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China's Online Entertainment Industry: Revenue Streaming
by Chris Russell
#Intellectual Property, #Alibaba, #Consumer Behavior, #Online video, #Policy, #Baidu
Expensive investments and licensing agreements are putting pressure on China's longstanding culture of free online entertainment.
If there's one activity that unites China's subway commuters, it's huddling over their smartphone screens to watch the latest local, South Korean or Western TV shows downloaded or streamed from one of China's many video websites. They're part of a wider trend where more and more consumers are heading online to find their entertainment, and government statistics show music and video are the fourth and fifth most popular uses for the internet, respectively.
But for all the prodigious growth, monetizing the interest has been a different matter. iResearch, an internet consultancy, estimates that online entertainment revenue, encompassing not just film and music, but also online games and more, will reach RMB 209 billion ($33.6 billion) in 2015. But according to the consultancy, online video revenues will only hit RMB 36.3 billion ($5.8 billion). Digital music revenue in the country was worth a meager $91.4 million last year, according to statistics from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) published in The Wall Street Journal. That is largely due to a pervasive culture of free, on-demand content, but that may be set to change.
Over the years previously illegitimate services have straightened up their acts, China's internet giants have piled in to the sector in search of users, traffic and, presumably in the long term, profits, while ever more licensing agreements are being inked with the world's entertainment heavyweights. With so much money on the line, all the incentives are there for the companies involved to begin the uphill battle of persuading consumers to switch to paid content.
For decades now, the entertainment industry worldwide has grappled with internet-enabled piracy, with content being shared on a plethora of file sharing services which, hydra-like, have seemed to grow in number even as successful action is taken against them. But the situation was arguably worse in China, with the country acquiring a reputation, increasingly incorrectly, as somewhere copyright law goes to die.
As a country already famous for counterfeits and ubiquitous pirate CDs and DVDs, the situation was exacerbated by a number of services offering free streaming and downloads of music and video. Even worse, some of the biggest companies in China were facilitating it. Baidu, one of the poster boys of China's dynamic internet sector, offered links to countless unlicensed music tracks for free download and streaming.
"For Baidu back in the day for example, their MP3 search was 10-20% of traffic in some cases as far as I was aware, although there's no official numbers for that," says Ed Peto, Managing Director of Outdustry Group, a firm that specializes in helping Western record labels and rightsholders enter the Chinese market. "It was a significant portion of their traffic which they then obviously converted in other ways, which would obviously be through advertising for Baidu."
A major turning point for video came in 2009 when Coca-Cola and Pepsi were sued for contributory copyright infringement in a case brought by a group called the China Online Video Anti-Piracy Alliance. The two companies had been advertising on the video website Youku—which at the time was full of unlicensed content—and were deemed to have been aiding Youku's copyright infringement with their advertising support. Fearing that this might affect their relationship with advertisers, Youku and other companies moved to legitimize their content to stave off a flight of advertisers from their websites.
For the music industry, the biggest breakthrough is widely considered to have been in 2011, when the world's major labels, through their subsidiary One-Stop-China, reached a licensing agreement with Baidu's music service. Prior to that, their only significant source of digital music revenue had come from ringback tones, the music that is heard by the caller while the phone rings.
But although the tide had begun to shift and rightsholders saw an increase in the license fees they received, free online content remained the norm. And the idea had been instilled in a generation that music and film, at least online, weren't really things you paid for.
"In China, the internet somehow equals free service," says Will Tao, Analysis Director at iResearch.
Play That Track
Growth in these services has nonetheless continued unabated, even with various legal wrangles over the legitimacy of content. A January 2015 report by the China Internet Network Information Center states that the country has 649 million internet users—of which 73.7% used the internet to listen to music and 66.7% to watch video, the fourth and fifth most popular uses, respectively. Consuming online music and video with mobile devices is also increasingly popular—65.8% of users do for the former, representing 25.9% annual growth, and 56.2% for the latter, 26.8% annual growth.
That usage is spread across an array of services: Kugou, QQ Music, TTPod, Kuwo and Xiami for music, and iQiyi, Youku, Tudou, Sohu and LeTV for video, to name just some.
And the influence of China's internet giants—Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent—looms large, as it does elsewhere in China's digital landscape. Baidu purchased a majority stake in iQiyi in 2012, while Alibaba has secured investments in Xiami, TTPod and Youku Tudou (although they run separate websites, the companies merged in 2012), and in July it announced the creation of Alibaba Music Group, which would involve the integration of Xiami and TTPod with the new brand. Tencent is behind QQ Music and Tencent Video.
Both Tao and Peto note that these services represent a huge traffic driver for Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent. They can use them to encourage people to try their other offerings, and vice versa. Tencent has even gone as far as preventing the direct sharing of Xiami links on WeChat's Moments feature, a Facebook-like feed in the app.
"Their respective strength in search, e-commerce and social network enables them to reach targeted users based on numerous user data," says William Lam, China Entertainment and Media partner at PwC.
Alibaba is making further moves into the entertainment sector through its Tmall Box Office, although in this case the service is available through the company's set-top boxes and smart TVs. Companies such as Xiaomi and LeTV have also adopted a similar approach by making content, often in partnership with video sites, available through their own equivalent devices, and competition is likely to get even fiercer as state broadcasters attempt to reinvent themselves for the digital era.
But foreign services, many well known and used worldwide, are conspicuous by their absence: Spotify, Soundcloud, Deezer, YouTube and Hulu are all unavailable in China, while Apple Music, which launched to much fanfare in July, has skipped over China for the time being. That said, Netflix have announced their intention to enter the Chinese market, but progress has seemingly stalled.
"We're taking our time and being deliberate in finding a path and the right model to work," said David Wells, Netflix's Chief Financial Officer, on a conference call to investors. On that same call, CEO Reed Hastings admitted the company would likely miss its planned 2016 launch in China, and in an interview with Reuters attributed this to regulatory issues.
License to Pay
In the main, China's online music and video services have adopted an approach of free content plus adverts, with commercials preceding or breaking content as it plays. However, according to Tao, it's a model much better suited to video than it is to music, as people are unwilling to put up with an advert playing before the start of a song in the same way that they would with a movie. He adds that he's not sure if the right kinds of adverts could be found to support online music platforms.
But to varying degrees, the services are moving towards subscription models. Typically, for a fee of around RMB 10 ($1.60) per month users can access higher quality sound or video, downloads, a service free of adverts and sometimes perks for other services. By comparison, monthly subscriptions with Netflix and Spotify cost $7.99 and $9.99, respectively.
That has helped boost revenues—according to the IFPI, in 2014 China's music market increased 5.6%, helped by increased streaming revenues. But with the exception of QQ Music and its Green Diamond subscription tier, this represents new territory for many services and as such they are still finding out how to effectively drive interest in these premium tiers.
"[QQ Music has] been doing it for a long time and they've worked out how to build value into that Green Diamond service that they offer," says Peto. "[The rest are] very new to the whole concept, so it's going to take some time."
One way that QQ Music has sought to build interest in Green Diamond is through the use of members-only concerts from popular acts. Other methods include offering perks in Tencent's other services, notably its games, and personal radio stations. This seems to have paid off, to an extent, as the IFPI estimates that Green Diamond has 3 million users.
But the primary way in which companies have been trying to drive interest in subscriptions is through moving more sought-after content behind the paywall, and they have moved aggressively to sign deals or take stakes in other companies in order to acquire the necessary content. In 2014, Tencent alone signed deals with Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, National Geographic, HBO and South Korea's YG Entertainment.
Since this content is a key way of differentiating themselves from their competitors and keeping audiences engaged, these companies are now looking to follow the model of Netflix and produce their own content. Notably, Alibaba acquired a majority stake in ChinaVision Media Group, later rebranding it Alibaba Pictures.
"Sourcing new professionally produced content, producing new in-house content or encouraging more user-generated content are the key factors to attracting or retaining customers," says Lam.
This has placed a real strain on company finances. In Q1 2015, Youku Tudou's content costs were RMB 669 million, 59% of revenue compared to 46% of revenue a year earlier. That also sheds light on another key difference with markets outside of China: a lack of consumer interest in user-generated content (UGC). While the likes of YouTube can successfully make money off running adverts on content they by and large had no hand in producing or directly paying for, Chinese websites have been less able to do so.
"For online video, UGC in China is not that welcome," says Tao. However, Youku Tudou have announced plans to remedy that situation by investing RMB 10 billion ($1.6 billion) in content from viewers and small production companies.
Litigation Nation
Although a race to acquire top line content has been crucial for services seeking to set themselves apart from their competitors, such moves have hit a slight snag.
In April new regulations came into effect that restricted the availability of foreign films and TV shows. Where services could previously freely cater to the demands of users by hosting hit dramas such as House of Cards, they must now obtain licenses for shows on a case-by-case basis and the amount of foreign content that can be shown is restricted. Lam feels that the regulations will not have a "great effect" since most users prefer local Chinese content. That may be true, but there is still a significant demand for American, British and South Korean TV shows.
As a result, these regulations may in turn spur the very thing that is often thought to have blighted China's entertainment landscape—piracy. With consumer interest in foreign shows piqued, if it can't be find online, or only in a heavily edited form, they may well move to those illegitimate services where that content is still available. It could perhaps even drive a resurgence in that former bastion of unlicensed content: the pirate DVD shop. Moreover, content that is not legally available in the country can't be profited from or prevented from illegal use by rightsholders.
And this would be in addition to all the piracy that has been taking place anyway—Lam points to a 2012 report from the Office of the US Trade Representative that asserted that 99% of music downloads in China were infringing copyright.
But although still a very real concern, the effects of piracy are perhaps overstated. Writing on China Law Blog in a post entitled 'China Motion Picture Copyrights', Mathew Alderson, a media and entertainment attorney for the firm Harris & Moure, writes that "effective notice and takedown procedures exist for pirate content online". With China's biggest companies sinking money into the acquisition of licenses, there is now a real incentive for them to make sure that content isn't being pirated.
Dowson Tong, president of Tencent's social network group, told The Wall Street Journal that the company had pursued legal action in order to remove illegal content. Since November, Netease, Alibaba and Kugou have all been involved in law suits over copyright infringement.
However, Alderson states that in copyright cases damages are low and the burden of evidence is high. Moreover, "in the absence of sufficient evidence of infringement, damages are capped at RMB 500,000 ($80,500)". As such, legal action is not necessarily much of a deterrent. According to intellectual property firm Rouse, average damages in 2011 were a mere RMB 24,621 ($3,900).
Even so, moves by the big players to legitimately license content and protect it means increasing amounts of content is available legally. And thanks to deals having been signed with the major labels and studios, that covers the content that most people would be interested in.
"That's a really significant chunk of all available music [licensed in]," says Peto. "50, 60, 70% even of available music in China is actually licensed into those services. Of course there's plenty of other services, particularly apps and start-ups and what not, still out there engaging in piracy, but if you look at Kugou, Kuwo, TTPod, QQ Music, that's basically 90% or more of the music user base in China." He adds that with a good user experience, ther
e is less incentive to use pirate services.
For its part, the government is also aware that steps need to be taken. In early July, the National Copyright Administration (NCAC) ordered that unlicensed music must be removed from online streaming services by the end of the month. After the deadline passed, the NCAC said that 2.2 million unlicensed songs had been removed. Needless to say, plenty of pirated music still remained.
Future Episodes
The biggest existential threat to some of these websites may actually be their attempts to go legitimate. With spiraling content acquisition costs, not all companies will be able to bear the resulting strain. That gives the platforms backed by Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent a big advantage.
"These companies all have enough cash to support these services," says Tao. He adds that content such as music can be used to generate more traffic and that monetizing the services isn't necessarily a pressing issue for them. "As long as there won't be a huge amount of [lost] money, it's okay."
That said, current and future developments may ease the woes of some companies. With the rise of convenient online payment options such as Alipay, paying for legitimate content is becoming an increasingly frictionless process. Lam agrees that online payments will likely boost monetization efforts and points out that convenient payment options help spur impulse purchases.
Tao also thinks that such payment options will provide a boost. "I think for Alipay and WeChat Payment, it will be more convenient for people to pay for content. I think it might help monetization" he says. Cheapness and convenience also drove a lot of ringback tone sales, the previous dominant source of digital music revenue.
In the long run, consumer attitudes may change, and with it will come the development of an appreciation of the value of music. Writing for Outdustry's China Music Business, Peto and Alex Taggart note how Chinese fans of Taylor Swift were baffled a
fter the singer and her management ordered that her songs be removed from the free tiers of mainland music streaming services (around the same time she had completely removed her back catalog from Spotify). Although in the English-speaking world Swift has been outspoken in her opinion on the value of music, no such explanations of her stance were forthcoming in China, depriving her fans of the context for the move.
Tao feels that although it is very difficult to convince the current generation of mainstream music, film and TV fans to pay, he believes future generations will be more amenable to paying for content, in part because they will be less price sensitive and more familiar with the practice of paying for providers' services. If Swift or an artist like her can bring the discussion of artists being rewarded for their work to China, the second point might be that much more achievable.
But such developments will be slow to unfold and will occur over a long time scale. As such, the question remains of how many services can cling on until such day arrives. Those with deep-pocketed backers are well placed to survive, but others may fall by the wayside. That could lead to some serious consolidation in the market—indeed, Youku and Tudou's merger is a case in point, as is the creation of Alibaba Music Group.
"Given the industry access threshold is not high, the sector will remain fragmented in the short run," says Lam. But as content costs soar, regulatory oversight increases and China's copyright practice matures, all but the wealthiest services will likely find they're not being renewed for another season.
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Non-fungible tokens have exploded in popularity over the last year, but China is stressing the technology not the collectibles.


