Nothing beats a traditional ham at Christmas. Even thou a ham is cooked it can still be glazed to warm it through and intensify the flavours. You an use any type of conserve for the glaze, even a marmalade works well. Store leftover ham in a ham bag and use within 5 days. Darlene, Food Ed.
Preheat oven to 180C (160C fan forced). Line a large roasting tray with baking paper. Use a small sharp knife to cut around the end of a ham bone or the uncut end of the ham in a zigzag pattern.
Step 1 Use a small knife to cut through the rind.
Run your fingers under the skin, leaving some fat on the ham itself and carefully lift it off in one piece, removing as little fat as possible. Reserve skin to cover ham when storing. Score the fat in thin lines across the surface of the ham approx 5mm deep. Place ham into the roasting pan and cover shank end to prevent it burning.
Step 2 Score the fat with a knife.
Combine fig jam, brown sugar and balsamic vinegar in small saucepan over medium heat and stir until melted and smooth. Brush a quarter of the mixture over the ham. Bake for 1hr, brushing 3 more times during cooking.
Step 3 Brush the glaze over the ham.
Dice the flesh of peaches and place into a bowl. Add cherries, red onion, spring/green onions and the juice of 1 lime. Season to taste. Transfer ham to a platter and carve into thin slices. Serve with salsa. Garnish with rocket leaves.
Step 4 Carve the ham to serve.


The latest trend in Catholic ethical thinking is what might be called 'ethics without sacrifice'. In this approach to morality, any moral analysis is said to be incorrect if it implies that one must suffer in order to avoid sin. A moral analysis is said to be absurd or callous or merciless, and obviously wrong, if that moral analysis requires someone to suffer or to sacrifice in order to avoid doing evil. The very definition of what is sinful or evil is changed so that no one must suffer greatly in order to avoid sin.
Is a particular abortion direct? If so, then two lives will be lost instead of one. Therefore, they claim that the abortion must be indirect. Is contraception immoral outside of marriage? If so, then couples committing fornication would have to risk an unintended pregnancy, and children would suffer from being born out of wedlock. Therefore, they claim that it cannot be immoral. Is it immoral for a married woman to use abortifacient contraception to treat a medical disorder AND continue to have sexual relations? If so, then she must either suffer from her medical disorder, or suffers the loss of sexual relations. Therefore, they claim that it cannot be immoral. Are unnatural sexual acts immoral in marriage? If so, then the couple might have less sexual pleasure (what a great suffering this seems to be from the point of view of the secular mind!), or they might, it is claimed, have difficulty achieving natural marital relations without unnatural foreplay. Therefore, they claim that these acts must be moral. Is it always a sin to lie? If so, then some persons will have to suffer, rather than tell a lie. Therefore, they claim that lying cannot be always immoral.
Various excuses and clever arguments are used to support their conclusions. But the real basis for the whole argument is the premise that it cannot possibly be the will of God for someone to suffer, especially any great suffering, in order to avoid sin. Many Catholics online commentators, and more than a few theologians, take this point of view. Some express it with greater subtlety and some with less. But the basic concept is the same: an act that is necessary to avert great suffering cannot be a sin.
This concept is used even to justify acts such as directly crushing the skull of a prenatal, during birth — a partial birth abortion of the most horrific kind — in order to save the life of the mother. We are informed by these misguided ethicists that it cannot possibly be moral to let two persons die so as to avoid sin. Nor can it possibly be immoral, they claim to directly kill an innocent prenatal if it means that another innocent life is saved. Interestingly, they never justify the equally immoral act of directly killing the mother to save the prenatal, or of directly killing any adult in order to save any number of innocent adult lives. Why is that? Perhaps it is because killing innocent prenatals is often legal and killing innocent adults is not. Their ethics is founded on the secular point of view, not the Christian point of view.
A few Catholics have stood up to denounce this perverse ethical system, some recently and some in the distant past. These denouncers are the holy martyrs of the Church, who bear witness to the supreme good of obeying the eternal moral law and thereby obeying God, even at the cost of great personal sacrifice, even at the cost of torture and death.
"The Church proposes the example of numerous Saints who bore witness to and defended moral truth even to the point of enduring martyrdom, or who preferred death to a single mortal sin. In raising them to the honour of the altars, the Church has canonized their witness and declared the truth of their judgment, according to which the love of God entails the obligation to respect his commandments, even in the most dire of circumstances, and the refusal to betray those commandments, even for the sake of saving one's own life." (Veritatis Splendor, n. 91).
The teaching of Pope John Paul II stands as a witness, too, against the false teaching of 'the ethics of exceptions for difficult cases'. His teaching on this point in Veritatis Splendor is the teaching of the Magisterium and the teaching of Christ.
"The negative precepts of the natural law are universally valid. They oblige each and every individual, always and in every circumstance. It is a matter of prohibitions which forbid a given action semper et pro semper, without exception, because the choice of this kind of behaviour is in no case compatible with the goodness of the will of the acting person, with his vocation to life with God and to communion with his neighbour. It is prohibited – to everyone and in every case – to violate these precepts. They oblige everyone, regardless of the cost, never to offend in anyone, beginning with oneself, the personal dignity common to all." (Veritatis Splendor, n. 52).
But the first and foremost example of suffering in order to do what is right, regardless of the cost, is found in the example of Jesus Christ, dying on the Cross for our salvation.
The example of Christ teaches us that sometimes we must suffer greatly and sometimes we must allow grave consequences to occur, in order to do good and to avoid doing evil.
Saint Catherine of Siena was taught by God that we should not sin, even if the benefit was to save the whole world from Hell.
Simone Weil wrote that she would obey the will of God even if it meant that she would be sent to Hell forever (Weil, Waiting for God, p. 31).
The smallest sin is not justified, not even to obtain the greatest benefit. For the end does not justify the means. But the new approach to ethics is to claim that the means is not a sin if the end is the good of avoiding great suffering. The result is that many teachings on morality found in Tradition, Scripture, Magisterium are made null and void. The idea that 'a good end makes the means good' is essentially the same as 'the end justifies the means'. Also, if a good result and/or a good intention is sufficient to make an act entirely moral, then the teaching of the Magisterium on intrinsic evil is entirely null and void also.
Would you be willing to suffer torture and death, rather than commit an intrinsically evil act? Or do you think that nothing can possibly be intrinsically evil if that moral analysis would require you to suffer greatly?
Would you be willing to suffer the loss of your reputation and your friends, rather than commit a sin? Or do you think that nothing could possibly be a sin if it would cause you harm?
Would you choose to sin and admit that you are sinning? Or would you join those clever false teachers who claim that no act can ever be a sin if the act is necessary to avoid suffering?
"For how does it benefit a man, if he gains the whole world, yet truly suffers damage to his soul?" (Mt 16:26).
Gallery | This entry was posted in ethics, intention and moral object. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
* Now using [tap:i18n](https://github.com/TAPevents/tap-i18n) for internationalization (thanks a ton to @theosp).
* Each package is now i18n'd invididually.
* Chinese i18n code is now `zh-CN`, not `zh`.
* Various fixes (thanks @anthonymayer).
* Upgrade Avatar package (thanks @bengott).

## v0.9.9

* Updating to Meteor 1.0.
* Updating to Iron Router 1.0.
* Adding view counter (thanks @steffenstraetz! See [PR #489](https://github.com/TelescopeJS/Telescope/pull/489))
* Splitting out `router.js` in multiple files.
* URL can now be removed when editing a post (thanks @massimilianomarini! See [PR 484](https://github.com/TelescopeJS/Telescope/pull/484)).
* Now waiting on `allUsersAdmin` subscription for post submit page (thanks @kai101! See [PR 508](https://github.com/TelescopeJS/Telescope/pull/508))
* Putting server-side routes for email template tests in their own respective packages.

