text:
Trimūrti o Trideva
(sánscrito: त्रिमूर्ति trimūrti, 'tres formas' o 'trinidad') es

el grupo de los tres dioses hindúes más importantes presentes en las varias religiones que conforman el hinduismo,

Los tres dioses que conforman el Trimurti actual en la mitología hinduista, son:
 Brahmá, el dios de cuatro cabezas que se ocupa de crear el universo. No se debe confundir con Brahman (la divinidad impersonal).
 Visnú, el dios de cuatro brazos, que preserva el universo.
 Shiva, el dios salvaje que destruye el universo en el fin del mundo.

Sin embargo en la India no se da ninguna trascendencia especial a estos tres dioses en cuanto grupo; ya que la mayoría de los hinduistas adoran igualmente a los dioses en sus avatares, como Rama, Krisna, y/o a sus Devi (esposas de los dioses).

Según Freda Matchett, en estos tres dioses se personifican las funciones cósmicas de creación, conservación y destrucción del mundo. aunque las denominaciones individuales pueden variar de esa alineación particular.
El legendario yogui Dattatreya a menudo es considerado no solo uno de los 24 avatares de Vishnu, sino también de Shiva y Brahma en un cuerpo con tres cabezas; siendo así considerado el avatar de la Trimurti.

Nombre sánscrito

 trimūrti, en el sistema AITS (alfabeto internacional para la transliteración del sánscrito).
 त्रिमूर्ति, en escritura devanagari del sánscrito.
 Pronunciación:
 /trímurti/ en sánscrito o bien
 /trimúrti/ en varios idiomas modernos de la India (como el bengalí, el hindí, el maratí o el palí).
 Etimología: 'tres cuerpos', siendo tri: 'tres', y murti: 'cuerpo sólido, corporificación, corporeización, manifestación, encarnación, personificación'.

Historia de la Trimurti

En la mitología védica (anterior a la hinduista) los tres actuales dioses principales  (Brahmá, Visnú y Shiva) no existían o no tenían ninguna importancia: en el Rig-veda (el primer texto de la India, de mediados del II milenio a. C.) se nombra originalmente a otro trío de dioses principales, aunque no recibían el nombre de «trimurti»; estos eran:
 Indra (heroico rey de los devas),
 Agni (dios del fuego), y
 Soma (dios de la Luna y de la bebida psicotrópica homónima).

En cambio el Nirukta (7.5), de Iaska, se presenta otro trío de dioses principales del Rig-veda:
 Indra (heroico rey de los devas),
 Agni (dios del fuego), y
 Suria (dios del Sol).

Las primeras apariciones de la palabra trimurti se encuentran
en el Kumara-sambhava 2.4, de Kalidás (hacia el 500 d. C.),
en el Chatur-varga-chintámani 11.547 de Jemadri (1210-1274), y
en el escoliasta del Rama-tapanía-upanishad 16 (del siglo XI o XVI).

La trimurti conocida actualmente (de Brahma, Visnú y Shiva) es la puránica, llamada así porque los dioses que promociona son presentados por primera vez en los Puranas (textos escritos a lo largo del I milenio d. C.).

Por razones que no se conocen (pero posiblemente por asociación con el concepto de la Santísima Trinidad cristiana), el concepto de trimurti (como tres dioses principales) tuvo éxito entre los orientalistas británicos, y por ende en Occidente; pero en la India no se le da ninguna importancia trascendental por sobre alguna de las deidades individuales de la Trimurti. De hecho, el dios Brahma en particular solo tiene un templo en la India, en Púshkar.

Representación de la Trimurti

Su representación suele mostrar o bien estos tres dioses, o bien uno junto al otro (sentados o de pie), o bien reunidos en un solo cuerpo (que tiene, entonces, tres cabezas, seis brazos y seis piernas). También se los muestra asociados con sus consortes, que simbolizan la energía (Sakti), la naturaleza o materia (Prakriti), y el movimiento; mientras que ellos representan el ser y la conciencia (Púrusha), y la inercia. De este modo Laksmí completa a Visnu (la prosperidad — Laksmí — está condicionada por la preservación), pareja que se encuentra mutuamente completada por la de Sakti (o Parvati-Kali-Durga) y Shiva (la energía y naturaleza femenina completando la conciencia masculina), y finalmente por Brama y Sarasvati (el conocimiento — Sarasvati — siente necesario en la creación). Así, las tres Devís principales,  Lakshmí (riqueza), Párvati (amor y espiritualidad) y Sáraswati (cultura y artes), conforman la Tridevi; el equivalente femenino de la Trimurti.

En Bodh-Kharbu en el Tíbet, hay una Triratna o Parameshra, constituida por tres pequeños templos construidos con ladrillos pintados de negro, amarillo y blanco, que simboliza Buda, Dharma y Sangha respectivamente. Cuando se representan unos ojos en la parte superior de estos templos, representan respectivamente a Jagannath, si están en el templo negro; Subhadra si están en el amarillo y Balarama o Balabhadra cuando están en el blanco.

Brahma

Como parte del hinduismo, Brahma es considerado como la deidad suprema que actúa como creador de todo el mundo y el universo, y, por tanto, en virtud de su cargo, es el primero de la tríada de deidades. Siendo el creador del universo, Brama es el primero antes de Vishnu el arquero y preservador, y Shiva el destructor, pero al mismo tiempo, los investigadores señalan que los sujetos en los mitos y leyendas de la antigua India, y la proporción de las responsabilidades funcionales lineales (desde el punto de vista de la creación y su desarrollo) no siempre son respetadas y con frecuencia son sujetos a modificaciones o sincretismos; ya que los otros devas y principalmente a los presentes en la Trimurti se les puede atribuir una existencia previa a la creación del mundo. Sobre esta base, en las versiones épicas arcaicas, en los textos más antiguos de la mitología hindú, las tres de estas características se correlacionaron únicamente con Brahma. Además, hay que señalar que los aspectos incluidos en la tríada de deidades Brahma, en contraste con Vishnu y Shiva, es la esencia de la más abstracta y se involucra en menor medida en las historias, mitos y leyendas. En estos casos, cuando Brahma sigue apareciendo en la mitología, su función es muy especializada y tiene un carácter más general -en la medida en que, en algunos temas, en vez de Brahma en el mismo acto está el papel de Vishnu o Shiva, que finalmente expulsaron a Brahma del centro de historias mitológicas del hinduismo. Sin embargo, el papel de Brahma entre bastidores es considerado como muy importante para la religión hindú.

En términos generales, cuando se hace un intento de evaluar la imagen mitológica de Brahma, se debe prestar especial atención a los orígenes de esta imagen. Posiblemente la genealogía de Brahma implica que el concepto abstracto de una deidad podría preceder un concepto particular, que correspondía a una estructura ritual o principio universal, esto, en particular, mediante el estudio de las fuentes, según la cual en los Vedas el término neutro « brahmán » inicialmente se correlaciona con una oración-fórmula o una expresión verbal de un principio universal, y más tarde llegó a ser utilizado incluso para referirse a este mismo principio (el absoluto Brahman). Más tarde, este mismo concepto podría ser objeto de personalización en la forma de un Dios en particular.

Visnu

Visnu también se lo conoce con el nombre de Narayana. Se encarna especialmente en Krishna y Rama. Dentro del hinduismo hay varias creencias respecto a la trascendencia de Visnu. Es representado en color azul y con cuatro brazos para simbolizar que puede llegar a todas partes.

Aunque en los himnos védicos Visnu no es una de las divinidades más importantes, su lugar en el Trimurti es muy importante. Al brahmanah su importancia aumenta ligeramente, pero la cifra de importancia primordial se encuentra sólo en las epopeyas y los Puranas. La etimología de su nombre no es del todo clara, algunos expertos sugieren que tiene un origen indoeuropeo. Anteriormente basado en los mitos de los "tres pasos" de Visnu, se interpreta como una representación metafórica del sol, según la mitología europea se supone que Vianu era originalmente un dios-padre del sol (Dyeus), en el presente este punto de vista es controversial. Como parte de una tríada de dioses Visnu actúa como guardián del universo, a pesar de que el creador del mundo y, en consecuencia, una figura más importante en este contexto, es Brahma. El concepto de Trimurti tiene la mayoría de sus representaciones en los Puranas, y empatado en el lugar más alto de la tríada está Vishnu. En estos casos se proclamó el fundamento y la esencia del ser, su origen y el absoluto. Puntos de vista similares están presentes y se describen en la épica, donde Visnu o sus avatares actúan como los personajes centrales. En algunos temas mitológicos, por ejemplo, el mundo es tratado como una forma de existencia de Visnu, mientras que otros atribuyen a esta deidad un papel importante en la regeneración del mundo tras el fin del universo.

