The 1943 propaganda film Millions Like Us features a young upper middle class woman assigned to a job in an aircraft factory and having to adjust to a new working class world and some rough and ready characters.
During the First World War on Tyneside, the experiences of Ruth Dodds foreshadowed the later film plot.
Coincidentally, in 1943, it was author and playwright Ruth with her sisters Hope and Sylvia who founded the Little Theatre in Gateshead. It was the only theatre to open in Britain during the Second World War.
The sisters were the daughters of businessman and amateur historian Edwin Dodds.
Ruth attended Gateshead High School for Girls up to the age of 15, after which she was a boarding pupil at Clapham High School, London.
Eventually, she returned to live with her family at Home House in Kells Lane in Low Fell in Gateshead.
Ruth enjoyed writing fairy tales but, with her sister Hope, she also wrote a definitive church history titled The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536-1537.
This historical account of the risings against Henry VIII was published in 1915, during the war years, when Ruth found herself as one of thousands of North East women who worked long shifts in the region's munitions factories.
In her diaries she records observations on her working life at Armstrong's armaments factory in Newcastle, and also her feelings about the war.
The 29 diaries and two notebooks, which also contain her poetry and stories, were placed with Tyne Wear Archives 10 years ago, covering the years from 1905-74, with a gap from 1932-37.
They came to the attention of Newcastle musician and composer Phil Begg, one of seven artists who have drawn inspiration from the collections of Tyne Wear Archives and Museums (TWAM) to produce audio-visual works based on the war and its impact on people in the area.
The result is Decoded 1914-18, a joint venture of art installations between TWAM and Newcastle University Institute for Creative Arts Practice, which run at venues in Newcastle and Gateshead until February 28.
Phil Begg has created a sound installation of music and the spoken word, based on Ruth's diaries and other writing, using one of her lines – Shiver the Flowers Like Fear – as the title.
"It's a really beautiful line from one of her poems," says Phil.
"After I signed up for the project, I looked through a lot of material in the archives, and the diaries jumped out.
"I wanted to home in on individual experiences and her accounts are beautifully written.
Archivist Alan Hayward says: "The Ruth Dodds material is a fascinating insight into a remarkable woman.
"She clearly thinks for herself and she feels the same for German families who have lost men as British families who have lost soldiers.
"There is something of the pacifist in her yet she is helping to make shells at Armstrong's factory which will kill people and, in the diaries, she is working out how she can justify this.
In her diary, Ruth writes: "I hate war and I hate killing and yet I am right to make munitions. I thought once that I could not, but since then I have changed my mind. And our men write saying that every shell helps to save their lives.
"I admire the German women who are working day and night for their men, and shall I not imitate what I admire? I cannot stop the war by holding back, but I and my like may shorten this war by working.
Ruth was secretary of the Gateshead branch of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and, during the First World War, she also worked for the Soldiers and Sailors Families' Association.
There is now a commemorative blue plaque on the wall of Home House to the sisters, who put up the money to buy the Little Theatre site and construct the building.
The sisters were members of the Progressive Players company, formed by Gateshead Independent Labour Party Amateur Dramatic Club, and they took an active part in the production of plays. Ruth had adapted a version of Thomas Wilson's The Pitman's Pay about Thomas Hepburn, the miners' union pioneer, which successfully toured the North East during the 1920s.
Ruth, who with sister Hope had joined the Newcastle Quakers, became a prominent Labour politician in Gateshead during the 1930s and was present at the opening of both the Redheugh and Sunderland Road libraries.
In 1925, she took over as editor of the monthly newspaper, Gateshead Labour News, and in 1929 she was elected as a Labour councillor .
In 1966, Ruth became the first woman to be made a Freeman of Gateshead. She died in 1976.
Phil Begg's installation is at Shipley Art Gallery Lounge, Gateshead from today until February 28.
The diaries are also an influence on actress and writer Tracy Gillman's installation The Handmaidens of Death, based on munitions workers, at Tyne Wear Archives from Friday until February 23.
Father went to Durham today in a carriage full of the 8th Durham Territorials. Pit hinnies all who have never obeyed any man's order, rowdy lads, with the pitman's low-legged slouch to serve for marching, strong & short & ignorant but all in the highest spirits.
When I was at work in shop 40 on Saturday last this commonplace, vulgar music-hall like song came into my head & I nearly wept over it.
On Sunday when I thought of it I felt too much ashamed to write it down. But today I got a book of poetry out of the Lit & Phil & the preface is all about writing poetry out of emotions roused by the things you are really in touch with & see & feel every day, even if they are of necessity in vulgar language. So I wrote it down after all.
I had a good day at Armstrong's yesterday & did 108 fuses.
It's a curious thing I can't pray so much now. I should like to pray for victory, but somehow it seems a contradiction to expect God to interfere in a war. God is God of all the world, & how can he fight for Germany or England?
The Holmes's are taking in a Belgian baby. I cant help thinking that we ought to. Of course it would be horrid if it was a nasty child, but if one got it small enough that would hardly show.
I'm proud of our war motto "Business as usual". It is worthy of a nation of shopkeepers; that is a finer thing to be than a nation of soldiers.
How I hate the times with no sympathy for any but the well-to-do! Men are so apt to be like that: to think that if you're comfortable you're worthy, & the poorer you are the worse you must be.


