster recovery strategy.
An essential step in establishing a workable disaster recovery strategy is to prioritize the backup schedule for each system within the hospital. In order to do this, IT staff should take into consideration two parameters: the RPO, or Recovery Point Objective, and the RTO, or Recovery Time Objective.
RPO, or Recovery Point Objective, describes the acceptable amount of data lag measured in time as defined by the organization. For example, if a hospital defines a one hour RPO, they have determined that in the event of a disaster, data must be restored to within one hour of the time the disaster occurred. Another way to state this is "How much data can we afford to have to recreate and/or recapture?" In this example, the answer is one hour's worth of data.
RTO, or Recovery Time Objective, describes the duration of time in which systems must be restored to acceptable service levels after a disaster. For example, if an organization defines a three hour RTO, they have determined that in the event of a disaster, systems must be back up and running, operational and available to end users within three hours of the time the disaster occurred. Another way to state this is "How long can we afford to be without the system?" In this example, the answer is three hours.
Typically, a hospital will not have a single RPO and RTO for all of its systems. Rather, it will prioritize the criticality of systems to determine in which order they must be restored. This prioritization is a key component of the disaster recovery as well as the overarching business continuity plan. For example, an organization may deem the HIS its most critical application and assign it the shortest RPO and RTO. Email may also be deemed a critical application necessary to communication in the event of a disaster, so it may also have a short RTO, but a longer RPO.
The amount and type of data on hand will impact both RPO and RTO and, thus, influence the data protection strategies employed to assure the effective disaster recovery of these systems. Our emphasis will be on a few key clinical systems common to the majority of healthcare organizations.
Hospital Information Systems (HIS) and Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems are dynamic, their databases being frequently updated during the course of a day as patients are cared for. As such, the expectation is that their RPOs will be short, as will their RTOs. Given that the size of these systems is relatively manageable, it is not unrealistic to aim for an RPO of one to four hours, the higher end being easier and more economical to achieve. With a four hour RPO, a full system point-in-time copy of the HIS and EHR must be created six times each day. Where this once may have meant backing these up to tape every four hours, modern SAN infrastructure, data snapshotting and replication technology make it easier to achieve frequent disk-based systems replicas.
This also allows for quicker RTOs, as disk-based system copies do not have to be restored but are immediately ready for use. Furthermore, the transportable nature of these copies means a secondary data center can contain complete stand-by systems, which can be made quickly operational from the most recent recovery point.
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and Document Management and Imaging (DMI) systems also require short RPOs and RTOs, although the data profile of these systems present some unique challenges. For example, these systems may contain many TB of digital images. One cannot quickly create a point-in-time copy of a system this large. As a result, the RPOs would seem to be much longer, as would the RTOs, as restoring many TB of data is a time-consuming process.
However, the databases that drive PACS and DMI systems, along with their short-term data caches containing recently created data, are not so large and share similar RPO/RTO characteristics as the HIS and EHR systems. The large quantity of data files these systems reference, the medical and document images, are what present a disaster recovery challenge. Fortunately, these files are static in nature. While the meta-data associated with the image may change, the image itself remains constant. As such, making frequent point-in-time copies of this data constitutes a poor data protection strategy. Why back up unchanging data night after night, never mind every few hours, when all you are doing is making copy upon copy of the same thing? There is a better way.
Point-in-time copies of bulk data are useful to recover entire systems of structured data. But for large amounts of unchanging, unstructured data, archiving is a better approach. By creating a few geographically-dispersed copies of the data on multiple media types, you are best positioned to meet your RPO and RTO for these systems. For example, in the event of a disaster, your PACS database can be recovered as quickly as your HIS and EHR systems, and then pointed at a secondary copy of the image archive, preferably already extant on storage in a secondary data center.
It is the combination of backup and archiving that can provide an optimal DR strategy. By understanding the nature of the data in the critical clinical systems, Healthcare IT can deliver both realistic and acceptable RPOs and RTOs to the business.