After last nights devastating defeat in Parliament with Theresa May's Brexit vote and growing concerns over a messy and disorderly exit from the EU business leaders are rightfully worried.
Dr Adam Marshall, director general of the British Chambers of Commerce, said in responce to the meaningful vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement and political declaration. He said, "There are no more words to describe the frustration, impatience, and growing anger amongst business after two and a half years on a high-stakes political rollercoaster ride that shows no sign of stopping.
"Basic questions on real-world operational issues remain unanswered, and firms now find themselves facing the unwelcome prospect of a messy and disorderly exit from the EU on 29 March.
"The overriding priority for both government and Parliament must now be to avoid the clear danger that a 'no deal' exit on the 29 March would pose to businesses and communities across the UK. Every second that ticks by sees more businesses spending money on unwanted changes, activating contingency plans or battening down the hatches and halting investment, as they try to anticipate a future that is no clearer now than it was at the time of the referendum result.
The chief executive of London Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Colin Stanbridge said, "Brexit uncertainty has been impacting businesses for some time now, with business confidence and economic indicators in the capital plummeting.
But the adverse impact of the uncertainty is nothing compared to the economic disaster that will ensue if this country leaves the EU without a deal.


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Chatanga () ist ein Dorf in der russischen Region Krasnojarsk (bis zu seiner Auflösung Ende 2006 im Autonomen Kreis Taimyr, heute Rajon Taimyr der Dolganen und Nenzen) in Nordsibirien. Es hat  Einwohner (Stand ) und ist Sitz der Landgemeinde Chatangskoje selskoje posselenije.

Geographische Lage
Chatanga liegt in der Taimyrsenke, dem Mittelteil des Nordsibirischen Tieflands etwa 15 km unterhalb des Zusammenflusses von Cheta und Kotui zur Chatanga und etwa 208 km oberhalb von deren Trichtermündung Chatangagolf, die in die zum Nordpolarmeer gehörende Laptewsee überleitet. In seen- und sumpfreicher Region der Tundra befindet es sich unmittelbar an der Chatanga bei  Höhe.

Verschiedenes
Chatanga verfügt über den Flughafen Chatanga (ICAO-Code: UOHH), ein Hotel, ein Naturhistorisches Museum und mehrere Wetterstationen. Er ist Ausgangspunkt vieler Polarexpeditionen.

Geschichte

Die Siedlung wurde als Chatanskoje (Хатанское) gegründet.

Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges waren in Chatanga und Umgebung verbannte Zwangsarbeiter vor allem mit dem Fang und der Verarbeitung von Fisch beschäftigt. Bei den Verbannten handelte es sich überwiegend um Wolgadeutsche, Finnen und Letten.

Am 6. Dezember 1969 kam es 13 km vom Flughafen Chatanga entfernt zu einem Flugzeugabsturz mit 8 Todesopfern, der durch die starke Vereisung der Tragflächen verursacht wurde.

Bekannt wurde der Ort auch durch das Jarkow-Mammut, welches 1999 aus dem Permafrostboden der Taimyrhalbinsel geborgen und danach in der in den 1950er Jahren als Zwischenlager für Fisch und Fleisch angelegten Eishöhle von Chatanga aufbewahrt und untersucht wurde. Schon zuvor waren mehrere teilweise erhaltene Mammuts und andere seltene Fossilien in der Region Chatanga entdeckt worden.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Anmerkung: Volkszählungsdaten

Klima

Das Klima in Chatanga ist subpolar-kontinental mit humider Prägung. Die jährliche Durchschnittstemperatur liegt bei −13,8 °C. Der wärmste Monat ist der Juli mit etwa +12 °C. Das Thermometer steigt um diese Jahreszeit nicht selten auf über +25 °C; die höchste gemessene Temperatur betrug +36,7 °C. Der kälteste Monat, der Januar, hat eine Durchschnittstemperatur von −35 °C; die tiefste gemessene Temperatur betrug −59 °C. Die jährliche Niederschlagsmenge liegt bei durchschnittlich 296 mm. Die Hauptniederschlagsmenge fällt in den Monaten Juni bis Oktober. Die Region Chatanga wird häufig von Orkanen heimgesucht.

Quellen

Weblinks

 Siedlung und Rajon auf der Webseite des Autonomen Kreises Taimyr

Ort in der Region Krasnojarsk
Russlanddeutsche Ethnie
Wolgadeutsche

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The CFPB announced that it has entered into a settlement with the owners of payday loan retail outlets that operated under the name "Cash Tyme" in seven states to resolve alleged violations of the Consumer Financial Protection Act, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act/ Regulation P, and the Truth in Lending Act/ Regulation Z. The consent order requires Cash Tyme to pay a civil money penalty of $100,000.
The CFPB's conclusion that Cash Tyme violated GLBA/Reg P was based on its finding that Cash Tyme had failed to provide initial privacy notices to consumers who had paid off a loan in full and subsequently took out a new loan. According to the CFPB, such consumers, when taking out the new loan, were establishing a new customer relationship with Cash Tyme that required a new initial privacy notice.
The Bureau's conclusion that Cash Tyme violated TILA/Reg Z was based on its findings that Cash Tyme had failed to include a payday loan database fee charged to Kentucky customers in the APR it disclosed in loan contracts and advertisements, rounded APRs to whole numbers in advertisements, and disclosed an example APR and payment amount that was based on an example term of repayment without disclosing the corresponding repayment terms used to calculate that APR.
In addition to payment of the $100,000 civil money penalty, the consent order requires Cash Tyme to conduct an audit to identify any consumers who were overcharged or overpaid as a result of improper ACH debits and, as of the date the consent order is issued, had not received a refund from Cash Tyme in amount equal to or greater than the amount of the overcharge or overpayment.


