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Kazan State Medical University is the 3rd oldest Medical University in Russia. KSMU has one of the oldest English medium MBBS courses for international students, started in 2003. The Kazan State Medical University (KSMU) is one such university where you can do the equivalent of an MBBS. Established in 1814, the university has given the medical industry many brilliant minds. Kazan State Medical University, Russia. It was established almost 200 years ago. ... As compared to Indian Universities MBBS Fees in Russia is very low. Apply for MBBS Admissions. Kazan State Medical University has broad academic contacts with scientists and doctors in the USA, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the โ€ฆ Direct Admission for MBBS in Russia is now available in Kazan State Medical University. Kazan State Medical University Russia (KSMU Russia) is a federal university, located in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. Kazan State Medical University MBBS Fees | Fee structure 2020-21 The fees structure for 2020: 6500 USD Dollars for the first year (It includes tuition, hostel, medical insurance, documentation), from second โ€ฆ Kazan Federal University was founded in the year 1804. Kazan state medical university 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year 6th Year; Tuition + Hostel Fees/Year in USD: 6200: 6200: 6200: 6200: 6200: 4500: Please send scan copy of 10th & 12th mark sheet to truematics@gmail.com. No entrance exam, TOEFL or IELTS is required to get admission. MBBS fee in Russia is very low because the Russian Government provides subsidy for education. Kazan State Medical University is located in the central part of city Kazan, Russia. Established in: 1814 Address: Ulitsa Butlerova, 49, Kazan, Respublika Tatarstan, Russia, 420012 The medium of Study: English Acknowledged by: WHO, Ministry of Healthcare, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and โ€ฆ It offers high-quality education with low MBBS fees in Russia. Contact Yaduvanshi Consultancy and apply now . MBBS in Russia for Indian Students - Get information on feesโ€ฆ Kazan is known as the largest city and capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Its presence of 213 years has clearly left a mark in the niche of medical universities in the world which is why it also falls under the top ten medical universities across the globe. Described by The New York Times as a cultural hub for 1,000 years, Kazan is a beautiful city and offers a wide variety of exciting pursuits. In the XVIII century on the territory of modern Russia medical schools were established only in Moscow and St. Petersburg. NSMU was founded in 1932. Kursk state medical University. The greater advantage of studying MBBS in a Russian Medical College is that the students get a chance to get indulged in medical work as a part of their summer โ€ฆ This University recognized by WHO, UNESCO and MCI. The university is also very selective in terms of admission and only students with good grades are provided MBBS admission in Kazan Federal University. Request Free Information Now +91 909684457. Study MBBS in Abroad MCI Approved University, Admission for the year 2020-2021 Apply now, MBBS in Russia- Kazan State Medical University 2020, and check fees structure, admission requirements, and curriculum. University at a Glance. On the 14th of May (2nd of May according to the old calendar) 1814 the first meeting of the Academic Council of the «Department of Doctoral or Medical sciences» of Kazan Imperial University was โ€ฆ Rate your chances of admission in Kazan State Medical University MBBS program and download course brochure. As it is known that since last 20 years the craze for studying MBBS in Russia has increased. It was established in the year 1814. The university belongs โ€ฆ Number of International students increased studying Medicine in Russian Federation from Asia, Africa and Arab continents. Study in Kazan State Medical University in Russia. Kazan State Medical University is one of the oldest universities of Russia after Moscow and St.Petersburg. The University conducts athletic programs for the students. That includes a 4.8 years classroom program and last one year is totally dedicated for practical training under experienced โ€ฆ Recently, it has become a wise option for the MBBS seekers. For further information please call @ โ€ฆ Eklavya Overseas could be your trustworthy companion and reliable ally for information on MBBS Programs in Russia at Kazan State Medical University. MBBS Medical University in MBBS Medical University in Russia Russia Orel State Medical University established in the Orel State Medical University established in the year 1931. Perm State Medical University in Russia โ€" Perm State Medical University is the top listing medical university of Russia which located in perm City. The Kazan State Medical University is a multifunctional and multileveled state institution of higher education in Medicine, located in the central part of city Kazan, a city in southwest Russia. open for International โ€ฆ Kazan Federal Medical University is the second oldest university in Russia. Kazan State Medical University is a public university and caters to medical services since long. About City. Kazan Federal University, as well as all the other major Medical Universities in Russia, offers the medical course (MBBS in Russia) in the duration of 5.8 years. Chuvash State Medical University Courses: MBBS is one of the famous study programs of Chuvash State Medical University Courses. The Kazan State Medical University (KSMU) is located in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. KSMU is situated in Kazan city of Russia, 815 km from Moscow by train or bus, and by flight 1 hour 30 minutes. About University, Fees Structure, Hostel, Ranking. This University is one of the top-ranked medical universities in Russia. Get Direct MBBS Admission in KFU. The university was founded in 1814 and is a federal university that functions on the basis of self governance. Kazan State Medical University is a Government MBBS College in Russia, located in Kazan. The university at present has around 10,000 students studying from more than 20 different nations.The teaching staff comprises of more than 1,000 professionals among which there are several โ€ฆ Best MBBS Medical University in Russia. Kazan State Medical University is a multifunctional and multi-levelled state institution of higher learning in medicine. Kazan State Medical University offers great attention towards studentsโ€™ life. About the Kazan State Medical University. Deadline for MBBS in Kazan State Medical University. The popularity of the university and the success of medical courses is evident by the fact that it is attended by the students from around 57 โ€ฆ Kazan State Medical University is situated in Kazan city, and KSMU students get the opportunity to enjoy everything this metropolitan city has to offer. Further, to empower practical knowledge for students coming to study MBBS in Russia, the Kazan state medical university has 54 different units of the ministry of health of the Republic Tatarstan. Kazan State Medical University. Northern State Medical University Northern state medical university is located in Arkhangelsk. It is the 2 nd oldest Medical University located in Russia. Kazan Federal University. The Kazan State Medical University starts the commencement of classes for MBBS in September every year. Any student from India is free to do up MBBS from Russia, as long as he or she has cleared NEET 2020. WHO and MCI recognize all the listed universities in โ€ฆ Why Study MBBS in Kazan State Medical University in Russia? Kazan State Medical University is one of the most renowned, Medical University in Russia from where thousands of Indians have graduated in โ€ฆ 200 years of experience in medical training. MBBS from Department of Medicine fees, admission, eligibility, application, scholarships & ranking. MBBS Fees for Kazan state medical university . During the vacations, the students are provided with the relaxation in the camp โ€œMedicโ€, which is situated in the forest on the banks of the Volga River. Get all the information about MBBS in Kazan State Medical University, like fee structure, admission process, learning facilities, equipment, labs and lecture and hostels facilities. Kazan State Medical University or KSMU is a renowned, one of the oldest federal university, which is situated in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. Here we are welcoming all foreign students to study at Kazan State Medical University with full Courses in English Medium i.e MBBS, Dentistry (BDS), Pharmacy. The university consists of nine faculties and is a state university offering higher learning in the medical โ€ฆ The application form filling starts from the end week of March and continues till 30th โ€ฆ We are the authorized envoy of Kazan State Medical University and other MCI Approved MBBS Universities in Russia for the students hailing from upper mentioned nations โ€ฆ Average MBBS fee in Russia is between lowest fees per year. Established in the year 1814, it is the third-oldest medical university in Russia. 301001 It offers an MBBS program with a total of 5.8 years duration. Kazan State Medical University is more than 200yrs old university, established in November 18, 1804, for MBBS in Kazan.kazan state medical university admission process is going on with best discounts. All Russian Medical Universities are listed in WHO and MCI so a student who gets an MBBS degree from Russia can practice anywhere in the world including India. This university is leading medical institute offering multi-level as well as multi-functional higher education to those who wish to become doctors. Office 405, 4th Floor, Wonder Mall, Near Company Bagh, Alwar (Raj.) Ryazan State Medical University. The eligibility criteria to study MBBS at Kazan State Medical University is as follows: The applicant must have completed his/her 12th Standard from a reputed board or organization and must have at least 50% aggregate marks in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. What makes Kazan State Medical University the Best? Kazan State Medical University Fees Structure. Abroad Education are serving to students such as you to get the various academic opportunities MBBS study in Russia has some of the most effective medical faculties within the world, thirty positions among the world ranking grabbed by high Russian Medical faculties.Russian medical โ€ฆ The Kazan State Medical Universityis almost 200 years old and from those times imparting best education to the students from all across the world. The total MBBS fees in Kazan federal University is in fact less than half of what Indian students have to pay in any private medical college in India. 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Home Actor Kevin Costner Lifestyle, Net Worth, Age, Height, Weight, Family, Wiki, Measurements, Favorites,...
Kevin Costner Lifestyle, Net Worth, Age, Height, Weight, Family, Wiki, Measurements, Favorites, Biography, Facts & More
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Kevin Costner is an American famous actor, producer, and director. He has received two Academy Awards winners, two Golden Globe Awards winners, a Primetime Emmy Award winners, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. He is known for his roles in The Untouchables, Bull Durham, Field of Dreams, Dances with Wolves, JFK, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Hidden Figures, Hatfields & McCoys. In 2018, Kevin has starred as John Dutton on the Paramount Network original drama series Yellowstone for which he received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination.
Kevin Michael Costner
Actor, Director, Producer, Musician
Country, Country Rock
Vocals, Guitar
Universal South Records, Edel Music, Madison Gate Records
Kevin Costner was born on the 18th of January 1955, in Lynwood, California, United States.
He's currently 67 years old.
He is of English, German, Swiss-German, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, and Scots-Irish/Northern Irish descent.
Kevin Costner studied at Mt. Whitney High School in Visalia, California and Villa Park High School in Villa Park. Later, he attended California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) and in 1978, he graduated with a BA degree in Marketing and Finance.
Father – William Costner
Mother – Sharon Rae
Siblings – Daniel Craig Costner (Older Brother), Mark Douglas Costner (Older Brother) (Died at birth)
Relatives – Walter Madison Costner (Paternal Grandfather), Lillie Mae/May Reno (Paternal Grandmother), Clyde Asbury Tedrick (Maternal Grandfather), Verna Margaret Manring (Maternal Grandmother)
Kevin Costner has dated –
Cindy Costner (1975-1994) – In March 1975, Kevin started dating his college sweetheart Cindy Costner. Cindy played "Snow White" for Disneyland. On March 5, 1978, after dating for 3 years the couple tied the knot . They have 3 children together – daughters Anne Clayton (b. April 15, 1984) and Lily McCall (b. August 4, 1986) and a son named Joe Tedrick (b. January 31, 1988). The couple's marriage lasted for 16 years.
Christine Dennard (1983-1987) – In 1983, Kevin began an affair with Christine Dennard. In 1987, they broke up, their relationship lasted for almost 4 years.
Mira Sorvino (1993) – In 1993, Kevin had an encounter with actress Mira Sorvino.
Bridget Rooney (1995-1997) – In 1995, Kevin began dating Bridget Rooney. They even had a son together named Liam Costner (b. 1996). However, in January 1997, the couple broke up.
Courteney Cox (1995) – In 1995, Kevin briefly dated actress Courteney Cox.
Joan Lunden (1995) – In 1995, Kevin had a brief encounter with TV news presenter Joan Lunden.
Elle Macpherson (1996) – In 1996, Kevin had a brief relationship with the Australian model Elle Macpherson.
Tawny Little (1997-1998) – In November 1997, Kevin started a relationship with TV personality Tawny Little. However, in January 1998,they split, their relationship did not last long.
Christine Baumgartner (2000-Present) – In August 2000, Kevin began a relationship with former model-turned-handbag designer Christine Baumgartner. On June 26, 2003, the couple got engaged and tied the knot in 2004 at his ranch outside Aspen. They are blessed with 3 children – 2 sons named Cayden Wyatt Costner (b. May 6, 2007) and Hayes Logan Costner (b. February 12, 2009) and a daughter named Grace Avery Costner (b. June 2, 2010).
Due to advancing age, gray hair strands are visible on his head.
His shoe size is 11 (US).
Kevin is famous for his performances in films including The Untouchables (1987) as Eliot Ness, Bull Durham (1988) as Crash Davis, Field of Dreams (1989) as Ray Kinsella, Dances with Wolves (1990) as Lieutenant John J. Dunbar, JFK (1991) as Jim Garrison, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991) as Robin Hood, The Bodyguard (1992) as Frank Farmer, and A Perfect World (1993) as Robert "Butch" Haynes; and TV series Hatfields & McCoys (2012) as Devil Anse Hatfield, and Yellowstone as John Dutton. Beside that he is famous for being the singer of rock/country band Kevin Costner and Modern West.
In 1981, Costner made his feature film debut in the comedy film Malibu Hot Summer as John Logan.
Television Debut
In 1985, Kevin made his first TV show appearance on the adventure comedy-drama series Amazing Stories as the Captain.
Album Debut
On November 11, 2008, Kevin's band Kevin Costner & Modern West released their first studio album titled Untold Truths with Universal South Records. The album had 12 songs.
Kevin has endorsed many brands such as Apple Lisa computer (1983), Turkish Airlines (2009), Valleverde shoes (2000), Roots canned coffee (2001), Energetix (2011), and TGV (2017).
Kevin Costner Net worth
Kevin Costner has an estimated net worth of $250 million dollars as of 2022.
Facebook – Kevin Costner
Instagram- kevincostnermodernw
Twitter– Kevin Costner
Some Lesser Known Facts About Kevin Costner
Kevin is a member of the Delta Chi Fraternity of CSUF.
In May 1998, readers of the German magazine Amica voted Kevin as the Most Erotic Male.
In 1990 and 1991, People magazine added him in their list of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World.
Kevin built a golf course on the land given to him by Sioux nation after making Dances with Wolves (1990).
In 1995, Empire magazine included him at #87 in their list of 100 Sexiest Stars in Film History.
He has starred in films about John F. Kennedy a couple of times including JFK (1991) and Thirteen Days (2000).
Kevin has purposely avoided appearing in film sequels making him one of the few blockbuster stars to do so.
He is a co-owner of the Midnight Star casino in Deadwood, South Dakota.
In 2003, Costner opened the Tatanka Interpretive site in Deadwood, South Dakota.
He is a fan of the English soccer club Arsenal Football Club.
Kevin has participated numerous times in the celebrity golf tournament in Pebble Beach, California.
Kevin is one of the few actors to be recognized for winning an Academy Award for Best Director.
In 1992 and 1996 he has supported Bill Clinton in his presidential elections.
He own production companies named TIG Productions and Treehouse Films. His paternal grandmother's nickname inspired the name "Tig".
In 1990, he used to play golf with former President Ronald Reagan.
He is a skilled equestrian which is reflected in the film The Postman (1997) where he did his own riding.
On August 11, 2003, he received the Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
In 2008, he was inducted into the Irish-American Baseball Hall of Fame.
He is a supporter of the New York Knicks.
In 2015, he released a book titled The Explorers Guild, which was co-written by Jon Baird.
In 2020, Costner joined Woody Sears's new audio entertainment travel app, Hear, as a co-founder, podcast narrator, and investor. Costner narrates some of the audio stories provided by the iPhone subscription app for travelers on road trips across the United States who want to hear about the people, places, and histories they are encountering on their travels.
On August 12, 2021, Kevin led the New York Yankees and Chicago White Sox onto the field prior to the MLB at Field of Dreams game held in Dyersville, Iowa and gave a short speech.
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This week, 46 college football teams will play in bowl games -- contests that are built more on commercialism than tradition. However, in the early days of college football, bowl week was relatively non-existent. Instead, elite college football players turned professional as soon as the college regular season ended.
The most recognized case of a college football player joining the NFL immediately after the end of his college football season was former University of Illinois superstar Harold "Red" Grange.
Grange, who was affectionately nicknamed the Galloping Ghost, started at running back for the University of Illinois against Ohio State University on November 21, 1925 -- the final day of his collegiate eligibility. Then, just five days later, Grange appeared in the backfield for the NFL's Chicago Bears in a Thanksgiving Day matinee.
Red Grange's move from college to the pros in a single season was widely embraced by Illinois fans. Indeed 36,000 fans packed into Wrigley Field to watch Grange's pro debut -- the largest crowd at the time ever to attend a pro football game.
Today, the NFL's collective bargaining agreement prevents star college football players from entering the league during the same season that they play college football.
But, perhaps it would add some much needed excitement to both college and pro football to turn back the clock to 1935 and allow college athletes to turn professional, should they wish, in November.
Indeed, most college football fans would probably not notice the cancellation of some second-tier bowl games, such as this morning's St. Petersburg Bowl between Mississippi State University and the University of Miami (Ohio) -- a pair of teams neither of which had a winning record this season.
Meanwhile, there are likely many football fans around the country who would find it exciting to watch Leonard Fournette, Christian McCaffrey or Dalvin Cook join an NFL team for the last quarter of the professional football regular season.