A su vez, los mitos sobre los avatares de Visnu se centran principalmente en las razones de su victoria sobre la deidad maligna (por la que, de hecho, toma una forma particular). Independientemente de qué tipo de manifestaciones de Visnu se tratan en una historia en particular, en cada caso personifica la buena energía del universo y el cosmos. Sin embargo, la presentación de esta energía en unos determinados sistemas filosóficos y religiosos o conceptos mitológicos se caracterizan por ciertas diferencias: la gama de manifestaciones puede variar de algunos de lo absoluto, lo que no se puede describir, hasta un tipo de Dios personal que es objeto de un fuerte vínculo emocional por parte de cualquier persona. Hay que tener en cuenta que, por ejemplo, en el Visnú de la mitología épica se identifica gradualmente con una serie de diferentes imágenes.

Shiva

Xankarao Mahadeva. Dios del sacrificio de la mitología india, Shiva es el aspecto destructor de la Trimurti pero en un sentido positivo (destrucción para reconstruir) y asume otros muchos papeles como el de señor de los ascetas (Mahadeva). Acostumbra a ser representado como una figura de cuatro brazos con una luna creciente en la cabeza y una serpiente en el cuello, con un tridente en una mano y un tambor en la otra y un tercer ojo en el frente.

La aparición del Señor Shiva en el panteón como una deidad independiente tuvo lugar bastante tarde -en el  A.C, pero el culto de este dios existía mucho antes de esa fecha. En particular, la imagen prototípica asociada a Shiva, se encuentra en los iconos del tercer al segundo milenio antes de Cristo. Muchas de las características y funciones específicas de Shiva, los Vedas, se asociaron con la deidad Rudra, más tarde se convirtió en el nombre principal, intercambiando lugares con el mismo eufemismo. Desde hace mucho ha habido una asimilación de esta imagen en la que se unieron varias características, a veces muy contradictorias (ira - la gracia, etc.). Asimismo, por ejemplo, en el Shaiva esta es la deidad suprema y representa tanto destruir y crear, como el principio del tiempo.

Los investigadores señalan que los aspectos de la imagen de Shiva, que están directamente relacionados con su papel creativo, encuentran su encarnación metafórica de uno de sus personajes principales, que corresponde al masculino - lingam. El principal objeto del culto de Shiva, respectivamente, son las imágenes en forma de columnas de piedra linga, que, a su vez, está situada en el símbolo del femenino - yoni. Algunos conceptos filosóficos y religiosos que contienen este conjunto de caracteres son sobre todo el símbolo metafórico de la creación.

En la tríada de dioses Shiva es la clave para la función de la destrucción, asociado a la destrucción del mundo y de los dioses, al final de cada período del universo. En este sentido, tanto la apariencia como el culto real de Shiva adquieren una serie de características destinadas a intimidar. De este modo la deidad (incluyendo su séquito) es vinculado a una variedad de criaturas, el tipo y propiedades de las cuales son extremadamente no naturales y hipertróficas. A veces Shiva también se muestra en la imagen del "gran asceta", de acuerdo con los temas mitológicos, fue condenado a la austeridad perpetua por haber cortado el quinto cabeza de Brama. También hay que señalar que en los Puranas hay 1.008 listas de nombres o epítetos de Shiva, que caracterizan esta deidad con algunos de sus aspectos fundamentales.

La filosofía del concepto de "Trimurti"
De acuerdo con la filosofía religiosa de la India, en la forma del Trimurti se suman tres de los principales principios supremos que se observan en el mundo visible - el inicio creador (Brahma), el final destructivo (Shiva) y el principio defensivo (Vishnu). Los tres existen en una deidad, y cada uno de los tres es un ente independiente, al igual que los Vedas se dividen en tres partes principales y al mismo tiempo hay un solo libro. Todos ellos contienen una sola criatura que es param (suprema), guhey (secreta) y sarvatma (el alma de todo el mundo).

En construcciones filosóficas de la doctrina dualista Sankhya que coloca una distracción para el espíritu de la materia, los tres dioses supremos Brama, Vishnu y Shiva, y sus respectivas devis, como tres manifestaciones de una sola naturaleza de (puruṣa y Prakriti respectivamente) y la implementación de los tres gunas (cualidades que comenzaron el mundo). Brahma en este sistema filosófico es Rajas (actividad, la eficiencia, la pasión), Vishnu es Sattva (conciencia, claridad, equilibrio), Shiva es Tamas (pérdida del conocimiento, la inactividad, la inercia). Como se ha dicho más arriba, cada uno de los modos también se le asigna su propio color y elemento. Así que Brhama tiene la tierra roja, Vishnu el azul y el agua, y Shiva el negro y el fuego.

En la doctrina advaita, la Trimurti sería una forma que refleja al absoluto Brahman con cualidades (Saguna Brahman).

Concepciones en el hinduismo
En general, se puede decir que el trimurti tiene un papel menor en el hinduismo de los últimos siglos que en la India antigua.

Shivaísmo

Los shivaitas sostienen que, de acuerdo con Shiva Agama, Shiva realiza cinco acciones: creación, preservación, disolución, gracia que oculta y gracia reveladora. Respectivamente, estas tres primeras acciones están asociadas con Shiva como Sadyojata (similar a Brahma), Vamadeva (similar a Vishnu) y  Aghora (similar a Rudra). Por lo tanto, Brahma, Vishnu y Rudra no son deidades diferentes de Shiva, sino que son formas de Shiva. Como Brahma/Sadyojata, Shiva crea. Como Vishnu/Vamadeva, Shiva conserva, como Rudra/Aghora, disuelve. Esto contrasta con la idea de que Shiva es el "Dios de la destrucción". Shiva es el Dios supremo y realiza todas las acciones, de las cuales la destrucción es solo una. Él es el primer Brahman. La consorte de Adi Parashakti. El ser atemporal. Shiva está más allá del espacio y el tiempo. Él es quien puede detener el tiempo. Shiva no es nada más que todos. Shiva es el más pequeño pero el más grande. El ser supremo en toda la eternidad. Ergo, el Trimurti es una forma de Shiva mismo para Shaivas. Los shaivitas creen que el Señor Shiva es el Supremo, que asume varios roles críticos y asume nombres y formas apropiados, y también trasciende todos estos. Un ejemplo visual prominnete de la versión shivaita de Trimurti es la escultura Trimurti Sadashiva en las Grutas de Elefanta en la isla Elefanta.

Vishnuismo

A pesar de que el Vishnu Purana describe que Vishnu de manifiesta como Brahman para crear y como Rudra (Shiva) para destruir, el Vishnuismo por lo general no reconoce el concepto de Trimurti; en cambio, ellos creen en los avatares de Vishnu tales como Buda, Rama, Krishna, etc. Ellos también creen que tanto Shiva como Brahma son dos formas de Vishnu. Por ejemplo, la escuela Dvaita sostiene que solo Vishnu es el dios supremo, con Shiva subordinado, e interpretan las Puranas de manera diferente. Por ejemplo, Vijayindra Tîrtha, un erudito Dvaita interpreta las 18 puranas de manera diferente. Él interpreta las puranas Vaishnavitas como satvicas y las puranas Shaivitas como tamásicas y que únicamente las puranas satvicas poseen autoridad.

Shaktismo
La denominación Shaktidharma centrada en el culto a las diosas (devís), asigna y/o enfatiza los roles eminentes de las tres formas  de la Divinidad Suprema no a los dioses masculinos más tradicionales, sino haciendo énfasis en las siguientes diosas: Mahasarasvati (Creadora), Mahalaxmi (Preservadora), y Mahakali (Destructora). Esta versión femenina de Trimurti es denominada Tridevi ("tres diosas"). Los dioses masculinos (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva) son relegados al rango de agentes complementarios de la creación y su desarrollo, cuya energía (Sakti) presentes en ellos proviene de la diosa suprema que representa a la Tridevi.