Wonderful and inspiring Verse ! Thanks for sharing.
Fabulous picture, beautiful words. As always!
It was such a beautiful moment!
Thanks so much Amy! It was such a beautiful moment and sight!
Absolutely beautiful, Jodi! A beautiful verse from your heart and a beautiful photo!
The amazing sunset inspired you to writing this outstanding poem, which contains so much wisdom to reflect on. Great job, Jodi!
Thanks Peter! It was such a beautiful moment!
Thanks Deborah! It was a beautiful moment!
Words to cherish, thank you Jodi, for a beautiful start to my day!
Thanks Sharon! Hope you have a beautiful day!
This is a great way to end every day. ❤ this.
Beautiful photo and sentiments, thanks Jodi!
That is such a lovely sentiment Jodi, thank you!
Thanks Kathy! Cherish the moments!
So beautiful, image and words.
What a gorgeous photo! That is certainly a moment to cherish…..
Gorgeous photo and truly wise and wonderful words my friend! 😍Love it!
are what make up a life." SO VERY TRUE!
Beautiful blend of words and image, Jodi.


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Talk:Ben 10: Omniverse (season 5)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our 50/50 draw took place in the Kilmore Inn on Sunday night last. Our brilliant jackpot of €730 was won by James Caslin of the Half Parish. We would like to thank Joe McCabe for the food provided on Sunday night. Our next draw takes place on Sunday the 19th of October in Earlys Hillstreet. Gary Veseys team are on selling duty for that draw.
A very successful Clay Pigeon shoot took place on Saturday morning last at the pitch. Special thanks to everyone who took part and also thanks to David Connellan for his work organising the event.
The next Kilmore GAA Gold Society outing takes place on Sunday the 12th of October in Headfort Golf club. Please contact Tommie Kenoy for times and details.
We are now down to 3 in our Last Man Standing competition. Kevin Caslin, Martin Caslin and Colm Walsh. The ladies club are holding a walk/run this Saturday at 12.30pm at the pitch. The club extends its sympathy to all the extended members of the Dockery family, Carrow on the recent death of their sister Geraldine. A General meeting of Kilmore GAA Club will take place tonight Monday at 9pm in the Clubrooms. All members of the club are encouraged to attend.


text:
layout: default
title: Amazon SNS
parent: Transports
nav_order: 3
---
{% include support.md %}

# Amazon SNS transport

SNS documentation is under construction.
See: [#769](https://github.com/php-enqueue/enqueue-dev/issues/769)

[back to index](../index.md)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Clinton gets warm reception
Anthropologist Bestor looks at globalization and culture through study of sushi market
By Ken Gewertz Gazette Staff
Date December 6, 2001
Anthropologist Theodore Bestor: 'What interests me is how economic transactions are embedded in social institutions, and how markets are as much about social and cultural trends as they are about "pure" economics.' (Staff photo by Stephanie Mitchell)
If Theodore Bestor had gotten his way when he was 15, he wouldn't be where he is today.
In 1967 Bestor's father, a professor of American history, announced to his family that he had been invited for a Fulbright professorship in Tokyo. His son was far from pleased by the news that he would be spending six months in Japan.
"Like any 15-year-old, my first thought was why would I want to do that? I wanted to stay in Seattle with my friends. My parents still claim I had to be dragged to Tokyo kicking and screaming."
But in Japan, his view of the world changed radically
"I was bowled over by the experience. Here was this huge, complex, bustling modern society that seemed vaguely familiar in many ways, and yet I didn't have a clue about what made daily life tick. Japanese history, language, values, even popular culture, were approachable but alien. My experiences in Tokyo decentered me as an American teenager."
Bestor spent those six month exploring the Japanese metropolis.
"Tokyo was a safe city and I roamed around on my own much more than my parents would have let me do in Seattle. For a 15 year-old it was paradise!"
He rode the streetcars and subways, explored different neighborhoods of Tokyo, and came away with his own sense of Tokyo's cultural vitality. When he got to college, courses in Japanese history and literature helped him to put his experiences in perspective, but he was looking for an academic discipline that could describe and analyze the kinds of experiences that had really caught his attention in Japan.
"When I took an introductory course in anthropology, I realized this was a field that could make sense of the kinds of things that really interested me – the experiences of everyday life."
Bestor has been looking at Japanese society and culture through anthropological lenses ever since, and has spent about eight years in Japan as student, teacher, and ethnographer. His research focuses on urban anthropology, a field that opened up in the 1970s when he was doing graduate work at Stanford University, as well as the anthropological study of markets, and more recently Japan's globalization.
This year, Bestor joined the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences as a professor of anthropology and a member of the Reischauer Institute for Japanese Studies.
James L. Watson, the John King and Wilma Cannon Fairbank Professor of Chinese Society and Professor of Anthropology, said, "All of us in the department are delighted to have Ted as a colleague. He's one of the most sensitive and creative field workers studying Japan, and he's also a stellar teacher."
According to Watson, Bestor's first book, "Neighborhood Tokyo" (Stanford University Press, 1989), which shed light on the social structure and daily goings-on of an ordinary neighborhood in central Tokyo, "established a whole new paradigm for urban studies. It's become a model of how to do urban ethnography."
Watson predicted that Bestor's current work, which looks at the international fishing industry from both an economic and cultural perspective, "will be a major breakthrough in the study of globalization."
History Professor Andrew Gordon, who has studied relations between labor and management in contemporary Japan, said that Bestor's early work "has been very important for giving people a better understanding of urban life in Japan," while his later work "connects the local with the global in a really fresh and important way."
Bestor's research for "Neighborhood Tokyo" involved spending countless hours getting to know the residents of Miyamoto-cho. The result is an ethnographic study that explores the fabric of neighborhood daily life, informal ties, local institutions like the PTA and the volunteer fire department, and the annual neighborhood festival.
The book examines how local traditions and institutions have been invented and reinvented during the past century, and how a community fits into the narrative structures of contemporary Japanese culture.
"Neighborhood Tokyo" won the Arisawa Prize for Japanese Studies from the American Association of University Presses and the Robert E. Park Award for Urban Studies from the American Sociological Association.
Sushi goes global
In his next project, Bestor looked at the economic significance of family firms and their roles in the complex and sometimes controversial distribution channels that characterize Japan's domestic economy.
This interest led him to look at a very different aspect of Tokyo life – the Tsukiji wholesale fish market. Tsukiji, the largest seafood market in the world, does about $6 billion worth of business each year buying and selling Tokyo's supply of seafood, and much of the business flows through several thousand small, family-owned businesses, some of them many generations old.
At Tsukiji, Bestor carried out extended fieldwork on how the market is organized, the evolution of trading practices over the past two centuries, and the market's impact on contemporary food culture.
"What interests me is how economic transactions are embedded in social institutions, and how markets are as much about social and cultural trends as they are about 'pure' economics."
As he observed Tsukiji's daily auctions where octopus from Senegal, salmon from Norway, eel from Guangzhou, and urchin from Maine change hands in the blink of an eye – Bestor began to focus his attention on the global commodity chains that supply the market.
He zeroed in on the mighty bluefin tuna. Running on average between 300 and 600 pounds, bluefin tuna, with their deep red meaty flesh, are in great demand for sushi. Because Japanese fishermen can no longer satisfy the nation's appetite for premium tuna, Japanese markets reach throughout the world.
Bestor's research has taken him to New England fishing docks to interview American fishermen and the Japanese buyers who bid on freshly caught tuna, which are then flown to Japan in ice-filled "tuna coffins." A tuna caught on Monday may be auctioned on Wednesday or Thursday at Tsukiji, Bestor said.
His work focused on the social institutions that link fishing ports around the Atlantic and the Pacific to markets in Tokyo and how commodity chains take shape and adapt to social, economic, and cultural changes on a global scale.
While pursuing his research into the international tuna market, he began to look more closely at sushi itself.
"Sushi has become an icon of Japanese culture, but it has also become an icon of globalization," Bestor said.
Now available in suburban malls and supermarkets alongside other once-unfamiliar foods like bagels, pirogis, and pizza, sushi's path into American tastes is unusual.
"Most foreign cuisines started out in immigrant communities. Sushi and Japanese food in general found their way into mainstream society from the top-down, through international travel and business in the 1960s and 1970s," he said.
His ethnographic sites are now focused on Harvard Yard. "I'm teaching introductory anthropology this semester and have sent my students out to do mini-ethnographies of everyday life in and around campus. I want them to get a feel for how anthropologists make analytic sense of everyday experiences, whether it's dining hall rituals, dating patterns, or street life in the Square. Plus, it gives them a chance to teach me what their Harvard is about."
Before coming to Harvard, Bestor taught at Cornell University, where he was professor (1997-2001) and associate professor (1993-97) of anthropology and Asian studies, acting chair of the department of anthropology (1998-1999), and acting director of the East Asian program (1995-96).
During Fall 1999, Bestor was the Edwin O. Reischauer Visiting Professor of Japanese Studies and Anthropology at Harvard, and he spent 1997-98 as visiting professor at the Kyoto Center for Japanese Studies. From 1986 to 1993, he was on the faculty of Columbia University. He served as the director of the Japanese and Korean Studies programs at the Social Science Research Council from 1983 to 1986.
Bestor has just begun a term as the first president of the East Asian Section of the American Anthropological Association, a new organization that he helped to found. He is also a past president of the Society for Urban Anthropology.
Bestor received his Ph.D. (1983) and A.M. (1977) in anthropology, and an A.M. in East Asian studies (1976), all from Stanford University. He received his B.A. in anthropology, Japanese studies, and linguistics in 1973 from Fairhaven College of Western Washington University.
His books include "Neighborhood Tokyo" (Stanford University Press, 1989); "Tokyo's Marketplace: Culture and Trade in the Tsukiji Wholesale Market" (University of California Press, forthcoming); "Doing Fieldwork in Japan," edited with Patricia Steinhoff and Victoria Lyon Bestor (University of Hawai'i Press, forthcoming); and "Global Sushi: Commodity, Environment, and Consumption in the Transnational Tuna Trade" (in preparation).