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US20040013702A1 - Implantable devices for the controlled release of cytotoxic agents - Google Patents
Implantable devices for the controlled release of cytotoxic agents Download PDF
implantable device
cytotoxic agent
Eugene Glover
Mentor Worldwide LLC
2002-07-16 Application filed by Mentor Worldwide LLC filed Critical Mentor Worldwide LLC
2002-10-21 Assigned to MENTOR CORPORATION reassignment MENTOR CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GLOVER, EUGENE G.
A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
A61K9/0024—Solid, semi-solid or solidifying implants, which are implanted or injected in body tissue
A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
A61K9/1635—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
An implantable device that includes at least one sealed chamber containing any of a variety of therapeutic or cytotoxic agents is described. The device is implanted into the patient at one or more sited requiring treatment, e.g., at several sites within a tumor. Once the device is implanted in the patient, the chamber retains its contents until a bioresorbable element of the chamber (e.g., a seal) dissolves, creating an opening through which the agent migrates out of the chamber and enters the body. The bioresorbable element can be simply a plug seal in a plastic or metal chamber. Alternatively, all or part of the chamber itself can be formed of a bioresorbable material. The agent can be chemical or biological.
Various implantable drug delivery systems designed to achieve controlled release of a therapeutic agent are known in the art. Many such systems are designed to maintain a constant, systemic therapeutic drug level over an extended period of time. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,965 describes an implantable, biocompatible biodegradable polymer that is said to continuously deliver a stable concentration of an opioid analgesic subcutaneously for periods ranging from two weeks to more than six months. Such controlled (or sustained) release drug delivery systems are designed to maintain a constant systemic concentration of a drug, thereby avoiding the peaks and valleys inherent with oral medication or intra-muscular injection. [0001]
Some implantable drug delivery systems are designed to achieve a high, relatively constant local concentration of a drug over a relatively extended period of time. Controlled release biocompatible polymers for local drug delivery have been used for contraception, glaucoma treatment, asthma therapy and chemotherapy of cancer (Langer and Wise, eds., Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Vol. I and II, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1986)). [0002]
Controlled release devices for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to solid tumors (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,565 and RE 37,410) and for delivery of a pain killer (U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,956) are known in the art. Delayed release devices relying on the use of swelling agents (U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,009) or degradable microspheres (U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,885) are also known in the art. One common treatment for prostate cancer, breast cancer and other cancers in which the cancer remains encapsulated, entails placing a number of capsules (brachytherapy seeds) containing a small amount of radioactive material in and around the tumor. The brachytherapy seeds are left within the patient for a period of time to expose the tumor to killing radiation without significantly exposing surrounding healthy tissue to killing radiation. [0003]
FIG. 1 depicts a cross-section of an implantable capsule having a biodegradable seal at one end. [0004]
FIG. 2 depicts a cross-section of an implantable capsule having a biodegradable seal at each end. [0005]
FIG. 3 depicts a cross-section of an implantable capsule formed of biodegradable material. [0006]
FIG. 4 depicts a cross-section of an implantable capsule having two chambers each of which is sealed with a biodegradable seal.[0007]
The invention features a device that when implanted into a patient can deliver a direct dose of therapeutic or cytotoxic agent to a localized area of the body without subjecting the patient to systemic exposure to the therapeutic or cytotoxic agent. The implantable device includes at least one sealed chamber containing any of a variety of therapeutic or cytotoxic agents. The device is implanted into the patient at one or more sited requiring treatment, e.g., at several sites within a tumor. Once the device is implanted in the patient, the chamber retains its contents until a bioresorbable element of the chamber (e.g., a seal) dissolves, creating an opening through which the agent migrates out of the chamber and enters the body. The bioresorbable element can be simply a plug seal in a plastic or metal chamber. Alternatively, all or part of the chamber itself can be formed of a bioresorbable material. The agent can be chemical or biological. [0008]
Such a device could be useful in the treatment of encapsulated cancers, as with brachytherapy seeds or in the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) or swelling of the prostate. The device can be filled with a cytotoxic agent, implanted into the prostate where it would remain for a time and then release the agent into the area surrounding the device causing the destruction of a small amount of tissue. [0009]
In one embodiment, the invention features an implantable device for localized delivery of an agent to a region of the body, the device comprising: (a) a chamber having one or more sealable openings and (b) a therapeutic or cytotoxic agent contained within the chamber, wherein the sealable openings are releasably sealed with a biodegradable polymer that retains the therapeutic or cytotoxic agent within the chamber for at least a first predetermined time period after implantation. In various embodiments the first predetermined period of time is more than one day but less than 100 days, less than 90 days, less than 80 days, less than 70 days, less than 60 days, less than 50 days, less than 40 days, less than 30 days, less than 20 days, less than 10 days, and less than five days. [0010]
Once the first predetermined period of time has elapsed, essentially all of the agent is free to come into contact with surrounding tissue (although it must migrate out of the chamber to do so). [0011]
In various embodiments the chamber is formed of a biodegradable material that does not substantially degrade within the first predetermined time period after implantation, the chamber is formed of a metal, the chamber is formed of a non-biodegradable material, the biodegradable polymer degrades by bulk erosion, the biodegradable polymer degrades by surface erosion, the chamber is formed of silicone rubber, and the devise further comprises a biocompatible coating on the outer surface of the chamber. The chamber can be any suitable shape including cylindrical and ovoid. [0012]
The device can include a plurality of chambers that are linked together. The chambers can differ in size, shape and other properties. [0013]
In one embodiment, the implantable device comprises at least a first chamber having at least one opening releasably sealed with a biodegradable polymer that retains the cytotoxic agent within the first chamber for at least a first predetenmined time period after implantation and at least a second chamber releasably sealed with a biodegradable polymer that retains the cytotoxic agent within the second chamber for a time period that is greater than the first predetermined time period after implantation. [0014]
The implantable device can further comprise a therapeutic or cytotoxic agent admixed with a biodegradable polymer or otherwise formulated for controlled release. [0015]
The present invention features implantable devices containing a chemically active, non-selective cytotoxic agent (e.g., an acid, base, or salt) or selective cytotoxic agent that specifically targets particular cellular factor (e.g., the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin) or a therapeutic agent. The implantable devices include one or more capsules or chambers that are partially or completely filled with the agent. The capsules or chambers release their therapeutic cytotoxic agent after a predetermined time period (e.g., an hour, a few hours, a day, a few days, a week, or several weeks) subsequent to implantation within the patient, e.g., within a prostate tumor. The release of the agent takes place and is complete, in most cases, and over a relatively short period of time such that a relatively high local concentration of the therapeutic or cytotoxic agent is achieved in the region of the implant. Thus, in some embodiments, essentially all of the agent within the chamber is free to come into contact with body tissue simultaneously (e.g., within minutes or a few hours). [0016]
The capsules have one or more sealable openings that are sealed with a biodegradable polymer that degrades and releases the cytotoxic agent from the capsules after the implant has been within the patient for at least a predetermined time period. Depending on the biodegradable polymer used, the thickness of the material and other factors, the initial release of material within the capsule does not begin until hours, days, or weeks after implantation. Under some circumstances it can be desirable to implant a variety of capsules, e.g., a first type of capsule which begins to release its contents after a first period of time (e.g., a few days) can be implanted along with a second type of capsule which begins to release its contents after a second, longer period of time (e.g., two weeks). In some circumstances it can be desirable to implant into a patient several of two, three, four or more types of capsules. [0017]
The implant can be designed to release the therapeutic cytotoxic agent in a particular direction (or directions) relative to the position of the implant. For example, the one or more capsules making up the implant can be designed to release the cytotoxic agent through an opening that is located on a particular face of the capsule. The implant is then inserted into a tumor such that opening in each capsule faces the most massive portion of the tumor. [0018]
The implantable device can include a number of separate capsules that are implanted together. The various capsules can be designed to release the same or different agents and to release their contents at approximately the same time or at different times. For example, an implant might consist of five linked capsules. The first capsule could be designed to release a cytotoxic agent approximately one day after implantation, the second capsule could be designed to release a cytotoxic agent two days after implantation, the third capsule could be designed to release a cytotoxic agent after three days, and so on. The various capsules can be connected to each other in variety of geometries so as to achieve a desired distribution pattern for the cytotoxic agent. Linking the capsules decreases the migration of the capsules within the patient's body. The links between capsules can be formed of the same material as the capsules themselves or the can be formed of a different material. [0019]
A single capsule can have two or more chambers each containing the same or different agents. The two chambers can be designed to release their contents essentially simultaneously or at different times. [0020]
The capsules will in many cases be designed to resist breakdown within the patient's body. Thus, the capsules can be formed of silicone or metal and can be removed from the patient at some point after they have released their cytotoxic agent. [0021]
In an alternative embodiment, the capsules can be wholly or partially biodegradable. Thus, a capsule can be a hollow body that is formed of a biodegradable material and is partially or wholly filled with a therapeutic or cytotoxic agent or a therapeutic or cytotoxic agent compounded or admixed with other materials, e.g., a biodegradable polymer. A portion of the wall of the hollow body can be designed to biodegrade after a specified relatively short period of time such that the cytotoxic agent is released over a very short period of time. The remainder of the capsule can biodegrade more slowly after all or substantially all of the cytotoxic agent has been released. [0022]
The capsule can be a hollow body with a biodegradable portion that permits the release of a therapeutic or cytotoxic agent that is itself combined with an agent delays the effect of the agent. For example, the hollow body is filled with a sustained release formulation of the cytotoxic agent. In addition, the capsule can contain a portion of agent that is active immediately upon release from the capsule and one or more additional portions of the same or different agent that are active only after a certain time after release from the capsule. [0023]
The implantable device can include one or more metal capsules of the type used for brachytherapy seeds. The capsule (or chamber) is a hollow body having one or more releaseably sealed openings for filling of the capsule with cytotoxic agent and for subsequent release of the cytotoxic agent. The opening or openings are sealed with a synthetic or natural biodegradable polymer seal (plug) formed of polylactic acid (PLA) polyglycolic acid (PGA), PLA/PGA copolymers or the like. [0024]
FIG. 1 depicts a cross-section of a capsule according to one embodiment of the invention. The walls [0025] 3 are metal, e.g., stainless steel, and the plug 5 at one end is formed of a biodegradable polymer. The chamber is filled with a cytotoxic agent 7.
FIG. 2 depicts a cross-section of an alternative embodiment of the invention. The capsule is cylindrical with silicone walls [0026] 9. The capsule has a biodegradable plug 11 at each end and is filled with a therapeutic agent 13.
The implantable device can implanted using, e.g., a hypodermic needle or biopsy needle as with brachytherapy techniques. The implant remains relatively inert while the insertion wound heals. Gradually, the biodegradable seal dissolves until it becomes dislodged, thereby releasing the cytotoxic agent. The cytotoxic agent is designed to be toxic to the immediately surrounding cells due to the relatively high local concentration of the agent. More remote cells and tissue would be spared and the cytotoxic agent would be tissue be safely absorbed by the body. [0027]
Suitable cytotoxic agents include salts (e.g., NaCl) acids (HCl, acetic acid), bases (NaOH), phenol, and other non-specific cytotoxic agents. Synthetic biodegradable polymers include: PLA and PGA, noted above, polyanhydrides, polyhydroxy acids and copolymers thereof, polyesters, polyamides, and polyorthoesters. Natural biodegradable polymers include proteins and polysaccharides such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, albumin and gelatin. [0028]
