text:
by Jaya Mckeown.
Jaya Mckeown - Jaya moved to Boston from New York to pursue a master's degree in corporate communications at Emerson College. This experience, combined with her undergraduate degree in psychology and teaching, has equipped her with valuable skills that she employs on a daily basis in real estate negotiations, homebuyer and seller education, and successful promotion of the team's listings. Jaya's clients often characterize her as meticulous, proactive, and enjoyable to be around.
Anatomical Reason For Hard Nipples
How Do Nipple Piercings Increase Sensitivity?
Causes Of Hard Nipples
Hard Nipples During Cold Weathers
When To Call The Doctor?
Nipples are the center of your breast. It is connected to women's mammary gland, where the milk is produced. Nipples are present in both males and females. But the function of this body part differs from one sex to another.
For both sexes, nipples can be an erogenous zone. It is a specific area in our body where it produces sexual excitement or libidinal gratification when stimulated. But the main purpose or function of nipples for females is to aid breastfeeding. If you ever wondered why men also have nipples, it is because while we were still an embryo, the nipples were already formed. Note that an embryo still has no sex, and it has the potential to become either a male or a female. Regardless of what sex the embryo has become, the nipples remain intact.
Types of nipples
There are different types of nipples. It could be flat, protruding, or inverted. Inverted nipples are the type that never gets hard or erected. But any of these types are capable of breastfeeding. Nipples are amazing, especially for lactating women, because it could leak milk just by hearing a baby crying; it's called the let-down reflex.
COPYRIGHT_WI: Published on https://washingtonindependent.com/w/hard-nipples/ by Jaya Mckeown on 2021-01-05T04:37:09.501Z
Nipples tend to get hard sometimes. There are natural and common causes of this phenomenon. There are also serious indications when this happens, especially when it becomes more painful than it actually should. But it happens rarely, so that's good news. Hard or erect nipples sometimes face issues, as it is associated with sexual arousal or feeling "horny." Some females tend to get insecure and embarrassed when their nipples harden for unknown reasons. This is completely normal, especially for females, because of the causes of this thing range from menstruation to pregnancy and to orgasm. Nipples could get hard when you are sexually turned on, and it could stick out like sore thumbs when it gets cold. And most commonly, it just goes hard with no apparent reason. But there is certainly a mechanism in these unpredictable erections.
There's nothing to be ashamed of hard nipples because they are normal, involuntary, and are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. This is the system that coordinates and regulates all the unconscious functions of our body. Nipple erections are specifically caused by certain neurons that control the erectile muscles in the tissues found in the nipples. Underneath the nipple and areola, there are tiny muscles that contract and pull on the skin and push the nipple out. When the sympathetic nervous system signals the nerves in those tiny muscles, it causes them to contract, and the erection happens.
Nipples get hard because they are super sensitive. And getting a nipple piercing is likely to increase the sensitivity of your nipples once it is nicely healed. However, there are myths spreading around that nipple piercings will make your nipples permanently hard. It could make your nipples hard, especially when it's pierced for the first time. They will swell; thus, it will appear hard. But this effect will not stay forever. After a few weeks of getting it pierced, it will start to heal, and it will turn into its normal state. But again, it could make your nipples more sensitive than it was before. So, it will only take less effort for it to get hard. Nipple piercings do not give the nipples permanent hardness; it only makes them easily hardened. But the level of sensitivity of the nipples will still depend on the person. It varies from one person to the next. Wearing loose shirts or just doing things that will not trigger the sensitivity of your nipples will prevent your nipples from getting hard.
Nipple piercing can be expensive, but if you're into aesthetics and love to spice up bedroom antics, then this piercing is ideal for you. However, if you're a mother, you might have to think twice about getting one. There's really no problem feeding the baby once it has already healed. But you have to take it off every time you have to feed them because it might cause accidents.
First on the list of the possible causes of hard nipples is women's menstrual cycle. Every time a woman's period is about to come, their progesterone level increases. It is a female steroid hormone that makes the nipples tender and soars, especially when in its highest peak of the month. It causes pain and sensitivity, but it reduces once the level of the hormone gets back to normal. In connection with menstruation, females going through perimenopause and entering the menopausal stage also experience sore, tender, and sensitive nipples.
In regards to sexual activities, since nipples are erogenous zones, it becomes really sensitive when stimulated. Stimulation could be oral, as there is strong and forceful friction during the activity. This is temporary and will subside once the arousal is gone. Other activities, such as exercises and sports, may also cause nipple erection. Exercise can cause nipple friction, and this friction causes soreness, dryness, irritation, and even bleeding. This is felt more by women who do not use sports bras or use tight-fitting sports bras.
The tenderness of the nipples and breasts are also normal when a woman is pregnant. This is most common when they are in their first trimester and may occur again in their third one. It is important to choose well-fitting bras to minimize the pain and chafing. For lactating women, breastfeeding could be the most common reason why they experience erect nipples more often. The nipples get sore and tender when the baby's sucking becomes more efficient. The discomfort will eventually subside, and the hardness will become painless. If you are taking birth control pills, it might also be a cause of your sudden nipple erection. Birth control pills have side effects, and they are similar to the symptoms of pregnancy. These side effects will tone down once you have already adapted to the pills fully.
There are also certain medications and herbs that may contribute to the apparent hardening of your nipples. Medications prescribed for depression and anxiety were linked to symptoms concerning the breast and the nipples. And there are some herbal remedies that cause nipple pain, sensitivity, and tenderness. Herbs that help the production of breast milk are the ones that cause this to happen. The tenderness and soreness of the nipples may also come from allergies and sensitivities. As said earlier, nipples are very sensitive. Weather changes and types of fabrics such as wool could cause pain and irritation to the nipples, leading to hardness.
Nipples are especially hard when it is cold. If you have noticed, particularly when it's the winter season, your nipples become as hard as diamonds because of the cold weather. The nipples get hard, just like when we experience goosebumps on our skin. It could go normal throughout the day while you do your usual routine. But when the temperature drops to 40, and you are not properly padded, the nipples freeze.
There is an explanation of why nipples get hard, specifically when it's cold. But first, let's discuss how goosebumps happen, as it is connected to how nipples harden. Our skin has very small and smooth muscle cells. It contracts around our hair follicles when the temperature is low. And the contraction decreases the surface area of the skin, which was exposed to the cold. When it comes to the nipples exposed to cold, the areola's size decreases at the same time because everything in the surface area is getting tighter. The tightness pushes out the nipples, making them hard. Nipple hardening can cause chafing, which could be painful. This happens when you're too sensitive to the cold weather. To help the pain subside, you could provide some coverings to your nipples. A band-aid can help, especially if you have to go outside and do some extensive errands. You can also moisturize your whole body, including your nipples, with moisturizing agents such as coconut oil.
Hard nipples often come with soreness and tenderness. Sometimes the pain could become unbearable, and you already need to call for immediate medical attention. If you are a new mom, or you just recently gave birth, your breasts and nipples could be swollen and hard. This is called postpartum breast tenderness, and it could mean that there is an infection going on. So, you have to consult a doctor since only an examination can find what's really wrong with your breasts.
Another one is when you notice that there's a new lump noticeable within your breast, and there's a pain that does not go away. This could happen after your menstrual period, and it could indicate a serious medical condition. This also includes when you experience unexplained breast pain, discharge coming from your nipples, especially if it's blood and pus, and other signs of breast infection such as localized redness and fever.
f53f19823af81a8121f931e54357e82cb918a050e88035d5111ff48c95dcd7d380dc590bb6f780f84c848847ab512ef70a6ba3bac8d4069c0ed1447ebede16df