Bangalore: Intel Capital backed IT infrastructure services firm NxtGen – a relatively emerging and mid-size player in the data centre and cloud services space has left a major mark in terms of pricing and performance analysis against global players like Amazon, IBM and Microsoft, as per Cloud Spectator's June report.
NxtGen ECS (Enterprise Cloud Services) was ranked at the top in terms of affordability due to the low cost of each VM compared to those global players. In terms of database and web server scenario, NxtGen ECS' performance was rated above the rest, as per Cloud Spectator's benchmark analysis.
The Boston based Cloud Spectator, a cloud benchmarking and consulting agency focused on cloud Infrastructure-as-a- Service (IaaS) performance had done a comparative analysis of public IaaS offering from four cloud service companies including NxtGen in April early this year.
In terms of value, NxtGen scored over 3x higher than Microsoft Azure and stayed on the higher side compared to Amazon AWS and IBM SoftLayer, the study reveals.
With NxtGen having the higher 3x price-performance value against Microsoft Azure the study points that it results into a value that can lead to larger cost savings and improved user experience for enterprise customers.
On a comparative basis, the study says that NxtGen ECS offers lowest overall cost of infrastructure and has highest performance against the other three top players.
Overall, based on those ratings, NxtGen ECS has been ranked at the top in price-performance value.
The price-performance analysis, basically evaluates VMs (virtual machines) costs, along with technology tests like Geekbench3 (for processor & memory), Fio (for block storage IOPS), and Iperf (for network throughput) to determine performance of web server, database, network and storage.
When ETCIO spoke to NxGen's Managing Director AS RajGopal on the new benchmark analysis study, he attributed this achievement to company's in-house built scalable enterprise architecture and use of latest technology including SSD and Flash storage.
"We have built our own enterprise architecture which is different from the rest and offers horizontal scaling which supports more number of workloads. And it enables higher performance as well," said RajGopal.
"In past two and half years, we have been leveraging and investing in SSD and Flash storage that offers higher performance and better pricing," added RajGopal.
Being an Intel Capital investor company, NxtGen not only has a strong financial backing but also it continues to have a bigger advantage in terms of leveraging and accessing latest technologies from Intel and other investors' portfolio companies.
Unlike other markets, India has no clear leader in the cloud services space where managed services continue to dominate 55 percent of the market, according to RajGopal's observation.
Given this unique scenario, RajGopal wants to build high performance VMs and club it with strong managed service offerings as a way to tap more customers in India and globally.
At present, NxtGen has some nine data centres based in six cities and serves around 2000 customers in India.
In fact, the Bangalore based company will roll out its cloud services in Singapore on 15 August later this year under a partnership with world's top data centre player Equinex.
In addition, NxtGen has setup a call-centre support in Philippines through a partner to address customers in the SEA region. "We want to expand our presence in markets of EMEA and SEA as they are growing faster and are matured markets compared to the US markets," RajGopal opined.
In terms of tapping new global customers, though company will leverage digital engagement route to drive inside sales, RajGopal informed that the call-centres will provide the human-touch to the customers.
Commenting on alliances with data centre giant Equinex and tech partners like Dell, Brocade, Fortinet and others, RajGopal said that it would help in penetrating new markets at much faster rate.
While company aims to offer cloud services in new markets through local partners, RajGopal added that managed services will be offered from India.
He concluded that company will fully adhere to country-specific laws on data solvency, security and compliance regulations, which would ensure that customers' data is stored and managed locally in those respective countries.


text:
Screen industry's 'criminal network' of men needs to be dismantled, researcher suggests
by Vivienne Kelly
The Australian screen industry puts too much emphasis on data about women and doesn't focus enough on what men are doing to prop up the patriarchy, the associate dean of engagement and innovation at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) Deb Verhoeven has argued at Mumbrella's MSIX conference.
Deb Verhoeven: The problem to be solved is not women
While discussing the lack of female participation and inclusion in the screen and research sectors, Verhoeven also questioned why industries wait until women have been harmed to examine male dominance.
"If we can see the shape of patriarchy, maybe we can prevent it," she said in reference to visualisations of data which showed male producers who only worked with men or employed a noticeable minority of women.
"Why do we wait for the traumatic experiences of women who have to leave organisations? Or be silenced? Or be bought out with NDAs [non-disclosure agreements]? Or suffer actual harm before we recognise the problem? Why do we wait for that? Why don't we use the diagnostic tools at our disposal to identify the men who are the problem – the gender offenders – before they create a problem? Because we can do that."
She said there was a research and reporting bias which focused on what women were doing, instead of how men contributed to, and benefited from, the problem.
Verhoeven: Data shows us the shape of the patriarchy
"Why do we keep releasing data about women? Why don't we release data about men? Why don't we study their behaviours? Because they're the beneficiaries of the system. So it stands to reason that the beneficiaries of the system are creating a system that benefits them," she said.
Verhoeven also noted the screen industry's solutions thus far – development funding, mentoring, "lean in" and a special fund for women working with women – weren't working, largely because they missed the point.
"[When Screen Australia had a special fund for women working with women] that was the point at which I went 'No, we're looking at the wrong problem'. Women actually – we know through the data – don't have a problem working with other women. The problem is not women working with women. The problem is men won't work with women. Women are not the problem to be solved in the film industry. Men are. Why aren't we looking at data about men?," she said.
The Australian ad industry is saying #metoo - but what can we actually do?
WIFT apologises for tone of 'Tell us who is Australia's Harvey Weinstein' online survey
"So that's what I did. I started to look at men."
Her research, which covered a 10-year period, discovered 41% of male producers only work with men and never women. The average size for a creative team in the Australian film industry is four, but 75% of male producers work with "a minority of women" – that is, zero to one women on the team, Verhoeven said.
"75% of male producers, three quarters of the industry of male producers, only work with zero to one women. How many times was that woman a director? Once – and she was brought in by the French distribution company. Not one single Australian female director worked with 75% of male producers in the Australian film industry in a 10-year period.
"This is what we should be studying."
The solution, she suggested, was to approach the patriarchy in the screen industry as law enforcement would look at criminal networks and terrorism cells.
"If I know that data has a power, how do I change that? Instead of using data to stop women from feeling confident or comfortable participating in an industry, how can I use data instead to think through what happens for men in this industry?
Verhoeven presenting at Mumbrella's Marketing Science Ideas Exchange (MSIX) with Adam Ferrier
"Who does that? Who actually uses data like that? I can tell you who: anti-terrorism agents and the police. And they use this thing called 'criminal network analysis' to break up drug cartels or terrorist cells. What would happen if we thought of the film industry as a drug cartel?"
She said data could be used to "break up the network" and identify the perpetrators – "the men that need to be taken out".
"Only 16% of women get to be directors in the Australian film industry. Nobody takes responsibility for their own behaviour. That's a terrible statistic. [But too many men think] 'I'm a guy. I think I'm pretty good. I like women. It's not about me, that 16%.' [Using data] we can actually identify who it is about, because we know their names."
Verhoeven noted the power data (such as Screen Australia's report into female participation) had to influence circumstances – women will see the low participation rates and be less inclined to participate, assuming it is a hostile environment, not based on merit.
The problem will continue, she said, until the patriarchy is reshaped, the "gender offenders" removed and the focus shifts to men's role in the industry's bias.
Shifting our attitudes towards gender is the key to true 'disruption'
An open letter to ladies in media
LinkedIn's Australian Agency Influencer of the Year
Vivienne Kelly
Vivienne Kelly is the editor of Mumbrella. Throughout her career she has worked as a journalist and editor across a number of consumer and B2B finance and real estate titles. She has also spent time in public relations across the health, finance and energy sectors.
topics Deb Verhoeven, gender bias, gender diversity, gender equality, MSIX, MSIX 2017, patriarchy, Screen Australia
Comments: 12 Add Comment
Yuk 3 Nov 17
… and the Harvey Weinstein of the Australian advertising industry is….
Familiar 4 Nov 17
This was one of the best presentations at MSIX. Rigorous, compelling. Deb had the room in the palm of her hand.
We're all thinking it aren't we?
Australian media companies and creative agencies. Notorious boys clubs. Full of Harvey Weinsteins.
Deb Verhoeven, meet Cindy Gallop. The drinks are on me.
Make mine a gin.
Deb Verhoeven 22 Nov 17
Excellent. Happy to be introduced. Also happy to drink 🙂
Dodge this 5 Nov 17
This talk by Deb was great… But have you read Byron Sharp's book?
Seriously though, what a horrendous performance by a 'keynote speaker'
Total disregard for anyone else, going 45 minutes over time, rambling on about nothing and demanding that people 'read his book' whenever they have a legitimate question!
Not to mention the farce that was the sycophantic behaviour on display by the curator.
#BoycottByron
Mark 5 Nov 17
When is this self interest going to stop? Lets look at some recent figures – 2017 AIDC (Australian International Documentary Conference) women made up 52% of speakers, 61% of funding decision makers and 56% of all delegates. As of 30 June 2016 workplace gender statistics at Screen Australia are 77.23% female and only 22.27% male.
Hank 6 Nov 17
Most of the people in the room were women. Where is the problem in our industry?
Barbara 6 Nov 17
Insightful perspective in understanding the conditions which conspire to keep women's voices marginal. There is a strong track record in Australia of female producers encouraging and commissioning work from other women as directors and writers. But it's much more difficult for male producers to recognise stories and perspectives generated by women; the stats do not lie.
*Shakes Head* 6 Nov 17
Hank, one room does not determine the state of an entire industry.
It's people like you that are holding women back. Grow a pair and listen.
No one is holding women back … look at Mark's comment. Unbiased stats don't lie
Eliya 7 Nov 17
Yes, Mark's comment highlights some statistics that prove there has been some sort of improvement in gender equality in the industry. In documentary and within the Screen Australia workplace… that's great, But they do not reflect women in leading creative roles in film (drama especially) as the article refers to… meaning female Directors, Cinematographers, Editors Writers and Producers….
Greg from Newcastle 12 Nov 17
Hi "Shakes Head". Your response to Hank intrigues me? What exactly are you referring to when you say "grow a pair"? Are you saying that if I don't have a pair of whatever you mean, or am unable to grow them, then I'm incapable of understanding what Deb Verhoeven is on about?
If that's the case then could that be considered an effort on your part to exclude some of us who can't grow this pair of whatever, from gaining an insight into what is a real problem for our screen & media industry? And secondly, if you said this in your workplace to a colleague, would this comment be considered a touch on the aggressive side; perhaps even sitting on the edge of bullying zone? Are you a closet bully? If we are going to have a constructive dialogue about what is a pressing and (depressingly real) issue, such language is really not going to advance the argument for change and shift old-thinking among our counterparts and colleagues. Whatever pair you may think you need to to grow, is really not a solution. Perhaps the only thing we need to grow is a united voice calling for change and a revolution in thinking as to who should be able (and support to) create, tell, present and deliver our stories to audiences. Can I suggest that maybe your response to Hank is part of the problem, that being, it comes from a time and approach that is rooted in old-world thinking that is ultimately ruinous of advancement and real change.
naomi nobody 29 Nov 17
yes the system stinks…
the way i was treated as a up and coming actress in the 1990s in the australia film/theatre/ad industry world was like a piece of meat. most of the teenage starlets i worked lived with where passed around,promised the world… the directors liked the more impressionable the girl the better
as mentioned 90% the directors/producers/ tech jobs were for the boys.
the so brilliant jane camption/jill bilcock.liz mullinar etc where the exceptions,
why arent they speaking up naming names.? naming the sleazy,predatory males in the melb/syd film/entertainment industry – actors,directors,casting creeps and the rest.
nb: props to the majority good guys but lets name the bad