Many other biodegradable materials could be used to temporarily seal the sealable openings in the capsule. For example, capralactone polymers as well as polymers of dioxanone, esteramide ortremethlyenecarbonate can be used. Each of these can be copolymerized with PLA, PGA and each other. [0029]
Biodegradable polymers can degrade by surface erosion or bulk erosion. In the case of seals or plugs for temporary closing of openings in the chambers, either type can be used, although bulk eroding polymers are preferable in many circumstances. Polymers prepared from linear aliphatic diacids are hydrophilic polymers that degrade via bulk erosion. [0030]
The time required for the biodegradable portion to degrade sufficiently to release the therapeutic or toxic agent can be altered by altering the composition of the biodegradable material. For example, one can alter the ratio of p-carboxyphenoxy propane to sebacic acid, with which it is co-polymerized. [0031]
The capsule can be formed of any biocompatible, inert material, e.g., a metal (e.g., an aluminum, copper, titanium, tantalum, nickel, or stainless steel alloy), silicone rubber, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer, polyacrylonitriles, certain polyphosphazenes, and polysulfone. [0032]
An interior portion of the chamber can be threaded to receive a threaded biodegradable seal. Alternatively, the biodegradable seal can be pressured fitted. It may be desirable to roughen or texture at least the portion of the interior surface of the chamber that comes into contact with the biodegradable seal. The seal can extend or the outside surface of the device in the region surrounding the sealable opening, and it can be desirable to roughed or texture the portion of the outside surface that comes into contact with the biodegradable seal. [0033]
The capsules can be formed from totally of biodegradable polymer. Such capsules can include portions that degrade more quickly and portions that degrade less quickly. For example, the thickness of the walls of the capsule can be variable to geometrically control the degree of biodegradation of the capsule. Such a device would release the enclosed cytotoxic agents in a direction dictated by the shape and composition of the capsule. Alternatively a capsule formed of a first slowly degrading biodegradable polymer can be provided with openings that are sealed with a more rapidly degrading biodegradable polymer. [0034]
FIG. 3 depicts the cross-section of one embodiment of a capsule formed entirely of a biodegradable material. The wall [0035] 15 of the capsule varies in thickness such that there are thinner portions 17 and thicker portions 19. The capsule is sealed with a biodegradable plug 21 and is filled with a therapeutic agent 23. The thinner wall portions 17 will degrade more quickly than the thicker wall portions 19, providing openings in the capsule. The capsule can be formed using a mold, filled with therapeutic agent and then sealed with a plug.
The capsule or capsules of the implantable device can contain microencapsulated cytotoxic agents. The microencapsulation is designed to achieve sustained release of the chemical cytotoxic agent. When the capsule releases the microencapsulated cytotoxic agent, release of the cytotoxic agent into the surrounding cells is initiated. This release would then occur at the rate determined by the degree or type of microencapsulation. Such an arrangement provides further time and migration control over the chemical release properties. [0036]
The cytotoxic agent can be microencapsulated using any of a variety of sustained release formulations. For example, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) is commonly used to achieve sustained release of therapeutic agents. EVA is biocompatible, non-inflammatory, and largely non-biodegradable. A variety of factors including: the molecular weight, charge and lipid solubility of the agent, the charge and other characteristics of the polymer, and the percentage loading of the agent all can influence the release kinetics of the agent. Formulation of various drugs with EVA is well-known in the art (Sefton et al. (1985) [0037] J. Pharm. Sci. 73:1859; Brown et al. (1983) J. Pharm Sci. 1181; Brook et al. (1984) Br. Den. J. 157:11). Because EVA is largely non-biodegradable, the microcapsules can be removed from the patient largely intact if necessary.
Cytotoxic chemical agents can be incorporated into a biodegradable polymer. In this embodiment, there is no separate hollow chamber that is filled with the cytotoxic agent. Instead the implant comprises a number of unitary bodies. As the implant device is degraded by the body, the entrapped cytotoxic agent is released in a manner similar to more conventional sustained release drug delivery. The regulating factors here would be the local concentration caused by the rate of decay of the biodegradable carrier versus the rate at which the body can absorb and clear the cytotoxic agent. This approach would most likely result in lower concentrations of active ingredients. [0038]
Whether the biodegradable polymer is synthetic or natural, the cytotoxic agent is released by diffusion, degradation of the polymer, or a combination thereof. As noted above, biodegradable polymers can degrade by bulk erosion or surface erosion. Those that dissolve by surface erosion are preferred where more linear release is required. [0039]
The capsule can have multiple chambers, each of which can be filled with the same agent or with different agents. The chambers can be designed to release their contents essentially simultaneously or not. For example, it may be desirable to provide a first chamber sealed with a thicker or more slowly degrading plug and a second chamber sealed with a thinner or more quickly degrading plug. [0040]
FIG. 4 depicts one embodiment of a cylindrical, multi-chamber capsule. The wall [0041] 25 of the capsule is metal, e.g., stainless steel. A dividing wall 27 bisects the cylinder to create a first chamber 29 and a second chamber 31. The first chamber is sealed with a relatively thick biodegradable plug 33 and the second chamber is sealed with a relatively thin biodegradable plug 35.
Therapeutic and Cytotoxic Agents [0042]
The devices of the invention can contain any desired therapeutic or cytotoxic agent. The amount and the concentration of the agent in a given chamber will depend on the disorder being treated, the patient being treated and other factors. The entire chamber need not be completely filled with the agent. Instead, a chamber can be partially filled. The devices of the invention are particularly useful for administration of agents that are preferably not systemically administered. [0043]
Treatment with the Device [0044]
The device of the invention is useful in any situation in which it is desirable to achieve delayed release of a therapeutic or cytotoxic agent followed by high drug loading once the agent is released. For example, the device can be used in the treatment of solid tumors to locally release a high dosage of cytotoxic or chemotherapeutic agent directly to the tumor. [0045]
The implantable devices of the invention can be introduced into a patient surgically by directly exposing the region into which they are to be implanted. Alternatively, they can be injected using a needle-like device in much the same manner that brachytherapy seeds are implanted (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,28,130 and 6,361,487). Endoscopic cameras and ultrasound can be used to guide the placement of the devices. [0046]
Kits [0047]
Two or more devices can be provided in a kit comprising the devices and packaging to contain the devices. The kit can contain devices containing the same or different therapeutic or cytotoxic agents. The kit can package together devices containing the same or different therapeutic or cytotoxic agents and having different release times such that some of the devices in the kit release their contents after a first predetermined time and other devices in the kit release their contents after a second predetermined time. The kit can be assembled such that each device releases its contents after a different predetermined time. Thus, a kit might contain a device that releases it contents after about one week, a device that releases it contents after about two weeks, a device that releases its contents after about three weeks, and a device that releases its contents after about four weeks. The kit can include also instructions for administering or implanting the devices. [0048]
Other Embodiments [0049]
The implants of the invention can include a combination of delayed release capsules and continuous release compositions. Thus, a patient could, in a single implantation procedure, be treated with capsules that would achieve a delayed and relatively concentrated release of a cytotoxic agent and with a controlled release implant of a cytotoxic agent, e.g., a chemotherapeutic agent. Suitable chemotherapeutic agents include: doxorubicin, ternozolamide, taxol, paclitaxel, carbplatinum, and cisplatinum. For treatment of prostate cancer, suitable chemotherapeutic agents include: docetaxel, estramustine, bicalutamide and goserelin acetate. [0050]
The capsules can be formed by molding or casting. In addition, the implant can take the form of a continuous extrusion or co-extrusion such that the size or length of the implant could be under control of the surgeon. In the case of an encapsulation extrusion the surgeon could perform a simple crimping operation to reseal the cut ends of the implant.[0051]
1. An implantable device for localized delivery of an agent to a region of the body of a patient, the device comprising:
(a) at least one chamber having one or more sealable openings; and
(b) a therapeutic or a cytotoxic agent contained within the at least one chamber,
wherein the one or more sealable openings are releasably sealed with a biodegradable polymer that retains the therapeutic or cytotoxic agent within the chamber for at least a first predetermined time period after implantation of the device in a patient.
2. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein the chamber is formed of a biodegradable material that does not substantially degrade within the first predetermined time period after implantation.
3. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein the chamber is formed of a non-biodegradable material.
4. The implantable device of claim wherein the chamber is formed of a metal selected from the group consisting of a stainless steel alloy, a copper alloy, aluminum, tantalum, titanium alloy, and a nickel alloy.
5. The implantable device of claim 3 wherein the chamber is formed of silicone rubber.
6. The implantable device of claim 1 further comprising biocompatible coating on the outer surface of the device.
7. The implantable device of claim 1 further comprising a lubricious coating on the outside of the device.
8. The implantable device of claim 1 further comprising an antibiotic coating on the outside of the device.
9. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein the device is cylindrical.
10. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein the device is ovoid.
11. The implantable device of claim 1 comprising a plurality of chambers.
12. The implantable device of claim 1 comprising at least two chambers.
13. The implantable device of claim 12 comprising at least a first chamber having at least one opening releasably sealed with a biodegradable polymer that retains the therapeutic or cytotoxic agent within the first chamber for at least a first predetermined time period after implantation and at least a second chamber having at least one opening releasably sealed with a biodegradable polymer that retains the therapeutic or cytotoxic agent within the second chamber for a time after implantation that is greater than the first predetermined time period after implantation.
14. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic or cytotoxic agent is admixed with a biodegradable polymer.
15. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein the biodegradable polymer degrades by bulk erosion.
16. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein the biodegradable polymer degrades by surface erosion.
17. The implantable device of claim 1 having a first chamber filled with a first therapeutic or cytotoxic agent and a second chamber filled with a second, different therapeutic or cytotoxic agent.
18. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein the chamber is filled with a cytotoxic agent selected from the group consisting of: an acid, a base, and salt.
19. The implantable device of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic or cytotoxic agent is encapsulated.
20. The implantable device of claim 1 comprising a plurality of chambers, each chamber connected to at least one other chamber by a flexible linkage.
21. An implantable device for localized delivery of an agent to a region of the body, the device comprising:
(a) at least one chamber formed of a biodegradable material and having one or more sealable openings; and
(b) a therapeutic or a cytotoxic agent contained within the chamber,
wherein the sealable openings are releasably sealed with a biodegradable polymer and wherein the biodegradable polymer retains the therapeutic or cytotoxic agent within the chamber for at least a first predetermined time period after implantation.
22. The device of claim 1 wherein the predetermined period of time is more than one day, but less than 100 days.
23. The device of claim 1 wherein the predetermined period of time is more than one day, but less than 50 days.
25. A kit comprising two or more of the devices of claim 1 or claim 21 and instructions for use contained in packaging.
26. The kit of claim 25 wherein the two or more devices retain their therapeutic or cytotoxic agents for different predetermined periods of time.
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US9295389B2 (en) 2012-12-17 2016-03-29 Novartis Ag Systems and methods for priming an intraocular pressure sensor in an intraocular implant
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US9572712B2 (en) 2012-12-17 2017-02-21 Novartis Ag Osmotically actuated fluidic valve
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US9615970B2 (en) 2009-09-21 2017-04-11 Alcon Research, Ltd. Intraocular pressure sensor with external pressure compensation
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US9681983B2 (en) 2014-03-13 2017-06-20 Novartis Ag Debris clearance system for an ocular implant
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Probably the biggest addition with the February updates is the addition of Annual Passes, which provide a way for organizations to pay in advance for a certain level of organizer activity. This reduces monthly billing variance and provides steep discounts to the organization.
* Grab a (potentially) new audio bridge when a meeting is rescheduled. We were seeing some collisions in which a meeting was scheduled over the top of another meeting with the same conference ID.
* Detect and clean up broken entity tags on the tag admin page.
* Fix bug in entity tag deletion that was causing broken references to tags.
* iPad friendliness for making some links more "finger sized"
* Add the ability to set the billing address apart from the owner email.