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Milan Creighton was a football coach in the National Football League (NFL) from 1935 until 1938, finishing his career with the Chicago Cardinals as their head coach. Over his four years of coaching his teams compiled a cumulative record of 16-25-4. During his career he was the head coach of the Chicago Cardinals from 1935 until the 1938 season. The Cardinals went 16-25-4 during their four seasons with Creighton as head coach.


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Accountancy forms a core part of the McKenzie Fox offering, particuarly to those clients in the Isle of Man and offshore markets where we recruit for a range of accountancy related roles both in practice and in a broader commercial context.
We have worked with leading blue chip names and small business to assist with recruitment in this key area, sourcing both qualified and non qualified candidates.
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Building a More Diverse Skilled Workforce in the Highway Trades: Are Oregon's Current Efforts Working?
Title Building a More Diverse Skilled Workforce in the Highway Trades: Are Oregon's Current Efforts Working?
Authors Burd-Sharps, Sarah, Lewis, Kristen, and Kelly, Maura
Date Published 2014
Institution Final report submitted to the Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries and Oregon Department of Transportation
Keywords Apprenticeship programs, barriers to participation, Career Education, diversity, ethnicity, gender, Nontraditional Occupations, race
Jobs in the highway construction trades have historically been primarily held by white men and largely remain so today; of those completing apprenticeships in the highway trades in Oregon between 2011 and early 2014, 83.4 percent were white men. Building a more diverse skilled workforce and making careers in these trades more accessible and appealing to women and people of color has proven challenging.The state's Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI), in collaboration with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), in 2010 began a statewide effort—the Highway Construction Workforce Development Program—to find, train, and employ a diverse workforce for highway construction jobs throughout the state. The program provides mentoring and four services designed to help workers overcome commonly identified barriers to participation in the heavy highway trades: financial support for childcare; fuel assistance; support for tools, clothes and other required equipment; and overnight travel expenses for jobs. This paper provides the findings of an assessment of these efforts using data on trends in the Oregon heavy highway workforce from the Oregon Apprenticeship System, a phone survey of current and past highway apprentices conducted in early 2014, and a review of the experiences of others states in this area.
URL http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/soc_fac/16/


text:
python bindings
***************

Links
=====

Also see :doc:`python-pysvn`.

Download
========

Download the python bindings from the http://subversion.tigris.org/ home page.

I found the download location in two ways:

- searching for python...
- *Documents and files*, *subversion*, *Releases*, *Windows*,
  *Windows Apache 2.2.x*...

For python 2.5 I downloaded:
http://subversion.tigris.org/files/documents/15/38217/svn-python-1.4.4.win32-py2.5.exe

Install
=======

Just run the installer...


Top of the agenda at the meeting is reactivation of the Kurdistan parliament.
The majority of Kurdish parties agreed in a weekend meeting of the High Referendum Council to convene the parliament on Thursday, September 14.
Gorran and the Kurdistan Islamic Group (Komal) were not part of that decision as they have resisted joining the referendum council before the vote is given a parliamentary mandate. A flurry of recent meetings has brought the parties closer together after two years of stalemate that paralyzed Kurdistan's politics after the parliament was shut by KDP in 2015 during a dispute with Gorran."Their coming to Erbil is a positive step," Chinar Saad Abdullah, a KDP politburo member, told Rudaw of Gorran's participation in Tuesday's meeting.Gorran, which has been reluctant to sit at the table without guarantees, wants parliament to resume normal operations and address key pieces of legislation, not just the referendum issue. A PUK official said that the parliament will have all of its powers without any conditions. "Parliament will immediately begin with those issues that were before it before the parliament was closed.
Nothing is banned," Saadi Pira said in a press conference on Monday.
He was confident that both Gorran and Komal are on board. KDP insists that Thursday's session will take place with or without Gorran and Komal. "Under all circumstances, we are going to hold the session on Thursday," KDP MP Dana Sofi told Rudaw on Monday.Eighty of the parliament's 111 seats have been secured for the Thursday session, according to KDP leadership member Dilshad Shahab speaking before Tuesday's trilateral meeting. Gorran's demands for the parliamentary agenda are reflected in a PUK seven-point project that will see lawmakers consider the issues of salary cuts imposed as part of austerity measures and the controversial presidency law.
On that basis, PUK politburo member Arsalan Bayiz believes Gorran can hold no opposition to reactivating parliament.
Note: The post (Hopes are high as KDP, Gorran, PUK meet, hash out parliament issues) appeared first on (Rudaw) and do not necessarily reflect the position of IraqNow.news.


Sweet chili or lumpia dipping sauce is for Lumpiang Shanghai, Shrimp Lumpia, Cheese Lumpia or just for any small fried eggroll.
The recipe is a mixture of water, sugar, ketchup, vinegar, chili peppers and tapioca starch or cornstarch for a thick consistency.
Siling Labuyo or better known as Thai bird chili peppers are added depending on one's preference, whether mild or hot and spicy.
To counter balance the sweetness, vinegar is used to give a hint of tartness.
Ketchup also adds to the tartness and gives the sauce a pale pink hue.
Adding shredded carrots is optional. It's merely for texture and appearance, but can be omitted.
Cornstarch is the standard thickener but tapioca starch gives it a better runny consistency and stays stable when refrigerated.
1 Mix all the ingredients together, dissolving the cornstarch thoroughly.
2 Cook over medium heat until thick.
3 Serve as a dip for Lumpiang Shanghai,Cheese Lumpia or any fried food.
For vinegar, I use a milder-tasting distilled vinegar instead of the Datu Puti. If you don't have any other brand available, try using a little at a time until you get your desired taste.
If available, use tapioca starch. Cornstarch turns the sauce into a paste-like consistency after a while especially when refrigerated.
I sometimes use a pinch of Crushed Red pepper flakes to better control the heat of the lumpia dipping sauce, instead of using fresh chili peppers.
This sauce is also a good dip for fishballs or squidballs. Just thin out the sauce a little bit with water so you could dip you a skewered fishball.


