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Lamiya completed her A Levels in Dhaka before gaining admission to Wellesley College in Massachusetts in 2009. She joined the doctoral program on galaxy formation and evolution at Yale University in 2014 and the Dragonfly team in 2015, the same year that the dark matter less NGC 1052-DF2 galaxy and other ultra-diffuse galaxies were first discovered through the Dragonfly Telescope.
Dark matter has always been one of the more mysterious and complicated particles defined in quantum mechanics. What exactly is dark matter?
Dark matter is indeed a very mysterious particle, so much so that even scientists know very little about it. According to current scientific theory, baryons, or visible matter, make up only 4% of the universe. Of the remainder, 23% is dark matter and 73% is dark energy. As such, you can see that the vast majority of the universe is not made of visible matter, but rather invisible dark matter and the mysterious dark energy. There are several dark matter candidates such as WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), MACHOs (Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects) and Axions. The jury is still out on what dark matter is exactly.
There is a saying that goes 'seeing is believing.' If dark matter is invisible, then how do we know it really exists?
Just because you cannot see something doesn't necessarily mean that it is not there. You can't see the wind, but you can still feel it, can't you? The existence of dark matter is proven in a kind of similar way. Baryons interact with electromagnetic waves, such as light, as well as gravitational fields. As they interact with EM waves, you can see them. Dark matter is unique in that it interacts with gravitational fields but not with electromagnetic waves. As such, you cannot see dark matter, but you can feel its weight in a sense.
How on earth do you measure the weight of something you can't see, not to mention an entire galaxy?
To give another example, someone who is bigger has a much bigger influence on things around them than someone smaller; for example, they may be able to throw a ball at a higher speed because they have more energy. This comes from Newton's second law of motion that force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration. [caption id="attachment_262177" align="aligncenter" width="1024"] The Dragonfly Telescope discovered the NGC 1052-DF2, the first galaxy found by humans that has no dark matter Courtesy[/caption] In other words, if you can measure the speed at which something is moving around an object M, you can use the speed to derive the mass of M. In frictionless space, gravity is the dominant force acting on objects, and so we can use the speed of rotation of stars in a galaxy to calculate the galaxy's mass.
To clarify, the speed at which the particles are moving in this galaxy is not what it should be?
Exactly! When we calculated the speed of rotation of globular clusters in the NGC 1052-DF2 galaxy, we found that they were moving much slower than they should have been. When we calculated the mass of the galaxy from this speed, the result we received was basically equal to the mass of the visible stars it contained. At most, NGC 1052-DF2 has 1/400 the amount of dark matter a galaxy of that size should have.
You seem very excited. What makes this discovery so groundbreaking?
What makes this discovery so exciting is that it shows there is more than one way for galaxies to form. We originally thought that galaxies formed when baryons and dark matter collected at a point and created a gravitational force strong enough to funnel gas in towards it and eventually form stars. But now that we have found a galaxy without dark matter, we know that galaxies do not always form this way. It really is an exciting time to be an astronomer!
What does this new galaxy look like?
NGC 1052-DF2 looks very different than traditional spiral or elliptical galaxies. Unlike our Milky Way, there are a very sparse number of stars and so it does not have much of a defined shape. It is almost transparent. This is one of the reasons ultra-diffuse galaxies like it were so hard to find, as the galaxy was thought to be "background noise" on telescope images. However, the Dragonfly Telescope is optimized to detect faint and large galaxies, and hence we were able to locate it and other ultra-diffuse galaxies in 2015. I should add that other ultra-diffuse galaxies tend to have a higher fraction of dark matter than NGC 1052-DF2. As such, even among ultra-diffuse galaxies NGC 1052-DF2 is unique.
Are there any theories on how this galaxy may have formed instead?
This is a very difficult question, and right now scientists are still mostly speculating on the possibilities rather than having any concrete theories. Some have suggested that the gas was funneled in without dark matter, while others are considering whether the galaxy may have originally had a dark matter halo which was knocked out in a collision. However, both of these are more trying to come up with ways to fit the galaxy into existing theory rather than theories on how NGC 1052-DF2 may have formed without dark matter.


This idea is another addition to my unintentional ongoing series circling around the timeshare and hotel management industries. Wyndham Worldwide (WYN) is the largest of the U.S. based timeshare companies and they will be spinning off their hotel franchise management division in the second quarter of 2018. Timeshare multiples have run up significantly in the past several years, while this situation might not be as juicy as the past timeshare spinoffs, the pre-spin Wyndham trades at a discount to the parent's closest peer after the spinoff in ILG, while hotel management companies all trade significantly higher. One also could argue that as the timeshare companies begin to generate increasingly more of their revenue from sticky resort management contracts, their multiples should continue to converge with the hotel management companies.
Wyndham Hotel Group: Almost entirely a low capital requirement franchise business, Wyndham has over 8400 hotels in its stable which primarily skew to economy and midscale brands. Their brands include the namesake Wyndham, along with brands well known to those that travel US interstates like Super 8, Days Inn, Ramada, Howard Johnson, Baymont and Travelodge. Franchise fees are usually structured with an initial on-boarding fee, plus a percentage of revenues royalty irrespective of the underlying profitability of the hotel making the business less cyclical than the hotel operator REITs. The essential components of the hotel management business are the number of rooms in your system and the revenue per available room (RevPar), both of which have been growing for Wyndham's hotel group. To illustrate where Wyndham's brands are on the hotel segment landscape, the RevPAR for the entire in U.S. lodging industry was $83.57 in 2017, Wyndham's RevPAR was $37.63 for the same period. Management guidance has this segment projected to do $445-$455MM of EBITDA in 2018.
Wyndham Destination Network: Wyndham operates the largest timeshare exchange network, RCI, which allows members (for an annual fee plus transaction fees) to trade their weeks or points in their own timeshare for another. This is another low capital requirements business, but faces headwinds as consolidation across the timeshare industry has lessened the need for exchange networks. Smaller or one off timeshare developers would typically give away an RCI membership in order to entice a sale, sell that the owner on having the option to be apart of a greater exchange network. As larger brands entered the space, they've created their own exchange network ecosystems putting pricing pressure on RCI and their main competitor, Interval Internation (ILG's exchange network). Management guidance has this segment projected to do $265-$275MM of EBITDA in 2018.
Wyndham Vacation Ownership: Wyndham is the largest timeshare business globally, they have 221 resorts under management representing 25,000 units and 878,000 owners. Their model is almost entirely points based giving timeshare owners flexibility in how they book their vacation, plus more importantly to Wyndham it makes it easier for a current timeshare owner to upgrade/buy additional points than it would be to sell the same owner additional weeks under the old model. Like everyone else in the industry, Wyndham has moved to a less capital intensive model where 80% of the units sold in 2017 were not developed by the company, instead buy a developer or via a just-in-time purchase of inventory. Additionally, Wyndham provides financing to timeshare owners and then securitizes these loans in the ABS market. Management guidance has this segement projected to do $735-$750MM of EBITDA in 2018.
Wyndham Hotel Group is going to be the spinoff, leaving the Destination Network and Vacation Ownership segments behind to become a purer play timeshare business. In recent months, Wyndham has announced two large M&A transactions: (1) they sold their European vacation rentals business that was within their Destination Network segment for $1.3B in cash and (2) purchased La Quinta's hotel management business for $1.95B in cash ahead of its own spinoff. Additionally, as part of these hotel/timeshare spinoffs, there has typically been a royalty fee going from the timeshare business to the hotel management company. In all of the other timeshare spinoffs, the hotel management company has been the larger/parent in the transaction, where the opposite is true with Wyndham. Even so, I'm going to assume management is smart and will put in place a 5% of VOI sales royalty agreement in place going from the timeshare parent to the hotel spin.
In order to come up with the post-spin picture, I took management's guidance and added the impacts of the European vacation rental business being sold (but it's already excluded from EBITDA guidance), the purchase of LQ's management business (and varying synergies levels), a potential 5% timeshare royalty to the spinoff, and then added some additional overhead to account for running two separate public companies.
Taking a look at peers of each, the parent will look most similarly to ILG with a combination of a large VOI sales business and an exchange. ILG has had a epic run since the RMT with Starwood's Visitana (I sold unfortunately in the low-to-mid $20) and trades for a forward EBITDA multiple of just under 13x. The hotel group spinoff will most resemble Choice Hotels (CHH), both compete primarily in the economy to midscale segments with brands like Comfort Inn, Quality and Econo Lodge. The hotel management group all has significant growth baked into some of these EBITDA projections, the backwards numbers are several turns higher, but Choice Hotels trades for a 16x multiple on analyst 2018 estimates.
The primary risks here is valuation, we're presumably late in the cycle, hospitality companies are historically very cyclical (timeshare and hotel operators more than hotel management) and we could be looking at both peak revenue/earnings and peak multiples. This spinoff transaction would have looked a lot more attractive one or two years back, but I think it still will work and I've established a position with the hopes that there's something more to do after the spinoff if one or the other trade well outside my valuation targets.