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5. Term and conditions of service of member.
6. Disqualification for being appointed, or for continuing as, member of the Corporation.
7. Temporary absence of any member.
8. Vacancies amongst members or defect in the constitution not to invalidate acts or proceedings of the Corporation.
9. Committees of the Corporation.
10. Meetings of the Corporation.
11. Authentication of orders and other instruments of the Corporation.
12. Appointment of Administrator and other officer of the Corporation.
13. General duty of the Corporation.
14. Powers of the Corporation.
15. Capital of the Corporation.
16. Grants and loans to the Corporation.
17. Vesting of property in the Corporation.
18. Repayment of capital and loan with interest.
19. Corporation to have rights and liabilities of the Central Government in certain cases.
20. Fund of the Corporation.
21. Provision for depreciation and reserve and other funds.
22. Power of the Corporation to spend.
26. Amount due to the Corporation to be first charge.
29. Mode of recovery of moneys due to the Corporation.
31. Members and officers of the Corporation to be public servants.
32. Removal of disqualification for membership of Parliament.
33. Bar of legal proceedings.
34. Validation of certain transactions.
36. Power to make rules.
An Act to provide for the establishment and regulation of a trading Corporation for the purpose of carrying on and promoting trade and industry in the town of Faridabad, assisting in the rehabilitation of displaced persons settled therein and for matters connected therewith.
1. Short title. - This Act may be called the Faridabad Development Corporation Act, 1956.
3. Incorporation. - (1) With effect from such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint in this behalf, there shall be established a Corporation by the name of the Faridabad Development Corporation.
(2) The said Corporation shall be a body corporate having perpetual succession and a common seal, and shall by the said name sue and be sued.
4. Constitution of the Corporation. - The Corporation shall consist of a Chairman and such other members, being not less than four and not more than eight, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.
5. Term and conditions of service of member. - (1) The term of office and conditions of service of the Chairman and other members shall be such as may be prescribed.
(2) The chairman or any other member may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Central Government, but he shall continue in office until the appointment of his successor is notified in the Official Gazette.
(3) A casual vacancy created by the resignation of the Chairman or any other member under sub-section (2) or for any other reason shall be filled by fresh appointment.
Provided that where he is a shareholder, he shall disclose to the Central Government the nature and extent of shares held by him in such company.
7. Temporary absence of any member. - If any member of the Corporation is by infirmity or otherwise rendered temporarily incapable of carrying out his duties or is absent on leave or otherwise in circumstances not involving the vacation of his appointment, the Central Government may appoint another person to act in his place during his absence.
8. Vacancies amongst members or defect in the constitution not to invalidate acts or proceedings of the Corporation. - No act or proceeding of the Corporation shall be invalid by reason only of the existence of any vacancy amongst its members or any defect in the constitution thereof.
9. Committees of the Corporation. - The Corporation may constitute such committees for general or special purposes as the Corporation deems necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act.
(2) The Chairman or, in his absence, any member chosen by the members present from among themselves, shall preside at a meeting of the Corporation.
(3) All questions which come before any meeting of the Corporation shall be decided by majority of votes of the members present, and in the case of an equality of votes, the Chairman, or in his absence, any other person presiding, shall have a second or casting vote.
11. Authentication of orders and other instruments of the Corporation. - All orders and decisions of the Corporation shall be authenticated by the signature of the Chairman or any other member authorised by the Corporation in this behalf, and all other instruments issued by the Corporation shall be authenticated by the signature of the Administrator or any other officer of the Corporation authorised in like manner in this behalf.
12. Appointment of Administrator and other officer of the Corporation. - (1) There shall be an Administrator of the Corporation who shall be appointed by the Central Government.
(2) The Administrator shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation and all other officers of the Corporation shall be subordinate to him.
Provided that when one of the members of the Corporation is appointed under sub-section (1) as the Administrator, such Administrator shall have the rights and privileges of a member.
(4) The Corporation may appoint such other officers as it may consider necessary for the efficient performance of its functions under this Act.
13. General duty of the Corporation. - It shall be the general duty of the Corporation to carry on and promote trade, business and industry in Faridabad, to assist in the rehabilitation of displaced persons settled therein and to manage and develop the property of the Union vested in the Corporation.
14. Powers of the Corporation. - (1) The Corporation may exercise all such powers as may be necessary or expedient for the purpose of carrying out is functions under this Act.
(h) to take such steps as may be necessary for improving the economic and social conditions of the inhabitants of Faridabad.
(3) Nothing in this section shall affect the exercise of any power or the performance of any function by any local authority having jurisdiction in Faridabad.
15. Capital of the Corporation. - All non-recurring expenditure incurred by the Central Government or the body known as the Faridabad Development Board for and in connection with the development of Faridabad or for any of the purposes referred to in this Act upto the date of the establishment of the Corporation and declared to be capital expenditure by the Central Government shall be treated as the capital provided by the Central Government to the Corporation.
16. Grants and loans to the Corporation. - The Central Government may, after due appropriation made by Parliament by law in this behalf, make such grants and advance such loans to the Corporation as the Central Government may deem necessary for the performance of the functions of the Corporation under this Act; and all grants made and all loans advanced shall be on such terms and conditions as the Central Government may determine.
17. Vesting of property in the Corporation. - All property, assets and funds owned or acquired by the Central Government or purporting to have been owned or acquired by the body known as the Faridabad Development Board for the purposes of the development of Faridabad or for any of the purposes referred to in this Act before the establishment of the Corporation shall, on such establishment, vest in the Corporation unless the Central Government otherwise directs in respect of any part of such property, assets or funds.
18. Repayment of capital and loan with interest. - The Corporation shall repay, at such intervals and on such terms as the Central Government may determine, the amount of capital provided under section 15 and all loans advanced under section 16 with interest at such rate as may, from time to time, be fixed by that Government and such repayment of capital or loan or payment of interest shall be deemed to be part of the expenditure of the Corporation.
19. Corporation to have rights and liabilities of the Central Government in certain cases. - (1) All rights, liabilities and obligations of the Central Government which, whether arising out of any contract or otherwise, were acquired or incurred by it in connection with any transaction for the development of Faridabad or for any of the purposes referred to in this Act before the establishment of the Corporation, shall be deemed to have been acquired or incurred by the Corporation and shall be the rights, liabilities and obligations, respectively, of the Corporation.
(2) All suits or other legal proceedings instituted or which might but for the issue of the notification under sub-section (1) of section 3 have been instituted by or against the Central Government may be continued or instituted by or against the Corporation.
20. Fund of the Corporation. - (1) The Corporation shall have its own Fund and all receipts of the Corporation shall be carried thereto and all payments by the Corporation shall be made therefrom.
(2) All moneys belonging to the Fund shall be deposited in such bank or invested in such manner as may be decided by the Corporation.
21. Provision for depreciation and reserve and other funds. - (1) The Corporation shall make such provision for depreciation and for reserve and other funds as the Central Government may from time to time direct.
(2) The management of these funds, the sums to be carried from time to time to the credit thereof and the application of the moneys comprised therein shall be determined in accordance with such directions as the Central Government may from time to time issue.
22. Power of the Corporation to spend. - The Corporation shall have power to spend such sums as it thinks fit for performing its functions under this Act, and such sums shall be treated as expenditure payable out of the Fund of the Corporation.
23. Budget. - The Corporation shall prepare, in such form and at such time each year as may be prescribed, a budget in respect of every financial year next ensuing showing the estimated receipts and expenditure, and copies thereof shall be forwarded to the Central Government.
24. Annual report. - The Corporation shall prepare in such form and at such time each year as may be prescribed an annual report giving a true and full account of its activities during the previous financial year and copies thereof shall be sent to the Central Government and the Government of the State of Punjab.
25. Accounts and audit. - (1) The Corporation shall cause to be maintained such books of account and other books in relation to its accounts in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) The accounts of the Corporation shall be audited at such times and in such manner as may be prescribed.
26. Amount due to the Corporation to be first charge. - (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, where a loan has been advanced to any person for the construction of a building or where a building has been transferred to any person, the amount due to the Corporation on account of the loan or transfer together with interest thereon shall be a first charge on the building so constructed or transferred.
(2) The Corporation may also take such further security as it may consider necessary for advancing any loan or for transferring any building.
27. Direction. - For the purposes of this Act, the Central Government may, from time to time, give to the Corporation such general or special directions as the Central Government thinks fit and in the performance of the functions, the Corporation shall comply with such directions.
28. Returns and reports. - The Corporation shall furnish to the Central Government such returns, statistics, accounts and other information with respect to its property or activities as the Central Government may from time to time require.
29. Mode of recovery of moneys due to the Corporation. - When any money is due to the Corporation from any person, then, without prejudice to any other mode of recovery, the Corporation may, after giving that person an opportunity of being heard, issue a certificate to the Collector of the amount due and the Collector shall proceed to recover that amount in the same manner as an arrear of land revenue.
30. Delegation of powers. - The Corporation may, by general or special order in writing, delegate to the Chairman or any other member or any officer of the Corporation, subject to such conditions and limitations (if any) as may be specified in the order, such of its powers and duties under this Act as it may deem necessary for the efficient running of the day-to-day administration of the Corporation.
31. Members and officers of the Corporation to be public servants. - All members and officers of the Corporation shall, when acting or purporting to act in pursuance of any of the provisions of this Act, be deemed to be public servants within the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).
32. Removal of disqualification for membership of Parliament. - It is hereby declared that the office of the member of the Corporation shall not disqualify its holder for being chosen as, or for being, a member of either House of Parliament.
33. Bar of legal proceedings. - No suit or other legal proceedings shall lie against any member or officer of the Corporation in respect of anything which is good faith done or intended to be done in pursuance of this Act.
(iii) all leases granted by, all contracts made with, and all instruments executed on behalf of, the body known as the Faridabad Development Board shall be deemed to have been granted by, made with, or executed on behalf of, the Corporation and shall have effect accordingly.
35. Power to remove difficulties. - If any doubt or difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government may, by order, make such provision or give such direction, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, as may appear to it to be necessary or expedient for the removal of the doubt or difficulty, and the order of the Central Government, in such cases, shall be final.
36. Power to make rules. - (1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.
(b) the terms and conditions of service of the Administrator and other officers of the Corporation.
(h) any other matter which has to be, or may be, prescribed under this Act.
(3) All rules made under this section shall, as soon as may be after they are made, be laid before both Houses of Parliament.
North � Karkhana garden, Railway Station and Rest House, Faridabad, buildings belonging to Shrimati Sushila Devi and abadi Fetehpur Chandela.
South � Abadi village Majasar.
West � Badkhal Band; Hill of villages Dabwa, Nawadah Koh and Daulatabad; Abadi village Saran.


