Originally published in DZone's Guide to DevOps: Implementing Cultural Change, in January 2019.
DevOps is a culture, not a process or a tool. It's a way of structuring teams and thinking about projects so organizations can ship faster and more often. DevOps asks organizations: 'What does ready mean?' Ready used to mean a complete product, perfect, ready to ship. Now, smaller teams using DevOps methodologies are shipping smaller releases more frequently. And they're comfortable with the fact that those releases may not be perfect and may require updates. Let's take a look at the ramifications of this cultural shift, and how it changes the way teams approach their role and processes.
As customers, we hope someone has made the app we need so that it's ready the moment we realize our need. The speed and agile delivery of software has changed our expectations about how often releases and updates happen, and we want them to happen even faster. How are organizations speeding up their development process while releasing more often, faster, and avoiding the inherent risks involved?
Part of it is that the tools available to create software are powerful and continue to evolve in both reach and usability. Consider how far automation has come — from hand-built scripts and Jenkins to the automation and compliance of Habitat. Now instead of reading log files, we're using Splunk and New Relic and Honeycomb to delve into the connections between services and trace messages through complex architectures. But that's just one part of the puzzle. No matter what tools we have in-hand, if we don't change how teams operate, we will still have bottlenecks. Before many of these tools even became mainstream, teams began adopting practices that would help them deliver faster.
One of the earlier methodologies was Agile. The most basic goal of Agile getting rapid feedback and incorporating that information at the point of change. Taking that a step further, Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) exponentially decrease the time to delivery by making very small incremental changes every few days or even minutes. Specifically, Continuous Delivery is a set of practices that ensure your code is always in a deployable state. You accomplish this by increasing the frequency at which code is committed, built, tested, and deployed—steps that used to happen at the end of a project when it was 'code complete.' Because your team is delivering frequently, every change is smaller, and those changes are more isolated and less risky. Problems are identified more readily, and bugs are fixed more easily because they are discovered immediately.
Teams are taking Agile and CI/CD practices and rethinking how their collaboration habits. When development and operations are siloed from each other, one person builds, another QAs, and a third releases. It can take several transfers of ownership and considerable time to fix an issue after it is discovered.
Working in an Agile or CI/CD framework, teams find value in holding development accountable for their code up until the point of release. Maybe that person should be more involved in testing, validating, and releasing the feature they worked so hard to build. After all, this could help processes move along even faster. This blurring of rigid job identities became known as DevOps. And DevOps is more than a title or a collection of tools—it's about how teams are structured, organized, and ultimately empowered to collaborate with each other.
With a more collaborative outlook, DevOps teams leverage Agile and CI/CD methods to move even faster. Individuals are no longer focused on their one piece of the puzzle, but see the whole picture and understand how they can make an impact on it. When a developer begins to build, they are thinking about the entire development and release process. They are either setting up the tests themselves, or working closely with their QA team to make sure that feature is delivered without delay.
As DevOps practices have become more widely adopted, tooling has been developed to support these collaborative workflows. Most recently, feature management platforms offer more control of elements in the release process. Instead of a release manager coordinating things at the moment of release, features can be deployed, tested, and then handed off to the release or business teams for full activation.
Moving fast seems risky if you are coming from a model where releases are large and involve many parts. Even a simple product update can turn into a complete disaster that takes hours or days to repair, and having to roll back code makes the process even more painful. However, as Forsgren, Humble, and Kim argue in their book Accelerate, moving fast is the way to make DevOps work more effectively.
Feature management platforms let teams determine how users will experience their products, and can configure different experiences for different user groups using the same code. These teams are using feature flags to separate the act of deploying code from releasing a feature. This means they decide when a feature is turned on, who will experience it, and how to precisely target it.
With these control points and safety valves in place, DevOps is empowered to function collaboratively. Teams can check their code in early to reduce long-lived branches, they can test their code and validate their ideas, and they can protect their services and their users as they roll out new features. They can even instrument microservices with circuit breaker flags that will prevent cascade failures. Moving fast is not as risky anymore—if something goes wrong, you can simply turn the flag off.
While DevOps teams are enriching their development and release processes with stronger controls, they often find this level of control makes it easier to include other teams within their organizations in critical points of the processes. Once a feature flag is in the codebase, a feature management platform allows anyone to control it without needing to directly access the code. DevOps can invite Product or Marketing to participate in releasing a feature.
Engineering no longer needs to operate on strict timelines dictated by external business calendars. They can deliver code when it's complete, and share the controls for releasing that feature. This means Marketing can release when they're ready to launch their campaign, Sales can share new features with prospects, and Customer Success can quickly and easily assist customers.
Seize the Means of Release!
This is where collaboration between Engineering and other business teams only begins. When these business teams are given control over these features, they can do more than just turn them on/off, they can also become more involved in testing and validation processes.
Business teams like Product, Design, or Marketing can now be an integral part of running a beta test—from determining who will be involved, to actively collecting feedback and validation. Suddenly they can become actively involved in building new features, helping to garnish valuable feedback and making sure it's what the user base really needs.
With the controls found in DevOps tooling—like feature management platforms—team members across organizations are now becoming active participants in the development and release processes. What would change in your workflow if you could choose when and how to deliver a feature?
Heidi is a developer advocate. She is working in the intersection of risk, usability, and happy deployments. Her passions include documentation, clear concepts, and skirts with pockets.