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text:
How the Ukraine war took over TikTok
Scotland's Gender Recognition Act won't help trans people
by Henry Hill
Is Ukraine breaking the Geneva Convention?
Publishing videos of Russian soldiers for propaganda purposes may be a breach
A captured Russian soldier cries as he speaks to his mother
As headlines go, it could scarcely be starker. 'Russian captive soldiers cry for their mothers', shouts the Times.
In the accompanying article, a video seems to show a prisoner on a video call with his family, while the accompanying story reports that the Ukrainian Government is urging Russian parents to come by and collect their children.
Doubtless it makes compelling coverage. Perhaps it is an effective tool of psychological warfare. But does it also break the Geneva Convention?
Article 13 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War reads:
Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity.
- Article 13, Geneva Convention
The Ukrainians in the video are not mistreating the prisoner — quite the opposite. But they are clearly exploiting him for propaganda purposes, and that is against the rules as they stand.
This attitude might seem like nit-picking, but that is why these rules were drafted in the first place. It is quite possible to imagine Vladimir Putin's regime punishing the family of someone publicly embarrassing (as they see it) the Russian Army. We're talking, after all, about people who imprison schoolchildren.
One can hardly blame the Ukrainian Government for trying to exert pressure on the home front in Moscow. They are engaged in a fight for survival against a much more powerful neighbour — one with no compunction whatsoever about breaking all the rules of war.
But the rules exist for a reason, and the editors of Western newspapers have no such extenuating circumstances. If publicising such material is a breach of the Geneva Convention, they surely ought to stop.
Indeed, they are not the only people who could do with remembering that if the rules of civility don't apply when you think you're the good guys, they're not really rules at all.
Moreover, holding the moral line is important now because the situation in Ukraine seems certain to get worse before it gets better. As it does, the temptation to resort to evil measures will increase; one Ukrainian propaganda outlet seems already to have tweeted, then deleted, a claim that special forces would start executing Russian artillerists after taking them prisoner.
If commentators in the West end up cheering that on, as some already have, it will fatally undermine the conceit of the international rules-based order we're supposed to be upholding. If the Hague ends up merely a place where victors' justice is handed down, the blow to its moral authority could be fatal.
Everything Ukraine does, is heroic and emotionally uplifting. Anyone who doesn't believe this, is a Putin apologist.
Katharine Eyre
Reply to Neven Curlin
OR: they just think that rules are there for a reason and if we let ourselves be guided solely by our feelings and what, in our minds, is "heroic and emotionally uplifting" then we are in a handbasket on the express lane to hell.
Well said. What we are seeing is a war where the battle is not only going on in the real world but also in the virtual space. This will throw up a lot of questions about how the Geneva Convention applies to posts on social media – with the videos referred to in this article being a good example.
Even UnHerd ran an article a few days ago entitled "Ukraine is winning the online war" and rejoiced in how Kyiv was "reordering reality". If we, the good guys are not "spreading propaganda" (= bad) but "reordering reality" (= OK, apparently) then – yes – it's just a hop skip and a jump to thinking breaking the rules of international law is OK if we do it. And then we're really in the drink because as of that point, the rules are: there are no rules.
Last edited 10 months ago by Katharine Eyre
Bob Bobbington
Reply to Katharine Eyre
What good are rules to those who are dead or brutalised? For rules to work, they must be upheld by everyone. As victims of the most extreme form of 'rule-breaking', I for one give the Ukrainians a pass to do what they deem necessary to survive.
Reply to Bob Bobbington
Bob, if you were omnipotent, humanity would be destroyed in 5 minutes flat. The rules are made to continue to apply, even if their breach has resulted in death. If the rules cease to apply just because we're appalled or otherwise feeling emotional, their breach can no longer be sanctioned and we go from a halfway civilised world to a violent and primitive dog-eat-dog global nightmare faster than anyone could ever imagine.
Horace Rumpole
And, Katherine, there is not a single law of war that is not inconsistent with appropriate military strategy. Mistreating prisoners makes the enemy less likely to surrender and your troops more likely to be mistreated for example.
Well said. We, outside the conflict zone, have to be extra vigilant that we don't become complicit or a part of anybody's propaganda machine, that we do note real instances of atrocity, but that we don't provoke, or ratchet up, supposed, or fictitious, breeches of the Geneva convention, by ignoring, or being ignorant of, rules that we apply to one side but not the other.
I do genuinely think that the Russians want to fight, as far as might be possible, a 'clean' war ( I don't think they expected any 'real' war) but if hostile 'propaganda' ascribes to them a certain role then they may just start living up to it, and everyone then becomes the loser.
I wonder, am I the only one who is uncomfortable with the general arming of civilians ? As far as I'm aware that is also against the Geneva convention, in order to prevent, or minimise, civilian casualties there should be a clear distinction between combatants and civilians. If the Russians start killing large numbers of civilians who do we blame, the Russians or Ukrainians ? Both might be in the wrong, the problem is, the Russians might have an excuse.
On a side note, Anyone, from the UK who is thinking of 'volunteering' should be made (despite the efforts of Liz Truss) fully aware that they are on their own, and if caught, will probably be lucky to get away with just a bullet in the back of their skulls. Russian soldiers might have some respect and filial connection, that might evoke sympathy and compassion, with Ukrainians, foreign combatants on the other hand can probably expect no such mercy, especially if the conflict becomes a drawn out, bloody, affair.
Last edited 10 months ago by Tom Lewis
Reply to Tom Lewis
They should just let Putin's troops take over their nation without a fight. That sounds legit. I am very uncomfortable with arming civilians, as it happens. But the alternative could be far worse, and we should stop hand-wringing about the desperate actions of people fighting for their lives against a brutal and unprincipled aggressor.
Sean Meister
I was genuinely shocked and appalled that Zelensky's regime immediately encouraged civilian armed resistance. That's precisely why the casualty rates in Iraq were so massive. When you do that, those civilians have no legal protection and as such the RoE can be used indiscriminately. Yet not a peep about this from the Western media.
The only conclusion one has to come to is that, perversely, the Zelensky regime wants dead Ukrainian civilians to force NATO into an intervention.
Last edited 10 months ago by Sean Meister
Reply to Sean Meister
Unfortunately, it does seem to be the only logical conclusion.
David George
Or, with few alternative options, that a civilian resistance is the best, or least bad, option for the defense of their country. The people do seem to be doing a good job if what we're reading is correct.
Reply to David George
……but where does that leave the Geneva convention ?
Do you prosecute soldiers for the indiscriminate killing of civilians, when, against an article in the Geneva convention, it is illegal to fight in a way that exposes innocent civilians to extreme harm by not dressing in a recognisable way as part of a military unit ? Or, instead, do you prosecute the government that armed and exposed their civilian population to harm ? It's either one or the other, you can't have it both ways at once. You can hardly complain if your enemy start killing civilians, if you yourself, armed and encouraged your civilians to attack the enemy.
In fact, you don't need to answer that, I already know the answer. The Geneva convention isn't worth the paper it is written on, except perhaps as a political weapon after the fact.
It's all just another angle, another, cynical, part of the power game. The power brokers will prosecute and jail a soldier, from their own side, for finishing off (murdering) a wounded enemy, but happily chat and debate and reward an enemy commander who might be responsible for many heinous crimes, killing innocent civilians, but then they're only worthy oriental gentleman, so they just need patted on the head, consoled and patronised because just thicko natives who don't know any better. The question on everyone's lips is, "Will it make a difference if both sides are Europeans ?
Boris Johnson will brazenly, and without evidence, declare that Putin has committed "war crimes" in Ukraine yet conveniently look the other way for how the Ukrainian Government and military have behaved so far.
One of the first things Ukraine did was convince grannies to throw molotov cocktails at a 1st world modern military. Then there's been official posts from Ukrainian military officials warning that they won't take Russian prisoners alive.
How about Azov Battalion keeping civilians trapped in Mariupol knowing the Russians are trying to prevent civilian casualties (the Russian MoD held off closing the encirclement of Mariupol and encouraged civilians to flee before they did).
All of this is being ignored. Biden even has the gall to suggest a war tribunal is coming against Putin's apparently phantom crimes. Just ridiculous.
Military Lawyer here with a great deal of experience in this issue. This is without a doubt a breach of the GC.