text:
earth science erosion
What is the main difference between erosion and weathering?
Weathering is just the breaking down of rocks while erosion is the weathering AND transportation of rocks
The ingredients of erosion are:
1. _____________
2. the _________
3. _________________
agents of erosion
the driving force for erosion is _____ and or _______
sun, gravity
What is the term for the downslope movement of sediments?
all gravity pulls towards __________
A) the athmosphere
B) the earth's surface
C) the lithosphere
D) the equator
E) the earth's center
What is another term for landslides?
mass movement
What type of erosion is most likely to result in sediments being angular and unsorted
landslides/mass movement
The size of the sediments streams carry depend on the _______________.
stream velocity
Stream sediments are _______ and ________
A) angular, unsorted
B) flat, smooth
C) rounded, smooth
D) igneous, rounded
E) coarse, vesicular
Sediments are transported in water in three ways:
Solu____, __________, and _______
solution, suspension, and rolling
What is it called when minerals / sediments float in the water?
When minerals are dissolved in water, it is called a ________.
Water undercuts _________ bedrock.
A) tougher and more resistant
B) tougher and igneous
C) weaker and less resistant
D) weaker and igneous
The _______ the stream, the ______ the stream velocity.
steeper, faster
A(n) ________ in stream velocity will ________ the size and number of particles a stream can carry.
A) decrease, increase
B) increase, increase
C) increase, decrease
D) decrease, decrease
The _____ water goes into a stream (melt water, rain water) the ______ the stream velocity.
A) more, same
B) less, slower
C) more, slower
D) less, same
E) more, faster
F) less, faster
Areas of the _______ water velocity are just below the center of the river channel, while stream banks and the bottom are of the _______ velocity due to ________.
A) slowest, fastest, mass movement
B) slowest, fastest, friction
C) fastest, slowest, friction
D) fastest, slowest, mass movement
the _______er the stream, the ______ the velocity, the more erosion.
straighter, faster
streams erode the surface into what kind of shaped valley?
a V-shaped valley
What carves V-shaped valleys from streams into U-shaped valleys?
When freezing exceeds melting, glaciers _________. When melting exceeds freezing, glaciers _________.
advance, retreat
Can a glacier flow uphill?
Where are continental glaciers most likely to be found?
A) Patagonia and Siberia
B) Alaska and Siberia
C) Patagonia and Antarctica
D) Alaska and Patagonia
E) Greenland and Scandanavia
F) Greenland and Antarctica
What happens when sediments are dragged along the bedrock under a glacier?
They form glacial striations
__________ glaciers are found at high latitudes while _________ glaciers are found at high altitudes.
continental, mountain
What is the term for an extremely sharp peak formed by glaciers?
What is the term for a piece of land that seperates two U-shaped valleys?
Truncated spur
A u-shaped tributary to a large glacier that is far enough below it for there to be a waterfall can be called a __________________.
hanging valley
Which of the following is thicker:
A) Mountain Glaciers
B) Continental Glaciers
When a U-shaped Valley becomes flooded with saltwater from the ocean, what is it called?
A Fjord
Where is the worlds largest desert?
On average, the wind at a beach doesn't move the sand, while some days it does. It all depends on the current _____________.
wind velocity
Larger particles move by _________ while smaller particles move by __________.
saltation, suspension
In a desert, what prevents soil from forming?
What is it called when blowing sediments form dents on rocks?
pitting
When rocks appear to have a polished look, this is an example of ________.
By what method does wind erode?
What is it called when the removal of sediments lowers the ground?
This desert arch is an example of wind erosion. Why did the wind form a normal rock into this odd shape?
Because the wind eroded the weaker rock and left behind the more resistant rock.
What is the reason that mushroom rocks occur?
The reason is that most wind only erodes rock 1-2 meters above the surface.
mglicc
Flash cards for the weathering and erosion packet from Mr. Colon's 9th Earth Science class at The Summit School.


