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WorldWide Prevalence of Male Circumcision
Lisa Wade, PhD on March 11, 2009
Click to embiggen.
Found here.
Elena — March 11, 2009
The intervals are 0%-20%, 20%-80% and 80%-100%, plus no data available. That's pretty much useless =_=
I wonder if the stats for the countries in the former Yugoslavia come from their Muslim population rather than a society-wide trend for male circumcision. They're something of an exception in Europe.
pfctdayelise — March 11, 2009
The data is from WHO -- as the info page says. See this file: http://www.who.int/entity/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/infopack_en_2.pdf
I meant to also say -- there are many maps like this on Wikimedia Commons. See also http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_the_world#Social_world_maps .
Jonathan — March 11, 2009
The clicking isn't enbigening for me. :(
heatherleila — March 11, 2009
Male circumcision is an interesting public health topic at the moment. Right around the time American parents are questioning what their parents before them hadn't, why get a male infant circumcised? In American it was mostly being done in hospitals, without religious ceremony (but possibly Christian parents take comfort in knowing it is recommended by both their doctor AND the bible.) But now, there's a trend in not having it done. What are the benefits?
Well, now male circumcision is being promoted as an intervention against HIV. In studies, it was found to have a statistical protective effect against HIV. Ironic, right? Pendulums shift at different times in different places. It should be noted that such interventions are concentrated in Southern Africa, where, according to the map their is less prevalence- probably due to a lower Muslim population. It would be interesting to compare a map of Africa circumcision prevalence with HIV prevalence.
One more thing, the circumcision debate in America is so hot that a Huffington Post article on FGC prompted threads comparing FGC with male circumcision on infants. This, of course, angered other commenters.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/27/genital-mutilation-africa_n_170610.html
Anonymous — March 11, 2009
"A noble spirit embiggens the smallest man", indeed...
jfruh — March 11, 2009
Wow, look at South Korea all out there by itself! I wonder what that's about?
Melanie — March 11, 2009
I agree with the first commenter that the data would be more valuable broken down further, i.e. in 20% bands. The 20-80% band is so broad as to be totally useless. Australia, for example, is shown as the same colour as the US, but I believe (anecdotally, I admit) that our circumcision rate is much lower than the US's. Certainly no recent parents I know have opted for circumcision. Really, all we can tell from this chart is which countries are at either extreme.
Vidya — March 11, 2009
"The 20-80% band is so broad as to be totally useless."
I agree -- this map ends up implying that Canadian rates are as high as American rates, which is nowhere near true.
Dubi — March 11, 2009
Melanie - while it might be interesting to see more shading, I think the very fact that there are so few cases in this large middle group - US, Canada, Australia, that place in Asia that I don't remember which country it is, and a handful in Africa - is itself very telling (although, frankly, not quite surprising).
And I still think that presenting circumcision as helpful against HIV is a crime against humanity - it is essentially sending the message that people who were circumcised can be more careless with sexual contact, which is clearly false.
The Nerd — March 11, 2009
I would be interested in seeing the numbers of men who are allowed to make the decision to be circumcised vs. those who have it done at birth.
Muriel Minnie Mae — March 11, 2009
I did a paper on circumcision, actually two papers, when I was in college. One professor asked why I chose the subject after I showed a video of a male baby being circumcised. My response was "I hear about female circumcision and how horrible it is all the time but never about male circumcision. It's hypocritical for American women to be aghast over FGC but not about MGC. As far as I'm concerned it's child abuse. The doctor should have her/his license taken away and both the doctor and the parents should be in jail."
That, of course, didn't go over well. But I stand by my opinion.
Heather Leila — March 11, 2009
I'm not here to be for or against male circumcision, but I will say the data is strong about its protective affect against HIV. And I have to take issue with the logic here:
"And I still think that presenting circumcision as helpful against HIV is a crime against humanity - it is essentially sending the message that people who were circumcised can be more careless with sexual contact, which is clearly false."
Because this argument could be made against the HPV vaccine, a future HIV vaccine, condoms or any other intervention other than abstinence. And abstinence doesn't work.
Ryan — March 11, 2009
As an uncircumcised man, I'm a little uncomfortable with all the fact that circumcision is being accepted as an effect deterant to HIV. If circumcision became a health regulation mandate I wouldn't get circumcised.
I've got too much time on my hands at school...but I think this thread is interesting. To be clear, I don't think there's any program in Africa mandating men to be circumcised, but rather program to promote it, to suggest it. Like I said in an earlier comment, it would be interesting to overlay the maps of male circumcision in Africa with HIV prevalence. Muslim-majority countries, where most men are circumcised, are usually not the countries with the highest rates of HIV. Usually. Even in a country like Mozambique, it is clear the lowest rates are along the coast, where Islam is predominant. It could be social behavior; it could be that circumcised men are less vulnerable to the virus.
John — March 11, 2009
Female circumcision also has a correlation with reduced risk to HIV. The same type of "evidence" that was used to commission the three RCT in Africa. Here is a link to evidence of female circumcision reducing HIV transmission, to the dismay of the author.
http://www.ias-2005.org/planner/Abstracts.aspx?AID=3138
SarahMC — March 11, 2009
I'm with you Muriel. I have not always thought about it this way, but male circumsicion and female genital mutilation are the same in kind, just different in degree.
There is absolutely no reason to mutilate a baby's healthy genitals. Condoms also protect against HIV, and they don't do irreversible damage to a non-consenting child's body.
Loquacity — March 11, 2009
I'd be interesting in seeing a similar map on female circumcision.
yikes — March 11, 2009
All I know is, my 32-year-old circumcised boyfriend hates the fact that he is circumcised, would never circumcise a son (were he to have one), and wants his own foreskin back.
Yes, fortunately, there is an increasing awareness in much of the world, I think, of the immediate and enduring physiological and psychological damage induced by circumcision. I honestly believe that, were there not a large share of people who practice religious circumcision (Jews and, increasingly, Muslims) among the powerful international allopathic medical community/lobby, we would have already seen the practice declared a crime against humanity by the WHO. I hope that someday soon we nevertheless shall. No child deserves to be sexually violated and mutilated, regardless of gender, religion, or culture.