본 발명의 횡전계방식 액정표시장치는 기판 위에 종횡으로 배열된 게이트배선 및 데이터배선에 의해 정의되는 화소영역에 있어서, 제1기판에는 기판 위에 동시에 형성된 게이트전극 및 공통전극과, 제1기판 전체에 걸쳐 적층된 게이트절연막과, 게이트절연막 위에 형성되고 공통전극과 함께 횡전계를 인가하는 데이터전극과, 제1기판 전체에 걸쳐 공통전극 및 데이터전극 위에 도포되는 보호막과, 보호막 위에 공통전극 상부쪽에 비대칭으로 오버랩된 ITO전극으로 구성되어 있고, 제2기판에는 TFT, 게이트배선, 데이터배선 근처로 빛이 새는 것을 방지하는 Cr 블랙매트릭스와, Cr 블랙매트릭스 위에 형성된 컬러필터층과, 블랙매트릭스에 의해 발생하는 단차를 제거하기 위한 오버코트층으로 구성되어 있다. Transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device of the present invention is a pixel region defined by the gate lines and data lines arranged in rows and columns on a substrate, a first substrate, a gate electrode and a common electrode, and the entire first substrate is formed at the same time on the substrate asymmetrically and the laminated gate insulating film on, is formed on the gate insulating film and the data electrodes for applying a transverse electric field with the common electrode, the first protective film is coated on the common electrode and the data electrodes over the entire substrate and the common electrode top over the protective film on the side it consists of the overlapped ITO electrode, a second substrate, the TFT, the gate wire, and a Cr black matrix for preventing light leakage near the data line, Cr black matrix color filter layer, a step caused by the black matrix formed on the It is composed of the overcoat layer to remove. 또한, 제1기판과 제2기판 사이에는 액정층이 형성된다. Further, the liquid crystal layer is formed between the first substrate and the second substrate.
본 발명은 액정표시장치에 관한 것으로, 특히 수율이 향상되고 크로스토크를 방지할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 구동전압을 낮출 수 있는 횡전계방식 액정표시장치에 관한 것이다. The present invention relates to, and more particularly transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device in which the yield is improved to lower the driving voltage, as well as be able to avoid cross-talk on a liquid crystal display device.
최근, 휴대용 텔레비전이나 노트북 컴퓨터에 많이 사용되는 박막트랜지스터 액정표시장치(thin film transistor liquid crystal display device)에서 대면적화가 강력하게 요구되고 있지만, 상기한 TFT LCD에는 시야각에 따라 콘트라스트비 (contrast ratio)가 변하는 문제가 있었다. Last, but is upset strongly needs a large area in a portable television or a thin film transistor liquid crystal that is commonly used for a notebook computer display device (thin film transistor liquid crystal display device), the contrast ratio (contrast ratio) depending on the viewing angle above a TFT LCD has there was a problem changing. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 고화질 저전력의 평판표시장치로서 광보상판이 장착된 트위스트네마틱(twisted nematic) 액정표시장치, 멀티도메인(multi- domain) 액정표시장치 등과 같은 여러가지 액정표시장치가 제안되고 있지만, 이러한 여러가지 액정표시장치는 액정분자의 굴절율 이방성으로 인해, 기판과 수평하게 배향된 액정분자가 액정패널에 전압이 인가될 때 기판과 거의 수직방향으로 배향되기 때문에 시야각 문제를 해결하기 힘든 실정이다. To solve this problem, a variety of liquid crystal display device such as a flat panel display apparatus of high quality low-power optical compensation plate is equipped with a twisted nematic (twisted nematic) liquid crystal display device, a multi-domain (multi- domain) liquid crystal display devices have been proposed, but , these various liquid crystal display device is a situation hard to solve the viewing angle problem, since the orientation of the substrate and the substantially vertical direction when, due to refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal molecules, the substrate and the horizontally aligned liquid crystal molecules be a voltage to the liquid crystal panel is applied.
따라서, 광시야각을 실현하기 위해 제안되는 다른 방식의 액정표시장치로, 액정분자를 기판과 거의 수평한 방향으로 배향하여 시야각문제를 해결하는 횡전계방식 액정표시장치(in plane switching mode LCD)가 최근에 활발하게 연구되고 있다. Therefore, a liquid crystal display of the different ways that are offered in order to realize a wide viewing angle, a horizontal electric field mode liquid crystal display apparatus to align the liquid crystal molecules in the substantially horizontal direction and the substrate solve the viewing angle problem (in plane switching mode LCD) recently on being actively studied.
도 1은 종래의 횡전계방식 액정표시장치를 나타내는 도면이다. 1 is a view showing a conventional transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device. 도 1에 나타낸 바와 같이, 제1기판에는 종횡으로 게이트배선(1) 및 데이터배선(2)이 배열되어 있다. 1, the first substrate includes a gate line 1 and the data line (2) are arranged in rows and columns. 이 게이트배선(1)과 데이터배선(2)에 의해 화소영역이 정의되는데, 실제의 액정패널은 수많은 화소영역으로 구성되어 있지만 도면에서는 설명의 편의를 위해 한 화소만을 나타낸다. This there is a pixel region defined by the gate line 1 and the data line (2), the liquid crystal panel of the actual consists of a number of pixel areas, but in the drawing shows only one pixel for convenience of description. 상기한 화소영역 내에는 게이트배선(1)과 평행한 공통배선 (3)이 배열되어 있으며, 게이트배선(1)과 데이터배선(2)의 교차점에는 박막트랜지스터(thin film transistor)가 형성되어 있다. In the pixel region is a gate wiring, and (1) is parallel to the common wiring (3) is arranged and, the intersection of the gate line 1 and the data line (2) is formed with a thin film transistor (thin film transistor). TFT는 도 2에 나타낸 바와 같이, 게이트전극(4), 게이트절연막(12), 소스(6)/드레인전극(7), 반도체층(5), 오믹콘택층 (11)으로 구성되며, 상기한 게이트전극(4) 및 소스(6)/드레인전극(7)은 각각 게이트배선(1) 및 데이터배선(2)에 접속된다. TFT, as shown in Figure 2, is composed of the gate electrode 4, gate insulating film 12, source 6 / drain electrode 7, the semiconductor layer 5, the ohmic contact layer 11, the above-described a gate electrode 4 and the source 6 / drain electrode 7 are respectively connected to the gate line 1 and the data line (2). 또한, 게이트절연막(12)은 기판 전체에 걸쳐서 적층되어 있다. The gate insulating film 12 is laminated over the entire substrate.
화소영역에는 공통전극(8) 및 데이터전극(9)이 서로 평행하게 형성되어 함께 횡전계를 인가한다. Pixel area, the common electrode 8 and the data electrode 9 are formed in parallel with each other to apply a lateral electric field along. 공통전극(8)은 제1기판(10) 위에 게이트전극(4)과 동시에 형성되어 공통배선(3)에 접속되며, 데이터전극(9)은 게이트절연막(12) 위에 소스 (6)/드레인전극(7)과 동시에 형성되어 TFT의 소스(6)/드레인전극(7)과 접속된다. A common electrode 8 is formed on the first substrate 10 at the same time as the gate electrode 4 is connected to the common wiring 3, the data electrode 9, a source (6) on the gate insulating film 12 / drain electrodes It is formed at the same time as (7) is connected with the source 6 / drain electrode 7 of the TFT. 그리고 제1기판(10) 전체에 걸쳐서 공통전극 및 데이터전극 위에는 보호막(13)과 제1배향막(14)이 도포되어 있다. And a protection film 13 and the first alignment layer 14 is coated on top of the common electrode and the data electrodes over the entire first substrate 10.
제2기판(15)에는 TFT, 게이트배선(1), 데이터배선(2)으로 빛이 새는 것을 방지하는 블랙매트릭스(16)와 컬러필터층(color filter layer)(17)이 형성되어 있으며, 도면에는 나타나 있지 않지만, 그 위에는 블랙매트릭스에 의해 발생되는 단차를 제거하기 위한 오버코트층이 형성되고, 제2배향막(18)이 도포되어 있다. The second substrate 15 is TFT, the gate wire (1), the data line (2) in which the black matrix 16 and the color filter (color filter layer) (17) for preventing light leakage is formed, the drawing Although not shown, the top coat layer the second alignment layer 18 is coated, is formed to remove a level difference caused by the black matrix thereon. 또한, 상기한 제1기판(10) 및 제2기판(15) 사이에는 액정층(20)이 형성된다. Further, between the above-described first substrate 10 and second substrate 15 it is formed in the liquid crystal layer 20.