text:
Watch Ridiculousness - Season 15 Online Free 123ymovies, Stream Ridiculousness - Season 15 Online Full HD 123movies
Turn off light Report Favorite
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 43 2020-01-11 22:08:30
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 39 - Iman Shumpert 2020-01-02 15:43:41
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 38 - Chanel and Sterling CL 2020-01-02 15:43:42
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 37 - Jasper & Errol 2019-12-25 13:33:14
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 36 - Chanel and Sterling CXLVI 2019-12-25 22:33:13
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 35 - Brittany Furlan 2019-12-25 22:33:12
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 34 - Chanel and Sterling CXLIII 2019-12-25 22:33:12
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 33 - Anderson .Paak 2019-12-25 22:33:11
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 32 - Chanel and Sterling CXLVIII 2019-12-25 22:33:14
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 31 - Winter holidays 2019-12-01 21:53:49
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 30 - Chanel and Sterling CXLI 2019-11-30 17:18:19
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 29 - Wes Scantlin 2019-11-30 17:18:19
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 28 - Chanel and Sterling CXLV 2019-11-30 17:18:19
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 24 - Chanel and Sterling CXLIX 2019-11-15 08:37:55
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 23 - Tyga II 2019-11-06 17:47:37
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 20 - Chanel and Sterling CXLIV 2019-10-25 23:48:21
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 19 - DaniLeigh 2019-10-23 18:47:43
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 18 - Chanel and Sterling CXXXIII 2019-10-18 13:59:08
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 17 - Chanel and Sterling CXLVII 2019-10-18 22:42:26
Ridiculousness - Season 15 Episode 9 2019-09-23 19:02:44
Rob Dyrdek shows us some of the funniest videos with two of his friends.
Genres: Comedy;
Stars: Rob Dyrdek; Sterling Brim; Chanel West Coast; Chris Pfaff; Brendan Schaub;
Director: Shane Nickerson, Rob Dyrdek, Jeff Tremaine
Lizard Lick Towing - Season 5
Ron and Amy Shirley primarily repossess vehicles and machinery. Their clients are lien holders. Ron's role is to locate and repossess property, while Amy deals with irate owners who come demanding that their property be returned. Ron opened "Lizard Lick Towing" in 1998 with one truck. With Amy's help, the business grew over a period of 10 years to become a successful company with a staff of 15 and a fleet of 20 trucks. Ron, who is an ordained minister with a soft spot for people who have fallen on hard times, prepares a huge barbecue meal each year to help some of the people who have had their property repossessed by "Lizard Lick Towing".
Spirit: Riding Free - Season 6
The wild west adventures of a free-spirited girl and her wild stallion horse companion.
Stars: Amber Frank Bailey Gambertoglio Sydney Park Nolan North Kari Wahlgren
Fright Christmas
in 2007 a series of tapes were found in the basement of a London house. The tapes contained recordings made by a well known medium right up to the time of her death. She recorded the voices...
Stars: Darren Munn
One year after the abduction of their son, a policeman, David, and his wife, Sarah, continue to fall into a vortex of guilt and despair. David, a New York City policeman, attempts a more traditional form of healing, only to lose his moral compass. Sarah goes down an unexpected path towards acceptance as she places herself in increasingly dangerous situations.
Stars: Olivia Wilde
IMDb 5.7 81
Three space women land on Earth in search of sexual energy to fuel their spaceship and get back home. They befriend a lonely farmboy who helps them on their plight, all while evading their mortal enemies, the Scrotes.
Genre: Comedy Sci-Fi
Stars: Ellie Church Brian Papandrea Allison Maier Alyss Winkler
Any Body Can Dance 2
Stars: Raghav Juyal
Strictly Come Dancing - Season 14
A dance competition where celebrities compete to be crowned the winner. Who is kicked out of the competition each week is decided by the judges scores and viewer votes.
Stars: Craig Revel Horwood Alan Dedicoat Bruno Tonioli Tess Daly Len Goodman David Arch Brendan Cole
The Painted Veil
A scientist's callow wife accompanies her husband to mainland China in the 1920s to fight a cholera epidemic. Instead, they discover betrayal and estrangement. Given a chance at redemption, the couple embark on a perilous journey of self discovery deep into the heart of the Middle Kingdom.
Genre: Drama Romance
Stars: Naomi Watts
Doubles vies
Set in the Parisian publishing world, an editor and an author find themselves in over their heads, as they cope with a middle-age crisis, the changing industry and their wives.
Genre: Comedy Drama Romance
Stars: Guillaume Canet Juliette Binoche Laurent Poitrenaux Lionel Dray
The Wee Man
Stars: Patrick Bergin
Dexter - Season 4
Along the way, Dexter mishandles crucial evidence in a case, Deb takes the blame for an unforeseen event, and Rita discovers one of Dexter';;s secrets. Maintaining an average-guy facade while satisfying his need to kill has never been easy. But now, with wife and kids in tow, Dexter';;s got more to lose then ever, as he gets drawn into a deadly game with a killer every bit as dangerous, and conflicted, as he is.
Genre: Crime Drama
Stars: Michael C Hall
A psychiatrist tries to put her life back together after a violent attack by seeking to repair the life of a new patient, but he has his own terrifying history.
Stars: Nestor Serrano
Yoo-Na's Street
Yoo-Na is a unrepentant professional pickpocket with a long rap sheet. Chang-Man is poor and unemployed but aspires to be a social worker. After the two become friends, Yoo-Na tries to turn over a new leaf in life.
Laura, a Spanish woman living in Buenos Aires, returns to her hometown outside Madrid with her two children to attend her sister's wedding. However, the trip is upset by unexpected events that bring secrets into the open.
Stars: Penelope Cruz Javier Bardem Ricardo Darín Eduard Fernández Bárbara Lennie
While Christian wrestles with his inner demons, Anastasia must confront the anger and envy of the women who came before her.
Stars: Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Eric Johnson
Mad Men - Season 6
Mad Men is back for a seductive and intriguing new season. From writer and executive producer Matthew Weiner, Season 6 leads the audience into the captivating world of 1960's New York. Season 6 finds the characters dealing with the shocks and social upheaval of 1968, one of the most-turbulent years in American history. Don Draper has returned to his bad habits and is now carrying on a dangerous affair with the wife of a friend, heart surgeon Arnold Rosen. His wife Megan has found success as a soap-opera actress, but feels more distant from Don than ever.
Stars: Jon Hamm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Revolut boss Nikolay Storonsky concedes to claims of 'toxic culture' at the fintech startup | City A.M.
The chief executive of London fintech startup Revolut said his firm "hasn't always gotten things right" in an open letter late last night, after fresh allegations of a toxic culture at the company emerged last week.
Former Revolut employees at both senior and junior levels described an environment of unpaid work, unachievable targets and high-staff turnover, speaking to Wired.
"Like everyone else at Revolut, I am constantly learning and growing with the company. I now know that there is much more to running a successful business than simply hitting targets," he added.
Storonsky said the business had been investing in the firm' internal culture over the last 18 months, now holding biannual staff satisfaction surveys and upping its number of performance reviews.
At over 800 employees, Revolut said its staff turnover is now less than three per cent per year.
Accusations of a poor workplace culture have surfaced multiple times against Revolut, powered by its desire for supersonic-speed growth. The bank hit 4m registered users last month, having hit 3m customers only six months earlier.
An applicant for a business development role at Revolut last year told Spanish news site Eldiario that she was told to recruit at least 200 users in a week if she was to have a chance at a follow-up interview.
Revolut is also facing several regulatory headaches, with its compliance and advertising tactics under scrutiny by multiple UK watchdogs.


Motor Vehicle Record | AccuSource, Inc.
The Motor Vehicle Record is obtained through a search of the state Department of Motor Vehicle records for derogatory information. Information can include license status, license class, issue date, expiration date, violations, suspensions, licensee address, date of birth and physical description. Identifying information located in a MVR may be used to validate other criminal records.


text:
Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C.
Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C. - Colorado Springs, CO
5536 Library LnColorado Springs, CO 80918
Colorado Springs Personal Injury Law Firm
At Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C., in Colorado Springs, Colorado, we are a serious personal injury law firm that is serious about obtaining full compensation and benefits for its injured clients.
We can get you the medical care and money you need in the following situations:
Serious personal injury accidents such as car, truck or motorcycle wrecks caused by negligence or carelessness. We also represent clients who have fallen from unsafe stairways or on slick floors...
Serious personal injury accidents such as car, truck or motorcycle wrecks caused by negligence or carelessness. We also represent clients who have fallen from unsafe stairways or on slick floors, been attacked by unsupervised animals or have been injured due to medical negligence, defective products or dangerous drugs.
Class-action lawsuits in which many people who have been injured by a single cause seek compensation and other remedies from liable businesses, individuals or organizations
Workers' compensation benefits to ensure employees injured while on the job receive appropriate medical treatments, are paid back wages and receive additional benefits
Federal Social Security Disability (SSD) payments to offset the costs of a long-term injury or disability
Wrongful death lawsuits on behalf of the spouses and children of people who died from their injuries
When It's Serious, Call In The Strong Arm
Our founding attorney, Frank Azar, is known as "The Strong Arm" of Colorado personal injury law. He and our tenacious legal team will push through any obstacle to get you the compensation and government benefits you need after a serious personal injury. Contact us today, and one of our lawyers will meet with you to discuss your options at no cost.
Also, we never charge attorney fees unless we recover compensation for our clients. If Spanish is your first language, we welcome your business: Se habla español.
If you are seriously injured, you need a serious attorney. To discuss your injuries and options in a free consultation with an attorney, call Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C., in Colorado Springs today. We also maintain offices in Aurora, Pueblo and Trinidad, Colorado. Our phone lines are open all day, every day.
By Anonymous on Jul. 21, 2020
I was kept up to date and every week the attorneys called me to discuss my case. They did a terrific job and got me all the money I expected
By Anonymous on Oct. 01, 2019
Unprofessional is the only words to describe my interaction here. Called in about a potential medical malpractice lawsuit, the office secretary asked extremely invasive and HIPAA violating questions in order to transfer my call to a consultant. Was on hold 20 mins, they said they would call back, but never did. Was an easy slam dunk case with video evidence too. I would entrust my legal counsel elsewhere if I were you reading this.
About Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C.
Worker Compensation
Forest Fire Claims
Replacement Hip Claims
Wage and Hour Violations
Whistleblower Actions
http://coloradosprings.fdazar.com
http://fdazar.com/blog/
Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C.400 N Main StreetPueblo, CO 81003719-299-3889
Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C.800 S. BroadwaySuite ADenver, CO 80209303-360-3939
Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C.6161 South Syracuse WaySuite 200Greenwood Village, CO 80111720-571-0624
Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C. (Main Office)14426 E Evans AveAurora, CO 80014- 1480303-900-5595
Lawyers at Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C. nominated to a Super Lawyers® list
Brown, Natalie On a Super Lawyers® List
LaCrue, DezaRae D. On a Super Lawyers® List
Marlin, William C. On a Super Lawyers® List
Martinez, Anna Natividad On a Super Lawyers® List
Miller, Kristopher C. On a Super Lawyers® List
Topolewski, Jon On a Super Lawyers® List
Wood, Paul R. On a Super Lawyers® List
From its inception 1987, the attorneys at Franklin D. Azar & Associates, P.C. have provided aggressive and effective legal representation for Colorado area residents in cases involving personal injuries.areas
Denver Auto Accident Lawyer
Unfortunately, driving or riding in a car can have dangerous results.
Denver Motorcycle Accident Attorney
As with any type of vehicle accident, motorcycle accidents can cause serious injuries in an instant.
Denver Bad Faith Insurance Attorney
It is required by law that your insurance company conducts business with you in good faith whenever a claim is submitted for you or against you.
Denver Bus Accident Attorney
Our Denver Auto Accident Attorneys are acutely aware that bus accidents are a particular concern for the thousands of students that travel to school each day by school bus.
coloradosprings.fdazar.com


The idea for this painting was originally taken from a sketch book (Barcelona, 2006). This artwork was the first of a series to come, made in California, starting in 2007 to date. It was inspired by love and a regular Yoga practice as a philosophy.