You know, I googled the authors of that study in Africa linking circumcision with lower HIV rates. They had connections to right-wing theocrat think tanks. These are the same people backing abstinence-only sex-ed. The just don't want to acknowledge that condoms are the only way to prevent HIV. Further more, from the begining there were claims that male circumcision prevented syphilis, gonorrhea, and HPV. All of which have been shown to be false. In fact, circumcision in America was originally touted (along with corn flakes and graham crackers) as a way of preventing alcoholism by stopping masturbation. Ultimately, male circumcision, like female circumcision is only about control of sexuality, nothing more.
Wow, like I said before, I have no interest in promoting male circumcision, but I have to say I am really disturbed by the amount of people on this blog who are equating FGC and male circumcision. They are very very different.
Removing the entire clitoris is not the same as removing the foreskin. Men do not have high rates of paternal mortality as a result are their procedure. Most men don't have problems urinating or menstruating as a result of their procedure. While I feel bad for men who feel they have been cheated out of something in life because they were circumcised, don't make it out to be the same as FGC.
Endor — March 12, 2009
"male circumcision and female genital mutilation are the same in kind, just different in degree. . .
There is absolutely no reason to mutilate a baby's healthy genitals."
Exactly! It's a religious thing anyways, so as an atheist, I see absolutely no value in it. If I had a son, this would not be done to him. If he wanted it done when he's old enough to decide, fine, but I would not make that decision for him.
Whit — March 12, 2009
1. Not all FGM removes the clitoris. Some just remove the hood, or the hood and the labia majora. A radical clitorectomy is not the only kind of FGM.
2. The studies showing circumcision leads to lower rates of HIV transmittance have been reproduced, with much more ambiguous results, which leads me to think that the ones done in africa with the abstinence-only funding were flawed. http://www.nocirc.org/publish/11-HIV.pdf
3. There are a lot of similar attitudes about male circumcision and fgm. http://www.fgmnetwork.org/intro/mgmfgm.html
Who said male circumsicion and FGM are "equal" Heatherleila?
Frank McGinness — March 13, 2009
There are reports that wikipedia is not foreskin friendly by not allowing certain information at its site. This map demonstrates its pro-circumcision bias lumping the same circumcision rates of the US and Canada. One has to look at who is controlling wiki to understand.
On the issue of HIV/circ. protection: '(PRWEB) October 17, 2008 -- Results of the new study, "The Cost to Circumcise Africa," published this month in the International Journal of Men's Health, that compares the cost of male circumcision to the cost of lifetime distribution of free condoms in sub-Saharan Africa, found that condom distribution is 95 times more cost-effective in preventing the same number of infections.'
The mucosa contains Langerhans cells that produce a protein called Langerin that destroys HIV. Cut off the foreskin and you cut off part of the body's immune system. The African studies are fraudulent. They are unethical, have flawed methodology and manipulated data. They are contrived
- by requiring cut men to wear condoms for one third of the study - to create a lower infection rate for cut men. And then, for "ethical" reasons that are really unethical, all men are circumcised early to eliminate the possibility of any long term studies. This is cargo cult science at best. Do not give any ground to anyone who cites these studies.
The USA has the highest HIV infection rate in the developed world and has the highest circumcision rate. In the US, we have an experiment that involves 300 million people over 30 years. The statistics speak for themselves and blow the conclusions of the fraudulent African studies right out of the water. People need to know this. And you are the people who
must pass the truth to those you know.
Joe — March 13, 2009
Heather Leila said:
"I'm not here to be for or against male circumcision, but I will say the data is strong about its protective affect against HIV. "
That may or may not be the case. There are several countries in Africa where the opposite is true and the US has both the highest rate of circumcision in the sexually active age groups and the highest rates of all STDs including HIV amongst all industrialized countries.
"but I think this thread is interesting. To be clear, I don't think there's any program in Africa mandating men to be circumcised, but rather program to promote it, to suggest it."
That is not really true. The problem is that when public health officials in Africa talk about voluntary adult in the context of circumcision (and typically HIV), they NEVER mean voluntary and the NEVER mean adult. They always have infants and children on their minds because they know that a circumcised boy will inflict it on his future son with little thought. It's a way of trying to ingrain it into society. Just look at how things are here in the US. There is no medical reason to circumcise boys in the US, even if we were to take the 'data' from Africa at face value, its practical impact in the US would be vanishingly small. Yet American parents have been doing it for no apparent reason since the 40s despite the fact that the AAP has known and published that there is no good reason since the early 70s. Circumcision is a pernicious practice with no medical value and for some reason wears a cloak protecting it from any kind of ethical scrutiny.
If groups want to use circumcision as an HIV prophylactic they should truly limit it to consenting adults only, perhaps 16 at the earliest in high prevalence areas. This is for two reasons: First it is unethical to circumcise an infant or a boy. Second, in these same areas, where resources are scarce, you should be spending time and money circumcising those who don't really have to make that decision for at least 15 years. Offer it to the at risk population only thats what should be done from both an ethical perspective and a resource perspective. But just watch that they won't. No rational thinker can defend routine infant circumcision.
I think this debate was interesting because it highlights where public health and other fields diverge. Public health is different from sociology, so I can see how I'm standing alone in presenting my opinions here. But I'm not making stuff up. In my field, the CDC and the WHO are the gold standard, and they both support the idea that male circumcision has a protective affect. These are not institutions that have a bias against condoms. The WHO is not funded by theocrats. Condoms work. But can you get people to use them? They aren't the only answer. There isn't an only answer- there are many ways to prevent HIV, this is just one possibility. Anyway, here's a link to the WHO's statement on it, http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/malecircumcision/en/
It's pretty clear they're talking about interventions on men, with consent. Ethics are a pretty big part of public health now, even if they weren't in the past. They are not mandating it or forcing it on anyone, conspiracies aside.
And, as I do read this blog and I understand words get picked on...I do see comments equating, or comparing, holding on the same plane FGC and male circumcision, and I think they are incomparable.
"...but male circumsicion and female genital mutilation are the same in kind, just different in degree." SarahMC
No more posts from me about this topic. Promise.
"They are very very different."
"and I think they are incomparable."