상기한 구조의 액정표시장치에서 전압이 인가되지 않는 경우에는 액정층(20) 내의 액정분자가 제1배향막(14) 및 제2배향막(18)의 배향방향에 따라 배향되지만, 공통전극(8)과 데이터전극(9) 사이에 전압이 인가되면 기판과 평행하게 스위칭되어, 상기한 공통전극(8) 및 데이터전극(9)의 연장방향과 수직한 방향으로 배향된다. If voltage is applied to the liquid crystal display of the above-mentioned structure, but the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 20 is oriented along the alignment direction of the first alignment layer 14 and the second alignment film 18, a common electrode 8 When the voltage between data electrode 9 is applied in parallel with the switching to the substrate, it is oriented in the extending direction normal to the direction of the aforementioned common electrode 8 and the data electrode (9). 상기한 바와 같이, 액정층(20) 내의 액정분자가 항상 동일한 평면상에서 스위칭되기 때문에, 상하방향 및 좌우방향의 시야각방향에서 계조표시(grey level)의 반전이 일어나지 않는다. As described above, since the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 20 is always on the same switching plane, it does not cause inversion of gradation display (grey level) in the viewing angle direction in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction.
그러나, 액정층에 인가된 전계를 나타낸 도 3을 참고로 하면, 상기한 구조의 횡전계방식 액정표시소자에는 다음과 같은 문제점들이 있다. However, if the 3 shows the electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer as a reference, a horizontal electric field mode liquid crystal display element of the above-described structure, there are the following problems. 첫번째는, 데이터전극 (9) 위에 보호막(13)이 적층되어 있고 공통전극(8) 위에 게이트절연막(12)과 보호막(13)이 형성되어 있기 때문에, 액정층(20) 내에 인가되는 횡전계가 상기한 게이트절연막(12)과 보호막(13)에 흡수되어 액정층(20) 내에 인가되는 횡전계의 세기가 작아지므로 결국, 액정분자의 스위칭속도, 즉 액정분자의 응답속도가 저하되어 동화상의 구현시 화면이 끊어지는 현상이 발생하게 된다. First, a horizontal electric field is applied in the data electrode 9 on the protective film 13 are laminated, and the common electrode 8, the gate insulating film 12 and the protective film 13 because it is formed, the liquid crystal layer 20 on the wherein a gate insulating film 12 and protective film 13, the intensity of the transverse electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer 20 is absorbed is small, a result, the switching speed of the liquid crystal molecules, that is, the response speed of the liquid crystal molecules decreases because the implementation of the moving image to the the phenomenon that is cut off when the screen is generated. 두번째는, 횡전계방식 액정표시소자에 있어서 블랙매트릭스(16)로 Cr을 적용할 경우 금속의 작용에 의하여 데이터배선(2)의 데이터 신호에 의한 왜곡전계가 공통전극(8)과 데이터전극(9) 사이의 첫 번째 창(window)영역 내의 액정배열에 영향을 주어 양 끝단의 창에서 투과율이 변하게 되면서 수직 크로스토크(crosstalk)를 유발하게 된다. Secondly, the black matrix 16 is a case of applying the Cr according to the data signal of the data line (2) by the action of the metal distortion field common electrode 8 and the data electrodes (9 in the lateral electric field system liquid crystal display device ) the transmittance varies in the first window (window) of the window will have an effect on both ends of the liquid crystal arranged in the region between as will lead to vertical crosstalk (crosstalk). 그리고 세번째는, 공통전극(8)이 게이트절연막(12)과 보호막(13) 하부에 위치함으로 인해 데이터신호 차폐효과가 떨어지게 되는데 이 때 공통전극(8)을 충분히 넓게 할 경우 차폐효과를 완화시킬 수는 있으나 개구율이 감소되므로 이에 따라 휘도가 감소된다. And the third one is the common electrode 8 is due by position on the lower gate insulating film 12 and protective film 13 there is falling down of the data signal shielding effect at this time to mitigate the effect of shielding case to sufficiently widen the common electrodes (8) but since the aperture ratio is reduced whereby the luminance is decreased with.
본 발명은 상기한 문제점들을 감안하여 이루어진 것으로, 횡전계방식 액정표시장치에 블랙매트릭스로 Cr을 적용할 때, 보호막 위에서 최외곽부 공통전극 상부쪽에 ITO전극을 비대칭적으로 형성하여 Cr 블랙매트릭스에 의해 발생되는 왜곡신호를 효과적으로 차단 및 감소시켜 주고, 절연막 상부에 ITO전극이 배치되므로 데이터신호 차폐효과가 증가하게 되어 수직 크로스토크 현상을 감소시키며, 구동전압이 저하된 횡전계방식 액정표시장치를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. The invention by been made in view of the above problems, the transverse electric field system to confirm the Cr as a black matrix for a liquid crystal display device, Cr to form an ITO electrode side outermost portion common electrode upper part above the protective film asymmetrically black matrix giving to effectively block and reducing the distortion signal that is generated, since the insulating layer top ITO electrode is disposed is increased, the data signal shielding effect reduces the vertical cross-talk phenomenon, that provides a transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device, the driving voltage is lowered and that for the purpose.
상기한 목적을 달성하기 위해, 본 발명에 따른 횡전계방식 액정표시장치는 제1기판 및 제2기판과, 상기한 제1기판 위에 종횡으로 배열되어 화소영역을 정의하는 게이트배선 및 데이터배선과, 상기한 화소영역 내에 게이트배선과 평행하게 배열된 공통배선과, 상기한 게이트배선과 데이터배선의 교차점에 형성된 박막트랜지스터와, 상기한 화소영역 내에 게이트전극과 동시에 형성된 공통전극과, 상기한 제1기판 전체에 걸쳐 도포되는 게이트절연막과, 상기한 게이트절연막 위에 형성되어 상기한 공통전극과 함께 횡전계를 인가하는 데이터전극과, 상기한 제1기판 전체에 걸쳐서 공통전극 및 데이터전극 위에 적층된 보호막과, 상기한 보호막 위에서 최외곽부의 공통전극 상부쪽에 비대칭적으로 오버랩된 ITO전극과, 그 위에 도포된 임의의 배향방향을 가 In order to achieve the above object, a lateral electric field system liquid crystal display device includes a gate wiring that defines the first substrate and the second substrate, and pixel regions are arranged in rows and columns over the above-described first substrate and the data line according to the invention and, wherein the gate line and the data line crossing the thin film transistor, a first substrate having a common electrode, and formed simultaneously with the gate electrode in the pixel region formed in parallel with the gate wiring arranged in the pixel area, the common wiring and, a gate insulating film which is applied over the whole, and, as the above-mentioned gate is formed on the insulating the data electrodes for applying a transverse electric field with the at least one common electrode and the one second stacked on the common electrode and the data electrodes over the entire first substrate protection film, is an asymmetrical overlap with a protective film on the common electrode side of the upper outer most parts of the ITO electrode, the alignment direction of any coating thereon 진 제1배향막과, 상기한 제2기판에 형성되어 TFT, 게이트배선 및 데이터배선 근처로 빛이 새는 것을 방지하는 Cr 블랙매트릭스와, 상기한 Cr 블랙매트릭스 위에 형성된 컬러필터층과, 상기한 Cr 블랙매트릭스에 의해 발생하는 단차를 제거하기 위한 오버코트층과, 그 위에 형성된 제2배향막과, 상기한 제1기판과 제2기판 사이에 형성된 액정층으로 구성된다. Jin claim is formed in the second substrate above the first alignment layer, TFT, gate wiring and data in near the wiring and Cr black matrix for preventing light leakage, a color filter layer formed on the a Cr black matrix, comprising: a Cr black matrix and the overcoat layer to remove a level difference caused by, the second consists of a liquid crystal layer formed between the second alignment layer and, above the first substrate and the second substrate formed on.
상기한 공통전극은 제1기판 위에 게이트전극과 동시에 나란히 형성되고 공통배선에 접속되며, 상기한 데이터전극은 제1기판 전체에 걸쳐 적층된 게이트절연막 위에 데이터배선과 동시에 나란히 형성되고 박막트랜지스터의 소스/드레인전극에 접속된다. Wherein the common electrode is constituted of first and side by side to form at the same time as the gate electrode on the first substrate and connected to a common wiring, wherein a data electrode is first being side by side to form at the same time as the data line on the gate insulating film is laminated over the first substrate a source of the TFT / It is connected to the drain electrode. 그리고 ITO전극은 제1기판 전체에 걸쳐 공통전극과 데이터전극 위에 적층된 보호막 위에서 공통전극 상부쪽에 비대칭적으로 오버랩된다. And ITO electrodes are overlapped asymmetrically across the common electrode on the upper common electrodes and the data electrodes a protective film laminated on over the first substrate.
이하, 첨부한 도면을 참조하여 본 발명에 따른 횡전계방식 액정표시장치에 대하여 상세히 설명한다. Will be described in detail transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device according to the following, the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