text:
LETTERS ABOUT DV CONTACT SUBMISSIONS
Sibel Edmonds' 2005 Spring Offensive:
FBI Shields Pakistan/Turkey Nuclear Weapons Development,
Drug Trade, Cheney, Rumsfeld
by John Stanton
www.dissidentvoice.org
With Sibel Edmonds once again in the news, and with media interest in her case increasing, it's worth speculating, again* about her knowledge by attempting to connect some of the many dots found in a public record that stretches back into the Ford Administration and that culminates, in part, with Pakistan's nuclear tests in 1998. The story has so many dots and cross currents that it's easy to miss the more salient items.
But it's not too much of a stretch to say that the FBI's interest in asserting a "State Secrets" privilege begins way back in 1972 at which time Pakistan decided to begin development of a nuclear weapons program that would culminate in the detonation of a nuclear weapon in 1998 (Turkey can't be far behind in 2005), and successful US weapons sales of helicopters, fighter aircraft, missile guidance software, combat vehicles and parts to both Turkey and Pakistan over the same 1972 to 1998 timeframe whether and in spite of US arms strictures on sales of US weapons technology. In the seven years since 1998, matters have gotten worse.
It really is the same old story we've all read about for so many decades and features these recurring themes: the black market for nuclear weapons technology, drug trade and money laundering, lobbyists housed in powerful .orgs, espionage and bribes, and big political and business names. These murky matters are always classified by governments and business groups as Top Secret or Proprietary and always involve criminal activity on behalf of national security. Unfortunately, criminal, classified and business/national security interests have always managed to find their way into the same bed whether here in the USA or abroad.
It would be nice to say that the black market for nuclear weapons had its zenith in 1998. But that's not the case. It is larger and more daring with more economic clout and political cover than ever. Not a bad development for a network created on the back of a drug trafficking network established long before there was a Cold War. And with the current US administration implementing a "new" counterintelligence directorate, seemingly to trump the bad stuff that Sibel Edmonds' litigation might produce, it all seems to make some sense that in 2005 the US government and industry would be in preemptive/recreate threat mode.
Exorcise Me!!!
Religious types like to say that "God/Allah works in mysterious ways." Interestingly, thanks to September 11, 2001, it appears that such a God/Allah may have been at work to expose some of the demons in American government and business, and their counterparts at work around the world. Who would have thought that Sibel Edmonds would encounter a lot of archived and/or then current documentation flowing through the intelligence pipeline that exposed criminal activity across the board by an array of conniving characters. American, Turkish and Pakistani operations (and history), planned and unplanned, were, perhaps, uncovered by her in the brief but heady days of worldwide cross-intelligence agency sharing following 911. Imagine the treasure trove of finds!
The actors in this drama include cultural and semi-legitimate groups like the American Friends of Turkey/American Turkish Council (and affiliates and chapters); the Atlantic Council; American (CIA), Turkish (MIT) and Pakistan (ISI) intelligence agencies; Pentagon intelligence operatives like USAF Major Douglas Dickerson and Jan Malek Can Dickerson; former Turkish ministers like Prime Minister Mesut Yilmaz under investigation for corruption; Turkish-run companies like Giza Technologies of New Jersey, implicated and then cleared of WMD proliferation charges**; and US officials Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.
As an aside, US defense contractors -- like Textron, Lockheed Martin and Halliburton -- figure in this story too as they, with US government approval, have regularly exhibited at defense weapons expos in Turkey, Pakistan, and elsewhere for decades. Why China and Iran are vilified as of late for being legitimate participants in these Expos there and here in the USA Homeland remains an intriguing question. It's interesting to note that MSNBC reported that Cheney's big visit to China in 2004 included marketing Westinghouse's nuclear reactors to China. No surprise there as US nuclear technology has been marketed to the world over the years by Cheney and Rumsfeld (the latter in North Korea) to include North Korea.
But go figure. Buying some conventional weapons capability and basic nuclear generation technology from dullard US defense contractors is one thing. The real question is this: How did Pakistan and Turkey escaped US scrutiny while developing nuclear weapons and Turkey helped pay for them with drug money and technology?
Dick and Don's Fabulous Adventure
The names Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld recur as reference points throughout American, Turkish, Pakistani relationships beginning as early as 1975 when President Gerald Ford, taking the advice of then staff members Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld, vetoed the arms embargo on Pakistan. Earlier in 1974, the same two would save Turkey from a dreaded arms embargo. In 1999, with the Halliburton CEO hat on and before a crowd at the CATO Institute, a Cheney gem would surface telling the audience what the American people would never hear or understand. Cheney reminisced about Turkey and indicated, quite appropriately, that national security policy in the USA depends on lobbyists and the omnipotent .orgs that house them.
"When I went to work for President Ford back in the summer of 1974, our first foreign policy crisis had to do with a dust up between the Greeks and the Turks, who had gone to war over the fate of Cyprus. The response of the Congress at that point was to impose an arms embargo on Turkey…we placed sanctions on Turkey and not on Greece. Why? It was not because it made sense from the standpoint of what was going on Cyprus, or made sense from the standpoint of overall U.S. foreign policy. We sanctioned Turkey because the Greek-American lobby was significantly bigger and more effective than the Turkish-American lobby here at home. That's the sum total of why we did it. Ultimately, we were able to get it reversed. But it took numerous votes in Congress before we were able to turn it around."
Yes, indeed, and it wasn't long after 1974 that that the American Friends of Turkey/American Turkish Council (and affiliates) and the Atlantic Council would be up and running in Washington, DC, with the former featuring chapters and affiliations in Illinois, New Jersey, Texas and just about every state in the US Union, including overseas affiliations. The American Turkish groups are likely the "semi-legitimate" non-profit business and cultural groups housing the powerful lobbyists that Edmonds is referring to and that Cheney turns to for policy guidance.
But who can say?
The US Republic has changed since Cheney and Rumsfeld appeared on the scene and it's tough to tell whether under their guidance the US government is a branch of Wall Street or some other madness. Most likely both, but that's another long story. Suffice it to say that Cheney has always believed that US business interests trump the whiney and ineffective elected US government representatives and civil servants.
In the same speech at the CATO Institute in 1999, he said, "I think it is a false dichotomy to be told that we have to choose between 'commercial' interests and other interests that the United States might have in a particular country or region around the world. Oftentimes the absolute best way to advance human rights and the cause of freedom or the development of democratic institutions is through the active involvement of American businesses. Investment and trade can oftentimes do more to open up a society and to create opportunity for a society's citizens than reams of diplomatic cables from our State Department."
The Brotherhood: Pakistanis, Turks and Americans
Against the backdrop of the USA versus USSR Cold War, and the Iran versus Iraq war -- US officials like Cheney and Rumsfeld—and those operating in and out of government, (and their counterparts in Pakistan and Turkey) took a Pontius Pilate approach to Pakistan's black market acquisition of nuclear weapons components, as well as Turkey's complicity in helping that cause through drug money profits, to include the illicit manufacture of parts essential to a nuclear weapon. According to Anwar Iqbal of UPI (October 2004), Turkish workshops "made the centrifuge motor and frequency converters used to drive the motor and spin the rotor to high speeds. These workshops imported subcomponents from Europe and elsewhere, and they assembled these centrifuge items in Turkey. Under false end-user certificates, the components were then shipped to Dubai…"
It's 2005 and the US State Department has reported that Turkey remains one of the premier players in the world's drug trade. "Turkey remains a major route, and storage, production and staging area, for the flow of heroin to Europe. Turkish-based traffickers and brokers operate in conjunction with narcotics smugglers, laboratory operators, and money launderers in and outside Turkey…Turkish-based traffickers control much of the heroin marketed to Western Europe." Such a well established and efficient network has always been ideal for moving nuclear weapons components around the world and that effort continues unabated to this day.*** The high-altitude breathers in US government and industry could care less and they joke while diligent field agents around the globe follow dead ends confined in safely classified compartments.