Platinum Jewellers is an established working jewellery shop situated in the heart of Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter.
We specialise in platinum and 18ct gold engagement and wedding rings, only using the best quality certified stones. We are agents for the German designed wedding ring range from Gerstner and unique cufflinks by Deakin and Francis.
We also offer specialist design services including hand made one-off pieces and computer aided drawing facilities, all carried out in-house.
As well as our own original jewellery patterns, we are happy to undertake exclusive customer designs and handmade pieces.
Certain designs, such as fitted wedding rings, are carved out of wax to your specifications and then cast in the chosen metal. Other more intricate designs are drawn, with your assistance, on computer and then bulit in wax using specialist design facilities.
We only use clean, clear and conflict free diamonds and top quality coloured stones, which we will be happy to guide you through when selecting a stone to suit taste and budget.


text:
Book on poetry, prose of Shaikh Ayaz launched
MITHI: Shaikh Ayaz was a true lover of the culture, customs, traditions and landscapes of Thar. His verses and prose on the desert region is a glaring example of his love for and deep attachment to Thar. This was stated by Prof Mohammad Hingorjo at the launch of Jaag ja bhaag ahyoon preen (we are […]
Print Media Book Launched, Culture and Traditions, poetry
Jaun Elia – popular but not great
KARACHI: Among the many tributes and eulogies that flooded social media after the APS attack in 2014 was actor Ahsan Khan's Facebook post. Ab nahi koi baat khatray ki, ab sabhi ko sabhi sae khatra hai (There's nothing left to be scared of, for everyone is scared of everyone), said the post. It was nothing out of […]
Arts and Entertainment death anniversary, Jaun Elia, poetry, Urdu
Delhi's masters of Urdu poetry remembered at book launch
KARACHI: Saif Mahmood is not just a poetry and literary critic but a prominent Indian lawyer — an advocate of the Supreme Court of India — who loves the Urdu language. His book Beloved Delhi — A Mughal City and Her Greatest Poets was launched in Karachi in a session that was held at The […]
Arts and Entertainment Language, poetry, Urdu
Shah Latif`s verses carry the message of freedom
KARACHI: Speakers at the launch of a transladon of Shah jo Rüalo on Thursday said Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai was one of the first few poets of olden times who championed freedom of individuals and nations with desire to see peace and prosperity across the globe. `Go through his entire poetry; analyse his characters and […]
Print Media Karachi, poetry, Shah-jo-Risalo
The kingdom of Urdu literature
KARACHI: An engaging conversation, a witty sense of humour and a love for the Urdu language. These are all part of the offering each time Zehra Nigah sits down to talk. And at the Habib University on Wednesday, while addressing students, professors and lovers of Urdu adab, she shared her passion for the Urdu classics […]
Arts and Entertainment poetry, Urdu language, Urdu Literature, Zehra Nigah
'Facebook is an effective platform for emerging poets'
Arts and Entertainment, New Media, Print Media
LARKANA: Saeed Memon is a poet of nature and his poetry is one of the strongest and representative voices in modern Sindhi literature because of its scholastic value, depth of ideas, spontaneity and accurate portrayal of human tragedies. These thoughts were expressed by poets and writers at the launching ceremony of Saeed Memon's anthology Azal […]
Arts and Entertainment, New Media, Print Media Online Media, poetry, Saeed Memon, Sindhi Literature
'Parveen's poetry had metaphor of death much before her passing away'
KARACHI: Parveen Shakir's poetry is exceptional because it has wisdom (daanish) in it which is unique to the poetess herself. At the same time being a student of linguistics and a reader of world literature she's able to develop her own poetic diction. This was said by Prof Sahar Ansari in his speech on the […]
Arts and Entertainment Parveen Shakir, poetry, tribute
Contemporary Urdu poets: who is greatest of them all?
Arts and Entertainment, Print Media
WHAT makes a great verse? Is it theme, philosophy, imagery, precision, words or emotions? All of them, it seems. But there can hardly be any consensus about the ingredients of a great poem and everybody has his/ her own, personal criterion for great poetry. The choice of a favourite poet is, largely, a matter of […]
Arts and Entertainment, Print Media Faheem Islam Ansari, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, poetry, Urdu Literarture
Literary Notes: Urdu literature in 2015: research and criticism take centre stage
IT is generally perceived that Pakistan's cultural and political environment is more conducive to produce Urdu's imaginative and creative writings — such as fiction, poetry and satire — and Indian Urdu writers, on the other hand, have come up with some remarkably fine pieces of research and critical works. But the recent trends do not […]
Arts and Entertainment Creative Writings, Fiction, poetry, Satire
Remembering Parveen Shakir — poet's 21st death anniversary observed
ISLAMABAD: The 21st death anniversary of the renowned poet, teacher and civil servant Parveen Shakir was observed on Saturday. Members of the Parveen Shakir Trust and Pakistan Academy of Letters (PAL) chairperson Qasim Bogio visited Ms Shakir's grave this morning, and placed wreaths at her grave. Ms Shakir began writing at an early age, and […]
Arts and Entertainment Literature, Parveen Shakir, poetry
'Poetry and films are like zebra's white and black stripes'
KARACHI: Film and poetry buffs were treated to a selection of fine short films from the critically acclaimed ZEBRA Poetry Film Festival screened at T2F on Friday evening. The event was part of the ongoing poetry project initiated by the Goethe Institut. Introducing the films to the audience, Goethe Institut Director Stefan Winkler said the […]
Arts and Entertainment Festival, Film, poetry, T2F
Where colours are better felt than understood
Karachi: Veteran author and critique Ahmad Javed once said that legendary poet Meer Taqi Meer had blended human feelings in his poetry so cleverly that they had gone beyond the capacity of a reader's sense of feeling. "They show up as complex compounds of emotions; therefore, a reader has to enhance his sensory capacity to […]
Arts and Entertainment Artist, Colours, Gallery, poetry
Rococo and Other Worlds translation launched
KARACHI: A book of Afzal Ahmed Syed's poetry collection, Rococo and Other Worlds, translated from Urdu to English by Musharraf Ali Farooqi, was launched at the Alliance Francaise Karachi on Monday evening. A conversation between Syed and writer Dr Asif Farrukhi enabled book lovers to understand fundamental themes in the collection and the genesis of […]
Arts and Entertainment, Print Media Book, Dr. Asif Farrukhi, poetry, Rococo and other worlds
Karachi Literature Festival
The Karachi Literature Festival (KLF) has, in a fairly short span of time, turned into one of the country's most vibrant and key arts and literature platforms. In times when the humdrum of trying daily routines, the gruelling rat race of professional life and a dismal security situation has drained the common citizen, this open-to-all […]
Arts and Entertainment Art-starved, Arts and literature platforms, Karachi Literature Festival, paintings, poetry, Sindh Culture


text:
What's on Netflix > What's New on Netflix > What's New on Netflix Australia (AU) > What's New on Netflix Australia This Week: May 15th, 2020
What's New on Netflix Australia This Week: May 15th, 2020
by Jacob Robinson @JRobinsonWoN on May 15, 2020, 9:02 am EST
The Wrong Missy is now available to stream on Netflix Australia
It's a busy week on Netflix with 46 new movies and TV series to be binged on the Australian library. Here's what's new on Netflix Australia for June 15th, 2020.
First of all, here are the past week's top highlights:
The Wrong Missy (2020) N
The Wrong Missy has been at the top of most popular movies list on Netflix all across the world, which is a testament to the popularity of Happy Madison Productions. David Jason stars in the latest comedy alongside the hilarious Lauren Lapkus.
After meeting the Missy, the woman of his dreams, Tim invites her to his company's corporate retreat, only to realize he sent the invite to the wrong Missy.
Trial by Media: Season 1 N
Throughout our history, the media has been wildly influential on the public, and in particular the way the public perceives crime. In the latest true crime docuseries from Netflix, the media is under the microscope, and how much impact it had on some of the most famous and surreal criminal cases of the past few decades.
If you have a surround sound system at home then you need to experience the epic sound of Inception. Some of Christopher Nolan's best work is captured in the highly imaginative sci-fi thriller and features a truly excellent cast.
The art of extraction is one of the most dangerous skills in the world, infiltrating the subconscious mind while they are at their most vulnerable, extracting their biggest secrets. Dom Cobb and his crack team must pull off a near-impossible job, instead of stealing from a subconscious they must supplant an idea into the mind of a C.E.O's son. With one last hope at redemption, Cobb's biggest danger to the mission is an enemy only he could have seen coming.
Here are All the Latest Additions to Netflix Australia This Week
28 New Movies Added to Netflix Australia This Week:
Action Replayy (2010)
Aerials (2016)
Alie & Alia (2019)
Amityville: The Awakening (2017)
Andaz Apna Apna (1994)
Bittersweet (2010)
Dilan 1990 (2018)
Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007)
Heaven Without People (2017)
Human Nature (2019)
I Love You, Stupid (2019) N
Inside Man (2006)
Kangaroo Jack (2003)
Love Is Blind (2019)
Match (2017)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Pure as Snow (2019)
Rencor tatuado (2018)
The Delivery Boy (2018)
This Is Where I Leave You (2014)
Wedy Atkalam (2018)
14 New TV Shows Added to Netflix Australia This Week:
Craig Ross Jr.'s Monogamy: 2 Seasons
Inhuman Resources: 1 Season N
Learning Time with Timmy: 1 Season
Monster Math Squad: 2 Seasons
Parasyte: The Maxim: 1 Season
Schitt's Creek: Season 6
She-Ra and the Princesses of Power: Season 5 N
Strangers from Hell: Season 1
Super Why!: 3 Seasons
The Unremarkable Juanquini: Season 1 N
True: Terrific Tales: Season 1 N
Twirlywoos: 2 Seasons
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy vs the Reverend (2020) N
White Lines: Season 1 N
3 New Documentaries Added to Netflix Australia This Week:
Fire in the Blood (2012)
Have a Good Tri: Adventures in Psychedelics (2020) N
1 New Reality Series Added to Netflix Australia This Week:
Magic for Humans: Season 3 N
What are you going to be watching on Netflix Australia this week? Let us know in the comments below!
Next story When will Season 2 of 'POSE' be on Netflix?
Previous story Italian Series 'Gomorrah' Seasons 1-2 Pulled From Netflix
Coming Soon to Netflix
Netflix Original Animation Coming to Netflix in 2021 & Beyond
'The Idhun Chronicles' Not Returning for Season 3 at Netflix
What's Coming to Netflix in February 2021