There is a fully-funded PhD studentship available at the School of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Computer Science of the University of Liverpool.
We are looking for very strong and highly motivated candidates. The PhD project will be on Algorithms and Engineering of Programmable Matter, therefore we are primarily looking for candidates with an Engineering or a Computer Science background.
PhD Position in Computational Microelectronics Institute for Microelectronics, TU Wien, Austria ** Job Description ** The Institute for Microelectronics is seeking a highly motivated PhD student to work on deterministic solution approaches for the Boltzmann Transport Equation for semiconductors.
The School of Computer Science at the University of Manchester is offering a funded Ph.D. studentship, which covers the full costs of UK/EU tuition and standard living fees.
This research work will be within the fields of machine learning, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence.
For more information please see the attached file.


I know I know it's been a scarce week (or two) here on The PBS Blog. Truth is I began a number of projects years ago that are starting to show signs of fruit. I am completing my first short story series. In fact, Stella Book #1 Releases Next Week which will be promptly followed by additional parts taking me well into the summer and just in time to begin work on Pearls Before Swine Vol. #2 in the fall. Needless to say I expect to have a busy year (yaaasss). But the biggest project, the one I am super siked to be on the finishing end of is the audio for my Third Poetry Book Collection "Womanhood Don't Begin in Menstrual Cycles", which releases next month (March). But while I set out to organize my life offline, it led me to today's post: Responsibilities.
This has nothing to do with projects or books, but life. As we go about our daily routines and the accomplishments of our goals there is a lot missing from the accountability end of this whirlwind of events and circumstances. We must keep in mind that we are responsible for everything we say, everything we do and everything that we write. There's a quote that says " We are what we write", and what a profound truth. I speak and you listen and as a result of my speaking you in turn perceive. You may either accept or reject and that's your business. I cannot be responsible for the way in which your eyes see, but I can be responsible for influencing what you see. In other words, our personal lives would be so much better if as individuals we took responsibility for who we are and what we are and those things that we influence, good or bad.
A young man dies on the street corner. He is 17 years old. By age 5 he can quote the rap lyric to every rap song known to man. His routine consists of school, TV, food and back again. Homework has been lost in-between. At age 10 he came into the house at whatever hour his youthful activities would warrant. By age 13 he was buying his own clothing and paying his mothers bills. By the age of 16 he was paying her rent altogether. At 17 years old a young man is gunned down on the street corner. The aftermath presents a distraught mother who cannot fathom the animal who would gun down her son. "He was a good boy", she says. And while I would not doubt he just may have been a nice guy, what was he doing on the corner in the first place? What kind of activities led him there? And at what point does this mother take responsibility for the kind of behavior she approved the moment she accepted what she knew to be drug money? Or perhaps I trip over a rock and scar my face in the process. Oh and I was texting by the way so I wasn't exactly looking up. I was not paying attention and as such I could not see what was in front of me. This is the kind of accountability in which I speak.
Healing can only come from personal accountability. I can never fix what is wrong with me if I cannot acknowledge my own imperfections. It is important to ask ourselves: "What is it about me that led to this? What is it about my heart that chose this?" Because only until we come fully into the understanding of our personal selves can we begin to make changes. Until then we will never progress in our lives. But once the process of personal accountability has begun, then we will begin to improve on those struggles we once thought were immovable. A bad situation is always a bad situation, but growth is optional. We choose to accept who we are and who we have become. We decide what aspects of our lives will change and which will remain based on our level of responsibility. When we are at fault we choose to accept or deny that fault. And when we have made a mistake we choose how that mistake will change us.


text:
Divorce Costs
Have a listen to Stan Prowse - The Expense of Divorce Segment
Why is divorce so expensive? And why does it take so long?
Why are divorce costs so expensive? There are many reasons. Let's look first at dividing the assets. Most middle class couples have more than one checking account, savings account, and money market account. Let's take them and cut them in half. First we have to know the date of separation, because we're going cut them in half as they existed on the date of separation. Perhaps the date of separation is not an issue, but we still need to have statements for all the accounts for the month in which separation occurred. If you do online banking, it's usually quick and easy to accomplish that. However, we're also going to need copies of all the monthly statements for all the accounts for all the months from the month in which separation occurred down to the present. That can be a surprisingly large number of statements but.
Community Debt, Separate Property And Reimbursement Claims
Why do we need all those statements? The answer is that some amount of debt existing at separation is almost always paid after separation with money earned by one of the parties after separation. The debt is community debt, while the earnings are separate property. A party who makes a payment on a community debt with his or her separate property is entitled to be reimbursed. In other words, the other party owes the paying party one half of the payment. Unless you're prepared to forego what may be substantial reimbursements, someone has to examine all those statements, and perhaps all the checks drawn on the accounts, to identify and prove all your reimbursement claims. This volume of examination will greatly increase your divorce costs.
On the other side of the coin, when community funds are used to acquire or improve one party's separate property, that party must repay the money to the community. In other words, the party owning the separate property has to pay the other party half of the money spent during the marriage on the separate property. These reimbursement claims can be based on payments made years ago. That means acquiring and examining even more account statements, unless you're willing to kiss the claims goodbye. Most people aren't, so finding and asserting reimbursement claims of both kinds requires hours and hours of work.
But, you ask, why can't we just divide the accounts immediately based on the statements for the months in which separation occurred? Sounds like a good idea, but one party may blow the money immediately, only to discover eventually that he or she owes the other party substantial reimbursements or a substantial equalizing payment. If the money were still in the accounts, it would be available to pay to the other party, but it's not, leaving the other party high and dry.
ATRO's "Automatic Restraining Orders" and Division of Community Property
Each side usually refuses to take that risk, so the accounts remain undivided until the final reslution of the case. The Family Code attempts to minimize the risk by prohibiting either party while the case is pending from using both community and separate property for any purpose other than reasonable living expenses without the agreement of the other party or a court order. This prohibition is one of the automatic restraining orders ("ATRO's") which become effective immediately at the beginning of the case. The ATRO's have the unintended consequence of discouraging immediate division of monetary assets when at least partial immediate division would benefit both parties, reduce animosity, simplify matters, and help get the case over with earlier than otherwise.
QDRO's "Qualified Domestic Relations Orders and Retirement Plan Division
A monetary asset whose division can similarly add to the divorce cost is a retirement plan created to make saved earnings tax exempt as long as they remained saved. These are either "defined contribution plans" or "defined benefit plans." Such plans "quailfy" to produce the desired tax deferral by adhering to certain arcane provisions of the Internal Revenu Code. Because they are "qualified" plans, dividing them requires a "qualified" court order also adhering to the Code. Such orders are called qualified domestic relations orders, or "QDRO's." The preparation of QDRO's has become a legal sub-specialty. Preparation of a proposed QDRO satisfying both parties and the plan administrator can take months.
We could go on and on regarding divorce costs with time consuming and document intensive problems encountered in dividing community property so that the legal rights of the parties are satisfied. Because each party is typically intent on getting all of his or her legal rights satisfied completely, and each party's attorney knows who will be blamed if that doesn't happen, family law attorneys are usually afraid of compromises, again dragging out the proceedings.
Determing Spousal Support - Family Code Section 4320
Similar considerations tending to generate long delays and inordinate legal fees are at play in all of the other tasks which must be accomplished to produce a final judgment dissolving a marriage. Custody and visitation issues can easily defy a quick resolution, and they usually do. Rare is the case in which a preliminary pronouncement of complete agreement proves to be true. Determing spousal support requires the application of sixteen different factors and sub-factors spelled out in section 4320 of the Family Code. The amount of potentially relevant information is mind boggling. Acquiring it can take months. Analyzing it and arguing over it can take more months thereby significantly adding to your divorce cost.
Getting married is quick and easy. Getting divorced is slow and difficult. That's the nature of the beast.
Listen to our radio segment "The Expense of Divorce"


text:
Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14 (even-numbered)-alkylethyldimethyl, ethyl sulphates
Currently viewing: S-01 | Summary001 Key | Read-across (Structural analogue / surrogate)002 Key | Read-across (Structural analogue / surrogate)
In a reliable guideline compliant study, the activity of the microorganisms transforming nitrogen in the soil was slightly inhibited by the test substance at 50 mg a.i./kg soil dw. The EC50 was 130 mg a.i./kg soil dw. Furthermore C12-16 ADBAC had no long-term influence on nitrogen and carbon transformations in sandy loam and low humic content sandy soils. The same behaviour is expected for C12-14 ADMAES.
Short-term EC50 or LC50 for soil microorganisms:
130 mg/kg soil dw
Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for soil microorganisms:
70 mg/kg soil dw
A guideline compliant nitrogen transformation test was conducted with the read-across substance C12 -16 ADBAC. Analytical determination of the test substance was performed. The concentrations ranged from 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, 3,200 and 6,400 mg a.i./kg soil dw. The activity of the microorganisms transforming nitrogen in soil was slightly inhibited at 50 mg a.i./kg soil dw. The EC50 was 130 mg a.i./kg soil. The EC10, EC20 and EC80 were 70, 90 and 200 mg a.i./kg soil dw, respectively. Denitrifying microorganisms were not affected at concentrations ranging from 400 to 3,200 mg a.i./kg soil dw whereas the microorganisms responsible of the formation of nitrate were inhibited at these concentrations. The denitrifying microorganisms were inhibited at 6,400 mg a.i./kg soil dw because after 28 days only a limited amount of the nitrate was removed (van Ginkel CG and van der Togt B, 2004).
The effects of C12-16 ADBAC on carbon mineralization and nitrogen transformation activity of soil micro-organisms in a sandy loam soil and a low humic content sand soil were investigated in a 28 day guideline study. Fifty grams dry weight of soil samples were mixed with lucerne meal and placed in 100 mL bottles. The samples were incubated in the dark at 20±2°C for 28 days. The moisture content of the samples was checked weekly. Samples were treated with test substance at concentrations 0, 10, 100 and 1,000 mg a.i./kg soil dw. No analytical determination of the test substance was performed. CO2evolution was determined on Days 5-8 and 25-28. The difference in CO2 production and nitrogen transformation between the treated and untreated soil samples did not exceed 25% after 28 days of incubation. The highest inhibition recorded was 82.5% in the nitrite formation rate at 10 mg a.i./kg soil dw in the sandy loam soil. After 28 days of incubation however, no relevant effect was observed (i.e., less than 25% reduction). Test substance is therefore considered to have a low potential to adversely affect the microbial functions of sandy loam and low humic content sandy soils. The test substance can be characterised as having no long-term influence on nitrogen and carbon transformations in soils (de Vette HQM et al., 2001).