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Two Sisters, One an Amputee, Use Dance to 'Speak' Without a Voice
21 Feb 2017 Evergreen, Fitness, Industry News, Inspirational Stories, Lower Extremity, Motivation, News, Prosthetics, Upper Extremity
When Kiera Brinkley works on choreographing a dance, she loses herself in her work. Sometimes, the 20-year-old becomes so lost in the movements she forgets for a second that she lacks the hands, fingers and feet to fully carry out her vision.
"I picture myself with arms and legs. When I come to the class [to teach the choreography], I forget don't have any," Brinkley told ABC News. "I'm like, 'Oh, I'm sorry about that,'" to the other dancers.
Brinkley became a quadruple amputee after contracting pneumococcal sepsis, a bacterial infection in the blood, at age 2. The infection affected her arteries and damaged her extremities. Doctors had to amputate portions of her arms and legs to save her life.
Only 2 years old at the time of her amputation, Brinkley ended up having a key friend to help her stay as mobile as the other kids: her younger half-sister, Uriah Boyd.
Brinkley and her sister will be the subjects of a documentary called "Soar," currently being edited, that tracks their lives as they deal with becoming adults and full-fledged dancers at different companies in Portland, Oregon.
Boyd was only a month old when Brinkley lost her limbs. As Boyd grew up, she wanted to emulate her older sister. Boyd even crawled like Brinkley, scooting on her diaper, instead of using her arms and legs. When Brinkley was put in a dance class, she taught her sister movements and they practiced together.
As the pair became older, they became so close they could communicate without speaking. The pair would practice movements or just play together using certain dance, almost gymnastic, movements.
The documentary was inspired by the first dance piece the pair performed together, which was inspired by their close relationship.
"Soar's" director, Susan Logeais, told ABC News she was amazed by both of the sisters' abilities.
"I was mesmerized and blown away," said Logeais, who was asked by the choreographer to visit the show. "Uriah moved in a very different way … because she grew up moving in a way that Kiera has moved."
Logeais said she was impressed by the pair's ability to make their movements look effortless. "Things just flow and the body seems fluid," said Logeais. "It's an effortless, flowing quality and a synchronicity between them even though they're doing different steps."
While the pair amazed Logeais, Boyd said initially she was worried when she started dancing that she would only be remembered as "Kiera's little sister."
"Initially, I felt a little bit stunted by my sister already being a dancer, because I knew the comparisons were being drawn," said Boyd. "People knew I was Kiera's sister." However, Boyd said she ended up falling in love with performing.
"I perform and I forget that I'm performing," said Boyd. "What make me love dance so much is just how it feels. … I always feel warm and happy inside. That feeling just transcends to my face."
Brinkley graduated from high school and thought she would leave dance behind to become a medical assistant. But she couldn't get dance out of her head and kept performing at various events. Eventually, she was approached by a member of a professional dance company in Portland.
However, after being included with other professional dancers, Brinkley said she struggled to fit in, especially without her sister. "I was terrified. [Uriah] was always my security blanket, almost," said Brinkley. "I didn't have to verbally speak on how I couldn't do something, I just had [Uriah]."
Brinkley is now a full-fledged member of the Polaris Dance Theatre dance company, where she both performs and choreographs dance.
Boyd said seeing her sister in a professional company has helped her develop her own dance skills and allow both of the sisters to be more independent from one another.
"I can learn a lot of things by watching her," said Boyd.
After graduating high school, Boyd joined another dance company in the area. She said she's debated doing other work, including working in construction, but for now dancing remains her main passion. "Every time I stop for a while and I write or draw. It always comes back," said Boyd. "Dance has always been that thing where it's in my life. I'm never really chasing it."
Brinkley said she's come to accept that dance will always be a huge part of her life, even though she believes her physical limitations will mean a shorter dance career. The rough movements onstage affect the bones in Brinkley's leg and require periodic operations to reshape the bone.
"When I got serious about dance, it was an expression, [it's] my voice without speaking," said Brinkley.
Source: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/dancing-helped-sisters-amputee-grow/story?id=23917853
Robotic Exoskeletons Are Changing Lives in Surprising Ways 02/22/2017
Two Sisters, One an Amputee, Use Dance to 'Speak' Without a Voice 02/21/2017
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Cupid, the 2-legged puppy, left to die in the trash, fitted with prosthetics 02/14/2017
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'Results were amazing' when teens with scoliosis did specialized exercises 02/09/2017
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We are a Church in the Diocese of Marquette, located in Harvey, Michigan, near beautiful Lake Superior . As disciples of Jesus Christ, we are sharing our journeys, witnessing the Gospel, trusting in the love of our Creator and believing all things are possible with God. We all need each other. Together we encounter the love of God in every moment and in every corner of our lives.
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text:
An Analysis of Bakkt Bitcoin Futures Trading Platform
At long last, the highly awaited Bakkt platform, a regulated bitcoin futures market, is finally open for trading. What could this mean for the cryptocurrency industry as a whole and what would it change?
Days after the launch of Bakkt, the crypto market took a massive nosedive. It's hard to believe that this is a mere coincidence. But the question is, will the platform be able to catch on soon or will it remain quiet for a while?
What is Bakkt
Bakkt is a digital assets platform and futures market founded in 2018 by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE). ICE happens to be a financial giant, owning 12 regulated exchanges including the well-known New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
The company aims to create a platform where institutions, merchants, and consumers can safely trade digital currencies in a secure and trusted system.
Bakkt partnered with multiple big-time companies including Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Microsoft and Starbucks
What does Bakkt do?
Their flagship product is physically-settled BTC futures contracts with a custodial service approved by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).
What sets Bakkt apart from other bitcoin futures contracts, like the ones offered by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), is that they deliver "physical" bitcoins. The instrument settles in actual bitcoin upon liquidation instead of cash equivalents.
They believe that "physically" delivered bitcoins will entice more investors since it gives them exposure to the actual asset rather than an instrument that is flimsily connected to it.
Bakkt offers traders two types of derivatives:
Daily contracts which allow buyers to receive their bitcoin at the end of the same day, and
Monthly contracts which lets buyers receive their bitcoin in a month's time.
It was in August 2018 that ICE announced their plan to utilize Microsoft's cloud service Azure to "create an open and regulated, global ecosystem for digital assets."
At that time, the launch of the exchange was postponed on several occasions due, in part, to regulatory hurdles as well as the work required to prepare its services.
It was only in July 2019 when the exchange began their initial testing phase. In the same year, they had acquired Digital Asset Custody Company (DACC) to boost their crypto asset custody and storage.
Finally, after more than a year of trials and tribulations, Bakkt was able to launch the first federally regulated platform for Bitcoin (BTC) futures trading on September 23.
On its first day, Bakkt handled merely 72 monthly contracts, followed by 166 the next day. This is a far cry compared to the time when CME started its Bitcoin contract in December 2017, with 221 contracts traded in the first hour, and several thousands now trading on a daily basis.
It's safe to say that Bakkt's launch got off to a slow start.
To make matters worse, the price of Bitcoin dropped below $8,000 for the first time in 3 months, leading some analysts to suspect a causal relation between the two events.
Crypto Twitter and media hype had, after all, fueled the public with high expectations, so much so that a measly 72 contracts on the first day likely lead to disappointments, and thus, a selloff.
But to put things in perspective, it's only been a week since Bakkt released their platform and there's no telling what could happen in the next few months. Furthermore, enticing institutional investors may be an incremental process, even with the backing of ICE and other big players.
After all, institutional investors have always steered clear from bitcoin in the past. It would be presumptuous to assume that they would hastily jump in now because Bakkt did so.
And it's not accurate to compare CME's launch to Bakkt's either. The latter was released at the peak of market exuberance while Bakkt was released when the market was more mature and stable.
Bigger fish and smaller fish will likely follow eventually
The fact remains that Bakkt has brought a unique product in the crypto space: a regulated futures market for "physical" bitcoins. At the very least, this brings a sense of legitimacy to the largely "underground" industry.
Bakkt's involvement in crypto could be a catalyst for larger firms to come on board at some point, depending on how it manages to navigate through regulations from here on.
The same thing could be said for smaller firms. In the finance world, little fish is known to trail bigger fish to feed on scraps. In the coming months, we might see these "smaller" institutions open their doors to cryptocurrencies.
Having more institutional involvement will mean more influx of capital, which is likely to attract more retail investors. This could lead to a snowball effect that would result in another 2017-like bull run. But don't get your hopes too high just yet.
Downsides
Since the platform will do everything in its power to be compliant to regulations, it is guaranteed to become a massive surveillance machine.
Government agencies will have access to all records of trading and user information. Mechanisms will also be in place to detect "illicit activities". Furthermore, KYC and other stringent authorization will be imposed on traders.
While this is viewed as a favorable outcome in a way, since it prohibits drug cartels from profiting in the crypto market, it is also extremely exclusive.
When mass adoption?
Part of the greater mission of the industry as a whole is to "bank the unbanked". Not only is it a noble cause, but is also very profitable. If you think about it, providing the five billion unbanked individuals access to the global economy through crypto is a surefire way to reach mass adoption.
In a way, regulated trading platforms can help attain that goal since it will attract more people to the space. However, they could simply be a blip in the timeline.
Bakkt may be a major milestone, but we can't say for sure that it is a turning point for mass adoption. It could, however, be the prelude to mass adoption.
Tags: BAKKTBitcoin Futures TradingBitcoin News
U.S Based Exchanges Collaborate To Form Crypto Rating Council
Ethereum Ropsten Testnet Splits Due To Early Arrival of Istanbul Hard Fork


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High costs bedevil India
Water and waste water in India
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China's white paper on the US tariff spat
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It is time India reshaped its EXIM strategies
China paints a more pleasing visage for companies and investors
Japan eyes big project with savvy financing
Know why India and Japan are making waves?
What Indian Railways could learn from Japan
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Indo-China relations: Can Modi-Xi reshape Eurasia?
Can gold be used to reduce India's CAD anxieties?
Gold import duties need to be streamlined
How much gold can be mined in India?
Private players, new tech, new mines: A gold rush may be…
When will the Budget provisions actually liberate gold?
Which way will the energy prices go?
NTPC: Anchors strongly in turbulence – Gurdeep Singh, CMD, NTPC
Solar, methane await better days
In India, nothing powers like the Sun
India's expensive solar power birth pangs
FPJ and Moneycontrol Forum: Doubling farmer's income through cold chain
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Will Budget 2017 change the colour of money?
Solar power: The agony and the ecstacy
Home Policy Watch Temple trusts and govt control
Temple trusts and govt control
Govt control not the best way to manage temple trusts
http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-policy-watch-govt-control-not-the-best-way-to-manage-temple-trusts-1876444
Should a government be allowed to control the funds of any community? Community leaders have begun posing this question, as one temple trust after another has got 'nationalised' by state and central governments.
At stake are issues relating to ethicality, constitutionality and even sustainability of a harmonious society. It could lead to the emasculation of the majority community in India with dire consequences for others as well.
When India's founding fathers wrote the Constitution, they were rightly concerned about the need to protect minorities – both linguistic and religious.
But nobody could have envisaged that, 69 years later, minority communities would emerge stronger than the majority, not because of any favours done to the minority, but because of the government's erosion of the rights of the majority. Consequently, the entire social fabric has been weakened. And the well-being for both majority and minority communities has been jeopardised.
Sounds far-fetched? Consider this. The only two religions that can boast of not having beggars on the streets of India are the Sikhs and the Parsis. One would have thought that the majority would take the lead, but it hasn't.
Then, take the best of educational institutions. Outside IITs, the IIS and IIMs which are created under special Acts of Parliament – hence are relatively autonomous – the names that come to mind are St Xavier's, St Stephens, CMC Vellore, Bombay Scottish, JB Petit, and Vachha Wadia. Not a single educational institution belongs to the majority community. The Banaras Hindu University and the educational institutions run by the Tirumala trusts around Tirupati have been allowed to decline in rankings.
Why? One answer is the majority community institutions have been left with little or no protection. They are open to rapacious moves by the political class – irrespective of party. They have been thwarted in their efforts to develop their own standards of excellence and reinforce their respective value systems.
Take, for instance, the manner in which all cash-rich temple trusts in India are now controlled by the government (see table). It started with the Tirumala Trusts when NT Rama Rao, the erstwhile chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, began eyeing the trust funds, and passed a law to control them primarily for financing his politically motivated largesse.
It wasn't long before that all temple trusts belonging to the majority community were 'nationalised'. The strategy was invariably the same: level charges of corruption; supersede the trust; appoint government nominees; and control the way 'donations' are spent.
The temptation to control these trusts is obvious. There is both money and power — a heady combination.
This has serious implications. For instance, notwithstanding tax regulations which stipulate that 85% of the collections be spent on charity, the government of Maharashtra has informed the Siddhivinayak Trust not to spend over 15%. The Shirdi Trust has been asked to finance the building of an airport, a move that is being challenged in courts. And the cluster of colleges and schools around Tirupati that used to impart the best of education in the region, have now slipped into mediocrity.
When a community is prevented from using its religious funds to promote the values and institutions meant for the benefit of that community, it is deprived of the very means for rejuvenation. After all, politicians have a five-year vision, punctuated by elections.
Bureaucrats have a 30-year vision co-terminus with their retirement. Government-appointed temple-trust administrators are no solution either. Their vision is to last out 10-15 years granted to them as a sinecure. Most government-appointed administrators too reek of corruption.
So, here are a few guidelines for the government. If a trustee is corrupt, penalise him. But do not take over the trust. Communities, the world over, have a way of correcting themselves and promoting a vision that best suits them, subject to civil laws, of course.
After all, unlike politicians and bureaucrats, communities nurture vision that goes beyond a hundred years. Deprive a community from using its own money to benefit this vision and growth, and you will end up propelling it towards opportunistic demagogues and charlatans. You will debase the community. You will make it more rabid, more lumpen. And you will end up making it a threat to other communities as well.
SOURCEdna
Temple trust
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R. N. Bhaskar
http://www.asiaconverge.com
Journalist. Educationist. Researcher Author: Game India: Seven strategic advantages that could steer India to wealth - http://www.asiaconverge.com/2019/02/game-india-seven-strategic-advantages-can-steer-india-wealth/ Currently consulting editor with Monecycontrol.com and FPJ Education: Teach at educational institutes in India and overseas. Research: Undertake specific research projects in select areas.
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Countries improve when they have the right policies. Implementation comes thereafter. But when the policies are wrong, there could be trouble ahead. These articles are about policies, and what must be done to set them right.
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Adani's largest solar power project in TN is good, but rooftop...
http://m.firstpost.com/business/adanis-largest-solar-power-project-in-tn-is-good-but-rooftop-solar-is-the-way-ahead-3017408.html Adani's TN solar project: Great achievement; but rooftop0 so9lar's better RN Bhaskar Sep 23, 2016 15:59 IST On Wednesday, 21 September, 2016, the Adani...