## v0.9.8

* Fixing #457 (pending posts view not working).
* Added German translation (thanks @Helmi!).
* Added `?q=` parameter to searches (thanks @yourcelf!).
* Abstracting `isAdmin` (thanks @yourcelsf!).
* Refactoring `getPostsParameters` (thanks @delgermurun!).
* Using `bengott:avatar` package for avatars (thanks @bengott!).
* Upgrading to Meteor 0.9.3.1.

## v0.9.7 "SettingsScope"

* Updating to Meteor 0.9.3.
* Improving RSS feed (thanks @delgermurun!).
* Fixed redirection issues on sign-up (thanks @steffenstraetz!)
* Fixed bug on Twitter sign-in.
* Splitting up the settings form into sub-sections.
* Adding help text to settings form.
* Fixing problem with daily view theming.
* Improving avatar stuff (thanks @shaialon and @bengott!).

## v0.9.6

* Fixed security hole in user update.
* Kadira is now included by default.
* Comments now have their own feed (thanks @delgermurun!).
* Fixed URL collision bug (thanks @GoodEveningMiss!).
* Now using [`account-templates`](https://github.com/splendido/accounts-templates-core) (thanks @splendido!).
* Retinizing avatar sizes (thanks @shaialon!).

## v0.9.5 "FixScope"

* Fixed `/settings` bug (thanks @steffenstraetz!).
* Code cleanup (thanks @wulfmeister!).
* Fixed upvote/downvote concurrency bug (thanks @spifd!).
* Renamed `SubmitServerCallbacks` to `SubmitMethodCallbacks` for posts and comments.
* Added `AfterSubmitMethodCallbacks` for posts and comments.
* Made notifications into their own `telescope-notifications` package.
* `telescope-update-prompt` package now sends user, post, and comment count when phoning home.

## v0.9.4 "UpdateScope"

* Removed unneeded allow insert on Posts and Comments.
* Renaming `postMeta` template to `postInfo` to avoid ambiguity.
* Fixing avatar code.
* Adding update prompt package.
* Upgrading to Meteor 0.9.2.
* Do not remove deleted comments from database, use `isDeleted` flag instead.
* Now showing "X new posts" instead of just displaying them. Thanks @dburles!

## v0.9.3 "DailyScope"

* Show user comments on user profile page.
* Move votes to their own `user.votes` object.
* Add daily view.
* Default root view is now customizable.
* Updated app to 0.9.0.
* Updated all packages to be 0.9.0-compatible.
* Fixed XSS bug (CVE ID: CVE-2014-5144) by sanitizing user input server-side.
* Now storing both markdown and HTML versions of content.

## v0.9.2.6 "InviteScope"

* Added new invite features (thanks [@callmephilip](https://github.com/callmephilip)!)
* Changed `navItems` to `primaryNav` and added `secondaryNav`.
* Added new `themeSettings` object for storing theme-level settings.
* Notifications is now a nav menu item.
* Renamed `comments` to `commentsCount` on `Post` model.
* Now tracking list of commenters `_id`s on `Post` model.
* Rerun interrupted migrations.

## v0.9.2.5 "AccountScope"

* Now keeping track of upvoted/downvoted posts & comments.
* Using [accounts-entry](https://github.com/Differential/accounts-entry/) for accounts stuff.
* Split out part of the Hubble theme into a new "base" theme.

## v0.9.2 "MailScope"

* Use [handlebars-server](https://github.com/EventedMind/meteor-handlebars-server) for all email templates.
* Refactored email system to use global HTML email wrapper.
* Added routes to preview email templates.
* Changed how notifications are stored in db.
* Added `deleteNotifications` migration to delete all existing notifications.
* Now using templates for on-site notifications too.
* Added `heroModules` and `footerModules` hooks.
* Added [telescope-newsletter](https://github.com/TelescopeJS/Telescope-Newsletter) package.
* Sending emails from within `setTimeout`s to fix latency compensation issue.

## v0.9.1.2

* Added `lastCommentedAt` property to posts.
* Added hooks to `post_edit` and `post_submit`'s `rendered` callback.
* Embedly module now supports video embedding in a lightbox.
* Updated to Meteor 0.8.3.
* Updated packages.

## v0.9.1

* Using Arunoda's [Subscription Manager](https://github.com/meteorhacks/subs-manager).
* Updating mobile version.
* Made the background color setting into a more general background CSS setting.
* Added `postHeading` and `postMeta` hooks.

## v0.9

* See [blog post](http://telesc.pe/blog/telescope-v09-modulescope) for changelog.

## v0.8.3 "CleanScope"

* Refactored the way dating and timestamping works with pending/approved posts.
* Cleaned up unused/old third-party code.
* Migrated "submitted" property to "postedAt".
* Added a "postedAt" property to comments.

## v0.8.2 "SchemaScope"

* Improved migrations with timestamps and number of rows affected.
* Created `telescope-lib` and `telescope-base` pacakge.
* Pulled out search into its own `telescope-search` package.
* Made menu and views modular.
* Using SimpleSchema and Collection2 for models.

## v0.8.1 "FlexScope"

* Extracted part of the tags feature into its own package.
* Made subscription preloader more flexible.
* Made navigation menu dynamic.

## v0.8 "BlazeScope"

* Updated for Meteor 0.8.1.1/Blaze compatibility.
* Using Collection2/SimpleSchema/Autoforms for Settings form.

## v0.7.4 "InterScope"

* Added basic internationalization (thanks Toam!).
* Added search logging.

## v0.7.3

* Refactored notifications.
* Added notifications for new users creation.

## v0.7.2

* Added basic search (thanks Ry!).

## v0.7.1

* Added karma redistribution.
* Improved user dashboard.
* Improved user profiles.

Note: run the "update user profile" script from the toolbox after updating.

## v0.7 "IronScope"

#### Huge update!

* Switched to IronRouter.
* Added new invite system.
* Made nested comments optional.
* Reworked notifications settings.
* Stopped publishing all users.
* Added URL slugs for user profiles.
* Using nProgress to show loading.
* Paginating users dashboard.
* Filtering users dashboard.

Note: If you're upgrading from a previous version of Telescope, you'll need to run the "update user slugs" method from within the Admin Toolbox panel inside the web app to get user profiles to work.

## v0.6.2

* Fixed bug where anybody could delete any comment.
* Added option to add new users to a MailChimp list.

## v0.6.1

* Added Bitly integration.
* Fixed Twitter avatars.
* Refactoring allow/deny code.
* Added click tracking on links.
* Refactoring RSS and API code to use server-side routing.

## v0.6

* Added categories
* Cleaned up file structure.

## v0.5.6

* Added simple JSON API showing the 100 last posts.

## v0.5.5

* Added Google Analytics pageview tracking.
* Added RSS feed for /new

## v0.5.4

* Added email notifications for approved users.
* Added delete users link.

## v0.5.3

* Added basic color customization.
* Fixed Flush bug.

## v0.5.2

* Added email notifications of new comments and new replies for all users (along with unsubcribe link) and notifications of new posts for admin users.

## v0.5.1

* Added a second `createdAt` timestamp. Score calculations still use the `submitted` timestamp, but it only gets set when (if) a post gets approved.