Leila, they are similar in the fact they both take parts of a body without the owner's consent.
"But can you get people to use them? "
yes. it's a profitable market.
"It's pretty clear they're talking about interventions on men, with consent. Ethics are a pretty big part of public health now, even if they weren't in the past. They are not mandating it or forcing it on anyone, conspiracies aside."
I've read very closely the WHO recommendation and it only applies to countries with high prevalence and not first world countries like the US which makes me wonder why people try and use those recommendations to speak for the US.
Also I disagree on the issue of ethics and focus on men. It is been made very clear that these agencies are interested in targeting children which is wholly unethical.
"The UNAIDS country programme coordinator, Dr Kékoura Kourouma, has advised Rwandans to start circumcision with children at a tender age as one of the measures to protect them from acquiring with HIV/Aids."If the government plans to implement circumcision, it would...""
http://www.rollingdoughnut.com/2006/12/six_days_1.html
The problem is that when public health officials in Africa talk about voluntary adult in the context of circumcision (and typically HIV), they NEVER mean voluntary and the NEVER mean adult.
Heather, I've considered working for the CDC and pursuing epidemiology as a graduate, too. But the CDC and WHO are not the end all be all in human health and services. They are huge beaurocratic orgs that lack the flexibility of small and on the ground studies.
If you're at all interested in HIV rates, you'd know that they're almost always higher among women because women are more vulnerable to contracting all STDs than men because of the nature of penetrative sex. So circumcising men is not the best prophylaxis. Keeping men from vectoring it to multiple women and preventing women from contracting it will have the largest effect.
kwinda muvhango evan — April 15, 2009
what is the best for man is to stay away from adultry.because ther is no different for circumsiced and uncurcumsiced and if my wife love me with those foreskin is ok
child abuse? really? — May 8, 2009
Where I live, it is very common to be circumcised. All the men in my family are, and so is my son. The circumcision was performed by a doctor, in a hospital. I know the pros and cons, and I've seen the procedure being done Penn and Teller's Bullshit). I told my husband I wouldn't do it unless he felt strongly about having it done - and he thought our son would be better off having it done, so that's what we did.
He slept through it. It was no big deal. He slept afterward. That is pretty much all they do for awhile, aside from eating and pooping. As far as his consent - pretty much everything going on with him is done without his consent. Sometimes he is against it in a big way - he hates riding in a carseat, for example. And he hated his vaccines in a big way. But that's life. He won't remember it, and it's done with the best intentions.
At about a month old was the first time I saw him in pain, because he had an ear infection - and when he cried, I cried - I felt so terrible that he was hurt. I cried when he had to have his shots, and I still feel guilty about it - even though I know it was for his health and we'll have to go through it again several more times over the years. The circumcision didn't hurt him. How can you call it child abuse? I could never abuse my son.
When I write an argumentative essay, I will more often than not write it for "the other side" because I feel I learn more that way. I have written papers arguing for don't-ask-don't-tell policy, against a woman's right to have an abortion, and for having religion in schools. None of them have made me change my mind, but they have helped me understand the other point of view is valid and not something horribly evil. The world isn't black and white. Perhaps if you choose to write a third paper on the subject, you could try this so you understand the viewpoint a little better. Maybe you could interview some parents and doctors. My husband is glad he was circumcised, and so are the other men in our family. I wouldn't want my son to have to go through the procedure as an adult, because it would be traumatic.
Paul — May 14, 2009
"I wouldn't want my son to have to go through the procedure as an adult, because it would be traumatic"
And it wouldn't be for a baby? So I can cut off his earlobes too? Wow, some people. Circumcision negatively effects brain development in the infant and releases dangerous amounts of stress hormone that flood the brain. Please don't do this to a second son.
Sabahat — May 21, 2009
@ Paul
I think going by your logic that circumcision cause stress in in the brain we should not go ahead with it and the lady above should not get his second son circumcised, we should not give birth to kids as well because while a child is about to be delivered s/he go through so much stress that his brain produces chemicals (like ACTH). So you mean to say we should not deliver as well & let the humanity extinct.
Happy researching
Circumcision images — May 17, 2011
[...] WorldWide Prevalence of Male Circumcision В» Sociological Images Mar 11, 2009 … It would be interesting to compare a map of Africa circumcision prevalence with HIV prevalence. … [...]
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Obesity is the major health problem today as the individuals cannot maintain their dietary habits in an integrated way and this leads to over eating. In addition, many people do not have the real sense of consuming the needed calorie in a day. Even children are affected by the obesity in many developed countries and this health problem is becoming a threat to these nations. So attending a proper fitness session by a trainer in parallel with limiting your dietary consumption is the only key to lose weight within the stipulated time.
People start with their own exercise patterns in home and this do not work well for the majority. There is no need to believethings all you read in the internet or things that you hear from your friends about the training programs. It is always good to find a proper training session that is conducted by experts in weight loss. Only reliable programs can be useful and in addition, the amateur trainers can cause severe damage to your health.
Attending the physical session regularly depends upon the courage of the individual and when they are strong in their planning, it is almost impossible to stop them. However, there comes a problem in monitoring your daily progress. The trainer may provide details generally, this will not be person specific, and a general data that includes all the members attending the session cannot be used for your personal analysis. Therefore, fitness trackers are very important for compiling the data in a structured manner, which provides you the entire picture about the weight loss program and your up and downs during the session. However, many are not aware of the working this activity trackers and let me provide you with some information about these modern devices.
An activity tracker is a small device that be worn in hand and this almost records data on different metrics such as the distance covered by the individual in a span of time. The sensor present inside the device record your movement and there isprovision for connecting the device with the global positioning system so that the device can automatically collect the distance covered. It is impossible for any of us to track the rate beat and in this case, the tracker provides you with some reliable data about the functioning of your cardio system.


