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Year : 2004 | Volume : 15 | Issue : 1 | Page : 34-40
Nurses' Knowledge and Practice in Hemodialysis Units: Comparison between Nurses in Units with High and Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Saeed MG Al-Ghamdi
Renal Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Click here for correspondence address and email
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection constitutes a major health issue in many hemodialysis (HD) units all over the world, including Saudi Arabia. Despite the isolation policy practiced in many dialysis units, the prevalence is still high. Current literature does not support isolation policy and actually points to the role of health care providers in transmitting the disease. This study has been conducted in a questionnaire format to investigate the nurses' knowledge about HCV and their practice inside the HD units. Structured questionnaires were distributed among 36 nurses in units with high prevalence for HCV (Group I) and 34 nurses in units with low prevalence (Group II). Comparison was made between the two groups. In both groups, 54% of nurses received their HCV education by nurse educator, 13% by physicians, 10% by both and 23% had no targeted education. There is no statistical difference in the providers of education between the two groups. Most nurses in both groups isolate patients on the line of HCV serostatus. The difference was observed in the method of isolation and the use of dedicated machines. Twenty-five nurses (69%) of group I practice ward isolation while 16 nurses (47%) of group II use this practice (P = .04). Twenty-five nurses (69%) of group I reported using HCV-dedicated machines in comparison to only seven nurses (20.5%) of group II (P = .001). All nurses in group II cleaned the machine surfaces and HD tables after each patient, while only 58% of nurses in group I did so after each patient, 39% at the end of the day and three percent never cleaned the surfaces (P <. 001). The number of dialysis patients cared for by a single nurse at a time in group I was 3.4 while in group II, it was 1.7 (P < .001). A mean of 2.5 gloves per patient were used by nurses from group I in contrast to eight gloves per patient used by those from group II (P > .003). In conclusion, HCV infection in high prevalence units is probably related to poor application of standard health precautions and that isolation does not prevent spread of the disease inside HD units. Improving the nurse: patient ratio and encouraging the liberal use of gloves, together with well implemented policies and practices, will result in a better control of HCV transmission in dialysis units.
Keywords: HCV, Hemodialysis, Isolation, Nurse.
Al-Ghamdi SM. Nurses' Knowledge and Practice in Hemodialysis Units: Comparison between Nurses in Units with High and Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2004;15:34-40
Al-Ghamdi SM. Nurses' Knowledge and Practice in Hemodialysis Units: Comparison between Nurses in Units with High and Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl [serial online] 2004 [cited 2020 Jan 23];15:34-40. Available from: http://www.sjkdt.org/text.asp?2004/15/1/34/32963
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is considered one of the major health problems in a significant numbers of Saudi dialysis population. [1] The prevalence in different geographical locations was reported in 1995 to be ranging from 42-87%. [2],[3],[4],[5],[6] Despite the increasing awareness and the isolation policy practiced by most dialysis units in Saudi Arabia, the prevalence is still high. [1] Some units have significantly managed to decrease the prevalence to less than 20%, (personal communication) while the majority of units still suffer from ever increasing number of anti-HCV positive patients. [1] The Centre for Diseases Control (CDC) has published guidelines to deal with HCV infection in the dialysis population. [7] The major focus in most of this report points to the importance of applying the Standard Precautions by the health-care providers, together with special emphasis on disinfection policies and measures to prevent crosscontamination. This study was conducted in order to investigate the nurses' knowledge and awareness of HCV infection and to document their practice in relation to the application of the standard health precautions and CDC guidelines. The nurses' knowledge and practice were compared between units with high and low prevalence for HCV infection.
Structured questionnaires were distributed to the nurses in six dialysis units in the Western and Southern districts of Saudi Arabia. Three units with high prevalence of HCV (73%) and three units with low prevalence (20%) were pre-selected. The questionnaire was designed to examine prior nurses' education regarding HCV, knowledge about HCV transmission, and their views of physician's involvement in HCV prevention.
HCV-related education is defined as any lecture, seminar or one to one mentoring, concerning the route of transmission and methods for effective prevention of HCV infection.
The questionnaire also examines the isolation policy, methods of disinfection and finally, the application of Standard Precautions. The nurses were requested to answer the questionnaires all at once without consulting with each other. They were requested not to go back to correct their answers. The nurses' answers were entered and analyzed by the SPSS-10. Comparison was made between nurses' responses of both groups. When appropriate, Chi-square or T test for the means was used and significance is considered if two-tailed P value is < .05.
A total number of 70 questionnaires were distributed in the morning shift of the six dialysis units. The questionnaires were collected at the end of the shift with 100% response rate. [Table - 1] depicts the provider of education to nurses concerning HCV infection and prevention. In both groups, 54% of nurses received their HCV education by a senior nurse or nurse educator, 13% by physicians, 10% by both while 23% had no targeted education.
There was no statistical difference in the provider of education between both groups (P =.83).
[Table - 2] shows the nurses' knowledge on the mode of transmission of HCV among dialysis patients. They were asked to rank the mode of transmission to one as least likely and 10 as the most likely. In high prevalence units, nurses ranked blood transfusion (nine), and contaminated HD machines (seven) as highly responsible for HCV transmission. On the contrary, in low prevalence units, nurses ranked dialysis in other centres (7.8), nurse transmitting the virus from patient to patient (6.6), blood transfusion (six) and contaminated HD machines (six) as highly responsible for HCV transmission in the HD units. Nurses gave physicians intermediate rank of 5 to 6 in their concern regarding HCV infection and in their involvement in HCV prevention.
[Table - 3] describes the isolation practice and method of disinfection in units with high and low HCV prevalence. Twenty-five nurses (69%) in high prevalence units versus 20 (59%) in low prevalence units practice isolation of HCV positive from the negative patients (P = .35). The use of separate HCV positive wards and use of dedicated HCV positive machine is the prime mode of isolation practiced by 25 nurses in high prevalence units. In low prevalence units, four (12%) nurses practice shift isolation, 16 (47%) nurses practice ward isolation and 14 (41%) practice no isolation. All nurses in low prevalence units use heat disinfection after each patient and only one nurse in high prevalence unit uses such practice (P<. 001) Similarly, 28 nurses (78%) in high prevalence units use chemical disinfection after each treatment and none in the low prevalence units [Table - 3]. Seven nurses (19%) from high prevalence units only use saline rinse after each patient.
[Table - 4] outlines the difference between both groups in the application of the Standard Precautions and CDC guidelines. All nurses in low prevalence units clean the surface of machine after each patient, while only 21 nurses (58%) in high prevalence units clean after each patient, 14 (39%) clean the surface of the machine at the end of the day and one nurse (3%) does not clean the machine at all (P < .001). Similar to this is the cleaning of HD tables [Table - 4]
All nurses in low prevalence units describe glove box location to be next to dialysis machine while all nurses in high prevalence units point to central location of glove boxes (P <.001). Only one nurse in low prevalence units reports that patient ever asked her to change gloves before handling him, while 14 (39%) of nurses in high prevalence units had admitted patient asking them to change gloves (P < .001).
[Table - 5] outlines the various variables that might have some impact on HCV transmission among patients in high and low prevalence units. Nurses in high prevalence units dialyze 3.4 patients at a time, while nurses in low prevalence units dialyze 1.7 patients at a time (P = .001). Nurses from high prevalence units use 2.5 gloves per patient in contrast to eight gloves used by each nurse per patient in low prevalence units (P = .003).
The CDC [7] has recommended a training and educational program for HD personnel before they begin working in the units. From this study, it was of interest to find that 23% of the nurses had no targeted formal education regarding this important health problem. Moreover, physicians had contributed to HCV-related education to only 23% of the nurses. This could explain the "intermediate rank of 5" for physicians' involvement in HCV-related education [Table - 2]. The two groups (high and low prevalence for HCV) did not have statistical difference regarding the provider of education or no education. This may suggest that education alone may not be the only factor for the difference in prevalence of HCV in these dialysis units. Evidently, monitoring and application of standard health precautions and CDC guidelines in high prevalence units are lacking.
The current literature does not consider dialysis machines to be responsible for transmitting the virus, although it indicates that inadequate application of Standard Precautions as primarily responsible for spread of the infection in HD units. [7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13] Although previous studies [2],[3],[14] have identified a correlation between HCV infection and the number of blood transfusions inside HD units, all transfused blood is presumably screened negative for HCV.
Thus, lack of proper and targeted education could explain nurses' perception about how HCV is transmitted. The role of a nurse in cross-transmission between patients was equally perceived by nurses in high and low prevalence units (5.8 and 6.6 respectively). Nurses in low prevalence units felt that patients may acquire the infection by undergoing dialysis in units with high prevalence for HCV. We had previously reported that dialysis in other centres is a potential risk factor for HCV transmission in Saudi dialysis units. [15]
Both groups practice patient isolation based on HCV sero-status. The only significant difference is that more nurses in high prevalence units use dedicated machines for HCV positive patients, a practice which is however, not supported by the current literature. [7],[8],[9],[10],[11] The current study failed to show significant protective effect of patient isolation or using dedicated machine. The most important finding is that 19% of nurses in high prevalence units use saline rinse after each treatment and they do not apply either chemical or heat disinfection. This is considered a breach of manufacturer's recommendation for machine disinfections. All nurses in low prevalence units apply heat disinfection after each treatment in contrast to high prevalence units, wherein 78% of nurses apply chemical disinfection after each treatment. This, however, may be related to the type of machine used in these units.
All nurses in low prevalence units clean the machine and table surfaces after each treatment, while only 58% of nurses in high prevalence units use this approach. This is a significant deviation from the CDC recommendations and may well be responsible for the high prevalence in those units.
Glove-use and physical location of glove boxes were investigated. All nurses in low prevalence units indicated that the glove box is located next to dialysis machine while it is centrally located in high prevalence units. This explains why the number of glove use per patient is statistically higher in low prevalence units than high prevalence units (8 and 2.5 respectively). This is another indicator of loose application of standard health precautions in high prevalence units reinforcing the need for changing gloves when moving from one patient to another. Importantly, the number of patients dialyzed by each nurse is much higher in high prevalence units compared with low prevalence units (3.4 and 1.7 respectively). Thus, the workload may adversely affect the practice and create a favorable environment for loose application of Standard Health Precautions. In fact Petrosillo et al [16] had found that understaffing in dialysis setting increases the risk of HCV nosocomial transmission.
Finally, our results suggest a significant role for nursing practices in the prevalence of HCV. However, we cannot rule out other patient-related risk factors for such different prevalence in the different areas, though to the best of our knowledge the patient population studied were homogeneous in terms of the known risk factors for the prevalence of HCV.
In conclusion, transmission of HCV infection is probably related to poor application of standard health precautions and that isolation or use of dedicated machines by themselves may not control the spread of infection in HD units. Improving the nurse: patient ratio and encouraging liberal use of gloves, together with strict application of standard health precautions, will result in better control of HCV transmission in dialysis units.
The author sincerely thanks all nurses who participated in this survey. Special thanks to Dr. Linda Luna PhD, Dr. Abbas Zagnoon, MD, Dr. E. Ibrahim, MD for the critical review of this manuscript.
This study is supported by the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre' Health Outreach Program. Jeddah Saudi Arabia
1. SCOT Data: Dialysis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant 2001;12(3):421-34.
2. Al-Muhanna FA. Hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kid Dis Transplant 1995;6(2):125-7.
3. Al Shohaib SS, Abdelaal MA, Zawawi TH, Abbas FM, Shaheen FAM, Amoah E. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies among hemodialysis patients in Jeddah area, Saudi Arabia 1995;6(2):128-31.
4. Bernieh B, Allam M, Halepota A, Mohamed AO, Parkar J, Tabbakh A. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies in hemodialysis patients in Madinah Al Munawarah. Saudi J Kid Dis Transplant 1995;6(2):132-5.
5. Shaheen FAM, Huraib SO, Al-Rashed et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies among hemodialysis patients in the western province of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kid Dis Transplant 1995; 6(2):136-9.
6. Huraib S, Al Rashed R, Aldrees A, Aljefry M, Arif M, Al-Faleh FA. High prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis C in haemodialysis patients in Saudi Arabia: a need for new dialysis strategies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995;10:470-4.
7. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infections among chronic hemodialysis patients. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001; 50(RR05):1-43.
8. Jadoul M. Transmission routes of HCV infection in dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11(Suppl 4):36-8. [PUBMED]
9. de Lamballerie X, Olmer M, Bouchouareb D, Zandotti C, De Micco P. Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus in haemodialysis patients. J Med Virol 1996;49:296-302. [PUBMED]
10. Caramelo C, Navas S, Alberola ML, Bermejillo T, Reyero A, Carreno V. Evidence against transmission of hepatitis C virus through hemodialysis ultrafiltrate and peritoneal fluid. Nephron 1994 66(4):470-3.
11. Manzini P, Amore A, Brunetto MR, et al. Is hepatitis C virus RNA detectable in dialysis ultrafiltrate? Nephron 1996; 72: 102-3. [PUBMED]
12. Stuyver L, Claeys H, Wyseur A, et al. Hepatitis C virus in a haemodialysis unit: molecular evidence for nosocomial transmission. Kidney Int 1996;49:889-95. [PUBMED]
13. McLaughlin KJ, Cameron SO, Good T, et al. Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus within a British dialysis centre. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12:304-9 [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT]
14. Forns X, Fernandez-Llama P, Pons M, et al. Incidence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in a haemodialysis unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997;12:736-40.
15. Al-Ghamdi SM, Al-Harbi AS. Hepatitis C Virus serostatus in hemodialysis patients returning from holiday: another risk factor for HCV transmission. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant 2001; 12(1): 14-20.
16. Petrosillo N, Gilli P, Serraino D, et al. Prevalence of infected patients and understaffing have a role in hepatitis C virus transmission in dialysis. Am J Kid Dis 2001;37(5):1004-10.
Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre-Jeddah, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah 21499
[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3], [Table - 4], [Table - 5]
Al-Ghamdi SM
Nurse.