text:
\section{Introduction}
One of the important issues in the understanding of $c<1$ models coupled
to 2-d gravity has been the computation of the correlation functions in
the continuum approach. These are well understood from the matrix model
point of view. The most convenient method to calculate such correlation
functions in the continuum approach is of course to use the free field
representation of the $c<1$ models.
Three point functions on the sphere for states within the conformal
grid were first calculated by this method in ref. \cite{GLI} and
then extended to 3-point functions with pure vertex operator states(DK
states) with momenta outside the Kac table\cite{KIT,DOT,SWA}. These
calculations
matched the matrix model results. N-point correlation
functions(of states inside the Kac table) that did not need matter screening
were calculated in ref.\cite{DFrK}.
In particular the role of the screening operator was not clear.
In this paper, we calculate arbitrary N-point
correlation functions(with matter screening) involving DK states for
the cases of $(2k-1,2)$
and $(p+1,p)$ models. The general case will be dealt elsewhere.
We shall show that these results agree with the
corresponding matrix model results. This agreement requires an
analytic continuation in the number of screening operators just as in
refs. \cite{GLI,KIT,KAED}.
The free field representation of the matter part of the theory,
involves the use of a screening operator as a BRST operator\cite{GF}.
In the case of matter coupled to gravity, the physical states are
given by the double cohomology of this BRST operator and the usual
string BRST.

It was shown that DK states are also physical and are related to
physical states of higher ghost
number by means of descent equations in the two BRST operators\cite{descent}.
It was also shown
how correlation functions with states of higher ghost number could be
converted into correlation functions involving DK states. Hence,
calculation of correlation functions with DK states should provide a
complete description of the theory. There is also a ring of ghost number
zero operators in the theory\cite{ring} (similar to those found for
$c=1$ coupled to Liouville\cite{Witten}).
These operators prove useful in obtaining
recursion relations involving DK states and enable us to convert
integrals which are quite hard to compute into
those for which the results of Dotsenko and Fateev\cite{DF} are sufficient.
This enables us to calculate all correlation functions which require positive
number of screening in the Liouville and matter sector. We then obtain
all other correlation functions by analytically continuing these
results to fractional number of screening operators.

\section{Classification of DK States}
The energy-momentum tensors of the matter and Liouville fields are
given by
\begin{eqnarray*}
T^M &= -\frac14\partial X \partial X  + i \alpha_0 \partial^2X\quad,\\
T^L &= -\frac14\partial \phi \partial \phi  + i \beta_0 \partial^2\phi\quad,
\end{eqnarray*}
with central charges $c_M=1-24\alpha_0^2$ and $c_L=1-24\beta_0^2$. For the
$(p',p)$ model, $2\alpha_0=\frac{(p'-p)}{\sqrt{p'p}}$ and $2\beta_0=
\frac{i(p'+p)}{\sqrt{p'p}}$. The physical vertex operators are of the
form  $exp(i\alpha X + i\beta \phi)$.
In the matter part, there are two screening operators $Q_\pm$
$$
Q_+ = \Delta(1+\frac{p'}p)\int e^{i\alpha_+X},\quad
Q_- = \Delta(1+\frac{p}{p'})\int e^{i\alpha_-X}
$$
where $
\alpha_+ = {{p'} \over {\sqrt{pp'}}},\quad
\alpha_- = {{-p} \over {\sqrt{pp'}}}$ and $\Delta(x)\equiv
\frac{\Gamma(x)}{\Gamma(1-x)}$.
Note that the measure factor of ${\frac{d^2z}{\pi}}$
is implicit in all integrals.
Both the screening operators furnish equally good BRST operators(in
the sense of Felder\cite{GF}). One finds that
physical operators can be represented by
vertex operator states(DK states) with matter momenta both inside and
outside the Kac table\cite{DOT,KIT,descent}. However,  pure vertex
operator states from outside the Kac table depend on the choice of
screening operator as a BRST operator(we call this a choice of
resolution). We shall deal only with operators
which satisfy the condition $\beta<\beta_0$ in order that their
scaling dimensions match with those obtained in the matrix models.
This(choice of resolution) leads to two distinct sets
of DK states. Further, one
has to complete the set by including states belonging to the edge of
the Kac table.
For the
case of the $(p+1,p)$, the DK states in the $Q_-$ resolution are
\begin{equation}
V_n^\alpha = exp{{[p(n-2)+\alpha]\phi + [pn+\alpha+2]iX
 } \over {2\sqrt{p(p+1)}}}\quad,
\end{equation}
where $\alpha=0,\ldots,(p-2)$. This includes edge states of the form
$(j(p+1),m)$. We have excluded the ``wrong-edge'' states which correspond
to $\alpha=(p-1)$\cite{ring}.  $V_0^0$ is the cosmological constant operator.
Also, the other screening operator $Q_+$($\sim\int V_2^0$) is now
a physical operator. Thus $Q_+$ cannot be used as a screening operator
anymore. For momentum conservation in the matter sector, we shall
restrict to using $Q_-$ exclusively as a screening operator. Hence, we
will need to use analytic continuation in the matter sector when necessary.

Similarly, the DK states in the $Q_+$ resolution are
\begin{equation}
V_n^\alpha = exp{{[(p+1)(n-2)+\alpha+2]\phi + [-(p+1)n-\alpha]iX}
 \over {2\sqrt{p(p+1)}}}
\end{equation}
where $\alpha=0,\ldots,(p-1)$. This includes edge states of the form
$(m',jp)$. The other screening operator $Q_-$ is now a physical operator.
We normalise the pure vertex operators by
$\Delta(n + {{(\alpha+1)}\over p})$ for the $Q_-$ resolution and
$\Delta(n + {{(\alpha+1)}\over {(p+1)}})$ for the $Q_+$
resolution.
Note that this normalisation is not singular for the allowed values of
$\alpha$.

\section{Correlation Functions of DK states}
\subsection{$(2k-1,2)$ Models}
The DK states for the $(2k-1,2)$ models in the $Q_-$ resolution are given by
\begin{equation}
V_n = \Delta(1+n+{1\over2})~~ exp {{(n-k)\phi + (n+k-1)iX} \over
{\sqrt{2(2k-1)}}}\quad,
\end{equation}
where $n=0,1,\ldots$. Note that the ``physical'' screening operator
$Q_+$ is given by $V_k$.
The ring elements are generated by\cite{ring}
\begin{equation}
a_- = -|bc + {1\over2}\sqrt{{(2k-1)}\over{2}}\partial(\phi - iX)|^2
{}~~exp{{(\phi + iX)}\over {\sqrt{2(2k-1)}}}\quad.\label{eringt}
\end{equation}
The ring elements are $(a_-)^n$. The action of the ring element on the
DK states is given by\cite{Kachru,KMS,bershad}
\begin{equation}
\lim_{z\rightarrow w}a_-(z) c{\bar c}V_n(w) \sim c{\bar c}V_{n+1}(w),
\quad a_-(z) c{\bar c}e^{i\alpha_-X}(w)\sim 0
\end{equation}
Now consider a charge conserving correlation function with one $a_-$
and DK states

\begin{equation}
F(w,{\bar w}) \equiv \langle a_-(w) c{\bar c}V_{n_1}(0) c{\bar c}V_{n_2}(1)
c{\bar c}V_{n_3}(\infty) \prod_{i=4}^{N} \int
V_{n_i} {1\over{R!}}(Q_-)^R\rangle
\end{equation}