text:
Category Archives: Worlds Apart
Books, Worlds Apart
Worlds Apart: Book 5
Release Date: December 20th, 2016
Cassie Jarlyn is a master at keeping secrets. One impulsive act threatens to expose what she had kept hidden for years. She must finally face what destiny has in store for her when she finds herself in the Troyk universe.
Darden Lours fears what will happen to Cassie in his world. He knows he is fighting a losing battle to prevent the growth of her telepathic powers. His desire to build his relationship with her is only tempered by his need to shelter her.
Will submitting to his desire for Cassie destroy everything Darden has fought to protect? Does Cassie have the will power to resist the power of her telepathic gifts?
Get absorbed in the final battle for the Troyk universe and its True Ruler.
Amazon https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01M8K4CK6
Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B01M8K4CK6
Amazon Canada: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B01M8K4CK6
Amazon Australia: https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/B01M8K4CK6
Amazon Paperback: https://www.amazon.com.au/True-Ruler-Evelyn-Lederman/dp/0692798463/
B&N Paperback – http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-true-ruler-evelyn-lederman/1125337106?ean=9780692798461
Worlds Apart: Prequel Novella
His first touch electrified her!
Leenea Rickard never made a decision without fear her mind-control telepathic father would apply his influence. Even the man she ultimately married would not be her choice. Her fate had not mattered until her eyes connected with a stranger at an anti-government rally.
Zane Childers realized what Leenea was to him the moment he touched her. They must hide the true nature of their relationship or become targets of a corrupt government. Their future is jeopardized when a boy's life is threatened and they decide to save the child.
Enjoy this prequel to the Worlds Apart series where Zane and Leenea must discover what being soul mates involves.
Amazon | Amazon UK | Amazon Canada | Amazon Australia |
Amazon Paperback|
Release Date: November 15 2015
JoAnna Carlson learned at an early age how to get everything she wanted – use her special gift. She blindly follows her soul mate to a parallel world, where their corrupt government possesses the same power. Koel Mardroft has desperately searched for his soul mate, only to have their joining threaten everything he has fought against.
Chartail Adholm was made to feel defective because she could not sway people's decisions with telepathic capabilities she had not inherited. Now in the penal world, she discovers she temporarily possesses the power she always abhorred.
Is the mind control telepathic power too much of a temptation for JoAnna and Chartail? Will JoAnna betray Koel, falling victim to the governmental pressures to use her growing talents?
Amazon | Amazon UK | Amazon Canada
Amazon Australia | Amazon Paperback | B&N Paperback
April 29, 2015 Evelyn Lederman
Candy Phillips vowed at an early age to control her own destiny. Her carefully ordered life is thrown into turmoil when she follows her friends into a parallel universe. Thrust into a hazardous position she did not want, Candy finds herself on a routine mission where things suddenly go terribly wrong.
Recognizing immediately Candy is his soul mate, Tolfer Childers decides to hide the true nature of their relationship. He restrains his emotions so her feelings can grow naturally even though he wants to love and nurture her. In a split second decision, Tolfer sacrifices everything to follow his soul mate to another dimension.
Once they exit the portal, Candy and Tolfer must come together as true soul mates to face the obstacles in this new world. Is Candy the Warrior Woman of legend? Will she and Tolfer survive in a place no one escapes from? Ultimately, it will take more than Candy and Tolfer's bond if they are to live.
January 4, 2015 Evelyn Lederman
Shirl's prize possession is the crystal that she always wears around her neck. The only item left to her by her mother. Searching for a missing friend, Shirl finds herself in front of a portal her glowing amethyst opens. She blindly enters the event no clue of where she will end up, desperately hoping to find her friend.
Starc Lours grew up hearing stories about the fabled powers of a mated female crystal telepath. Since he has baggage of his own where women are concerned, he is not thrilled when he is assigned to protect the woman from another universe. During a life-threatening event, Starc recognizes Shirl as his soul mate and is forced to leave her behind.
Is Shirl the Crystal Telepath of legend? Will she be able to handle the powers she will ultimately possess? Or will she be denied the opportunity to find out? The legend of the Crystal Telepath holds the key.
Release Date: August 12 2014
While hiking, Alexandra Mann is powerless to stop the force that pulls her into a foreign land. Alex must rely on her quick-wits in an effort to deal with the strange new world. Fear of rejection taught her the art of blending into the background, a skill that will help keep her alive.
Engaged in a battle with a government determined to suppress its people, Tarsea Childers' life is suddenly turned upside down. The shocking arrival of an unusual woman captivates him body and soul, and makes him fear what the future holds. The electric, life-changing bond between them will have far reaching consequences for him and his world.
Can Alex step out of the shadows and finally shine? Will Tarsea overcome his need to control everything, and accept Alex as his partner in life and in his fight against the government?
Plunge into an alternate universe where soul mates aren't just legend.


text:
Razors and Cartridges
Scrubs, Cleansers and Exfoliators
Perfumes and Body Spray
Men's Grooming Kits
Cases & organizers
Bath & Utilities
Health Edibles
Stepping Out? Mask On! Get 15% OFF, Use Code MXPSHOP15
Inspired by the incredibly rich history and vibrant colours of ethnic Indian wear, Purple Panchi designs traditional outfits with a contemporary twist. Its products are influenced by styles from all over the country, seamlessly combining elegance and playfulness to showcase unique colour jugalbandi and eye-catching prints. Affordable prices also reflect the brand's commitment to making sure that owning quality clothing doesn't always mean having to break the bank. Having started off purely as a womenswear brand, Purple Panchi has recently ventured into the world of menswear as well, with a collection of stylish cotton kurtas adorned with handblock prints and its signature quirky motifs curated exclusively for the MensXP Shop.
Although founder Malvika Gupta liked to sketch clothing designs as a child, she decided to pursue an education in commerce instead of arts, and forged a career as an educator. In January 2017, the lure of fashion led this self-proclaimed 'self-taught' designer to give up her teaching career to start Purple Panchi. She was ably supported by her sister Sahana, who took up the post of CEO a few months later as the brand moved into the online retail sphere.
Explore our best rated products
Why We Love Purple Panchi
Before it grew into the nation-wide label it is today, Purple Panchi started off as a mobile workshop in Malvika's car, giving a new meaning to the word 'homegrown'. We have always championed the cause of such homegrown brands that produce unique and authentic products, which is how Purple Panchi's origins, design ethos, and products fit seamlessly into our own philosophies here at MensXP Shop.
CHECK ALL PRODUCTS
Gurgaon Office Address
MensXP.com, Times Internet Limited ,
Plot No. 391, Udyog Vihar, Phase - III,
Gurgaon, Haryana - 122016
For collaborations, vendor support contact us - partnerships@mensxp.com
Reach out to us -
shop@mensxp.com
noun_whatsapp_988426
(Monday - Saturday, 10AM - 6PM)
Cancellation/Return
All rights reserved. Copyright © 2021 MensXP.com


text:
Q: Dataset api of Spark giving different result as compare to Dataframe I am using Spark 2.1 and having one hive table with orc format, following is the schema.
col_name    data_type
tuid        string
puid        string
ts          string
dt          string
source      string
peer        string
# Partition Information
# col_name  data_type
dt          string
source      string
peer        string

# Detailed Table Information
Database:           test
Owner:              test
Create Time:        Tue Nov 22 15:25:53 GMT 2016
Last Access Time:   Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 GMT 1970
Location:           hdfs://apps/hive/warehouse/nis.db/dmp_puid_tuid
Table Type:         MANAGED
Table Parameters:
  transient_lastDdlTime 1479828353
  SORTBUCKETCOLSPREFIX  TRUE

# Storage Information
SerDe Library:  org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.orc.OrcSerde
InputFormat:    org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.orc.OrcInputFormat
OutputFormat:   org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.orc.OrcOutputFormat
Compressed: No
Storage Desc Parameters:
  serialization.format  1

When i am applying filter on top of this table using partition column, its working fine and only reading specific partitions.
val puid = spark.read.table("nis.dmp_puid_tuid")
    .as(Encoders.bean(classOf[DmpPuidTuid]))
    .filter( """peer = "AggregateKnowledge" and dt = "20170403"""")

and this is my physical plan for this query
== Physical Plan ==
HiveTableScan [tuid#1025, puid#1026, ts#1027, dt#1022, source#1023, peer#1024], MetastoreRelation nis, dmp_puid_tuid, [isnotnull(peer#1024), isnotnull(dt#1022),
(peer#1024 = AggregateKnowledge), (dt#1022 = 20170403)]

but when i am using below code, its reading entire data into spark
val puid = spark.read.table("nis.dmp_puid_tuid")
    .as(Encoders.bean(classOf[DmpPuidTuid]))
    .filter( tp => tp.getPeer().equals("AggregateKnowledge") && Integer.valueOf(tp.getDt()) >= 20170403)

Physical plan for above dataframe
== Physical Plan ==
*Filter <function1>.apply
+- HiveTableScan [tuid#1058, puid#1059, ts#1060, dt#1055, source#1056, peer#1057], MetastoreRelation nis, dmp_puid_tuid