text:
General (ASoIaF)
A Song of Ice and Fire: The Novels
Viserys's Gift
By Lyanna<3Rhaegar,
April 8, 2022 in General (ASoIaF)
Lyanna<3Rhaegar
Queen of the Royal Heathens
Location:Tower of Joy
12 hours ago, Rondo said:
Viserys was their best chance at the time to take Westeros. Propping up Aegon is a lot harder because his identity is in doubt. Viserys is known. He doesn't have to be a good general. He only needs to have the right lineage.
Sure but that doesn't mean Drogo promised to do it, right? Illyrio says Drogo promised but we never get anything from Drogo suggesting that is the truth.
On 4/14/2022 at 11:05 AM, John Suburbs said:
Sorry, no, you have it completely wrong. The general is only following Viserys to the plunder. He is not giving him command. And nobody would know that Vis was such a weak leader until they got to Westeros anyway, which is all Illyrio wants.
But the whole khalasar knows Viserys is weak long before they even reach Vaes Dothrak, let alone the 7k. Also, how would Viserys know where any plunder is?
The vast majority of grunts would only see him from a distance, and none of them speak his language, so as long as they win their battles, Vis is a strong leader as far as they are concerned. But as I said, once they ditch him, all the better for Illyrio, who has no intention of letting him take the throne.
But he isn't. The khalasar calls him cart king, they make fun of him. He wears around his soiled silks, puts his hand on a sword he has no idea how to use, the Dothraki see this.
Illyrio is not stupid. Ned is. Illyrio has been dealing with Dothraki all his life. He knows what their code is. Drogo would have honored his word. We barely hear him speak about anything until the wine merchant, so just because we don't have a PoV confirming this means nothing. His decision after Viserys is dead is that he will not cross the poison water and neither will Rhaego. The iron chair is moot at that point, but there is no reason to think he would have gone back on his word to send others of his khal to Westeros. So what you characterize as a "miscalculation" by Illyrio would in fact be a bone-headed rookie mistake that is completely out of character for the man who fought and schemed his way up from the streets to become one of the wealthiest and preeminent figures in the entire world.
To believe Drogo did not promise what Illyrio presented to Viserys does not indicate Illyrio is stupid?
We have no idea if the decision to not cross poision waters is only made after Viserys is dead because we have nothing before that.
I don't know about frenin because I haven't read every exchange but I am not suggesting Drogo would go back on his word, I'm suggesting that wasn't what Drogo promised to begin with.
Well, if this is what you choose to believe -- that Illyrio is a simpleton who has somehow risen to immense power despite never having learned the basic lesson of not handing over your valuables in exchange for promises, not to mention Jorah who has lived with the Dothraki, ridden with them, learned their customs but still risks his life joining a plot that he knows will go tits up -- then c'est le.
Sorry for jumping in, I know this isn't to me but I'm curious to know why you think Viserys knows where to plunder & why you are convinced this was the promise Drogo made to Illyrio?
9 hours ago, Seams said:
Your question does raise an interesting point I hadn't considered: I have a hunch that Drogo and his stallion are reborn in the pyre; brought to life in a new way. It may be that Dany has somehow made Drogo immortal and he becomes the sun that rides a horse across the sky (much like Apollo in his chariot). But I always thought that the burning of Theon's horse, Smiler, represented the end of Theon's life as he knew it. Now I wonder whether I was looking at it the wrong way. Could the burning of Smiler also represent a rebirth for Theon?
I think so, this would be the equivalent of killing the boy for Theon but it didn't go quite right.
Are there other gifts rejected by, or taken from, Viserys?
He wants the eggs, tries to steal them but when Dany says she will give them to him it is no consolation. He wants his crown.
James Arryn
Vice President of the Autocracy
I'll just say that with respect to khals delegating command and control to sub-commanders, no military force would be able to operative effectively without allowing for some of that and nomadic/cavalry dominant forces specifically rely heavily on same. Subotai, as one example, was given several highly independent and wide ranging commands that could last for years under Mongol khans. And anyone disobeying him in that time would be received more or less as disobeying his khan.
Now whether Viserys himself would/could be given such authority is a completely separate matter, but operating as a puppet leader alongside a real sub-commander assigned by Drogo is probably pretty doable.
Edited April 18, 2022 by James Arryn
23 hours ago, Hugorfonics said:
parallels ... a horse in fire
I woke up with some additional thoughts on the horse symbolism and the connection to gifts for Viserys.
Another character who rides a cart is Arya: after she attacks Hot Pie with a wooden sword, Yoren spanks her. Because of her sore butt, she rides in a cart for awhile as she makes her escape from King's Landing with the Night's Watch recruits. If the attack on Hot Pie is comparable in some way to the attack by Viserys on Dany, then we have another parallel here.
I think the Viserys / Arya comparison may include additional elements:
Arya receives a special coin from Jaqen (who also rode on a cart, with Rorge and Biter). I think coins are related to royalty because they often include a sigil or portrait of a king. We have already noted the melted gold on the head of Viserys being identified with gold dragon coins as well as a symbolic "crown."
When Arya escaped King's Landing, she left behind a trunk packed with her clothes that had been made ready for Ned's planned voyage away from the city. This could be similar to Viserys rejecting the clothes Dany prepared for him and a contrast to the trunks of accepted clothes and fabric given by Illyrio to Dany and Tyrion.
Later, on board the Titan's Daughter, Arya is given gifts by the sailors: fingerless gloves, a floppy hat and a silver fork. Eventually, she will throw these things in a canal. Based on Rohanne Webber's actions in The Sworn Sword, the Tully "burial" customs and on Lady Stoneheart's emergence from the Green Fork, I believe that throwing things in a river or canal can be a way to ingest and / or internalize the powers of something or someone. Of course, rebirth usually ensues.
Floppy hats are associated with hidden Targs - Egg in The Hedge Knight, fAegon / Young Griff - but also with Sam Tarly. So Arya's floppy hat may be a deliberate parallel to the molten crown for Viserys. GRRM doesn't specify that Arya's hat is a straw hat, as he does for some of the other floppy hats. Straw is associated with Brienne's hair and possibly with Bran's murdered guard, Hayhead, and with the jousting dummy that knocks Tommen off of his horse.
I suspect the fingerless gloves may be a symbolic allusion to Qhorin Halfhand or some of the other characters associated with finger mutilation - Theon (again!) or the Ironborn who play the finger dance game involving a sharp knife. It could also relate to Sansa being at The Fingers with Littlefinger - one sister has plentiful fingers while the other does not. Recall, too, that Ser Jorah makes a point of giving gloves as a carefully-selected gift for the Widow of the Waterfront. She seems pleased that they will hide her wrinkled hands. Theon will wear gloves to hide his flayed fingers from the nobles gathered at Winterfell. Jon Snow wears moleskin gloves to cover his burned hand when he tries to desert at the end of AGoT. Arya is about to become a master of disguises. How do the gloves link back to, or foreshadow, what is in store for her?
The silver fork almost certainly relates to the Trident River with its red, blue and green forks. Especially after Arya throws it into a canal. Why is Arya's fork silver, though? This is a color associated, again, with Targaryen hair and with Dany's horse / gift from Drogo. In the Dunk & Egg discussion in the re-read forum, I connected silver with the sigil color "argent," which links through wordplay to garnets. Dunk finds a chipped garnet in the purse carried by Ser Arlan of Pennytree and Sam Tarly obtains garnets in Moles Town for the eyes of the newly-reworked direwolf hilt of Long Claw before it is given to Jon Snow.
So gifts are ingredients in a sort of coming-of-age stew (or should we call it Weasel Soup?) that Arya is making in the canal as she reinvents a new identity for herself. It is probably important to note that she takes on different names during this process of rebirth. At the point when she attacks Hot Pie and rides in the cart, she is called Arry. This may be a deliberate allusion to the common Targaryen given name, Aerys, which would create another royalty parallel for Arya. The names Nymeria and Salty (born in salt and smoke) may also tie Arya to some royal symbolism. Her "Cat of the Canals" name might also imply that she is like "Catelyn of the Riverlands," who was originally raised to be the heir of Hoster Tully.
Also interesting to note that we see other things go into the canal soup, aside from Arya's gifts: Dareon the Night's Watch singer, recruiter and deserter (but without his purple boots), and Sam Tarly, who is pulled out by a Summer Islander. (I suspect the Summer Islanders are symbolic Starks, but the symbolism may be more complex than that. Because of Bran's wolf, the Summer Islanders may be specifically symbolic Bran Starks. Nice that Sam helped Bran to pass under the Wall and "Bran" helps to save Sam from a canal.)
My thinking is starting to converge: If Drogo knew (in a literary sense) that he had to sacrifice himself to advance Dany as a queen (see above - comparison to Prince Baelor's death), his gifts to her (and to Viserys) would also be part of his effort. He was helping to create a coming-of-age soup for Dany. (Illyrio, the Dosh Khaleen, Ser Jorah, Viserys and others also gave gifts that go into the recipe.) If Viserys was also part of the Baelor-like sacrifice of a would-be king, this helps to further explain the birth of the three dragons bearing the names of Drogo, Viserys and Rhaego.
When Dany becomes a dragon rider, she looks at the eye of Drogon and describes it as looking "molten." This could represent Dany seizing her own crown, comparable to the molten gold that was Drogo's "gift" to Viserys. (Through wordplay, I think that "molten" also links to Dany yearning to locate the "lemon" tree she remembered from her childhoood.)
I bet that Brienne killing Shagwell, Timeon and Pyg or maybe the killings of Rorge (by Brienne) and Biter (by Gendry), are deaths necessary for completing the rebirth of Arya. Interesting that Arya's goal as a Faceless Man is to give "gifts" to others.
Similarly, I wonder whether the three deaths of Tywin, Kevan and Pycelle are the necessary "three deaths" for Tyrion's arc?
Edit: I meant to note, too, that one of Arya's names is "horseface." This could link to the horse symbolism because, like Lyanna and uncle Brandon, she carries her own horse internally and does not have to receive a horse as a gift. It may provide a further link to Viserys, too: if Viserys is destined to be the woken dragon Viseryon, he embodies the "mount" that he was lacking externally - when Dany took his horse or when Drogo gave him a cart to ride.
Edited April 18, 2022 by Seams
Hugorfonics
1 hour ago, James Arryn said:
I don't disagree & it's not the hill I want to die on but we haven't heard of any khalasar's breaking up for part of them to go one way & the other to go another. It could happen but because we don't hear about it, coupled with other things I just don't think the intention was ever to give Viserys an army.
John Suburbs
On 4/15/2022 at 3:51 PM, Lyanna<3Rhaegar said:
Sure, or maybe he just thought she was pretty. It's possible Targ blood & looks was thought to be something great among the Dothraki or to Drogo alone but we don't really know that. We don't hear one thing from any Dothraki, Illyrio, or Jorah saying the Dothraki or Drogo want a Targ bride. He may have been sold on having a young, beautiful bride.
I agree Drogo & Illyrio had something worked out but it is only Illyrio who says it's for Viserys to have the 7k. It's perfectly reasonable to suspect that was never the deal from the jump, for all the reasons I've stated.