text:
«Коршун-2» — український перспективний проєкт дозвукової крилатої ракети.

Ракета може розміщуватися як на мобільному наземному шасі або кораблі, так і на пілоні під літаком.

Історія
Вперше представлений КБ «Південне» на міжнародній військовій виставці «Зброя та Безпека-2014».

Технічні характеристики

«Коршун-2» створюється на основі технології радянської крилатої ракети Х-55. Як рушій імовірно буде використаний турбореактивний двоконтурний двигун МС400 виробництва запорізької компанії «Мотор Січ», побудований на базі ТРДД Р95-300, який використаний у ракеті Х-55.

За заявою прес-служби КБ «Південне» у 2014 році, крилата ракета «Коршун-2» буде здійснювати політ огинаючи рельєф місцевості на надмалих висотах, до 50 метрів над поверхнею землі. Запланована маса бойового оснащення ракети — 480 кг, швидкість польоту — дозвукова, на рівні 0,7-0,8 Маха. Радіус дії нового ракетного комплексу заявлений в діапазоні 280—300 км.

«Коршун-2» буде розміщуватися в транспортно-пусковому контейнері, який можна встановити як на мобільному наземному шасі, так і на кораблі. Передбачається також можливість її установки без контейнера на пілони під літак.

Галерея

Див. також
 Ракетна програма України

Примітки

Посилання

Крилаті ракети України
Бойові ракетні комплекси розробки КБ «Південне»
Ракети «повітря — земля»
Ракети «поверхня — поверхня»
Ракети КБ Луч

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Relaxation is right around the corner!
Your holistic wellness and relaxation await at Himalayan Hideaway Salt Cave!
If you can take yourself there in your imagination, then you won't have to go far to have the real experience when you visit Himalayan Hideaway Salt Cave.
When it comes to holistic wellness, our salt cave may improve the way you feel and offer a unique solution for your symptoms.
Breathe clean air and unwind in Winston-Salem's unique salt cave environment.
Imagine that you've travelled on a long journey packed with adventure, and all you can think of is having some time to relax. You find a nearby sanctuary filled with beautiful salt that seems to draw you in and melt away stress. As you inhale, you notice that you can breathe easier, your body unwinds, and you sink into the peace and quiet. There is nothing better!
If you can take yourself there in your imagination, then you won't have to go far to have the real experience when you visit Himalayan Hideaway Salt Cave. Whether you are a resident or a visitor of Winston-Salem, NC, you will find yourself carried away to a place of rest, relaxation, and wellbeing with our salt cave experience.
When you arrive at Himalayan Hideaway, you'll be greeted by a Sherpa who can answer your questions, provide you with comforting tea to sip, and check you in for your appointment. You'll be surrounded by local artisan goods, a variety of salt products, and a setting as if you have just landed at a market in Nepal.
At the top of the hour, you'll be guided into our salt cave, where you'll feel as though you have escaped to the Himalayan Mountains. Take your seat in a zero-gravity chair, settle in with a blanket, enjoy the comforting warm glow of the lights within, and breathe deeply into a state of relaxation. You'll be taken away to another world, without ever having to leave the city.
Get away to the Hideaway and enjoy a holistic approach to wellbeing. Contact us to learn more about the benefits of this ancient and unique therapy. Relaxation is right around the corner!


text:
Q: django-dynamic-formset with unique ID for each form added I am using django-dynamic-formset to create inline forms (samforms) within a form(expform).(reference: http://kevindias.com/writing/django-class-based-views-multiple-inline-formsets/) Everything works fine except when I want to create an unique ID for each form added. Say, when click "add another", we can have an ID "Sample-1, Sample-2,etc". I tried the for loop counter in template but it does not work. Here is the code:
In template:

<form>

1META Data

        {{ expform.as_p }}

2Samples

        {{ samforms.management_form }}
        {{ samforms.non_form_errors }}
        {% for form in samforms %}

                 Sample
                {{ form.as_p }}

        {% endfor %}

 <input type="submit" name='create_exp' value="Create Experiment" class="submit" />

</form>
}

I want to have a unique ID for each form in samforms

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This listing is for 10 heart party picks (5 gold & 5 white). They are all hand punched and assembled from toothpicks and glitter cardstock. The hearts are double sided so they will look great from the front or the back.


graphics, you use the Align button in the Arrange group on the Picture Tools Format tab.
as shown in Figure 4-24.
2. On the Picture Tools Format tab, click the Align button in the Arrange group.
case, you want to align the graphic to the right margin.