Note :- DmpPuidTuid is java bean class

A: When you pass a Scala function to filter, you prevent the Spark optimizer from seeing which columns of the dataset are actually used (because the optimizer does not try to look inside the compiled code of the function).  If you pass a column expression, such as col("peer") === "AggregateKnowledge" && col("dt").cast(IntegerType) >= 20170403 then the optimizer will be able to see which columns are actually required and adjust the plan accordingly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Stahnke is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Angela Stahnke, German speedskater
Günter Stahnke, German film director
Herbert Stahnke, American biologist
Manfred Stahnke, German composer and musicologist
Susan Stahnke, German TV presenter
Wayne Stahnke, Austrian inventor of  electro-mechanical reproducing pianos manufactured by Bösendorfer

German-language surnames

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


You can help our shelter animals by donating items to our "forever" yard sale located at the shelter. We are at 5599 Highway 49 North just before the county recycling center. This is a real shopper's paradise and we're open Tuesday through Saturday from 8 AM to 3 PM. Pet adoptions are from 10 AM to 3 PM.
For drop off, items must be in working condition, and clothes must be clean.
Every day, folks drop off really cool stuff and we offer them for sale at bargain prices. So, come by and shop till you drop!
Cleaning out your garage or attic? Moving? Downsizing? Bring us all of your unwanted, never used, gently used; super groovy, funky, or wacky stuff! Can't bring stuff in? Have a yard sale of your own and donate the proceeds to our shelter. For more info call the shelter at 209-966-5275.


text:
Friday, August 12, 2022 - Antiquities Trafficking Unit - ATU,Getty Villa,J. Paul Getty,J. Paul Getty Museum,Manhattan District Attorney,Matthew Bogdanos,Orpheus and the Sirens,Raffaele Monticelli No comments
Raffaele Monticelli's connection to Bank Leu A.G. and to the Getty Villa's "Seated Musician and Sirens" AKA Orpheus and the Sirens
In a tightly worded announcement made on 11 August 2022 the J. Paul Getty Museum revealed that it will finally relinquish its nearly-lifesize terracotta sculptural group "Seated Musician and Sirens" to the Italian authorities "after evidence persuaded the museum that the statues had been illegally excavated." In elaborating on the three sculptures' return, directors Timothy Potts, Maria Hummer-Tuttle and Robert Tuttle of the J. Paul Getty stated "Thanks to information provided by Matthew Bogdanos and the Antiquities Trafficking Unit of the Manhattan District Attorney's Office indicating the illegal excavation of Orpheus and the Sirens, we determined that these objects should be returned."
While this announcement seemed like breaking news across the English speaking world, making several major news publications, it's not to those living and working on Italian cultural heritage losses. Many of those who have been following the tug of war between Italy and the Getty museum for more than a decade have felt that these objects, coming from the Magna Graecia colony of Taranto, should have already come home, and are curious as to what confirmatory evidence the New York authorities now have about these objects' illicit past and those who handled them which finally resulted in the museum's sudden release of their prized grouping.
As backstory, the seated poet and his two standing sirens were confiscated in April 2022 as part of New York's investigation into an accused Italian antiquities smuggler. Originally brightly painted, this large-scale sculptural ensemble was purchased by John Paul Getty Sr., the founder of Getty Oil Company, in the spring of 1976 with no known provenance aside attesting to its collecting history, aside from the name of the Swiss bank seller.
Orpheus, seated on his chair, with footstool, and slab, is missing part of his musical instrument (probably a plektron) and the middle finger of the left hand. Reassembled from a number of fragments prior to its acquisition by the Getty, his legs, head and other sections appear to have been reconsolidated, leaving him mostly intact. Missing sections were also filled in, and smoothed over, with obscuring encrustations added on the body and the head, perhaps to conceal break lines which can sometimes be indicative of illegal excavation.
Like with the sculpture of the poet, both of the sirens in this grouping also show signs of having been reconstructed from multiple fragments. On the first siren, gaps can be seen in her short chiton and in her right claw. For the second, most of the curls and the little finger of her right hand have been broken off the statue at some point in her transport out of Italy.
But what did John Paul Getty Sr. have to say about their circulation on the art market and his collecting habits as he filled his new museum?
Prior to his death, and in ever declining health despite being deeply involved in the construction and opening of the Getty Villa, Getty made multiple final acquisitions for his museum, with little attention towards the provenance and via several suspect brokers of ancient art who repeatedly have been accused of trafficking in antiquities. These purchases are outlined in his March 6, 1976 diary entry and include:
a 530 BCE Archaic marble head from Heinz Herzer worth 56,000 DM (Object Number: 76.AA.6);
a Greek Attic Panatheniac Amphora Attributed to the Nichomachos Group from Nicolas Koutoulakis worth 70,000 USD (Object Number: 76.AE.5.a);
a Statue of Togatus from Bank Leu, A.G. for 61,000 SF;
a 180 BCE Hellenic Marble Head from Muhammed Yoganah for 50,000 USD;
a 100–250 CE Toman silver statuette of Venus from Mathias Komor for $7500 (Object Number:76.AM.4);
a 210 CE Front of a Sarcophagus with the Myth of Endymion from Robin Symes for 30,000 GBP (Object Number: 76.AA.8.b);
the group of 3 statues made in Tarentum at the end of the 4th century BCE for $550,000 from Bank Leu, A.G. (Object Numbers: 76.AD.11.1, 76.AD.11.2 and 76.AD.11.3).
Getty wrote in his dairy that all of the artefacts above, had been purchased on the recommendation of Jiří Frel, the Getty's Czech-American archaeologist. Frel, was the J. Paul Getty Museum's first Curator of Antiquities would later be implicated in a number of controversies that tarnished the reputation of the museum. Based on suspicions of malpractice, he was placed on paid leave from the Getty in 1984 and was allowed to quietly resign in 1986.
After leaving the California museum, Frel, served as a consultant for wealthy European collectors, taught classes, and shuttled between residences in Budapest and Italy. At one point he even registered himself as being domiciled in Sicily, setting his residence in the palazzo of the problematic antiquities dealer Gianfranco Becchina in Castelvetrano.
Speaking with Italian journalists, New York prosecutor Matthew Bogdanos from the Manhattan District Attorney's Office's Antiquities Trafficking Unit stated that the J. Paul Getty Museum had cooperated with the DANY regarding these pieces after their seizure, but underscored that their seemingly impromptu restitution is still part of an ongoing criminal investigation being conducted by the Manhattan office in collaboration with the Comando Carabinieri per la Tutela del Patrimonio Culturale. Bogdanos added that the museum's repatriation statement, released by the Getty, "left half of the truth out" and by that one can surmise he is referring to their seizure the previous April.
Speaking further, Bogdanos added that this multi-year investigation started with the exploration of suspect market actors his team has spent years investigating. The prosecutor underscored that this sculpture group's illegal removal from Italy, and export to the United States via Switzerland, involved a well known trafficking network which is known to have operated in Italy for decades.
One member of this network who has now been publicly identified is Raffaele Monticelli, the retired elementary teacher, who gave up teaching for the more lucrative roll of middle man broker of illicit antiquities. Monticelli has been arrested several times, and connected to multiple trafficking networks for decades. Most recently, in late 2021, he was arrested by the Dutch authorities after having carried a looted helmet to Delft for restoration.
If we take a look at the Manhattan District Attorney's Office's Michael Steinhardt statement of facts, we can also determine, on page 36, that Raffaele Monticelli also had a relationship with Leo Mildenberg, the late Swiss numismatist for the Swiss private Bank Leu A.G., who is known to have brokered sales both for Raffaele Monticelli and for Gianfranco Becchina.
How long has this restitution taken?
The sculptural group first appeared as a grouping of high concern in the list of identified finds drawn up by Italy's Ministry of Culture at the beginning of 2006.
The Taranto provenance, in addition to appearing in the digital record compiled by the J. Paul Museum, is supported by Italian scholars Pietro Giovanni Guzzo and Angelo Bottini who published the grouping purchased by the Getty in 1976.
Furthermore, an article, published in the "Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno" dated 30 November 2006, and republished in the web magazine "patrimoniosos" stated "the comparisons with the monumental groups in terracotta found in central and southern Italy and the representations we have on the ceramic finds of Apulian production, which document the presence of decorative terracotta statues on the monumental tombs of Taranto, dispel any doubts about their origin from southern Italy "
Photographs of the pieces were also seen in 2018 in a series of black and white photos documenting portions of the restored sculptures on the 8 December 2018 RAI documentary "Petrolio - Ladri di Bellezza" produced by journalist Duilio Giammaria and Senator Margherita Corrado has repeatedly spoken in the XVIII Session of the Italian Senate about the need to bring these artefacts home.
Yet, despite all that, the 4th century BCE sculptures were (still) center stage on the ground floor of the Getty Villa in California's Pacific Palisades during the museum's exhibition: Underworld - Imagining the Afterlife as late as October 31, 2018–March 18, 2019. They were removed only after this investigation came to a head earlier this year.
When Orpheus and his Sirens eventually fly home in September, they will initially go on display in the Museo dell'Arte Salvata (Museum of Rescued Art), housed in the Octagonal Hall at the Baths of Diocletian in Rome. Perhaps by then we will be able to publicly share how the New York District Attorney's Office in Manhattan, HSI-ICE and the Italian Carabinieri moved this case successfully forward.
Raffaele Monticelli's connection to Bank Leu A.G. ...