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text:
Section 84.87
Airports and landing fields
County state-aid highways
Nursery stock
Streets and roads
Trunk highways
2014 Subd. 5 New 2014 c 290 s 5
1994 Subd. 2b Repealed 1994 c 615 s 28
84.87 OPERATION; REGULATIONS BY POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS.
Subdivision 1.Operation on streets and highways.
(a) No person shall operate a snowmobile upon the roadway, shoulder, or inside bank or slope of any trunk, county state-aid, or county highway in this state and, in the case of a divided trunk or county highway, on the right-of-way between the opposing lanes of traffic, except as provided in sections 84.81 to 84.90. No person shall operate a snowmobile within the right-of-way of any trunk, county state-aid, or county highway between the hours of one-half hour after sunset to one-half hour before sunrise, except on the right-hand side of such right-of-way and in the same direction as the highway traffic on the nearest lane of the roadway adjacent thereto. No snowmobile shall be operated at any time within the right-of-way of any interstate highway or freeway within this state.
(b) Notwithstanding any provision of paragraph (a) to the contrary:
(1) under conditions prescribed by the commissioner of transportation, the commissioner of transportation may allow two-way operation of snowmobiles on either side of the trunk highway right-of-way where the commissioner of transportation determines that two-way operation will not endanger users of the trunk highway or riders of the snowmobiles using the trail;
(2) under conditions prescribed by a local road authority as defined in section 160.02, subdivision 25, the road authority may allow two-way operation of snowmobiles on either side of the right-of-way of a street or highway under the road authority's jurisdiction, where the road authority determines that two-way operation will not endanger users of the street or highway or riders of the snowmobiles using the trail;
(3) the commissioner of transportation under clause (1) and the local road authority under clause (2) shall notify the commissioner of natural resources and the local law enforcement agencies responsible for the streets or highways of the locations of two-way snowmobile trails authorized under this paragraph; and
(4) two-way snowmobile trails authorized under this paragraph shall be posted for two-way operation at the authorized locations.
(c) A snowmobile may make a direct crossing of a street or highway at any hour of the day provided:
(1) the crossing is made at an angle of approximately 90 degrees to the direction of the highway and at a place where no obstruction prevents a quick and safe crossing; and
(2) the snowmobile is brought to a complete stop before crossing the shoulder or main traveled way of the highway; and
(3) the driver yields the right-of-way to all oncoming traffic which constitutes an immediate hazard; and
(4) in crossing a divided highway, the crossing is made only at an intersection of such highway with another public street or highway; and
(5) if the crossing is made between the hours of one-half hour after sunset to one-half hour before sunrise or in conditions of reduced visibility, only if both front and rear lights are on; and
(6) a snowmobile may be operated upon a bridge, other than a bridge that is part of the main traveled lanes of an interstate highway, when required for the purpose of avoiding obstructions to travel when no other method of avoidance is possible; provided the snowmobile is operated in the extreme right-hand lane, the entrance to the roadway is made within 100 feet of the bridge and the crossing is made without undue delay.
(d) No snowmobile shall be operated upon a public street or highway unless it is equipped with at least one headlamp, one tail lamp, each of minimum candlepower as prescribed by rules of the commissioner, reflector material of a minimum area of 16 square inches mounted on each side forward of the handle bars, and with brakes each of which shall conform to standards prescribed by rule of the commissioner pursuant to the authority vested in the commissioner by section 84.86, and each of which shall be subject to approval of the commissioner of public safety.
(e) A snowmobile may be operated upon a public street or highway other than as provided by paragraph (c) in an emergency during the period of time when and at locations where snow upon the roadway renders travel by automobile impractical.
(f) All provisions of chapters 169 and 169A shall apply to the operation of snowmobiles upon streets and highways, except for those relating to required equipment, and except those which by their nature have no application. Section 169.09 applies to the operation of snowmobiles anywhere in the state or on the ice of any boundary water of the state.
(g) Any sled, trailer, or other device being towed by a snowmobile must be equipped with reflective materials as required by rule of the commissioner.
Subd. 1a.Organized contests.
Nothing in this section or chapter 169 shall prohibit the use of snowmobiles within the right-of-way of any state trunk or county state-aid highway or upon public lands or waters under the jurisdiction of the commissioner of natural resources, in any organized contest, subject to the consent of the official or board having jurisdiction over the highway or public lands or waters.
In permitting such contest, the official or board having jurisdiction may prescribe such restrictions or conditions as they may deem advisable.
Subd. 2.Operation generally.
It shall be unlawful for any person to drive or operate any snowmobile in the following unsafe or harassing ways:
(1) at a rate of speed greater than reasonable or proper under all the surrounding circumstances;
(2) in a careless, reckless or negligent manner so as to endanger the person or property of another or to cause injury or damage thereto;
(3) without a lighted head and taillight when required for safety; or
(4) in any tree nursery or planting in a manner which damages or destroys growing stock.
Subd. 2a.Operation prohibited on airports.
It is unlawful for any person to drive or operate any snowmobile on an airport defined in section 360.013, subdivision 39, or other applicable law.
Subd. 2b.
Subd. 2c.Application of speed limits to testing activities.
(a) A speed limit established by the commissioner in rules adopted under section 84.86 does not apply to a snowmobile that is being operated as part of a testing program established by a snowmobile manufacturer if:
(1) the snowmobile is operated for testing purposes by a driver employed by the snowmobile manufacturer;
(2) the snowmobile is clearly marked as a test machine; and
(3) the snowmobile is operated in compliance with all other applicable laws and rules.
(b) A card containing a photograph of the driver and identifying the driver as a test driver for the manufacturer must be in the driver's possession at all times when the snowmobile is being operated at a speed in excess of the limit established by the commissioner under section 84.86.
Subd. 3.Regulations by political subdivisions.
Notwithstanding anything in this section to the contrary, a county board may by resolution permit the operation of snowmobiles upon the roadway, shoulder, or inside bank or slope of any county highway or county state aid highway if safe operation in the ditch or outside bank or slope thereof is impossible, in which case the county board shall cause appropriate notice thereof to be given.
Any county, city, or any town acting by its town board, may regulate the operation of snowmobiles on public lands, waters, and property under their jurisdiction and on streets and highways within their boundaries by resolution or ordinance of the governing body and by giving appropriate notice, provided such regulations are not inconsistent with the provisions of sections 84.81 to 84.88 inclusive and rules promulgated thereunder. However, no such governmental unit may adopt an ordinance which (1) imposes a fee for the use of public land or water under the jurisdiction of either the commissioner of natural resources or any other agency of the state, or for the use of any access thereto owned by the state, or a county or city; or (2) require a snowmobile operator to possess a motor vehicle driver's license while operating a snowmobile.
Subd. 4.Snowmobile speed limit; lakes greater than 10,000 acres.
Notwithstanding any law or rule to the contrary, a county may enact an ordinance to raise the speed limit up to 65 miles per hour for snowmobiles traveling on marked trails during daylight hours on lakes greater than 10,000 acres, subject to the approval of the commissioner of natural resources. Within any posted speed limit, it remains unlawful for any person to drive or operate any snowmobile at a rate of speed greater than is reasonable or proper under all of the surrounding conditions or circumstances.
1967 c 876 s 9; 1969 c 1 s 1; 1969 c 695 s 7,8; 1969 c 1129 art 10 s 2; 1971 c 491 s 2; 1971 c 577 s 8; 1973 c 123 art 5 s 7; 1973 c 701 s 1; 1974 c 51 s 1; 1974 c 239 s 1; 1976 c 2 s 48; 1977 c 31 s 1; 1981 c 363 s 1; 1985 c 248 s 70; 1986 c 444; 1987 c 368 s 1,2; 1989 c 331 s 2; 1992 c 573 s 2; 1997 c 226 s 8; 2000 c 478 art 2 s 7; 2002 c 355 s 5; 2004 c 244 s 1; 2005 c 72 s 1


text:
a manufacturing company uses two different machines, a and b, each of which produces a certain item part. the number of defective parts produced by each machine is about 1 percent. suppose two independent random samples, each of size 100, are selected, where one is a sample of parts produced by machine a and the other is a sample of parts produced by machine b. which of the following is true about the sampling distribution of the difference in the sample proportions of defective parts?
get a manufacturing company uses two different machines, a and b, each of which produces a certain item part. the number of defective parts produced by each machine is about 1 percent. suppose two independent random samples, each of size 100, are selected, where one is a sample of parts produced by machine a and the other is a sample of parts produced by machine b. which of the following is true about the sampling distribution of the difference in the sample proportions of defective parts? from EN Bilgi.
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A summer resort rents rowboats to customers but does not allow more than four people to a boat. Each boat is designed to hold no more than 800 pounds. Suppose the distribution of adult males who rent boats, including their clothes and gear, is normal with a mean of 190 pounds and standard deviation of 10 pounds. If the weights of individual passengers are independent, what is the probability that a group of four adult male passengers will exceed the acceptable weight limit of 800 pounds?
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exactly one turn of a flexible rope with mass m is wrapped around a uniform cylinder with mass m and radius r. the cylinder rotates without friction about a horizontal axle along the cylinder axis. one end of the rope is attached to the cylinder. the cylinder starts with angular speed ω0. after one revolution of the cylinder the rope has unwrapped and, at this instant, hangs vertically down, tangent to the cylinder.
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Human beings have always been innovative, but sometimes the journey to an acknowledgment of that innovation can be a rough and rocky road. In the world of patents (of which the USPTO receives 500,000 applications a year), the ones who invented something spectacular don't always receive the recognition — and profit — that comes with it, as the nonprofit organization Alfred E. Mann Foundation (AMF) discovered the hard way.
Over 15 years ago, they took Australia-based Cochlear Corporation to court for an intellectual property issue: Cochlear infringed on AMF's patents and reaped the benefits for more than 15 years while refusing to take a license. After convincing a jury that an injustice had been done, they successfully moved on to convince a judge.
"It was particularly satisfying that the judge recognized the blatant nature of Cochlear's infringement, and the extraordinary delays and extra expense caused by its litigation strategy, by not only reinstating the original jury verdict in its entirety, but by enhancing the damages by 100 percent," said John Petrovich, CEO of AMF.
U.S. Judge Fernando M. Olguin reinstated a jury award of $134 million and granted AMF's motion for enhanced damages due to a finding of willful infringement by Cochlear, which doubled the damages reward. The total amount? An astounding $268 million. Olguin had this to say about the case.
Though it took over a decade, the Little Guys were able to stand up to a major corporation and come away with a win. Obviously, the best way to avoid an intellectual property issue like this is to employ excellent and thorough patent lawyers in the beginning. Their expertise, though not foolproof, can significantly reduce the chances of another corporation coming along to steal your glory.
Contact Eldredge Law Firm at (844) 728-3680 to ensure your genius is yours alone.