도 4는 본 발명의 횡전계방식 액정표시장치의 평면도이다. 4 is a plan view of a liquid crystal display device of transverse electric-field type the present invention. 도면에 나타낸 바와 같이, 제1기판(110) 위에는 게이트배선(101) 및 데이터배선(102)이 종횡으로 배열되어 화소영역을 정의한다. As shown in the figure, a gate wiring 101 formed on the first substrate 110 and the data line 102 are arranged in rows and columns to define a pixel region. 실제의 액정표시장치에서는 n개의 게이트배선과 m개의 데이터배선에 의해 n×m개의 화소가 존재하지만, 도면에서는 설명의 편의를 위해 한 화소만을 나타내었다. In an actual liquid crystal display device of the gate by the n lines and the m data line n × m pixels are present, but, in the drawing shows only one pixel for convenience of description. 화소내에는 상기한 게이트배선(101)과 평행하게 공통배선(103)이 배열되어 있으며, 게이트배선(101)과 데이터배선(102)의 교차점에는 박막트랜지스터가 배치되어 박막트랜지스터의 게이트전극(104)이 게이트배선(101)에 접속되고 소스전극(106)이 데이터배선(102)에 접속된다. Is in parallel with the gate wiring 101 are arranged in a common wiring 103, the gate wiring junction is disposed a thin film transistor thin film transistor gate electrode 104 of the 101 and the data line 102 in the pixel connected to the gate line 101, a source electrode 106 is connected to the data line 102. the 화소 내에 배열된 데이터전극(109)과 공통전극(108)은 데이터배선(102)과 평행하게 배열되어 있다. The data electrode 109 and the common electrode 108 in the pixel array are arranged in parallel with the data line 102. 이 때, 화소영역 내에 배열된 공통전극(108)은 제1기판(110) 위에 게이트전극(104)과 동시에 평행하게 형성되어 공통배선(103)에 접속되고, 데이터전극(109)은 게이트절연막(112) 위에 공통전극(108)과 평행한 방향으로 형성되어 공통전극(108)과 함께 횡전계를 인가하고 데이터배선(102)과 동시에 나란히 배열되어 드레인전극(107)에 접속된다. At this time, the common array in the pixel region electrode 108 is formed in parallel at the same time as the first substrate 110, the gate electrode 104 on and connected to the common wiring 103, the data electrode 109 is a gate insulating film ( 112) is formed over in a direction parallel to the common electrode 108 is applied to a horizontal electric field along with the common electrode 108 and arranged side by side at the same time as the data line 102 is connected to the drain electrode 107.
도 5는 도 4의 BB´선 단면도이다. Figure 5 is a sectional view along the line BB' FIG. 도면에 나타낸 바와 같이, 박막트랜지스터는 제1기판(110) 위에 형성된 게이트전극(104)과 상기한 게이트전극(104) 및 제1기판(110) 위에 적층된 게이트절연막(112)과 상기한 게이트절연막(112) 위에 형성된 반도체층(105)과 상기한 반도체층 위에 형성된 오믹콘택층(111)과, 상기 오믹콘택층(111) 상에 형성된 소스(106)/드레인전극(107)으로 구성된다. As shown in the figure, the thin film transistor includes a first substrate 110 formed on the gate electrode 104 and the gate electrode 104 and the first above and the substrate 110, the gate insulating film 112 is laminated on the gate insulating film 112 is composed of the ohmic contact layer 111, the source 106 / drain electrode 107 formed on the ohmic contact layer 111 is formed on the semiconductor layer and the semiconductor layer 105 is formed on. 공통전극(108)은 게이트전극(104)과 제1기판(110) 위에 동시에 평행하게 형성되는데 이 때, 도면에는 나타내지 않았지만, 게이트배선(101) 및 공통배선 (103)을 상기한 게이트전극(104) 및 공통전극(108)과 동시에 형성한다. Common electrode 108 is the gate electrode 104 and the first substrate 110 there is in parallel to form at the same time over this time, the drawing Although not shown, the gate wiring 101 and the common line 103, the gate electrode (104 a form) and at the same time as the common electrode (108). 상기한 공통전극(108)은 투명도전막인 ITO로 형성할 수 있다. Wherein the common electrode 108 may be formed with a transparent conductor film ITO. 또한, 상기한 게이트전극(104)의 절연성을 향상시키기 위해 게이트전극(104)을 산화하여 양극산화막을 형성할 수도 있다. Further, to improve the insulation of the gate electrode (104) by oxidizing the gate electrode 104 may be formed in the anodizing film. 이어서, 기판(110) 전체에 걸쳐서 게이트절연막 (112)을 적층하고, 그 위에 소스전극(106), 드레인전극(107) 및 데이터전극(109)을 형성한다. Then, the laminated gate insulating film 112 over the entire substrate 110 to form an over the source electrode 106, drain electrode 107 and the data electrode 109. 또한, 도 6에서 나타내듯이, 상기한 데이터전극(109)의 형성시 데이터배선 (102)도 동시에 형성된다. Also, it is shown in Figure 6, as to form the data lines 102 of the data electrode 109 is also formed at the same time. 여기에서 박막트랜지스터의 게이트전극(104)은 게이트배선(101)에 연결되고 소스전극(106)은 데이터배선(102)에 연결되며, 드레인전극 (107)은 데이터전극(109)에 연결된다. Gate electrode 104 of the thin film transistors here are connected to the gate wiring 101 and source electrode 106 is connected to the data line 102, the drain electrode 107 is connected to the data electrode 109. 상기한 데이터전극(109)은 금속이 아닌 ITO로 형성할 수도 있다. The data electrode 109 may be formed of a non-metallic ITO.
박막트랜지스터, 데이터전극(109), 게이트절연막(112) 위에는 보호막(113)이 적층되어 있으며, 그 위에는 공통전극(108)의 상부쪽에 비대칭적으로 ITO전극(150)이 형성되어 있다. And a thin film transistor, the data electrode 109, the gate insulating film 112. The protective film 113 is stacked on top, and that the asymmetry of an ITO electrode 150, an upper side of the common electrode 108 is formed on.
제1배향막(114)은 공통전극(108)과 보호막(113) 위에 상기한 제1기판(110) 전체에 걸쳐서 폴리이미드(polyimide)나 광반응물질을 도포하여 형성한다. The first alignment film 114 is formed by coating a polyimide (polyimide) or an optical reactants throughout the common electrode 108 and the protective film 113, a first substrate 110 on the. 폴리이미드(polyimide)로 이루어진 배향막(114)은 기계적인 러빙(rubbing)에 의해 배향방향이 결정되지만, PVCN (polyvinylcinnamate)계 물질이나 폴리실록산계 물질 혹은 셀룰로오스 (cellulose)계 물질과 같은 광반응물질로 이루어진 배향막(114)은 자외선과 같은 광의 조사에 의해 배향방향이 결정된다. An alignment film 114 made of a polyimide (polyimide) is the alignment direction by the mechanical rubbing (rubbing) is determined, consisting of a photoreactive material, such as PVCN (polyvinylcinnamate) based material or a polysiloxane-based material or cellulose (cellulose) substance an alignment film 114 is determined in this orientation by light irradiation such as ultraviolet rays.
제2기판(115)에는 Cr이나 CrO 등과 같은 금속을 적층하고 에칭하여 차광층 (shielding layer)인 블랙매트릭스(black matrix)(116)를 형성한다. The second substrate 115 is obtained by laminating a metal such as Cr or CrO is etched to form a light-shielding black matrix layer (black matrix) in (shielding layer) (116). 블랙매트릭스 (116)는 TFT, 게이트배선(101), 데이터배선(102) 등의 영역으로 빛이 새는 것을 방지하기 위한 것으로, 본 발명에서는 Cr이나 CrO 등과 같은 불투명 금속을 제2기판(115)에 적층하여 형성한다. A black matrix 116 is TFT, the gate wiring 101, the data line 102 is intended to prevent the light leaking into the area, such as, the second substrate 115 is an opaque metal such as Cr or CrO the invention It is formed by laminating. 이어서, 상기한 제2기판(115) 위에 컬러필터층(117)을 형성한다. Then, to form a color filter layer 117 on the above-described second substrate 115. 각 화소영역의 컬러필터층(117)은 R, G, B가 연속되어 형성된다. A color filter layer of the pixel region 117 is formed is a continuous R, G, B. 또한, 상기한 컬러필터층(117) 위에는 컬러필터층(117)에 의해 발생하는 단차를 제거하여 평탄성을 향상시키기 위해 오버코트층(overcoat layer)이 형성될 수도 있다. In addition, the overcoat layer (overcoat layer) to improve the flatness by removing the step difference caused by the color filter layer 117 is formed on the above-described color filter layer 117 may be formed. 상기한 컬러필터층(117) 위에는 제1기판 (110)과 마찬가지로 폴리이미드(polyimide)나 광반응물질이 도포되어 제2배향막(118)이 형성되며, 진공상태에서 상기한 제1기판 (110)과 제2기판(115) 사이에 액정을 주입하여 액정층(120)을 형성한다. Wherein the color filter, like the first substrate 110 is above the 117 polyimide (polyimide) and an optical response material is coated, and the second alignment film 118 is formed, the above-described first substrate 110 in a vacuum and the injection of liquid crystal between the second substrate 115 to form a liquid crystal layer 120.
상기한 제2기판(115)에는 외부정전기 방지를 위해 제2기판(115) 외측에 ITO와 같은 투명도전막을 형성하고 있다. Wherein the second substrate 115 there is formed a transparent conductive film such as ITO on the outside the second substrate 115 to an external anti-static. 이 때, 상기 투명도전막을 제2기판(115) 위에 미리 형성한 후 컬러필터공정을 진행하여도 되고, 컬러필터공정 완료 후에 기판 외측에 투명도전막을 형성하여도 된다. At this time, after forming in advance on the second substrate 115, the transparent conductive film and also to proceed with the color filter process is to form a transparent conductive film on the substrate outside the color filters after the process is complete.