text:
To see All uses of "vulgar" in The Count of Monte Cristo, please enable javascript.
of bad taste — often crude or offensive
unsophisticated (or common) — especially of taste
Morrel expected Villefort would be dejected; he found him as he had found him six weeks before, calm, firm, and full of that glacial politeness, that most insurmountable barrier which separates the well-bred from the vulgar man.
"But," replied Franz, "this ambrosia, no doubt, in passing through mortal hands has lost its heavenly appellation and assumed a human name; in vulgar phrase, what may you term this composition, for which, to tell the truth, I do not feel any particular desire?"
"Oh, no, monsieur," replied Monte Cristo; "I do not thus betray my enjoyments to the vulgar.
"Really, sir," he observed, "I see that in spite of the reputation which you have acquired as a superior man, you look at everything from the material and vulgar view of society, beginning with man, and ending with man—that is to say, in the most restricted, most narrow view which it is possible for human understanding to embrace."
The arts change about and make a tour of the world; things take a different name, and the vulgar do not follow them—that is all; but there is always the same result.
Danglars felt his own not to be very well supplied just then, and gradually the man appeared less ugly, the bread less black, and the cheese more fresh, while those dreadful vulgar onions recalled to his mind certain sauces and side-dishes, which his cook prepared in a very superior manner whenever he said, "Monsieur Deniseau, let me have a nice little fricassee to-day."
Chapters 115-116 (17% in)
There are no more uses of "vulgar" in The Count of Monte Cristo.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Twinning Canadian and Kenyan Schools with Solar Power [Updated]
My name is Derek Chan, I'm 16 years old, and I was part of Mark Battley's team of high school students from Upper Canada College that initiated a small scale OLPC implementation at the Ntugi Day Secondary School. As explained in our previous post, part of our goal was to provide Ntugi with power for their initial complement of 8 XOs and 2 Cradlepoint PHS300s at a school that had no access to the country's power grid.
Ultimately, we were successful, but not without missteps and failures along the way. We did lots of things right, but we made a few newbie errors. Here's what we learned!
Learn as much as you can about your destination school's physical resources.
Don't assume that tests in the lab will duplicate conditions in the field.
Read all the relevant blogs, forums and bulletin boards before implementing.
Don't underestimate the sophistication of local technology and expertise at your destination.
With Kenya's abundant sunlight, the answer was to use solar power to charge the XO and CradlePoint batteries. With help of OLPC expert Mike Lee our panels of choice became the 10 watt PV Master fibreglass solar modules, these work horses were lightweight, flexible, resistant to hot, dry weather, and were able to directly plug into the XO's.
We planned to carry 8 of the panels over in a suitcase and pair each panel with an XO, allowing the students to power their laptops outside under the Kenyan sunlight. However, back in Canada, because of the cold and the lack of sunlight during our winter, we weren't able to test this system under outdoor conditions and, instead, tested our system using an array of compact florescent bulbs as a substitute for the sun; this would eventually lead to one of the problems we encountered when we arrived in Kenya.
And so, with our panels and laptops packed into our luggage, we concluded our testing on home ground and braced ourselves for a trial by fire in a world none of us had ever seen.
1) Learn as much as you can about your destination school's physical resources:
Like any live experiment, we ran into unexpected problems during the actual implementation. Our first mistake was the lack of knowledge we had about Ntugi prior to the trip; we expected wooden of classrooms since that was what Ntugi had when one of our teachers had visited four years prior to our trip.
That's why we envisioned the students working and re-charging outside in the sun. In retrospect, that was a foolish assumption. In the intervening years, Ntugi had built excellent classrooms and Kenyan weather was so hot and dry that day-to-day outdoor use proved impractical. We were forced to re-evaluate our set-up and find ways to allow for indoor use.
2) Don't assume that tests in the lab will duplicate conditions in the field:
Other than needing to accommodate indoor use, we had another problem. In our winter lab-test with light-bulbs in Toronto, we had neglected to consider two things; the Kenyan sun would alternately produce too much solar power and, of course, there would be clouds!
That meant that under peak sun, the laptops would stop charging and, when there was cloud cover, the flow of electricity from the panels to the laptops would drop precipitously. Mysteriously, this meant that we could never seem to charge the laptops beyond about 30% of their capacity and, even more mysteriously, they actually seemed to be losing their battery charge when the panels were attached. That brings me to our next newbie error!
3) Read all the relevant blogs, forums and bulletin boards before implementing:
Had we been more diligent about reading OLPC News's forums (among other sources) we would have discovered the concept of reverse polarity before we arrived in Kenya - after all, we weren't the first implementation to have this problem. Mr. Battley told us that his father used to say, "electricity flows downhill," and that's what we belatedly discovered.
Under direct sunlight, the OLPCs would charge exceptionally well however, when clouds blocked the sun intermittently, the power flow would reverse and the laptop batteries would discharging itself into the panel.
Our original diagnosis of the solar problem was incorrect. Thanks to Richard A. Smith at OLPC for the following correction:
"The input to the laptop is half-wave rectified with a diode and not subject to reverse polarity. What really happens is that, under strong sunlight, the PV panel output voltage can move into the 18-20V range. If this happens the over-voltage protection circuit of the XO-1 will disengage. It won't turn back on until the voltage falls back into the allowable range. At the time this post was 1st published these reports were just beginning to arrive. Since then this has been diagnosed, and solved.
10W Panels that are purchased for XO-1 use now have a 18V limiter on them so that the voltage will never increase above 18V. Its a $2 adder to the normal price of the PV panel. This solves the problem"
Richard was absolutely correct, and our subsequent field tests confirmed this.
Our tests in Canada had failed to account for this because we exposed the panel directly against incandescent light bulbs for testing purposes without mimicking cloud cover. This was humiliating. After all our preparation, we were tripped up by a preventable error. Had we spent a few more minutes researching online, and investing in charge controllers, we could have stopped any reverse polarity. But in our negligence, we had also disregarded looking for a local solution.
4) Don't underestimate the sophistication of local technology and expertise at your destination:
We had foolishly assumed that Kenya wouldn't have much in the way of solar technology. We figured if Ntugi hadn't used computers before, it would be unlikely that there would be sophisticated solar expertise in the local town of Meru. Thank heavens we were wrong because, with the reverse polarity problem unsolved, our implementation seemed dead in the water.
Happily, it turned out that Ntugi, with support from Safaricom and the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy already had plans for some solar power at the school.
Chloride Exide is a local company that has years of experience in solar panel installations and they came to our rescue.
Joel, their local representative, kindly helped rig a frame for our panels and helped us install a controller, battery and inverter - all for about $700 US.
We hooked up our North American OLPC chargers to a universal power bar purchased from Nakumatt (the Kenyan Wal-Mart). This solution proved to be far more practical than our original plan and allowed us to leave the panels outside to receive sunlight, while the OLPC's could be kept inside for charging and conducting classes.
Although the current set-up is not ideal because of its vulnerability to weather and theft, it has functioned beyond expectations for 8 months. Ntugi now has 20 OLPC laptops and four CradlePoint routers working with Safaricom's USB modems - all powered from our jury-rigged solar panels!
Currently, Ntugi is trying to raise $7000 to replace our current set-up with a proper series of 120 W panels from Chloride Exide that will accommodate the inevitable growth of their laptop program.
As for the four of us, this little experiment has taught us more than we could have ever expected but most importantly proven the concept of a small rural school able to leapfrog into digital age learning using renewable and self-sustainable resources.
More about our journey to come....
Posted by Mark Roy Battley on October 27, 2009 in Countries: Canada, Countries: Kenya
Tagged CradlePoint, Deployment, Kenya, Lewa, Ntugi School, Safaricom, Solar, Upper Canada College | 3 TrackBacks
Sep 7 2012The Story of 31 XOs Sailing from Seattle to Ohio0
Apr 6 2012Video Showing Off IIT's XO Charging Station in Haiti0
Mar 14 2012Organizational constructionism? Check the "writable" version of the OLPC France deployment guide5
Hi, my name's Amal Chandaria, and I'm one of the four students from Upper Canada College who researched, designed and deployed an OLPC laptop implementation program at the [more]
OLPC Video of Twinning Canadian and Kenyan Schools | One Laptop Per Child News | November 4, 2009
My neighbors and friends on Bainbridge Island remember my active campaigning in December 2007 to get as many people as possible to order a One Laptop Per Child device for their children. Now it's being started up again at Amazon.com but so far you can ... [more]
Re-Starting Pacific Northwest OLPC User Groups | One Laptop Per Child News | November 11, 2009
Five years ago, Rwanda [more]
Electricity is the bugaboo of every OLPC deployment | One Laptop Per Child News | March 23, 2011
Try going to Homepower.com and see if your school can get a CD library from them. Possibly, your school can get a free subscription, but I am not sure since you are in Canada, like US schools can receive.
Here is a copy of this month's edition.
http://www.homepower.com/files/sampleissue/HomePowerMagazine.pdf
I have over 8 yrs subscribed to their paper copy, so I know you could find many articles related to solar panels and proper battery management.
GregYohn | October 27, 2009 12:11 PM | (Score: 0)
Maybe you could write up an article for HomePower?
I think the readers would like to know more about your experiences!
Click here and find out about the free subscription.
http://www.redwoodalliance.org/librarian
How do I contact you? I'm an engineer for OLPC and I'd like to discuss the problems you experienced with the 10W solar panels.
Some of the conclusions in this posting are incorrect. In particular the 'reverse polarity' conclusion. The power input of the XO has a half-wave rectifier which then feeds into a DC/DC converter. The only way the battery could backfeed into the PV array is if lots of stuff were blown up.
If the laptops were functional it was not reverse polarity. There are other possibilities for your problems.
you can reach me at richard at laptop dt org
Richard Smith | November 3, 2009 8:56 PM | (Score: 0)
Nice piece. Short and clear, and the mistakes+learning are well described, which makes it very useful for others that may want to implement a similar solution. Thank you!
Vahid | March 23, 2011 11:27 AM | (Score: 0)


