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Thylacoleo
Extinct genus of marsupials
Temporal range: late Pliocene—late Pleistocene
Skeletal diagram of T. carnifex (top) and restored musculature based on living marsupials (bottom)
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: † Thylacoleonidae
Genus: † Thylacoleo
Owen, 1859
†Thylacoleo carnifex
Thylacoleo carnifex
Thylacoleo crassidentatus
Thylacoleo hilli
Thylacoleo ("pouch lion") is an extinct genus of carnivorous marsupials that lived in Australia from the late Pliocene to the late Pleistocene (2 million to 46 thousand years ago). Some of these marsupial lions were the largest mammalian predators in Australia of their time, with Thylacoleo carnifex approaching the weight of a lioness. The estimated average weight for the species ranges from 101 to 130 kg (223 to 287 lb). [1]
Behaviour and diet
The genus was first published in 1859, erected to describe the type species Thylacoleo carnifex. The new taxon was established in examination of fossil specimens provided to Richard Owen. The familial alliance takes its name from this description, the so-called marsupial lions of Thylacoleonidae.
The colloquial name "marsupial lion" alludes to the superficial resemblance to the placental lion and its ecological niche as a large predator. Thylacoleo is not closely related to the modern lion ( Panthera leo ).
Genus:Thylacoleo (Thylacopardus) – Australia's marsupial lions, that lived from about 2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene Epoch and became extinct about 30,000 years ago[ citation needed ], during the Late Pleistocene Epoch. Three species are known:
Thylacoleo carnifex The holotype cranium was collected from Lake Colongulac in 1843 by pastoralist William Adeney. A partial rostrum collected by Adeney in 1876 from the same locality would later be found to belong to the same individual. [2]
Thylacoleo crassidentatus lived during the Pliocene, around 5 million years ago, and was about the size of a large dog. Its fossils have been found in southeastern Queensland. [3] [4]
Thylacoleo hilli lived during the Pliocene and was half the size of T. crassidentatus. It is the oldest member of the genus. [5]
Fossils of other representatives of Thylacoleonidae, such as Microleo and Wakaleo , date back to the Late Oligocene Epoch, some 24 million years ago. [6]
T. hilli was described by Neville Pledge in a study published in the records of the South Australia Museum in 1977. The holotype is a third premolar, discovered at a cave in Curramulka in South Australia, exhibiting the carnivorous characteristics of the genus and around half the size of T. carnifex. This tooth was collected by Alan Hill, a speleologist and founding member of the Cave Exploration Group of South Australia, while examining a site known as the "Town Cave" in 1956; the specific epithet hilli honours the collector of the first specimen. [5] Material found amidst the fauna at Bow River in New South Wales, dated to the early Pliocene, was also referred to the species in 1982. [7] A fragment of an incisor, unworn and only diagnosable to the genus, was located at a site in Curramulka, close to the Town Cave site, and referred to the species for the apparent correlation in size when compared to the better known T. carnifex. [8]
The marsupial lion is classified in the order Diprotodontia along with many other well-known marsupials such as kangaroos, possums, and the koala. It is further classified in its own family, the Thylacoleonidae, of which three genera and 11 species are recognised, all extinct. The term marsupial lion (lower case) is often applied to other members of this family. Distinct possum-like characteristics led Thylacoleo to be regarded as members of Phalangeroidea for a few decades. Though a few authors continued to hint at phalangeroid affinities for thylacoleonids as recently as the 1990s, cranial and other characters have generally led to their inclusion within vombatiformes, and as stem-members of the wombat lineage. [9] Marsupial lions and other ecologically and morphologically diverse vombatiforms were once represented by over 60 species of carnivorous, herbivorous, terrestrial and arboreal forms ranging in size from 3 kg to 2.5 tonnes. Only two families represented by four herbivorous species (koalas and three species of wombat) have survived into modern times and are considered the marsupial lion's closest living relatives. [10]
The ancestors of thylacoleonids are believed to have been herbivores, something unusual for carnivores. They are members of the Vombatiformes, an almost entirely herbivorous order of marsupials, the only extant representatives of which are koalas and wombats, as well as extinct members such as the diprotodontids and palorchestids. [11] The group first appeared in the Late Oligocene. The earliest thylacoleonids like Microleo were small possum-like animals, [12] with the group increasing in size during the Miocene, with representatives like the leopoard sized Wakaleo. The genus Thylacoleo first appeared during the Pliocene, and represented the only extant genus of the family from that time until the end of the Pleistocene. The youngest representative of Thylacoleo and the thylacoleonids, T. carnifex, is the largest known member of the family. [11]
T. carnifex is the largest carnivorous mammal known to have ever existed in Australia, and one of the larger metatherian carnivores of the world (comparable to Thylacosmilus and Borhyaena species, but smaller than Proborhyaena gigantea). Individuals ranged up to around 75 cm (30 in) high at the shoulder and about 150 cm (59 in) from head to tail. Measurements taken from a number of specimens show they averaged 101 to 130 kg (223 to 287 lb) in weight, although individuals as large as 124–160 kg (273–353 lb) might not have been uncommon, and the largest weight was of 128–164 kg (282–362 lb). [13] This would make it comparable to female lions and female tigers in general size.
Skull of T. carnifex
Pound for pound, T. carnifex had the strongest bite of any mammal species, living or extinct; a T. carnifex weighing 101 kg (223 lb) had a bite comparable to that of a 250 kg African lion, and research suggests that Thylacoleo could hunt and take prey much larger than itself. [14] Larger animals that were likely prey include Diprotodon spp. and giant kangaroos. It seems improbable that Thylacoleo could achieve as high a bite force as a modern-day lion; however, this might have been possible when taking into consideration the size of its brain and skull. Carnivores usually have rather large brains when compared to herbivorous marsupials, which lessens the amount of bone that can be devoted to enhancing bite force. Thylacoleo however, is thought to have had substantially stronger muscle attachments and therefore a smaller brain. [15]
Using 3D modeling based on X-ray computed tomography scans, marsupial lions were found to be unable to use the prolonged, suffocating bite typical of living big cats. They instead had an extremely efficient and unique bite; the incisors would have been used to stab at and pierce the flesh of their prey while the more specialised carnassials crushed the windpipe, severed the spinal cord, and lacerated the major blood vessels such as the carotid artery and jugular vein. Compared to an African lion which may take 15 minutes to kill a large catch, the marsupial lion could kill a large animal in less than a minute. The skull was so specialized for big game that it was very inefficient at catching smaller animals, which possibly contributed to its extinction. [16] [17]
Skeleton at Naracoorte Caves
Thylacoleo had extremely strong forelimbs, with retractable, cat-like claws, a trait previously unseen in marsupials. Thylacoleo also possessed enormous hooked claws set on large semi-opposable thumbs, which were used to capture and disembowel prey. The long muscular tail was similar to that of a kangaroo. Specialised tail bones called chevrons allowed the animal to balance on its back legs, and freed the front legs for slashing and grasping. [18]
Retractable claws would remain sharp by protecting them from being worn down on hard surfaces. The first digits ("thumbs") on each hand were semi-opposable and bore an enlarged claw. Palaeontologists believe this would have been used to grapple its intended prey, as well as providing it with a sure footing on tree trunks and branches. The hind feet had four functional toes, the first digit being much reduced in size, but possessing a roughened pad similar to that of possums, which may have assisted with climbing. The discovery in 2005 of a specimen which included complete hind feet provided evidence that the marsupial lion exhibited syndactyly (fused second and third toes) like other diprotodonts. [19]
Its strong forelimbs and retracting claws mean that Thylacoleo possibly climbed trees and perhaps carried carcasses to keep the kill for itself (similar to the leopard today). [20] The climbing ability would have also helped them climb out of caves, which could therefore have been used as dens to rear their young. [21]
Due to its unique predatory morphology, some scientists have claimed Thylacoleo to be the most specialised mammalian carnivore of all time. [22] Thylacoleo had vertical shearing 'carnassial' cheek teeth that are relatively larger than in any other mammalian carnivore. [14] Thylacoleo was clearly derived from the diprotodontian ancestry due to its incisor morphology and is distinguished by the pronounced development of upper and lower third premolars which functioned as extreme carnassials with complementary reduction in the molar teeth row. [23] They also had canines but they served little purpose as they were stubby and not very sharp. [24]
Restoration of Thylacoleo attacking Diprotodon .
When Thylacoleo was first described by Richard Owen, he considered it to be a carnivore, based on the morphology of its skull and teeth. [25] However other anatomists, such as William Henry Flower disagreed. Flower was the first to place Thylacoleo with the Diprotodonts, noting its skull and teeth to be laid out more like those of the koala and the wombat, and suggested that it was more likely a herbivore. Owen did not disagree with Flower's placement of Thylacoleo with the Diprotodonts, but still maintained that it was a carnivore, despite its herbivorous ancestry. [26] Owen found little support in his lifetime, despite the pointing out of Thylacoleo's retractable claws, something only found in mammalian carnivores, [27] and its lack of any ability to chew plant material. [26] In 1911, a study by Spencer and Walcott claimed that certain marks on the bones of megafauna had been made by Thylacoleo, but according to Horton (1979) they were not sufficiently rigorous, resulting in their arguments being strongly challenged by later scholars, such as Anderson (1929), and later Gill (1951, 1952, 1954), thereby leaving the issue unresolved. [28] In 1981, another paper was published arguing that certain cuts to bones of large marsupials had been caused by Thylacoleo. This paper by Horton and Wright was able to counter earlier arguments that such marks were the result of humans, largely by pointing out the presence of similar marks on the opposite side of many bones. They concluded that humans were extremely unlikely to have made the marks in question, but that if so "they had set out to produce only marks consistent with what Thylacoleo would produce". [28] Since then, the academic consensus has emerged that Thylacoleo was a predator and a hypercarnivore. [29]
Besides the most common hypothesis that it was an active predator, a variety of other theories existed in the late 19th to early 20th centuries as to the diet and feeding of Thylacoleo, with hypotheses of it being a scavenger filling the ecological niche of hyenas, [30] being a specialist of crocodile eggs, [20] or even a melon-eater. [31] As late as 1954, doubts were still being raised as to whether it was actually a hypercarnivore. [29]
The marsupial lion's limb proportions and muscle mass distribution indicate that, although it was a powerful animal, it was not a particularly fast runner. Paleontologists conjecture that it was an ambush predator, either sneaking up and then leaping upon its prey, or dropping down on it from overhanging tree branches. This is consistent with the depictions of the animal as striped: camouflage of that kind is needed for stalking and hiding in a largely forested habitat (like tigers) rather than chasing across open spaces (like lions). [32] Trace fossils in the form of claw marks and bones from caves in Western Australia analyzed by Gavin Prideaux et al. indicate marsupial lions could also climb rock faces, and likely reared their young in such caves as a way of protecting them from potential predators. [33] It is thought to have hunted large animals such as the enormous Diprotodon and giant browsing kangaroos like Sthenurus and Procoptodon , and competed with other predatory animals such as the giant monitor lizard, Megalania , and terrestrial crocodiles such as Quinkana . The marsupial lion may have cached kills in trees in a manner similar to the modern leopard. [34] Like many predators, it was probably also an opportunistic scavenger, feeding on carrion and driving off less powerful predators from their kills. It also may have shared behaviours exhibited by recent diprotodont marsupials such as kangaroos, like digging shallow holes under trees to reduce body temperature during the day. [35]
Restoration of T. carnifex
CT scans of a well-preserved skull have allowed scientists to study internal structures and create a brain endocast showing the surface features of the animal's brain. The parietal lobes, visual cortex, and olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum were enlarged, indicating the marsupial lion had good senses of hearing, sight, and smell, as might be expected of an active predator. Also, a pair of blind canals within the nasal cavity were probably associated with detecting pheromones as in the Tasmanian devil. This indicates it most likely had seasonal mating habits and would "sniff out" a mate when in season. [36]
The feeding behaviour of Thylacoleo remains a topic of academic debate, largely due the lack of any living analogue. [29] While considered a powerful hunter, and a fierce predator, it has been theorized that due to its physiology Thylacoleo was, in fact, a slow runner, limiting its ability to chase prey. Analysis of its scapula suggests "walking and trotting, rather than climbing ... the pelvis similarly agrees with that of ambulators and cursors [walkers and runners]". These bones indicate that Thylacoleo was a slow to medium-paced runner, which is likely to mean it was an ambush predator. That fits with the stripes: camouflage of the kind one would need for stalking and hiding in a largely forested habitat (like tigers or leopards) rather than chasing across open spaces (like lions)." [37] It may have functioned generally much like a larger analog of the Tasmanian devil. [21] New evidence also suggests that it may have been arboreal, and was at the very least capable of climbing trees. [20]
Incisions on bones of Macropus titan, and the general morphology of Thylacoleo suggests that it fed in a similar manner to modern cheetahs, by using their sharp teeth to slice open the ribcage of their prey, thereby accessing the internal organs. They may have killed by using their front claws as either stabbing weapons or as a way to grab their prey with strangulation or suffocation. [28]
Mounted display of Thylacoleo carnifex at the Wonambi Fossil Centre, Naracoorte Caves National Park, South Australia.
Numerous fossil discoveries indicate the marsupial lion was distributed across much of the Australian continent. A large proportion of its environment would have been similar to the southern third of Australia today, semiarid, open scrub and woodland punctuated by waterholes and water courses.[ citation needed ]
It would have coexisted with many of the so-called Australian megafauna such as Diprotodon, giant kangaroos, and Megalania, as well as giant wallabies like Protemnodon , the giant wombat Phascolonus , the giant snake Wonambi , and the thunderbird Genyornis . [36] T. hilli was a similar size to a contemporaneous thylacinid species, Wakaleo alcootaensis , and may have occupied habitat to the exclusion of that carnivore. [38]
Australia's Pleistocene megafauna would have been the prey for the agile T. carnifex, who was especially adapted for hunting large animals, but was not particularly suited to catching smaller prey. The relatively quick reduction in the numbers of its primary food source around 40,000 to 50,000 years ago probably led to the decline and eventual extinction of the marsupial lion. The arrival of humans in Australia and the use of fire-stick farming precipitated their decline. [39] The extinction of T. carnifex makes Australia unique from the other continents because no substantial, apex mammalian predators have replaced the marsupial lions after their disappearance. [40]
It was believed[ by whom? ] that the extinction was due to the climate changes, but human activities as an extinction driver of the most recent species is possible yet unproven. There is a growing consensus[ by whom? ] that the extinction of the megafauna was caused by progressive drying starting about 700,000 years ago (700 ka).[ citation needed ] It is revealed recently[ when? ] that there was a major change in glacial-interglacial cycles after ~450 ka. As for human involvement's contribution to the extinction, one argument is that the arrival of humans was coincident with the disappearance of all the extinct megafauna. This is supported by the claims that during MIS3, climatic conditions are relatively stable and no major climate change would cause the mass extinction of megafauna including Thylacoleo. [41]
Although believed to have been a victim of climate change, some scientists[ which? ] now believe Thylacoleo to have been exterminated by humans altering the ecosystem with fire in addition to hunting its prey. "They found Sporormiella spores, which grow in herbivore dung, virtually disappeared around 41,000 years ago, a time when no known climate transformation was taking place. At the same time, the incidence of fire increased, as shown by a steep rise in charcoal fragments. It appears that humans, who arrived in Australia around this time, hunted the megafauna to extinction". [42] Following the extinction of T. carnifex, no other apex mammalian predators have taken its place. [43]
Drawing of T. carnifex skull fragments, 1859
The first specimens of Thylacoleo were collected in the early 1830s from the Wellington Valley region of New South Wales by Major (later Sir) Thomas Mitchell, however they were not recognised as Thylacoleo at the time. [24]
The species was first described by Richard Owen in 1859, [24] from a fragmentary specimen discovered by William Adeney near Lake Colungolac, near Camperdown in Victoria [25]
In 2002, eight remarkably complete skeletons of T. carnifex were discovered in a limestone cave under Nullarbor Plain, where the animals fell through a narrow opening in the plain above. Based on the placement of their skeletons, at least some survived the fall, only to die of thirst and starvation. [44] [45]
Tracing of cave art from the Kimberley discovered in 2008, which was speculated to represent a drawing of the marsupial lion, but is more likely to be a drawing of a thylacine
In 2008, rock art depicting what some speculate to be Thylacoleo was discovered on the northwestern coast of the Kimberley. However, the thylacine, a marsupial that had a striped coat like depicted in the rock art, has been argued to be the morely likely subject of the work. [46] The drawing represented only the second example of megafauna depicted by the indigenous inhabitants of Australia. The image contains details that would otherwise have remained only conjecture; the tail is depicted with a tufted tip, it has pointed ears rather than rounded, and the coat is striped. The prominence of the eye, a feature rarely shown in other animal images of the region, raises the possibility that the creature may have been a nocturnal hunter. [47] In 2009, a second image was found that depicts a Thylacoleo interacting with a hunter who is in the act of spearing or fending the animal off with a multiple-barbed spear. Much smaller and less detailed than the 2008 find, it may depict a thylacine, but the comparative size indicates a Thylacoleo is more likely, meaning that it is possible that Thylacoleo was extant until more recently than previously thought. [48]
In 2016, trace fossils in Tight Entrance Cave were identified as being the scratch marks of a Thylacoleo. [20]
The first Thylacoleo fossil findings, discovered by Thomas Mitchell were found in the 1830s in the Wellington Valley of New South Wales, though not recognised as such at the time. The generic holotype, consisting of broken teeth, jaws, and a skull was discovered by a pastoralist, William Avery, near Lake Colungolac from which the species Thylacoleo carnifex was described by Richard Owen. [25] It was not until 1966 that the first nearly-complete skeleton was found. The only pieces missing were a foot and the tail. Currently, the Nullarbor Plain of West Australia remains to be the greatest finding site. These fossils now reside at the Australian Museum. [49] [27]