Hmm apparently I'm misunderstanding you because I agree, I think it's highly unlikely that Illyrio did want him to be king, it's one of the reasons I don't believe Drogo ever promised to conquer the 7k for Viserys.
1. We don't have any indication khals ever make another blood rider a defacto leader to take off with part of their khalasar to plunder or conquer. In fact I would find this highly unlikely as it goes against the idea that the khalasar will follow the strongest - the blood rider is not the strongest.
2. Viserys does not have the slightest idea where any plunder is OR where he can find allies? Where did you get that from?
3. We have zero indication Drogo ever intended or was even interested in, let alone promised, to take his khalasar or send part of them to Westeros. We do have indication of the opposite.
4. Why would Illyrio want the Dothraki in Westeros? Iirc after he finds out Dany has hatched the dragon eggs & is planning on going to Westeros he tries to call her back to Pentos.
Well I'm not sold on that idea either but he could have known via some prophecy that they would be hatched in the Dothraki sea. Or he just thought they were stone & never going to hatch. He can't hatch them himself? I would imagine it has to be a Targ doing it.
No, he rejected putting his son on the throne. He said he has no need of it. The plan was never to put Dany on the throne. My issue isn't that he rejected only after V was dead, that's the first time it was brought up to him that we know of & so his first ability to reject it. My issue is that he, nor anyone else, even Jorah who speaks Dothraki, I'm pretty sure, ever mentions anything about any plan to go to Westeros ever. Not while V is alive, not after he is dead. When Dany says it to him his rejections make me believe he never had any intention on going there. We cannot cross the poison waters. How did he plan to cross them when he planned on going there with Viserys? If he had already planned it but nixed it because Viserys was dead, would that not be the reason he gave Dany?
I'm in agreement here.
No, I don't think this either. I think Illyrio conned Viserys. Illyrio likely got exactly what he bargained for. It may have been only that Illyrio planned for D&V to die on the Dothraki sea & never thought those eggs would hatch, he just wanted them out of fAegon's way.
Come on. Drogo has plenty of pretty women to choose from, women he can speak to, and he could have had any one of them without dishonoring himself with this fake promise. Dany is the last marriable dragon. That's why he wanted her. And Illyrio does say that it's her Targ blood that's important, even as he praises her beauty:
"Look at her. The silver-gold hair, those purple eyes . . . she is the blood of old Valyria, no doubt, no doubt . . . and highborn, daughter of the old king, sister to the new, she cannot fail to entrance our Drogo."
So why would Drogo go through all this trouble for a bride when all he wants is a pretty face, and why would Illyrio care that there is no doubt that she is the blood of old Valyria?
No, it's not reasonable that there was some other deal. Jorah knows the customs of the Dothraki. He's lived with them, he's ridden with him, and his goal is to reclaim his home. Why would he join this scheme if he knows he's not getting what he wants out of it?
We see what Illyrio's plan is later: for Aegon to become king. So obviously he expects Viserys to die. But all he needs out of Viserys is to get the Dothraki to Westeros.
Khals are the kings of their khalasars. If Drogo commands it, it will be done, or else he will slaughter those who disobey and scatter their body parts on the ground so they never ride into the nightlands. It is the most terrible fate for a Dothraki.
Viserys knows all the houses of the 7K. Knows the geography of the land, where the castles are, and probably has a good idea of where the weakest, easiest targets are. He also speaks the language. But again, it's not important what happens to him after they reach Westeros. Once the Dothraki are there, they are there and will provide the impetus needed for Aegon to save the day.
We have Illyrio and Jorah, both of whom know Dothraki customs, basing this whole operation on Drogo keeping his word. And for Illyrio in particular, this would be one of the first lessons on his rise from street braavo to magister: don't hand over your goods for promises. Words are wind.
My guess is that Illyrio wants the Dothraki in Westeros to create a crisis that Aegon can then fix, becoming the hero of the realm. From there, it's a piece of cake for him to be proclaimed king. But regardless, a Dothraki invasion is part of his plan, as he explains to Varys. And all of this is happening before Dany hatched the eggs and Drogo died, and his promise (and khalasar) with him.
I also suspect that Illyrio wants Dany back in Pentos so he could take control of the dragons before they became too large and powerful, and probably kill her in the process. She is a wild card in his plans now because she is a rival to Aegon's crown.
He could have heard some prophecy about the eggs? Now who's suggesting things that have no indication in the text? It must be a Targ who does it? He had Targs, two of them, and the eggs? He had everything he needed to hatch them himself, so again, why give all of this power to Drogo?
Sure, he rejects the idea of putting his son or Dany on the throne, because that was never the plan. Nor was Drogo going to go. Only Viserys, and Viserys is dead so the whole deal is off. Jorah speaks repeatedly about Viserys getting his army:
"The khal will honor his promise in his own time."
". . . the Dothraki look on these things differently than we do in the west. I have told him as much, as Illyrio has told him, but your brother does not listen. the horselords are no traders. Viserys thinks he sold you and now he wants his price. Yet Khal Drogo would say he had you as a gift. He will give Viserys a gift in return . . . in his own time."
Again, Jorah wants to get back to Westeros as well, so there is no reason for him to go along with all of this if he isn't 100 percent certain that Drogo is true to his word. There is another quote somewhere in Game where he says as much, but I can't find it right now.
If all Illyrio wanted for the V&D to die, then why not just kill them and bury them in his wine cellar? Why go through all this trouble, and give up three virtually priceless dragon eggs, to do what he can do in an instant with no muss, no fuss? Why would he even take them in at all if he just wants to kill them? What, exactly, is Illyrio "getting what he bargained for" in all of this?
3 hours ago, Lyanna<3Rhaegar said:
Yes, but that's only because Viserys chose to ride with them. And again, they would not be following Viserys. They follow Drogo, who tells them to cross the poison water, and if they don't they are killed a chopped up into little bits. Viserys is from the 7K. He knows where the lords and their castles are. But again (and again and again and again), none of this matters because all Illyrio needs is for the Dothraki to reach Westeros.
Yes it does indicate Illyrio is stupid, incredibly so. Only a complete moron would hand over his valuables on a promise to be paid back later, especially when those valuables are being dragged halfway across the continent. This is one of the first lessons he would have learned on the streets of Pentos, otherwise he never would have risen to the station he occupies today.
The decision is that Drogo will not cross the poison water, nor will Dany of Rhaego. The plan was for Viserys. And the reason we don't hear this from Drogo's mouth beforehand is that he doesn't speak in a language that any POV can understand, except the word No. You are arguing that absence of evidence is evidence of absence, and that is always a wrong turn in any logical deduction.
If things had worked out to the plan, Drogo would not have gone back on his word. There is no way either Illyrio or Jorah would commit to this plan just on a promise. Sorry.
Viserys is from the 7K, speaks the language, knows all the great houses. He knows far more about what's what and where the wealth is than any Dothraki. They would keep him just for that reason, but once again, this is all irrelevant to Illyrio.
1 hour ago, Lyanna<3Rhaegar said:
Yeah, I'm not saying Drogo intended to…if forced to choose I'd guess not, at least not as the individual act of conquering Westeros for Viserys by assigning him and army and sun commander. I think the only ways I could see it happening would be:
1) As a whole, with Drogo leading, both for Dany/Rhaegho and to honour the deal if there was one, though whether that would be for Viserys himself, Viserys as a ~ vassal of Drogo, or ultimately for Dany/Rhaego de facto and Viserys ~ de jure.
2) As a kind of profitable chevauchee-to-Great Heathen Army or Canute style raid, conquest, or raid with conquest possibilities. Ie, if Drogo could be convinced that the Poisoned Water could safely be overcome, he might do it for some kind of profit, ranging from a great raid of relatively untouched (from a raiding/booty pic) land abundant with assets to acquire to a further extension of his own domain/prestige. This could be led by Drogo himself or a sub-commander or sub-commanders depending upon how ambitious he is about it. I suppose Viserys could tag along in any of these but probably as a side-show puppet.
3) And lastly the closest I could see to what Illyrio suggested/Viserys wants, if either there was a deal or he wearied of Viserys bitching (but would not just have him silenced w/o committing a grave offense as per novels) or to kinda placate Dany, I could see him either choosing a particularly troublesome, ambitious or sub-par sub-commander/army or kinda put together a barrel of the baddest apples army and send them off with/~ under Viserys in a win-win 'why not' scenario where he either technically upholds his deal-if-there-is-one, or otherwise dealing with in-laws and at the same time either ridding himself of threats/lesser commanders or the less effective troops or adding to his conquests or bringing back lots of loot. In any of these cases I think he would welcome the better results but not be too bothered by any of the worst outcomes.
1 hour ago, John Suburbs said:
Maybe, like I said it's definitely possible. He may have wanted her for her Targ blood but I don't think that means much when we are talking about what he promised to Illyrio in return for the marriage.
That's the thing is we don't know of really any trouble Drogo went through to marry her. We know he gave Illyrio horses & slaves. I do wonder why, for all the talk of the Dothraki doing things in their own time, their own way etc Drogo gives Illyrio his "gifts" upon marrying her.
I'm not sure, it may be just as you say - that Drogo coveted a bride of old Valyria. I've always read that passage to mean that Illyrio thinks she is beautiful because of her Targ looks & that the looks will entrance Drogo, but either way.
I disagree. I think it's perfectly reasonable to ponder over a potential different deal. Jorah is exiled, we know why he was going along, to betray Dany & be allowed to return to Westeros for it.
Sorry the quoting isn't working right. So, he expects Viserys to die, but expects him to die after reaching the 7k & also expects him to show the Dothraki where the plunder is but wants him to stay in Pentos? Don't those things seem contradictory? He also tells Tyrion he expected them both to die iirc.
Khals are the kings of their khalasars. If Drogo commands it, it will be done, or else he will slaughter those who disobey and scatter their body parts on the ground so they never ride into the nightlands. It is the most terrible fate for a Dothraki
Sure, if Drogo commands it. We will probably just have to agree to disagree here because I don't find it very likely that half of your khalasar is sent off on some mission while the remaining stay behind. How did Drogo expect to meet back up with the rest of his khalasar? The only possiblity, IMO is that Drogo planned on leading the khalasar himself. But I don't think he did plan any such thing because of the way he responds to Dany when she wants him to go to Westeros.
I don't think so. Viserys was 8 when he left. How many 8 year olds have a good handle on geography, let alone who the weakest targets are, & things have likely changed a bit since he left. Besides, Illyrio has Varys who certainly knows much better than Viserys.
Jorah is there - he speaks both languages. A much better guide than Viserys, no?
Besides you are pulling this out of thin air, there is nothing to suggest Viserys knows any thing more than what an 8 year old who left their home many years before would remember of the land. They don't need Viserys for this.