text:
Man gets 10 years in prison for role in heroin ring
Heather Yakin
hyakin@th-record.com
MONTICELLO - A South Fallsburg man was sentenced to 10 years in prison for his role in a heroin distribution ring in Sullivan County.
Shyquan Tait, 21, pleaded guilty to second- and third-degree criminal sale of controlled substance and second-degree conspiracy, felonies, in the case. He admitted to selling heroin multiple times to an undercover officer, Sullivan County District Attorney Jim Farrell said.
Farrell said police executed a search warrant at a South Fallsburg home where the drugs were being distributed, and seized more than 1,000 bags of heroin. A second warrant at a Liberty motel room yielded 1,500 bags of heroin, Farrell said.
Tait, who was sentenced Aug. 14, was also ordered to surrender $1,787 in cash seized by police and will be subject to five years of post-release supervision.
Farrell said the state police Community Narcotics Enforcement Team led the investigation, aided by prosecutors, Fallsburg and Liberty police and the Sullivan County Sheriff's Office. The probe was geared toward stemming the flow of heroin from New Jersey into the county, Farrell said.


(CN) – The Justice Department announced a multimillion-dollar grant to assist victims of the 2016 Pulse nightclub shooting in Orlando, the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history.
The $8.4 million victim-services grant has been awarded to the Florida Office of the Attorney General, which will be in charge of distributing the money, the Justice Department said.
During the June 12, 2016, massacre, 29-year-old Omar Mateen opened fire at Pulse, an LGBT nightclub in Orlando, pledging allegiance to the Islamic State. The attack resulted in 49 deaths and left more than 50 people injured. Mateen was shot and killed in a standoff with police.
"We continue to mourn those who were taken from us that awful day, and we admire the resilience of the great city of Orlando. With this grant, we reaffirm the Justice Department's commitment to the people of Orlando, the families of the victims and all who are helping those affected by this heinous crime," Attorney General Jeff Sessions said in a statement.
The grant was authorized under the Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program, via the Justice Department's Office for Victims of Crime.
Marilyn McCoy Roberts, the acting director of the Office for Victims of Crime, said the grant will reimburse victim-services costs incurred by the operation of a family assistance center immediately after the shooting.
The grant will also "ensure that victims, witnesses and first responders receive necessary services to help them adjust in the aftermath of violence, begin the healing process and cope with probable re-traumatization," Roberts said.
Following the Oklahoma City bombing In 1995, Congress established the Antiterrorism Emergency Reserve and authorized the Office for Victims of Crime to set aside up to $50 million annually from the reserve, to assist victims in extraordinary circumstances.
Regional jurisdictions can apply for grants after acts of terrorism or mass violence. They can request aid for crisis response, criminal justice support, crime victim compensation and training and technical assistance expenses, according to the Justice Department's statement.
Grants have been awarded in response to several recent mass killings, including the 2015 San Bernardino attack, the 2015 Charleston church shooting, the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre.
This past January, federal authorities charged Mateen's wife, Noor Salman, with obstruction of justice and aiding and abetting her husband's support for the Islamic State.
Last Friday, a federal judge in Florida granted federal prosecutors' motion to revoke an Oakland judge's order to release Salman. She will remain behind bars while awaiting further proceedings in the criminal case against her.