It was reported that in 2012, an accumulation of vertebrate trace and body fossils were found in the Victorian Volcanic Plains in south-eastern Australia. It was determined that Thylacoleo was the only taxon that represented three divergent fossil records: skeletal, footprints, and bite marks. What this suggests is that these large carnivores had behavioral characteristics that could have increased their likelihood of their presence being detected within a fossil fauna. [50]
A characteristic seen in the remains of skull fragments is a set of carnassial teeth, suggesting the carnivorous habits of Thylacoleo. Tooth fossils of the thylacoleo exhibit specific degrees of erosion that are credited to the utility of the carnassial teeth remains as they were used for hunting and consuming prey in a prehistoric Australia teeming with other megafauna. The specialisation found in the dental history of the marsupial indicates its status in the predatory hierarchy in which it existed. [51]
Diprotodon is an extinct genus of marsupial from the Pleistocene of Australia, containing one species, D. optatum. The earliest finds date to 1.77 million to 780,000 years ago, but most specimens are dated to after 110,000 years ago. Its massive fossils were first unearthed in 1830 in Wellington Caves, New South Wales, before any serious scientists were active on the continent, and were variably guessed to belong to rhinos, elephants, hippos, or dugongs. Diprotodon, formally described by Sir Richard Owen in 1838, was the first named Australian fossil mammal, and set Owen on a path to becoming the foremost authority of his time on other marsupials and Australian megafauna so enigmatic to European science.
Diprotodontia is the largest extant order of marsupials, with about 155 species, including the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others. Extinct diprotodonts include the hippopotamus-sized Diprotodon, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion".
In terrestrial zoology, the megafauna comprises the large or giant animals of an area, habitat, or geological period, extinct and/or extant. The most common thresholds used are weight over 46 kilograms (100 lb) or over a tonne, 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lb). The first of these include many species not popularly thought of as overly large, and being the only few large animals left in a given range/area, such as white-tailed deer, Thomson's gazelle, and red kangaroo. In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land mammals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than their extant counterparts that are considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct within the last forty thousand years. Among living animals, the term megafauna is most commonly used for the largest extant terrestrial mammals, which includes elephants, giraffes, zebras, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Of these five categories of large herbivores, only bovines are presently found outside of Africa and southern Asia, but all the others were formerly more wide-ranging, with their ranges and populations continually shrinking and decreasing over time. Wild equines are another example of megafauna, but their current ranges are largely restricted to the old world, specifically Africa and Asia. Megafaunal species may be categorized according to their dietary type: megaherbivores, megacarnivores, and, more rarely, megaomnivores. The megafauna is also categorized by the class of animals that it belongs to, which are mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates.
Smilodon is a genus of the extinct machairodont subfamily of the felids. It is one of the most famous prehistoric mammals and the best known saber-toothed cat. Although commonly known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not closely related to the tiger or other modern cats. Smilodon lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch. The genus was named in 1842 based on fossils from Brazil; the generic name means "scalpel" or "two-edged knife" combined with "tooth". Three species are recognized today: S. gracilis, S. fatalis, and S. populator. The two latter species were probably descended from S. gracilis, which itself probably evolved from Megantereon. The hundreds of individuals obtained from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles constitute the largest collection of Smilodon fossils.
The dire wolf is an extinct canine. It is one of the most famous prehistoric carnivores in North America, along with its extinct competitor Smilodon. The dire wolf lived in the Americas and eastern Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs. The species was named in 1858, four years after the first specimen had been found. Two subspecies are recognized: Aenocyon dirus guildayi and Aenocyon dirus dirus. The largest collection of its fossils has been obtained from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles.
Megalania is an extinct species of giant monitor lizard, part of the megafaunal assemblage that inhabited Australia during the Pleistocene. It is the largest terrestrial lizard known to have existed, reaching an estimated length of 3.5 to 7 metres, and weighing between 97–1,940 kg (214–4,277 lb), but the fragmentary nature of known remains make estimates highly uncertain.
The term Australian megafauna refers to the megafauna in Australia during the Pleistocene Epoch. Most of these species became extinct during the latter half of the Pleistocene, and the roles of human and climatic factors in their extinction are contested.
Machairodontinae is an extinct subfamily of carnivoran mammals of the family Felidae. They were found in Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Europe from the Miocene to the Pleistocene, living from about 16 million until about 11,000 years ago.
Sparassodonta is an extinct order of carnivorous metatherian mammals native to South America, related to modern marsupials. They were once considered to be true marsupials, but are now thought to be a separate side branch that split before the last common ancestor of all modern marsupials. A number of these mammalian predators closely resemble placental predators that evolved separately on other continents, and are cited frequently as examples of convergent evolution. They were first described by Florentino Ameghino, from fossils found in the Santa Cruz beds of Patagonia. Sparassodonts were present throughout South America's long period of "splendid isolation" during the Cenozoic; during this time, they shared the niches for large warm-blooded predators with the flightless terror birds. Previously, it was thought that these mammals died out in the face of competition from "more competitive" placental carnivorans during the Pliocene Great American Interchange, but more recent research has showed that sparassodonts died out long before eutherian carnivores arrived in South America. Sparassodonts have been referred to as borhyaenoids by some authors, but currently the term Borhyaenoidea refers to a restricted subgroup of sparassodonts comprising borhyaenids and their close relatives.
Thylacosmilus is an extinct genus of saber-toothed metatherian mammals that inhabited South America from the Late Miocene to Pliocene epochs. Though Thylacosmilus looks similar to the "saber-toothed cats", it was not a felid, like the well-known North American Smilodon, but a sparassodont, a group closely related to marsupials, and only superficially resembled other saber-toothed mammals due to convergent evolution. A 2005 study found that the bite forces of Thylacosmilus and Smilodon were low, which indicates the killing-techniques of saber-toothed animals differed from those of extant species. Remains of Thylacosmilus have been found primarily in Catamarca, Entre Ríos, and La Pampa Provinces in northern Argentina.
Dromornithidae, known as mihirungs and informally as thunder birds or demon ducks, were a clade of large, flightless Australian birds of the Oligocene through Pleistocene Epochs. All are now extinct. They were long classified in Struthioniformes, but are now usually classified as galloanseres.
Carnassials are paired upper and lower teeth modified in such a way as to allow enlarged and often self-sharpening edges to pass by each other in a shearing manner. This adaptation is found in carnivorans, where the carnassials are the modified fourth upper premolar and the first lower molar, however this may vary in family. These teeth are also referred to as sectorial teeth.
Thylacoleonidae is a family of extinct meat-eating marsupials from Australia, referred to as marsupial lions. The best known is Thylacoleo carnifex, also called the marsupial lion. The clade ranged from the Late Oligocene to the Pleistocene, with some species the size of a possum and others as large as that of a leopard. As a whole, they were largely arboreal, in contrast to the mostly terrestrial dasyuromorphs, monitor lizards and mekosuchines.
Palorchestes is an extinct genus of terrestrial, herbivorous marsupials of the family Palorchestidae. The genus was endemic to Australia, living from the Miocene through to the Pleistocene epochs.
Wakaleo was a genus of medium-sized thylacoleonids that lived in Australia in the Late Oligocene and Miocene Epochs. Although much smaller than its close relative, the marsupial lion, Wakaleo would have been a successful hunter. It had teeth specially designed for cutting and stabbing. The genus is from an extinct family of Vombatiformes, so it is distantly related to the herbivorous wombats.
Wakaleo oldfieldi is an extinct species of marsupial lions of the genus Wakaleo, found in Miocene deposits of South Australia. It had three unfused molar teeth instead of two fused molars as is the case with the Pleistocene Thylacoleo carnifex.
Microleo attenboroughi is a very small species of the Thylacoleonidae family of marsupials from the Early Miocene of Australia, living in the wet forest that dominated Riversleigh about 18 million years ago. The genus Microleo is currently known from a broken palate and two pieces of jaw, containing some teeth and roots that correspond to those found in other species of thylacoleonids. The shape and structure of the blade-like P3 tooth, a premolar, distinguished the species as a new genus. It was found in Early Miocene-aged deposits of the Riversleigh fossil site in Queensland, regarded as one of the most significant palaeontological sites yet discovered, and named for the naturalist David Attenborough in appreciation of his support for its heritage listing. The anatomy of Microleo suggests the genus is basal to all the known thylacoleonids, known as the marsupial lions, although its relative size prompted one discoverer to describe it as the "feisty" kitten of the family.
Ekaltadeta ima is a species of potoroid marsupial that existed in Miocene Australia.
Lekaneleo roskellyae is a fossil species of carnivorous marsupial that existed during the early Miocene in Australia. Once allied to the type species of the genus Priscileo, later placed as Wakaleo pitikantensis, "Priscileo" roskellyae was subsequently transferred to its own genus Lekaneleo.
Wakaleo schouteni is a species of carnivorous marsupial that was discovered at fossil sites in South Australia.
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↑ Bartholomai, Alan (1962). "A new species of Thylacoleo and notes on some caudal vertebrae of Palorchestes azael". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 14: 33–40.
1 2 Pledge, N.S. (1977). "A new species of Thylacoleo (Marsupialia: Thylacoleonidae) with notes on the occurrences and distribution of Thylacoleonidae in South Australia". Records of the South Australian Museum. 17: 277–283.
↑ Long, J.A., Archer, M., Flannery, T. & Hand, S. (2002). Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea - 100 million Years of Evolution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 224pp. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Flannery, T.F.; Archer, M. (1984). "The macropodoids (Marsupialia) of the Early Pliocene Bow local fauna, central eastern New South Wales". The Australian Zoologist. 21: 357–383.
↑ Pledge, Neville S. (1992). "The Curramulka local fauna: A new late Tertiary fossil assemblage from Yorke Peninsula, South Australia". The Beagle: Occasional Papers of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences. 9: 115–142.
↑ Naish, Darren (2004). "Of koalas and marsupial lions: the vombatiform radiation, part I". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (1): 240–250. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.004. PMID 15324852 . Retrieved 17 October 2014.
↑ Black, Karen; Price, Gilbert J; Archer, Michael; Hand, Suzanne J (2014). "Bearing up well? Understanding the past, present and future of Australia's koalas". Gondwana Research. 25 (3): 1186–201. Bibcode:2014GondR..25.1186B. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.12.008.
1 2 Black, K. H.; Archer, M.; Hand, S. J.; Godthelp, H. (2012). "The Rise of Australian Marsupials: A Synopsis of Biostratigraphic, Phylogenetic, Palaeoecologic and Palaeobiogeographic Understanding". In Talent, J. A. (ed.). Earth and life: global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time. Springer Verlag. pp. 1040, 1047. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_35. ISBN 978-90-481-3427-4.
↑ Gillespie, Anna K; Archer, Michael; Hand, Suzanne J (2016). "A tiny new marsupial lion (Marsupialia, Thylacoleonidae) from the early Miocene of Australia". Palaeontologia Electronica. 19 (2). doi: 10.26879/632 .
↑ Wroe, S; Myers, T. J; Wells, R. T; Gillespie, A (1999). "Estimating the weight of the Pleistocene marsupial lion, Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae:Marsupialia): Implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore faunas". Australian Journal of Zoology. 47 (5): 489–98. doi:10.1071/ZO99006.
1 2 Wroe, S.; McHenry, C.; Thomason, J. (2005). "Bite club: Comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1563): 619–625. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986. PMC 1564077 . PMID 15817436.
↑ Switek, Brian (31 August 2007). "Thylacoleo carnifex, ancient Australia's marsupial lion". Laelaps. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
↑ "Extinct Marsupial Lion Tops African Lion In Fight To Death", Science Daily , 17 January 2008.
↑ Dayton, Leigh (18 January 2008). "Marsupial lion was fast killer". The Australian. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009.
↑ "NOVA | Bone Diggers | Anatomy of Thylacoleo | PBS". www.pbs.org.
↑ Wells, R.T.; Murray, P.F.; Bourne, S.J. (2009). "Pedal morphology of the marsupial lion Thylacoleo carnifex (Diprotodontia: Thylacoleonidae) from the Pleistocene of Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1335–1340. doi:10.1671/039.029.0424. S2CID 86460654.
1 2 3 4 Arman, Samuel D.; Prideaux, Gavin J. (15 February 2016). "Behaviour of the Pleistocene marsupial lion deduced from claw marks in a southwestern Australian cave". Scientific Reports. 6: 21372. Bibcode:2016NatSR...621372A. doi:10.1038/srep21372. PMC 4753435 . PMID 26876952. S2CID 3548956.
1 2 Evans, A. R.; Wells, R. T.; Camens, A. B. (2018). "New skeletal material sheds light on the palaeobiology of the Pleistocene marsupial carnivore, Thylacoleo carnifex". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0208020. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1308020W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208020 . PMC 6291118 . PMID 30540785.
↑ "Extinct Australian "Lion" Was Big Biter, Expert Says".
↑ Wells, Roderick T.; Murray, Peter F.; Bourne, Steven J. (2009). "Pedal morphology of the marsupial lion Thylacoleo carnifex (Diprotodontia: Thylacoleonidae) from the Pleistocene of Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1335–1340. doi:10.1671/039.029.0424. S2CID 86460654.
1 2 3 "Discovery and Interpretation". Natural Worlds. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
1 2 3 "XVI. On the fossil mammals of Australia.— Part I. Description of a mutilated skull of a large marsupial carnivore (Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen), from a calcareous conglomerate stratum, eighty miles S. W. Of Melbourne, Victoria". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 149: 309–322. 1859. doi:10.1098/rstl.1859.0016. S2CID 110651400.
1 2 Switek, Brian. "Thylacoleo: Herbivore or Carnivore?". Wired.
1 2 "XV. On the affinities of thylacoleo". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 174: 575–582. 1883. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1883.0015 . ISSN 0261-0523. S2CID 111347165.
1 2 3 Horton, D. R.; Wright, R. V. S. (1981). "Cuts on Lancefield Bones: Carnivorous Thylacoleo, Not Humans, the Cause". Archaeology in Oceania. 16 (2): 73–80. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1981.tb00009.x. JSTOR 40386545.
1 2 3 Figueirido, Borja; Martín-Serra, Alberto; Janis, Christine M. (2016). "Ecomorphological determinations in the absence of living analogues: The predatory behavior of the marsupial lion (Thylacoleo carnifex) as revealed by elbow joint morphology" (PDF). Paleobiology. 42 (3): 508–531. doi:10.1017/pab.2015.55. S2CID 87168573.
↑ De Vis, C. W. (1883). "On tooth-marked bones of extinct marsupials". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 8: 187–190. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.28646.
↑ Anderson, C. (1929). "Palaeontological notes no. 1. Macropus titan Owen and Thylacoleo carnifex Owen". Records of the Australian Museum. 17: 35–49. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.17.1929.752.
↑ Monbiot, George (2014-04-03). "'Like a demon in a medieval book': is this how the marsupial lion killed prey?". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
↑ "Marsupial lion 'could climb trees'". BBC News. 2016-02-15.
↑ Western Australian Museum Thylacoleo (panel 3) Archived 2008-07-27 at the Wayback Machine at Western Australian Museum
↑ Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh (2005). Life of marsupials. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO. ISBN 978-0-643-09220-4. [ page needed ]
1 2 Thylacoleo "The Beast of the Nullarbor", Catalyst , Western Australian Museum, Storyteller Media Group and ABC TV, 17 August 2006.
↑ Monbiot, George (2014-04-03). "'Like a demon in a medieval book': Is this how the marsupial lion killed prey?". The Guardian.
↑ Murray, P.; Megirian, D. (1990). "Further observations on the morphology of Wakaleo vanderleueri (Marsupialia:Thylacoleonidae) from the mid-Miocene Camfield beds, Northern Territory". The Beagle: Occasional Papers of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences. 7 (1): 91–102.
↑ "'Humans killed off Australia's giant beasts'". BBC News. 24 March 2012.
↑ Ritchie, Euan G; Johnson, Christopher N (2009). "Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation". Ecology Letters. 12 (9): 982–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01347.x . PMID 19614756.
↑ "Climate change frames debate over the extinction of megafauna in Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea)" (PDF).
↑ "Humans killed off Australia's giant beasts". BBC. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
↑ Ritchie, Euan G.; Johnson, Christopher N. (2009-09-01). "Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation". Ecology Letters. 12 (9): 982–998. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01347.x . ISSN 1461-0248. PMID 19614756.
↑ "Caverns give up huge fossil haul". BBC News. 25 January 2007.
↑ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0807_020731_TVmegafauna.html%5B%5D
↑ Welch, David M. (June 2015). "Thy Thylacoleo is a thylacine". Australian Archaeology. 80 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1080/03122417.2015.11682043. ISSN 0312-2417.
↑ Akerman, Kim; Willing, Tim (March 2009). "An ancient rock painting of a marsupial lion, Thylacoleo carnifex, from the Kimberley, Western Australia". Antiquity . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
↑ Akerman, Kim (December 2009). "Interaction between humans and megafauna depicted in Australian rock art?". Antiquity . Retrieved 11 December 2012.
↑ Musser, Anne (29 November 2018). "Thylacoleo carnifex". Australian Museum. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
↑ Camens, Aaron Bruce; Carey, Stephen Paul (2013-01-02). "Contemporaneous Trace and Body Fossils from a Late Pleistocene Lakebed in Victoria, Australia, Allow Assessment of Bias in the Fossil Record". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e52957. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...852957C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052957 . PMC 3534647 . PMID 23301008.
↑ "IV. On the fossil mammals of Australia. - Part II. Description of an almost entire skull of the thylacoleo carnifex, Owen, from a freshwater deposit, Darling Downs, Queensland". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 156: 73–82. 1866. doi:10.1098/rstl.1866.0004. S2CID 110169146.
Wikispecies has information related to Thylacoleo .
New study finds no evidence for theory humans wiped out megafauna
Thylacoleo - Australia's Marsupial Lion
Thylacoleo in Pleistocene Australia
Steve Wroe's Web Page: Australian Megafauna
Western Australian Museum: Thylacoleo - a voracious hunter
PLEDGE. N 1977, A NEW SPECIES OF THYLACOLEO (MARSUPIALIA: THYLACOLEONIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCES AND DISTRIBUTION OF THYLACOLEONIDAE IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA [ permanent dead link ]
Wikispecies: Thylacoleo
EoL: 4435865