* Started keeping track of versions and changes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Looking for things to do in Devon this Halloween? As the dreaded day approaches, we're getting in the mood for some ghoulish encounters here at Langstone Cliff. We've scoured South Devon for the ghastliest, grisliest, and most gruesome fun we can find, so that you can have a horrifyingly good Halloween on the Devonshire coast.
By day, the Big Sheep will be filled with delightfully titillating Halloween fun such as a terrifyingly titled 'Arachnophobia Ride'; a haunted hayride; a lakeside train ride; a haunted house; the Witches Flying School; and lots of fun pumpkin carving. But by night, the Big Sheep will become a terrifying wilderness filled with live action hauntings and frights in the form of a zombie zone; haunted house and haunted hayride. Not to be missed!
Take your little monsters to Paignton Zoo this Halloween for some creepy, spine-chilling capers! There will be a 'Trick or Treat' trail where little ones will receive a spooky pumpkin mask and a scrumptious chocolate treat. You can also jump aboard the ghoulish ghost train; watch frightful animal talks; get your teeth stuck into some creepy crawlies (literally!) with a bug-eating challenge; and treat yourself to some delicious Halloween themed cupcakes or a steaming hot bowl of pumpkin soup in the Island Restaurant.
Watch Babbacombe's Model village come alive in a spooktacular Halloween extravaganza! With mysterious illuminations, a tiny wicker man, and a 4D spooky cinema experience, this tiny Halloween treat is not one to be missed! Make your eerie visit even more special, with a 'Workshop of Horrors' tour. The (spoof) tour will take you, by lamplight, through the woods and past 'abandoned' haunted workshops. Fun for all the family!
Occombe Farm is a delightful working farm just half an hour from Langstone. This Halloween, Occombe Farm presents their very own Halloween Hob Goblin Trail! The farm invites brave young explorers join us on this exhilarating quest to save Occombe from the naughty hob-goblins & their monsters who have stolen the heart of the farm!
As you can see, there's lots going on in South Devon this Halloween to keep your little (and big!) monsters entertained!
If you simply can't wait to get a-carving those pumpkins and enjoying the spooktastic fun, then give Langstone Cliff a call on 01626 221329, or book here to kick start your amazing family break in Devon!


text:
Home Uncategorized Huawei suggests investments in 'hostile' countries at risk
Huawei suggests investments in 'hostile' countries at risk
Posted By: Dirty_Nightmareon: January 23, 2019 In: Uncategorized
Huawei has suggested it could withdraw investments in countries that impose restrictions on its business.
Several countries are excluding the Chinese telecommunications equipment manufacturer from their 5G rollouts, while other nations are considering measures that would limit the company's influence on their communications infrastructure.
The main basis for these fears is a perception that Huawei is linked to the Chinese government and that the use of the company's equipment risks the possibility of backdoors that could be used for espionage. These fears are heightened by 5G because of the sensitive information these networks will carry.
Everything you need to know about 5G
Huawei WEF
Huawei has long been frozen out of the US market, while Australia has expressly banned the company from its 5G rollout. Agencies and government officials in other nations, including Germany, Norway and the Czech Republic, have also expressed concerns.
Senior executives at Huawei have made rare public appearances to address these issues. The most notable of these was a press roundtable attended by founder and CEO Ren Zhengfei, where he stated that he and the company had never spied on behalf of the Chinese government and had no intentions of doing so.
Now at the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Chairman Liang Hua told journalists that should Huawei face further obstacles in certain countries, it could move its investments to somewhere "where we are welcomed."
"We would transfer the technology partnership to countries where we are welcomed and where we can have collaboration with," he is quoted as saying the BBC.
The UK is the subject of £3 billion worth of investments – including a new headquarters near Reading – but there is no suggestion that these are at risk.
Huawei has repeatedly denied accusations of spying, pointing out that it works with security agencies around the world and that it sells products to more than 500 operators in 170 countries without issue. This includes the UK, where BT, EE, Vodafone and Three are all customers.
Hua has invited anyone with concerns to inspect Huawei's facilities in China.
Multiple challenges
A Huawei employee has been arrested in Poland on allegations of spying – although Huawei has dismissed that person and distanced itself from their alleged actions.
There is unlikely to be any enthusiasm for a ban among customers who value Huawei for its innovations and fear a reduced pool of suppliers will increase prices. One operator that has lent its support is Canada's Telus, which has declared Huawei to be a "reliable" equipment partner.
However, Canada is also a problem for Huawei. Zhengfei's daughter and company CFO Meng Wanzhou is currently being held in Canada as US officials attempt to extradite her to face charges of fraud related to alleged dealings with Iran. Canada has said that US plans to file for extradition, but it has no idea when this will happen.
This has raised diplomatic and trade tensions between China and the US and Canada.US President Donald Trump has suggested he could intervene if this would aid relations and Hua has urged for a speedy resolution to the situation
"We are following this issue closely but haven't had direct contact with the authorities. We will call for a quick conclusion for Ms. Meng so that Ms. Meng can have her personal freedom," he is quoted as saying.
Here are the best Huawei phone deals in 2019
Fallout 76 isn't going free-to-play confirms Bethesda
Bridging the data divide between IT and business
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Raise your hand if growing up, you only ate jellied cranberry sauce from a can?
I know some people cringe at the thought of this squishy, gelled, goop, but I must admit I was always a fan.
I'm not sure I even knew what a whole cranberry looked like until a few years ago. I remember the first day I bought cranberries. How could I not, after popping a few in my mouth, RAW. Worst decision ever. Pretty sure I was expecting something like a grape, because I was thinking raisins come from grapes, and grapes are sweet, so cranberries must be too!
After that little number, I decided to use them as a centerpiece, and forgo making any type of sauce.
I guess I also avoid making this sauce because it is loaded with sugar. There is really no way around it! Well, maybe someone has figured out a way, but I haven't spent much time looking.
Despite having to use quite a bit of sugar, I tried to get a little creative with it. Instead of 1c sugar, which is what most recipes call for, I broke it down a bit. I used a 1/2c of brown rice syrup, which has the same grams of sugar per serving, as sugar, but does not spike your blood sugar levels in the same way. For the other half, I split that between sucanat + unsweetened applesauce. The applesauce was a last minute idea, that I think worked quite well.
This might be an excellent recipe to try using date paste with, for the sweetener. Thanks to Gena's lovely tutorial and information, it sounds really easy to make.
So what are the components of this cranberry sauce?
I thought the ginger would add a nice warmth to the sauce and contrast with the fruity flavor of the cranberries and oranges.
To my surprise, I really enjoyed this and kept spooning it from the container in the fridge. I know I must like something, when I can't keep out of the leftovers.
After the first trial sent a shiver down my spine, from not adding enough sugar, I adjusted for trial two and it was a keeper.
Peel your orange and carefully slice the pith off.
Cut into about 1" pieces and set aside. Remove seeds if needed.
In a large saucepan, over medium, add the cranberries, water, orange juice, brown rice syrup, apple sauce and sucanat, ginger, salt, cinnamon stick, and bring to a boil. Stirring every minute or so.
Reduce heat to simmer for about 10-12min, stirring every minute or so.
In the last 2 minutes, stir in the orange pieces.
The consistency will be noticeably thicker than when you started, but it will thicken much more when chilled.
Cover + chill in the fridge for a few hours before serving.
Top with orange zest and/or toasted walnuts or pecans.
substitutions/comments: I used 1 1/2 large oranges in my version. Use more or less to your preference. You can sub 1c of pure cane sugar for the brown rice syrup, applesauce + sucanat, if desired. Likewise, you can sub 1c of brown rice syrup/honey/maple syrup. If you don't have orange juice, use apple juice, or use all water. You can buy jars of minced ginger for about $2 in the Asian food aisle, which is a steal! If you don't have cinnamon sticks, or want to buy them, just add 1/8t cinnamon to the mix.
I had so much fun shooting this lovely, vibrant sauce!! A nice change of pace from the stuffing + risotto, which were both pretty difficult to capture.
I just made a list of all the recipes I want to make before Thanksgiving and there aren't enough days before next Thursday! Time to prioritize. DESSERT!