If it made no difference to Illyrio who did it make a difference to? Who wanted Viserys along to show them where the castles & plunder are?
& yet, he would have done just that if what you say is true, no? He would have handed both Targs & eggs over to Drogo on a promise to invade Westeros, right?
To be clear I'm not disputing Drogo would have kept his word, I'm disputing what his word was.
It certainly seems to be part of Illyrio's plan but that doesn't mean Drogo planned it or even knew about it.
Yeah, probably, he certainly would want control of the dragons, he may want to keep Dany to marry to Aegon now that Drogo is dead. Who knows.
I thought you were suggesting Illyrio could hatch them himself. I see only two possibilites in regard to the eggs, either he thought they were just stone, never to hatch, a pretty gift for the bride OR he knows something of the prophecy & so sends them with Dany. I'm speculating. I'm not saying it's this or nothing, this is the facts or whatever. I'm just throwing ideas around.
Evidenced by me saying "he could have" or "he thought they were stone". I think it was pretty clear I wasn't trying to present that as something I "knew"
You are saying things that aren't indicated in the text & presenting them as facts that overrule any other suggestion.
But read the quote you quoted:
He will honor his promise, he isn't a trader, he didn't purchase something from Viserys - he was given a gift & will give one in return, in his own time. It doesn't say anything about what the gift will be.
And again, Jorah already has a plan to get back to Westeros & it has nothing to do with Viserys going. He is there to betray Dany to be able to get back to Westeros.
And also again, I have not suggested one time Drogo wouldn't be true to his word.
Yeah, these were my questions also. I don't think he did just want them to die but I don't know what he did want with them.
52 minutes ago, James Arryn said:
I agree, I think if they were going it was the entire khalasar led by Drogo.
Sure, definitely possible. He seems pretty unconcerned with Westeros & their plunder thought, until he wants revenge for the attempt on Dany & Rhaego's life.
Heh. Yeah I could see this. Viserys begs for the army & gets it & can't do anything with it. I would have loved for Viserys to try to take command of some of the Dothraki honestly. It would have been a good read.
So don't you think if Illyrio needed Viserys to stay alive & not reveal his weakness long enough for him to get to Westeros he would have done more to make him stay in Pentos?
It is no secret where the castles in the 7k are lol, Illyrio likely knows, he could probably have Varys get him a quite detailed map. Jorah knows. They don't need Viserys for this.
If none of it matters why are you arguing it? Who, if not Illyrio, wants Viserys to show the Dothraki where the plunder is?
But this is exactly what you are suggesting he did!
If he paid Drogo (Dany) & return was promised conquering of the 7k, or a crown for Viserys or just getting to Westeros or whatever, then he literally handed his valuables over on a promise to be paid back later.
What I'm suggesting would be the opposite. I'm suggesting whatever Illyrio bargained for to broker the marriage, he already received & Viserys crown had naught to do with it.
The decision is that Drogo will not cross the poison water, nor will Dany of Rhaego.
Agreed. Until the attempt on her life in which Drogo changes his mind.
The plan was for Viserys.
This is Viserys's plan certainly. It's what Illyrio promised, though I assume Dany was to come with him as well. Viserys does tell her several times this is their ticket home.
And the reason we don't hear this from Drogo's mouth beforehand is that he doesn't speak in a language that any POV can understand, except the word No. You are arguing that absence of evidence is evidence of absence, and that is always a wrong turn in any logical deduction.
I'm not, I'm saying the lack of evidence that Drogo intended on going to the 7k means it's a possibility he did not intend on going to the 7k lol. But it isn't just not from Drogo's mouth. We don't hear this promise corroborated by anyone. All we have are vague promises of gifts when Drogo feels the time is right.
Idk what you're saying, if what you say happened, happened then Illyrio did just this. Jorah could care less about the plan, he had his own plan.
& Jorah knows much more than him probably. Who would keep him? The Dothraki? Because they don't.
Location:Chichester
On 4/15/2022 at 2:51 PM, Lyanna<3Rhaegar said:
It may have been only that Illyrio planned for D&V to die on the Dothraki sea & never thought those eggs would hatch, he just wanted them out of fAegon's way.
This would fit with Varys having no problem actually sending out assassins when Robert ordered Daenerys killed. It would have been easy to lie about sending assassins all the way to the other side of the world if Varys and Illyrio wanted Daenerys kept alive.
haha ikr? I see some parallels but hell if I ever know what they mean.
Lol word, I like this, actually
18 hours ago, Seams said:
But I always thought that the burning of Theon's horse, Smiler, represented the end of Theon's life as he knew it. Now I wonder whether I was looking at it the wrong way. Could the burning of Smiler also represent a rebirth for Theon?
I love this. Very cool
Hey don't let NN hear you! Wonder if she is still around the forums?
Lol, she'd know it's in good humor.
I don't think so, haven't seen her in a minute
Oh, I think so. I think if Viserys had turned out to be the dragon he claimed to be he would have found himself in a much better situation. He could have been "reborn" in the Dothraki sea, instead it was Dany.
I mean, being reborn looks like it needs some sacrifice too, so no matter how great Viserys could be I don't think he could have actually replaced Danys story.
frenin
It's still baffling that someone can read some of the interactions Viserys has with the dothraki and still believe they would follow a single word that came out of his mouth, in fact as time passes even his own sister, who he had terrorized, understands that Viserys isn't getting anything from the Dothraki...
Viserys stared at her, his lilac eyes incredulous. She had never defied him. Never fought back. Rage twisted his features. He would hurt her now, and badly, she knew that. Crack. The whip made a sound like thunder. The coil took Viserys around the throat and yanked him backward. He went sprawling in the grass, stunned and choking. The Dothraki riders hooted at him as he struggled to free himself. The one with the whip, young Jhogo, rasped a question. Dany did not understand his words, but by then Irri was there, and Ser Jorah, and the rest of her khas. "Jhogo asks if you would have him dead, Khaleesi," Irri said. "No," Dany replied. "No." Jhogo understood that. One of the others barked out a comment, and the Dothraki laughed. Irri told her, "Quaro thinks you should take an ear to teach him respect."
"Tell them I do not wish him harmed," Dany said. Irri repeated her words in Dothraki. Jhogo gave a pull on the whip, yanking Viserys around like a puppet on a string. He went sprawling again, freed from the leather embrace, a thin line of blood under his chin where the whip had cut deep. "I warned him what would happen, my lady," Ser Jorah Mormont said. "I told him to stay on the ridge, as you commanded." "I know you did," Dany replied, watching Viserys. He lay on the ground, sucking in air noisily, red-faced and sobbing. He was a pitiful thing. He had always been a pitiful thing. Why had she never seen that before? There was a hollow place inside her where her fear had been.
"Take his horse," Dany commanded Ser Jorah. Viserys gaped at her. He could not believe what he was hearing; nor could Dany quite believe what she was saying. Yet the words came. "Let my brother walk behind us back to the khalasar." Among the Dothraki, the man who does not ride was no man at all, the lowest of the low, without honor or pride. "Let everyone see him as he is."
Dany followed on her silver, escorted by Ser Jorah Mormont and her brother Viserys, mounted once more. After the day in the grass when she had left him to walk back to the khalasar, the Dothraki had laughingly called him Khal Rhae Mhar, the Sorefoot King. Khal Drogo had offered him a place in a cart the next day, and Viserys had accepted. In his stubborn ignorance, he had not even known he was being mocked; the carts were for eunuchs, cripples, women giving birth, the very young and the very old. That won him yet another name: Khal Rhaggat, the Cart King. Her brother had thought it was the khal's way of apologizing for the wrong Dany had done him. She had begged Ser Jorah not to tell him the truth, lest he be shamed. The knight had replied that the king could well do with a bit of shame … yet he had done as she bid. It had taken much pleading, and all the pillow tricks Doreah had taught her, before Dany had been able to make Drogo relent and allow Viserys to rejoin them at the head of the column.
"My brother will never take back the Seven Kingdoms," Dany said. She had known that for a long time, she realized. She had known it all her life. Only she had never let herself say the words, even in a whisper, but now she said them for Jorah Mormont and all the world to hear. Ser Jorah gave her a measuring look. "You think not." "He could not lead an army even if my lord husband gave him one," Dany said. "He has no coin and the only knight who follows him reviles him as less than a snake. The Dothraki make mock of his weakness. He will never take us home."
If even his own abused sister can see plainly that Viserys is a waste of time... Why would Drogo, who has no interest in his army crossing the poisoned waters and who openly despises Viserys, gift him a part of his own army? Why would the Dothraki who openly mock him follow him anywhere?
I'm sorry, it's too absurd to consider.
Edited April 19, 2022 by frenin
I have a hunch that Drogo and his stallion are reborn in the pyre; brought to life in a new way. It may be that Dany has somehow made Drogo immortal and he becomes the sun that rides a horse across the sky (much like Apollo in his chariot). But I always thought that the burning of Theon's horse, Smiler, represented the end of Theon's life as he knew it. Now I wonder whether I was looking at it the wrong way. Could the burning of Smiler also represent a rebirth for Theon?
Really, nice stuff.
A dead khal, especially with Red is (according to lore) basically a god.
And what man could hope to rival Drogo, who had died with his hair uncut and rode now through the night lands, the stars his khalasar?
Reek, is uh, not a god. But there's no doubt that Reek was born when Smiler rode with the stars.
I wonder how Theon will be reborn, whether is has to do with the horse house(s?) in bed with Bolton/Dustin
What happened to Dancer?
When Dany becomes a dragon rider, she looks at the eye of Drogon and describes it as looking "molten." This could represent Dany seizing her own crown, comparable to the molten gold that was Drogo's "gift" to Viserys.
Ugh! Good stuff
Very cool. Seams always amazes me.
haha yeah she would. I was gone for a bit but haven't seen her either.
For sure, no he never could replace Dany.
sifth
Location:NYC
I'm pretty sure the deal was real. I recall one of the members of the Golden Company mentioning that they were suppose to join forces with the Dothraki before heading to Westeros.
Moiraine Sedai
1 hour ago, sifth said:
Yeah, they did. I'm not questioning whether or not Illyrio told people this, we know he did. I'm questioning whether or not Drogo actually promised it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: I need to make a rule of 3, but I necessarily need to divide by zero I have a scrollbar on my web page, and my problem is the following:
I have a function that allows me to do this: I can specify a time in milliseconds and it will be the total duration of how long it takes for my scrollbar to reach the bottom of the page.
In my case I want this animation to take 15 seconds, so the duration = 15000ms
on the other hand, the total height of my web page is 1874, so if the scrollbar is in position 0, the duration must be 15000ms since it will take 15000ms before it reaches the end of my web page. if the scrollbar position is 1874 obviously the duration in milliseconds will be 0ms because it has already reached the end.
I don't know how to do this rule of 3 and I'm trying this rule to get x:
0 (initial position)              15000 (duration)
937 (current value of scrollbar)   x