text:
The Capuchin Crypt and confidence in death
by Alberto Manodori Sagredo
A good Christian should never fear death, and should even be able to live in the awareness of its inevitability, having hope and faith in the Resurrection promised by Christ. For a true believer who aspires to eternal life in God, the fear and horror we feel in the face of death itself or of the pain that usually comes with it – both for the dying and for the dear ones surviving – should be limited to a few moments.
Indeed, Saint Francis celebrated "Sister Death" and early Christians used to have the date of their passing written on their funerary inscriptions as their 'dies natalis', that is the day of their true birth.
Thus, in the shadows of numerous ancient churches, there are infinite tombs and funerary monuments in which the deceased is depicted in his sleep – waiting to be awakened by the sound of the angels' trumpets – and often, especially in works from the Baroque era, skulls and skeletons made of marble or bronze adorn sepulchers, reminding us of the words repeated by the priest as he imposes the ashes on the foreheads of the faithful at the beginning of Lent: "Remember man, you are dust and to dust you shall return".
Furthermore, today big and small museums around the world display the portraits of princes and queens, aristocrats and soldiers: they are a testimony to the talent of their authors, but also a memory of people who are not with us anymore.
They compose a gallery of faces of the dead, of people who walked this earth and now are completely gone. Photography – from its origins in 1839 until the 1950s, and sporadically even today – had an even more explicit approach: think of the tradition of photographic portraits of the deceased, taken on their deathbed or in their coffin before it was closed.
So it seems that the faces of the dead continue to live, and share the present with the living with a closeness that, in a way, is both natural and inevitable.
Think of the custom of embalming pharaohs, who were convinced that they could go on to a second life in the flesh in the world of Osiris; a custom that transferred also to modern personalities such as Lenin, Saint Pio of Pietrelcina and many popes. Or think of the many "death masks" created in ancient and modern times.
In Palermo there is a Capuchin cemetery where the monks stand guard to a series of underground tunnels with walls covered with shelves upon shelves on which hundreds (if not thousands) of mummies are laid. Sometime between the late 1500s and the early 20th century, these bodies underwent a process of natural dehydration and were dressed again with the clothes they had at their funeral: noblemen wear jackets with intricate arabesques, ladies have ornaments around the skull and frothy evening gowns with moldy lace, priests are in their vestments and bishop have their miters. Some hold a wizened book open, with their skeletal fingers, as if they were reading; others, placed one before the other, seem to be playing cards. Some look at the visitor while trying in vain to get out of their coffin, and others are aligned in dusty showcases. What was the purpose of all this? To prove that a good Christian not only does not fear death, but is able to play with it with unparalleled familiarity.
There is a Capuchin cemetery in Rome as well, near the church of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception where Guido Reni's beautiful painting of the Archangel Michael is on display over an altar. The renovated cemetery today is a regular tourist attraction, with an adjoining bookshop, admission fees, and on certain days even tourists patiently standing in line to enter. What does the cemetery have in store for them? Thousands of mummified cadavers, protruding from the walls like in Palermo? Absolutely not. The Capuchins in Rome came up with a different idea. They decided to use the bones of their brethren, after nature had literally brought them down "to the bone," to create a fantastic, 18th-century-taste decor with them, adorning walls and door frames, vaults and niches, making chandeliers and other devotional objects.
The cemetery was created by Cardinal Antonio Barberini in 1624; his family dominated the entire area, hence the eponymous square and grand palace. The bizarre aesthetics of the composition was popular almost until the end of the 1800s.
The message? A good Christian can watch man turn into dust after death and not fear it: indeed he can play with the idea, and use bones to make lamps or build shelves, or line up vertebrae and ribs to create motionless flowers on the walls, framing the niches from which skeletons look out, dressed as monks.
There is also another Capuchin cemetery in Rome, similar to the one of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception: the one attached to the church of the Holy Stigmata of Saint Francis, which faces onto Via dei Cestari next to Largo Argentina. Again, the bones of dead monks and of many others who died in the past centuries were used here to make chandeliers and lamps, while skeletons seem to almost smile at those who obtain permission to visit.
There is a third cemetery-ossuary in Rome, with a flying skeleton of death armed with an hourglass, in the crypt of the church of Saint Bartholomew on Tiber Island; it is kept by the Sacconi Rossi Confraternity, who traditionally gave burial to the people drowned in the Tiber (not a rarity in the past centuries) as part of their acts of mercy.
Thus we can say for certain that Rome has no fear of death!
www.flickr.com/photos/monicaforss/ www.flickr.com/photos/13522699@N08/ www.nationalgeographic.it/popoli-culture/2010/10/31/foto/cripte_e_catacombe_un_viaggio_nel_mondo_dei_morti-130900/9/ www.entmood.blogspot.it/2011/05/capuchin-catacombs-of-palermo.html www.viaggi.nanopress.it/fotogallery/mummie-delle-catacombe-dei-cappuccini-di-palermo_6333_6.html
Piazza Cappuccini,1
The Conversation Circle in Ragusa
The statues in Rome
Rome, capital of the Empire
Osteria dell'Ingegno, Rome


text:
pushd /root > /dev/null

## Get maven
sudo wget http://repos.fedorapeople.org/repos/dchen/apache-maven/epel-apache-maven.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-apache-maven.repo
sudo sed -i s/\$releasever/6/g /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-apache-maven.repo
sudo yum install -y apache-maven

cd ./zeppelin

## Get zeppelin
#git clone https://github.com/apache/incubator-zeppelin.git zeppelin
git clone https://github.com/felixcheung/incubator-zeppelin.git zeppelin
#git clone https://github.com/felixcheung/incubator-zeppelin/tree/r zeppelin