Writing in 1997, Ertugrul Kurkcu commented that "few recall the era of military juntas in the early 1980s when Turkey's military rulers adopted a green belt strategy after the revolution in Iran and the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan. The idea, promoted in Washington, [DC] circles, was to construct a bulwark alliance of US-backed Muslim countries [Pakistan and Turkey] in order to confine Soviet Southward expansion and to combat Radical Islamist power in Iran and elsewhere in the region."
Even with the USSR gone, US policy makers figured in the 1990's that Russia could never be trusted and "bad" Islamic regimes like Iran needed to be cut off from the rest of the world. After all, if for no reason other than spite, those nasty Iranians took a US Embassy hostage in 1978 and now in 2005 they have the audacity to try and build a nuclear weapon. One can only imagine that if the Shah of Iran had stayed in power the USA would be gloating over its wonderfully nuclear capable allies Iran and Turkey and their role in the War on Terror.
Be that as it may, through the years, the USA found alternatives to the Shah, most notably in Pakistan's current, and Western educated, President Musharaff, leader of the 1999 coup that made him President of Pakistan, and a host of other USA sponsored characters ostensibly in charge of Pakistan and Turkey since WWII. It was a perfect match made better by the fact that Musharaff -- like most US supported rulers in the two countries -- stated that "Pakistan and Turkey share a commonality of vision and a commonality of thought. Turks to me are brothers. Even to Pakistani children, Turks are brothers."
Add Americans and their children to all that brotherly love.
Deal of the Century
Pakistan's nuclear weapons technology acquisition program apparently piggybacked on Turkey's heroin trafficking expertise -- an expertise established long before 1972. Pakistan could afford the price tag since it was being paid for by Turkish-laundered drug money with the technology invariably stolen by Pakistani and Turkish operatives working through "semi-legitimate" groups in the USA and elsewhere.
No operation of this scope or magnitude could go unnoticed by the US government, particularly since in Turkey's case, the CIA had been conducting Post WWII "stay-behind" operations for at least 50 years.
If such activity was exposed, albeit indirectly through a nuclear test and then a translator like Sibel Edmonds, it sure would be easy enough to blame a failure to detect it (just like 911) on a lack of human intelligence or the "peace dividend" that the end of the Cold War brought, or claim "State Secret" if someone like Edmonds were to see the goods and ask questions. Then again, there is the "compromising ongoing intelligence/military operations" rationale but that moniker has been used and abused so many times that its usage is comedic.
In the end, no matter how the story is spun, it threatens to implicate the high and mighty in government and business in the USA, Turkey and Pakistan, and who knows how many assorted intelligence groups around the globe.
But that comes as no surprise to those in the governments that condone the criminal enterprises that run the show in the name of national security interests. But once and awhile, the upstarts and whistleblowers speak through intrepid journalists like Seymour Hersh of the New Yorker. Quoting former US and Pakistani diplomats in both "The Deal" (March 2004) and "The Coming Wars" (January 2005) published in the New Yorker, it's very obvious to any inquisitive person what's been going on for 33 years.
"Much of this has been known for decades to the American intelligence community. Sometimes you know things and don't want to do anything about it. Americans need to know that your government is not only downplaying this but covering it up. You go to bed with our ISI. They know how to suck up to you. You let us get away with everything. Why can't you be more honest? There's no harm in telling us the truth—'Look, you're an ally but a very disturbing ally.' You have to nip some of these things in the bud…The former senior American intelligence official was equally blunt. He told me, "Khan ["Father of the Pakistani bomb"] was willing to sell blueprints, centrifuges, and the latest in weaponry. He was the worst nuclear-arms proliferator in the world and he's pardoned—with not a squeak from the White House."
To that, though, we must add the White Houses occupied by Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush I, and Clinton.
Preempting Sibel Edmonds' Legal Challenges
On March 5, 2005 the Associated Press reported that the Bush Administration was rolling out an unclassified version of the first national U.S. counterintelligence strategy and a new organization to implement the plan. Approved by Bush II on March 1, 2005, and described as preemptive in nature, "it aims to combat intelligence services from countries hungry for U.S. military and nuclear secrets, such as China and Iran (whoops! forgot Pakistan and Turkey), both at home and abroad, US counterintelligence officials said." A couple of weeks earlier on February 16, 2005, current FBI Director, Robert Mueller, indicated his eye was on the counterintelligence ball, particularly those pesky intelligence services and semi-legitimate business groups referred to by Sibel Edmonds.
How much horrible comedy can one take? Two weeks before Edmonds went before the US Congress (March 2, 2005), Mueller and the Bush Administration stated the following:
"Of growing concern is the asymmetrical threat posed by certain intelligence services that supplement their collection capabilities in the US by using non-traditional collectors. These collectors include students, delegations, business visitors, émigrés, and retired intelligence officers [typically those who populate legal and ethical .org conferences and exhibitions sanctioned by the US government and organized by Americans] who are collecting against targets of opportunity or responding to ad hoc requests from the intelligence services. US Government representatives participating in international conferences and exchanges, or whose duties include routine liaison with foreign intelligence representatives, frequently report that their contacts engage in elicitation, sometimes to a surprisingly aggressive level [example: Major Doug and Jan Dickerson's attempt to recruit Edmonds at her home].
Such non-traditional collectors pose a potential threat across the US, requiring a coordinated response by all FBI field offices. Several countries appear to be exploiting their military liaison officers, who are in the US on overt, legitimate intelligence-sharing missions, to target and collect sensitive defense information that is outside the scope of their official access. Most difficult to identify and assess is the intelligence collection activity being directed and/or conducted by non-intelligence organizations, such as other foreign government agencies and/or foreign companies. The FBI sees this type of activity most frequently in the targeting and collection of Chemical, Biological Radiological, Nuclear and High Yield Explosives information and technology."
As Sibel Edmonds stated in an interview with Chris Deliso at Anitwar.com, the matter is not about 911 or being a savior. It's all about recovering the shattered remnants of accountability in the USA which are as tough to find as an honest statement from Republicans and Democrats running the US government. Americans should thank the mysterious Sibel Edmonds for having the guts to avoid the post-911 conspiracy trap and say, "They're [the US government/business] afraid of information, of the truth coming out, and accountability -- the whole accountability issue that will arise. But it's not as complicated as it might seem. If they were to allow the whole picture to emerge, it would just boil down to a whole lot of money and illegal activities."
* Related pieces: A Fantastic Tale: Turkey, Drugs, Faustian Alliances & Sibel Edmonds and The American Turkish Council: US Association Helps Create New EuroAsia/New World Order by John Stanton.
** For a good piece on the mechanics of the trade see Josh Myer, "Case Reveals Nuts and Bolts of Nuclear Trade," Los Angeles Times, May 24,2004. Anyone nutty enough to weather conspiracy theory accusations may want to pick up on his Nazi--1975 reference and link it to CIA stay-behind operations in Turkey.
*** United States Department of State, 2005 INCSR International Narcotics Control Strategy Report.
John Stanton is a Virginia based writer specializing in political and national security matters. This article, as promised, is a follow-up to The American Turkish Council: US Association Helps Create New EuroAsia/New World Order, one of now three speculative pieces on Sibel Edmonds and the US government. John is the author of America 2004: A Power But Not Super. Reach him at: cioran123@yahoo.com.
Other Articles by John Stanton
* US Association Helps Create New EuroAsia/New World Order
* Interview With God
* Iraq Survey Group: Donald Rumsfeld's Al Qaeda
* Turkey, Drugs, Faustian Alliances & Sibel Edmonds
* United Kingdom, United States and Israel: Kings of Pain
* Don't Live the Lie, Boycott It
* Which Way John Kerry?
* The End of Freedom
* Landmine Mania: America's Love Affair with Anti-Personnel Mines
* The Ghost of Adolph Hitler: Nazi Influence in America