text:
3Victors Expands 'Data As A Service' For Air Travel Reset
THE ART OF FLYING | May 18, 2020 12:00:00 AM | by David Kaplan
The travel big data company is working with BCG, ARC, JetBlue Tech Ventures, and others to help the industry better track demand starting with the Travel Recovery Insights Portal.
Travel analytics platform 3Victors has been tapped to help chart the state of airline demand during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic that has completed devastated all previous planning for air travel demand.
The three-year-old Dallas-based company, which has recently closed a financing from JetBlue Technology Ventures and omnichannel transactions platform ARC, is powering Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Travel Recovery Insights Portal (TRIP), 3Victors CEO Rick Seaney tells Kambr Media.
The issue of turning real-time data into actionable information has been a perennial problem for all industries for over a decade. In creating TRIP, 3Victors and BCG appeared to be particularly cognizant of that issue when they designed it. TRIP's dashboard breaks down the data in clearly accessible and digestible visuals. TRIP presents a wide-ranging set of analytical tools that will highlight changes across roughly two dozen indicators.
Year-Over-Year Comparison Is Dead
Some of the categories are broad (e.g., the stages of COVID-19 progression by country, economic and consumer sentiment, government restrictions) while others are specific to aviation (e.g., air travel search activity, airline transactions, airline web traffic).
"The 3Victors database inside this portal powers interactive visual dashboards that allow viewers to gain insights in real-time, such as how COVID-19 has impacted inbound/outbound domestic and international tickets and which country pairs have the largest changes in search and ticketing travel metrics," notes JBTV Venture Associate Jim Lockheed in a Medium post announcing the portal.
The foundation of TRIP's insights is 3Victors' ability (pre-COVID-19, of course) to ingest and sift through over 1 billion global searches related to travel demand. That search data was further buttressed by 3Victors' access to roughly 230 billion travel itineraries in real-time, pre-COVID-19.
3Victors also uses sophisticated algorithms to scrub robotic activity to ferret out true user shopping intent a leading indicator for recovery as the crisis ebbs and travel starts returning.
It all goes to a full, up-to-date view of consumers' willingness-to-travel, which JBTV's Lockheed notes "is one of the most important leading indicator signals during this crisis."
3Victors' Alternative
3Victors' is based on the idea of "Data as a Service." The concept is akin to the more familiar Software as a Service model, where systems run through cloud-based applications via any digitally-connected device, as opposed a dedicated piece of hardware that must be run on the user's premises.
With a DaaS model like 3Victors, any web-based device can manage and access the data. The benefit of using this type of format by airlines, which typically rely on legacy technology programs, means carriers and their partners have the ability to run 3Victors' data management products either separately or in concert with existing programs.
And DaaS is what has paved the way for 3Victors to offer "alternative data," which combines various third-party data sources and filters it through machine learning and AI to find the most reliable real-time insights.
As noted above, given that there are no comparisons for past performance, current data models are pretty much irrelevant for airline revenue managers to plan pricing and offers. That's why the commercial airline industry need to factor in this kind of information tool.
"Data as a marketplace has been around for a long time," says Seaney. "In the past, that was only for the well-heeled. Alternative data is a marketplace where companies that generate data, or have access to data, repackage it and sell it on the open market.
"The biggest area of that the last few years have been companies that do roll-ups of anonymized GPS/location data and credit card data," Seaney adds. "Foursquare is providing data about foot traffic pointing to recovery during COVID-19. OpenTable has a dataset they're giving away for free that shows cancellations and bookings during the pandemic. We're moving slowly but surely into the data economy. It's called 'alternative data' now. But in a couple of years, it'll just be called 'data.'"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I've begun work on a new unit concept: the Artillery Golem. This is a giant-sized unit for the dwarfs that will focus primarily on ranged damage and siege attacks. For now, all I have is a little teaser image, but there's so much more coming soon!
I had a little time during vacation to work on the artillery golem. I managed to re-texture the back-mounted cannon. Its a small thing but necessary.
I've started working on getting the default animations to work. You can see that idle and walk are working (along with get-hit and die, which are not shown here).
I've also set up a basic test for a 'full-auto' animation for the artillery golem. Lots of progress, but still so much more to do.
I didn't have much time to work on the Artillery Golem today since I was busy working on the VFX Breakdwon Dev Post.
However, I did manage to create the prefab, and fix the various things that would let me see him in-game for the first time. I should have my attack animations done by tomorrow, so we'll see what happens next.
I've been sick the past few days and its really getting to me now. However, I did manage to finish up the full-auto ability (which I'm super stoked about), and most of the siege mortar ability. More on that stuff tomorrow.