text:
package langheiter;

import java.util.HashMap;

public class FibonacciLongFast implements FibonacciLong {

	// Used for chaching results
	private static HashMap<Long, Long> fOuts = new HashMap<>();

	public FibonacciLongFast() {
		fOuts.put(0L, 1L);
		fOuts.put(1L, 1L);
	}

	public long f(long i) {
		if(i < 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot get fib number for numbers smaller than 0");
		}
		if(fOuts.containsKey(i)) {
			return fOuts.get(i);
		}
		long fi = f(i-1) + f(i-2);
		if(fi < 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Got over the limit of Long");
		}
		fOuts.put(i, fi);
		return fi;
	}

}


We have decided to move the project to dormant as we are convinced that the main advertised feature transactional file access can not be implemented reliably. We are convinced that no such implementation can be possible on top of an ordinary file system. Although there are other useful parts (as multi level locking including deadlock detection) the transactional file system is the main reason people use this library for. As it simply can not be made fully transactional, it does not work as advertised.
Commons Transaction aims at providing lightweight, standardized, well tested and efficient implementations of utility classes commonly used in transactional Java programming. Initially there are implementations for multi level locks, transactional collections and transactional file access. There may be additional implementations when the common need for them becomes obvious. However, the complete component shall remain compatible to JDK1.2 and should have minimal dependencies.
The optimal - but maybe impudent - long term goal would be to create the transactional counterpart of Doug Lea's fabulous concurrent package which recently made it to Java 5.0.
memory package: Contains a wrapper to make any map implementing interface java.util.Map transactional. Depending on the type of the map that is wrapped this can either work as a transactional cache or some sort of volatile memory store.
locking package: Interfaces and implementations for locks that can have more than one owner at different compatible levels.
file package: Implementation of transaction file access. Using a pessimistic locking schema this implementation features serializable transactions.
util package: Contains a collection of utility classes used by the transaction package itself. Of more general interest could be a rendezvous barrier and a file utility class.
See the releases page for information on obtaining releases.
Apache Commons, Apache Commons Transaction, Apache, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache Commons project logos are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation. All other marks mentioned may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.


Home » Handel Online » Meble » Attractive and durable sofa covers.
Many people decide to buy their sofas in IKEA stores. It is normal, because these pieces of furniture are not very expensive and their quality is very high. There is only one problem associated with products that come from IKEA. They are available only in few colors. Fortunately Soferia is a company that is specialized in production and sale of IKEA sofa covers. These pieces of material are able to change the appearance of any model of sofa that come from IKEA. It means that thanks to IKEA sofa covers it is possible to match any sofa to any interior stylization. The aforementioned producer offers free material samples, so each client can prepare his or her own projects that meet specific requirements. All sofa covers offered by Soferia are available for customers from EU.


text:
Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aqueous humor of primary congenital glaucoma
Rachida A. Bouhenni, Sami Al Shahwan, Jose Morales, Bassam T. Wakim, Anthony M. Chomyk, Fowzan S. Alkuraya, Deepak P. Edward
Primary Congenital Glaucoma (PCG) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by an abnormal development of the anterior chamber angle. Although, PCG has been linked to several genetic loci, the role that the genes at these loci or their encoded proteins play in the pathophysiology of PCG and development of the anterior chamber is not known. To identify proteins that may be altered in PCG and that may help in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, we took a global proteomics approach. Tryptic digests of the complex mixtures of proteins in aqueous humor were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Proteins were identified by searching the data against the human subset of the UniProt database. The proteomes of aqueous humor in PCG (n = 7) and patients undergoing cataract surgery as control (n = 4) were compared based on the scan counts of comparable proteins. Using stringent filtering criteria, Apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA-IV), Albumin and Antithrombin 3 (ANT3) were detected at significantly higher levels in PCG AH compared to control, whereas Transthyretin (TTR), Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS), Opticin (OPT) and Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein (IRBP) were detected at significantly lower levels. Many of these proteins play a role in retinoic acid (RA) binding/transport and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD). It is possible that similar to AD, the pathologic changes in PCG during development could be influenced by the availability of RA in the anterior chamber.
Experimental Eye Research
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2010.11.004
Aqueous humor
Differential expression
Primary congenital glaucoma
10.1016/j.exer.2010.11.004
Dive into the research topics of 'Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aqueous humor of primary congenital glaucoma'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Aqueous Humor Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Anterior Chamber Medicine & Life Sciences 39%
Tretinoin Medicine & Life Sciences 24%
interstitial retinol-binding protein Medicine & Life Sciences 19%
apolipoprotein A-IV Medicine & Life Sciences 19%
prostaglandin R2 D-isomerase Medicine & Life Sciences 18%
Bouhenni, R. A., Al Shahwan, S., Morales, J., Wakim, B. T., Chomyk, A. M., Alkuraya, F. S., & Edward, D. P. (2011). Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aqueous humor of primary congenital glaucoma. Experimental Eye Research, 92(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2010.11.004
Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aqueous humor of primary congenital glaucoma. / Bouhenni, Rachida A.; Al Shahwan, Sami; Morales, Jose; Wakim, Bassam T.; Chomyk, Anthony M.; Alkuraya, Fowzan S.; Edward, Deepak P.
In: Experimental Eye Research, Vol. 92, No. 1, 01.2011, p. 67-75.
Bouhenni, RA, Al Shahwan, S, Morales, J, Wakim, BT, Chomyk, AM, Alkuraya, FS & Edward, DP 2011, 'Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aqueous humor of primary congenital glaucoma', Experimental Eye Research, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2010.11.004
Bouhenni RA, Al Shahwan S, Morales J, Wakim BT, Chomyk AM, Alkuraya FS et al. Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aqueous humor of primary congenital glaucoma. Experimental Eye Research. 2011 Jan;92(1):67-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2010.11.004
Bouhenni, Rachida A. ; Al Shahwan, Sami ; Morales, Jose ; Wakim, Bassam T. ; Chomyk, Anthony M. ; Alkuraya, Fowzan S. ; Edward, Deepak P. / Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aqueous humor of primary congenital glaucoma. In: Experimental Eye Research. 2011 ; Vol. 92, No. 1. pp. 67-75.
@article{04b2bf70c7484761863f4db08b06d60d,
title = "Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aqueous humor of primary congenital glaucoma",
abstract = "Primary Congenital Glaucoma (PCG) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by an abnormal development of the anterior chamber angle. Although, PCG has been linked to several genetic loci, the role that the genes at these loci or their encoded proteins play in the pathophysiology of PCG and development of the anterior chamber is not known. To identify proteins that may be altered in PCG and that may help in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, we took a global proteomics approach. Tryptic digests of the complex mixtures of proteins in aqueous humor were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Proteins were identified by searching the data against the human subset of the UniProt database. The proteomes of aqueous humor in PCG (n = 7) and patients undergoing cataract surgery as control (n = 4) were compared based on the scan counts of comparable proteins. Using stringent filtering criteria, Apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA-IV), Albumin and Antithrombin 3 (ANT3) were detected at significantly higher levels in PCG AH compared to control, whereas Transthyretin (TTR), Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS), Opticin (OPT) and Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein (IRBP) were detected at significantly lower levels. Many of these proteins play a role in retinoic acid (RA) binding/transport and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD). It is possible that similar to AD, the pathologic changes in PCG during development could be influenced by the availability of RA in the anterior chamber.",
keywords = "Aqueous humor, Differential expression, Primary congenital glaucoma, Proteomics",
author = "Bouhenni, {Rachida A.} and {Al Shahwan}, Sami and Jose Morales and Wakim, {Bassam T.} and Chomyk, {Anthony M.} and Alkuraya, {Fowzan S.} and Edward, {Deepak P.}",
doi = "10.1016/j.exer.2010.11.004",
journal = "Experimental Eye Research",
T1 - Identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aqueous humor of primary congenital glaucoma
AU - Bouhenni, Rachida A.
AU - Al Shahwan, Sami
AU - Morales, Jose
AU - Wakim, Bassam T.
AU - Chomyk, Anthony M.
AU - Alkuraya, Fowzan S.
AU - Edward, Deepak P.
N2 - Primary Congenital Glaucoma (PCG) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by an abnormal development of the anterior chamber angle. Although, PCG has been linked to several genetic loci, the role that the genes at these loci or their encoded proteins play in the pathophysiology of PCG and development of the anterior chamber is not known. To identify proteins that may be altered in PCG and that may help in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, we took a global proteomics approach. Tryptic digests of the complex mixtures of proteins in aqueous humor were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Proteins were identified by searching the data against the human subset of the UniProt database. The proteomes of aqueous humor in PCG (n = 7) and patients undergoing cataract surgery as control (n = 4) were compared based on the scan counts of comparable proteins. Using stringent filtering criteria, Apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA-IV), Albumin and Antithrombin 3 (ANT3) were detected at significantly higher levels in PCG AH compared to control, whereas Transthyretin (TTR), Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS), Opticin (OPT) and Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein (IRBP) were detected at significantly lower levels. Many of these proteins play a role in retinoic acid (RA) binding/transport and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD). It is possible that similar to AD, the pathologic changes in PCG during development could be influenced by the availability of RA in the anterior chamber.
AB - Primary Congenital Glaucoma (PCG) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by an abnormal development of the anterior chamber angle. Although, PCG has been linked to several genetic loci, the role that the genes at these loci or their encoded proteins play in the pathophysiology of PCG and development of the anterior chamber is not known. To identify proteins that may be altered in PCG and that may help in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, we took a global proteomics approach. Tryptic digests of the complex mixtures of proteins in aqueous humor were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Proteins were identified by searching the data against the human subset of the UniProt database. The proteomes of aqueous humor in PCG (n = 7) and patients undergoing cataract surgery as control (n = 4) were compared based on the scan counts of comparable proteins. Using stringent filtering criteria, Apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA-IV), Albumin and Antithrombin 3 (ANT3) were detected at significantly higher levels in PCG AH compared to control, whereas Transthyretin (TTR), Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS), Opticin (OPT) and Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein (IRBP) were detected at significantly lower levels. Many of these proteins play a role in retinoic acid (RA) binding/transport and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD). It is possible that similar to AD, the pathologic changes in PCG during development could be influenced by the availability of RA in the anterior chamber.
KW - Aqueous humor
KW - Differential expression
KW - Primary congenital glaucoma
KW - Proteomics
U2 - 10.1016/j.exer.2010.11.004
DO - 10.1016/j.exer.2010.11.004
JO - Experimental Eye Research
JF - Experimental Eye Research