cd ./zeppelin

#git checkout r

mvn clean package -Pspark-1.5 -Dhadoop.version=2.2.0 -Phadoop-2.2 -DskipTests

popd > /dev/null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
(AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)
A congressman just caught the Bern: Bernie Sanders set to win first congressional endorsement
While Sanders has picked up in recent polls, he didn't boast a single congressional backer -- until now
Check out this article! https://www.salon.com/2015/10/07/a_congressman_just_caught_the_bern_bernie_sanders_set_to_win_first_congressional_endorsement/
Luke Brinker
October 7, 2015 6:21PM (UTC)
Bernie Sanders is packing arenas with record crowds, enjoying a formidable lead in New Hampshire, pulling closer to Hillary Clinton in Iowa, and nearly matching Clinton in fundraising, but the former secretary of state retains a decisive advantage in the so-called invisible primary: the process whereby party elites, donors, and interest groups coalesce behind a candidate.
Nowhere is Clinton's advantage within the party establishment clearer than in the lopsided endorsements of Democratic governors and members of Congress. Clinton has secured the backing of 153 such figures, compared with three for potential candidate Vice President Joe Biden, and one for former Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley.
Not surprisingly for a self-described democratic socialist who revels in taking on the powers that be, Sanders started the week with a grand total of zero gubernatorial and congressional endorsements.
That's about to change. The Los Angeles Times' Mark Barabak reports that Arizona congressman Raul Grijalva, the co-chairman of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and a frequent critic of the Obama administration from the left, is set to lend his support to Sanders's insurgent bid:
That, however, is about to change, as Arizona Rep. Raul Grijalva prepares to declare his support for Sanders' presidential bid. The announcement is expected Friday night when the two appear together at a Tucson rally, part of a Sanders swing through the West ahead of next week's first Democratic debate, in Las Vegas.
Grijalva, a liberal Democrat serving his seventh term representing a southern Arizona district including Tucson, is co-chairman of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, which Sanders -- a self-described Democratic socialist -- helped cofound as a House member in 1991.
The impending endorsement of the long-serving Latino lawmaker comes as Sanders seeks to expand his base of support beyond the white progressives who dominate the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary, but are not representative of the Democratic electorate writ large. A national Public Policy Polling survey released Tuesday offers the Sanders camp a glimmer of hope: While the poll found him continuing to lag among black Democrats, taking 13 percent of their votes to Clinton's 51 percent and Biden's 30 percent, Sanders comes closer among Latinos: Clinton captured 43 percent of their votes to Sanders's 26 percent and Biden's 18 percent.
MORE FROM Luke Brinker • FOLLOW LukeBrinker
2016 Democratic Primary 2016 Elections Bernie Sanders Endorsements Hillary Clinton Joe Biden Latino Voters Raul Grijalva
Warren profiles AOC for "Time 100" list
Democrats: Want four more years of this?
Biden expected to make 2020 announcement
Hope, the future and Pete Buttigieg


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text:
Çavuş (dal turco: çavuş, "messaggero") era un titolo ottomano utilizzato per due distinte categorie di soldati, entrambi impiegati come messaggeri anche se differivano gerarchicamente. Tra i giannizzeri e gli Spahi era un grado inferiore ad agha. Il termine indicava i soldati delle truppe specializzate dei çavuşān (anche çavuşiyye, çavuş(an)-i divan(i)) costituite da reparti misti di cavalleria e fanteria che erano al servizio del Consiglio Imperiale come nell'Egitto ottomano. I capi dei çavuş del consiglio erano chiamati çavuşbaşı (o başçavuş). Il çavuşbaşı era l'assistente o il vice del Gran visir per le questioni che riguardavano la sicurezza, accompagnava gli ambasciatori che si recavano in visita dal Gran Visir e inoltre esaminava per primo le petizioni presentate al Consiglio e presiedeva le riunioni del consiglio in assenza del Gran visir.

Il titolo ha origine tra gli uiguri ed indicava gli ambasciatori del Kaghanato uiguro e venne poi usato dai Selgiuchidi per indicare i messaggeri imperiali bizantini e da persiani e arabi per indicare i vari assistenti di corte.

La parola ha dato origine a cognomi, come Çavuş (turco), Çavuşoğlu (Turco), Čaušević (Serbo-Croato), Čaušić (Serbo-Croato), Baščaušević (Serbo-Croato) Çaushaj (albanese), Ceauşescu (romeno) e altri. Çavuş è anche nella radice del nome di alcune località, come Çavuş, Çavuşlu, Çavuşlar, Çavuşköy e Çavuşbayırı in Turchia, Čauševac in Bosnia, Čauševići in Bosnia e Serbia, Čaušev Do, Čauševina e Čaušlije in Bosnia, Čaušlija in Macedonia), Çaushi, e altri. In passato nell'ex Jugoslavia, la parola čauš talvolta indicava il wedding planner.

Çavuşbaşı famosi furono:
Daut Bey, al servizio del Sultano Bayezid II (1481–1512)
Kuyumcu Süleyman Agha, al servizio del Gran Visir İpşiri Mustafa Pascià (1653–54)
Mehmed Raşid, al servizio del Sultano Mahmud II (1808–1839)
Mustafa Agha
Ahmed Agha
Selim Pasha
Zulfiqar Agha
Mohammed Haji-Ajvazade
Abdul Kerim Izet

Uso moderno
Nelle attuali forze armate turche il grado di Çavuş è omologo al sergente, superiore a Onbaşı (Caporale) e inferiore a Üstçavuş (sergente maggiore), mentre Başçavuş è il grado più alto tra i sottufficiali.

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Impero ottomano
Gradi militari
Parole e locuzioni della lingua turca


text:
All tagged ...ready for it?
Nov 9 What does "...Ready For It?" by Taylor Swift mean?
Of all the new Taylor Swift songs, "...Ready For It?" may be the most unique and most "new." While fans weren't quite sure what to do with "Look What You Made Me Do" until the music video came out, and "Gorgeous" and "Call It What You Want" at least made a little sense as far as who we think Taylor Swift is, "...Ready For It?" left most of us scratching our heads. But that doesn't mean the doesn't mean something interesting, so let's get into it.