text:
Frazier's Old Stuff opened its doors on Center Square on June 1
Susie Frazier was born in New Oxford, went to school in New Oxford and is raising two kids in New Oxford.
Frazier's Old Stuff opened its doors on Center Square on June 1 Susie Frazier was born in New Oxford, went to school in New Oxford and is raising two kids in New Oxford. Check out this story on eveningsun.com: https://www.eveningsun.com/story/news/2015/06/04/kids-motivate-new-oxford-mom-open-new-antique/32369361/
Chris Cappella, PPES Published 6:44 p.m. ET June 4, 2015
Susie Frazier opened Frazier's Old Stuff, a new antique and primitives store located at 11 Center Square in New Oxford.(Photo: Shane Dunlap — The Evening Sun)Buy Photo
Now, she can say she owns a store in New Oxford too.
While some antique stores focus on a certain time period or style, Frazier tries not to limit the options in her shop, Frazier's Old Stuff, which she opened June 1.
"We have furs, trunks, railroad signs and army stuff," she said. "We just have a ton of different items. There's pretty much something for everybody,"
As a business owner, Frazier hopes to set an example for her children. It's that motivation that pushes her every day, she said. Before the business opened, Frazier was a stay at home mom. Now, she wants her kids to see her in a new light.
"My daughter used to say, 'Well you don't work.' That has changed a lot," she said. "They love the store and I love being able to share the store with them. If it wasn't right there and the kids didn't like it, I don't know if I would even do it."
There are a few challenges Frazier faces as a new business owner. She hasn't been able to place a sign on the sidewalk near her store because of permitting issues, she said. Tucked away on the corner of Center Square, people might not know the store is there, Frazier said.
"Just having somebody walk in and look right now is a big thing," she said.
Frazier calls New Oxford "the antique center of the world" because there are so many shops in the area that sell old trinkets.
Cary Murphy has owned one of those shops, America's Past Antiques, for the last 27 years. Like Frazier, Murphy said he started collecting antiques as a hobby when he was a child.
The New Oxford area was always a secondary market for used furniture, he said. Over time, the secondary furniture market developed into original antique shops. The historical nature of Adams county, he said, has made New Oxford a natural market for antiques.
"The dad might run to the battlefields and the mom and daughter might go to Lancaster, but either way they have to drive past the front door," he said.
Owning an antique store comes with challenges, Murphy said. When he moved to New Oxford in 1988, he said, there were 28 antique stores in the area.
"That number has definitely decreased over the past years," he said
For now, Frazier is just focused on getting more people into the store and growing the early stages of her business. This is as much about running a business as playing out a passion, she said.
"I'm not here to try and make a million dollars," she said. "Money's nice, but it's not everything."
Read or Share this story: https://www.eveningsun.com/story/news/2015/06/04/kids-motivate-new-oxford-mom-open-new-antique/32369361/