As the old capital, Kyoto has retained many Japanese traditional culture and buildings from the past, including ryokans (Japanese traditional inn). Among the wide selections of ryokans in Kyoto, we are going to introduce the best five ryokans that will give you comfortable, yet, a genuine traditional Japanese experience.
Tawaraya is one of the oldest ryokans with over 300 years of history in Kyoto. It is located in the center of Kyoto City, which makes it easy to access. Steve Jobs and Tom Cruise had visited this ryokan before.
As Tawaraya has no official website, you can make reservation through TripAdvisor or telephone. Tawaraya provides a room for two.
Gion Hatanaka is located in the center of Kyoto, near Yasaka Shrine and Kodaiji Temple. You can rent kimono, hire a person as your drinking companion, and watch maiko performance. (Please check the charge on the website.) Gion Hatanaka provides a room for two.
Sumiya is located in the center of the Kyoto City. Sumiya serves guest with kyo-kaiseki (京懐石), a traditional Kyoto style course dinner. Some guest even just come all the way here for dinner. In addition, guest can have a tea ceremony experience on every 7th and 17th of the month.
Hiiragiya is a traditional Japanese hotel with over 200 years of history in Kyoto, located in the center of the Kyoto City. You can eat Kyoto style cuisine, especially boiled tofu (yudofu) for breakfast. Novel Prize winning novelist, Yasunari Kawabata also visited here many times.
Hoshinoya is very beautiful ryokan and located in Arashiyama. The surrounding scenery itself is fascinating. The interior design also represents Kyoto's aesthetic beauty. Please check the beauty on the website.


text:
HOPE Event Detail
Meet Our Panelists
Raeghan Graessle
Raeghan Graessle is an Assistant Professor of The Class Nobody Wants to Take (Physics) at William Rainey Harper College, where she delights in uncovering the fun secrets of science with her students. She is also one of the advisors of Harper's Women in Science and Engineering Club and a member of the advisory team for Harper's Social Justice Leadership Certification program. Raeghan is active in the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT), a support group for unfortunate physics teachers grades K-University, and is currently the president of its Chicago Section. Raeghan enjoys developing and sharing alternative teaching strategies that address students as real people with lives, other interests than physics, precious goals and dream careers. She currently is collaborating on several national Two-Year-College teams to develop realistic labs, online teaching strategies that work, new zero-cost textbooks and alternative ways to assess physics. She is also trying her best to overcome her fear of biology and medicine, i.e. blood and body parts, the two subjects most of her students adore. To that end, she listens to many podcasts (Radiolab and Hidden Brain are faves) and hangs out with biology and nursing professors. Raeghan's other interests include science fiction, over-mothering her three children, religion and music. Fun fact: she can often be found as the cantor at St. James Catholic Church in Arlington Heights, leading the congregation in song from the front podium (or on the live streams). Before Harper, Raeghan taught high school physics and chemistry for 11 years and received her National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBCT) certification. Raeghan holds an M.Ed. in Curriculum & Instruction from Loyola University Chicago, a M.S. in Physics from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and an S.B. in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Arianna Mormino
Arianna Mormino attended Harper College from fall 2017 to spring 2019, and she was a HOPE scholarship recipient in 2018. While at Harper she was the president of the Animal Rights Club, a member of the Honors Society and Phi Theta Kappa, and was awarded an Excellence in Biology award.
Arianna is currently a senior at Loyola University Chicago, and she is majoring in Biology. At Loyola she is a part of various clubs such as Pre-Vet Club. She is also a member of the National Society of Collegiate Honors and the Tau Sigma National Honor Society for transfer students. She will be graduating from Loyola in the spring of 2021.
Arianna is most passionate about animals and their wellbeing and she hopes to go to veterinarian school in the future. She is currently working at an animal clinic alongside veterinarians that she has shadowed since her freshman year of high school. These experiences have solidified Arianna's decision to continue on the path of going to vet school, and it has made her love the field even more. Arianna has four dogs, two cats, and a bearded dragon as pets.
Besides being an animal lover, she enjoys being out in nature, helping others, being with family and friends, working out, and traveling. Arianna has traveled to places such as Argentina, Kenya, England, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua which she traveled to through Harper College's Honors Program. The service-learning trip to Nicaragua was eye-opening and enriching experience, as Arianna was able to work with a before and after school program for young children. She immersed herself in the culture, people, history, and even got to practice her Spanish speaking skills, which she is fluent in. Arianna hopes to travel to many more places and meet more people along the way.
Robin Turpin
Robin Turpin is Value Evidence and Health Outcomes Scientific Lead at Takeda Pharmaceuticals, USA. She received her M.S. from Harper College, and B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. in Applied Social Psychology from Loyola University Chicago. She received advanced training as a Distinguished Fellow with the National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research. Robin spent the first half of her career in health services and outcomes research for hospital and healthcare systems, including a period with the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations to lead the reliability and validity testing of performance metrics. Her industry experience includes health economics and outcomes research positions with Merck, Baxter and Takeda. With 30 years of experience in healthcare evaluation and outcomes research, she has co-authored more than 100 books, book chapters, and journal articles on health economics, health behavior, and population health management. Robin's research has won awards from the American Evaluation Association, the Disease Management Association of America, the International Society for Outcomes Research and Pharmacoeconomics, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the American Society for Health-System Pharmacists. She has held previous academic appointments with Loyola University Chicago, Northwestern University Medical School, and the Department of Health Policy at Jefferson Medical School in Philadelphia, PA., and serves on the editorial board of Population Health Management. In addition, Robin co-developed and validated the Stanford Presenteeism Scale and other patient-reported outcome instruments, disease management resources and programs related to improving patient adherence, and has conducted large-scale health management program evaluations and economic analyses in coronary heart disease and hypertension, diabetes, IBD, and fungal and bacterial infections. Robin also has a personal interest in genealogy and participates in multiple community outreach initiatives.
Meet Our Moderator
Beth Ripperger
Beth Ripperger joined Harper College in March 2019 as the Manager of Harper Wellness. In her role, Beth is responsible for the planning, development, implementation and monitoring of all student and employee wellness initiatives, programs and events.
Beth's educational pathway entailed attending Kirkwood Community College where she received her Associate of Arts. After graduating from Kirkwood, she then proceeded to transfer to Mount Mercy University where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and a Minor in Criminal Justice. During her undergraduate years, Beth was also a collegiate athlete, participating in volleyball and track & field. After receiving her Bachelor's degree, Beth went on to study Higher Education & Student Affairs at The University of Iowa and graduated in 2013 with her Master's degree. Prior to working at Harper, Beth has worked at The University of Iowa as Behavior Health Clinician and Health Educator as well as Northwestern University as a Project Coordinator in the Office of the Provost.
Beth is focused on identifying and meeting the holistic health and wellness needs of Harper students, employees and faculty through the development and implementation of evidence-based campus-wide programming, events and resources that assist the entire campus in maintaining lifelong well-being.
Beth loves being a Harper Hawk, and the best part of her job is getting to work with a variety of campus partners and students on various wellness initiatives and events. In her spare time, Beth enjoys running, CrossFit, volleyball, hiking, the outdoors, spending time with her family and friends and hanging out with her two fluffy cats.