En el primer libro, capítulo 4 de la Purana Srimad Devi Bhagwat, Devi se refiere a Trimurti de la siguiente manera:

"Soy Adi Parashakti. Soy la dueña de este universo. Yo soy la Realidad Absoluta. Soy dinámica en forma femenina y estática en forma masculina. Pareces gobernar el universo a través de mi energía. Tú eres la forma masculina de la Realidad Absoluta, mientras que yo soy la forma femenina de esa Realidad. Estoy más allá de la forma, más allá de todo, y todos los poderes de Dios están contenidos dentro de mí. Debes saber que yo soy la eterna energía ilimitada."

Luego dijo: ¡Brahma! Serás generador del universo; la Diosa Sharada (Saraswati) es tu consorte, será reconocida como la diosa de la sabiduría y el sonido primigenio. Señor Brahma, esta diosa estará contigo cuando crees el universo.

Ella continuó: ¡Señor Narayana (Krishna)! No tienes forma, pero tomas forma. Te asigno a ser el preservador del universo. Tomarás encarnaciones diferentes para salvar a los habitantes de este universo. ¡Oh Narayana! Has creado al Señor Brahma, y Brahma creará además treinta y tres tipos de dioses y diosas. Soy la diosa Mahamaya, que te ha hecho reaparecer de tu sueño místico. Tu consorte será la diosa Lakshmi. Señor Vishnu, esta diosa estará contigo cuando gobiernes/ mantengas el universo. Cuando la vida evolucione, tomarás la forma de Vishnu, quien realizará la tarea de observar y preservar este universo."

Finalmente ella instruyó: "Oh Señor Rudra Shiv, el Gran Dios, tú eres la personificación del tiempo, que está por encima de todo. Vas a realizar la tarea de destruir y regenerar este universo. Cuando no tienes forma, el tiempo se detiene. Es debido a mi poder de que te vuelvas dinámico y seas capaz de provocar la destrucción y regeneración de este universo. Mahakali soy yo mismo, mi forma completa, mientras que Laxmi y Saraswati son solo mis clones, mis formas parciales, pero debido a la meditación, superarás todas mis formas. Es entonces que me encarnaré desde tu mitad izquierda en mi forma manifestada. Esta forma será mi forma más verdadera manifestada. Señor Shiva, Ella realizará la tarea de destruir el mal y será tu consorte."

Así, a partir de sus características se puede considerar a la Tridevi o Sakti de la Trimurti, como otra forma de representación del absoluto Brahman con cualidades.

Smartismo
El Smartismo es una denominación del hinduismo que pone énfasis en un grupo de cinco deidades en vez de una única deidad. El sistema de "adoración de las cinco formas" (pañcāyatana pūjā), por el filósofo del  Adi Shankara entre los brahmanes ortodoxos de la tradición Smārta, invoca a las cinco deidades Ganesha, Vishnu, Brahma, Shakti y Shiva. Posteriormente Adi Shankara agregó Kartikeya a estas cinco, con lo cual quedaron seis en total. Este sistema reformado fue promovido por Śankarācārya principalmente para unificar las deidades principales de las seis sectas principales con igualdad de estatus. La filosofía monisma enseñada por Śankarācārya hizo posible elegir a una de ellas como una deidad principal preferida y a la vez adorar las otras cuatro deidades como formas diferentes de Brahman omnipresente.

Sauram
La secta Saura adora a Surya como la personalidad suprema de deidad y el saguna brahman no acepta a Trimurti ya que considera que Surya es la representación de Dios. Formas primigenias de Trimurti a veces han incluido a Surya en vez de Brahma, o o como un cuarto por encima de Trimurti, de los cuales los otros tres son manifestaciones de este; Surya es Brahma por la mañana, Vishnu por la tarde y Shiva al atardecer. Surya también era miembro del Trimurti original védico, que incluía a Váruna y a Vaiu. Algunos Sauras adoran bien a Vishnu o Brahma o Shiva como manifestaciones de Surya, otros adoran a Trimurti como una manifestación de Surya, y otros solo adoran a Surya.

Paralelismo con otras religiones
El historiador inglés Arthur Llewellyn Basham explica los antecedentes de la Trimurti de la siguiente manera, teniendo en cuenta el interés occidental sobre la idea de la trinidad:

"Los primeros estudiosos occidentales del hinduismo quedaron impresionados por el paralelismo entre la trinidad hindú y la del cristianismo. Pero de hecho, el paralelismo no es tan cercano, y, a diferencia de la Santísima Trinidad del cristianismo, la trinidad hindú nunca fue realmente popular. El trinitarismo indio tiende a favorecer a uno de los tres dioses; de esta manera, tenemos en consideración el contexto, está claro que el himno que Kalidasa dedica a la Trimurti en realidad se dirige a Brahma, considerado como el gran dios en este caso. La Trimurti fue en realidad un desarrollo artificial, y que tuvo poca influencia real."

En la teología cristiana, la Santísima Trinidad es la suma del Padre, Hijo y el Espíritu Santo.

El trimurti hindú tiene igualmente paralelismos en otras religiones, como:

El budismo, en la cual la trinidad llamada Triratna, esta representada por Buda, el Dharma y Sangha;
El taoísmo, representado a través de Los Tres Puros,
En la tradición japonesa, representada por los Zouka Sanshin (los tres creadores), conformada por Ame-no-minaka-nushi-no-kami, Kami-musumi-no-kami y Takami-musubi-no-kami.
Los antiguos egipcios de las primeras dinastías igualmente concebían su trinidad con el Dios-Sol, la Madre-Tierra y un conjunto que conformaba el Hijo formado por el Sol sobre la Tierra.

Templos de Trimurti

Los templos dedicados a diversas permutaciones de Trimurti se pueden ver ya en el , y todavía hay algunos templos en la actualidad en los que se adora activamente a Trimurti.

 Templo Trimurti Baroli
 Grutas de Elefanta
 Templo Trimurti Mithrananthapuram
 Templo Trimurti Prambanan
 Templo Trimurti Savadi
 Templo Trimurti Thripaya

Véase también
 Om
 Mahavisnú
 Parvati
 Los Tres Puros
Eón
Matrikas

Referencias

Bibliografía

  Segunda edición, cuatro volúmenes, revisada y ampliada, 1956 (volum IV).

  Reimpresión de la segunda edición revisada. Dos volúmenes. Publicada originalment en 1927 por la Universitadad de Calcuta.

Enlaces externos

Dioses del hinduismo
Dioses de vida, muerte y resurrección
Dioses creadores
Tríos de dioses
Palabras en sánscrito
Nombres indostánicos
Nombres ambiguos
Nombres de la deidad suprema en el hinduismo


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text:
Le lac Kuohi () est un lac situé en Finlande.

Géographie
Le lac a une superficie de 3 470 hectares, soit 34,7 kilomètres carrés. Il mesure 17 kilomètres de long et 6 kilomètres de large.

La peninsule Porrasniemi, de plus de deux kilomètres de long, dépasse au sud de la rive occidentale du lac.
Le lac compte 126 îles, dont la plus grande, Hietasalo,  située au milieu du lac est l est entourée, par exemple, par Aittosaari, Kolusaari, Kaituri, Kaitturinsaari, et plus à l'est par Sikosaari, Terrinen, Lehtisaaret, Lehmiö, Huhtasaari, Vohlio, Vähä-Vohlio, Koskentaustansaari et Huhtasaari.

Une suite d'eskers venant de Lammi se termine en péninsule de Kyläniemi.
La suite d'eskers, réapparaît au-dessus de la surface sous la formes d'îles: Pukaluoto, Kaituri, Atollisaari et Kaiturinsaari. À l'extrémité nord du lac se trouve Nurmisaari.

Les rivages du lac mesurent 116 kilomètres de long.
Les rives du Kuohijärvi sont principalement des terres boisées, entrecoupées d'un petit nombre de terres arables. L'habitat est dispersé et aucune agglomération ne borde les rives du lac.
Les villages ou extrémités de communes voisines sont Kuohijoki, Riihimäki, Kuohijärvi, Porraskoski, Vähä-Evo, Takaperä, Lieso, Pitkälänkulma et Avuskulma.