The Time for Another Brunch Jumper by Wildfox Couture is an ultra comfy pullover made of a soft fleece blend. It features a high scoop neckline, a slightly oversized fit, and a playful print of all your favorite cocktails. Rock this fuchsia pullover with a pair of blue jeans and comfy sneakers for your next brunch date with the girls.


When: Tuesday November 14th, 5:30-7:00 p.m.
This session is available to EPOC members only at no fee. Light food and drinks will be provided.
EPOC's Young Environmental Professions group (YEP) is excited to announce the first study group session for the 2018 exam to be held on Tuesday November 14th, 2017 from 5:30 to 7:00 p.m. The session will be moderated by Joy Kloss, Licensed Environmental Professional with BL Companies, and the focus will be on tips and guidance for the exam application process. However, Joy will be available to answer questions on any topic. The session is open to all YEP members at no fee, not just those taking the exam this year! Feel free to come and listen or participate and ask questions.
Joy Kloss has 16 years of experience in the environmental consulting industry and is a Project Manager for BL Companies. She recently became a Licensed Environmental Professional in 2016 and has been a Certified Hazardous Material Manager since 2012. Her experience includes conducting site assessments, planning and implementing site investigations, managing remediation projects, and developing soil and groundwater management procedures to facilitate construction projects. She is also responsible for the development, review, and field implementation of Site-Specific Health and Safety Plans.


text:
#ifndef PROCARRAY_H
#define PROCARRAY_H

#include "storage/lock.h"
#include "storage/standby.h"
#include "utils/relcache.h"
#include "utils/snapshot.h"

/*
 * These are to implement PROCARRAY_FLAGS_XXX
 *
 * Note: These flags are cloned from PROC_XXX flags in src/include/storage/proc.h
 * to avoid forcing to include proc.h when including procarray.h. So if you modify
 * PROC_XXX flags, you need to modify these flags.
 */
#define		PROCARRAY_VACUUM_FLAG			0x02	/* currently running lazy
													 * vacuum */
#define		PROCARRAY_ANALYZE_FLAG			0x04	/* currently running
													 * analyze */
#define		PROCARRAY_LOGICAL_DECODING_FLAG 0x10	/* currently doing logical
													 * decoding outside xact */

#define		PROCARRAY_SLOTS_XMIN			0x20	/* replication slot xmin,
													 * catalog_xmin */
/*
 * Only flags in PROCARRAY_PROC_FLAGS_MASK are considered when matching
 * PGXACT->vacuumFlags. Other flags are used for different purposes and
 * have no corresponding PROC flag equivalent.
 */
#define		PROCARRAY_PROC_FLAGS_MASK	(PROCARRAY_VACUUM_FLAG | \
										 PROCARRAY_ANALYZE_FLAG | \
										 PROCARRAY_LOGICAL_DECODING_FLAG)

/* Use the following flags as an input "flags" to GetOldestXmin function */
/* Consider all backends except for logical decoding ones which manage xmin separately */
#define		PROCARRAY_FLAGS_DEFAULT			PROCARRAY_LOGICAL_DECODING_FLAG
/* Ignore vacuum backends */
#define		PROCARRAY_FLAGS_VACUUM			PROCARRAY_FLAGS_DEFAULT | PROCARRAY_VACUUM_FLAG
/* Ignore analyze backends */
#define		PROCARRAY_FLAGS_ANALYZE			PROCARRAY_FLAGS_DEFAULT | PROCARRAY_ANALYZE_FLAG
/* Ignore both vacuum and analyze backends */
#define		PROCARRAY_FLAGS_VACUUM_ANALYZE	PROCARRAY_FLAGS_DEFAULT | PROCARRAY_VACUUM_FLAG | PROCARRAY_ANALYZE_FLAG

extern Size ProcArrayShmemSize(void);
extern void CreateSharedProcArray(void);
extern void ProcArrayAdd(PGPROC *proc);
extern void ProcArrayRemove(PGPROC *proc, TransactionId latestXid);

extern void ProcArrayEndTransaction(PGPROC *proc, TransactionId latestXid);
extern void ProcArrayClearTransaction(PGPROC *proc);

extern void ProcArrayInitRecovery(TransactionId initializedUptoXID);
extern void ProcArrayApplyRecoveryInfo(RunningTransactions running);
extern void ProcArrayApplyXidAssignment(TransactionId topxid,
										int nsubxids, TransactionId *subxids);

extern void RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds(TransactionId xid);
extern void ExpireTreeKnownAssignedTransactionIds(TransactionId xid,
												  int nsubxids, TransactionId *subxids,
												  TransactionId max_xid);
extern void ExpireAllKnownAssignedTransactionIds(void);
extern void ExpireOldKnownAssignedTransactionIds(TransactionId xid);

extern int	GetMaxSnapshotXidCount(void);
extern int	GetMaxSnapshotSubxidCount(void);

extern Snapshot GetSnapshotData(Snapshot snapshot);

extern bool ProcArrayInstallImportedXmin(TransactionId xmin,
										 VirtualTransactionId *sourcevxid);
extern bool ProcArrayInstallRestoredXmin(TransactionId xmin, PGPROC *proc);

extern RunningTransactions GetRunningTransactionData(void);

extern bool TransactionIdIsInProgress(TransactionId xid);
extern bool TransactionIdIsActive(TransactionId xid);
extern TransactionId GetOldestXmin(Relation rel, int flags);
extern TransactionId GetOldestActiveTransactionId(void);
extern TransactionId GetOldestSafeDecodingTransactionId(bool catalogOnly);

extern VirtualTransactionId *GetVirtualXIDsDelayingChkpt(int *nvxids);
extern bool HaveVirtualXIDsDelayingChkpt(VirtualTransactionId *vxids, int nvxids);

extern PGPROC *BackendPidGetProc(int pid);
extern PGPROC *BackendPidGetProcWithLock(int pid);
extern int	BackendXidGetPid(TransactionId xid);
extern bool IsBackendPid(int pid);

extern VirtualTransactionId *GetCurrentVirtualXIDs(TransactionId limitXmin,
												   bool excludeXmin0, bool allDbs, int excludeVacuum,
												   int *nvxids);
extern VirtualTransactionId *GetConflictingVirtualXIDs(TransactionId limitXmin, Oid dbOid);
extern pid_t CancelVirtualTransaction(VirtualTransactionId vxid, ProcSignalReason sigmode);

extern bool MinimumActiveBackends(int min);
extern int	CountDBBackends(Oid databaseid);
extern int	CountDBConnections(Oid databaseid);
extern void CancelDBBackends(Oid databaseid, ProcSignalReason sigmode, bool conflictPending);
extern int	CountUserBackends(Oid roleid);
extern bool CountOtherDBBackends(Oid databaseId,
								 int *nbackends, int *nprepared);

extern void XidCacheRemoveRunningXids(TransactionId xid,
									  int nxids, const TransactionId *xids,
									  TransactionId latestXid);

extern void ProcArraySetReplicationSlotXmin(TransactionId xmin,
											TransactionId catalog_xmin, bool already_locked);

extern void ProcArrayGetReplicationSlotXmin(TransactionId *xmin,
											TransactionId *catalog_xmin);