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Comment on the Aggression Question: "What should be the policy and approach of the Office of the Prosecutor in conducting investigations and prosecutions with regard to the crime of aggression?"
Morgan Thompson
Criteria for Legitimate Humanitarian Intervention
Is a state action that is planned, prepared, initiated, or executed by a state's leaders in the name of humanitarian intervention or the responsibility to protect (R2P) encompassed by the International Criminal Court's (ICC) crime of aggression? In the past fifteen years, there have been expansions related to the law on humanitarian intervention, R2P, and to the International Criminal Court's definition of the crime of aggression. From the definition of the crime of aggression, it is unclear how these areas of law relate to each other.
This comment supports a narrowly circumscribed understanding of what "humanitarian intervention" is, for fear that the entire crime of aggression be subsumed by an overly broad carve-out or, vice versa, too calloused decisions against intervention in desperately needed situations.
Humanitarian interventions are suspect because they may be used as a cover for hostile countries to manipulate, intimidate, or control bureaucratic and economic systems of countries they have inappropriate political or financial interests in. Nevertheless, atrocities such as mass rape, starvation, and genocide do occur, and they not only rattle the fundamental ethics of society, they trigger the responsibility to intervene to save defenseless people. The goal of the ICC should be to identify a set of criteria that will enable the international justice community to distinguish between intrusion as aggression or genuine humanitarian intervention.
Interventions that have been generally perceived to have a genuine basis in humanitarian aid over the past twenty years have expanded perspectives on the doctrine. These include:
the crisis in Croatia and Bosnia in the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s;
the plight of the Kurds of Iraq in the wake of the Iraqi-Kuwait crisis in the early 1990s;
the U.S. invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1989; and
the West African regional intervention in the carnage of Liberia from 1989 to 1996.
In contrast, responses to humanitarian intervention become more disapproving when actions are taken by a neighboring state, or a state that has affairs with the state, rather than by U.N. peacekeepers, or, at least, by a group of states within a regional organization. However, when widely publicized large-scale atrocities have happened and individual intervention occurred, intervening states have experienced approval, at least quietly through a lack of condemnation. Strong examples are the Tanzanian invasion of Uganda to oust Idi Amin in 1979, and the 1979 Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea to oust the Khmer Rouge. While the legal validity of these interventions is an unanswered question, fundamentally humanitarian motivation was beyond any reasonable doubt.
The much more common and difficult situation encountered is the one in which the motivations and justifications for intervention, as declared by the invading state itself, are ambiguous and numerous. It can be difficult to determine which justification is most significant. Nevertheless, multiple competing reasons should not be determinative of the strength of argument made for humanitarian intervention. It is still necessary to include such cases in a general discussion of the doctrine and, eventually, to evaluate the strength of the claims made.
A review of the traditional doctrine of international law demonstrates that humanitarian intervention was intentionally never completely recognized as part of positive law.1 It was hypothesized by Sir W. V. Harcourt in 1863 that:
[I]n the case of intervention as that of revolution, its essence is illegality, and its justification is its success.2
Yet, it has remained an unanswered question if the justification for humanitarian intervention is meant to be evaluated exclusively in terms of its success, or if the ICC could include moral and legal justifications for intervention without relying solely on the results.
This comment has three parts. The thesis is that the criteria for legitimate humanitarian intervention should be narrowly subscribed and clearly defined. The analysis of the thesis is broken down into three sections. One, what the substantive criteria should be: a cost-benefit analysis of force used, weighed against the nature of violation occurring; analysis of the selfish interest the intervening state has in the region of the intervention; and that the de jure government is affected as minimally as possible to assure the stop of the violation of rights. Two, the procedural criteria should entail a declaration of intent to intervene as early as possible. And third, that collective intervention be preferred over individual or unilateral intervention. I conclude by holding that humanitarian intervention is necessary and needs to be clearly defined in order to stand the test of time. The ideas I have combined and put forth are a strong basis for the ICC to rely upon to define the criteria that distinguish humanitarian intervention from the crime of aggression, therefore ensuring that, in extreme situations, a state may be temporarily relieved from its U.N. Charter Article 2 (4) restraints so that, in the most dire situations, a state may take unilateral action to enforce basic human rights. As Lillich stated thirty-four years ago:
[T]o require a state to sit back and watch the slaughter of innocent people in order to avoid violating blanket prohibitions against the use of force is to stress black letter at the expense of far more fundamental values.3
Therefore, the Office of the Prosecutor must outline parameters that would help define the permissible forms and instances of humanitarian intervention.
Humanitarian intervention always stands in need of justification. Walzer, the moral philosopher, points out that the most common situations are, "mixed cases where the humanitarian motive is one among several."4 There are clear rescue and emergency relief situations, but there is often issues of economic interest, strategic considerations, plain-faced expansionism, and "benevolent imperialism." As he explains:
[W]e worry that, under the cover of humanitarianism, states will come to coerce and dominate their neighbors.5
Walzer has argued the following set of propositions:
[T]here exists an international society of independent states […]. International [s]ociety has a law that establishes the right of its members, above all the rights of territorial integrity and political sovereignty[…]. Any use of force or imminent threat of force by one state against the political sovereignty or territorial integrity of another constitutes aggression and is a criminal act[…]. Aggression justifies two kinds of violent response: a war of self-defense, and a war of law enforcement by the victim and any other member of international societ[…]. Nothing but aggression can justify war[…]. Once the aggressor state has been militarily repulsed it can also be punished.6
Because of this standard, if not done to repel an earlier aggression, military intervention by a state or group of states would constitute aggression even when initiated with the most altruistic of motives.
However, Walzer notes that the legalist paradigm contains within itself an exception known as the "the rule of disregard",7 therefore we do not treat all interventions as a form of aggression. "The paradigm, unrevised, cannot account for the moral realities of military intervention."8 For example, intervention could be part of collective self-defense of the victim of aggression. Or consider a situation of civil war where there is no clear aggressor. An intervention to prevent a massacre, mass starvation, enslavement, etc., would certainly represent a reasonable revision of the legalist paradigm. Walzer argues:
[W]hen the violation of human rights within a set of boundaries is so terrible that it makes talk of community or self-determination […] seem cynical and irrelevant.9
[W]hen a government turns savagely upon its own people, we must doubt the very existence of a political community to which the idea of self-determination might apply.10
Nonetheless, Walzer is correct in insisting that intervention must be justified, as it inherently threatens the territorial integrity and political independence of the invaded states. Walzer supports that the burden of proof should fall on any political leader who tries to manipulate domestic affairs or change any of the conditions of life in a foreign country. This burden should just as strongly apply to an international organization as well. For what one state cannot do, a group of states are not permitted to do just because they are more in number.
If the ICC concludes that the U.N. Charter did not remove the customary international law practice of humanitarian intervention, and that Articles 2 (4), 2 (7), and 51 could be read to allow intervention under certain circumstances, then the task for the international legal community must be to define the criteria for analyzing the legality of suspect cases of humanitarian intervention. This is where Fonteyne and like-minded scholars have made key contributions to international law by attempting to define criteria for assessing the legality of claims of intervention in aid of human rights protection. I propose that Fonteyne's criteria serve as a basis for the ICC, and the international criminal law community at large, to base their criteria upon.
In 1910, Rougier was among the first writers to take on the responsibility of creating a list of criteria for permissible intervention. He favored collective and disinterested intervention.11 He lists three criteria for intervention:
the motivation to intervene comes from acts of state and not of individuals;
the acts in question violate the laws of humanity (rights to life, liberty, and legality), not merely national positive law; and
that the intervention fulfills certain "circumstantial requirements," such as opportunities for success, and the extent of the violation, etc.
Jean-Pierre Fonteyne, in his seminal 1973 article,12 appears to use Rougier's framework and expand upon it to deliver some more detailed criteria for judging the validity of particular cases of humanitarian intervention. He broke down his criteria into three subcategories: substantial, procedural, and preferential.
I. Substantive Criteria
A. Cost-Benefit Analysis
A primary and dominate goal of humanitarian intervention needs to be finding a balance between the seriousness of the rights being violated and the magnitude of destruction caused by the intervention. As the unilateral use of force to prevent human rights violation is an extraordinary measure, it ought to be used only in response to substantial human rights violations on a large scale. However, gross violations to a smaller population may warrant the same reaction as lesser violations to a large population. Fonteyne's ambiguous "cost-benefit" component of his criteria is basically that the severity of the violation (the nature of violation, amount of people affected, and persistence of violence) should be balanced against the degree of destruction necessary to halt the violations. If the violation is imminent or is taking place, a greater urgency for action exists, but the intervening state or organization must be certain that the violation is imminent and will occur without intervention.13
Fonteyne's cost-benefit analysis refers to the need:
[T]o balance the destruction that intervention would cause, and the size of the group affected by the violations, as well as the fundamental character of the threatened human rights.14
The preservation of values to be achieved by intervention must be weighed against the extent of the disruption of internal structures and domestic processes that will necessarily result from the foreign action.15
This criterion is highly subjective and therefore difficult to apply. Fonteyne noted that this could lead to unsympathetic decisions against intervention in desperately needed situations:
Even in an extreme case of violation of the most fundamental human rights of a large group of people (such as in the case of the organized policy of genocide…), foreign intervention of a forceful nature would probably not be warranted if there is a reasonable prospect that the deprivations will end in the immediate future as a result of internal political or other processes.16
B. Disinterestedness of the Intervenors
Ideally, humanitarian intervention is altruistic. But, there is the tendency of most states not to get involved unless there is some political or national incentive for them. The ICC should consider the degree of self-serving interests of the intervenors have in the state or region intervened in. Factors include: the use of force, affection to government, and length of operation. Nevertheless, the "disinterestedness" standard should not be held as an absolute, if the superseding motive is the protection of human rights.17
C. Minimal Affection to Existing Government Structure
If force is necessary, it should be as unobtrusive as possible to the authority structures of the target state. In all aspects, the intervention should reflect humanitarian goals.18 In addition, there should be no unnecessary occupation of the intervened in state; the intervention ought to last only for the amount of time required to implement the humanitarian changes necessary to prevent the violation of human rights and to ensure the stability of such.
II. Procedural Criteria
Given the U.N.'s goal of conflict minimization, force must always be considered a last resort. To assure acceptable levels of disinterest on the part of the interventionist, the intervening state should have to declare their motives as soon as possible to the world and regional organizations for appraisal.19 Universal and regional organizations are best suited for humanitarian intervention in a manner that is consistent with the interests of the world or regional community. Unilateral intervention should be taken only after it is apparent that such an organization will not take any effective action.20
III. Preferential Criteria
A. Collective Intervention
Collective intervention21 is preferred over individual or unilateral measures.22 Unilateral intervention ought to be avoided if possible by obtaining the clear and unambiguous consent or invitation of the de jure government of the state where the intervention is to take place.23 Yet, absence of consent sought does not preclude the possibility of humanitarian intervention provided all the other requirements have been met.24
"Avoidance of any unnecessary affectation of the authority structures of the state intervened in" also requires clarification. There needs to be severe limitation on alterations by the interventionist of the internal authority structures of that state, and that any action in that direction should be limited to those situations where:
[T]he overthrow of the government in power or even secession of a part of the population appears to be the only available means of putting an end to ongoing or threatened human rights violations of particular gravity.25
If the protection of human rights requires the overthrow of authority structures it would seem best to require U.N. authorization as a prerequisite for action. Moore observed that:
To allow unilateral action in such cases would be to permit all manner of self-serving claims for the overthrow of authority structures.26
From the 1860s onwards, philosophers and legal scholars seemed increasingly receptive to the suggested legal validity of humanitarian intervention by individual states or group of states, acting outside the auspices of any international organization.27 In the period immediately preceding World War I, the majority of writers had apparently accepted the legality of humanitarian intervention, even though there were still strong opponents of this position.28 It seems fair to assert that immediately prior to the adoption of the U.N. Charter in 1945, humanitarian intervention was a fairly settled practice under customary international law, even if there was never unanimity on its legal status.
At the Nuremberg Trials in 1946, Sir Hartley Shawcross confidently declared that:
[T]he rights of humanitarian intervention on behalf of the rights of man, trampled upon by a state in a manner shocking the sense of mankind, has long been considered to form part of the recognized law of nations.29
Nevertheless, some scholars still disagree on whether this right of intervention survived the U.N. Charter, in view of the well-established principle of non-intervention codified in Articles 2 (4) and 2 (7) of the Charter .
Over the past two decades, there have been quite a few dramatic cases of unilateral military interventions, some of which have been castigated as self-serving and thus not motivated primarily by humanitarian goals. There have also been various U.N. peacekeeping operations, including those in former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, which had strong elements of humanitarian intervention.
When humanitarian interventions are undertaken not just in accordance with the U.N. Charter, but by U.N. peacekeepers or regional groups ratified by the U.N., the case for humanitarian intervention rests on even more solid ground. Only from a united perspective and protocol can robust peacekeeping humanitarian intervention serve its purpose as a necessary part of our moral and legal duty. Therefore, the Office of the Prosecutor must outline parameters that will help define the permissible forms and instances of humanitarian intervention. The criterium put forth by Fonteyne are the best foundation for the ICC to rely upon.
See Hersch Lauterpacht, The Grotian Traditional in International Law, 23 Brit. Y.B. Int'l L. 1 (1946), available online. ↩
Id.; William Vernon Harcourt, Letters by Historicus on Some Questions of International Law, Reprinted from "The Times" with Considerable Additions (MacMillian 1863), available online. ↩
Richard B. Lillich, Forcible Self-Help by States to Protect Human Rights, 53 Iowa L. Rev. 325, 344 (1967), paywall. ↩
See Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations 86 (2d ed. 1992), paywall. ↩
See Antoine Rougier, La Théorie de l'Intervention d'Humanité, in La Revue Générale de Droit International Public 1 (1910), available online. ↩
Jean-Pierre L. Fonteyne, The Customary International Law Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention: Its Current Validity Under the U.N. Charter , 4 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 203, 204 (1973), paywall. ↩
Id. at 260 n.244. ↩
Id. at 262–63. ↩
(Notes the distinction between multilateral and unilateral humanitarian intervention).
("Multilateral intervention refers to action taken by or authorized under an appropriate international body, such as the United Nations or a regional organization such as the Organization of American States. […] Unilateral intervention refers to the use of force either by a collective group of states or a single state without the authorization of a relevant international organization."). ↩
John Norton Moore, The Control of Foreign Intervention in Internal Conflicts, 9 Va. J. Int'l L. 205, 264 (May 1969), paywall. ↩
See Fonteyne, supra note 12, at 219. ↩
The International Military Tribunal for Germany, Twelfth Day, 3 Nuremberg Trial Proceedings (Dec. 4, 1945), available online. ↩
knturner1991: The Most Serious Standards for the Most Serious Crime: Prosecution Strategies for the ICC on the Crime of Aggression Introduction The Kampala Amendments adopted in June 2010 provided the definition and trigger mechanism that will be used by the International Criminal Court (ICC) to prosecute the crime of aggression. The ICC will be the first international court since the post-WWII... (more)
Cyprien Fluzin: Humanitarian Interventions and Crime of Aggression: Does the Kampala Amendment Spell the End of Humanitarian Intervention? I. Introduction The entry into force of the Kampala amendment aiming at enforcing the crime of aggression provision in the Rome Statute is the culmination of a long struggle. Although described in Nuremberg as the "supreme international crime",1 the provision... (more)
lgiles: New Frontiers for the ICC: Tackling Cyber Attacks Through the Crime of Aggression I. Introduction The state parties to the Rome Statute recently activated the crime of aggression by the approval of thirty states.1 The crime of aggression has been codified in the Rome Statute to prevent a state party from committing a "manifest violation of the... (more)
Nick Baltaxe: The Crime of Aggression and Aiding and Abetting: Examining How Article 25(C)(3) of the Rome Statute Can Apply to the Crime of Aggression Abstract Article 25(C)(3) of the Rome Statute establishes individual criminal responsibility for any person who purposely aids and abets in the commission of a crime under the jurisdiction of the ICC. With the adoption of the Kampala Amendments... (more)
Morgan Thompson: Criteria for Legitimate Humanitarian Intervention Introduction Is a state action that is planned, prepared, initiated, or executed by a state's leaders in the name of humanitarian intervention or the responsibility to protect (R2P) encompassed by the International Criminal Court's (ICC) crime of aggression? In the past fifteen years, there have been expansions related to the law on humanitarian intervention, R2P, and to the... (more)
Daniel Aspinwall: I. Introduction In 2010, at the review conference in Kampala, the state parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court proposed seven amendments. These proposed amendments are the first steps to enable the Court to exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. We have been asked: "How should the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) approach prosecution of the crime of aggression if it is... (more)
Leeran: Selected Approaches and Policies for Prosecuting the Crime of Aggression I. Introduction After many years of uncertainty, the International Criminal Court (Court) may finally exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. The Court faces a variety of complex issues when it decides to prosecute individuals who allegedly committed the crime of aggression. When the Office of the Prosecutor (Prosecutor) may... (more)
Erin French: Preemptive Nuclear Strikes and the Crime of Aggression: Evaluating the Reach of the ICC's Jurisdiction Introduction At the 2010 International Criminal Court (ICC) Review Conference in Kampala, the crime of aggression was defined under Article 8 bis in the Rome Statute.1 It requires three elements: the perpetrator is a political or military... (more)