One can check that $\partial_w F=\partial_{\bar w} F=0$ using
$\partial_w a_- =\{Q_B, b_{-1}a_-\}$ and then deforming the contour of
$Q_B$. This implies that $F(w,{\bar w})$ is a constant independent of
$w$(${\bar w}$). Equating $F(0)$ with $F(1)$ and using
eqn.(\ref{eringt}), we obtain
\begin {eqnarray}
\langle  c{\bar c} V_{n_1+1}(0) c{\bar c} V_{n_2}(1)
c{\bar c} V_{n_3}(\infty) \prod_{i=4}^{N} \int
 V_{n_i} {1\over{R!}} (Q_-)^R\rangle \nonumber \\
 =\langle  c{\bar c} V_{n_1}(0) c{\bar c} V_{n_2+1}(1)
c{\bar c} V_{n_3}(\infty) \prod_{i=4}^{N}  \int
 V_{n_i}{1\over{R!}}(Q_-)^R\rangle\quad.
\end{eqnarray}
This gives us the following recursion relation(similar to the one in
ref. \cite{distler})
\begin{equation}
V_{n+1}(z)V_m(w)
= V_{n}(z)V_{m+1}(w)  \label{recur}
\end{equation}
In particular, $V_nV_0=V_{n-k}V_k$. This is sufficient to convert all
correlation functions(with positive integer number of Liouville
screening)  to ones which are of the Dotsenko-Fateev type\cite{DF}
making them computable. We shall now demonstrate this
explicitly. Consider the correlation function
\begin{equation}
\langle \langle \prod_{i=1}^{L} \int V_{n_i} \rangle \rangle =
\mu^S \Gamma(-S) \langle c{\bar c}V_{n_1}(0)c{\bar c}V_{n_2}(1)
c{\bar c}V_{n_3}(\infty)
\prod_{i=4}^{L} \int V_{n_i} (\int V_0)^S
{1\over{R!}}
(Q_-)^R \rangle ,
\end{equation}
where $S= (2-L) + {1\over k}{(\sum_{i=1}^L n_i) +{1\over k}}$
and $2R=2 (\sum_{i=1}^L n_i)- (L+S-4)$. The expressions for $S$ and
$R$ follow from the charge conservation relations in Liouville and
matter respectively. The RHS of the above equation is obtained after
completing the zero-mode integration of the Liouville mode\cite{GLI}
and introducing screening in the matter sector for charge conservation.
We shall assume that both $R$ and $S$ are positive
integers. We can now use the recursion relation, to obtain
\begin{equation}
\langle \langle \prod_{i=1}^{L} \int  V_{n_i} \rangle \rangle
=\mu^S \Gamma(-S)\langle c{\bar c} V_0(0) c{\bar c} V_0(1)
c{\bar c} V_{k-1}(\infty) (\int V_{k})^{L+S-3}
{1\over{R!}} (Q_-)^R \rangle
\end{equation}
This correlator can be evaluated using formula (B.10) of
ref.\cite{DF}. This gives
$$
\langle \langle \prod_{i=1}^{L} \int  V_{n_i} \rangle \rangle
= \mu^S \Gamma(-S) (L+S-3)! {{\Gamma(1)}\over{\Gamma(0)}}  \rho
=\mu^S{{\Gamma(L+S-2)}\over{\Gamma{(S+1)}}}\rho\quad,
$$
where $\rho = {2\over{(2k-1)}}$.
The cases of non-integer $S$ and $R$ are obtained by analytically
continuing the above result to non-integer values. Hence, one obtains
\begin{equation}
\langle \langle \prod_{i=1}^{L} \int V_{n_i} \rangle \rangle =
\rho \mu^S {{\Gamma(\frac{(\sum_in_i) +1}{k})}\over {\Gamma(S+1)}}\quad,
\end{equation}
This result is in complete agreement with matrix model
results\cite{matrix,distler}. This
represents the generalisation of the 3 point function calculations
given in \cite{GLI,KIT}. The use of the recursion relation has
facilitated the calculation of arbitrary N-point functions.

\subsection{$(p+1,p)$ models}
The DK states in the $Q_-$ resolution are
$$
V_n^\alpha = \Delta(n + {{(\alpha+1)}\over p})exp{{[p(n-2)+\alpha]\phi
+ [pn+\alpha+2]iX } \over {2\sqrt{p(p+1)}}}
$$
where $\alpha=0,\ldots,(p-2)$.
The ring elements for these models are generated by\cite{KMS}
\begin{eqnarray}
a_+&=  -|bc + {1\over2}\sqrt{{p}\over{p+1}}\partial(\phi + iX)|^2
{}~~exp{{(p+1)(\phi - iX)}\over
{2\sqrt{p(p+1)}}},\nonumber \\
a_- &= -|bc + {1\over2}\sqrt{{p+1}\over{p}}\partial(\phi - iX)|^2
{}~~ exp{{p(\phi + iX)}\over {2\sqrt{p(p+1)}}}.
\end{eqnarray}
The ring elements in the $Q_-$ resolution are\cite{ring}
\begin{equation}
(a_-)^n,~~ a_+(a_-)^n,~~ \ldots,~~(a_+)^{p-1}(a_-)^n\quad. \nonumber
\end{equation}
with the equivalence relation $a_+^p\sim a_-^{p+1}$.
The action of the ring on DK states is\cite{Kachru,KMS,bershad}
\begin{eqnarray}
\lim_{w\rightarrow z}a_-(w)c{\bar c}V_n^\alpha(z) \sim c{\bar c}
V_{n+1}^\alpha(z)\quad,\nonumber\\
\lim_{w\rightarrow z}a_+(w)c{\bar c}V_n^\alpha(z)\int V_m^\beta(t)
\sim c{\bar c} V_{n+m-1}^{\alpha+\beta +1}(z)\quad,
\label{eringb}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have normalised all the DK states by their appropriate
leg-factors. We shall now use the ring elements to calculate arbitrary
N-point functions explicitly for the case of the Ising model which is
the  $(4,3)$ model. We shall then present results for the general
$(p+1,p)$ models. Details of the calculations will be given elsewhere.
The case of pure gravity i.e., the $(3,2)$ model has already been
obtained in the earlier section. In the Ising model, $V_0^0$
corresponds to the identity operator, $V_0^1=\sigma$ and
$V_1^1=\epsilon$ correspond to the spin and energy operators
respectively(with appropriate Liouville dressing). $V_2^0$ is the
``physical'' screening operator.
One can prove the following
shift recursion relation. The arguments are identical to the one used
in deriving eqn.(\ref{recur}).
\begin{equation}
V_{n+1}^\alpha(z)V_m^\beta(w)
= V_{n}^\alpha(z)V_{m+1}^\beta(w)\label{erecurb}
\end{equation}
Now consider a charge conserving correlation function with one $a_+$
and DK states.
\begin{equation}
\langle a_+(w) c{\bar c}V_{n}^0(0) c{\bar c}V_{m}^1(1)
c{\bar c}V_{r}^\alpha(\infty)
\prod_{i=1}^{L} \int V_{n_i}^0
\prod_{j=1}^{M} \int V_{m_i}^1
 {1\over{R!}} (Q_-)^R\rangle
\end{equation}
Using the $w$ independence of the above correlation function, we
equate the value of the correlator at $w=0$ and $1$.
This gives us after using the second equation in (\ref{eringb})
\begin{eqnarray}
\sum_{k=1}^L \langle  c{\bar c}V_{n+n_k-1}^1(0) c{\bar c}V_{m}^1(1)
c{\bar c}V_{r}^\alpha(\infty)
\prod_{i=1,i\neq k}^{L} \int V_{n_i}^0
\prod_{j=1}^{M} \int V_{m_i}^1
\rangle \nonumber \\
+
\sum_{k=1}^M\langle  c{\bar c}V_{n+m_k-1}^2(0) c{\bar c}V_{m}^1(1)
c{\bar c}V_{r}^\alpha(\infty)
\prod_{i=1}^{L} \int V_{n_i}^0
\prod_{j=1,j\neq k}^{M} \int V_{m_i}^1
\rangle \nonumber \\
=\sum_{k=1}^{L}
\langle  c{\bar c}V_{n}^0(0) c{\bar c}V_{m+n_i-1}^2(1)
c{\bar c}V_{r}^\alpha(\infty)
\prod_{i=1,i\neq k}^{L} \int V_{n_i}^0
\prod_{j=1}^{M} \int V_{m_i}^1
\rangle \nonumber \\
+ \sum_{k=1}^{M}
\langle  c{\bar c}V_{n}^0(0) c{\bar c}V_{m+m_k}^0(1)
c{\bar c}V_{r}^\alpha(\infty)
\prod_{i=1}^{L} \int V_{n_i}^0
\prod_{j=1,j\neq k}^{M} \int V_{m_i}^1
\rangle
\end{eqnarray}
Using eqn. (\ref{erecurb}), one can see that every term inside each of the
sums are the same. One can now see that the following operator
relations provides a consistent solution to the above equality.
\begin{eqnarray}
V^2_m(z) V_n^1(w) &=&V_m^0(z)V_{n+1}^0(w)\nonumber\\
V^2_m(z) V_n^0(w)  &=& V_m^1(z)V_n^1(w)\label{erecurc}
\end{eqnarray}
However, $V^2_m$ belongs to the ``wrong-edge'' and is not
physical. However by using this relation twice, we obtain the following
recursion which involves only physical operators
\begin{equation}
V_m^1(z)V_n^1(w)V_r^1(t)=
V_{m+1}^0(z)V_n^0(w)V_r^0(t)\quad.\label{ewrecur}
\end{equation}
For the case of the $(4,3)$ model, eqns. (\ref{erecurb}) and
(\ref{ewrecur}) are sufficient to convert all charge conserving
correlation functions to those which are of the Dotsenko-Fateev type
and hence are computable. We shall now demonstrate this.
Consider the following correlation function
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle \langle \prod_{i=1}^L \int V_{n_i}^{\alpha_i} \rangle\rangle
&\nonumber \\
= \mu^S \Gamma(-S)& \langle c{\bar c}V_{n_1}^{\alpha_1}(0)c{\bar c}
V_{n_2}^{\alpha_2}(1)~c{\bar c}V_{n_3}^{\alpha_3}(\infty)
\prod_{i=4}^L \int V_{n_i}^{\alpha_i} (\int V_0^0)^S
{1\over {R!}} (Q_-)^R \rangle \quad,\label{eisinga}
\end{eqnarray}
where $S={{\sum_{i=1} n_i}\over 2} -L +2+ {{(\sum_{i=1}
\alpha_i)+2}\over 6}$
and $R=\sum_{i=1} ({{n_i}\over
2}+{{\alpha_i}\over 6}) +{{S}\over 3}$. When, $S$
and $R$ are positive integers, using  eqns. (\ref{erecurb})
and (\ref{ewrecur}) in eqn.(\ref{eisinga}) we obtain
\begin{equation}
\langle \langle \prod_{i=1}^L \int V_{n_i}^{\alpha_i} \rangle\rangle
=\mu^S\Gamma(-S) \langle c{\bar c}V_0^0(0)c{\bar c}V_0^0(1)~c{\bar
c}V_1^1(\infty)
(\int V_2^0)^{(L+S-3)}{1\over{R!}} (Q_-)^R \rangle \quad.\label{eisingb}
\end{equation}