#endif							/* PROCARRAY_H */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Reasons and Specifications for the dismissal of Norman Shepherd
Dr. R Scott Clark has put on his website a copy of the Reasons and Specifications by Westminster Theological Seminary Philadelphia (WTS-P) to dismiss Norman Shepherd back in 1981, which can be read here. The document is very interesting. Here are two excerpts:
The Executive Committee, at the direction of the Board, prepared a brief statement of the reasons for the action. The statement said that: "The Board makes no judgment whether Mr. Shepherd's views as such contradict Westminster Standards." But the statement also alleged that "partly because of deep inherent problems in the structure and the particular formulations of Mr. Shepherd's views, partly because of Mr. Shepherd's manner of criticizing opponents as non—Reformed rather than primarily incorporating their concerns more thoroughly into his own position in response, too many people in the Seminary community and constituency and the larger Christian public have come to judge that Mr. Shepherd's teaching appears to them to contradict or contravene, either directly or impliedly, some element in that system of doctrine taught by the Standards." (p.1)
...Mr. Shepherd would make obedience the central and embracing category for our response to God and thereby question the restrictions that the Reformed standards have put on the place and function of our good works. He urges that this can be done without danger since this obedience is not meritorious and therefore cannot become the ground of our salvation. But the very simplicity of this solution creates its danger. There is a vast and crucial difference between fleeing to Christ for salvation and serving God acceptably in new obedience. Close as the relation must be between faith and works, the distinction is central to the gospel. Mr. Shepherd does affirm a distinct function for faith, but his concept of the "dynamic" of covenantal relation effectively subordinates faith to obedience and shifts the balance in a sensitive area of great theological importance.
This distinctive aspect of his thought has been the troubling factor in these seven years of controversy. While the Board has not judged that his views are in error, the Board has come to the conviction that his views are not clearly in accord with the standards of the Seminary; for this reason it has acted within its authority to remove him from his office for the best interests of the Seminary. (p. 18)
I wasn't aware there is any substantial difference between something contradicting the Westminster Standards, and something not in accord with those Standards.
Labels: 'Reformed' downgrade, Federal Vision, Historical Theology
John MacArthur, justification and sanctification
Anti-Semitism is real...
Covenant Theology, Israel, and Supersessionism
Charity, mercy and social justice
Philosophy , common sense and reality
Thomas Nagel, Mind and Cosmos
Sinners and sin
Tim Keller and faulty economics
Vincent Cheung and Modus Tollens
The ontological argument and evolution
Reasons and Specifications for the dismissal of No...


I read "Six of the best vegan restaurants" on The Good Food Guide website and wanted to share it with you.
Whether you've gone vegan for January – or forever – or have simply vowed to consume less meat, eating out needn't mean missing out. Indeed, it can be a valuable source of inspiration, especially for those who have only recently embraced a non-meat-based diet. And if you're more flexitarian in your approach, all of these restaurants serve non-vegan food as well.
On the face of it, a solid-fuel restaurant where everything is cooked over flaming logs or glowing coals is perhaps not the obvious choice for vegans, but alongside its classic Sunday roasts, this much-loved place serves up plant-based alternatives. A Wellington of haricot beans, celeriac and capers with cauldron-brewed gravy is a satisfying plate that puts a hugely positive spin on the oft-maligned 'vegan option'.


text:
Univerza Paris Cité () se nahaja v francoskem mestu Pariz in je posledica združitve univerz v Parizu Descartes in Diderot.

Univerza v Parizu ima tri fakultete:

 Fakulteta za zdravstvene vede (la Faculté de Santé)
 Fakulteta za družbeno -humanistične vede (la Faculté des Sociétés et Humanités)
 Fakulteta za naravoslovje (la Faculté des Sciences)

Viri

Univerze v Franciji
Ustanove v Parizu
Izobraževalno-raziskovalne ustanove, ustanovljene leta 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The emotional mind says it is sick of doing water therapy, it wants to throw up. The intellect says do it ...it is good for health. You can observe your own mind and intellect very distinctly. Since it is morning and the mind has fewer agitating thoughts, you get a chance to observe clearly the way your emotional mind behaves. Now is the moment to strengthen your intellect and deliver positive thoughts. This way you sneak into the health cycle of positive thoughts.
Maintain this state of awareness of watching your thoughts next while brushing your teeth, while taking a shower, while dressing, while driving to work or traveling to work, while working, until you retire at night. It won't be as easy to do as it sounds; you will lose your awareness at some point during the day.
Nothing can come without practice. Even for driving a car you need practice, you get the balance of the steering wheel only through constant practice. Many times you will notice that while driving you automatically do other things, besides driving. But, even then, awareness that you are driving is there unconsciously. What we are trying for is conscious awareness so to speak.
So start this conscious awareness exercise every day with water therapy. You will notice changes in every aspect of life. Better memory, increased concentration at work or studies, more creativity at work, more maturity in handling the emotional mind, using your intellect more than before and managing relationships better in all walks of life whether at home or office. In short, a better, more positive life. Its hard to believe, right? But through practical experience we have discovered these benefits and we would like you to benefit from them too.
Word of Caution: All the above benefits with wonderful physical health benefits follow after daily practice of water therapy along with practice of the other elements of nature, the Pancha Bhootas. Water therapy is the beginning of all these changes.
To read about the benefit of water therapy in integrating body and mind, please go to the next page.


Carpets can make your feet feel mellowed with their warmth and mild touch. These days, it is becoming a hard nut to crack for picking and shelling out money to purchase the right carpet. The range of carpets has been revamped with many attributes such that they add a new dimension to your interiors. The onus is on you to make the choice.
Talking of colours, there is always a generic opinion to use plain, solid and un-patterned colour tones. This is a safe judgement which works well. But these days there are many designers and homeowners have chosen to swim against the current by using bold and vaulting colours. Multi-coloured and graphical patterns are turning out to be a hot boom in the market. This might just add the bold statement to your office or home interiors.
If you are cognizant with the environment, eco-friendly carpets might be the first one to get shortlisted on your list. Sisal and wool have carved out a name for themselves with their appealing looks. Sisal adds exotic textures while wool is known for its sophistication. Wool also has good dust trapping capability and thereby cleanses the air. Carpets made out of these natural fibres are a tad bit more expensive than the usual man made/synthetic ones but their durability is comparatively better.
Pets and children at home always make the carpet prone to spillage. This might cause some dis-colouring or tarnishing of the carpet fibre. However, there is no need to feel the pinch as the enticing touch and the look of your carpet can be saved. Molecular level treatments have come up and these preclude the stains and dirt from affecting your carpet fibre.
These are also good for the safety of your family and pets as these treatments result in less Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) on your carpet.
Overall, these prevent stains and keep the cleaning as easy as a piece of cake. Avail these as it is to be better safe than sorry with anything uneventful happening to the charm of your room.


With an area of 168m², the Auditorium is an ideal space for large scale presentations, exhibitions and conferences.
Offering a range of room layouts and capacities, the hire of the Auditorium includes fixed audio visual, the room is air conditioned, features tiered seating in addition to the floor space allowing for various setups, and the use of round/trestle tables and plastic chairs.
Self service tea and coffee can be organised for an additional charge. Hire of the Auditorium can be arranged within or outside normal business hours.


text:
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <auto-generated>
//     This code was generated by a tool.
//     Runtime Version:4.0.30319.0
//
//     Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if
//     the code is regenerated.
// </auto-generated>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

namespace PowerShellTools.HostService {
    using System;

    /// <summary>
    ///   A strongly-typed resource class, for looking up localized strings, etc.
    /// </summary>
    // This class was auto-generated by the StronglyTypedResourceBuilder
    // class via a tool like ResGen or Visual Studio.
    // To add or remove a member, edit your .ResX file then rerun ResGen
    // with the /str option, or rebuild your VS project.
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCodeAttribute("System.Resources.Tools.StronglyTypedResourceBuilder", "4.0.0.0")]
    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
    [global::System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilerGeneratedAttribute()]
    public class Resources {

        private static global::System.Resources.ResourceManager resourceMan;

        private static global::System.Globalization.CultureInfo resourceCulture;

        [global::System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1811:AvoidUncalledPrivateCode")]
        internal Resources() {
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns the cached ResourceManager instance used by this class.
        /// </summary>
        [global::System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableAttribute(global::System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableState.Advanced)]
        public static global::System.Resources.ResourceManager ResourceManager {
            get {
                if (object.ReferenceEquals(resourceMan, null)) {
                    global::System.Resources.ResourceManager temp = new global::System.Resources.ResourceManager("PowerShellTools.HostService.Resources", typeof(Resources).Assembly);
                    resourceMan = temp;
                }
                return resourceMan;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Overrides the current thread's CurrentUICulture property for all
        ///   resource lookups using this strongly typed resource class.
        /// </summary>
        [global::System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableAttribute(global::System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableState.Advanced)]
        public static global::System.Globalization.CultureInfo Culture {
            get {
                return resourceCulture;
            }
            set {
                resourceCulture = value;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Unable to connect to {0}..
        /// </summary>
        public static string ConnectionError {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("ConnectionError", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Windows PowerShell credential request.
        /// </summary>
        public static string CredentialDialogCaption {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("CredentialDialogCaption", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Enter your credentials..
        /// </summary>
        public static string CredentialDialogMessage {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("CredentialDialogMessage", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Unable to connect to {0}. Retry?.
        /// </summary>
        public static string EnumRemoteConnectionError {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("EnumRemoteConnectionError", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Unable to attach with current remote PowerShell version ({0}). Please ensure that PowerShell v5 or higher is installed..
        /// </summary>
        public static string EnumRemoteVersionError {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("EnumRemoteVersionError", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Local script ({0}) cannot be run through remote PowerShell session.
        /// </summary>
        public static string Error_LocalScriptInRemoteSession {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("Error_LocalScriptInRemoteSession", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Pipeline not executed because a pipeline is already executing. Pipelines cannot be executed concurrently..
        /// </summary>
        public static string Error_PipelineBusy {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("Error_PipelineBusy", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Unable to attach to specified process..
        /// </summary>
        public static string ProcessAttachFailErrorBody {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("ProcessAttachFailErrorBody", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Unable to attach with current PowerShell version ({0}). Please ensure that PowerShell v5 or higher is installed..
        /// </summary>
        public static string ProcessAttachVersionErrorBody {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("ProcessAttachVersionErrorBody", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Error while attempting to debug the specified process..
        /// </summary>
        public static string ProcessDebugError {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("ProcessDebugError", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Warning: PowerShell v4.0 or later is needed on your remote computer to debug during remote script execution. You can install the latest PowerShell from: {0}.
        /// </summary>
        public static string Warning_HigherVersionOnTargetRequiredForDebugging {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("Warning_HigherVersionOnTargetRequiredForDebugging", resourceCulture);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Looks up a localized string similar to Warning: PowerShell v4.0 or later is needed to debug during remote script execution. You can install the latest PowerShell from: {0}.
        /// </summary>
        public static string Warning_HigherVersionRequiredForDebugging {
            get {
                return ResourceManager.GetString("Warning_HigherVersionRequiredForDebugging", resourceCulture);
            }
        }
    }
}