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Supes pass housing plan for homeless
Vivianna Shields
Seal of Los Angeles County.
The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors unanimously approved an initiative to have the L.A. County CEO's Office develop an urgent housing plan for individuals who experience homelessness Tuesday, to aid more than 44,000 people who are unsheltered across the county.
County Supervisor Kathryn Barger, who represents the 5th district, which includes the Santa Clarita Valley, and Janice Hahn, supervisor for the 4th district, introduced a motion to the board to help provide additional shelter in the county to account for the rise of homelessness, according to the agenda report.
"We're at a critical junction in our efforts to combat the humanitarian crisis on our streets," Barger stated in a news release. "Our current approach to building housing is unsustainable, unaffordable and inefficient. My motion organizes and streamlines the county's work to construct interim and permanent housing."
According to the report, after working with different departments, such as the directors of the Public Works, Regional Planning and Public Health departments, as well as others, county CEO Sachi Hamai is expected to have the cost and timeline of the housing plan prepared to present to the supervisors on Feb. 4.
"We need to address homelessness with the same level of urgency as we would a natural disaster," said Hahn. "That means changing our strategy, turning our attention to shelters and emergency housing, as well as continuing to build new affordable and permanent supportive housing."
In addition, the CEO will reach out to different private housing experts to oversee the development and implementation process.
"The government is not the expert in building housing," Barger added. "Our partners in the private sector know how to get the job done quickly and affordably. With the help of a strike team composed of county departments, I'm confident the private sector expert will think critically and creatively to construct housing rapidly."
Currently, funding from Measure H, a voter-approved quarter-cent sales tax created to combat homelessness, works to connect those who experience homeless to supportive services; however, it is not necessarily geared to help housing developments.
Mike Foley, executive director at Bridge to Home, a service in Santa Clarita that helps individuals and families in SCV transition out of homelessness, was present at the meeting and called the motion an "all-hands-on-deck and a TNT, today not tomorrow, operation."
"Now is the time to use every tool at our disposal to bring individuals and families
experiencing homelessness inside," the report says. "We can no longer wait to intervene in the
humanitarian crisis that plagues every community in L.A. County."
This item will become a bimonthly set item on the agenda so the board can receive reports on its status, beginning on Dec. 10, the report states.
For The Signal, Vivianna Shields covers county and health news in the Santa Clarita Valley and paginates for print issues. Vivianna is a Canyon Country local who graduated from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2019. Know about something newsworthy? Let's chat! [email protected]