Galerie

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Liens internes
 Lacs de Finlande

Lac en Finlande
Kanta-Häme
Pirkanmaa
Lammi
Luopioinen


What a great night out celebrating the Christmas season, possibly, for me the best so far!! It was great to see so many members and a few of their family sitting down together for a super carvery at the Harvest Moon. Ken didn't disappoint either laying on another excellent quiz and a box of chocolates for the winning team. well done and thanks to Ken. I noticed that a couple of our lady members have posted a few photos on our FB group page, did you take any? if so please post them.
I've already made inquiries regarding holding our 2019 Christmas celebrations with Mark once again, he certainly knows how to lay on a first class carvery.
Open subject meeting: Several members have requested subjects to be covered at Tuesday's meeting, It might not be too late for you to have something you would like information on: Please let me or Martin know what you would like to be included asap.
Members internal competitions "What did you make of it" - see link to the club website giving full details https://bwps.org.uk/upcoming/event/2018/11/30/what-did-you-make-of-it.html Please download the images and add or take away putting your creative ideas into practice.


text:
For Google I/O 2019, the arts program previously known as "MoDA" was re-invented as I/O Arts. Curated in collaboration with Kenric McDowell from AMI, the focus was on artists who worked with AI and machine learning, and who's pieces explored the three way exchange between human mind, machine mind and natural mind.
Curatorial Statement :
Art provides deep insight into the relationship between culture and technology. To understand AI and the future, we must work with artists. Google is dedicated to supporting practices that explore culturally impactful technologies such as machine learning. I/O Arts asks artists to reframe important technologies and show their potential uses outside of product goals and timelines.
This year, we explore co-creation: between artists and technologists, artists and machines, and between code and natural systems. By collaborating with non-human intelligence, the artists at I/O Arts point to a future where machine learning is used to better understand the interplay between natural, cultural and economic processes.
The pieces in I/O Arts are spread throughout the conference grounds and schedule, giving viewers a chance to absorb them between workshops and talks. As you walk the grounds and encounter the works, please allow these artist's provocations to inspire new ways of imagining and using the technology at I/O
Onformative's "Meandering River"
More info on the piece here
Anna Ridler's "Mosaic Virus"
Sougwen Chung's "Drawing Operations - Duet" (2018)
Drawing Operations (Duet) is a performance centered on an improvised drawing collaboration between human and machine. In this duet, Sougwen and Drawing Operations Units: Generation 1&2 create a drawing corresponding to three themes related to human and robotic co-creation: Mimicry, Memory and Future Speculations.
Each thematic chapter showcases an evolving robotic behavior linked to the artist's explorations of art and AI. The 25 minute performance is accompanied by a visual projection and an original score by Aquarian. The work is part of an ongoing series of collaborative robotic performances by Sougwen Chung.
Drawing Operations (Duet) debuted at the Art Science Museum in Singapore as part of Global Art Forum: I am not a Robot and was recently shown at Miami Art Basel 2018.
Jenna Sutela nimiia cétiï (2018)
nimiia cétiï (2018) is an audiovisual work by Jenna Sutela that uses machine learning to generate a new written and spoken language. This language is based on the computer's interpretation of a Martian tongue from the late 1800s, originally channeled by the French medium Hélène Smith and now voiced by Sutela. The text in the film was generated by the movement of Bacillus subtilis nattō, an extremophilic bacterium that, according to recent spaceflight experimentation, can survive on Mars. The machine, in this project is a medium, channeling messages from entities that usually cannot speak. In this work the intelligent machine becomes an alien of our own creation.
nimiia cétiï was created in collaboration with Memo Akten and Damien Henry as part of n-dimensions, Google Arts & Culture's artist-in-residence program at Somerset House Studios.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This truly Spanish townhouse gives you the opportunity to live Spanish in the heart of Estepona. The townhouse has generous areas for the big family. On the ground floor you have one bedroom, large fully equiped kitchen, living room and bathroom. The second floor consists of three bedrooms and a bathroom. In addition, there is a courtyard that is the natural meeting point for meals and joyful moments day and night. Via the inner courtyard you reach the fifth bedroom which is in an annex on the third floor with it's own small terrace with sunbeds. With this unique location you have walking distance to everything you could wish for in Lovely Estepona. Estepona in general and the Old Town in particular are very popular. Tourists pilgrimage to see the flower-framed alleys with pots painted in different themes. Then add all the cozy little squares, restaurants, tapas bars and the charming atmosphere all over this area and it's easy to understand that it's a tourist magnet. Estepona, of course, consists of so much more. There is a lovely harbor with lots of restaurants/bars etc. In recent years, the city has become famous for all its amazing murals. There is a unique orchid exhibition, which is the largest in the world. A wide fine sand beach, etc., yes the list can be made long.


Handmade in Chico hairpin lace cover/smock (scarf and hat not included in this offer). Dress it up or down.
Pewter color 100% mercerized cotton yarn by Lucci Yarn.
Will fit a range of sizes (10-14) as the stitch is stretchy.


Getting a complete visibility of your SAP landscape is not a simple task, is it?
Even more so, providing your customers, management and colleagues with real-time status of the system can be complicated and time consuming.
This is where Syslink Xandria come to play.
In the latest Syslink Xandria V7 release we've added dashboards allowing Basis engineers, IT directors and CIOs each to see the information that is important to them when monitoring the health of SAP systems.
Dashboards may be private to a user or shared between all users of a given Customer. On top of that, dashboards can be created with view-only permissions for transparency to third parties including customers, subsidiaries, etc.
A user doesn't have to have access to Xandria, they can access the dashboard with a direct URL.
Dashlets can be easily added, change their location and size on the dashboard. The dashlets are being updated periodically and can be adjusted to the user's need.
Don't have Xandria? Contact us now and start your trial today.
Creating and customizing a new dashboard is very simple.
Select Monitoring → Dashboards from the top-level menu. Select New.
Fill in a Name and an optional Description. Select a Customer from the list and choose if the Dashboard is Shared, i.e. if other Users of the selected Customer shall be able to access the Dashboard as well.
Push the Create button. A new tab opens with the title set to the name of the Dashboard.
Click on + Add Dashlet. The Add new Dashlet window opens. Choose a Dashlet from the list. You can narrow down your selection if you choose one of the Categories first. Push the Add button of the Dashlet of your choice. The Configure page opens.
There are options that depend on the particular Dashlet displayed in the upper part of the window. Usually, these options comprise some direct input or the definition of a Selector.
The lower section consists of settings that are common to all Dashlets. You can choose the Grid Width and Grid Height of the Dashlet, or if it should Use the maximum window width. You can also Override Title and Override Subtitle which otherwise are selected automatically. Finally, you can choose a different Refresh Interval if the default is not suitable for you.
Push the Apply button to save the Dashlet.
Repeat the steps above to add further dashlets.
Use your mouse and drag the Dashlets in order to rearrange them.
In order to configure a Dashlet you already have added, push the icon inside the Dashlet.
In order to remove a Dashlet, push the icon inside the Dashlet.
Push Configure to open the Configure Dashboard window.
You can change the Dashboard Name, Description, Customer, and the Shared flag, if you are no longer happy with the values chosen initially.
If you don't want to use the Floating Layout, which automatically adjusts the grid layout according to the browser window size, clear the corresponding flag.
You can directly access the Dashboard using the URL defined in URL. If you don't want to allow direct access, clear the value in the field.
By default, the page accessible by the URL defined above requires login. If you want to access this page automatically without a User to login, choose an appropriate Auto Login User from the list.
Push the Add New Section button to add a new section to the Dashboard. A new section row will be added. Click on the name of the new section and change it accordingly.
You can click on + to add a Dashlet from this dialogue directly.
Choose 🠝 and 🠟 to rearrange sections.
Choose to remove a section.
You can set a different background color or use a background image, either by upload or by reference to an online resource.
You can change the Title Color as well.
You can disable the Dashlets being animated during refresh: clear the Animate Dashlets on refresh flag.
Finally, you can Override CSS Styles by defining valid CSS in the text box.
Caution: You should be familiar with web development and the usage of the appropriate tools.
CSS classes involved are those starting with z-xdashboard and z-xdashlet.
Push Apply to save your configuration settings.
Push Exit Edit Mode to finish the Dashboard creation.


text:
Ein Matrjoschka-Gehirn (von ) ist eine von Robert J. Bradbury (1956–2011) vorgeschlagene hypothetische Megastruktur, basierend auf einer Dyson-Sphäre, mit immenser Rechenkapazität. Sie ist ein Beispiel für ein Stellar-Triebwerk der Klasse B, die die gesamte Energie eines Sterns zum Antrieb von Computersystemen nutzt. Der Name dieses Konzepts leitet sich von den ineinander geschachtelten russischen Matrjoschka-Puppen ab. Vorgestellt wurde das Konzept von seinem Erfinder Robert Bradbury in dem Sammelband Year Million: Science at the Far Edge of Knowledge.