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text:
Johann Heinrich von Kelchen (; 〰  in Riga; † 1810 in St. Petersburg) war ein russischer Mediziner.

Leben

Herkunft und Familie
Ob Kelchen einem der Geschlechter von Kielchen zuzurechnen ist, bleibt undeutlich. Seine Eltern waren der Bürgermeisterdiener Zacharias Kelchen und Christina, geborene Fors. Aus der Ehe mit Anna Maria Catharina Butzkowski ging die Tochter Caroline († Mai 1841) hervor, welche mit dem Ingenieur-General Carl Graf Oppermann (1766–1831) vermählt war.

Werdegang
Kelchen bestritt eine Wundarzt-Lehre und studierte seit 1745 Chirurgie am Collegium medico-chirurgicum in Berlin. Anstellung fand er zunächst als Hauschirurg beim Sachar Tschernyschow in St. Petersburg, wurde dann Stabsarzt der Artillerie und war seit 1767 schließlich Leibchirurg Katharinas II. Er war Leiter des Kalinkin- und des Obuchow-Hospitals in St. Petersburg und gründete 1783 das chirurgische Institut am Kalinkin-Hospital. Ausgelegt war das Institut vordergründig für deutsche Lehrkräfte mit deutscher Unterrichtssprache zur Ausbildung von Russlanddeutschen.

Im Jahre 1785 wurde Kelchen mit dem St.-Wladimir-Orden III. Klasse geehrt und erhielt 1796 von Paul I. das Rittergut Klein Tarwast im Gouvernement Livland doniert, das er jedoch 1809 an Johann Jürgenson verpfändete. 1797 avancierte er zudem zum Wirklichen Staatsrat (4. Rangklasse) was final dem erblichen Adelsstand gleichkam.

Er nahm bereits seit 1778 als Mitglied lebhaften Anteil an den Arbeiten der Freien Ökonomischen Gesellschaft und war in den Jahren 1785 bis 1792 Sekretär der Gesellschaft.

1799 wurde er wegen Krankheit beurlaubt.

Werke
 Grundriss der Einrichtung der К. Medicinisch-chirurgischen Schule und einiger andern Hospitäler in St.-Petersburg, St. Petersburg 1786

Weblinks
 Иван Захарович Кельхен In: Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона, Band XIVa, St. Petersburg 1895, S. 917 (russisch)
 Eintrag in der Erik-Amburger-Datenbank beim Leibniz-Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung.
 Enzyklopädie der Russlanddeutschen

Einzelnachweise

Chirurg
Mediziner (18. Jahrhundert)
Mediziner (19. Jahrhundert)
Träger des Ordens des Heiligen Wladimir
Wirklicher Staatsrat (Russisches Kaiserreich)
Person (Sankt Petersburg)
Nobilitierter (Russland)
Deutsch-Balte
Russe
Geboren 1723
Gestorben 1810
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Main Shaikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Shaikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum
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Nakheel shows how Dubai deserves world's confidence
Nahkeel turned a very important corner when it announced on Monday that it is now debt free. All of Dubai can celebrate this achievement and…


This is myself and my niece spending time during the holidays. Girls just want to have fun. Make sure you spend time with the people that you love the most. By the way, I thought it was Jaegermeister??? Its Jagermeifter!!!


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text:
package com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Abilities.Common;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Abilities.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Areas.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Behaviors.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.CharClasses.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Commands.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Common.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Exits.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Items.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Locales.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.MOBS.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Races.interfaces.*;

import java.util.*;

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public class Blacksmithing extends EnhancedCraftingSkill implements ItemCraftor
{
	public String ID() { return "Blacksmithing"; }
	public String name(){ return "Blacksmithing";}
	private static final String[] triggerStrings = {"BLACKSMITH","BLACKSMITHING"};
	public String[] triggerStrings(){return triggerStrings;}
    public String supportedResourceString(){return "METAL|MITHRIL";}
    public String parametersFormat(){ return
        "ITEM_NAME\tITEM_LEVEL\tBUILD_TIME_TICKS\tAMOUNT_MATERIAL_REQUIRED\t"
       +"ITEM_BASE_VALUE\tITEM_CLASS_ID\tSTATUE||RIDE_BASIS||CONTAINER_TYPE_OR_LIDLOCK\t"
       +"CONTAINER_CAPACITY||LIQUID_CAPACITY\tCODED_SPELL_LIST";}

	protected static final int RCP_FINALNAME=0;
	protected static final int RCP_LEVEL=1;
	protected static final int RCP_TICKS=2;
	protected static final int RCP_WOOD=3;
	protected static final int RCP_VALUE=4;
	protected static final int RCP_CLASSTYPE=5;
	protected static final int RCP_MISCTYPE=6;
	protected static final int RCP_CAPACITY=7;
	protected static final int RCP_SPELL=8;

	public boolean tick(Tickable ticking, int tickID)
	{
		if((affected!=null)&&(affected instanceof MOB)&&(tickID==Tickable.TICKID_MOB))
		{
			MOB mob=(MOB)affected;
			if(fireRequired)
			{
				if((building==null)
				||(getRequiredFire(mob,0)==null))
				{
					messedUp=true;
					unInvoke();
				}
			}
		}
		return super.tick(ticking,tickID);
	}

    public String parametersFile(){ return "blacksmith.txt";}
    protected Vector loadRecipes(){return super.loadRecipes(parametersFile());}

	public void unInvoke()
	{
		if(canBeUninvoked())
		{
			if((affected!=null)&&(affected instanceof MOB))
			{
				MOB mob=(MOB)affected;
				if((building!=null)&&(!aborted))
				{
					if(messedUp)
						commonTell(mob,"You've ruined "+building.name()+"!");
					else
						dropAWinner(mob,building);
				}
				building=null;
			}
		}
		super.unInvoke();
	}

	public boolean invoke(MOB mob, Vector commands, Environmental givenTarget, boolean auto, int asLevel)
	{
		int autoGenerate=0;
		if((auto)&&(givenTarget==this)&&(commands.size()>0)&&(commands.firstElement() instanceof Integer))
		{
			autoGenerate=((Integer)commands.firstElement()).intValue();
			commands.removeElementAt(0);
			givenTarget=null;
		}
		DVector enhancedTypes=enhancedTypes(mob,commands);
		randomRecipeFix(mob,addRecipes(mob,loadRecipes()),commands,autoGenerate);
		if(commands.size()==0)
		{
			commonTell(mob,"Make what? Enter \""+triggerStrings()[0].toLowerCase()+" list\" for a list.");
			return false;
		}
        if((!auto)
        &&(commands.size()>0)
        &&(((String)commands.firstElement()).equalsIgnoreCase("bundle")))
        {
            bundling=true;
            if(super.invoke(mob,commands,givenTarget,auto,asLevel))
                return super.bundle(mob,commands);
            return false;
        }
		Vector recipes=addRecipes(mob,loadRecipes());
		String str=(String)commands.elementAt(0);
		String startStr=null;
        bundling=false;
		int duration=4;
		if(str.equalsIgnoreCase("list"))
		{
			String mask=CMParms.combine(commands,1);
			StringBuffer buf=new StringBuffer(CMStrings.padRight("Item",16)+" Lvl Metals required\n\r");
			for(int r=0;r<recipes.size();r++)
			{
				Vector V=(Vector)recipes.elementAt(r);
				if(V.size()>0)
				{
					String item=replacePercent((String)V.elementAt(RCP_FINALNAME),"");
					int level=CMath.s_int((String)V.elementAt(RCP_LEVEL));
					int wood=CMath.s_int((String)V.elementAt(RCP_WOOD));
                    wood=adjustWoodRequired(wood,mob);
					if((level<=xlevel(mob))
					&&((mask==null)||(mask.length()==0)||mask.equalsIgnoreCase("all")||CMLib.english().containsString(item,mask)))
						buf.append(CMStrings.padRight(item,16)+" "+CMStrings.padRight(""+level,3)+" "+wood+"\n\r");
				}
			}
			commonTell(mob,buf.toString());
			enhanceList(mob);
			return true;
		}