Yesterday we kicked the weekend off by giving The Boys a bath, which seemed like a good idea until Snapdragon got wet. Things pretty much went down hill after that.
When giving a cat a bath, shut the bathroom door. And have lots of towels handy.
After three or four tries, I gave up on the Dragon and put Lickity in the tub. Lickity may be the troublemaker, but he's the very model of mild mannered resignation on the grooming front, most of the time.
And when Dragon sees Lickity endure some routine hygiene chore, he calms down because he knows he's not being singled out, and maybe he figures that if Lickity can survive the indignity, then so can he.
If you have multiple cats, lock all in the bathroom together and give the tamest one a bath first.
I was then able to catch the Dragon and put him back in the tub. Having regained my composure, I remembered to comfort him with slow blinks and to praise him for his bravery, which he responded to by leaning into my hand trustfully. We quickly finished off his bath with a minimum of fierce and terrifying growls.
Baths are scary. You are the trusted guardian of your fur baby and it's up to you to guide him or her through frightening and unfamiliar experiences. Compassion trumps impatience every time.
Above: Fluffy, dry, and clean. Good Dragon!


text:
Q: what is the nginx equivalent command apache has for a2enmod? I'm following this guide: How to Setup OwnCloud Server 5 with SSL Connection
Problem though is that the guide is for apache but I am using nginx for my server. As such I am trying to "reverse engineer" the instructions to use them for nginx.
The step I am having most problems with is:
a2enmod rewrite && a2enmod headers && a2enmod ssl
What is the a2enmod apache command equivalent for nginx?

A: There's no equivalent.  Nginx modules must be selected during compile, run-time selection of modules is not currently supported.
A full summary of the compile-time options, including optional modules, can be found in the provided configure script by running ./configure --help Nginx
For more information about see Nginx Modules


Constance started Flying Colors Broadcasts in the late 80s after international satellites became deregulated. She seized the opportunity to utilize the medium and grow the company while keeping up with changing technologies and businesses. Her passion for adventure and trying new things has served Constance and Flying Colors well. Her favorite moment is when a client comes in saying it can't be done, but then Flying Colors changes the dialogue and figures out a solution the client loves. Find Constance out on the polo field or up in the trapeze—she'd love to hear your story and give you a business card!


text:
Grassy (en inglés: Grassy Precinct) es un distrito electoral ubicado en el condado de Williamson en el estado estadounidense de Illinois. En el Censo de 2010 tenía una población de 589 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 6,08 personas por km².

Geografía
Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, tiene una superficie total de 96.94 km², de la cual 89.12 km² corresponden a tierra firme y (8.07%) 7.82 km² es agua.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2010, había 589 personas residiendo. La densidad de población era de 6,08 hab./km². De los 589 habitantes, estaba compuesto por el 96.6% blancos, el 0.51% eran afroamericanos, el 1.02% eran amerindios, el 0.17% eran asiáticos, el 0% eran isleños del Pacífico, el 0% eran de otras razas y el 1.7% pertenecían a dos o más razas. Del total de la población el 3.74% eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Distritos electorales de Illinois
Localidades del condado de Williamson (Illinois)


text:
$31.98 2 Cart
› Store › Various Speakers › West Meets East in Jung's Psychology: A Dialog (Audio Only)
West Meets East in Jung's Psychology: A Dialog (Audio Only)
Various Speakers
SKU Various-FD2014-West-East-MP3 Categories: Audio Downloads, Compilations, Downloads
West Meets East in Jung's Psychology: A Dialog (Audio Only) quantity
Buy the entire symposium for 40% off the price of individual titles!
Various Speakers. 4 hours 54 minutes. Audio Download.
Topics: Archetypes, the I Ching, Individuation, Mind and Body, Religion and Spirituality, Sandtray, Society and Culture.
West Meets East in Jung's Psychology (Audio Only)
This conference continues the interchange, now a hundred years old, between Jung's Western approach to consciousness and those of Asian cultures. Our featured speaker, Dr. Murray Stein, traces the influence of Eastern philosophies and spiritual practices on Jung's psychology as well as on the current and growing interest in Jung's psychology throughout Asia. The significance of this intercultural conversation is further enriched by the presentations of Elaine Molchanov, Dennis Merritt, and Ashok Bedi who explore the personal, psychoanalytic and spiritual implications of the dialogue.
PowerPoint: PowerPoint slides are not included in this audio-only download. If you are interested in the PowerPoint slides, purchase the video version.
Audio Quality: There were issues with the sound system in the room, so there is some background noise and echo that you may find distracting. The price of this item has been reduced by 30% because of this, but please listen to the audio in the samples to make sure you find it acceptable.
An video-only version of this conference is available here
The conference West Meets East in Jung's Psychology: A Dialogue includes the following lectures (click on individual lectures for samples and descriptions):
Jungian Psychology in Translation – Murray Stein, PhD
Snakes and Ladders: The Play of Consciousness in the Sand – Elaine Molchanov, LCSW, ACSW
Dreams, the I Ching, and the Psychoanalytic Process – Dennis Merritt, PhD
Jung's Encounter with the Soul of India – Ashok Bedi, MD
Panel Discussion moderated by Barbara Friedman, PhD
These videos will help you:
1) summarize Jung's dialogue with Eastern religions and cultures.
2) describe the relationship between individuation and enlightenment.
3) describe how the I Ching can be used in the psychoanalytic process.
4) summarize Jung's hypothesis about India's psyche from an Analytical perspective.
Murray Stein, PhD was President of the Chicago Society of Jungian Analysts (CSJA) from 1980 to 1985, of The International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP) from 2001 to 2004, and of The International School of Analytical Psychology in Zurich (ISAP-ZURICH) from 2008-2012. He is the author of Minding the Self and many other books and articles on Analytical Psychology and Jungian Psychoanalysis. He lives in Switzerland and holds the position of Training and Supervising Analyst with ISAP-ZURICH.
Elaine Molchanov, LCSW, ACSW is a Jungian psychoanalyst in both Anchorage, Alaska and Chicago and a member of the Chicago Society of Jungian Analysts. She has studied and practiced Siddha yoga for the last 35 years and is currently engaged in writing a book about her own journey encompassing both the west and the east traditions, the paths of Jungian psychology and yoga.
Dennis Merritt, PhD, LCSW has an MA in Humanistic Psychology, a PhD in Insect Pathology from UC-Berkeley, and is a graduate of the Zurich Jung Institute. He practices as a Jungian analyst, sandplay therapist, and ecopsychologist in Madison and Milwaukee, WI. He authored four volumes of The Dairy Farmer's Guide to the Universe – Jung, Hermes, and Ecopsychology. (Website: EcoJung.com, Blog: JungianEcopsychology.com).
Ashok Bedi, MD is a Jungian psychoanalyst and a board certified psychiatrist. He is a member of the Royal College of psychiatrists of Great Britain, a diplomat in Psychological Medicine at the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of England, a Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association. He is a Clinical Professor in Psychiatry at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee and faculty member at Carl G. Jung Institute of Chicago. He is in private practice in Milwaukee.
© 2014 The Respective Speakers
℗ 2014 CG Jung Institute of Chicago
5 MP3s in 1 ZIP File: 101MB
This heading is used when there are multiple speakers for the same audio or video download.
Understanding and Healing Addictions
The King Within: A Study in Masculine Psychology
Practicing the Presence of the Other Within: Developing the Ego-Archetypal Self Axis
A Psychological Approach to the Bible I
The Religious Functions of the Psyche


Each year since the late 1990s, public surveys have found that Americans have a high confidence in the country's armed forces, often higher than for any other American institution. This public confidence largely endured even as American plans in Afghanistan and Iraq repeatedly failed, and as thousands of men and women in uniform died and tens of thousands more were wounded in wars that did not achieve what the military and its leaders set out to do.
For many people who served in these recent wars, living within the services' stifling bureaucracies or laboring in operations or circumstances that eroded their confidence in the Pentagon and the brass, these results can feel both familiar and odd. How do the services seemingly get a pass? Is public support reflexive, a species of approval as automatic as some of the thank-you-for-your-service gestures that are a feature of life as a service member or veteran?
"Why Don't Americans Hold The Military Accountable For Its Many Failures,"
As to this such question, might one suggest that -- as to the "New Way of War" America adopted cir. 2003 -- Americans, rightfully it would seem, hold others -- for example our civilian leadership -- more accountable for (a) this new way of war and (b) for its failures?
First, from a "The Nation" article entitled: "Shinseki–The General Who Battled Rumsfeld:"
Next, from Gian Gentile's: "A Strategy of Tactics: Population-centric COIN and the Army:"
The new American way of war has eclipsed the execution of sound strategy, producing never-ending campaigns of nation-building and attempts to change entire societies in places like Afghanistan. One can only guess at the next spot on the globe for this kind of crusade. Former Army officer and writer Craig Mullaney, who recently penned a book-portrait of himself and what he learned in combat, said that the "Achilles' heel for Americans is our lack of patience." But perhaps not; perhaps America's lack of patience in wars like Iraq and Afghanistan should be seen as a virtue in that it could act as a mechanism to force the US military to execute strategy in a more efficient and successful manner. Doing strategy better would leverage the American Army out of its self-inflicted box of counterinsurgency tactics and methodologies into a more open assessment of alternatives to current military actions in Afghanistan.
The new American way of war commits the US military to campaigns of counterinsurgency and nation-building in the world's troubled spots. In essence it is total war—how else can one understand it any differently when COIN experts talk about American power "changing entire societies"—but it is a total war without the commensurate total support of will and resources from the American people. This strategic mismatch might prove catastrophic in the years ahead if the United States cannot figure out how to align means with ends in a successful strategy. The new American way of war perverts and thus prevents us from doing so.