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A natural politician or a skilled lawyer—and perhaps both—would provide the likely background for a candidate applying for the position of the state of California's top law enforcement officer.
The successful applicant will be expected to represent the state in court and to provide legal advice to the Legislature and the state's executive agencies. Other job duties include overseeing the state's sheriffs and district attorneys, writing titles and summaries for submitted ballot measures, and administering the Department of Justice's various criminal and civil programs.
Ambition for higher office not required, though entirely expected.
Gov. Jerry Brown tipped the scales in this race when he appointed Xavier Becerra attorney general at the end of 2016, after Kamala Harris left the post because she won a U.S. Senate seat. Since then, Becerra has gained prominence in California's confrontations with the Trump administration. He's led the state in suing the federal government more than 40 times—over environmental regulations, health care and more—and is mounting California's defense against the Trump administration's challenge of three state laws to protect undocumented immigrants.
But the job of attorney general involves more than just legal jousting with the feds—a point retired judge Steven Bailey, Becerra's Republican opponent in the November election, makes as he challenges Becerra in his first election for the job to which he was appointed. Bailey, a strident critic of California's sanctuary state laws, also says that Becerra's soft on crime and too adversarial against the Trump administration. Both Democrats and Republicans, including Bailey, have criticized Becerra for not doing enough to seize guns from Californians prohibited from owning them because of criminal convictions or mental illness—a power he has as attorney general.
In addition to being the state's top lawyer, the attorney general is also its top cop, with duties to support and oversee law enforcement agencies up and down the state. Becerra agreed in March to investigate the Sacramento Police shooting of unarmed Stephon Clark, after African American leaders had criticized him for not paying enough attention to police shootings. Bailey endeavors to put an end to what he refers to as "the California Democrats' crime wave" in part by reversing Prop 47, which in 2014 reduced penalties for certain nonviolent drug and property crimes.
Becerra is the front-runner for the job, enjoying the power of incumbency and a substantial lead in fundraising.
How concerned are Californians that undocumented students are unsafe?
California has filed more than 40 lawsuits against the federal government since Donald Trump became president. Has California sued the Trump administration too much?
High-profile police shootings have led some activists to call for changes to state law, but police reject many of the ideas as compromises to their safety. Would you embrace any policies intended to create more accountability when police use force on civilians?
California's crime rate is down since the 1980s but up slightly in the last few years. Does this uptick have anything to do with recent changes meant to reduce the state prison population and give offenders more chances at parole?
The state Department of Justice is responsible for taking firearms from felons, people who are mentally incompetent and others prohibited by law from owning them. How's that going?


text:
Caraxos (en llatí Charaxus, en grec antic Χάραξος) de Mitilene fill d'Escamandrònumos i germà de Safo va ser un poeta grec.

Enamorat desesperadament de Rodopis (Rhodopis) una hetera de Naucratis, la va rescatar de l'esclavitud per una forta suma de diners, i segons Suides es va casar amb ella. Per aquest fet, diu Herodot, la seva germana Safo va satiritzar al seu germà en un poema quan va tornar a Mitilene, però també es pot llegir en un altre passatge que en realitat va satiritzar a Rodopis. Ateneu de Nàucratis contradient Herodot, diu que Safo l'anomena Dòrica i no Rodopis, però Suides aclareix que Dòrica era el nom que li va donar Safo al seu poema.

Referències

Poetes de l'antiga Grècia
Persones de Mitilene de l'antiguitat

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Health Coach Jobs | Health Coach Resource: Coaching: the Best "Job" in the world!
I have the best "job" in the world! Everyday I get to hold the torch, clear the path and cheer people on. In those moments of weariness and distraction, I get to remind them of their successes, hopes and vision. I get to celebrate every milestone on the way and love the results they achieve!
In return, coaching educates, inspires, and connects me. The income I receive gives me a home and time freedom to engage with the projects and people I love. Coaching also keeps me accountable on my own journey to health for a life time ... What a deal!
When friends and family see our clients slimming down, walking without a pain, and grinning ear to ear, they ask "How are you doing it?" Our clients respond: "I'm working with a Health Coach and I'd love to connect you!" Word of mouth referrals grow our business and help us contribute to the health of our communities and the entire nation.
Questions: Who needs our help? Who's noticing? Who's ready to make a change now? Who are you currently reaching out to, helping, and coaching naturally? Let's get you a few more materials and tools so you can gain confidence, skills, certification, and reimbursement for your good work!!
Greg and I coach clients to better health and train coaches for better life ... We do this every day because it brings us such joy, friendship, and personal satisfaction. When you're ready, we'd like to interview you to see if you would be a good fit for our expanding, nationwide team.