(15000 * 937  /   0 )= ERROR

how can I do it?

A: You can use the "velocity"-factor to calculate  the time to reach the height of $937$
$$\textrm{Millisecond per pixel}=\frac{15000}{1874}$$
So the time to reach the height of $937$, starting from $1874$, is $\frac{15000}{1874}\cdot (1874-937)=7500 \ (\textrm{milliseconds)}$
So the general formula is $ms(x)=\frac{15000}{1874}\cdot (1874-x)$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Home News Apple denied Supreme Court appeal ending price-fixing case
Apple denied Supreme Court appeal ending price-fixing case
Published March 8, 2016 by Bookseller Staff
The Supreme Court in America is not going to take up Apple's appeal of the e-book price fixing ruling, effectively bringing to a close the...
The Supreme Court in America is not going to take up Apple's appeal of the e-book price fixing ruling, effectively bringing to a close "one of the most contentious legal dramas in modern publishing history".
The outcome means Apple will have to pay $400m (£281.9m) in refunds to customers, along with $50m in fees and legal costs.
In July 2013, Judge Denise Cote ruled that Apple conspired to raise the retail prices of e-books with publishers HarperCollins, Hachette, Simon & Schuster, Penguin and Macmillan, in a case brought by the US Department of Justice. Apple had denied it. Publishers settled their cases and paid $166m in settlement funds to consumers in 2014.
Publisher's Weekly said it expected the $400m (£281.63m) payout to customers from Apple to come "fairly quickly", as the Apple settlement is "basically using the same apparatus that was used to distribute $166m in settlement funds from publishers in 2014". It added that the Supreme Court's denial of the overturn of the appeal verdict ends "one of the most contentious legal dramas in modern publishing history", dating back to the launch of the iPad in January 2010.
In a statement, assistant attorney general Bill Baer of the Justice Department's Antitrust Division highlighted that with the $166m previously paid by the publishers, Apple's payment will mean that $566m (£398.51) will be repaid to consumers.
He added: "Apple's liability for knowingly conspiring with book publishers to raise the prices of e-books is settled once and for all."
Judge Denise Cote
Apple case appeals, judges query Amazon role
Murray and Sargent testify in price-fixing case
Apple 'could face $840m fine' on price-fixing
Apple settles with US states on e-book price-fix
E-book price-fixing law passed in France