The correlation function in the RHS can be explicitly computed using
the formula of Dotsenko and Fateev. We obtain
\begin{equation}
\langle \langle \prod_{i=1}^L \int V_{n_i}^{\alpha_i} \rangle\rangle
= \mu^S {{(L+S-3)!} \over {S!}} \rho\quad,\label{esingc}
\end{equation}
where $\rho={3\over4}$. This is in agreement with matrix model
results. For the cases
when $S$ and $R$ are not positive integers, the results are obtained
by analytic continuation. Of course, one has to take care that the
$Z_2$ invariance of the minimal models is not violated. One imposes
this by setting all non-$Z_2$ invariant correlators to zero by hand.
For the example of Ising model, the $Z_2$ charge of the operator
$V_n^\alpha$ is $(-1)^{n+\alpha}$. So the correlation function in
({\ref{eisinga}) is non-zero provided $\sum_i (n_i +\alpha_i)$ is
even. For such cases, the result one obtains after analytic
continuation in both $S$ and $R$ is
\begin{equation}
\langle \langle \prod_{i=1}^L \int V_{n_i}^{\alpha_i} \rangle\rangle
=\rho \mu^S
{{\Gamma( {{\sum_i n_i}\over 2}+ {{(\sum_i\alpha_i)+2}\over 6})}
\over {\Gamma{(S+1)}}}\quad.
\end{equation}
This generalises for the $(p+1,p)$ model. For  $Z_2$
invariant correlation functions one obtains
\begin{equation}
\langle \langle \prod_{i=1}^L V_{n_i}^{\alpha_i} \rangle\rangle
=\rho \mu^S
{{\Gamma( {{\sum_i n_i}\over 2}+ {{(\sum_i\alpha_i)+2}\over {2p}})}
\over {\Gamma{(S+1)}}}\quad,
\end{equation}
where $S={{\sum_{i=1} n_i}\over 2} -L +2+ {{(\sum_{i=1}
\alpha_i)+2}\over {2p}}$ and $\rho={p\over{p+1}}$.
(Note that the $Z_2$ charge of the operator $V_n^\alpha$ is
$(-1)^{(np+\alpha)}$ ).
\section{Discussion}

It is known that the DK states  and ring elements of $c<1$
string theory can be obtained by a target space Lorentz transformation
of $c=1$ string tachyons and ring elements\cite{ring}.
The correlation functions we have evaluated here
lead to integrals which are identical to those obtained in $c=1$
string theory provided one chooses tachyons of specific momenta and
chirality. Indeed, all DK states of a given resolution map on to
tachyons of the same chirality while the screening operator is of the
opposite chirality. However, the ${{\Gamma(1)}\over{\Gamma(0)}}$
factor is compensated for by the $\Gamma(-S)$ coming from the
zero-mode integration of the Liouville field. Evaluating the
integrals, in particular requires some care. The consistent
prescription appears to be the one where using the recursion relations
the integrals appear in a form such that formula (B.10) of \cite{DF}
is applicable. We also note that even for 3-point functions, it seems
that the Liouville and matter sectors cannot be integrated separately
as the results do not agree with the recursion relations.

The analytic continuation in the number of matter screening operators
and the cosmological constant operators as used here appears essential
to reproduce the matrix model results. The use of other physical operators as
screening operators\cite{ring,dot} does not appear to be possible
beyond three point functions.
Analytic continuation in matter may seem surprising but is
essential especially in the case of non-unitary models where the
cosmological constant operator carries non-trivial matter momentum.
An analytic continuation in the number of cosmological constant
operators in these models forces an analytic continuation in the
matter sector too. However, a deeper understanding of the origin of
this analytic continuation still eludes us.

The well known $\alpha\rightarrow(2\alpha_0-\alpha)$ duality symmetry
of the free field representation of minimal models has to be given up
for states outside the Kac table in order to be consistent with the
choice of resolution. Though this is not true for states inside the
Kac table, it is simpler to work with only the matter momenta given by
the parametrisation of the resolution.

The string equation of the $(p+1,p)$ model in the matrix model
approach can be obtained either from a $p-th$ order differential
operator or a $(p+1)-th$ order differential operator. This ambiguity
is reflected in the two possible parametrisations of the physical
states in the continuum.

We thus appear to have a complete prescription to calculate
correlation functions on the sphere for the arbitrary $(p',p)$ minimal
model coupled to gravity. It would be interesting to extend these
techniques to higher genus where again the matrix model results are
available.

{\flushleft{\bf Acknowledgements}}

We would like to thank P. Majumdar and P. Durganandini  for useful
discussions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Estate agencies in Cardiff with flats to rent include Zest Living - Cardiff, The Letting Station - Cardiff and Lettings Angels, Cardiff.


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Q: Modify subelement based on another subelement in an XML using python I have the following XML file:
<root>
 <input_file>
   <type>x</type>
   <path>hi</path>
 </input_file>
 <input_file>
   <type>y</type>
   <path>hi_again</path>
 </input_file>
</root>

and am trying to modify the <path> values based on the <type> values such that:
<root>
 <input_file>
   <type>x</type>
   <path>bye</path>
 </input_file>
 <input_file>
   <type>y</type>
   <path>bye_again</path>
 </input_file>
</root>

I have the following code:
items = {'x':'bye', 'y': 'bye_again'}
tags = ['input_file','type']
for v in items.keys():
    destination = root.xpath(f'//{tags[0]}/{tags[1]}[text()="{v}"]/..')[0]
    new_elem=LET.fromstring(f'<path>{items[v]}</path>')
    destination.replace('path', new_elem)
LET.indent(root, space="  ")
print(LET.tostring(root).decode())

with no success.  Is there something I am not understanding?  Should I modify the value instead of replacing it?
Thanks.

A: XSLT based solution.
The remaining part is just to launch XSLT transformation in Python.
Input XML
<root>
    <input_file>
        <type>x</type>
        <path>hi</path>
    </input_file>
    <input_file>
        <type>y</type>
        <path>hi_again</path>
    </input_file>
</root>

XSLT
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
    <xsl:output method="xml" encoding="utf-8" indent="yes" omit-xml-declaration="yes"/>
    <xsl:strip-space elements="*"/>

    <xsl:template match="@*|node()">
        <xsl:copy>
            <xsl:apply-templates select="@*|node()"/>
        </xsl:copy>
    </xsl:template>

    <xsl:template match="path">
        <xsl:copy>
            <xsl:choose>
                <xsl:when test="preceding-sibling::type='x'">bye</xsl:when>
                <xsl:when test="preceding-sibling::type='y'">bye_again</xsl:when>
                <xsl:otherwise>unknown</xsl:otherwise>
            </xsl:choose>
        </xsl:copy>
    </xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

Output XML
<root>
  <input_file>
    <type>x</type>
    <path>bye</path>
  </input_file>
  <input_file>
    <type>y</type>
    <path>bye_again</path>
  </input_file>
</root>

A: Using xpath and lxml, try:
for target in root.xpath(f'//{tags[0]}'):
    old = target.xpath(f'./{tags[1]}/text()')[0]
    target.xpath('./path')[0].text=items[old]
print(etree.tostring(root).decode())

Output should be your expected output.