text:
Best Ways to Save Money
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Budgeting for Beginners
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Investing for Beginners
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The Best Time to Buy Plane Tickets Is 76 Days in Advance, Study Says
by Nicole Dow
After dealing with canceled travel plans over the past two years, you're probably more than ready for a vacation.
But if you're not ready to see a drastic dip in your bank account balance, you've got to be proactive to get the best deal on flights.
When Is the Best Time to Buy Plane Tickets?
The sweet spot for travelers to snag the best deals on airfare is between 21 and 127 days — that's three weeks to four months — before their departure date, according to a recent CheapAir study of nearly a billion domestic flights.
This booking window is about a month longer than it has been in previous years.
If you really want to nail down the cheapest day to travel, CheapAir found that travelers who bought their plane tickets an average of 76 days (about two-and-a-half months) in advance of their flight scored the lowest price. The lowest fare on average was found to be $261.34.
If you wait until the last minute to nail down your travel plans, you'll end up paying for it. Gone are the cheap last-minute flight deals we saw during the peak of the pandemic.
Purchasing domestic flights only two to three weeks in advance of your trip means you'll pay about $30 more than if you booked between three weeks and four months in advance.
Booking one to two weeks from your departure date can cost $90 more on average. Waiting until the week of your trip might cost you about $150 more.
While planning ahead is best, you can get penalized for buying airfare too early. Booking several months in advance may result in a better selection of seats and better opportunity to snag a specific flight time, but you'll pay about $15 more on average if you purchase between 128 to 202 days (about four to six-and-a-half months) in advance.
Buying plane tickets 203 to 315 days (six-and-a-half to 10 months) early means you'll pay about $30 more than if you waited until the prime booking window.
Of course, what time of year you travel also affects when you should book. For trips during the busy winter months, plan on booking 110 days in advance for the best deals. However, you'll only need to make summer travel plans about 42 days in advance.
No matter the time of year, flying out on Tuesdays or Wednesdays will usually result in better deals. Avoid Sundays, which tend to be the most expensive day of the week for flights.
Why Do Airline Ticket Prices Fluctuate Throughout the Year?
The price of plane tickets tends to go up and down throughout the year based on seasonal demand.
Airfare tends to be the highest in November and December correlating to the spike in travel for the holidays. Flights are also costly in June, July and August as many people plan vacations during the summer.
January and February are generally the cheapest months to travel as demand is lower.
Many hotels, airlines and rental car companies honor military service. If you served, check this huge list of military discounts before planning a trip.
The Cost of Domestic Flights vs. International Flights
Domestic flight prices tend to be cheaper than the price of international travel, but costs will vary based on where you're traveling to and what time of the year you plan to travel.
CheapAir's 2021 Study on International Flights found the average costs of international flights to be:
$436 to visit Canada
$535 to visit Mexico
$575 to visit the Caribbean
$643 to visit Central America
$999 to visit South America
$1,332 to visit the Middle East
$1,542 to visit Africa
$1,580 to visit Europe
$1,643 to visit Asia
$2,113 to visit the South Pacific
Tuesdays and Wednesdays tend to be the cheapest days for both domestic and international flights. The best time to buy is generally between two and four months before your trip, but that changes based on the destination and time of year.
6 Tips for Finding the Best Airline Prices
1. Use Search Tools
Airfare search tools compile flight information from multiple sources in one place, so you know what options are available and which airlines are offering the cheapest flights.
Some of the best search engines for flights include:
CheapAir
Scott's Cheap Flights
2. Set Alerts
Several airfare search engines let you set up notifications so you're alerted when prices go down on flights to a desired destination. Use this feature to start tracking flight prices months ahead of time.
3. Book From Discount Airlines
Budget airlines — like Spirit, Frontier and Allegiant — often offer less expensive flights than major commercial airlines. Just be aware of the trade-offs, such as extra fees, less flight routes and flying out of smaller, more remote airports.
4. Book Group Travel Separately
Airlines sometimes charge a premium for selecting your seat. You could wind up paying extra if you want to sit next to your traveling companions.
If you're fine sitting next to strangers during your flight, you may be able to save money by booking group travel separately.
5. Watch Out for Additional Fees
When booking travel, the cost you initially see may be less than what you'll actually pay. Make sure you're factoring in the cost of extras — like baggage, seat selection or travel insurance — when budgeting for your trip.
6. Fly on Weekdays or on a Holiday
Tuesdays and Wednesdays are usually the cheapest days to fly. While flying during the holiday season is often expensive, you'll typically see the lowest fares on the actual day of the holiday — such as Christmas day or Thanksgiving day.
How Far in Advance Should You Book a Flight to Get the Best Deal?
Aim to buy airline tickets about three weeks to four months in advance of your upcoming trip.
If you're counting down the days, the best time to book your travel is between 21 and 127 prior to your departure. CheapAir's 2022 annual study on domestic travel found that this window is when you'll see the lowest flight prices.
What Day of the Week Is the Best Time to Buy Airline Tickets?
CheapAir's study says it doesn't really matter what day of the week you go online to purchase your airfare. Ticket prices tend to only vary by about $1 depending on the weekday. What has the most significance is what day of the week you plan to leave or return.
What Is the Best Day of the Week to Fly for Cheap Airline Tickets?
Wednesday is generally $57 cheaper than the most expensive day to fly, which is Sunday. Booking on a Tuesday will save you $56 on average compared to Sunday flights. You'll also tend to have more choice for flights midweek than on the weekend.
When Is the Best Time to Book Flights During Each Season?
According to CheapAir's study, you should book your flights 110 days in advance when traveling in the winter, 76 days in advance when traveling in the spring, 42 days in advance when traveling in the summer and 77 days in advance when traveling in the fall.
Nicole Dow is a senior writer at The Penny Hoarder.
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LMI Custom Mixing LLC., a state-of-the-art custom polymer mixer has appointed Greg Mealer to the position of Technical Sales Manager.
Under the supervision of Jim Nixon, General Manager, Mealer will be responsible for managing the business-development in the United States and Canada. For the last eighteen years, Mealer has worked in the rubber industry for a variety of companies including; Robbins LLC, Trostel Polymerics, Parker Hannifin and Tire Curing Bladders. He held job titles such as Process Chemist, Development Chemist and Sales Manager.
Mealer was born in Tampa, Florida, but was raised in Uniontown, Ohio where he graduated from Lake High School and later from the University of Akron with a bachelor of science. A thirteen year veteran of the United States Army, Mealer earned his pilot license, trained to be an advanced scuba diver, became a Desert Storm Detachment Commander for a petroleum company and obtained the rank of Captain. Mealer now resides in Murfreesboro, Tennessee with his wife Tricia and 4 children; Ashley, Alyssa, Ashley and Abby.
LMI Custom Mixing was established in 1998 through the partnership of Lauren International and Meteor Gummiwerke. Today LMI produces the finest quality custom polymer mixes at its state-of-the-art custom mixing facility in Cambridge, Ohio. LMI is dedicated to delivering tightly-controlled polymer compounds that meet even the toughest specifications, batch after batch. LMI Custom Mixing is equipped with two completely integrated intermesh mixing lines inside a 50,000 ft2 climate controlled facility. Plant capacity is 35 million pounds annually, with expansion capabilities of over 50 million pounds. To learn more about our material diversity, batch-to-batch consistency, bar coding, temperature controlled environment and more, contact us at 740-435-0444 or visit www.lmimix.com.


Isei Nottori Keikaku (異星乗っ取り計画), The Alien Planet Takeover Scheme is a song featured in "Mugen Gakuen ~ Mistress Labyrinth" and its revised edition. It is performed by the Death Busters.
Watashi wa kanpeki da tensai da!
Power is whirling to the Omega Area!
Our great Master selected this holy ground!
I am perfect! A genius!


text:
There are free, legal video streaming services, and Tubi TV is one of them....
Android How-To
How to stream free movies & TV on Android
Don't want to pay for Netflix? There are free alternatives which don't involve dodgy websites and torrenting software. We explain how to install and use the Tubi TV app for Android (and Fire TV)
Legally watch movies and TV shows on Android – and Fire TV Stick – with this app
By Jim Martin | 01 Aug 2018
There are plenty of video streaming services that offer great TV and movies, but what if you don't want to pay for Netflix or Amazon Video?
YouTube is one option which springs to mind, but most people think the only alternative is to illegally stream TV shows and films from the many pirate and torrent sites on the web.
But there are alternatives, and one of the better ones is Tubi TV. It's a free Android app which you can install on your phone or tablet, as well as your Amazon Fire TV and Stick from the Amazon appstore.
The content may not be as up to date or wide-ranging as the shows and movies on the paid-for streaming services, but there's still plenty to like – even if you do have to put up with watching a few adverts.
How do I get Tubi TV?
Simple: just go to the Play Store on your Android device, search for Tubi TV and install it. If you have an Amazon Fire TV, use the search function to do the same (but here's the direct link). It's even available on first-generation Fire sticks.
(We're concerned only with Android-based devices here, but it's worth noting you can also install Tubi TV on your iPhone / iPad, Apple TV, Roku, PS4, Xbox One and Samsung and Sony TVs.)
Tubi is based in the US – in San Francisco. Unfortunately, the recent introduction of GDPR has put paid to the service in Europe. Previously, it offered a cut-down selection of what was available to US residents.
However, as with any geo-blocked content, you need only a VPN service with a US server to bypass the block. These include: NordVPN, ExpressVPN and IPVanish.
How to get the Tubi TV app outside the US
And if you are outside the US, you'll probably find that you can't see (or install) the Tubi TV app on your phone because the Google Play store will either hide it or give you a message saying it isn't compatible with your device.
Again, you can get around this by downloading the app manually.
To do that, search for the apk file (the Android version of the app) or use this link to get the latest update.
You can download this directly to your phone by tapping on the link in Chrome or another web browser.
Because Android phones differ, you will have to search in the Settings app on your device to find the option to allow the installation of apps from unknown sources.
Then, go to your Downloads app (or use a file manager such as ES File Explorer) to locate the downloaded file so you can tap on it to install it.
If that sounds like too much hassle, you can pop your email address into Tubi's website to get notified when the service is available in your country.
How do I watch shows on Tubi TV?
You need to create an account, but it's completely free. Doing so has several benefits including the ability to resume where you left off, as well as syncing your shows across multiple devices.
The interface is just like Netflix and Amazon Prime Video - you can browse by genre and add interesting movies or TV shows to your 'queue' for watching later.
What's on Tubi TV?
That's a fair question. It's a lot of effort to go to if you're not in the US, after all.
Content comes from 200 partners including Lionsgate, MGM, Paramount and others. And if you're into more than just mainstream stuff, there's anime, reality shows and world drama too.
Want to search? The JustWatch website claims to have a full list of what's on Tubi TV and can be searched and filtered for age ratings too.
Here are a few great (UK) TV shows we'd watch on Tubi TV:
And our pick of the movies:
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The United Nations has officially declared that parts of Somalia are in the grip of famine, a move welcomed by rebels who now say they will allow Western aid to be distributed.
Famine implies that at least 20% of households face extreme food shortages, acute malnutrition in over 30% of people, and two deaths per 10 000 people every day, according to the UN's definition.
As the world slowly mobilised to save the 12 million people battling hunger in the region's worst drought in 60 years, the Al Qaeda-inspired rebels controlling the area welcomed the UN declaration and agreed to allow the return of the relief groups they expelled two years ago—though aid groups warned many would die without urgent action and funding.
"The United Nations declared today that famine exists in two regions of southern Somalia: southern Bakool, and Lower Shabelle," said the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs for Somalia.
The region is Somalia's breadbasket and the UN said that an estimated 3.7-million people—or nearly half of the war-torn country's population—were facing a food crisis.
"If we don't act now, famine will spread to all eight regions of southern Somalia within two months, due to poor harvests and infectious disease outbreaks," UN humanitarian coordinator for Somalia Mark Bowden told reporters.
"If we are not able to intervene immediately, tens of thousands more Somalis may die," the UN added.
Somalia, which has been affected by almost uninterrupted conflict for 20 years and become a by-word for "failed state", is the worst affected nation but parts of Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Djibouti are also hit.
Somalia's insurgents said they welcomed the UN declaration.
"The declaration of famine in parts of Somalia by the UN is welcome and we would like to see aid coming to the people," a senior Shebab official said on condition of anonymity.
The Shebab announced earlier in July that they would allow humanitarian organisations to provide aid in the regions they control.
However, the hardline rebel official warned that Islamic values must be maintained.
"Aid must be provided purely on a humanitarian basis, and the religious value of Somalis as Muslims must be respected," the official added.
"The Shebab mujahidin were always ready to assist the Islamic people of the nation to the best of their ability, and will cooperate with anyone assisting the victims of the famine," he said.
Malnutrition rates in Somalia are currently the highest in the world, with peaks of 50% in certain areas of southern Somalia, Bowden said.
"Every day of delay in assistance is literally a matter of life or death for children and their families in the famine affected areas," Bowden said.
Over 78 000 Somalis have fled to seek refuge in neighbouring Ethiopia and Kenya in the last two months.
In Kenya, migrants are streaming into overcrowded camps already hosting about 380 000 people—more than four times their intended capacity.
On Tuesday, the UN refugee agency said death rates among refugees arriving in Ethiopia's Dolo Ado area had reached 7.4 per 10 000 in June, 15 times more than the baseline rate in sub-Sahara Africa.
Somalia's embattled government welcomed the famine declaration—the first since the term was defined by the UN in 2008—as a sign that the world was beginning to acknowledge the scope of the disaster.
"At least it is great that the world has recognised the magnitude of hardship the poor Somalis are facing," said Abdulkadir Moalim Nur, a minister in the president's office.
The Food and Agricultural Organisation appealed Wednesday for $120-million for the 12-million drought victims in the Horn of Africa.
Aid group Oxfam said only $200-million of the needed one billion had been provided.
"There is no time to waste if we are to avoid massive loss of life. We must not stand by and watch this tragedy unfold before our eyes," said Fran Equiza, Oxfam's Regional Director.
The government's authority over the vast country is limited and Johnnie Carson, the US assistant secretary of state for African affairs, stressed that the Shebab's responsibility in the suffering was clear.
"Al-Shebab's activities have clearly made the current situation much worse," Carson told reporters.
UN agencies will hold a meeting in Rome on Monday over the drought-sparked humanitarian crisis as the world's top leaders called for mass mobilisation to contain one of the planet's worst unfolding humanitarian disasters.
As he toured the continent earlier this week, Britain's Prime Minister David Cameron described the Horn of Africa drought as the worst humanitarian catastrophe in a generation.