text:
Q: Persistent dual-monitor configuration on KDE4 I am using KDE on a laptop with Ubuntu 12.04.  In the office I am using an additional monitor for work. When I leave the office, I take my laptop with me.
My issue is that KDE cannot remember my dual-monitor setup the next day.
On Ubuntu Unity this is not an issue. It always remembers the configuration.
Has anybody here found a way to get around this issue? I need it to be persistent so that I don't have to do this each day.
Thanks. :)
EDIT:
Ubuntu - 12.04.3
KDE - 4.12.0
I am using the kubuntu-ppa/backports for Precise.
Note: KDE has System Settings > Display And Monitor > Size And Orientation to handle multiple monitor setup.

A: KDE 4.11 has a new module called KScreen. It does what you need.
But you have on old Ubuntu version. Not sure that you can backport KScreen to your KDE version.
You should upgrade KDE to version 4.11+

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Soundcloud's ads and poor audio quality make pre release streaming frustrating while other File Transfer Services aren't built for music streaming whatsoever.
Byta's Universal Links offer ease of use, better streaming security plus the option to allow downloads without recipients, removing the need for sharing two links; one for streaming and one for downloading.
Users create a share as normal but instead of sharing directly their Universal Link is sent to them via email. This link can then be passed to others for further sharing to their contacts as the sender wishes.


My very "quilt patient" husband asked me one day why I give all my quilts away and why we don't have one for our bed. So, I took the pillow in our room that I like and started shopping for coordinating fabric.
Here is most of the fabric that I found. As usual . . . I LOVE THE COLORS !!!
I took a basic quilting class a few years ago, and my friend taught us those basic skills while making many different blocks. I fell in love with the Greek Square and decided to make a sampler with just that square.
While putting the top together, I saw a quilt one day with a quilting pattern that fascinated me. The quilt had been displayed in the store for many years. The employees did a little research for me and found the pattern. It's called Chantilly, by Black Forest Quilting.
This is a very large, heavy quilt. 1/2 way through the quilting, my machine started acting up, a problem I have with the tension from time to time while free-motion quilting, probably because there is a lot of pulling and tugging. I've decided to work on something else until I can get my machine serviced.
I have since decided to add another border to this quilt, to make it larger. I've learned that it's not easy to add to a quilt once you have put it together. It's back on the back burner.


A lien release bond may be required to remove a lien on a property. It is designed to replace the property as security for the lien.
When Will You Need to Obtain a Release of Lien Bond?
A lien may be placed on a property due to non-payment to a supplier or contractor involved in the construction or some other work completed on the property. For the lien to be removed from the property prior to satisfying the lien holder's claim, a judge may require a lien release bond be put in place.
The lien release bond allows for the removal of the lien on the property. The lien is instead attached to a surety bond. The property owner is typically the principal on the bond, the party ultimately responsible for satisfying the lien. The responsibility is not shifted when the bond is put in place. The bonded property owner is still financially liable to the surety in instances where the surety has to pay a claim on the bond.
A release of lien bond amount is determined by the court. The required bond amount is based on the amount of the lien. The bond amount set by the judge may exceed the amount of the lien. It's not uncommon to see bond amounts set at 110% of the lien's face value.
How Much Does a Release of Lien Bond Cost?
The cost of a release of lien bond is very much tied to the credit and financial status of the principal applying for the bond. Expressed as a percentage of the bond amount, the typical price range for the lien release bond is from 1% to 5%. However, quotes for this bond can come in higher than the stated range. As with most surety bonds, the better the credit and financial standing of the principal, the lower the quotes will be.
In some cases, quotes may contain collateral. A surety may provide a quote with a lower rate for a collateralized release of lien bond. In these cases, some form of collateral security, acceptable to the surety, is used to help mitigate the risk and can allow the surety to provide a lower rate.
What Will You Need to Include in a Lien Release Bond Request?
Court Bond Application: This application outlines the release of lien bond request and provides information about the principal who is requesting the bond.
Court Documentation: Court documents offer details related to the case to the release of lien bond company.
Lien: This includes the initial lien filed against a contractor, information about the lien amount and parties that claim a payment is overdue.
Business Financial Statements: Balance sheets, income statements and other financial statements are required if a corporation is submitting a release of lien bond request.
Personal Financial Statement: If an individual is issuing a lien release bond request, he or she will need to provide a personal financial statement.
Current Bank Statements: Current bank statement that verify a principal's assets will need to be provided to a release of lien bond provider.
Viking provides release of lien bonds nationally and has for over a decade. Our agents work to gain the best quotes and terms for our clients. Our agents will let you know exactly what is required for your specific bonding request. Call us to get started today.


With no influenza-related deaths reported last week, San Diego County's final flu report of the season shows a death toll of 341 people out of 20,747 cases overall, the county Health and Human Services Agency announced Wednesday.
County officials monitor the flu all year, so totals could change from now through June 30 when the current season officially ends.
The flu claimed San Diego County residents aged 1 to 101 years old this flu season. Forty-four percent were under 65 years old and most of the patients who died had underlying medical conditions, according to the county.
Last week, 96 lab-confirmed flu cases were reported: a decrease from 101 cases the previous week. Patients with flu-like symptoms accounted for 1 percent of emergency department visits.
There were 86 flu deaths this time last season, and 5,484 cases.
The high number of deaths this year is due to an unusually severe flu season, but also better reporting and tracking by the local medical community, according to county health officials.


text:
Kappa Tucanae, Latinised from, κ Tucanae, is a quadruple star system in the southern constellation Tucana. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of either +4.25 or +4.86, depending on the source. The system is located approximately 68 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +8 km/s.

The system consists of two binary pairs separated by 5.3 arcminutes.  The brightest star, Kappa Tucanae A, is a yellow-white F-type subgiant with an apparent magnitude of +5.0.  Its binary companion, Kappa Tucanae B, has a magnitude of 7.74 and is located about 6″ away from the primary. It completes an orbit around the primary every 857 years.

The other binary pair, the magnitude +7.8 C, and the magnitude +8.4 D, are closer to one another, at 1.12 arcseconds, or at least 23 astronomical units. They orbit each other once every 86.2 years.

References

F-type subgiants
4
Tucana (constellation)
Tucanae, Kappa
Durchmusterung objects
007788
005842
0377


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Healthcare workers (HCWs) hands are the most common vehicle for the transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens. Evidence-based guidelines for healthcare workers' hand hygiene practices exist, but compliance with these is internationally low. Monitoring hand hygiene compliance and providing healthcare workers with feedback regarding their performance are considered integral parts of a successful hand hygiene promotion program. But in India very few studies addressed the issue of hand hygiene compliance. The main aim of the study was to assess the hand hygiene compliance among different health care workers.
This was a cross sectional study. The infection control professionals randomly observed the compliance of hand hygiene practices of different health care workers during their routine patient care in different wards. The HCWs were unaware that they were being observed.
In the present study 340 hand hygiene activates were observed. Alcohol based hand rub (69%) was the principle mode of hand hygiene among HCWs. Nurses (37%) & Doctors (28%) were the main participants compared to other ancillary staffs. Hand hygiene compliance before and after patient/environment contact among doctors, nurses and ancillary staffs were 66%, 62% and 54% respectively. Doctors, nurses and ancillary staffs were followed hand hygiene steps orderly in 69%, 56% and 51% of the times.
Hand hygiene compliance rate among doctors and nurse were high compared to ancillary staffs. Doctors followed Hand hygiene steps orderly on most of the occasions. Ancillary staffs need to be educated about hand hygiene to improve their compliance.