hello Cyndy-thank you for the blog award. your thoughtfulness is appreciated!
Thank you for the award! I really do appreciate you thinking of me. It may take me a couple days to get the award on my post, I have a million things on the go and I have to go to work!!! I just wanted to let you know I am grateful!!! Thanks again!
Thank you for the sweet award! It's a great idea, and I'll definitely check out the others you nominated- always looking for great blogs.
And your newest cottage is adorable- the cat in the window, the smoke from the chimney, and all those little tiles! You're an inspiration!


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Six Iconic Wine Regions That Are Made for Bicycling
by Sara Tucker | June 6, 2016
Piemonte, Italy. Photo: Butterfield & Robinson
I thought I knew how to ride a bicycle until I moved to France, where I discovered that you do not need special shoes—any old pair of five-inch heels will do. In France, I learned that helmets are for rugby and that a bike clip is what fastens your skirt to the saddle so your underpants won't show (where I come from, it's the thing that attaches your shoe to the pedal so you can pump like a maniac). I learned that wine is an energy drink—something farm hands and dockworkers have known for centuries—and that the best way to tour Burgundy, or almost any wine region, is on two wheels, sampling the local terroir as you go.
Here are some top wine areas for exploring on two wheels.
A magical relationship exists between bicycles and vineyards, a symbiosis that has a lot to do with geography.
"The main thing is that the roads that vintners take to get to their grapes are paved small trails, perfect for biking," says Tyler Dillon, a travel planner who has put together many vineyard biking trips. "Second, the distances between villages are just right, a comfortable 10 to 15 kilometers [about 6 to 9 miles]. They work well with mealtimes. You can ride for two or three hours in the morning, ending at noon in a small village that's serving a Michelin-star lunch."
Wine regions are accessible to cyclists of all skill levels.
"The gradual changes in elevation that are suitable for growing grapes are also good for cycling. If you haven't been training you can stay at the lower altitudes."
The pace is just right.
"There's also a certain pace of life that's appealing. You're immersed in a culture that's based on seasonality, on a crop and cycles of nature. It's a slower pace than in a big city, a pace that matches with biking. On a bike you're forced to slow down and take it all in."
Traveling on the ground helps you understand what comes out of the ground.
"To understand a bottle of wine you have to understand the region where it's grown—the rocks, the soil, the humidity in the morning, what time the sun rises. That's what you want to walk away from on a bike trip. You want to smell the lavender. You can't do that in a car."
Where to Plan a Wine Region Bike Trip
Burgundy, France. Photo: Butterfield & Robinson
Tyler names his favorite wine-country destinations for cyclists:
Burgundy: "Not too far from Paris, so you can catch a train there pretty easily. If you get off in Dijon and go south, every town you stop in you've seen on a bottle of wine."
Piedmont, Italy: "A close second to Burgundy, with similar geography but like a big bowl, so instead of going from point A to point B you can do the trip in a circle."
Rioja: "It feels a little more adventurous than the first two because the climate is more stark and Don Quixote–like. The vineyards spring out of the shale rock and it's very dramatic."
Bordeaux: "Great country roads and great food."
Côte du Rhone: "Dry Mediterranean climate, shaley soil, and a rugged countryside with secluded pockets that feel like no one has been there since the Romans."
Tuscany: "Hillier than Burgundy or Bordeaux or the Côte du Rhone; it feels like biking through a painting. It's also quite hot. In hot climates, there's a little more of a looseness and a celebratory feel in the culture and the wines are more flavorful. The geography is epic, with stunning vistas; when you bike through it you feel like you have a full orchestra behind you."
To find the right Trusted Travel Expert to help plan your biking vacation, contact Wendy.
Bordeaux, France. Photo: Butterfield & Robinson
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BOB BROTMAN June 8, 2016 at 13:40
No place is better than the Loire Valley biking from chateau to chateau occasionally stopping to sip some Fume Blanc.
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On behalf of PPS-31 Committee, we would like to express our deepest gratitude for your participation, outstanding presentations, and contributions to the conference in making it such a great success.
For a brief conference report, we had 659 participants from 36 countries and 594 abstract submissions.
As we uploaded the conference photos at the conference website you can visit http://www.pps-31.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=Photo - Photo Gallery and download (i.e. simply copy and save) them in your computer if you want to.
Once again, thank you for your big contributions to PPS-31 and we look forward to seeing you again.