text:
65th National Film Awards: More than 60 Awardees skip the award ceremony
The producers and artists from the country have written a letter to the Directorate of Film Festival, President's office, and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to express that they feel disheartened rather than honoured.
By Mumbai Live Team | Bhagyashree Labdhe
More than 60 filmmakers and artists decided not to attend the most honourable 65th National Film Awards ceremony which was held at Vigyan Bhawan on May 3 i.e. Thursday where President Ram Nath Kovind was going to award the recipients. The awardees have condemned the award ceremony as a breach of trust.
The producers and artists from the country have written a letter to the Directorate of Film Festival, President's office, and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to express that they feel disheartened rather than honoured. As on Wednesday, the awardees were informed that a large segment of the awards will not be presented by the President. They discussed the matter with BJP Cabinet Minister Smriti Irani the same evening and were promised a response.
The letter read, "In the circumstance of not receiving a response to our grievance, we are left with no option but to be absent for the ceremony. We do not intend to boycott the award, but are not attending the ceremony to convey our discontent and are awaiting a more just solution. It feels like a breach of trust when an institution/ceremony that abides by extreme protocol, fails to inform of such a vital aspect of the ceremony with prior notice. It seems unfortunate that 65 years of tradition are being overturned in a jiffy. We are disheartened to know that we will be deprived of the honour of this appreciation of a once-in-a-lifetime moment of pride and glory that the National Film Awards had promised us."
The undersigned awardees have urged that the dignity and reputation of the National Awards be maintained and there was no display of hierarchy. Personalities like Riddhi Sen, Divya Dutta, Rima Das, Pankaj Tripathi, K.J. Yesudas, Jayaraj and Bhanita Das were seen taking early seats today at the National award ceremony.
The President gave the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, Nargis Dutt Award for Feature Films on National Integration, Best Book on Cinema, Best Direction (non-feature film), Best Jasari Film, Best Male Playback Singer, Best Music Direction (songs and background music), Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Direction (feature film), Best Feature Film and Best Editing. Rest all 137 awards were given by the Information and Broadcasting Minister Smriti Irani.
National Film AwardsVigyan Bhawan60 filmmakers and artistsRam Nath KovindPresidentMinistry of Information and BroadcastingSmriti Irani
"Avoid showing children in an indecent, suggestive and inappropriate manner in dance reality shows," says MIB
By Mumbai Live Team
Actors cannot be held liable for the dialogues: Delhi HC on 'Sacred Games'
Sony TV's Pehredaar Piya Ki Returns With A New Title
Thanks to I&B ministry, it's time to say good bye to Sony TV's Pehredaar Piya Ki
Dangal fever grips China, video goes viral
Renowned Director & Actor Shri Kasinadhuni Viswanath to be conferred Dadasaheb Phalke Award 2016


text:
CIRIACA+ERRE + XIII + XI + V + III + NEWS
Ciriaca+Erre - "What about Herstory?" urban Installation
Ciriaca+Erre wins the Bally Artist 2018 awards
WeWorld Festival present Ciriaca+erre
Mostyn and Poincarè present Suspended Woman by Ciriaca+erre
Suspended Light 2015 - INDEX-Fondazione Southeritage
CIRIACA+R- Susended Balance - @EXPOMilan 2015
Ciriaca+Erre Finalist 2015 @Mostyn Museum Galles
Ciriaca+Erre @Buchmann Galerie Lugano
@Videoart Yearbook
@ TEA Museum - Tenerife
@Tibet Pavillion 55 Venice Biennal
@ Museum of Permanente in Milan
@Macro Museum, Rome
@MAMM - Multimedia Art Museum Moscow
@Civic Museums in Reggio Emilia with her new performance
European Photo Festival -Reggio Emilia 2012
@ICC Los Angeles
Ciriaca+Erre in New York 2011
Winner of Terna's Prize 2010
@Palazzo Reale 2010
@Palazzo Bagatti Valsecchi Milan- 2010
Finalist Terna's Prize 2009
Ciriaca+Erre, "What about herstory?, 2019 installation view, courtesy of the artist
CIRIACA+ERRE - "WHAT ABOUT HERSTORY?"
curated by Paola Ugolini
Urban installation located in the city of Lugano
Inauguration and talk: Wednesday 9 October, 6 pm,
Cinema Iride Piazza S. Rocco 3, Lugano
Dialogue in three voices with projection of two videos by the artist:
Suspended Women (2016) and Suspended Witches (2017)
artist Ciriaca + Erre, curator Paola Ugolini, Rachele Santoro Delegate for Equal Opportunities moderated by Alessandra Klimciuk, responsible for Art and Culture Fondazione Stelline, Milan.
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of women's suffrage in Ticino, artist Ciriaca + Erre intervenes with a new large-scale artistic project carried out under the patronage of the Municipality of Lugano.
The urban installation, which involves the entire city, consists of a series of posters, whose images deal with the theme of the evolution of the female identity to commemorate a very significant historical and social date: the 19th of October, 1969. On this date, and for the first time in the area of Ticino, women have been granted the right to vote, two years earlier than the Swiss Confederation. The project is realized thanks to the support of Poincaré, a Swiss company engaged in the arts and sports sector that over the years has actively sustained and promoted talented artists, with a particular focus on projects that carry an important social and ethical component. The title of the urban installation "What About Herstory?" contrasts with the masculine use of the word History, a sequence of actions and glorious events performed by men where the role of women is completely omitted. To reflect on this and on the hard-won rights of women, the artist has created a series of advertising posters taken from still frames of two of her video works: Suspended Women (2016) and Suspended Witches (2017). The archive images of the suffragette struggles alternate with misogynist advertising campaigns from the 1950s as well as contemporary images of African women who continue to be persecuted as witches and exiled from their villages (as personally documented by the artist), and other evocative images.The witches' theme relates deeply to Switzerland history, Switzerland being the last country to sentence a woman to death in 1792 with the accusation of witchcraft and the first government in the world to rehabilitate it in 2008 by recognizing it as a "judicial murder".
Thus Ciriaca + Erre intervenes in the iconographic fabric of the City, taking art out of the places conventionally assigned to it, with a work designed to shake the mind of the observer and trigger an essential reflection on HERstory: how the systematic oppression and persecution of women persists to this day in remote places in Africa, but also, reverberates under different guises, in our western world. Quoting the project's curator, Paola Ugolini's introduction: "In a world where smoothness and pleasantness have become the hallmark of our time, just think of the I-phone screens evenness, and the culture of 'likes' imposed by the new digital society in social relations, Ciriaca + Erre's billboards restore dignity and integrity to sight. Art must provoke a shock to provide the public with the opportunity to go beyond appearances and question the current status quo. The showreel of images selected by the artist can hopefully serve to this purpose: to shake public opinion and inspire a necessary, overdue change in attitude and form towards women everywhere in the world".
The posters will be positioned in strategic, trafficked points in the city such as the entrance of Lugano central station, the lakefront and several other passage areas, thanks to the support of the technical sponsor APG | SGA.
Art critic and independent curator Paola Ugolini curated "What About Herstory?" Ugolini has curated numerous exhibitions and artistic projects focusing on video art and the use of the body in performance art and feminist art.
Ciriaca + Erre (Matera, Italy, 1973) lives between Lugano and London.
Recently awarded the Bally 2018 Artist Prize, she has received numerous awards, including: finalist at the Mostyn Visual Arts Center / Wales, UK (2015), Special Mention of the Terna Italia Award (2010), Cairo Italy Prize Finalist (2001).Ciriaca + Erre participated in the Tibet Pavilion, a parallel event of the 55th Venice Biennale (2013) and has exhibited in different museums and galleries: Buchmann Lugano (2014), Mostyn Visual Arts Center / Wales- UK (2015), MAMM - Multimedia Art Museum / Moscow (2012), Macro Museum Testaccio / Rome (2012), Museo della Permanente / Milan (2012), European Festival of Photography / Reggio Emilia (2012), Palazzo Collicola / Spoleto (2011), Palazzo Bagatti Valsecchi / Milan (2010), Fondazione Stelline / Milan (2005), Italian / Berlin Institute of Culture (2005) Her performances have animated international artistic venues such as the Mama's Theater / New York (2011), the Italian Cultural Institute / Los Angeles (2011), Palazzo Reale / Milan (2010).
Roberta Riassetto
T. +41766799394,
roberta.riassetto@gmail.com
© ciriacaerre.com
home ita + eng