A: see below - just a simple loop (no external library is required)
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

items = {'x':'bye', 'y': 'bye_again'}

xml = '''<root>
 <input_file>
   <type>x</type>
   <path>hi</path>
 </input_file>
 <input_file>
   <type>y</type>
   <path>hi_again</path>
 </input_file>
</root>'''

root = ET.fromstring(xml)
for f in root.findall('.//input_file'):
    f.find('path').text = items.get(f.find('type').text,'unknown')
ET.dump(root)

output
<root>
 <input_file>
   <type>x</type>
   <path>bye</path>
 </input_file>
 <input_file>
   <type>y</type>
   <path>bye_again</path>
 </input_file>
</root>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
How To How Experts Are Targeting and Landing Huge Broadbill
How Experts Are Targeting and Landing Huge Broadbill
Around the globe, anglers are refining techniques to hook trophy swordfish.
By Capt. Vincent Daniello
An online community of swordfish enthusiasts is helping others find and catch massive broadbill. Kevin Dodge
Ernest Hemingway once compared the Gulf Stream to a trout stream. "The holes, the eddies, the shallows are all there. Only you can't see them."
Marlin fishermen today might dismiss such a nuanced reading of water a quarter-mile above the current-shaping topography of the continental shelf, and Hemingway might have been employing a fiction writer's technique by using trout-fishing familiarity simply to connect his reader with completely foreign billfishing.
Hemingway's fishing articles intersected with his 21-year position as International Game Fish Association vice president and ambassador—not unlike today's social media influencers—with technically precise and immensely exciting portrayals that lured average anglers away from stripers and fluke. Eventually, billfishing became mainstream.
Today, ever-increasing social media posts of "triple markers"—commercial-fisherman jargon for swordfish larger than 300 pounds—and "nickels"—swords topping 500 pounds—entice mainstream billfish anglers into efforts to hook broadbills. The allure is unmistakable if, for example, one watches a Facebook video of Capt. Nick Stanczyk's 757-pound swordfish thrashing against the gaffs (daytimeswordfish.com).
The Florida Keys' Capt. Nick Stanczyk cemented his place as a top skipper for trophy swords with this 757‑pound behemoth caught in April 2019. Nick Stanczyk
Here's the thing, though: With knowledge shared on social media broadening understanding of broadbills, it's increasingly clear that the Gulf Stream current interacting with bottom features affects swordfish bites as much as current affects snook feeding in tidal estuaries or trout in mountain streams. Hemingway's analogy has proved more fish-catching fact than fiction. Informative accounts on social media are similarly helping focus attention now on huge swordfish, 1,500 feet below the waves. Here, seven captains, all of whom have caught multiple triple-marker fish, and a few who've "busted the nickel" more than once, weigh in on catching trophy swords.
"In the 16 years that I fished only at night, catching on average 100 fish per year, I never caught a fish over 400 pounds," says South Florida swordfish pioneer R.J. Boyle (rjboylestudio.com). In the 12 years since he began deep-trolling in daylight, he's brought nine broadbills to the dock that topped 500 pounds.
"In that same 12 years, I caught one 439‑pound fish at night, but that's because I understood swordfish from my experiences daytime fishing," he adds. "Bottom was irrelevant in our minds when we fished only at night. Now we know that the bottom is everything."
Boyle says daytime fishing is more productive because it compresses the activity of swordfish nearer the seafloor. Current also collects fish in areas with rougher bottom. "It's no different than barracuda on a wreck. Current keeps swordfish in an area, a zone, that's more targetable.
"Big swordfish like areas where a rocky or gravelly bottom transitions into mud," he says. Large swordfish have noticeably worn pectoral and anal fins from laying on the bottom to ambush prey, he notes, and the biggest fish stake out those softer spots adjacent to the rougher bottom that holds bait. Boyle, trolling northward near 2 knots, is targeting large areas with those bottom characteristics.
Fishing off the Dominican Republic requires more location specificity. "We have very little current, so it's really hard to cover ground," says Capt. Paco Vela (dulcecococharter.com), so he chooses drops based on structure, conditions and past experience, and bump-trolls slowly. "If I don't get a bite after 45 minutes, I'll move."
Dominican Republic broadbills tend to split between fish smaller than 100 pounds or larger than 200, which adds interesting insight to trophy swordfish hunting here. "Wherever I catch a small fish, I can catch more, but where I catch a big fish, I won't catch anything else there that day, big or small," he says. "The next day, I can catch another fish in that same spot."
Pitch Baits to Sunning Swords
"The California Bight can be really good for swordfish," says San Diego's Capt. Pete Groesbeck. "This year we had a wave of big fish early in the season (which runs from June through November). They were all 300-pounders." The advantage to surface swordfishing, of course, is seeing and choosing which fish to target.
"Get four or five young guys with good eyes looking through gyro binoculars where current edges, temperature breaks or color edges cross over structure."
Groesbeck says that swordfish feed deep during tidal flows, then surface during slack water. "You have to fish through at least one slack tide," he suggests.
Using two-speed Shimano Talica 25s with 100-pound braid and an 80-pound top shot, he casts large, live mackerel pinned through the jaw with a 10/0 J hook.
"Swordfish eyes don't rotate up, only down, so cast it in front of swordfish so the bait twitches as it goes down," he says. "As soon as the swordfish sinks down, peel line off the reel. Sometimes they'll whack a bait and come back a long time later, so leave that bait alone until you get the bite or see the swordfish finning again."
The oversized and heated eyes of swords help them see prey in the frigid darkness 1,200 feet down or more, where they prowl during the day. Matt Rissell
Alternately, some boats troll a bait far behind from an outrigger, then stop so that the bait sinks into position.
"The surface isn't a normal place for swordfish. Mako sharks go for the tail first. When swordfish sense anything behind them, it freaks them out," Groesbeck says, warning to keep baits in front of broadbills, and never behind.
Mid-Atlantic Structure
"We were just old-school nighttime swordfishing, drifting two lines, one at 10 fathoms and one at 20," says Capt. Randy Butler of Virginia Beach (rebelsportfishing.com) about the 466-pound Virginia state-record swordfish he landed this past August.
"We definitely get more bites in the daytime, when the fish are concentrated near the bottom, but the average-size fish here is about 120 to 150 pounds, which is the same day or night." Butler also sees an even split, night or day, among big fish, including a daytime-caught Big Fish Classic tournament-winning fish last season that weighed 295 pounds.
"On most of the pinnacles in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast, there is a little trough, a depression, in the southwest corner from all the years of the current swirling over it. In the daytime, I have really good luck fishing there. The swordfish lay there waiting for bait to come," Butler says. "Now that I've had the daytime experience, I'm paying way more attention to bottom structure when I drift at night. The state-record fish came from a sloping edge with a gradual drop between two pinnacles."
Nocturnal Trolling
"The average-size swordfish is definitely bigger fishing in the daytime," says Capt. Bouncer Smith of Miami (captbouncer.com), "but I caught my biggest, estimated at 600 pounds or more, fishing at night." Since then, he's weighed one 546-pound fish and a 558-pounder, both caught during daylight fishing.
Besides daytime deep-trolling or nighttime drifting for swords, Smith adds an exciting third option for his charters: Hookless teasers trolled behind planers are retrieved rapidly with electric reels, then the swordfish are switched to a pitch bait or fly. "As we had been doing it, using as little light as legally possible, it's extremely difficult to see what's there," Smith says. "When we add a Hydro Glow, we can see where the fish is and where the fly or pitch bait is. It makes everything so much easier. You can let a 100-pounder slide and wait to bait a big swordfish.
Hookless teasers with lightsticks trolled on dark nights attract the attention of swordfish. Capt. Vincent Daniello
"That's a great thing about fishing," he continues. "It's always changing; there are always new things to try. If you're stagnant, you don't keep up."
Deep-Scattering Layer
"We learned that swordfish are not a fish of the deep; they're a fish of the darkness," Vela says. Even the tropical sun penetrates only the first 400 feet of ocean depths. "I might fish 100 feet or 200 feet off the bottom, but sometimes I'll fish as close as 500 feet to the surface." His fish finder marks both layers of bait and individual swordfish, which he targets by depth in the Dominican Republic.
Off California, rod-and-reel anglers weren't hooking swordfish deep—until late this past summer. "If we get near the bottom, we have critters here—hake, sharks, rockfish—that won't leave the baits alone," says Greg Stotesbury, an avid Southern California offshore angler and retired AFTCO sales manager. Instead, California anglers target the deep scattering layer—a band of plankton, shrimp, krill, squid and fin fish hovering 700 to 1,200 feet below the surface, which occurs similarly worldwide.
"We're fishing near structure, but not necessarily on it, typically targeting those midwater depths with one line around 800 feet deep, and another around 1,000 feet, suspended from buoys, and then another off the rod tip around 1,100, all in water around 1,500 feet deep."
Monsters of the Southern California Bight and the Tasman Sea
Off California, deep rod-and-reel catches have accounted for only a few dozen fish, as of this writing, but they've been impressive—at least one weighing more than 400 pounds and several topping 300. "The commercial harpoon fleet and buoy guys are bringing in fish over 500 pounds, some more than 700 pounds. There will be some monsters caught here, for sure," Stotesbury says—his largest to date is 342 pounds—"but we still don't quite know where to start. We're seeing swordfish from Santa Cruz Island to San Diego and in between."
Southern California anglers now catch swords deep, but still see them sunning on top at times. Tony Orton
Swordfish stay where their food choices are good, Boyle says. "Nick Stanczyk, in Islamorada, has caught more swordfish than I have, but I've caught more big fish. They have the right bottom structure in the Keys—those transitions between gravel to mud to reef to sand—but we have more of it here, in South Florida off Hillsboro Inlet. Swordfish, particularly big swordfish, migrate through the Keys, but they stay here longer."
(When I inquired with Stanczyk about an interview for this article, shortly after he caught his 757-pound fish this past March, he replied: "Most of our fish are small here—40 to 150 pounds is typical.")
The waters of southern Australia have in recent years produced some of the biggest swords—such as this estimated 750-pounder—anywhere. Chris Cleaver
"Tasmania, New Zealand—if you really want to catch a big swordfish, that's where they live," Boyle adds.
"The average here is 150," says Tasmanian swordfisherman Mason Paull, a Team Shimano member. "We get them over 200, and my largest is 380—that's kilos, mate." That converts to average fish topping 300 pounds, and Paull's best at more than 800 pounds. He fishes out of St. Helens, on Tasmania's east coast, but he might as well be living on another planet when considering giant swordfish. "One caught last year went 425 kilos (935 pounds)," he adds.
"We're at the southern range of where they forage. There are tons of baitfish and loads of squid here," he says. "I think the bigger fish have the body mass to push south, into colder water. Also, we don't have a commercial swordfish effort here."
Unweighted Lines Down Deep
"We're catching more big fish because we understand how to feed them," Boyle says. "We drop the lead, which stalls the bait, allowing the swordfish to eat it and turn, just like giving a marlin a surface-trolled bait. If you're not dropping back far enough, you'll snag swordfish in the face and pull the fish off, but if you drop too far, you're increasing the chance of that fish wrapping up in the leader or foul-hooking."
Feeding a fish a quarter-mile away requires more formula than finesse though. "If we're not sure it's a sword bite, we'll wind it up 30 feet. If we get a second bite, or if we know it's a swordfish on the first hit, we drop 50 feet, always continuing to drive the boat normally."
Contrast that method, however, with Paull's: He differs from other swordfishermen by not using any lead. "The bottom slopes off pretty steeply starting at 300 meters (984 feet). I find most of the fish right where it levels out, around 500 meters (1,640 feet)." A common house brick breaks away, on 8-pound mono; once it hits bottom, the bait is free to follow the slope uphill in minimal current.
"With no weight, we've got a big belly in the line. I don't see the bite unless it's on the way down, or right after I break off the weight. Most of the time, the rod just slowly loads. They've already eaten it, and the circle hook finds the corner of the mouth." Paull was missing strikes with J hooks, but now hooks most fish with a single 18/0 offset circle hook. "Most fish come up quickly and jump away from the boat, and then they sound 100 meters (328 feet), and it's just a dogfight. They set on their side and pull. I've never had one go all the way back down to the bottom, but I've got a brutal rod, and we'll go to 20 kilos (44 pounds) drag to stop them."
Tightening the Drag
"There were a lot of lost opportunities in the early days. Now we've learned how to fight these big fish," Boyle says, crediting social media. "Chat groups on Facebook, Instagram and learning platforms like mine are providing constant observation, information and discussion—that's why we're seeing all these big fish come to the dock." (Two public groups on Facebook with this sort of information are Swordfish Symposium and Swordfish group.)
Off Tasmania, Mason Paull and his son, Daniel, rely on a Black Magic stand-up harness using a Shimano Tiagra 130 with 100‑pound PowerPro and about 165 yards of 130 mono top shot, fighting aggressively to tag and release healthy fish. Mason Paull
Conventional wisdom with swordfish has long been that anglers shouldn't put too much drag on swordfish because of their soft mouths. But Boyle says that social media posts have shown that those fish were never hooked to begin with. "We have to set the hook with 25 pounds of drag for 10 seconds," he says.
"Your tackle had better be right," he adds. "Out of 100 bites, only one or two are fish over 500 pounds. One weakness will show itself. Eighty-pound braid breaks at 105 pounds. If your terminal tackle is right, your stuff should not break."
Read Next: Fishing's Most Dangerous Animals — Part 1, The Impalers
Big fish, Boyle adds, show themselves early in the fight. "We learned to run to the fish at 10 knots and close the deal. People see that on Facebook and can't believe our line is slack half the time. Through social media they're realizing it's OK that the rod is not bent—that the lead, 150 feet away from the fish, is holding the hook tight.
"When you stick a harpoon into a 500-pound fish 15 minutes into the fight, it takes off. If we have a good harpoon shot, we'll go past 40 pounds on the drag to pull the fish from the mouth, and just take up slack on the harpoon line."
"I didn't have social media when I started," Boyle says. "John Bassett was a pioneer of nighttime swordfishing 20 years before I came along, and he helped me a lot. The swordfish-taco-style strip bait, the extra-long wind-on with the loop for the lead—that all came from him. My learning was trial and error or one to one. Now, when everyone tells their stories of fish they lost—and why—in an online community of sword-fishermen, everyone is learning, and we're catching more fish—more big fish."
More February 2020, Fishing Travel, game fish, How-to