도 6에 나타내듯이, 상기한 바와 같은 구조의 횡전계방식 액정표시장치에서는, ITO전극(150)이 보호막(113) 위에서 공통전극(108) 상부쪽에 비대칭적으로 형성되어 있기 때문에, 절연막(112)에 의해 전계가 흡수되지 않으므로 강한 세기의 전계가 액정층(120)에 인가될 수 있다. Since also it is presented in six as, In the liquid crystal display device, the lateral electric field system of the structure as described above, ITO electrode 150 is a common electrode 108 are formed asymmetrically, the upper side on the protective film 113, the insulating film 112 Since the electric field is not absorbed by a strong electric field strength it can be applied to the liquid crystal layer 120. 따라서, 구동전압을 낮출 수 있게 된다. Thus, it is possible to lower the driving voltage. 이 때, 상기 ITO전극(150)이 상기 제1전극의 최외곽부의 상부를 부분적으로 덮도록 형성될 수 있다. At this time, the ITO electrode 150 may be formed so as to cover the upper outermost portions of the first electrode in part. 또한, 일반적으로 외부구동회로로부터 데이터배선(102)을 통해 전압이 인가되면, 상기한 데이터배선(102)으로부터 데이터전극(109)으로 전계가 발생하고 이 전계에 의해 화소내의 액정분자가 영향을 받아 화상에 수직크로스토크가 발생한다. Also, in general, when from the external driving voltage is applied via the data line 102, an electric field is generated by the data electrode 109 from the data line 102 and receiving the liquid crystal molecules in the pixel affected by the electric field It generates the vertical crosstalk in the image. 이러한 크로스토크를 방지하기 위해서는 화소영역과 데이터배선(102)의 거리를 크게 해야만 하는데, 이는 개구율에 중대한 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인이 된다. In order to avoid such cross-talk to have to increase the distance of the pixel region and the data line 102, which is an important factor in a significant impact on the aperture ratio. 그러나 본 실시예와 같이 ITO전극(150)을 보호막(113) 위에 공통전극(108)의 최외곽부의 상부쪽에 비대칭적으로 오버랩시키면, 상기한 ITO전극(150)이 데이터배선(102)에서 데이터전극(109)으로의 전계를 차단하여 크로스토크가 발생하는 것을 방지할 수 있게 될 뿐만 아니라 종래 횡전계방식 액정표시장치에서 나타나게 되는 최외곽부의 창 두 곳에서의 투과율 증가 현상이 상당히 감소하는데 이를 통해 데이터신호의 차폐효과가 증가되었음을 알 수 있다. However, the data in the ITO electrode 150, the data line 102, the one when the asymmetrical overlap side upper outermost portions of the common electrode 108 on the protective film 113, an ITO electrode 150 as in the present embodiment, the electrode 109 through which to block the electric field by a significant reduction in permeability increasing effect in the two cross-talk is not only to be able to be prevented from occurring as window outermost portion prior to be displayed in the horizontal electric field mode liquid crystal display device where to the data can be seen that the shielding effectiveness of the signal increases. 이 때, 상기 ITO전극은 공통전극을 중심으로 쉬프트시켜 비대칭적으로 형성되며, 상기 ITO전극(150)과 공통전극(108)은 보호막과 게이트절연막을 관통하여 서로 접촉되어 있다. In this case, the ITO electrode is shifted by about the common electrode is formed asymmetrically, the ITO electrode 150 and the common electrode 108 is brought into contact with each other through the protective film and the gate insulating film. 그러므로, 더욱 개구율이 향상되고 시야각이 개선된 고화질의 횡전계방식 액정표시장치를 제작할 수 있게 된다. Therefore, the aperture ratio is improved further it is possible to produce a transverse electric-field type of the viewing angle is improved high-definition liquid crystal display device.
본 발명에 따른 횡전계방식 액정표시장치는 상기한 바와 같이, ITO전극이 보호막 위 공통전극 상부에 형성되어 있기 때문에, 공통전극과 ITO전극이 접촉되어 보호막과 게이트절연막에 의한 전계의 흡수가 발생하지 않아 전계효율이 증가되고 따라서 액정분자를 스위칭시키기 위한 구동전압을 낮출 수 있게 된다. Transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device of the present invention is not because it is formed on the common electrode upper portion above, the ITO electrode is the protective film as described above, the common electrode and the ITO electrode is contacted to absorb the electric field due to the protective film and the gate insulating film occurs because it is possible electric field efficiency can be increased and therefore reduce a driving voltage for switching the liquid crystal molecules. 또한, ITO 패턴을 우측으로 이동(shift) 시켜줌으로써 휘도 감소는 최소화시키면서 Cr 블랙매트릭스에 의한 왜곡전계를 방지하고 데이터신호 차폐효과를 높여 데이터신호에 의한 수직크로스토크 현상을 감소시켜 줄 수 있는 구조로써 더욱 화질이 향상된 화상을 얻을 수 있게 된다. Further, as a structure that can by by giving to move (shift) the ITO pattern in the right brightness reduction is minimized while preventing distorted electric field due to the Cr black matrix and increase the data signal shielding effect reduces the vertical crosstalk caused by the data signal the more the image quality is possible to obtain an improved image. 더불어 생산 수율이 수지 블랙매트릭스보다 뛰어난 Cr 블랙매트릭스를 IPS 모드에 적용할 수 있게 됨에 따라 컬러필터의 수율이 증가하게 된다. In addition it is the production yield is the yield of the color filter increases as can be applied to a Cr black matrix excellent than the resin black matrix of the IPS mode.
도 1은 종래의 횡전계방식 액정표시장치를 나타내는 평면도. 1 is a plan view showing a conventional transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device.
도 2는 도 1의 AA' 단면도. Figure 2 is a AA 'sectional view of FIG.
도 3은 종래 횡전계방식 액정표시장치의 단면도를 액정층에 인가되는 전계를 중심으로 간략히 나타낸 도면. Figure 3 is a diagram briefly showing mainly the conventional electric field applied to a transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device in cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal layer.
도 4는 본 발명에 따른 횡전계방식 액정표시장치를 나타내는 평면도. 4 is a plan view of the transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device of the present invention.
도 5는 도 4의 BB' 단면도. 5 is a BB 'sectional view of FIG.
도 6은 본 발명에 따른 횡전계방식 액정표시장치의 단면도를 액정층에 인가되는 전계를 중심으로 간략히 나타낸 도면. 6 is a view briefly showing a cross-sectional view of the transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device of the present invention Focusing on the electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer.
상기 제1기판 및 제2기판 사이에 형성된 액정층으로 이루어진 것을 특징으로 하는 횡전계방식 액정표시장치. Transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device which is characterized by being a liquid crystal layer formed between the first substrate and the second substrate.
제1항에 있어서, 상기 제2기판 위에 형성되고, 상기 제1전극 및 제2전극과 함께 경사전계를 형성하는 차광전극을 추가로 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 횡전계방식 액정표시장치. The method of claim 1, wherein the second is formed on the substrate, wherein the transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device characterized in that it further comprises a shielding electrode which forms the oblique electric field with a first electrode and a second electrode.
제1항에 있어서, 상기 제1전극이 공통전극이고, 상기 제2전극이 데이터전극인 것을 특징으로 하는 횡전계방식 액정표시장치. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is a common electrode, a horizontal electric field mode liquid crystal display device, characterized in that the second electrode is the data electrode.
제1항에 있어서, 상기 투명전극이 ITO인 것을 특징으로 하는 횡전계방식 액정표시장치. The method of claim 1, wherein the transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device, characterized in that the transparent electrodes are ITO.
제2항에 있어서, 상기 차광전극이 Cr 블랙매트릭스인 것을 특징으로 하는 횡전계방식 액정표시장치. The method of claim 2, wherein the transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device in which the light-shielding electrode, characterized in that the Cr black matrix.
제1항에 있어서, 상기 제2전극은 상기 제1전극을 포함한 제1기판 전면에 걸쳐 형성된 게이트 절연막의 상부에 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 횡전계방식 액정표시장치. The method of claim 1, wherein the second electrode is a transverse electric-field type liquid crystal display device, characterized in that formed on the gate insulating film formed over a first substrate surface, including the first electrode.
제1항에 있어서, 상기 투명전극이 상기 제1전극의 최외곽부의 상부를 부분적으로 덮고 있는 것을 특징으로 하는 액정표시장치. The method of claim 1, wherein the transparent electrode to a liquid crystal display device, characterized in that the upper covering the outermost portion of the first electrode in part.
제3항에 있어서, 상기 투명전극과 공통전극이 서로 접속되는 것을 특징으로 하는 액정표시장치. The method of claim 3, wherein the liquid crystal display device characterized in that the transparent electrode and the common electrode are connected to each other.