text:
All change for bacterial outer membrane proteins
Gram-negative bacteria are a major cause of disease, in part because they have a robust outer membrane that protects against the immune system and certain antibiotics. They can live in a broad range of environments, which for E.coli includes river water as well as humans and animals.
The bacteria have intricate regulatory mechanisms for ensuring they have the right complement of outer membrane proteins – known as OMPs – for a particular habitat. But little is known about how OMPs are replaced in the outer membrane when bacteria adapt to changes in their growth conditions.
The new research describes how bacteria are able to change the proteins in their outer membrane and how this is intimately linked to the process of protein insertion in the membrane.
The researchers tracked how colicins — toxins produced by some strains of E.coli — make their way into bacteria via specific OMP receptors. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, they noticed that the colicin-bound receptors behaved in an unusual way in the membrane.
'We spent many years trying to figure out what might be causing the receptors to behave in this way, as if something was boxing them in,' Professor Kleanthous explained.
The researchers discovered that hundreds of the receptors bunch together in the outer membrane into structures they call 'OMP islands' causing the 'boxing in' effect.
The scientists replicated the apparently complex behaviour of OMPs in Gram-negative bacteria using purified proteins in an artificial membrane system in which they found that OMPs have a natural tendency to self-associate.
OMP islands contain an important molecular machine that is responsible for the insertion of new OMPs in the membrane. "We were not surprised to find the OMP insertion machinery in the islands, but it was completely unexpected to discover this machinery shuts down as the outer membrane matures," Dr Baumann, of the Department of Biology at York, explained. Although the reason for this is unclear, it is an important part of the new mechanism as it means 'old' and 'new' OMPs do not intermix.
The researchers found that old OMPs are pushed to the ends of a growing cell as new OMPs are inserted in the central region of the cell. After two cell divisions, cells appear that do not have any of the original OMPs. In simple terms, a bacterium like E. coli can change its outer membrane protein coat in just two generations.
Professor Kleanthous and Dr Baumann believe that their ongoing collaborative work, which began when the former was a member of the Department of Biology at York, will have a major impact on our understanding of the bacterial outer membrane.
'It offers up many new avenues of research and also suggests new potential targets for antibiotic development, for example the disruption of OMP islands,' they said.
Source: University of Oxford
bacteria (1561)
E. coli (143)
membranes (75)
proteins (1415)


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text:
writing. living. learning.
college composition
July 14, 2008 / 1 Comment
swimming at grandma's place
Aidan has grown gills. We had a real breakthrough, it seems as of late, with Aidan and swimming. Last year, he was really afraid–not wanting much to do with the water at all; however, this year, he's really taken to it. [singlepic=136,250,250] Learning to swimIt started when one of our homeschooling friends, Jen, invited us to her house to go swimming. Aidan, donned his brand new water wings and then he was off. He really had a good time, kicking around with the help of his wings, a couple of water noodles, and an inflatable raft. (The kid couldn't sink if he tried.) But his inordinate number of flotation devices not withstanding, he ventured out into the pool without mom or dad stuck to him. This was a big achievement. You could tell he was excited and proud.
A week and a half later, we headed over to grandmas to test out the big (kiddy) pool, and he was rearing to go. We couldn't get the kid out of the pool. He loved it (but still won't put his face in the water or tolerate too much water on top of his head). Hopefully, we'll get some more chances to swim this summer; who knows, maybe Aidan will sprout a dorsal fin.
family fun, photos, physical education, play
pond study at the lincoln marsh
I am a teacher, a writer, an unschooling dad, and a life learner.
He looks like he's having a lot of fun! Maybe try lessons next, and me may put his face in the water.
This is the personal blog of Michael McGuire—teacher, writer, thinker, life learner, trail runner, husband, dad, human being (in no particular order). Michael lives in Chicagoland with his beautiful wife, son, and Australian Cattle Dog Briggs.
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text:
<?php

namespace ForkCMS\Modules\MediaLibrary\Domain\MediaGroup\Exception;

class MediaGroupNotFound extends \Exception
{
    public static function forEmptyId(): self
    {
        return new self('The id you have given is null');
    }

    public static function forId(string $id): self
    {
        return new self('Can\'t find a MediaGroup with id = "' . $id . '"".');
    }
}


Afton's shoulders shook slightly as she laughed silently.
She followed Ve closely, but gave her enough room in case she stopped abruptly again.
Ve gripped the hand rail so tightly that her hand was shaking. There were so many irrational things about stairs. Whomever had invented them was clinically insane, they had to be. They were repetitious and crafty. And what about those risers. How many different ways could one of those collapse or just disappear altogether leaving room for someone to reach through and grab one's foot?
The longer they stayed on the stairs, the faster Ve walked. She didn't speak, didn't take time to explain anything else to Afton. Why should she? Her life was on the line here, and besides, she could always explain things later. Couldn't she?
At last the door at the top of the stairs presented itself and Ve pushed through into the sunlight without another word.
OOC: We are going to be moving here now. Everyone is finally in the same spot, well... almost everyone... I do believe we have one more contestant before we proceed.


Singapore, 25th March, 2019 – Just over 115 days remain until the eagerly awaited Season 2 of the T2 Diamond Table Tennis League (T2 Diamond), and today arrives confirmation of the three host cities: Johor Bahru (Malaysia), Haikou (China) and Singapore.
The refined and polished T2 Diamond will start at the very place where the journey first began. The opening event in July will be held in Johor Bahru (Malaysia), the city which successfully hosted the inaugural season in 2017. Then, Event 2 in September will take place at Mission Hills Resort, in the iconic city of Haikou on the island of Hainan, while the season-ending showpiece in November will be hosted in T2 Diamond's headquarter city of Singapore.


My favorite way to add flavor to meat is with a dry rub. If you add a sauce, many times the sauce will burn before the meat is cooked through. If you marinate the meat, it can add too much moisture. Then the meat just sort of steams and turns grey and chewy. Grey meat....yum. Adding a dry rub can add loads of flavor without messing up your perfect sear or crispy skin (exhibit A).
The best part about making a dry rub is that you probably have most of the spices on hand already! This will stay good for a year or so, as long as you keep it sealed in your cupboard. Spices lose their spice eventually, so start with fresh spices for the most flavor.
This dry rub adds some smokiness from the smoked paprika and the chipotle. That means that even if you make your ribs in a slow cooker or your steaks in a cast iron pan, they taste like they're fresh off the grill! Winning! If you're sensitive to spice you may want to cut back on the chipotle pepper, or substitute regular chili powder (make sure the only ingredient is chilis), which is milder.
Rub about 1T of the spice mix into your meat before cooking.
Save the remaining spice mix in a sealed container for future use.
If you decide to give this smoky dry rub a try, show me! Tag me on Instagram with #ideatthatfoodtoo!


Meow Studios is a start-up company located in Eastern Europe. We specialize in creating various apps and games as well as offering client services.
We have vast experience of more than 10 years with creating graphical assets as well as more than 5 years experience with creating full projects for a variety of platforms.
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Our goal is to become a leader in the industry in the following 5 years.


rfpipe supports Python-based analysis of radio interferometric data (especially from the Very Large Array) and searches for fast radio transients. This extends on the rtpipe library (ascl:1706.002) with new approaches to parallelization, acceleration, and more portable data products. rfpipe can run in standalone mode or be in a cluster environment.
RGW is a lightweight R-language implementation of the affine-invariant Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling method of Goodman & Weare (2010). The implementation is based on the description of the python package emcee (ascl:1303.002).
RH 1.5D performs Zeeman multi-level non-local thermodynamical equilibrium calculations with partial frequency redistribution for an arbitrary amount of chemical species. Derived from the RH code and written in C, it calculates spectra from 3D, 2D or 1D atmospheric models on a column-by-column basis (or 1.5D). It includes optimization features to speed up or improve convergence, which are particularly useful in dynamic models of chromospheres. While one should be aware of its limitations, the calculation of spectra using the 1.5D or column-by-column is a good approximation in many cases, and generally allows for faster convergence and more flexible methods of improving convergence. RH 1.5D scales well to at least tens of thousands of CPU cores.
Roche is a visualization and analysis tool for drawing the Roche-lobe geometry of evolving binaries. Roche can be used as a standalone program reading data from the command line or from a file generated by SeBa (ascl:1201.003). Eventually Roche will be able to read data from any other binary evolution program. Roche requires Starlab (ascl:1010.076) version 4.1.1 or later and the pgplot (ascl:1103.002) libraries. Roche creates a series of images, based on the SeBa output file SeBa.data, displaying the evolutionary state of a binary.
Rockstar (Robust Overdensity Calculation using K-Space Topologically Adaptive Refinement) identifies dark matter halos, substructure, and tidal features. The approach is based on adaptive hierarchical refinement of friends-of-friends groups in six phase-space dimensions and one time dimension, which allows for robust (grid-independent, shape-independent, and noise-resilient) tracking of substructure. Our method is massively parallel (up to 10^5 CPUs) and runs on the largest current simulations (>10^10 particles) with high efficiency (10 CPU hours and 60 gigabytes of memory required per billion particles analyzed). Rockstar offers significant improvement in substructure recovery as compared to several other halo finders.
The RVLIN package for IDL is a set of routines that quickly fits an arbitrary number of Keplerian curves to radial velocity data. It can handle data from multiple telescopes (i.e. it solves for the offset), constraints on P, e, and time of peri passage, and can incorporate transit timing data. The code handles fixed periods and circular orbits in combination and transit time constraints, including for multiple transiting planets.
S2LET provides high performance routines for fast wavelet analysis of signals on the sphere. It uses the SSHT code built on the MW sampling theorem to perform exact spherical harmonic transforms on the sphere. The resulting wavelet transform implemented in S2LET is theoretically exact, i.e. a band-limited signal can be recovered from its wavelet coefficients exactly and the wavelet coefficients capture all the information. S2LET also supports the HEALPix sampling scheme, in which case the transforms are not theoretically exact but achieve good numerical accuracy. The core routines of S2LET are written in C and have interfaces in Matlab, IDL and Java. Real signals can be written to and read from FITS files and plotted as Mollweide projections.
Saada transforms a set of heterogeneous FITS files or VOtables of various categories (images, tables, spectra, etc.) in a powerful database deployed on the Web. Databases are located on your host and stay independent of any external server. This job doesn't require writing code. Saada can mix data of various categories in multiple collections. Data collections can be linked each to others making relevant browsing paths and allowing data-mining oriented queries. Saada supports 4 VO services (Spectra, images, sources and TAP) . Data collections can be published immediately after the deployment of the Web interface.
SALT (Spectral Adaptive Lightcurve Template) is a package for Type Ia Supernovae light curve fitting. Its main purpose is to provide a distance estimator but it can also be used for photometric redshifts, and spectroscopic + photometric identification. This code is also known by the name snfit.
The Search And Non-Destroy (SAND) is a VLBI data reduction pipeline composed of a set of Python programs based on the AIPS interface provided by ObitTalk. It is designed for the massive data reduction of multi-epoch VLBI monitoring research. It can automatically investigate calibrated visibility data, search all the radio emissions above a given noise floor and do the model fitting either on the CLEANed image or directly on the uv data. It then digests the model-fitting results, intelligently identifies the multi-epoch jet component correspondence, and recognizes the linear or non-linear proper motion patterns. The outputs including CLEANed image catalogue with polarization maps, animation cube, proper motion fitting and core light curves. For uncalibrated data, a user can easily add inline modules to do the calibration and self-calibration in a batch for a specific array.
Scanamorphos is an IDL program to build maps from scan observations made with bolometer arrays. Scanamorphos can post-process scan observations performed with the Herschel photometer arrays. This post-processing mainly consists in subtracting the total low-frequency noise (both its thermal and non-thermal components), masking cosmic ray hit residuals, and projecting the data onto a map. Although it was developed for Herschel, it is also applicable with minimal adjustment to scan observations made with other bolometer arrays provided they entail sufficient redundancy; it was successfully applied to P-Artemis, an instrument operating on the APEX telescope. Scanamorphos does not assume any particular noise model and does not apply any Fourier-space filtering to the data. It is an empirical tool using only the redundancy built in the observations, taking advantage of the fact that each portion of the sky is sampled at multiple times by multiple bolometers. The user is allowed to optionally visualize and control results at each intermediate step, but the processing is fully automated.