Species Description: Phimmachak S, Aowphol A, Stuart BL 2015 Morphological and molecular variation in Tylototriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Laos, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4006: 285-310.
Tylotrotiton podichthys has a stout body and a long, wide, slightly sloping head that is narrower than its body. Its snout-vent length to the anterior edge of the vent ranges from 73.4 - 78.3 mm in females and 56.5 - 60.2 mm in males, while its snout-vent length to the posterior edge of the vent ranges from 78 - 84.3 mm in females and 64.5 - 69.1 mm in males. Additionally, its total length ranges from 141.8 - 142.4 mm in females and 109.1 - 130.4 mm in males. Its short snout and extends beyond the jaw line. It appears rounded in dorsal view, somewhat rounded in profile. Its vomeropalatine tooth series appear in a narrow, inverted V-shape. They are in contact anteriorly and reach the choanae. The tongue of T. podichthys is oval-shaped and attached to the anterior floor of the mouth. Its gular fold is discernible. From the center of its eye to the corner of its mouth, T. podichthys has a subtle glandular ridge on the midline of its crown. On the outer margin of its crown from the level of the nostril, it has a strong glandular cranial crest that is weakly and medially curved at the posterior end and continuous with the parotoids, which are englarged and project posteriorly in line with the body axis in lateral view. Their vertebral tubercular ridge is strong from the posterior end of the crown to the dorsal margin of the tail. The ridge is visible on the back and the posterior one-third of the tail. Tylotrotiton podichthys has a dorsolateral row of large glandular warts (also known as rib nodules) level with the axilla at approximately the same arc of the tail as the vertebral ridge. In the holotype, there are sixteen rib nodules on the left side and fifteen on the right between the axilla and level with the posterior margin of the vent. There are smaller, glandular warts on the majority of its dorsal and ventral surfaces. Warts are present on T. podichthys' crown, nape, and ventrolateral region with clusters of granular warts on the throat, tail and ventral surfaces of limbs, striated arrangements perpendicular to the body axis, and a smooth, ovoid patch of skin on its chest. All of its fingers and toes lack webbing. Its tail compresses laterally and tapers posteriorly, ending in a rounded tip. It has a narrow dorsal fin and smooth ventral ridge (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
Hatchlings have a total length about 12.7 mm and are a yellow-brown color with dark brown spots on their heads, gills, and tail fins. At hatching, larvae lack legs but have three pairs of gills. After a month, most larvae grow to have a total body length of 24.3 mm and develop four legs. They retain their three pairs of gills. At about five months after hatching, the few larvae that remain in ponds have a total body length of about 35.9 mm. Newly emerged terrestrial juveniles had total body lengths of about 55.4 mm and weigh about 0.7 g. (Phimmachak and Stuart et al. 2015).
Tylotrotiton podichthys is distinct due to its mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and because of the glandular skin on its head and body, its body and limb coloration, and the shape of its rib nodules. Tylotrotiton podichthys has an indistinct glandular ridge on the midline of its crown, round rib nodules with diameters equal to or greater than the eye, parotoid parallel to the body's lateral axis, a thick, glandular, vertebral tubercular ridge, rough, glandular skin on its cranial crest, even orange coloration on the ventral surfaces of its limbs, and darkly colored digit tips (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
Tylototriton podichthys varies from the closely related T. anguliceps by the former's indistinct glandular ridge on the midline of its crown and because the males of T. anguliceps are distinctly slimmer than those of T. podichthys. Tylotrotriton podichthys differs from T. kweichowensis and T. psedoverrucosus because of the separated orange markings on its rib nodules. It differs from T. shanjing due to the indistinct glandular ridge on the midline of its crown, lack of distinct contrast between its orange crown and black nape, the dark coloring of the ventral surfaces of its limbs, and dark fingertips. Tylotrotiton podichthys differs from T. shanorum because of the former's conspicuous, rounded rib nodules and its thick, glandular vertebral tubercular ridge. It differs from T. taliangensis due to the presence of its rib nodules and the orange coloration of its body. The species is distinct from T. uyenoi because of the heads of male T. podichthys are comparatively much narrower, because of T. podichthys' indistinct glandular ridge on the midline of the crown, and because its parotoid is oriented parallel to the body axis in lateral view. It differs from T. verrucosus because of T. podichthys' distinctly contrasting coloration between body and cranial crest, parotoids, vertebral ridge, and ridge nodules, its indistinct glandular ridge of the midline of its crown, the rough, glandular skin on its cranial crest, and the orientation of its paotoid parallel to the body axis in lateral view. Tylotrotiton podichthys differs from T. yangi due to its uniformly orange cranial crest and parotoids (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
In life, Tylototriton podichthys is black on its nape, lores, and on the dorsal surface of its body. The ventral surfaces of its throat, chest, belly, and limb are also black with sparse, sporadic orange mottling. The remainder of the coloring on its head, parotoids, vertebral ridge, rib nodules, ventral margin of the lower jaw, dorsal surface of limbs, ventral surfaces of hands and feet, cloaca, and tail is orange, with the brightest orange on its parotoids, vertebral ridge and rib nodules. The tips of its digits are dark brown. Its eyes have brown irises and black pupils. In preservative, Tylototriton podichthys' bright orange coloration fades to beige or brown (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
The coloration of some paratypes is much darker orange in life and in preservative. Some paratypes also have dorsolateral rows of rib nodules that extend only to the base of the tail. Individuals sometimes have truncated snouts in dorsal view. Females are often heavier with a longer, more robust body and shorter vent slits. Some tail tips appear acuminate rather than rounded in profile (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
Tylototriton podichthys is known to reside in the Luang Phabang, Xieng Khouang, and Huaphanh Provinces, Laos at elevations of 1189 - 1493 meters. Phu Pan, Xam Neua is a noted locality within Huaphanh Provice. There is also a reported locality in Nam Lieng, which is the same locality as that of the paratype locality in Kham District, Xieng Khouang Province, Laos (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
There is not much data on the genus Tylototriton's distribution in Laos, as it was only recently documented in the country. Several voucher species have been collected from Laos. They are known to occur in Laos specifically at northern latitudes greater than or equal to 17°38'N and at elevations over 980 meters (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015, Phimmachak and Stuart et al. 2015).
Tylototriton podichthys utilizes a variety of microhabitats; for instance, only larvae reside in streams between August and December, while adults reside under terrestrial leaf litter, under logs, under grasses, and (in 4% of cases) on ground surfaces. Those found on ground surfaces were there during the wet season and were actively moving. Proximity to streams varied seasonally, as both males and females gravitated toward streams during breeding seasons (Phimmachak and Stuart et al. 2015).
The breeding cycle of Tylototriton podichthys lasts roughly between June and July. Both males and females travel to dried streams during rainy days and nights at this time of year to breed. Female newts oviposit 4 - 12 eggs per night where they adhere in groups of 1 - 3 to thick grasses, leaf litter, and dead branches. Early in development, eggs measure about 2.9 mm in diameter and appear sticky, round, and a dark cream color. Later in development, they grow to about 5 mm, and a clear capsule containing a dark brown pole appears enclosed within the egg. Although we are unsure how long it takes larvae of T. podichthys to hatch, the closely related T. shanjing hatches after 15 - 40 days (Phimmachak and Stuart et al. 2015).
By early July, a few hatchings were found. This coincided with beginning of the streams filling, which allowing larvae to live near the bottoms of these grassy pools. By August, eggs are no longer present in streams, but larvae are abundant. Most larvae metamorphosed and left ponds by December. Terrestrial juveniles were present during all sampling periods (June, July, August, and December). Juveniles were smallest during December, as they had just recently emerged. Mature characteristics typically don't occur until about 2 years of age (Phimmachak and Stuart et al. 2015).
Tylototriton podichthys subsists on a diet consisting of terrestrial arthropods. They eat primarily woodlice, earthworms, and pillbugs, but they also eat other various insects such as centipedes and millipedes. Juvenile newts ate mostly woodlice. No significant differences in body size were found between newts with differing diets (Phimmachak and Stuart et al. 2015).
Use of Tylototriton podichthys in traditional medicine and the international pet trade threaten populations in Laos (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists Laotriton laoensisk (a similar newt species whose range overlaps with that of T. podichthys) as endangered largely due to over-harvesting. Likewise several species of newts have gone extinct in neighboring Vietnam for the same reason. Therefore, Tylototriton podychthys populations are susceptible, but there is inadequate data to claim definitively whether they are endangered (Phimmachak and Stuart et al. 2015).
Asian newts, including those in the genus Tylotrotiton, are heavily used in traditional medicine and in the international pet trade (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
The species authority is: Phimmachak S, Aowphol A, Stuart BL 2015 Morphological and molecular variation in Tylototriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Laos, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4006: 285-310.
Usually, newly described species fall under the genus Tylotrotiton based on mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence, in-life coloration, or variation in size and/or shape. For example, T. verrucosus and T. shanjing are two widespread species in the genus that have shared mitochondrial genomes (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
DNA analysis of aligned datasets containing 3121 characters strongly suggests that Tylototriton is its own monophyletic group. Its sister clade is Echinotriton. Within Tylototriton, there are two major clades, the first of which contains the subgenus Tylototriton taliangensis, T. kweichowensis, T. shanorum, T. yangi, T. uyenoi, T. verrucosis, and T. shanjing. The second clade contains the subgenus Yaotriton, which in turn contains two subclades with the species Tylototriton lizhenchangi, T. liuyangensis, T. wenxianensis in the first subclade and T. dabienicus, T. broadorigus, T. cf. wenxianensis, T. vietnamesis, T. panhai, T. asperrimus, T. hainanesis, T. notialis, T. cf. asperriums, and T. ziegleri in the second subclade (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
Species delimiting in the genus Tylototriton is difficult because there are only slight differences in size, shape, skin texture, and coloration between species. Even in non-contentious species, DNA divergences are low (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
Based on Bayesian analysis of 3,121 aligned characters of mitochondrial DNA, within the subgenus Tylototriton, Tylototriton podichthys is most closely related to the clades consisting of the species T. verrucosusi and T. shanjing (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
Both T. podichythys and T. anguliceps reside in northern Laos, but in distinct localities, but due to lack of data it is unknown if they come into contact (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
A study in 2015, which extended through Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos, documented four species of Tylototriton in Laos, and it's currently believed that T. podichthys may be endemic to northern Laos (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015, Phimmachak and Stuart et al. 2015).
The species name, podichthys, has Greek roots, as pod means foot and ichthys fish. Therefore, podichthys suggests a fish with feet, which is a reference to the Lao term for the species (pa theen), which translates to "fish with feet" (Phimmachak and Aowphol et al. 2015).
Phimmachak, S., Stuart, B. L., Aowphol, A. (2015). ''Ecology and natural history of the knobby newt Tylototriton podichthys (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Laos.'' Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 63, 389-400.
Species Account Citation: AmphibiaWeb 2016 Tylototriton podichthys: Luang Phabang Crocodile Newt <http://amphibiaweb.org/species/8374> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed Apr 21, 2019.