Konzept

Das Konzept eines Matrjoschka-Gehirns stammt von der Idee, Dyson-Sphären zu verwenden, um einen riesigen, sterngroßen Computer zu betreiben. Der Begriff "Matrjoschka-Gehirn" stammt von den Matrjoschka-Puppen, die hölzerne russische Schachtelpuppen sind. Matrjoschka-Gehirne bestehen aus mehreren ineinander verschachtelten Dyson-Sphären, so wie auch Matrjoschka-Puppen aus mehreren ineinander verschachtelten Puppenteilen bestehen. Die innerste Dyson-Sphäre des Matrjoschka-Gehirns würde Energie direkt von dem Stern, den sie umgibt, beziehen und große Mengen an Abwärme abgeben, während sie mit hoher Temperatur rechnet. Die nächste umgebende Dyson-Sphäre würde diese Abwärme absorbieren und für ihre Berechnungszwecke nutzen, während sie selbst Abwärme abgibt. Diese Wärme würde von der nächsten Sphäre absorbiert werden, und so weiter, wobei jede Sphäre mit einer niedrigeren Temperatur abstrahlt als die vorherige. Aus diesem Grund wären Matrjoschka-Gehirne mit mehreren verschachtelten Dyson-Sphären tendenziell effizienter, da sie weniger Wärmeenergie verschwenden würden. Die inneren Schalen könnten bei fast der gleichen Temperatur wie der Stern selbst laufen, während die äußeren in der Nähe der Temperatur des interstellaren Raums liegen würden. Der technische Aufwand und die Ressourcen, die dafür nötig wären, wären enorm.

Der Begriff "Matrjoschka-Gehirn" wurde von Robert Bradbury als Alternative zum "Jupiter-Gehirn" erfunden – ein Konzept, das dem Matrjoschka-Gehirn ähnlich ist, aber in einem kleineren planetarischen Maßstab und optimiert für eine minimale Gatterlaufzeit. Ein Matrjoschka-Gehirn konzentriert sich auf die schiere Kapazität und die maximale Menge an Energie, die von seinem Quellstern extrahiert wird, während ein "Jupiter-Gehirn" auf die Rechengeschwindigkeit optimiert ist.

Mögliche Anwendungen
Einige mögliche Verwendungszwecke einer solch immensen Rechenressource wurden bereits vorgeschlagen.

 Eine Idee, die Charles Stross in seinem Roman Accelerando vorschlägt, wäre es, damit perfekte Simulationen oder Mind uploading menschlicher Gehirne in Virtual-Reality-Räumen durchzuführen, die durch das Matrjoschka-Gehirn unterstützt werden. Stross ging sogar so weit zu behaupten, dass eine ausreichend mächtige Spezies, die genügend rohe Rechenleistung nutzt, Angriffe auf die Struktur des Universums selbst starten und diese manipulieren könnte.
 In Godplayers (2005) vermutet Damien Broderick, dass ein Matrjoschka-Gehirn die Simulation ganzer alternativer Universen ermöglichen würde.
 Der Futurist und transhumanistische Autor Anders Sandberg hat einen Aufsatz geschrieben, in dem er über die Auswirkungen von Computern in der Größenordnung von Maschinen wie dem Matrjoschka-Gehirn spekuliert, veröffentlicht vom "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies".

 Matrjoschka-Gehirne und andere Megastrukturen sind ein häufiges Thema im fiktiven Orion's Arm-Universum, wo sie von Superintelligenzen als Verarbeitungsknoten genutzt werden, die über künstliche Wurmlöcher verbunden sind.

Weblinks
 Matrioshka Brain orionsarm.com (englisch)
 Matrioshka Hypernode (englisch)
 Matrioshka Micronode (englisch)
 The Physics of Information Processing Superobjects: Daily Life Among the Jupiter Brains, Anders Sandberg, 22. Dezember 1999 (PDF, englisch)
 Megaminds, abstract evolution and the consistency machine, aka how to build simulated realities, Laszlo Fazekas, 13. Januar 2018 (englisch)
 The Anthropocene in the Solar System Alice Claire Gorman, Journal of Contemporary Archaeology 2014 (englisch)
 Study Maps The Odd Structural Similarities Between The Human Brain And The Universe, Michelle Starr, Science Alert, 17. November 2020 (englisch)

Siehe auch
 Astronomical-Engineering
 Omegapunkt
 Science-Fiction
 Simulationshypothese
 Technologische Singularität