Very good Tips To Help You Decrease Your Asthma Problems - 실시간 사건·사고·고발 게시판입니다.
An symptoms of asthma strike might be alarming, both for the sufferer and for their family members. You have to know the brings about and probable results of symptoms of asthma to be able to deal with the disorder more efficiently. Please read on for some guidance designed that will help you understand the way symptoms of asthma works and what signs and symptoms can be expected.
Concurrent health issues can contribute to your bronchial asthma signs and symptoms. A lot of people with allergy symptoms realize that their bronchial asthma symptoms become even worse close to allergies activates. In the event you continue to keep on the top of your concurrent health issues, you'll be significantly less probably going to be triggered into an extreme asthma attack. Question your doctor should your other diagnoses could bring about your struggle with asthma.
If you're using your inhaler a lot more than twice per few days, you need to talk to your physician about further asthma treatment options. An inhaler is meant just for crisis comfort and if you're occasionally depending on it, after that your recent asthma treatment method isn't efficient adequate. Excessive use of your inhaler may be harmful and you ought to prevent potential issues, right away.
Try to avoid animals, whenever you can, if you have severe symptoms of asthma. Even those who aren't allergic to pets, should nonetheless limit their contact, considering that the animals' hair can residence debris, dust, pollen along with other symptoms of asthma sparks. If you must have a dog, check into types that are hairless.
If allergic reaction cause constant attacks through your bronchial asthma, there has been a recent solution that may be given by means of shot that provides long lasting attention! Omalizumab is undoubtedly an antibody prescription medication which is used to manage these hypersensitive reaction signs or symptoms and may be suggested by your allergist.
You may want to look at not getting pregnant if you have serious bronchial asthma. Bodily hormones brought on while pregnant may possibly increase asthma signs or symptoms. Should you do choose to conceive and you will have symptoms of asthma, make sure that your physician is aware of of the bronchial asthma to enable them to help take control of your signs and symptoms while pregnant.
There is help when you sense an symptoms of asthma assault approaching on and your inhaler is just not with you. Caffeinated drinks can assist you because they available your breathing passages. Beverage a few servings of coffee, green tea, or hot cocoa prior to the complete onset of your attack to lessen its unwanted effects.
If you think that your symptoms of asthma signs or symptoms are getting worse, try drinking a cupful of hot coffee. Not only can the warmth relieve some of your signs, the caffeine intake can start your airways and lower the desire to coughing. Should you don't like caffeine, attempt herbal tea, hot chocolate, or even a chocolates nightclub.
Tend not to allow possessing asthma reach you. Many people get stressed out after they figure out they have asthma attack simply because they believe their entire life will alter. This is not real. Provided that you get your treatments as instructed through your medical professional, it is possible to continue to do most of the things that you accustomed to.
Emotional issues, substantial stress and panic could also result in symptoms of asthma signs. These could be given medications and even therapy, in addition to having effectively, receiving a great deal of workout and being sure that you will get a good 8-10 time of sleep at night or higher, every single night.
Will not attempt to "hard it out" if you notice an oncoming asthma attack or possibly a basic getting worse of your signs or symptoms. Your physician prescribed that you simply recovery inhaler for any reason apply it. When your signs appear to be receiving worse all round, you ought to speak to your medical professional about changing your prescription medication plan.
Shower room or bathe each evening hours before heading to bed to eliminate any allergens that may set off an asthma attack. Resting with allergens on the skin or head of hair are unable to only trigger an strike, but may make you much more responsive to certain causes as time passes.
Be familiar with the way your domestic pets may possibly have an impact on your bronchial asthma. Preferably, an bronchial asthma victim should never possess any hair displaying dog due to family pet dander get rid of by all furry wildlife, even individuals considered very low allergen. Concurrently, in the event you often go to close friends with domestic pets, consider proper safety measures to reduce the results of exposure to pollen throughout your go to.
Focus on your breathing strategies that will help you greater handle your asthma. You will probably find oneself breathing swiftly but shallowly simply because it seems like you cannot get adequate oxygen to your lung area. Give attention to getting deep breaths from your diaphragm to increase the level of oxygen you are receiving and to reduce the unexpected swelling of an asthma assault.
Get into the habit of smoking of sleeping in your favor or stomach to enhance your top quality of sleep at night and ingestion of fresh air during sleep. Sleeping on your back boosts the probability you inhale and exhale using your mouth area, which can intensify asthma attack signs or symptoms. By getting to sleep in your favor or tummy, your system normally breathes far more shallowly via your nasal area, making it easier for the lungs to function successfully.
You may be thinking making use of followers inside will be a a valuable thing to help reduce your bronchial asthma signs. Nonetheless, if there is any amount of dust particles in the community and also the area is closed up, using a enthusiast will undoubtedly kick that airborne dirt and dust up into the atmosphere that the inhale and exhale. This may bring about an bronchial asthma attack, so stay away from supporters in shut up, dusty spots.
If you locate yourself without an inhaler when an asthma assault is arriving on, try using a cold soda. The coffee can certainly available your airways and management the symptoms of asthma. Ideally maintain your inhaler upon you constantly, but in the event you find yourself with out them, try out ingesting a caffeinated drink.
Asthma can be something that can affect at any moment and sometimes men and women basically don't their very own inhaler convenient. If you locate yourself within this position, use a husband and wife servings of caffeine or green tea to relax your lungs. Also try out stuff like hot cocoa, or sweets. The caffeine inside them has become recognized to support open your air passages.
As suggested prior to, bronchial asthma could be split up into many sub-topics. This post is a compact portion of the details that is readily available with regards to asthma and it's management. You may reduce the effect that asthma attack has in your daily life, or even the lifetime of someone you love.


It is likely that increasing temperatures will stress native sagebrush steppe species in the lowest, hottest basins more than in cooler and wetter upland habitats. Second, the effect of climate change on cheatgrass and fire is critical but uncertain. Regional warming will increase the frequency of hot, dry conditions that promote fire, but droughts could dampen the fire cycle by limiting the production of fine fuels. Third, the adaptive capacity of sagebrush is unknown and research on the potential for sagebrush to adapt to climate change should be a high priority.


Joan Turrell's Artist Books will be on sale at Bob's Olde Books, 480 Center Street, Lewiston, NY. Joan will be giving a talk about her books at 2:00 pm on December 5th and 4:00 pm on December 6th. The Holiday Tour of Homes in Lewiston will also be on Dec. 5th and 6th. This year with the tour of homes ticket there will be a sampling of deserts at the Barton House Inn.


With an impressive list of standard features like the Universal and Oscillating Knife as well as a 3 HP Router Spindle, the Celero 3 Series is suited to provide versatility as it can cut a multitude of materials with a high-degree of precision.
The Celero 3 Series Cutter is built with a durable, all-steel tube frame which significantly reduces vibration and gives the operator tight control for precise cutting and routing.
Equipped with a high-frequency spindle, the Celero 3 Series is designed to produce an accurate and smooth motion when cutting either thin or dense substrates. Along with a robust Servo Drive Motor system, the Celero offers maximum flexibility for multiple cutting application as it comes standard with a routing spindle, universal knife, and oscillating knife.
The MultiVision systems provides end-users additional flexibility as the camera system is able to visually recognize media registration marks and automatically compensate for skew and/or image drift. This system is also equipped with edge detection which aids in getting the most out of the material to be cut.
Our Coreo software has been converted to operate on our robust Touchscreen interface. Celero's Touchscreen is a powerful tool with an operating system that creates an enhanced operator experience.
The Celero 3 Series features a 3 HP/24,000 RPM spindle which allows for a wide range of routing application. Whether your needs are to route acrylic, dibond, or many other dense substrates, you can do so at a repeatability of .001".


text:
Team USA Rugby Upends England at IRB Sevens World Series in Adelaide, Australia
The Adelaide, Australia stop on the popular IRB Sevens World Series kicked off today with a bang.
Two upsets in the eight games played on Day One of the tournament highlights the increased competition and parity that is becoming a key ingredient of the success of rugby sevens.
Wales knocked off powerhouse Fiji 17—12 to notch the first upset of the day.
The USA laid claim to the second upset of the day as history repeated itself. The last American victory over England came in Adelaide in 2008 and they have done it again with a 24-21 victory over England.
England came into Adelaide in fourth place on the IRB Series. The two teams had met twice earlier in the season, with England cruising to two easy victories.
This time around, however, it was the Americans that came on top. The USA got two tries from team captain, Kevin Swiryn and held off England down the stretch.
England got off to a fast start with a try from Mat Turner forty seconds into the game and the conversion from Ben Gollings put England ahead 7—0.
The remainder of the first half belonged to the USA, with tries from Swiryn, Nick Edwards and Matt Hawkins. The final try of the half served as not only a boost on the scoreboard, but in confidence as well.
After defending deep in their own half as time clicked away on the first half, the USA got a big turnover and finished with a Matt Hawkins score to extend their lead to 17—7 going into halftime.
"They (the USA) had a true belief in themselves and that they could beat England," said USA Sevens Head Coach Al Caravelli.
England got on the board first in the second half. Gollings, the IRB Sevens all—time leader in points, added to his totals with a try and conversion to cut the USA's lead to 17—14.
Swiryn, fully healthy after still fe...