		building=null;
		messedUp=false;
		int amount=-1;
		if((commands.size()>1)&&(CMath.isNumber((String)commands.lastElement())))
		{
			amount=CMath.s_int((String)commands.lastElement());
			commands.removeElementAt(commands.size()-1);
		}
		String recipeName=CMParms.combine(commands,0);
		Vector foundRecipe=null;
		Vector matches=matchingRecipeNames(recipes,recipeName,true);
		for(int r=0;r<matches.size();r++)
		{
			Vector V=(Vector)matches.elementAt(r);
			if(V.size()>0)
			{
				int level=CMath.s_int((String)V.elementAt(RCP_LEVEL));
                if((autoGenerate>0)||(level<=xlevel(mob)))
				{
					foundRecipe=V;
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		if(foundRecipe==null)
		{
			commonTell(mob,"You don't know how to make a '"+recipeName+"'.  Try \""+triggerStrings[0].toLowerCase()+" list\" for a list.");
			return false;
		}
		int woodRequired=CMath.s_int((String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_WOOD));
        woodRequired=adjustWoodRequired(woodRequired,mob);
		if(amount>woodRequired) woodRequired=amount;
		String misctype=(String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_MISCTYPE);
		int[] pm={RawMaterial.MATERIAL_METAL,RawMaterial.MATERIAL_MITHRIL};
        bundling=misctype.equalsIgnoreCase("BUNDLE");
		int[][] data=fetchFoundResourceData(mob,
											woodRequired,"metal",pm,
											0,null,null,
											bundling,
											autoGenerate,
											enhancedTypes);
		if(data==null) return false;
		woodRequired=data[0][FOUND_AMT];
		if(!bundling)
		{
			fireRequired=true;
			Item fire=getRequiredFire(mob,autoGenerate);
			if(fire==null) return false;
		}
		else
			fireRequired=false;
		if(!super.invoke(mob,commands,givenTarget,auto,asLevel))
			return false;
		int lostValue=autoGenerate>0?0:
            CMLib.materials().destroyResources(mob.location(),data[0][FOUND_AMT],data[0][FOUND_CODE],0,null);
		building=CMClass.getItem((String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_CLASSTYPE));
		if(building==null)
		{
			commonTell(mob,"There's no such thing as a "+foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_CLASSTYPE)+"!!!");
			return false;
		}
		duration=getDuration(CMath.s_int((String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_TICKS)),mob,CMath.s_int((String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_LEVEL)),4);
		String itemName=replacePercent((String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_FINALNAME),RawMaterial.RESOURCE_DESCS[(data[0][FOUND_CODE]&RawMaterial.RESOURCE_MASK)]).toLowerCase();
		if(bundling)
			itemName="a "+woodRequired+"# "+itemName;
		else
			itemName=CMLib.english().startWithAorAn(itemName);
		building.setName(itemName);
		startStr="<S-NAME> start(s) smithing "+building.name()+".";
		displayText="You are smithing "+building.name();
		verb="smithing "+building.name();
        playSound="tinktinktink2.wav";
		building.setDisplayText(itemName+" lies here");
		building.setDescription(itemName+". ");
		building.baseEnvStats().setWeight(woodRequired);
		building.setBaseValue(CMath.s_int((String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_VALUE))+(woodRequired*(RawMaterial.RESOURCE_DATA[data[0][FOUND_CODE]&RawMaterial.RESOURCE_MASK][RawMaterial.DATA_VALUE])));
		building.setMaterial(data[0][FOUND_CODE]);
		building.baseEnvStats().setLevel(CMath.s_int((String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_LEVEL)));
		building.setSecretIdentity("This is the work of "+mob.Name()+".");
		int capacity=CMath.s_int((String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_CAPACITY));
		String spell=(foundRecipe.size()>RCP_SPELL)?((String)foundRecipe.elementAt(RCP_SPELL)).trim():"";
		addSpells(building,spell);
		if((misctype.equalsIgnoreCase("statue"))&&(!mob.isMonster()))
		{
			try
			{
				String of=mob.session().prompt("What is this a statue of?","");
				if(of.trim().length()==0)
					return false;
				building.setName(itemName+" of "+of.trim());
				building.setDisplayText(itemName+" of "+of.trim()+" is here");
				building.setDescription(itemName+" of "+of.trim()+". ");
			}
			catch(java.io.IOException x)
			{
				return false;
			}
		}
		else
		if(building instanceof Container)
		{
			((Container)building).setCapacity(capacity+woodRequired);
			if(misctype.equalsIgnoreCase("LID"))
				((Container)building).setLidsNLocks(true,false,false,false);
			else
			if(misctype.equalsIgnoreCase("LOCK"))
			{
				((Container)building).setLidsNLocks(true,false,true,false);
				((Container)building).setKeyName(Double.toString(Math.random()));
			}
			else
				((Container)building).setContainTypes(CMath.s_long(misctype));
		}
		if(building instanceof Drink)
		{
			if(CMLib.flags().isGettable(building))
			{
				((Drink)building).setLiquidHeld(capacity*50);
				((Drink)building).setThirstQuenched(250);
				if((capacity*50)<250)
					((Drink)building).setThirstQuenched(capacity*50);
				((Drink)building).setLiquidRemaining(0);
			}
		}
		if(bundling) building.setBaseValue(lostValue);
		building.recoverEnvStats();
		building.text();
		building.recoverEnvStats();

		messedUp=!proficiencyCheck(mob,0,auto);

		if(bundling)
		{
			messedUp=false;
			duration=1;
			verb="bundling "+RawMaterial.RESOURCE_DESCS[building.material()&RawMaterial.RESOURCE_MASK].toLowerCase();
			startStr="<S-NAME> start(s) "+verb+".";
			displayText="You are "+verb;
		}

		if(autoGenerate>0)
		{
			commands.addElement(building);
			return true;
		}

		CMMsg msg=CMClass.getMsg(mob,building,this,CMMsg.MSG_NOISYMOVEMENT,startStr);
		if(mob.location().okMessage(mob,msg))
		{
			mob.location().send(mob,msg);
			building=(Item)msg.target();
			beneficialAffect(mob,mob,asLevel,duration);
			enhanceItem(mob,building,enhancedTypes);
		}
		else
		if(bundling)
		{
			messedUp=false;
			aborted=false;
			unInvoke();
		}
		return true;
	}
}


text:
Media & Books
Chanel film among DVD releases
Share All sharing options for: Chanel film among DVD releases
Audrey Tautou plays French fashion designer Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel in Anne Fontaine's "Coco Before Chanel."
Chantal Thomine-Desmazures
The following DVDs will be released Tuesday, unless otherwise specified:
"Black Dynamite" (Sony, $24.96) — "Blaxsploitation" spoof, starring Michael Jai White as a '70s action-movie superstar.
Special features: Deleted and extended scenes.
R (sex, nudity, profanity, violence, drugs)
"Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever" (Lionsgate, $26.98) — Direct-to-DVD sequel to the 2002 horror hit, starring Rider Strong.
Special features: Unrated version (also $26.98) features deleted scenes and additional footage.
R (violence, gore, vulgarity, sex, nudity, profanity)
"Coco Before Chanel" (Sony, $28.96) — ★★★ — Audrey Tautou is as winning as ever as French designer Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel. French with subtitles.
PG-13 (vulgarity, sex, slurs, mild profanity, nude artwork)
"Good Hair" (Lionsgate, $27.98) — Comedian/actor Chris Rock narrates this documentary about African-American hairstyles.
Special features: Deleted scenes.
PG-13 (profanity, vulgarity, drugs, brief partial nudity)
"Hellhounds" (Vivendi, $14.93) — Horror-fantasy, originally produced for cable television and based on Greek mythology. Not rated, probable R (violence, gore)
"Hunger" (Criterion, $39.95) — ★★★½ — Those who are able to stand the film's assault won't be able to shake it off.
Not rated, probable R (violence, profanity, nudity, torture, gore, slurs, vulgarity, brief drugs)
"Law Abiding Citizen" (Overture/Anchor Bay, $29.98) — ★½ — A confused, contrived and messy revenge-thriller. Jamie Foxx stars.
Special features: Behind-the-scenes minidocumentary.
R (violence, gore, profanity, drugs, rape, torture, vulgarity, slurs, brief partial nudity)
"Phantom Racer" (Vivendi, $14.93) — Horror-thriller, originally produced for cable television, about a ghostly race driver bent on revenge.
Not rated, probable R (violence, gore)
"Revanche" (Criterion, $39.95) — ★★★ — A thriller so gritty and grimy you may feel like you need to take a shower after seeing it. German with subtitles.
Not rated, probable R (nudity, sex, violence, vulgarity, drugs, profanity, slurs)
"Women in Trouble" (Screen Media, $24.98) — Multicharacter comedy starring Carla Gugino, Simon Baker and Joseph Gordon-Levitt.
R (sex, vulgarity, profanity)
Some upcoming DVD releases include:
Feb. 23: "The Box" — Warner; "Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant" — Universal; "The Damned United" — Sony; "The Informant!" — Warner; "Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths" — Warner; "Motherhood" — E1
March 2: "2012" — Sony; "Cold Souls" — Universal; "Gentlemen Broncos" — Fox; "Ponyo" — Disney; "We Live in Public" — IndiePix; "Where the Wild Things Are" — Warner
March 9: "The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day" — Sony; "Capitalism: A Love Story" — Anchor Bay; "Planet 51" — Sony; "Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire" — Lionsgate; "The Stoning of Soraya M." — Lionsgate
March 16: "Armored" — Sony; "The Fourth Kind" — Universal; "Ninja Assassin" — Warner; "The Princess and the Frog" — Disney
March 20: "The Twilight Saga: New Moon" — Summit
March 23: "The Blind Side" — Warner; "Brothers" — Lionsgate; "Fantastic Mr. Fox" — Fox; "The Men Who Stare at Goats" — Anchor Bay; "The Prisoner" — Warner
March 30: "Sherlock Holmes" — Warner