Einzelnachweise

Fiktive Welt
Fiktives Objekt
Hypothetisches astronomisches Objekt


text:
Hellenismos
Start | Αρχή
Ethnozid
Hēmerologion
Bilder | Εικόνες
Εθνοκτονία των Ελλήνων
Ελληνικό Εορτολόγιο «2020»
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3. Impressum
Information according to § 5 TMG
Stilian Korovilas
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Zerstörung einer antiken Felszeichnung
The destruction of a 3000-year-old rock painting
Delphische Maximen
Offerings and colours of the gods
Η ελληνική παράδοση – Από τον Ιουλιανό έως σήμερα
Gott in der hellenischen Religion
Hellenic tradition – from Julian to our days
Νεοπαγανισμός και μισελληνισμός
Das hellenische Verständnis von «Tradition»
Occultism and cultural appropriation
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Ηράκλεια «2013» – Herakleia «2013»
Kystis-Κύστις
Μνημόσυνο για τους Μαραθωνομάχους – Gedenken an die Gefallenen von Marathon
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Heraia 2791 – Ἡραῖα 2791
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Asklepios | Ἀσκληπιός © YSEE
Tempel des Hephaistos (Athen) – Ναός του Ηφαίστου στην Αθήνα © Konstantin Korovilas
ATHENA PROMACHOS – ΑΘΗΝΑ ΠΡΟΜΑΧΟΣ
Eros und Psyche – ΕΡΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΨΥΧΗ
Hekate – EKATH
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ΒΩΜΟΣ ΕΝΟΣ ΜΕΛΟΥΣ ΤΗΣ ΛΑΒΡΥΣ – ALTAR EINES MITGLIEDS DER LABRYS-GEMEINSCHAFT
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Tripod – τρίποδο
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41. Νουμηνία Ανθεστηριώνα «2016». Noumenia Anthesterion «2016» © Labrys
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Who Is Taylor Swift's Song "Dorothea" About? This Theory Makes So Much Sense
Who Is Taylor Swift's Song "Dorothea" About?
13 December, 2020 by Corinne Sullivan
New Taylor Swift album, new conspiracy theories. Just like when Swift unexpectedly dropped her eighth studio album, Folklore, in July 2020, Swifties are scrambling to figure out the meaning behind the 15 new songs on her ninth album, Evermore. In her Dec. 10 Instagram post announcing the album release, Swift explained that Evermore — like Folklore — was inspired by both "imaginary/not imaginary tales," though of course, it's impossible to know which is which. One song that has fans scratching their heads is "Dorothea," the album's eighth track. During a Q&A before the music video premiere for "Willow," Swift told fans that she considers Dorothea a classmate of Betty, Inez, and James from Folklore, but Swifties have a different theory.
Some fans think Dorothea could be about her longtime friend, Selena Gomez. Besides the fact that "Dorothea" rhymes with "Selena," the song also alludes to "a queen sellin' dreams, sellin' makeup and magazines," who likes trying to "piss off your mom and her pageant schemes." Considering Gomez is a makeup mogul and former pageant queen with a reportedly contentious relationship with her mother, the theory definitely makes sense, especially since Gomez moved from NYC (where Swift lives) to LA and the two aren't able to see each other as often. As Swift sings in the song, "You got shiny friends since you left town. A tiny screen's the only place I see you now." If you need further evidence, just check out this fan thread about the theory.
Another theory: "Dorothea" and "'Tis the Damn Season" are companion songs written from different perspectives. Just as Folklore's teenage love triangle connected "Betty," "Cardigan," and "August," some fans think "Dorothea" could be a response to the album's fourth song. In a message posted alongside the track listing, Swift revealed that "Dorothea" was about a "girl who left her small town to chase down Hollywood dreams — and what happens when she comes back for the holidays and rediscovers an old flame," while "'Tis the Damn Season" is about an ex returning home (which is seemingly to Tupelo, MS, based on the "Dorothea" lyric, "The stars in your eyes shined brighter in Tupelo").
One thing is for sure: when it come to Swift's album Easter eggs, nothing is ever a sure thing.
Image Source: Getty / Jamie McCarthy
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BREAKING: Mike Lindell Reveals Details Of His Assault
(Republican Party News) – Last Thursday, during the final day of his cyber symposium, MyPillow CEO Mike Lindell, who is a die-hard American patriot who has been working very hard to help provide evidence of voter fraud that ended with the 2020 presidential election being stolen from President Donald Trump, appeared to be shaken as he provided details of his assault by three men in the hotel lobby where he was staying in Sioux Falls.
According to Gateway Pundit, Lindell got very emotional as he began to recount what had happened the previous evening, saying, "So, when I got to my hotel — I was attacked."
"Mike then turned the microphone over to Colonel Phil Waldron, who explained to the audience how their "red team" detected disruptors or agitators inside the facility during the symposium who were likely there to extract information and embarrass lawmakers who dared to attend the highly-informative event," the report said.
"Although Mike never mentioned Antifa, rumors that the radical, anti-American group was responsible for the physical attack against Mike were running rampant," the GP report said.
The modern-day brownshirts of the nazi socialists are antifa and blm. The SS would also classify them as an idea. Make note of who is sending them and defending them. These are your silhouettes.
— jackisred (@jackisred1) August 12, 2021
He is speaking now, "I'm okay but it hurts" he says.
— RSBN ???????? (@RSBNetwork) August 12, 2021
Mike Lindell is a true patriot! Pray for Mike ???? Stay tuned for updates ⬇https://t.co/J2H0p2qDJM
Lindell then went on to give an exclusive interview to the folks over at 100 Percent FedUp where he took an opportunity to clear up a lot of the misinformation floating around about what happened in the Sheraton hotel lobby.
The MyPillow CEO stated that the attack took place in the lobby of the hotel right as he was coming back from dinner with Kendra Reeves, a Christian woman that Lindell has been dating exclusively since 2014.
"Mike explained how he and Kendra had just returned to the lobby of the Sheraton Hotel from dinner. He estimates that he entered the lobby between 10:30 and 11 pm CT. As they walked through the lobby toward the elevator, two well-dressed men who Mike and Kendra estimated were between the age of 40-45 yrs old ran up to him and shouted, 'Hey, I want your picture!' Although Mike suspected something unusual about the duo, he agreed to have his photo taken with them," the report revealed.
"Only one of the two men stood next to Mike as he snapped a selfie of them standing next to each other. Mike told us he found it odd that the other man who ran up to him 'strangely stood in the background' and watched while his companion took a selfie," the report continued.
A few minutes later, an individual that was later described as a "tall" and "very strong" male around 25-30 years old, came running up from the opposite direction "kind of out of nowhere," and asked to have his photograph taken with Mike.
"The young man who asked to have his photo taken with Mike was wearing jeans and a t-shirt. Mr. Lindell, who's been in a few dangerous situations in his lifetime as a former crack addict, found it odd that the well-dressed older man who he just posed with for a selfie was also taking the photo for the younger man in jeans," the report said.
"Suddenly, the younger man in jeans grabbed Mike and stood next to him. He put his arm around Mike and placed his hand under his armpit. As the older man was taking the photo, the younger man began applying incredible pressure under Mike's armpit with his hand. Mike explained that the pain under his arm was 'excruciating' and 'intense,' but he wasn't quite sure how to react, as he suspected the man with the camera had switched to video mode. Mike didn't want to give either of the men the satisfaction of knowing how badly he was being hurt, so he continued to stand and smile for the camera without flinching. 'He either wanted me to react or to fight him,' Mike said," according to Gateway Pundit.
Right as the elevator door opened, Mike and Kendra both pulled away from the men and got out of the situation. Mike then went on to say that he'd never forget the evil face of the man who was taking the picture.
As soon as Mike returned to his room, he examined himself to see if his skin had been penetrated by a needle or any other kind of device, then called the police to file a report of the incident. The three men had already fled from the lobby the time police officers arrived on the scene to take the report. The police also checked Mike for injuries.
Lindell has stated that he will now have security with him wherever he goes. But he then made it clear just because he has security with him doesn't mean he's not going to live his life and not take photos with people.
Lindell told the folks he was giving this information to for the report, "Put that in there. I want them to know that — I'm not going to change anything."
The Gateway Pundit, ever diligent in their research, checked what a slew of martial arts bloggers had to say concerning the application of excessive force under the armpit of a victim.
The overall findings from their research reveals that the assailants were applying pressure to a bundle of nerves that are located under the armpit known as the subaxillary bundle (screen shot here).
"A subaxillary bundle is a group of nerves located about an inch down from the armpit on the inside of your arm. Knuckle strikes to the subaxillary bundle cause the arm to go numb for several minutes. However, knife thrusts to the same region are frequently fatal. The reason is that they sever the brachial artery, which is located under this bundle," the report stated.
"Obviously, we have no way of knowing the motives behind the three men who it appears were either trying to harm or humiliate Mike Lindell. By sharing the alleged martial arts technique, we are only presenting a possible scenario for what appears to be a coordinated attack on the popular My Pillow CEO, who's been viciously targeted by the left for daring to look into the November 2020 election results," the report concluded.
The symposium put on by Lindell dropped a number of bombshells during its 3-day run, including the fact that an associate of Mesa County Clerk Tina Peters had his home raided by state officials, which resulted in the seizure of his computer equipment.
During the event, Colonel Phil Waldron actually took the stage and announced that leftists had infiltrated the symposium, which could explain how these three men were able to assault Mike.
"In addition the Red Team started receiving credible threats about two weeks ago… We detected disruptors inside trying to be people ejected. really radical folks outside trying to penetrate. We got folks exchanging badges in the parking lot, press badges. We've identified those agitators and provocateurs by photo imagery, validated by their social media platforms… The big end game is to discredit all of the legislators who are here to listen… They are obviously trying to ruin the message that Mike is trying to get out. So this is typical insurrection activities. This is part of the Color Revolution," Waldron said.
Waldron then stated that someone had been trying to insert faulty data into the conference, stating that federal authorities were notified of the incidents.
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Crossram August 16, 2021 At 7:37 pm
Don't be surprised if they were FBI or DOJ.
Very possible and so very true indeed!
This Nation America is getting so badly infiltrated by Thugs that comes from withing The Biden Administration without a doubt! They don't want to hear nor Americans to know the Truth. All these things and actions against us is nothing but Devilish Doings! Their time will soon expire!