text:
You Can't Blame Yi for Everything
By Mark Ginocchio Posted on March 10, 2010
I certainly understand why a lot of Nets fans are down on Yi Jianlian, and I've certainly taken my fair share of shots at him this season, but I also think people need to be fair and realistic about how much Yi's individual performances actually affect the team overall. When Yi left Sunday's game against the Knicks with an ankle injury, there were a few comments about how much better the Nets played once Yi left – never mind the fact that in the first quarter, EVERYONE on the Nets was stinking up the joint, regardless of who was on the floor.
Here are the facts: looking at the simple rating for each player on the Nets roster – which is a statistic found at 82games.com that takes into account the team's offensive and defensive performance when a specific players is on and off the court – you can determine that Yi does have a negative impact on the team when he plays. However, there are many other players on the roster, who currently get significant minutes, that have a more detrimental effect on the team than Yi.
According to 82games, Yi has played 40 percent of the team's minutes this season. Yi is putting up a Player Efficiency Rating of 13.8 in those minutes, while opposing players matched up against Yi have a PER of 22.5, good for a differential of -8.7. Meanwhile, when Yi plays, the team's +/- is -7, and when he's off the floor, their +/- is -13.4, good for a differential of +6.4. When you add these two differentials together, you get Yi's simple rating of -2.7.
Yi's simple rating is sixth best on the Nets roster, which is more of a statement of how bad the Nets are (shocking). Only two players have a positive simple rating, Brook Lopez and Keyon Dooling. The other players ahead of Yi include Courtney Lee, and two players who have a relatively small sample size, Bobby Simmons and Sean Williams.
So that puts Devin Harris (-2.8), Kris Humphries (-3.5), Terrence Williams (-3.7) and Chris Douglas-Roberts (-3.8) all behind Yi in terms of simple rating, meaning the team is overall playing worse when those players are on the court when compared to the team's performance when Yi is on the floor. Of those four players, I think the one that is most worth picking out for the sake of this post is Humphries. While I've been relatively impressed with Hump's aggressiveness and attitude since he came over from Dallas (and thankful to have him over Najera), these numbers demonstrate that he's not necessarily a better full-time option at the four than Yi. Just based on some observations, I think Humphries has many of the same issues as Yi – occasionally soft on defense, a penchant for bad shots and inappropriate times – so the section of the fan-base that believes Hump MUST start instead of Yi may want to look at the numbers to determine if it really makes a difference for the Nets.
Nets fans need to go a little easier on Yi. Don't get me wrong, I still believe the Nets absolutely must upgrade at PF next season and that the Yi as a starter experiment should come to the end. But the Nets aren't bad solely because of Yi, or even primarily because of Yi. The Nets are bad because they are a bad team, and the 7-wins they've accumulate is proof enough that their issues run beyond one player.
The Soundtrack To A Mini-Road Trip: Brooklyn Nets-Style
Brooklyn nets huge win in blockbuster gamble
Report: Nets inquired about Kevin Garnett
MarShon Brooks Minnesota-bound?


"No leasing land to China even for one day," read a banner hoisted during the recent protests.
Vietnamese, Chinese, and Filipinos spar online after the recent tribunal ruling on the South China Sea.
Yes, a Chinese Company Leased Darwin Port. So What?
The furor over Darwin Port exposes Australia's anti-China impulses.
Glimpses of a growing "China-phobia" in the international community limit opportunities for real dialogue.
There are some real problems with discourse analysis of this ilk.
Beijing sees recent attacks on Chinese citizens as part of a rising tide of anti-China sentiment in the Philippines.


What Is The Necessity Defense, And What Are Its Limits?
It's a defense that goes back centuries, but has recently been mentioned in cases involving environmental activists.
Cascadia's Thin Green Line is most closely associated with the multiple legal and political campaigns that have successfully beaten back over a dozen proposed projects that would have released millions of tons of CO2 from fossil fuels bound for Asian markets. But the Thin Green Line could arguably also apply to less conventional tactics that have arisen to address not only future projects but the transit of fossil fuels that is happening right now, every day, into and out of communities in the Northwest.
A legal strategy with a connection to Good Samaritans, abortion rights, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
In the early morning hours of September 2, 2014, five climate activists made their way into Burlington Northern Santa Fe's Delta Railyard in Everett, Washington, and erected an 18-foot tripod out of steel poles. One member of the group, Abby Brockway, climbed onto a perch at the top while the remaining four chained themselves to the legs.
The tripod was positioned on the tracks in front of a freight train that was waiting to depart with tanker cars loaded with crude oil. After approximately eight hours of peaceful protest, the five were removed by the Everett Fire Department, arrested by local police, and taken to jail. Often referred to as the Delta 5, they were eventually charged with trespass along with the very specific crime of obstructing or delaying a train.
In 2016, Veterans for Peace and the Raging Grannies, among others, blocked trains carrying fossil fuels in Spokane. That same year, Ken Ward shut off a pipeline near Anacortes delivering tar sands oil to the U.S. from Canada as part of a coordinated effort across four states by a group now known as the Valve Turners. In 2017, Stephen Way and Carlo Voli kayaked to Puget Sound Energy's site for a liquefied natural gas (or LNG) facility in Tacoma and locked themselves to construction equipment.
And those are just the efforts with a connection to Washington State.
During their trials, these protesters have admitted the facts surrounding their crimes while at the same time attempting to assert a necessity defense. The concept of a necessity defense goes back centuries and is recognized in some form in virtually every state in the U.S. Despite that pedigree—and increasingly frequent references in the news (here, here, and here)—it's not generally well understood.
What exactly is the necessity defense? How far can it go to spare climate activists from punishment? And what is its connection to Good Samaritans, abortion rights, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.?
The necessity defense can be explained using a familiar turn of phrase: we should not penalize someone for choosing the "lesser of two evils." As any good philosophy major will tell you, that perspective is linked to utilitarianism, the idea that ethical thinking should encourage activities that result in the maximum benefit (or utility) to society as a whole.
The classic scenarios for the necessity defense are grounded in common sense: a driver exceeds the speed limit to rush an injured passenger to the hospital; a neighbor breaks into a home to rescue a family from a raging fire; a ship captain decides to enter an embargoed port to save her crew from an approaching storm. In each instance, the actor has broken the law, but in doing so is clearly behaving ethically.
The necessity defense accepts the principle that some violations of law are permissible because they are justified by the greater good. The actual legal application is a bit trickier, however.
4) no reasonable alternative existed.
There are variations, but the basic elements are more or less the same across most states, including neighboring Idaho and Oregon. Similar demands are included in the Canadian version as well.
At first glance, these requirements seem tailor made for a dedicated climate activist. Is there any greater harm than the ongoing, planet-altering threat of climate change? After decades of political inaction at the federal level (and at best underwhelming action at the state level), what reasonable alternatives are there? This should be easy, right?
In order to understand the legal hurdles involved, it will help to review one aspect of a recent Washington State court ruling in Snohomish County that denied the use of the defense for the Delta 5 defendants. To do that, first we'll need to make clear the distinction between the responsibility of the judge and role of the jury in criminal cases.
Generally, it is the jury that determines whether a defendant is found guilty of a crime. But a judge plays a critical gatekeeping role, deciding what issues that a jury is permitted to consider at all. So in order for the jury to have the option of applying a necessity defense, a judge must be satisfied that there exists a minimum threshold of supporting evidence. In other words, is it plausible that the defendant will satisfy the four requirements listed above?
2) if so, whether that evidence meets the threshold for allowing the jury to consider its applicability.
These are related in that the evidence presented in Step 1 can in some circumstances help the judge make the decision for Step 2.
The judge issued a written decision for Step 2, detailing the reasons why the defendants did not meet the four-part test. For simplicity, we'll only look at the last requirement, asking whether there were reasonable legal alternatives available. The court looked at a number of judicial decisions, quoting one that found that there "are thousands of opportunities," for protestors to spread their message. The judge adopted that expansive view, concluding that "countless legal means" existed for the Delta 5 defendants to effect change. Consequently, the necessity defense was out of their reach.
In two other climate prosecutions, one involving Ken Ward in Skagit County, Washington and another involving Seattle resident Michael Foster (a fellow Valve Turner) in North Dakota, the judges rejected the necessity defense based, in part, on the same reasoning as in Snohomish County. However, those two courts did so at Step 1, denying the defendants the chance to present any evidence to the jury in support of the defense.
This "reasonable alternatives" rationale may strike you as perverse. The very reason that the activists took such desperate measures is the long-standing failure of the political branches to respond to pressure from activists. Before railing against the result, however, it is worth considering the nature of the necessity defense and civil disobedience itself.
The necessity defense allows a jury to pardon the speeding driver, the heroic neighbor, and the ship captain because society recognizes that those individuals faced dire situations with a choice between obeying the law and obeying a higher ethical duty. The underlying premise is that although the legislature made a clear decision to prohibit their behavior, if confronted with the particular circumstances of the crime, it would be willing to carve out an exception.
Expanding the scope of the necessity defense too far risks routinely trampling laws made by the democratically elected legislative branch. Society has chosen to enact legal prohibitions and protections that should reflect our collective value judgments. A pervasive necessity defense can diminish those choices.
Moreover, the necessity defense itself is content neutral. If courts were to widen its application, it might be used to advance causes you find admirable. Or it might apply equally well to actions you find morally objectionable.
A number of defendants have attempted to claim the necessity defense in order to avoid legal repercussions for blocking access to abortion clinics. In Kansas and Florida, defendants unsuccessfully asserted the necessity defense when on trial for the murder of abortion providers. Although most courts have reasoned that the defense simply does not apply to a constitutionally protected activity such as abortion, some have also based their denial on the availability other legal avenues, such as marching and passing out literature.
It never moved beyond the theoretical, but a notorious 2002 Department of Justice memo raised the idea of using the necessity defense for any future prosecutions related to the torture of detainees suspected of withholding information about future terrorist attacks.
The driver, the neighbor, and the captain are the easy examples. The real world, unfortunately, is a far messier place.
"One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly . . . and with a willingness to accept the penalty," wrote Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in his letter from a Birmingham jail, an admonition that illustrates the uneasy relationship between civil disobedience and the necessity defense.
The non-violent protests organized by Dr. King were based on the common view of civil disobedience as an intentional violation of the law that includes an expectation of suffering legal consequences. That expectation appears to have been internalized by the climate activists as well.
Still, the goal of civil disobedience to prompt reform can be enhanced by the courts liberally interpreting Step 1 when considering the necessity defense in climate prosecutions. Allowing protesters to present evidence of necessity at trial provides a forum for elevating the issues that motivated their actions, even if in the end the jury is prohibited from applying the defense.
Consider the sentiments of the judge who ultimately denied the use of the necessity defense for the Delta 5, stating in court that they were "tireless advocates of the kind that we need more of in this society." Although the Delta 5 were found guilty of trespass, the extensive media coverage of the trial included the sympathetic reaction of the jurors, some going so far as to express interest in joining the climate movement as they literally embraced two of the defendants.
Other courts have been receptive to this approach, too. In a case involving Valve Turners in Minnesota, the judge decided late last year at Step 1 to permit the defendants to present evidence at trial in support of a necessity defense, as did the judge in Spokane overseeing the trial of protesters who blocked rail lines there. (The Minnesota decision is currently on appeal.) Even more recently, Sightline appeared at a pre-trial hearing to support the Tacoma LNG protestors' effort to assert the necessity defense as part of the court's Step 1 decision.
As long as our politics remain deadlocked, there will continue to be climate protests that involve strategic violations the law, and there will continue to be claims of necessity at any trials that follow. But rather than fearing for democracy, the more optimistic view is that exercising the necessity defense potentially enhances democratic institutions by providing a voice to activists who most want simply to spur an active public debate around policies to fight climate change.
This analysis, while useful, conforms to the legal parameters of the empire's legal system. Defendants, and their attorneys can politely insist that being denied the necessity defense to at least be presented constitutes a kangaroo court and then refuse to participate, going mute from that point forward. Then let the jury decide. And, of course, there is jury nullification, wherein the jury can refuse the directions from the judge and render their verdict.
When defendant raises a necessity defense they make a proffer to the judge, i.e. here is what we will show with our evidence. The judge then decides if the defense can go forward and present evidence. If the judge decides that evidence of necessity cannot be presented then I do not see how you get the evidence before the jury to decide. You can call it a kangaroo court and appeal the judges decision but that still does not get the information in front of the jury.
If a judge wants to refuse a necessity defense they can do so pretty easily. A court can always say that the defendants actions were not a necessity because they cold have done something other than break the law. They could petition the government. They can write their elected representatives. They can organize a legal protest. They can organize a boycott, etc. I don't think these are legitimate claims because people do not risk arrest until after trying many alternatives and finding them fruitless. But, most judges do not think they way I (we) do. And when you get to appeals courts they are even further removed from how people think and the experiences we have with the power structure.
Jury nullification is also tricky to present. Jurors are not told they can nullify. Lawyers are not allowed to tell the jury they can nullify and disregard the law to find a defendant not guilty. Even if there are people outside the courthouse handing out literature about jury nullification they risk getting arrested for jury tampering. So, a jury needs to be informed on its own before going into the courthouse.
Since it takes a unanimous verdict all a defendant needs is one juror who refuses to convict. That results in a hung jury and then the prosecutor must decide whether to retry the case.
The court system is designed to keep jurors ignorant of their powers to refuse to convict.
"The court system is designed to keep jurors ignorant of their powers to refuse to convict." That validates my point.
What I am saying is for those courageous enough to try it, refuse to be bound by courtroom legalities, but politely and respectfully. "Break on through to the other side" as Jim Morrison sang. I am saying that if a judge refuses to allow the necessity defense, the defendant can simply state "This IS my defense. If you do not permit my true defense, I will no longer participate in the proceedings and will remain mute, as will my attorney.
On the matter of jury nullification, it would be wise for our side to popularize the concept widely but not in reference to a specific trial, for reasons you cite.