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Eugeniusz Brzuchowski (ur. w 1919 r., zm. w 2000 r.) – polski inżynier mechanik. Absolwent Politechniki Lwowskiej. Od 1977 r. profesor na Wydziale Mechaniczno-Energetycznym Politechniki Wrocławskiej.

Przypisy

Polscy inżynierowie
Absolwenci Politechniki Lwowskiej
Wykładowcy Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Urodzeni w 1919
Zmarli w 2000

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When Carrie expressed to Charles that he was conquest number thirty two, it was one of Scheflen's indicators of sexual intent were of a qualified nature or negated by opposing behaviors. This type of courtship behaviors that she exhibited was in an inappropriate context, however, it showed a teasing interest.
In the opinion of this author, the level of Scheflen's stages that Carrie and Charles reached was obviously invitation, particularly when Carrie shows up at Charles' wedding and this causes him to blow the wedding ceremony by admitting his infatuation with her ("Human nonverbal courtship," 2011).
The gender differences were those normally noted by psychologists such as Scheflen noted are displayed. In such instances, women usually use behaviors such as intimate gazing, touching, smiling, and self-grooming while men used intimate touching. Carrie was atypical in that many women initiate intimate touching only after marriage while men usually do it before the marriage takes place during the act of courtship (ibid. ).
In this short essay, the author has detailed aspects of the film Four Weddings and a Funeral starring Hugh Grant as Charles and Andie McDowell as Carrie. In the film, their characters pulled off a passionate love affair which was the main focus of the paper. The courtship rituals between Charles and Carrie were analyzed against Scheflen's Stages of Courtship and the two definitely used the stages. Indeed, the interesting thing was that the two used the social events of weddings and the funeral to flirt in a socially acceptable way and to pick up an intimate partner, even if just for one night.


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100 years of suffrage
This month marks 100 years since women were first given the right to vote. In this article, we look through the years at the battle for gender equality and how the power dynamic has changed over time. We highlight how we are supporting residents involved in a number of women's' projects to take control and affect change, empowering them to address inequalities at a local level.
Last year's General Election saw a record number of 208 female MPs elected to the House of Commons. Since 1918, when Constance Markievicz became the first woman to be elected to Parliament, the total number of female MPs Britain has had is 455 - nearly the same number of male MPs who sit in the Commons currently.
According to a report produced by the Women and Equalities Committee (WEC), the UK ranks 48th in the world for parliamentary gender equality – falling behind countries including Rwanda, Zimbabwe, and Sudan. It argued that 'the under-representation of women MPs does not only represent a serious democratic deficit; it also means that the UK is missing out on the benefits of having gender balance in its highest decision-making body.'
In Britain, progress has been slow. One hundred years ago this month, the Fourth Reform Act was passed into law which, for the first time, gave women the right to vote – but only to those aged over 30 and who owned property. This, in practice, meant only middle and upper class women were enfranchised.
It wasn't until ten years later and the passage of the Equal Franchise Act that all women were granted equal voting rights to men.
In 1897, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies was formed. Led by Millicent Fawcett, it brought together two competing groups both lobbying for women's' suffrage under the same umbrella; it was a movement to secure the vote for middle class, property-owning women through peaceful and legal means.
A lack of progress from law-abiding and peaceful tactics led to frustration and division within the group. More radical activists grew increasingly intense in their protests and demonstrations, and often became violent; they smashed shop windows, committed arson and even planted bombs. Many women were imprisoned as a result, and often underwent hunger strikes in protest, seeking to gain further media coverage for their cause.
Perceptions of women started to change in the eyes of the establishment during the First and Second World Wars. As men went to war, women took on the roles that they were traditionally denied. Between 1914 and 1918, an estimated two million women replaced men in employment.
As the years progressed, so did women's rights – but not without a struggle. In 1958, women were allowed to sit in the House of Lords for the first time, and in 1979, Margaret Thatcher became Britain's first female prime minister. In 1987, Diane Abbott became Britain's first black female MP.
Women make up 51% of the population, but are by no means in the driving seat. They hold just one in 10 of the top jobs in FTSE 100 companies and lose out on nearly £140bn a year in wages due to the gender pay gap, according to the Young Women's Trust.
According to the Gender Equality Index, Britain has made almost no progress in tackling inequality between the sexes in the last ten years.
Their report takes into account a number of factors: the workplace, income, education, health and political engagement.
Last year, it was revealed that men working for the BBC earn an average of 9.3% more than women. The revelation led to high-profile women quitting the organisation in protest. In response, some leading male presenters for the BBC have accepted reduced wages.
Classical historian Mary Beard argues that women who are successful often mimic male characteristics; for instance, Margaret Thatcher had speech therapy to deepen her voice, and Hilary Clinton opted for pantsuits during the 2016 US presidential election campaign.
Her book 'Women & Power: A Manifesto' looks at the long history of silenced female voices, and she herself notes she has been the subject of abuse when she speaks publicly.
In the book, she says: "My basic premise is that our mental, cultural template for a powerful person remains resolutely male. If we close our eyes and try to conjure up the image of a president or – to move into the knowledge economy – a professor, what most of us see is not a woman."
Rather than trying to fit women into male power structures, she argues that we need to move away from society's current constructs and start to think about power differently.
She writes: "You cannot easily fit women into a structure that is already coded as male; you have to change the structure. That means thinking about power differently. It means decoupling it from public prestige. It means thinking collaboratively, about the power of followers not just of leaders. It means, above all, thinking about power as an attribute or even a verb ('to power'), not as a possession."
People's Health Trust is committed to people-led change as a way of challenging unequal power relationships.
Structural change should have a significant impact on inequality in a society and expose the population to both challenges and opportunities.
All projects funded by People's Health Trust support residents to design and take control of their own initiatives and, in doing so, create new opportunities and choices.
When people feel they have control, individually or collectively, it empowers them to take action in other aspects of their lives, and that is when we start to see power manifested differently.
For example, Hometruths, a project funded through the Trust's Active Communities programme, supports female survivors of domestic abuse. Through weekly sessions and activities, the women attending feel more in control of their own lives and decisions. A greater sense of control has led individuals to make changes in their own lives. Another Trust-funded project, Coffee and Laughs, has empowered women to develop new skills and, in one instance, two group members felt empowered enough to get up in front of hundreds of people to talk about how they left their countries of origin to settle in Wales and begin new lives.
Women getting the right to vote was an important milestone on the road towards equality, granting women greater control over their country which, as shown, can and has granted them greater control in their own lives. Equality remains, however, a journey that is far from complete.