Yes, what motivates you? To keep you moving, everyday. Is it your family? Is it for your love ones? But what about those who had no family and had nothing. What motivates them? And what about those people who lived on the streets, who had lived under the bridge? What do you think motivates them?
It is our love in Gods given-life with faith and hope that things will change regardless of the issues we are facing today.
Just look around you and see the beauty of everyone. If you have a child, then play with your child. Do what you love to do. Relax and have fun by going with the nature. Most of all, be Prayerful and Have Faith in Him.
I am motivated by my job without it I would be out on the street.I have God to thank for it.He is the lord of my life and a great motivator.


text:
Q: Smallest time + space complexity for longest palindrome in a string I've seen many different solutions to the question "Find the longest palindrome contained in a string".
I saw one question on careercup.com asking for a solution in O(n) time and O(1) space:
http://www.careercup.com/question?id=15074748
Is that possible? I looked at this solution:
http://leetcode.com/2011/11/longest-palindromic-substring-part-ii.html
and it seems the best- it's O(n) time and O(n) space though. Is it possible to do it in less space?
EDIT: By the way, does it seem like an unreasonable interview question to find a solution faster than O(n^2)?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We hear it a lot, "The Geeks only teach Android," or "I thought you only teach PC." It's not true. Much of what we teach is non-OS specific, both with computers and mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
I wanted an iPhone when they were first introduced way back in June, 2007. The reason we didn't get one then was that they were only available on AT&T. We had Verizon. We didn't want to change carriers mainly because AT&T didn't have the nationwide coverage we needed for our lifestyle. Even today, Verizon still has the best overall coverage. The first smartphone available on Verizon was the Motorola Droid in 2009 running Android. That is where we started and I'm glad.
We just got an iPhone 6 Plus on T-Mobile. We justified the purchase because of T-Mobile's International cellular plan. We're going to England and Belgium this June and need to stay connected. Another reason was to round out our cellular connectivity arsenal. Our main data connection is through Verizon. Our iPad Mini has an AT&T data plan we can use when that signal is better. Now we have T-Mobile. I know that is overkill for most people, but for us it means we will almost always have a data connection. Notice I stress the data connection more than voice or text. It's also very important that we are able to share that data with our other devices.
The iPhone 6 Plus is big. I like a big screen. It's pretty and it feels good. It is about the same size as my Samsung Galaxy Note 3. Both devices do same basic things. They just do them a little differently. The iPhone seems a little more restrictive, forcing me to do things the "Apple Way." That's not necessarily a bad thing, though. One of the reasons Apple has such a good reputation is that they control the hardware and software. The change takes some getting used to. There is no back button. If you never had one, you would not miss it. Things are in different places than I expect them to be but they are consistent on all iOS devices. Since I've already used an iPad, that makes learning easier.
The camera on the iPhone is really nice but it is missing some features I really like on my Note 3 like voice shutter control.
Security on the iPhone is more in your face. If you forget your Apple ID password, many things just cannot be accomplished.
I'm glad we have the iPhone mainly for demonstrating on our weekly live "What Does This Button Do?" web show.
After living with and learning the Android though, I don't think I would really want to change to iPhone. So, now I have an Android (Galaxy Note 3) AND an iPhone. I have my phone number forwarding from the Android to the iPhone. That was quite easy. So the iPhone is my primary phone now. I'm learning to juggle!
Published by MrGeek, in Blog. Tagged with #GeeksWhoTeach, Android, Droid, Geeks on Tour, iPad, iPhone, Smartphones, Technology for Travelers.
I too like my I6+ on Verizon –until it went swimming!
Now replaced in a Lifeproof case (check out their deal),I'm looking for a backup on another carrier with a simple hopefully annual prepaid plan.


This device can detect the audio/sound from a computer system or any audio devices. Any sound detected will trigger a relay to turn "ON" which you can use to turn on a light indicator or your machinery to automate a process.
This device is also an audio triggered switch, converting audio sound into a switch output.
Sound Input Stereo Audio 3.5mm Jack.
Convert audio from a computer to relay output.
Convert from sound to any I/O signal for your controller.
Sometimes you need the computer system to trigger an external device when the software is sounding an alarm. For old legacy software, you may not have the source code which you can edit or do further improvement and development work. With this device, your legacy software can still trigger the alarm through the audio speaker. This device will detect the audio alarm and activate an output to trigger external system or switch on indicator or buzzer.
Your existing sounder alert system can be noisy and disturbing. You can use this device to convert an existing sounder alert system into a light indicator alert. You can get your alert without disturbing others.
Device can be powered up from a USB port or an USB power adaptor (5V). Input socket is a USB type B.
The audio input is a 3.5mm stereo audio socket, typically use on the computer audio cable.
Switches on the device is available for user to control the light indicator directly.
This switch will manual overwrite the audio detection function. The output will be permanently switched On.
The circuit is built-in with a solid state relay controlling LED indicator or lamps up to 230Vac 3A.
The output can be configured to switch on the LED indicator lamp or allow the lamp blinking to get the attention of your operator.
The circuit control can also customize to power up external DC voltage devices or indicator lights.
Dry contact output to activate external equipment is also available.
Contact PIC-CONTROL for customising a sound activated indicator light.
Please provide us with the detail of your application and describe how you would like the audio relay operation to function. If you have a sample of the audio sound, please send it to us for our assessment.