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text:
<?php

namespace Tsugi\Core;

use \Tsugi\Util\U;
use \Tsugi\Crypt\Aes;
use \Tsugi\Crypt\AesOpenSSL;

/**
 * This class contains the server side of Tsugi notification web sockets
 *
 * The primary purpose of this class is to provide secure, isolated socket
 * notification spaces for each link_id in Tsugi.  With those spaces, the
 * tool can also have a set of named rooms.
 *
 * WebSockets and frameworks like SocketIO that build atop WebSocket connections
 * allow for a very rich way of developing multi-browser low-latency interactions.
 *
 * Tsugi cannot make that rich fabric available in a reliable way, so we provide
 * a simple, generic service that works across all tools reliably that does not
 * compromise the integrity or memory footprint of a single shared socket server.
 * So Tsugi only provides a single broadcast notification service.  All the browsers
 * in a particular link in a particular course have a secure and isolated space.

 * The application can make "rooms" within that space using whatever room naming convention
 * it likes.  The rooms are isolated by room name through security-by-obscurity.  To
 * get a notification socket, the pplication makes the following call in JavaScript
 * when it is loaded:
 *
 *     var global_web_socket = tsugiNotifySocket("place_42");
 *
 * This will return false if web sockets are not enabled on the Tsugi server.  But
 * you won't know that the web socket can be used until the `onopen()` method
 * is called or the `readyState` attribute is OPEN.  A failure to open
 * might be due to bad token or missing server.
 *
 * For a simple example of how to use this functionality in a tool see:
 *
 * https://github.com/tsugiproject/socket-test
 *
 * For a more complex tool that uses but does not require the notification service
 * please see:
 *
 * https://github.com/tsugitools/michat
 *
 * This tool keeps message and presence information in database tables and uses
 * the notification service to avoid a slow and costly polling approach.  But the
 * application falls back to the slow/costly polling approach so it works with
 * or without WebSockets.  If it has Web Sockets it is both quicker and
 * performs better.
 *
 */
class WebSocket {

    /**
     * Determine if this server is configured for web sockets.
     *
     * Set these values in your config.php:
     *
     *    $CFG->websocket_secret = 'opensource';
     *    $CFG->websocket_url = 'ws://localhost:2021';
     *
     * You can run a local notification service for your development
     * by doing the following:
     *
     *    cd tsugi/admin
     *    php rachet.php
     *
     * You need to keep the rachet.php running for websockets to work.
     *
     * The web socket server does not have to be on the same server as
     * the Tsugi hosting server.  You can support more than one Tsugi
     * server with a single rachet server as long as all of the Tsugi
     * servers have the websocket_url and websocket_secret.
     *
     *     $CFG->websocket_url = 'wss://socket.tsugicloud.org:443';
     *
     * If the Tsugi tool server is running https, then it needs a
     * socket server that runs wss.  The TsugiCloud server uses
     * CloudFlare to converts its ws server to a wss server.
     *
     */
    public static function enabled() {
        global $CFG;
        $config = isset($CFG->websocket_url) && isset($CFG->websocket_secret);
        if ( ! $config ) return false;
        $pieces = parse_url($CFG->websocket_url);
        $port = U::get($pieces,'port');
        $host = U::get($pieces,'host');
        if ( ! $port ) return false;
        if ( ! $host ) return false;
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the port that the configured web socket server
     */
    public static function getPort() {
        global $CFG;
        if ( ! self::enabled() ) return null;
        $pieces = parse_url($CFG->websocket_url);
        return U::get($pieces,'port');
    }

    /**
     * Returns the proxyport if set in config
     */
    public static function getProxyPort() {
        global $CFG;
        if ( ! self::enabled() ) return null;
        return $CFG->websocket_proxyport;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the host that the configured web socket server
     */
    public static function getHost() {
        global $CFG;
        if ( ! self::enabled() ) return null;
        $pieces = parse_url($CFG->websocket_url);
        return U::get($pieces,'host');
    }