This post, for Chocolate Dipped Chocolate Madeleines, is created for #ChristmasCookiesWeek in conjunction with sponsor products. All opinions are mine alone. This post may contain affiliate links where I receive a small commission with no additional charge to you.
I love madeleines. My kids love madeleines. Now my husband loves them too, but he didn't until he had these chocolate dipped chocolate madeleines. Oh and the sprinkles from our sponsor Sprinkle Pop, just put them over the top.
It's really interesting for how much we enjoy madeleines that I only have one other recipe on the site, for pumpkin madeleines. But, remembering how easy they are to make, I'm now thinking of so many wonderful flavor combinations for future recipes.
In order to make madeleines, of any kind, you need a special pan. There are different madeleine pans but most recipes make 18 cookies or more. So, either get two smaller pans or even a large and small. If you only have one, it is imperative you completely cool the pan before adding the next batch. You also need to butter the pan each time too. Trust me on this.
Madeleines are a cake-like confection and the key to making them is to whip the eggs the right length of time. You use your whisk beater, rather than the flat beater on your stand mixer. Using the whisk whips air into the eggs making the batter lighter and producing a light and fluffy result. I used milk chocolate for dipping but you could use dark or semi-sweet if you prefer.
Preheat oven to 325 degrees F. Brush madeline pans well with 4 tablespoons of softened butter; refrigerate 5 minutes.
In a small heavy bottomed saucepan, melt 1/2 cup butter over medium heat. Remove from heat and strain through a fine mesh sieve into a small bowl; set aside.
In the bowl of an electric mixer fitted with the whisk attachment, whip eggs with granulated and brown sugars until light and thickened about 3 to 5 minutes. Add flour, cocoa powder, baking powder, and salt, and stir on low speed until combined. Add vanilla and strained butter; mix just until blended.
In a small heavy combine chocolate chips and vegetable shortening over medium-low heat. Melt stirring occasionally until all the chips are melted and mixture is smooth. Dip cooled cookies in melted chocolate, a few at a time. Sprinkle silver sprinkles from Sprinkle Pop over wet chocolate.
Yes PLease! I'll take a plate of those!!!! (and hide them from my family!) Thanks for sharing a lovely treat for a Chocolate Lovers Link Pary at Celebrate 365 Blog Party!
Double chocolate is always good! These look delightful!
Such good looking Madeleines. Chocolate dipping makes them extra desirable. Perfect for the holiday season.
Nice looking madeleines! I'm sure they taste as good as they look too! For me, anything chocolate is a draw!
Oh yum. I love double chocolate, especially when I'm splurging over the holidays.
I think it's safe to say that EVERYONE loves madeleines! I don't think I have ever had chocolate ones, though. Perfect cookie to enjoy around the holidays.
Beautiful! I've only had Madeleines once and I loved them. I'll have to give the chocolate variety a try!


text:
Q: Should I unit test my subclasses or my abstract parent class? I have a skeletal implementation, as in Item 18 from Effective Java (extended discussion here).
It is an abstract class that provides 2 public methods methodA() and methodB() that call subclasses methods to "fill the gaps" that I can't define in an abstracted manner.
I developed it first by creating a concrete class and writing unit tests for it. When the second class came, I was able to extract common behavior, implement the "missing gaps" in the second class and it was ready (of course, the unit tests were created for the second subclass).
Time went by and now I have 4 subclasses, each implementing 3 short protected methods that are very specific to their concrete implementation, while the skeletal implementation does all the generic work.
My problem is that when I create a new implementation, I write the tests all over again:

*

*Does the subclass calls a given required method?

*Does a given method has a given annotation?

*Do I get the expected results from the method A?

*Do I get the expected results from the method B?

While see advantages with this approach:

*

*It documents the subclass requirements through tests

*It may fail fast in case of a problematic refactoring

*Test the subclass as a whole and through their public API ("does methodA() work?" and not "does this protected method work?")

The problem I have is that the tests for a new subclass are basically a no-brainer:
 - The tests are all the same in all subclasses, they just change the return type of the methods (the skeleton implementation is generic) and the properties I check on the assert part of the test.
 - Usually the subclasses have no tests that are specific for them
I like the way the tests focus on the result of the subclass itself and protects it from refactoring, but the fact that implementing the test became just "manual work" makes me think I am doing something wrong.
Is this issue common when testing class hierarchy? How can I avoid that?
ps: I thought about testing the skeleton class, but it also seems strange creating a mock of an abstract class to be able to test it. And I think that any refactoring on the abstract class that changes behavior that is not expected by the subclass would not be noticed as fast. My guts tell me that testing the subclass "as a whole" is the preferred approach here, but please feel free to tell me I am wrong :)
ps2: I've googled and found many questions about the subject. One of them is this one which has a great answer from Nigel Thorne, my case would be his "number 1." That would be great, but I can't refactor at this point, so I would have to live with this problem.
If I could refactor, I would have each subclass as a strategy. That would be OK, but I would still test the "main class" and test the strategies, but I would not notice any refactoring that breaks the integration between main class and strategies.
ps3: I've found some answers saying that "it is acceptable" to test the abstract class. I agree that this is acceptable, but I would like to know which is the preferred approach in this case (I am still starting with unit tests)

A: Typically you would create a base class to enforce an interface. You want to be testing that interface, not the details below. Therefore, you should create tests that instantiate each class individually but only test through the base class's methods.
The advantages of this method is that because you tested the interface, you can now refactor underneath the interface. You may find that code in a child class should be in the parent, or vice versa. Now your tests will prove that you didn't break behavior when you move that code.
In general, you should test code how it's intended to be used. That means avoiding testing private methods, and often means that your unit under test may be a bit larger than you originally thought - perhaps a group of classes rather than a single class. Your goal should be to isolate changes so that you rarely have to change a test when you refactor in a given scope.

A: I can't see how you'd write tests for an abstract base class; you can't instantiate it, so you cannot have an instance of it to test.  You could create a "dummy", concrete subclass just for the purposes of testing it - not sure how much use that would be.  YMMV.
Every time you create a new implementation (class), then you should be writing tests that exercise that new implementation.  Since parts of the functionality (your "gaps") are implemented within each subclass, this is absolutely necessary; the output of each of the inherited methods may (and probably should) be different for each new implementation.


And it's Sunny's first snow too!
So we did. We went over the bridge and explored for a bit!
These are Sunny's snowy paw prints.
And lastly, she dug in for a taste of snow!
After our early morning (it was 7 am when we went out) snowy antics, it's now time for some coziness!
…and Sunny is getting sleepy for a good nap on her favorite blanket nearby!
I'm sure we'll go out again later for another snowy romp, and possibly a snowy walk in the forest too!
What is making you happy, and what are you enjoying on this lovely snowy day??