Eliminate the fear of close-ups with this gentle, effective moisturizer. Targeted to minimize the appearance of pores, dark spots and hyper-pigmentation; it's everything you need in your daily moisturizer. Soothing Aloe calms the skin while Alpha Hydroxy Acids exfoliate and restore skin's natural glow.


text:
Q: Get camera resolutions android Im trying to recieve a list of supported camera video resolutions but im out of options...
getSupportedPictureSize() returns values for photos,
getSupportedPreviewSize() crashes whole phone because im recording without preview
getSupportedVideoSize() return null...
Is there any other method to get info about supported resolutions?

A: The standard camera APIs may not totally work on different devices. So usually I'll print out all relevant parameters to check what I can use. You can use the following code:
        Camera camera = Camera.open();
        Parameters param = camera.getParameters();
        Log.i("camera", "parameters: " + param.flatten());

The log I got from my device:

02-13 15:10:36.185: I/camera(19544): parameters:
  preferred-preview-size-for-video=1280x720;zoom=0;max-num-detected-faces-hw=5;zoom-supported=true;metering=center;contrast=2;whitebalance=auto;scene-mode=auto;jpeg-quality=100;preview-format-values=yuv420sp,yuv420p;jpeg-thumbnail-quality=100;preview-format=yuv420sp;video-size-values=1280x720,1920x1080,960x720,720x480,640x480,352x288,320x240,176x144;preview-size=960x720;focal-length=3.700000;iso=auto;fast-fps-mode=0;flash-mode-values=auto,off,on,torch;preview-frame-rate-values=30,20,15,10;preview-frame-rate=30;focus-mode-values=auto,infinity,macro,fixed,continuous-picture,continuous-video;jpeg-thumbnail-width=160;video-size=1280x720;scene-mode-values=auto,portrait,landscape,night,beach,snow,sunset,fireworks,sports,party,candlelight,dusk-dawn,fall-color,text,back-light;preview-fps-range-values=(10000,10000),(15000,15000),(15000,30000),(30000,30000);jpeg-thumbnail-size-values=160x120,160x90,144x96,0x0;zoom-ratios=100,102,104,109,111,113,119,121,124,131,134,138,146,150,155,159,165,170,182,189,200,213,222,232,243,255,283,300,319,364,400;preview-size-values=960x720,1280x720,640x480,352x288,320x240;picture-size-values=640x480,960x720,1024x768,1280x720,1600x1200,2560x1920,3264x2448,2048x1536,3264x1836,2048x1152,3264x2176;preview-fps-range=15000,30000;min-exposure-compensation=-4;antibanding=off;max-num-focus-areas=1;vertical-view-angle=49.3;horizontal-view-angle=63;video-stabilization-supported=true;jpeg-thumbnail-height=120;smooth-zoom-supported=false;focus-mode=auto;auto-whitebalance-lock-supported=true;video-frame-format=yuv420sp;picture-format-values=jpeg;max-exposure-compensation=4;focus-areas=(0,0,0,0,0);exposure-compensation=0;exposure-compensation-step=0.5;flash-mode=off;effect-values=none,mono,negative,sepia,solarize,posterize,washed,vintage-warm,vintage-cold,point-blue,point-red-yellow,point-green,cartoonize;picture-size=640x480;max-zoom=30;effect=none;whitebalance-values=auto,incandescent,fluorescent,daylight,cloudy-daylight;picture-format=jpeg;focus-distances=0.15,1.20,Infinity;auto-exposure-lock-supported=true;antibanding-values=50hz,off

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Thomas C. Belanger manages What's His Name Music, and promotes music festivals. He is the author of four books on managing projects and teams. He is putting finishing touches on his fifth book, which captures the characteristics of successful teams in music, sports, business, government, and politics. The book will be published in the spring of 2011.


The Kohl Train has left the station! Last week friends, family members, community leaders, and YMCA staffers joined together to honor Doug Kohl's legacy of leadership of the YMCA of Greater Akron. A high-spirited celebration featured tributes from a variety of those Doug has impacted during his 42 years of service to the YMCA, a live "Blue Grass" band, and more than a few "Dougisms". For instance, his son-in-law recalled one of his first conversations with Doug when he was told, "I will exercise the full extent of the law if you disrespect my daughter".
In his own remarks following the comments by current and former Board members, his three children and their spouses, and key community leaders, Doug said, "The YMCA is an awkward expression of my faith".
Growing up in the Y, early on Doug determined to keep his faith a vital part of his experience as a YMCA employee. With that conviction he has been able to do a remarkable job of building collaborative partnerships within the greater Akron community. He says his motto has been to "bring together people of faith with people of good will to do great things in the community".
New CEO of the YMCA of Greater Akron, Jill Kolesar, shared the two key lessons she had learned from Doug over the past 16 years – "MISSION AND MARGIN". The importance of the Christian mission was central to Doug's leadership, but he was also an astute business man. He not only stabilized the finances of the Akron YMCA, but led it through a series of significant expansions without incurring significant debt.
YUSA Resource Director Ruth Knous thanked Doug for the example he set for other YMCA leaders and read a framed personal letter from YUSA President Kevin Washington, a close personal friend of Doug throughout their YMCA careers.
Jeff Kline, the current Chairman of the Board of the Akron YMCA, highlighted the night by unveiling a mockup of the new sign for the University Park YMCA, a 5 year old state of the art downtown facility. This branch will officially be name "The Kohl Family YMCA" in honor of Doug's leadership and service to the association.
Thanks, Doug, for leaving a legacy of faith and leadership that lives on in all those you impacted through your years of sacrificial service to the Akron YMCA.


text:
Q: angular $http vs jquery $ajax - dataType for angular? How can I set the ajax return data type in angular? For instance I can set it easily in jquery if I want the response data to be html.
jquery,
$.ajax({
  url: "script.php",
  type: "GET",
  dataType: "html"
});

angular,
$http({
  method: "get",
  url: "script.php",
  responseType: "html" // does not work
}).then(function(response) {
  $scope.form = response.data;
);

It always returns string or json but what about html or xml?

A: According to https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$http (and by extension https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest#responseType), there is no responseType as html. I suppose document should work though.


text:
Home / Inspiration / Behind the scenes for The Shoot: Royal Ambitions
Behind the scenes for The Shoot: Royal Ambitions
by thefashionnomadupdated on 14, September, 2018 27, September, 2015 Leave a Comment on Behind the scenes for The Shoot: Royal Ambitions
So this is the last shoot for the September issue project I started for fashion month. It is also the shoot that caused me the most amount of grief, because it was one that I just couldn't quite figure out how to pull off the vision in my head.
To properly explain my vision you would need to have a look at the editorial this shoot was based off. It's from Vogue Japan, a fashion magazine that I'd been aware off, but hadn't ever really popped up on my radar. While researching for this shoot I realised that whoever they got in to be fashion director for that publication is an absolute genius! This shoot was not the only one that really impressed me. But back to the editorial, named Anastasia of the Winter. It stars Lindsey Wixon as Anastasia in regal, Victorian and Russian-inspired outfits outside a winter palace in St. Petersburg in a snow-covered plain. The styling is beyond fantastic and the location is to-die-for and when I first spotted it I knew I wanted to do something like that myself.
The only problem was, it's not winter, I'm in London and there definitely are no Russian palaces in the area. Now at first this didn't seem like much of a problem since there are plenty of Victorian structures in London and who needs snow when you've got plenty of clouds and some British rain. After all it was all about the Russian-inspired outfits and not the fact that the model was standing in a snow-covered courtyard.
But that seemed to open up problem number two for me. Everything I chose just looked Victorian and not Russian enough. My mum, a woman who's quite versed in the Russian culture kept sending me over images of Russian women in the traditional attire, but I didn't want to do the peasant look. I wanted something more regal, but how can you do Russian regal, when the Romanov families just wore couture gowns from Paris? The fact that I also couldn't find a single image of a Russian member of the royal family in traditional attire threw my idea through a loop.
So I set this shoot aside as I focused on other ones that needed more of my time, thinking if I gave it a bit of time and let myself mull over it at a later date I wouldn't know what to do.
That didn't really happen so when the weekend came around and I was supposed to do the shoot it rained and I secretly felt relieved since I still had no idea how to express my vision for this shoot. The outfits had been gotten, make-up had been planned out and I'd even done my hair up, but the great British weather got in the way once again. I decided to do one last attempt for this shoot in the middle of the week before work, and I decided I'd be very relaxed about it and if it worked out alright, then fantastic and if it didn't, I'd just let the idea slide.
Originally there were two outfits planned for this shoot, but when I arrived that morning, twenty minutes before dawn and still immersed in the darkness of night, I realised the Royal Albert Hall was not the venue for me and my original first outfit should be discarded. Instead I decided to focus on the second outfit, the one with the Glamorous dress and I would stop trying to add a Russian angle to this shoot. Standing next to the Albert Memorial, I realised this season was all about Victoriana, and I was standing right next to a monument of an icon of that time. Who needs to go to faraway lands for inspiration, when it was literally right next to me, gilded in gold leaf detail and tall statues?
In the end I decided to go with a royal Victorian vibe for the shoot. This actually worked out quite well as the Glamorous dress was very heavy in gold detail and it looked incredibly rich and expensive. The gold Baroque crown and earrings, modelled after the ones Dolce & Gabbana sent down the runway last season also added to the idea. With the New Look multi-string pearl necklace and wide bow added to this slightly-childish feel of this Victorian outfit.
This shoot is not one of the best of my shoots, but thankfully it also didn't turn out to be one of the worst either. All things considered, especially with the problems I had in finalising this vision, I done incredibly well with it and that I am proud off. Although, I haven't given up on doing a Russian regal shoot; only this time I might focus more on whites and furs and wait until we too get snow. 🙂
Albert Memorial inspiration regal Royal Albert Hall The September Issue 2015 The Shoot victoriana
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