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Футболист года в Греции — ежегодное награждение лучших профессиональных футболистов Греции, избрание проводится членами Союза профессиональных футболистов, начиная с сезона 1994/95. Существует четыре номинации: лучший греческий игрок, лучший легионер, лучший молодой игрок и лучший голкипер.

Примечания

Футбол в Греции
Футбольные награды


We are Leading Dealer, Distributor, Supplier of ultratech Cement in Vadodara, Gujarat. UltraTech Cement is the largest selling single brand cement in India and also the largest cement clinker exporter.
This almost products include Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Pozzolana Cement and Portland Blast Furnace Slag cement. UltraTech is the almost trust and preferres brand of Engineers, builders, contractors and even more individual house builders.
Today, UltraTech is use in contrast of vital structures seems like dams, bridges, flyovers, airports, metro railways apart from residential and commercial structures.
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Sights & Travel
THE CAIRO 360 EDITORS' CHOICE AWARDS 2018
Replicas: A Sci-Fi Film or Just Gibberish?
cairo Cairo cinema cinema cinemas city city life egypt film film review films movie movies new new releases review trending
The point of sci-fi films is that they not only stretch the audience's imagination but also that they are based on actual science. So, when a sci-fi film like Replicas is filled with logical, as well as scientific, holes then is it really a sci-fi film or just gibberish?
Replicas follows scientist William Foster (Keanu Reeves) as he tries to transfer the consciousness and mind of a recently deceased soldier into a robot body. After several failed attempts and with the powerful company he works for threatening to pull the plug on his project, Foster takes his family for a relaxing weekend on his friend and co-worker Ed's (Thomas Middleditch) boat. However, on the way, the family gets into a terrible car accident where all three of Foster's kids, as well as his wife (Alice Eve), pass away. Instead of calling the police, Foster calls Ed in an attempt to use the technology from his work to create replicas of his family. Will it work and if so at what cost?
Yup, Frankenstein with some changes.
The plot's main themes give it potential, but the core issue is there is no main concept; it's as if the film itself has no idea what it is about. At some point, the film focuses on the experiments, the ethicality of it all, and questions about the human soul. Replicas then quickly shifts to Foster trying to save his family with a technology that has very little to do with the experiments he was just conducting. Then the film hints at some focus on what it would be like to live with a cloned family, and how they would feel, but that thought is never addressed again. Finally, the film shifts into Minority Report mode and has Foster running from the evil agents of the company he works for because they claim his family are company property and want to kill them.
What does Replicas want? What is it about?
It is okay for a movie to be complex and is definitely great if a film is about more than one thing, but come on. This is just a mess made up of flawed premises and unfinished thoughts without a single clear focus.
Even if you put all that aside, Replicas has major logical holes that anyone who failed middle school science can catch on to, especially at the end scene which contradicts everything Foster has assured the audience is impossible, just to have a happy ending.
For the acting, Keanu Reeves is able to show off some of his acting talents in the grief scenes, but other than that is just him spitting out either awful dialogue or scientific jargon. Alice Eve is even more restricted by the script and therefore delivers an unrealistic performance. The only standout is Thomas Middleditch who gave his character more dimension than most.
Replicas could have been cool if it stuck to one path and really focused on making it good. Instead, it is a movie you will probably see for Keanu Reeves and will soon forget.
Like This? Try
Interstellar (2014), In Time (2011), Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), Passengers (2016)
360 Tip
Filmed in August 2016, but not released in the United States until January 2019.
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"The wide range of wildlife in Rajasthan holds the spectator in awe. Going around the parks and sanctuaries, one realizes the skill of nature who crafted these splendid beings and endowed them the ability to live in most unfriendly environments."
Located about 90 km from Churu, and 220 km from Jaipur, this sanctuary is famous for black-bucks. It is a flat saline depression, and has a unique Eco-system, which is congenial to many migratory birds. Best time to visit is September to March.
Close to Kota (53 km), it consists of scrub and dry deciduous forest .
Once the hunting preserve for the royal family of Kota, this sanctuary, 50 km from Kota.
Located on the fringes of the town of the same name, this small sanctuary is thickly forested.. The slopes of the hills provide some of the state`s most interesting topography, especially since the height of this hill station keeps it cool even in the summer months.
Just beyond Kota, along the banks of the river Chambal all the way to its confluence with the Jamuna, this is where the waters are rich with gharial crocodiles for which it is a breeding centre.


Description This damaged stone inscription in Chinese is located at Jidu Temple 濟瀆廟, Jiyuan, Henan, China. It is dated 1644-1911 (Qing 清 period). Dimensions: 98 cm (H) ✕ 64 cm (W) ✕ 15 cm (D). Further details are provided in the accompanying metadata spreadsheet, "Inscription metadata for Cluster 2.1 (2017): Jiyuan Shi (China)" under ID JD-125.


Paul Haggis left the Church of Scientology nearly three years ago, but the Oscar-winning writer and director said the looming shadow of the oppressive organization still follows him.
Haggis very publicly split with the church in 2011, criticizing the organization for the control it exerts over the lives of followers. He even compared it to a cult.
Now, as he is set to release his new film Third Person, Paul Haggis is again opening up about the Church of Scientology. He claimed that those who dare to defect and speak out against the church face extreme bullying from Scientology officials.
Haggis added that he is still weary about interacting with members.
Haggis admitted that getting away from Scientology's reach was part of the reason he moved from Los Angeles to New York City, though not the main reason.
While he doesn't shy away from his criticism of the Church of Scientology, Paul Haggis said he doesn't want that to define him.
But whether he wants the title or not, Haggis has become something of a spokesperson for the anti-Scientology movement. His speaking out against the church coincided with an exodus of many top-ranking officials who have also been vocal in their criticism of the controlling nature of the church.
Paul Haggis has also reached out to other stars who have left the church, including an open letter to actress Leah Remini calling her brave for walking away from Scientology.


Honey Brake, located on the 40,000 acre Louisiana Delta Plantation and nestled on the banks of beautiful Larto Lake and its tributaries, offers the avid outdoorsman a unique array of outdoor recreational opportunities all on one property.
From world class waterfowl hunting, deer and alligator hunting to fishing, sporting clays, and eco tours for the bird watching enthusiast, Honey Brake has it all.
With professional hunting and fishing guides, accredited retrievers, and state of the art equipment you are sure to have a once in a lifetime experience. When the sun goes down, you'll find a unique mixture of southern, outdoor, and Cajun cuisine waiting for you in our dining room with a spectacular view of the sun setting over Larto Lake. Next your party can move outside to the outdoor patio and enjoy story telling around a warm fire or stay in and watch the game in our lounge area with a centerpiece fire place.
Some things in life you just have to experience for yourself…come join us for the Honey Brake Experience!


Missional Community as a Model for Integrated Discipleship in an American Context Todd Randall Engstrom, D.Ed.Min The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2014 Chair: Dr. Michael Wilder This project will to argue that missional communities present a compelling integrated model of discipleship in American culture. Chapter 1 will provide an understanding of the purpose and goals of the project as well as a brief survey of The Austin Stone Community Church. Chapter 2 will explore the predominant model of small groups in the American church and their potential limitations in light of gospel movements. Chapter 3 will examine the underlying worldview of American culture, particularly as it pertains to consumerism, materialism and individualism. Chapter 4 will explore the theological underpinnings of missional communities. Chapter 5 will present a strategic approach to discipleship, develop a framework for a tri-perspectival approach to discipleship, and illustrate how missional communities can integrate the model over an extended period of time. Finally, Chapter 6 will practically apply the preceding work into a definition of missional communities and a communal framework for discipleship practices.