There are over 20,000 different types of bees existing in the world. Learn more about the various kinds of bees.
All of us are aware of bees, which are present in our immediate environment. In scientific terms, bees belong to the insect superfamily, Apodiea. This superfamily comprises of many families, subfamilies, tribes and an astounding 20,000 bee species. The bees belonging to each family exhibit common traits, such as the technique of building nests, social or solitary behavior, etc. On the contrary, different species of bees have different physical traits like wing shape or tongue length. For more, check out the information given below on various types of bees.
Bumblebees are large in size with lots of hair. They are usually black and yellow in color. They reside in colonies and exhibit social behavior. In tropical regions, bumblebee colonies flourish for many years whereas in temperate regions they perish in cool climate. Only the young and fertilized queen bees survive in the winter due to hibernation. When the temperature rises, queen bees lay eggs to restart a new colony. Some varieties of stingless bumblebees are also found in tropical regions, where they live in deserted holes made by rodents and other small animals.
Honeybees are usually small in size and are extremely social in nature. They are generally black in color but some of them even have a brown-yellow center. A honeybee colony follows a hierarchy, wherein a queen bee is on the top as she lays eggs. It is followed by hundreds of drones, who are fertile male bees. In the last, it is thousands of undeveloped female bees known as worker bees. The workers collect nectar from flowers, make and store honey, protect the hive, feed and care for the queen and the baby honeybees.
Carpenter bees appear metal - like and black in color with no yellow marks. Their size is 2 to 2.5 inches. They are not social, remain solitary and cannot prepare wax. They are capable of traveling long distances transcending from one flower to another. Carpenter bees make their nests in flower stalks or wood. They are called as carpenter bees as they can make tunnels in solid wood. During the process, they leave behind a pile of sawdust near the nest entrance.
Ground bees are also known as 'mining bees' as they dig tunnels in the ground. The ground bee is small in size and black in color. The tunnels are made to provide shelter to their offspring. For this, they choose well-shaded areas with loose soil and less vegetation. The tunnels contain chambers in the end, made by female bees. These chambers are used to store food for the baby bees. Though they are not aggressive, they can sting. These bees live in separate but close-by nests.
Parasitic bees are also known as 'cuckoo' bees. As the name suggest, these bees do not search for food or build nests on their own. They can even be classified into "cleptoparasitic bees" and "social parasites" as they use the nests and food of other bees. The female parasitic bees do not even have pollen brushes or pollen baskets to gather nectar.
Africanized honeybees are found in entire Africa, south of the Sahara desert. It is believed that African bees mated with European honeybees and their offspring were called as "Africanized honeybees". Africanized Honeybees are very similar to European honeybees, but they are more aggressive to defend their nests. In effect, they are popularly known as 'killer bees'. They are even found in Brazil, South and North America. Living in the vicinity of these bees can be very dangerous. These bees produce honey and pollinate plants just like the honey bees.
Orchid bees are bright in color and metallic in appearance. It is believed that orchids and orchid bees evolved together and hence they are dependent on each other. Amongst Orchid bees, the males are engaged in other vital productive activities rather than just mating. Male orchid bees collect fragrant oils from blossoms with the help of their scraper-like segments of the legs. These oils are generally utilized to attract mates.