text:
He also made two capitals of molten bronze to set on the tops of the pillars; the height of the one capital was five cubits and the height of the other capital was five cubits. There were nets of network and twisted threads of chainwork for the capitals which were on the top of the pillars; seven for the one capital and seven for the other capital. So he made the pillars, and two rows around on the one network to cover the capitals which were on the top of the pomegranates; and so he did for the other capital. The capitals which were on the top of the pillars in the porch were of lily design, four cubits. There were capitals on the two pillars, even above and close to the rounded projection which was beside the network; and the pomegranates numbered two hundred in rows around both capitals. Thus he set up the pillars at the porch of the nave; and he set up the right pillar and named it Jachin, and he set up the left pillar and named it Boaz. On the top of the pillars was lily design. So the work of the pillars was finished. Christian Canvas Art
As a secular, non-sectarian, universal notion of art arose in 19th-century Western Europe, ancient and Medieval Christian art began to be collected for art appreciation rather than worship, while contemporary Christian art was considered marginal. Occasionally, secular artists treated Christian themes (Bouguereau, Manet) — but only rarely was a Christian artist included in the historical canon (such as Rouault or Stanley Spencer). However many modern artists such as Eric Gill, Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, Jacob Epstein, Elizabeth Frink and Graham Sutherland have produced well-known works of art for churches.[1] Salvador Dali is an artist who had also produced notable and popular artworks with Christian themes.[2] Contemporary artists such as Makoto Fujimura have had significant influence both in sacred and secular arts. Other notable artists include Larry D. Alexander and John August Swanson. Some writers, such as Gregory Wolfe, see this as part of a rebirth of Christian humanism.[3] Share Your Faith Products
Solomon made all the furniture which was in the house of the LORD: the golden altar and the golden table on which was the bread of the Presence; and the lampstands, five on the right side and five on the left, in front of the inner sanctuary, of pure gold; and the flowers and the lamps and the tongs, of gold; and the cups and the snuffers and the bowls and the spoons and the firepans, of pure gold; and the hinges both for the doors of the inner house, the most holy place, and for the doors of the house, that is, of the nave, of gold. Share Your Faith Products
As a secular, non-sectarian, universal notion of art arose in 19th-century Western Europe, ancient and Medieval Christian art began to be collected for art appreciation rather than worship, while contemporary Christian art was considered marginal. Occasionally, secular artists treated Christian themes (Bouguereau, Manet) — but only rarely was a Christian artist included in the historical canon (such as Rouault or Stanley Spencer). However many modern artists such as Eric Gill, Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, Jacob Epstein, Elizabeth Frink and Graham Sutherland have produced well-known works of art for churches.[1] Salvador Dali is an artist who had also produced notable and popular artworks with Christian themes.[2] Contemporary artists such as Makoto Fujimura have had significant influence both in sacred and secular arts. Other notable artists include Larry D. Alexander and John August Swanson. Some writers, such as Gregory Wolfe, see this as part of a rebirth of Christian humanism.[3]
Now when the wall had been built and I had set up the doors, and the gatekeepers, the singers, and the Levites had been appointed, I gave my brother Hanani and Hananiah the governor of the castle charge over Jerusalem, for he was a more faithful and God-fearing man than many. And I said to them, "Let not the gates of Jerusalem be opened until the sun is hot. And while they are still standing guard, let them shut and bar the doors. Appoint guards from among the inhabitants of Jerusalem, some at their guard posts and some in front of their own homes." The city was wide and large, but the people within it were few, and no houses had been rebuilt. Then my God put it into my heart to assemble the nobles and the officials and the people to be enrolled by genealogy. And I found the book of the genealogy of those who came up at the first, and I found written in it: ...
Being Cleansed From SinSittingLikenessExpiationGod Made Visible In ChristGod's Glory RevealedPerfection, DivineGospel, Historical Foundation OfAdoration, Of ChristGod Is TranscendentLight, SpiritualExaltation Of ChristChrist's NatureAccuracyRevelation, In NtHoliness, Believers' Growth InGlory, Revelation OfGlory Of GodDivinity Of ChristEarth, God SustainingSelf ImageImage Of God


text:
Q: Undefined property in an "hasOne" relation I tried a lot of possibilities and I have all the time the same error.
Maybe you should help me... Hope so! I am working on Laravel 4.2
I have two tables :
users :
$table->increments('id');
 $table->string('email', 50);
...
account :
$table->increments('id');
 $table->integer('user_id')->unsigned();
I have 2 models :
User :
public function account()
    {
        return $this->hasOne('Account', 'id','user_id');
    }

Account :
public function user()
    {
        return $this->belongsTo('User', 'id');
    }

Now I would like to get the user_id in the account table by the relationship :
$userId = Auth::id();
$account = User::find($userId)->Account()->user_id;

I get this error : ErrorException
Undefined property: Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasOne::$user_id
Could you help me?
Thank you in advance.

A: User::find($userId)->Account() actually return an object of type HasOne, you need to use User::find($userId)->Account()->get() to get an array containing actual Account object so User::find($userId)->Account()->get()[0] actually get you the Account object. and User::find($userId)->Account->user_id is an laravel build-in feature that automatically map the Account object, so you get the Account object directly.

A: Try
$account = User::find($userId)->Account->user_id;

A: In case User::find($userId)->account doesn't work, check if getAccountAttribute()  doesn't exist.