text:
Best way to get pregnant with a boy
by Meghan Malugin 8 months ago
Plenty of couples from all over the globe have gender preferences when it comes to the baby they are trying to conceive. Sometimes, couples would really like to conceive a little girl. But let's face it, in this male-orientated, patriarchal world, those who want to try for a baby of a certain gender are mainly hoping for boys. Those hoping to secure a male heir may wonder what is the best way to get pregnant with a boy?
There are a few "natural gender selection techniques", which we have written about a few times on SteadyHealth. By far the most popular of these is the so-called Shettles method, which holds that sperm move at different speeds depending on the chromosome they carry. Unfortunately for those who have been trying to get pregnant with a boy, studies have shown no scientific evidence that the Shettles method to conceive a baby of the parents' chosen gender actually works.
Then there is MicroSort, a medical gender selection method that uses DNA screening to find out which sperm will contribute to boys, and which to making a girl. The sperm are then sorted and used in IVF or IUI treatment. While this method is effective, it is not freely accessible to couples who want a boy for non-medical reasons in most countries.
Preimplantatation genetic screening is another method combined with IVF. This time, the testing is carried out after embryos are already created. After finding out which embryos created through IVF are female, and which are male, the female embryos can then be discarded and you can secure your male heir. The poor man's version of this technique would involve using relatively new techniques to find out your naturally conceived baby's gender in the very early stages of pregnancy.
You may find it shocking to realize that, in some cultures, the technique is gaining popularity to carry out a post-conception gender selection. It's possible repulsive perhaps, certainly when this is done purely for cultural and not medical reasons, possible indeed to abort the fetus if it had bad luck, and did not end up a boy. This is, perhaps, a whole different perspective on "selective reduction". The rest of us can make peace with the fact that couples who are trying to conceive have about a 50/50 chance of conceiving a bot or a girl.
www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/getting-pregnant/
www.nhs.uk/live-well/sexual-health/15-things-young-people-should-know-about-sex/
Photo courtesy of Donnie Ray Jones by Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/donnieray/35150179050/
How To Increase Or Decrease Your Chances Of Getting Pregnant
How to get pregnant with a boy
Conceiving a girl: natural ways to have a daughter
How to get pregnant with a girl
Trying to conceive a girl
Conceiving a boy: natural ways to have a son
Pregnant, But Not Sure Who The Father Is?
Yes, You Can Get Pregnant Without Intercourse (And Here's How!)
Unable To Get Pregnant: What Now?
Pregnancy After Menopause
Can Men Remain Fertile Even After Vasectomy?
Can You Get Pregnant Naturally In Your Late Forties And Beyond?
Overview of Male Fertility Treatments
UK Considers New Three-Parent IVF Technique
It's All In The Head: Girls Really Grow Up Faster
We are trying for a girl using the Shettles method
First steps taken towards designer babies
Choose your child's sex
Where do sperm stay while waiting for the egg?
Educated people in India practise sex selective abortions
It's a boy...if you've been trying for a while
correcting eye sight
gender of the child
how do i know if my girl s pregnant?
Pregnancy After Abortion, will I be able to conceive and carry a full term pregnancy in the future
In a survey that was conducted more than 80% of parents have admitted that they wish for specific gender...


Scott R. Baker and Jennifer H. Elowsky proudly announce the opening of their new firm, Baker & Elowsky, PLLC. Baker & Elowsky, PLLC is a multi-service law firm specializing in municipal law, in addition to wide range of practice areas.
At Baker & Elowsky, PLLC, we believe that each of our clients are important and successfully addressing client needs requires more than just knowledge of the law. Our commitment to excellence combined with our mission to deliver outstanding service makes Baker & Elowsky, PLLC stand above the rest.
We welcome new clients as we continue to grow. To contact us, you may call (248) 230 - 4103 or email: sbaker@bakerelowsky.com.


Welcome to the English Bowling Federation Website.
The indoor competitions are now nearing the final stages. Follow the Links in the Main Menu to the left for EBF Indoor Finals 2019; EWBF Indoor Finals 2019 and Derbyshire 2018/9.
The wearing of shorts by men.
It was passed at the 2018 AGM that tailored shorts (with EBF logo) may be worn, white in inter-county association matches and national championships, grey in other games. For the full dress regulations for men click on "Rules (2019)" in the Main Menu to the left and see rule 7.21. Shotbowl are the only EBF approved outlet. Here is the link to the relevant page of their website.
The National Outdoor Finals were held at Skegness, August 18th to 25th 2018. An overview of the results of the FINAL MATCH in each competition can be seen by following the 'Skegness 2018 - Champions' link in the Main Menu.


We are sad to have to once again announce the death of another Midwest filmmaker and cinematographer – Frank Koza. Frank had a long history of shooting news, first based out of the east coast and then Chicago. He was a member of the International Cinematographer's Guild Local 600 and he was good. He was a consummate professional.
CFA acquired his negatives, prints and trims last year. We know how much of a professional he was, just by the labeling he attached to his film materials. To date, no collection we have received is so well organized and described as is the materials in Frank's collection of films. Although we have yet to fully process this massive collection (it was meticulously inventoried by past CFA intern, Amelia Anderson), we have digitized a couple of his prints with subjects ranging from GOP political conventions and Apollo 11 blast-offs to leisurely scenes of suburban Chicago. Frank knew how to shoot.
I feel this is one big mistake. Mike has been working on multiple projects (books and films) with his partner and wife Carol Gray. He sprints when he moves, never lollygagging from one place to the next. By the way, he is not finished with THE ORGANIZER featuring the work of community organizer and Black Panther Bobby Lee (also known as the Mayor of the 5th Ward in Houston). Mike and his former partner Bill Cottle (The Film Group) donated to CFA one of our first documentary collections…the Urban Crisis series. This series of seven modules were actually educational films culled from the massive footage they shot during the civil rights marches in Chicago and the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Eventually CFA had them preserved with the blessing of the NFPF. One of them – CICERO MARCH – has been twice nominated for the National Film Registry. Trailer for THE MURDER OF FRED HAMPTON In 1968/69 Mike had been making AMERICAN REVOLUTION 2 (and after that THE MURDER OF FRED HAMPTON), two feature-length documentaries that pretty much represented the race and anti-war unrest of that time. Directing AR2, Mike invited Howard Alk (another Chicagoan with considerable editing talents) to review the miles of footage and co-direct his film that was in progress. Alk did and gave the film its direction. They went on to make MURDER OF FRED HAMPTON, and after that, Mike skedaddled off to Hollywood with his screenplay CHINA SYNDROME. In 2004, Mike came up to see our chilly vault and hear my spiel on what we at CFA intended to do with these Midwest film collections and the Chicago filmmakers who, as a rule, are neglected, in the shadows and often forgotten. CFA was only about a year old at the time. After finishing the tour of the vault, we sprinted across the bridge to my car for a lunch at Mannys. We sat down and Mike told me what to do. He insisted that CFA do a retrospective on the brilliant Howard Alk who for a brief shining moment in history crafted some films that cut to the core. Mike was not shy about singing Alk's praises. He more than shared the credit for AR2 and MURDER. He did the same with the films he collaborated on with Chuck Olin. You will see Mike's name again on the newly preserved CFA film 8 FLAGS FOR 99 CENTS which will be showcased this fall. We have found Mike's name on numerous films that reside in our archive, in particular the Film Group and Olin Collections. He produced, shot, directed, recorded sound, begged for money; he did everything and anything on films to make them happen splendidly. He has authored many books, was a great journalist, a voice that could add clarity to complicated things, an activist, whatever… What sets Mike apart from the rest of us, he did not have an outsized or even medium-sized ego. Mike was always always the boy from Darlington, Indiana. I miss him already. You can view some of Mike's work here and here.


Put a stop to wasted water. Control water flow and increase water conservation with the Seven Function Spray Nozzle. Allows for effortless adjustment of spray patterns and optimal water pressure to make outdoor watering more enjoyable.