    /**
     * Build a plaintext token for a particular link_id
     *
     * The token includes the host, link_id, context_id, and user_id
     *
     * @param string $launch The LTI launch object
     *
     * @return string The plaintext token or false if we cannot make a token
     */
    public static function makeToken($launch) {
        global $CFG;
        if ( ! isset($launch->link->id) ) return false;
        $token = $CFG->wwwroot . '::' . $launch->link->id . '::';
        $token .= isset($launch->context->id) ? $launch->context->id : 'no_context';
        $token .= '::';
        $token .= isset($launch->user->id) ? $launch->context->id : 'no_user';
        return $token;
    }

    /**
     * Build and sign a token for a particular link_id
     *
     * @param string $launch The LTI launch object
     *
     * @return string The encrypted token or false if we cannot make a token
     */
    public static function getToken($launch) {
        global $CFG;
        if ( ! isset($CFG->websocket_secret) || strlen($CFG->websocket_secret) < 1 ) return false;
        $plain = self::makeToken($launch);
        if ( ! $plain ) return $plain;
        $encrypted = AesOpenSSL::encrypt($plain, $CFG->websocket_secret) ;
        return $encrypted;
    }

    /**
     * Decode and parse a token to make sure it is valid
     *
     * @param string $token The encrypted token
     *
     * @return string The plaintext token (or false on failure)
     */
    public static function decodeToken($token) {
        global $CFG;
        $plain = AesOpenSSL::decrypt($token, $CFG->websocket_secret, 256) ;
        if ( ! is_string($plain) ) return false;
        $pieces = explode('::', $plain);
        if ( count($pieces) != 4 ) return false;
        return $plain;
    }

    /**
     * Pull out the host and link_id so as to create the "space"
     *
     * The token includes the host, link_id, context_id, and user_id.
     * The space includes the host and link_id.
     *
     * @param string $token The plaintext token
     *
     * @return string The space for this link_id
     */
    public static function getSpaceFromToken($token) {
        $pieces = explode('::', $token);
        if ( count($pieces) != 4 ) return false;
        $space = implode('::', array_slice($pieces,0,2));
        return $space;
    }

}


If you want to make ice cream, you've got several options as far as the cooling method - a machine that uses salt and ice, one that uses a bowl that needs to be chilled in the freezer before churning, or a machine that has its own compressor.
Note: If you aren't a serious ice-cream-making fiend, you might want to stop reading right now. This machine is intended for the serious ice-creamista who works hard at perfecting recipes and makes a LOT of ice cream.
The Breville Smart Scoop Ice Cream Machine ($399) is the third type. The upside is that you can make ice cream any time you want to, and you can make one batch after another. The downside is that the machine is quite large (footprint is about 11x16) and it's heavy. This the the type of appliance that you'll want to park somewhere and not move very often.
Unlike other types of ice cream makers, this one stays cold - or gets colder - as the ice cream chills and churns. With a freezer bowl, eventually the bowl thaws and you've got no more chilling power. Keep churning, and the ice cream starts melting.
With this one, you can churn a lot longer if you need to, and end up with a firmer product. It also means that you can pour in a mixture that's not quite fully chilled, since you don't need to worry about the bowl thawing before the ice cream is fully churned.
This also has a keep-chilled feature, so you can make the ice cream and leave it in the machine for up to three hours. It occasionally churns to keep the whole mixture at the right temperature. I'm not exactly sure why you'd need that feature, but it's there.
The most innovative feature on this machine is that you can choose several different levels of hardness for your frozen dessert, so you can opt to have it stop churning and chilling sooner if you want a softer product. Or keep churning and chilling longer, if you prefer. The machine senses the harness of the mixture as it churns, and stops at the appropriate time.
If you want really solid ice cream, you'll still want to chill it further in the freezer, but it does turn out a harder (but still soft-serve) ice cream than I've gotten from other methods.
The lid needs to stay in place during churning (it helps hold the shaft of the paddle in place) but you can open a door on the lid for mix-ins that you prefer to add towards the end of the churning time.
A pre-cool function cools the machine prior to churning (or you can just start churning while it's chilling), and pretty lights and indicators show the progress, temperature, and elapsed chilling time. A chime rings when it's time for add-ins, and you can choose from several musical options to signal when the ice cream is done.
It's all very space-agey and sleek and modern. Figure an hour or less to churn a batch of ice cream without pre-chilling, depending on things like the starting temperature of your ingredients and how hard you want the final product to be.
I have to say that this machine makes great ice cream, about a quart - or slightly more - at a time, and it's pretty simple to operate. Because this can churn ice cream longer, I've gotten some excellent ice creams that wouldn't have worked as well with my frozen-bowl model. But whether it's worth the space and cost really depends on your level of ice cream dependency. It really isn't for the casual user.
Note: This was going to be a MUCH different post. I struggled for a long time trying to get a decent batch of ice cream and couldn't believe how difficult it was. Different recipes, different settings, different temperatures. The machine stalled every time, well before the ice cream was fully churned.
It didn't make sense. Even the recipe from their own book didn't work. How finicky could this thing be?
I looked at other reviews on other sites to see if this was a flaw noted by other users. But no, this was never mentioned. So either there was a problem with this machine in particular, or I was doing something horribly wrong.
I called the support line (and I have to say the customer service folks at Breville are very nice) and they determined that there was a problem with the unit. They didn't know exactly what was wrong, but they were pretty sure there was a problem.
Shortly, I had a different one, and I immediately noticed that the way the bowl and cover fit the unit was different. I doubt the previous unit had a manufacturing flaw, or the person who reviewed it previously would have reported it. So ... how did those plastic parts get so horribly warped - melted, almost? What happened to the washer that was supposed to be screwed onto the bottom of the bowl? Your guess is as good as mine.
This time, the machine churned every mixture I threw into it, including some rather dicey mixtures that would never have worked in my freezer-bowl ice cream maker.
I'm glad I took the time to return the unit before I wrote the review. This really is an excellent machine. Pricey, but very, very nice.
A sample was provided for the purpose of a review on Serious Eats.


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text:
Borneoorangutang (Pongo pygmaeus), av malajiska orang-utan, skogsmänniska, är en människoapa som lever i regnskogen på Borneo. Den har orangebrun, ganska lång päls och långa armar.

Utseende
Orangutangerna är de mest trädlevande av människoaporna. De tillbringar nästan hela sin tid i träden och gör ett nytt bo i träden varje kväll. Vuxna hanar är omkring 97 cm långa och väger mellan 60 och 90 kg. Honorna är omkring 78 cm långa och väger mellan 40 och 50 kg.

Välfödda orangutanger utvecklar vid cirka fyra års ålder en uppblåst dubbelhaka där denna lagrar aminosyror så att de skall kunna behålla och reparera muskelvävnad även under svälttider. Detta är unikt för orangutangen. Därför är orangutanger det djur som kan få störst dubbelhaka i förhållande till sin kropp.

Ekologi
Individerna klättrar främst i träd och vistas sällan på marken. De äter främst frukter som kompletteras med några blad, unga växtskott, bark och blommor. En flock bildas av två eller fler vuxna honor och av deras ungar men den har sällan mer än 6 medlemmar. Hannar som blev könsmogna lever ensam. Flockar och ensam levande exemplar har inga avgränsade revir.

Arten skriker bara när den känner sig hotad. Annars förekommer bara ljud som skapas med läpparna eller med tänderna som skrapas mot varandra. Borneoorangutang bygger ett näste av grenar och kvistar innan den sover.

Fortplantning
Orangutangen blir könsmogen vid mellan 8 och 10 år. Parningstiden förekommer året runt. Dräktighetstiden varar mellan 260 och 270 dagar. Honan föder oftast bara en unge men kan ibland få tvillingar, även om det är väldigt sällsynt. Ungen börjar cirka fyra månader efter födelsen med fast föda och efter ungefär tre år slutar honan helt med digivning. Den äldsta individen i fångenskap blev uppskattningsvis 51 år gammal.

Systematik

Borneoorangutang delas av Wilson & Reeder (2005) och IUCN i tre underarter:

 Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus på nordvästra Borneo
 Pongo pygmaeus morio på nordöstra och östra Borneo
 Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii på sydvästra Borneo, samt

Fram till början av 2000-talet räknades även Sumatraorangutang (Pongo abelii) som underart till Pongo pygmaeus. Uppdelningen i två arter godkändes i flera olika studier, t.ex. av Groves 2001, Brandon-Jones et al. 2004 och Singleton et al. 2004.

Hot och status
Orangutangen är starkt utrotningshotad, främst på grund av att dess naturliga biotop, regnskogen, och dess livsmiljö håller på att försvinna på grund av skogsavverkning och skogsbränder. Mycket av avverkningen är olaglig då den sker i nationalparker. Ett annat stort problem är olagligt infångande av orangutangungar för försäljning som husdjur. Enligt IUCN:s uppskattning från 2007 finns cirka 50 000 orangutanger kvar i vilt tillstånd. IUCN uppskattar att hela populationen minskar med över 82 procent mellan 1950 och 2025 (tre generationer) och listar arten som akut hotad (CR).

Förutom människan har arten inga fiender. Enligt en teori kan ungar falla offer för trädleoparden men det finns inga bevis för påståendet.

Källor

Externa länkar

Hominider
Däggdjur i orientaliska regionen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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