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For many people, finding the perfect Christmas tree and cutting it down is a family tradition, and one that puts them in the holiday mood. In Carroll County, local farms are happy to help spread that Christmas cheer, and bring in a little green as well.
"Between now and Christmas, those are the busy times," said Wayne Thomas, owner of Thomas Tree Farms in Manchester. "It's an exciting time of the year. Most of the folks are in a pretty good mood, that's for sure."
Thomas Tree Farms actually opened the weekend before Thanksgiving, Thomas said, and he had quite a few families come to get their tree.
"A few people come to get their Christmas tree on Thanksgiving," Thomas, 72, added.
After a good growing season and successful new plantings, Zepp's Tree Farm in Westminster is looking forward to a busy season.
"We hope it's a good season and we get people to the farm," said Sandy Zepp, owner. "We have a lot of trees to choose from and they are really pretty this year."
While people come out in all weather, Zepp is hoping for a light snow now and then to add to the experience. "A little bit of snow brings people out — and puts everyone in the holiday spirit," Zepp said. "Especially for the little ones. "
As for keeping that tree green through December, Thomas said water is the key.
"Don't ever let it run out of water," he said. "It will seal up on the bottom and not drink any more." Certain trees hold up better, too, he added, noting white pine and Fraser fir.
"A white pine will hold their needles longer than any tree," Thomas said. "If you put a tree up (early), a white pine is my choice."
The 2012 version of Christmas Trees and Holiday Greens in Carroll County is available online at http://www.carrollag.org. The following is a list of tree farms in Carroll and neighboring areas compiled from that list, as well as a few from the Maryland Christmas Tree Association. For details and additional listings, go to http://www.marylandchristmastrees.org.
2198 Sam's Creek Road, Taylorsville. 410-875-0665, or go to http://www.BreezyTrees.com. Open through Dec. 23, Saturdays and Sundays, 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Douglas and Fraser firs. Tree baling. Directions: From Westminster, Route 27 south to Sam's Creek Road and left on Sam's Creek to farm.
1101 Emory Church Road, Upperco. Call 410-239-6556; http://www.davidsonchristmastreefarm.com. Open through Dec. 24, daily, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Fraser, Douglas and Canaan fir; blue and Norway spruce, white pine. Small quantities (100 or less) of Serbian and white and black spruce, concolor and Balsam fir. Wreaths, roping, baling, saws. Snacks and gift shop on weekends. Directions: From Route 140, take Route 91 north to Emory Church Road. Left to farm.
3700 Wards Chapel Road, Marriottsville. 410-461-5654, or email jfeezer3@aol.com, or go to http://www.feezersfarm.com. Open Saturdays and Sundays, 8 a.m.-4:30 p.m., through Dec. 23. Blue and Norway spruce, Douglas fir, pre-cut Fraser fir. Baling and free hot chocolate. Directions: Liberty Road toward reservoir to Wards Chapel Road and right onto Wards Chapel to farm.
2311 Neudecker Road, Westminster. 410-876-7680 or email bfanningfeldhof@aol.com. Open Dec. 1-23, Saturdays and Sundays, 9:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Other times by appointment. Colorado blue, Serbian and Norway spruce; white and Bosnian pine; Douglas and Fraser fir. Wreaths, greens, holly, balled and burlap trees. Directions: Route 140 to Gorsuch Road. Northeast on Gorsuch to Leisters Church Road and right to Neudecker Road. Left to farm on right.
3601 Shiloh Road, Hampstead. 410-374-2868. Open Saturdays and Sundays only, 9 a.m.-5 p.m., through Dec. 18. White pine, Douglas and Fraser fir, blue spruce. Baling and saws available. Directions: From Westminster, take Route 140 to Route 27, north on Route 27 to Hampstead-Mexico Road. Right to North Carroll High School. Right onto Panther Drive. Follow to stop sign. Turn right onto Shiloh Road about half-mile to farm lane. Look for signs on left.
5501 Detrick Road, Mount Airy. 301-865-3515, 301-865-0747, or email gaverfarm@gmail.com, or go to http://www.GaverTreeFarm.com. Open through Dec. 23, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Blue spruce, Fraser, Canaan and Douglas fir; Scotch and white pine. Wreaths, roping, swags, baling. Food available. Interstate 70 to Route 75 north to Route 144 east, and left onto Detrick Road.
312 Ridge Road, Westminster. 410-848-1945. Open 9 a.m.-8 p.m. Monday through Thursday; 8 a.m.-9 p.m. Friday through Sunday; through Dec. 24. Douglas, Fraser and balsam fir. Also, balled and burlap trees, wreaths, roping, holly and greens for decorations. Directions: From Westminster, south on Route 27 less than a mile to farm on right. From Liberty Road, take Route 27 north nine miles to farm on left.
917 Arnold Road, Westminster. 410-876-8839. http://www.hirttreefarm.com. Open daily, 9 a.m.-4 p.m. through Dec. 23. White pine, Norway, Serbian and Blue spruce; Canaan and Douglas fir; and pre-cut Fraser fir. Also, wreaths, roping, holly, swags, greens, balled up and burlap trees, baling. Hot chocolate and snacks. Directions: Take Route 140 to Route 97 south, and take Route 97 to Hook Road. East on Hook Road to Arnold Road and left to first farm on right. Look for signs.
999 Unger Road, Taneytown. 410-346-6610. Open through Dec. 15, weekends only, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Douglas and Canaan fir, and white pine. Baling and saws available. Christmas items and crafts, hot chocolate. From Westminster: Route 140 west, right onto Mayberry Road; follow signs.
4364 Middleburg Road, Union Bridge. 410-775-0176 or go to http://www.otterdaleview.com. Open through Dec. 23, Thursday through Sunday only, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. White and Scotch pine, Douglas and Canaan fir, Norway and blue spruce. Baling, wreaths, garland, decorations. Free warm cider. Directions: West on Route 140 to Route 31, and south on Route 31 to Uniontown Road. West on Uniontown, Uniontown changes to name to Middleburg Road; and continue to farm lane on right.
1150 Fannie Dorsey Road, Sykesville. 410-795-8314 or go to http://www.pinevalleyfarms.com. Open daily through Dec. 23, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Blue spruce, concolor, Douglas, Korean and Fraser fir. Roping, wreaths, greens, tree stands. Hot dogs, barbecue, hot chocolate, coffee and cider on weekends only. Directions: Route 97 to Fannie Dorsey Road. Take Fannie Dorsey Road to farm.
316 E. Nicodemus Road, Westminster. 443-244-7972 or 410-848-9584, or email luerspm@gmail.com. Friday, Saturday and Sunday, 8 a.m.-dark, through Dec. 23. Douglas fir, white pine and white spruce. Also, baling and saws. Directions: Route 97 south to Nicodemus Road. East on Nicodemus to farm.
2020 Garrett Road, Manchester. 410-374-1499, email info@qualityevergrees.com or go to http://www.qualityevergreens.com. Open daily through Christmas; call for times. Fraser, concolor and Douglas fir; blue spruce; white and Scotch pine. Also, gift shop, petting zoo, wreaths, roping, baling, shaking, loading assistance. On weekends, hot food and visits from Santa. Directions: Route 30 north through Manchester to the PA/MD line. Garrett Road is on the left. Left onto Garrett to farm, on right.
3400 Harney Road, Taneytown. 410-756-4397, email sewellsfarm@hotmail.com, or go to http://www.sewellsfarm.com. Open daily, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Douglas, Fraser, Canaan and Concolor firs; Norway and blue spruce. Roping, baling. Refreshments on weekends. Directions: Route 140 west through Taneytown; right onto Harney Road. Farm on left.
6109 Davis Road, Woodbine. 301-829-9198. Open Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays through Dec. 23, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. White pine, Douglas fir, blue spruce. Also, saws and baling available. Balled and burlap trees. Directions: From Westminster, Route 27 south to Gillis Falls Road, and left onto Gillis Falls to Davis Road. Left onto Davis to farm.
6615 Runkles Road, Mount Airy. 301-831-5336, or go to http://www.snellsgreenhouses.com. Open daily through Dec. 24, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Douglas fir, Norway spruce. Also, wreaths, roping, greens and poinsettias. Hot chocolate available. Directions: From Westminster, south on Route 27 to Watersville Road, left onto Watersville to Boteler Road. Left on Boteler to Runkles, and left to farm.
3501 Hanover Pike, Manchester. 410-374-9538, or email wayne@thomastreefarm.com or go to http://www.thomastreefarm.com. Open through Dec. 24, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. daily. Blue spruce; white pine; and Douglas, Canaan and concolor fir. Also, baling, wreaths, greens, swags, food on weekends. Directions: Quarter of a mile north of Manchester on Route 30, on right.
2814 Old Washington Road, Westminster. 410-857-1016. Weekends, 8 a.m.-4 p.m., through Dec. 23. White pine, Douglas and Concolor fir, and blue and Norway spruce. Balled and burlap trees, wreaths. Directions: Route 97 to Nicodemus Road. West on Nicodemus 2/10 mile to Old Washington Road. Take Old Washington to farm on left.