Once the snow melts, it's time to start thinking about our lawns. If you are looking for grass that is lush and green and the envy of the neighborhood, Flowerland has what you need. Flowerland carries natural and traditional lawn care programs as well as grass seed, disease and grub controls for lawns. Now is the time to Dig In!
Once the snow melts, it is always helpful to do some "clean up." Pick up those twigs, sticks and branches the winter winds have blown down.
Lightly rake up any left-over leaf piles and debris the melting snow uncovered and aerate your lawn if needed. This will help wake your lawn up by allowing more light to get to the crown of the plant.
Mid to late April, before soil temperatures reach 55 degrees, is the time to put down a pre-emergent crabgrass control. Be sure to water it in within 24 hours.
Keep an eye on your lawn in May and June for signs of fungus and signs distress caused by critters who may have "wintered" in (or on) your lawn, like moles and voles.
Flowerland carries natural and traditional 4-step lawn programs to keep your lawn in tip-top shape.
Spring Tip: Rake and/or aerate your lawn before putting down your crabicide (usually Step 1 of a 4-Step Lawn Program) and be sure to water it in.
Scotts Grubex kills and prevents grubs for up to 4 months.
Scotts Disease Ex is fast acting and continues to control lawns diseases for up to 4 weeks.


text:
Bt Panjang LRT down for nearly 5 hours after track incident
Train damages signal stop tape near Keat Hong station; train withdrawn, equipment replaced
SMRT staff inspecting the tracks of the Bukit Panjang LRT yesterday after the incident. A systemwide safety check was conducted to determine whether other parts of the LRT system had also been damaged. The LRT service resumed at 6.30pm.ST PHOTO: MARK CHEONG
Christopher Tan, Ng Huiwen and Raffaella Nathan Charles
Jan 13, 2018, 5:00 am SGT
http://str.sg/o3U6
The Bukit Panjang LRT line was out of action for almost five hours yesterday after a train damaged a signal stop tape near Keat Hong station.
A signal stop tape is a piece of trackside equipment which determines precisely where and when a train stops at a station.
It is not immediately known how the train was able to hit the tape, which is always sited well away from the path of travel.
The incident, which occurred at 1.45pm, disrupted service on the entire line as workers withdrew the damaged train for inspection, replaced the damaged equipment and checked the network for other damage.
Service resumed at 6.30pm.
Replacement buses, as well as regular bus services, allowed passengers on for free while train services were down.
CAUGHT IN THE DISRUPTION
I am figuring out how to go home now. I have no choice but to take a bus... I have never been in one (breakdown) that has affected the whole line before. My house is just five stations from here. So near, yet so far.
MR MASON TEO, a Bukit Panjang resident, who says he frequently gets caught in MRT and LRT breakdowns.
In its first tweet at around 2.30pm, operator SMRT said there was no service on the line because of a track fault, adding that free replacement bus services were available at the 14 affected stations.
At around 3.50pm, it put out an update, saying that a train had damaged a signal stop tape near Keat Hong station at 1.45pm.
SMRT said the damaged train had been withdrawn from service for further checks, and that its engineering team was conducting a systemwide safety check to determine whether other parts of the system had also been damaged.
"Our engineering staff are now working to resume service," the operator added then. "We are sorry for the inconvenience this has caused to BPLRT commuters."
At 6.05pm, SMRT tweeted that service had resumed partially between Bukit Panjang and Senja.
The Straits Times understands that the replacement buses arrived in intervals of eight to 10 minutes, depending on traffic conditions.
Mr Mason Teo, 38, a Bukit Panjang resident, was on his way home at around 3.50pm when he was stopped by customer service staff at Bukit Panjang LRT station.
"I am figuring out how to go home now. I have no choice but to take a bus," the interior designer said. He added that he frequently gets caught in MRT and LRT breakdowns.
"But I have never been in one that has affected the whole line before," he said. "My house is just five stations from here. So near, yet so far."
Zhenghua Secondary 2 students Fion Chua and Trixie Ng, both 14, had planned to take the LRT to school, from Bukit Panjang to Jelapang station, to attend a camp.
But they did not know which bridging bus service would take them to their school.
"We might as well walk to school at this rate," said Fion.
Their schoolmate Glenys Wong, 15, managed to find the bus service that would take her home, but said: "It is quite a tedious process.
"I am not in a rush, but I think those who are would be very inconvenienced. Compared with the LRT, this is really not the fastest way to go home."
But full-time national serviceman Jo Tham, 21, who also had to shelve plans to take the LRT home, said there was "no point complaining about the breakdowns". "They are upgrading the system, so it is better for us in the long run," he said.
The 18-year-old Bukit Panjang LRT has been saddled with reliability issues, partly because it has to contend with undulating terrain and sharp turns.
It is Singapore's third-oldest line after the North-South and East-West MRT lines.
Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan said last year that the system was built as an "after-thought" and due to "political pressure".
Mr Khaw also said the 7.8km line was designed in a "masochistic manner", and likened the ride to a "roller coaster".
The Land Transport Authority said last month that it would be awarding a contract early this year for the replacement and renewal of major components and systems of the Bukit Panjang LRT.
On Sept 9 last year, broken rail support brackets on the Bukit Panjang LRT resulted in train services on the entire line being unavailable for about five hours.
A version of this article appeared in the print edition of The Straits Times on January 13, 2018, with the headline 'Bt Panjang LRT down for nearly 5 hours after track incident'. Print Edition | Subscribe


text:
South Carolina College Cadets
Title: South Carolina College Cadets
Subject: List of South Carolina Civil War Confederate units, Carolina–Clemson rivalry
Flag of South Carolina
Mar. 13 1825 to Nov. 19 1856
Dec. 3 1860 to Dec. 10 1861
Lafayette Guards, S.C.C. Cadets
Juncta Juvant (Strength in unity)
Ducit Amor Patriae (Led by Love of Country)
Battle of Fort Sumter
Captain John H. Gary
Captain Charles Scott Venable
Captain E. Dawkins Rodgers
The South Carolina College Cadets were students at South Carolina College who formed a militia company during antebellum South Carolina and during the Civil War to fight for the Southern cause. They offered their company three times for service in the Confederate army, but were denied each time by Governor Pickens.
The company was first organized as a ceremonial unit to honor and commemorate General Lafayette during his visit to Columbia in March 1825. Called the Lafayette Guards,[1] they were authorized by Governor Richard Irvine Manning I and were provided with arms from the state armory. The dress uniform worn by the company was a dark grey swallowtail coat, white lafayette pants and chapeau for the head dress. The cadets so distinguished themselves that the company was made a permanent organization of the college.[2] However, the company was disbanded in 1856 when a riot between the students and the Columbia police almost descended into bloodshed.
After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, the students unsuccessfully petitioned for the reorganization of the cadet company. As the secession movement picked up pace after the election of Abraham Lincoln in the fall of 1860, the Board of Trustees voted to allow the students to reorganize the cadet company on December 3, 1860. They were placed under the strict supervision of the faculty and were only able to be called out for service with the approval the college president.
The first company organized in the spring of 1861 was composed of four officers, thirteen non-commissioned officers, and ninety privates. They were trained and drilled according to Hardee's tactics by the captain of the state arsenal, Hugh Smith Thompson. On April 12 with the outbreak of hostilities at Fort Sumter, the cadet company tendered its services to Governor Pickens. He accepted the unit as part of the militia and ordered the company to hold in Columbia. The students wanted to take part in the action in Charleston and felt that the holding order was meant to keep them away from the fight. The cadets disbanded their company and telegraphed Governor Pickens just before their train left for Charleston that they had reorganized a new company. They arrived in Charleston during the evening, received orders from General Beauregard, and spent the night at the Hibernian Hall. On the morning of April 13, the cadets boarded a tug boat bound for Sullivan's Island. While en route, Major Anderson and the Union garrison fired upon the cadets on the boat, although no one was hit. The cadets were quartered at Fort Moultrie and their duty was to guard against a possible amphibious assault by the Union army. At the end of three weeks, the cadets received orders to return to Columbia to resume their classes.
During the latter part of June, the students reformed the cadet company to volunteer for service in Virginia. They chose the college's professor of mathematics and native of Virginia, Charles Scott Venable, to lead the company. Nevertheless, Governor Pickens denied the students permission to join the fight in Virginia stating that "the war would be of short duration and that the Government needed statesmen more than soldiers."[3] The governor also felt that the students would be better served if they were scattered about rather than in one compact body. The cadet company disbanded and many left the college to volunteer for service in the Confederate Army.
The Union victory at the Battle of Port Royal alarmed the students since a great number came from the Lowcountry. On November 8, the cadet company offered their services to Governor Pickens for coastal defense. The same day, they proceeded to Charleston before heading to Port Royal to report to General Drayton. However, once in Charleston, the students were detained by the governor to act as his bodyguard. Governor Pickens ordered the cadet company to be mustered out of service on December 10 after a lack of Union activity in South Carolina. Rather than head back to college, most of the students enlisted in the army and the college was eventually forced to close on March 8, 1862 due to lack of students.
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