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Booze-Free
Tips and Tricks for Making Juice, No Recipes Required
Juice and Smoothie Recipes
Get your blender and juicer ready!
Carolyn Cope
Published: August 21, 2013 Last Updated: August 9, 2018
[Photographs: Carolyn Cope]
This is a guide to help you squeeze the most possible deliciousness out of your juicer, even without using recipes. We'll talk flavor balance, texture, and tips for getting the most out of your equipment and ingredients.
First things first: juices and smoothies are different beasts. That may seem obvious, but lots of juicer-less folks have asked whether they can whiz up a juice recipe's ingredients in their blender and get a similar but thicker result. The answer, unfortunately, is a definitive no. First, texture is critical in smoothies and requires some attention that's absent from juicing guidelines. And equally important, juicing extracts a relatively small amount of liquid and flavor from certain ingredients, especially leafy greens and herbs. Blending an equal amount of those ingredients could seriously overpower your earnest attempts at a mellow smoothie. So it's best to consider juices and smoothies in their own separate ways. (Don't worry, we have tips for smoothie-makers right this way...)
Juice: A Question of Taste
Since texture doesn't become an issue in juicing unless something's gone fairly horribly wrong, flavor balance is where it's at in creating delightful juices. Custom-making your own fresh juices gives you ultimate control over how sweet and how complex you like your flavors. You'll find your own optimal balance with experimentation and practice, but there are a few overarching principles to guide you in your search.
1. A formula for tasty juice
I've found that a really good juice contains the following: something sweet, something tart, something high-yield (which produces a lot of juice for its size), something earthy, and maybe something herbaceous or spicy. Earthy flavors include root vegetables as well as greens like kale, spinach, and beet greens. With a general formula like this one, the variations are endless; but here are some of my favorite ingredients from each category.
Sweet: apples, pears, grapes, melons, pineapples, oranges, kiwis, mangoes, berries, grapes
Tart: lemons, limes
Roots: beets, carrots, turnips, parsnips
Greens: Kale, spinach, lettuce, chard, arugula, mustard greens, beet greens, dandelion, sorrel, broccoli
Herbs: Basil, parsley, cilantro, mint
High-yield: Cucumbers, celery, fennel, tomatoes, melons
Spicy: Ginger, hot peppers (use judiciously)
2. Juice things together that you would want to eat together.
That sounds like common sense, but for some reason it isn't always. I think a lot of people consider juicing to be a whole different realm, but remember, a juicer is just another appliance in your much-loved kitchen. If it makes a good salad, chances are it makes a pretty good-tasting juice, too. Just keep in mind that you'll likely have to alter the quantities and add a high-yield ingredient like cucumber or celery to fill your glass.
3. Balance high-yield ingredients with high-potency ingredients.
Cucumbers, celery, and apples are juicing tsunamis; but a little bit of ginger or mint goes a long way. Be aware of the behavior of each ingredient in the juicer (which will be immediately apparent when you've juiced it once), and try to maintain a reasonable balance between flexible, mellow ingredients and more intense ones.
4. Taste as you go and adjust accordingly.
Just as with a soup or a stew, you've got the flexibility to add and adjust as you juice. Stir up the juice you've got and sip. Need a little more lemon? Go for it. Or balance out too much lemon with an extra chunk of apple. It's all good.
5. To peel or not to peel?
In many cases, leaving the skin on the produce you juice is just fine—even pineapple skin can roll just fine through most decent juicers. Especially if you're using the skin, do be sure to buy produce grown with organic practices when possible. A few exceptions, where you should peel:
Produce that's been waxed*
Citrus fruits, if you want the pure taste of the juice without the skin's oil and the pith's bitterness (it's fine to juice the whole thing, but it really does change the flavor)
Any other ingredient where you're concerned the skin will affect the taste (for example, you might do a taste test with melons, though it's technically fine to juice the skins)
And, if you're visually astute or serving to a crowd, any peel that might negatively affect the color of the final juice (say, cucumber skin in a cucumber watermelon juice)
* Hairy kiwis and produce that's been waxed sort of sound like opposites, but you know what I mean.
6. A special note on leafy greens
Where juicing is concerned, there are essentially three flavors of leafy greens. Neutral ones like lettuce; earthy ones like kale, beet greens , and chard; and peppery ones like dandelion, mustard, and arugula. Neutral ones are easy to work with. Peppery ones are nearly impossible to hide, so you should make them one of the stars of the show (or avoid them if you don't enjoy them). Earthy greens require a little more cajoling.
Whether or not you think kale is a four-letter word for a reason, you'll find it and other earthy greens in many a juice (and smoothie). The bad news is that too much or too lonely liquid kale can taste like the wrath of an angry mob. The good news is that, used judiciously and paired intelligently, kale can be as good for your recipes as they say it is for your bod. All you need to know is that acid and herbs (or spice) are kale's friends. Use lemon. Use cilantro. It's the juicing equivalent of an "assertive dressing" on a raw kale salad. It works wonders, and you'll never look back.
7. Finally, consider color.
The way food looks affects our perception of the way it tastes. The same applies at least equally to juices (and smoothies). Don't make a grey juice or a brown one unless you have an opaque cup with a lid or a penchant for the grotesque. Pair intelligently. In a green juice, for example, apples and pears make better sweeteners than strawberries. If you're really stuck, just juice a beet. It's the ultimate color trump card and will override almost anything.
A Word on Juice Equipment
Centrifugal vs. Masticating Juicers
There are several types of juicers out there, some of which run in the thousands of dollars. For those of us in the earthly realm, there are basically two choices: centrifugal and masticating juicers. Everyone and their sister-in-law has something to say about which juicer you should buy, but here's my 30-second view:
Centrifugal juicers shred ingredients with a rapidly spinning disk of blades and then strain the bits through a very fine strainer. They tend to be less expensive and, if you're 12 at heart like me, are much less awkward to talk about than their masticating counterpart. On the downside, they tend to extract a little less juice, especially from leafy greens; and the juice oxidizes more quickly, so it doesn't stay fresh as long.
Masticating juicers essentially chew up the ingredients and spit out the juice. Since their extraction process doesn't cause as much oxidation, optimal taste can last more like a day compared to the centrifugal juicer's 30 minutes. Masticating juicers can also be used for a wider variety of kitchen needs, from juicing wheatgrass to grinding grains and nuts.
For what it's worth, I still have a centrifugal juicer even though I make juice almost daily, and honestly it's been working out perfectly well. When we eventually move back to the States and need a new juicer anyway, I'll probably invest in a masticating one for the increased flexibility with timing and the possibility of retaining more nutrients. I'll just have to grow up a little about the price tag—and the name.
Juicers: Cleaning and Shopping Tips
Speaking of growing up, not to act like your mom here or anything, but here's a word of advice about cleaning your juicer, regardless of which type you have. Do it early, and do it often. If you clean that baby right after you juice, a simple rinse under warm water, maybe with a little soap, will do the trick. (Scrub a centrifugal juicer's filter with a stiff-bristled brush, too.) If you wait, though, it's amazing how quickly those evil little fibrous bits will weld themselves to your machine.
And finally, when shopping for a machine of either type, keep in mind that juicers vary a lot in terms of design and yield. If you're reading reviews, pay particular attention to how much juice they produce and how wonderful or horrible they are to clean.
Getting the Most Juice
You can maximize the yield from your ingredients by paying attention to the order and speed at which you juice them.
Leafy greens and herbs are the most noticeable case, where a little good technique will go a long way. You'll get a much better yield if you tightly pack the greens (roll them up before adding to the feed tube of your juicer) and place them between two harder, juicier ingredients (such as cucumber and apple). Then nudge the greens through the juicer one small push at a time.
For leafy greens and herbs and also for all softer ingredients (citrus, melons, stone fruit, berries, etc.), use a slower speed if your juicer has one.
Try to alternate high-yield ingredients like celery with more stubborn ones like ginger, and definitely juice a high-yield ingredient last. It will help to flush everything else through the juicer before you turn it off.
Designate a Juicing Drawer
If you live in a household with other people and think you may want to make juice often, it can be helpful to designate a juicing drawer (one of the crisper drawers) or a juicing section of your fridge. The more you make juice, the more you'll develop your preferences and be disappointed if one of your perfectly balanced ingredients is missing. (I'm sure everyone is like this and not just control freaks, correct?) Even if it's just you in the house and/or you trust your housemates, it helps to organize your ingredients for juicing vs. eating.
Juice It If You've Got It
And finally, to balance out the control-freakishness of the juicing drawer, don't forget the key strategy of "juice it if you've got it." There are times, like the day before a long vacation, or when you've got produce on the edge of getting old, or the last day before your next CSA delivery, that you realize just about anything can be juiced. (These moments never fail to remind me of the old Fokkerism, "Oh yeah, you can milk anything with nipples." "I have nipples, Greg, could you milk me?") One of juicing's great fringe benefits is that you'll rarely have to waste a fruit or vegetable again. Consider it nose-to-tail juicing if you like. It's great when a juice tastes perfect, but it's also pretty terrific when you can clean out the fridge into a pint-sized mason jar. Who knows? You might discover a new combination you wouldn't have thought of otherwise.
Do you have any other tips for making juice at home? Let us hear 'em in the comments below!
Got a blender but no juicer? Head over to our guide to making smoothies.
Carolyn Cope Contributor
Carolyn Cope is the voice behind the popular food and lifestyle blog Umami Girl, where she'll soon be releasing a free e-book filled with easy ways to incorporate more healthy, plant-based foods into your life. She is equal parts live-to-eat and eat-to-live and currently does both from London.


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