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Being a global leader in research, teaching & learning for more than 140 years, the University of Melbourne has constantly helped to shape Australia's socio-cultural profile. Studying at this university is a real eye-opening experience for students. Students experience a rich academic & social engagement in the wonderful campus with the delectation offered by living in the beautiful city of Melbourne.
This university has always been attracting the excellent & best students & researchers since its foundation in 1853. It has a great reputation for excellence. It has seven campuses across Melbourne & rural Victoria. The degree programs are specially designed to prepare the students with an array of skills to meet the future challenges. The students complete the undergraduate degree programs which are usually followed by specialized graduate professional or research higher degrees. Plus the undergraduate degrees will ensure you to gain deep knowledge & you will be constantly exposed to various areas of knowledge, different ways of understanding & critical thinking. There's a lot of focus on skill development for instance- teamwork, leadership, communication & problem solving. The degrees offered here are a base for further employment or studies. The undergraduate degrees are offered in the area of arts, agriculture, biomedicine, commerce, environments, music, oral health, science & fine arts.
After successful completion of undergraduate studies, you can opt for employment or you can get to choose from over 260 different professional coursework & research higher degrees. The school also provide an extremely supportive & professional environment for the students.
The University of Melbourne has a reputation for being a popular destination for international students because of its quality of teaching, learning & research. It's a research-driven university & the students are motivated by extremely qualified staff who include Nobel Laureates, renowned scholars, award-winning researchers & other eminent thought leaders & thinkers.
There is always financial aids & scholarships available for the meritorious students each year. Having a diverse student base & extensive international collaborations puts the university of Melbourne on the cutting edge of higher education in the Asia-Pacific region & globally. While studying here, students can avail the opportunity of studying with some of Australia's best academic minds. They can also benefit from extensive support to achieve their potential which eventually helps in achieving outstanding career outcomes. As a matter of fact, companies ranked the university as number 13 in terms of employability of its graduates. That simply establishes the fact that having a degree from Melbourne is a key to an internationally fulfilling career. Most of the high-profile employers from across the globe actively recruit the graduates of the University of Melbourne for their exceptional leadership & problem-solving skills. For a further query on admissions, please refer to the website of the university.
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We shape Earth's great energy to fuel your ambition of getting further.
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Treaties in Agua
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TREATIES en Asia y el Pacífico
Convenio de NoumeaProductos químicos y desechos, Biodiversidad, Agua
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Objetivo 1
Target 1.5 Target 1.b
Target 2.4
Target 3.d
Target 7.2 Target 7.3 Target 7.a
Target 9.1 Target 9.4
Objetivo 10
Target 10.a
Target 11.3 Target 11.6 Target 11.b
Target 12.2 Target 12.4 Target 12.6 Target 12.8 Target 12.a Target 12.c
Target 13.2 Target 13.3 Target 13.a Target 13.b
Target 14.1 Target 14.2 Target 14.5
Target 15.1 Target 15.2 Target 15.3 Target 15.4 Target 15.5 Target 15.8 Target 15.9 Target 15.a Target 15.b
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Target 17.3 Target 17.6 Target 17.7 Target 17.9 Target 17.10 Target 17.13 Target 17.14 Target 17.15 Target 17.16 Target 17.17
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Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol
SDG Goals:
Objetivo 1Objetivo 2Objetivo 7Objetivo 8Objetivo 9Objetivo 11Objetivo 12Objetivo 13Objetivo 15
The Parties to this Protocol
Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as "the Convention",
Target 10.aObjetivo 10Target 13.bObjetivo 13Objetivo 17Target 17.10
In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,
Objetivo 6Objetivo 13Objetivo 14Objetivo 15
Recalling the provisions of the Convention,
Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention,
Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the
Objetivo 13Objetivo 16Objetivo 17
Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session,
For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In addition:
1. "Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.
Terms: Conferencia de las Partes
2. "Convention" means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on 9 May 1992.
3. "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" means the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme.
4. "Montreal Protocol" means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended.
Terms: sinergia
5. "Parties present and voting" means Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote.
Terms: sistema de votación
6. "Party" means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol.
Terms: no-Parte
7. "Party included in Annex I" means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, as may be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2 (g), of the Convention.
Terms: Parte
Target 1.bObjetivo 1Target 1.5Target 7.aObjetivo 7Target 7.2Target 7.3Target 10.aObjetivo 10Target 11.bObjetivo 11Target 11.3Target 11.6Target 12.cObjetivo 12Target 12.2Target 12.4Target 12.6Target 15.bObjetivo 15Target 15.1Target 15.2Target 15.3Target 15.4Target 15.5Target 15.9Objetivo 2Target 2.4Objetivo 6Target 6.6Objetivo 8Target 8.4Objetivo 9Target 9.1Target 9.4Objetivo 13Target 13.2Objetivo 14Target 14.1Objetivo 16Target 16.6Objetivo 17Target 17.13Target 17.14Target 17.15Target 17.16Target 17.6
1. Each Party included in Annex I, in achieving its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall:
Terms: estrategia nacional
(a) Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as:
Objetivo 17Target 17.15
(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national economy;
Target 7.aObjetivo 7Target 7.3Target 11.bObjetivo 11Target 11.3Objetivo 8Target 8.4Objetivo 9Target 9.4Objetivo 12Target 12.2Objetivo 13Target 13.2
Terms: sector privado, comercio
(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitments under relevant international environmental agreements; promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation;
Target 15.bObjetivo 15Target 15.1Target 15.2Target 15.3Target 15.4Target 15.5Target 15.9Objetivo 6Target 6.6Objetivo 13Target 13.2
Terms: cambio climático, conservación, ecosistemas, sinergia, desarrollo sostenible
(iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate change considerations;
Objetivo 2Target 2.4Objetivo 8Target 8.4Objetivo 12Target 12.2Objetivo 13Target 13.2
Terms: uso continuado, agricultura
(iv) Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new and renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologies and of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies;
Target 7.aObjetivo 7Target 7.2Target 7.3Objetivo 9Target 9.4Objetivo 12Target 12.2Target 12.4Objetivo 13Target 13.2
Terms: energía renovable
(v) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas emitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and application of market instruments;
Target 12.cObjetivo 12Objetivo 13Target 13.2
Terms: instrumento económico
(vi) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;
Target 7.aObjetivo 7Target 7.2Target 7.3Target 11.bObjetivo 11Target 11.3Target 11.6Objetivo 2Target 2.4Objetivo 8Target 8.4Objetivo 9Target 9.1Target 9.4Objetivo 12Target 12.6Objetivo 13Target 13.2
(vii) Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector;
Target 7.aObjetivo 7Target 7.3Objetivo 8Target 8.4Objetivo 9Target 9.4Objetivo 11Target 11.6Objetivo 12Target 12.2Objetivo 13Target 13.2
Terms: residuos peligrosos, residuos
(viii) Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and use in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of energy;
Target 7.aObjetivo 7Objetivo 2Target 2.4Objetivo 12Target 12.2Target 12.4Objetivo 13Target 13.2
Terms: cambio climático, desarrollo sostenible
(b) Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combined effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 2 (e) (i), of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all relevant information.
Objetivo 12Target 12.2Objetivo 13Target 13.2Objetivo 16Target 16.6Objetivo 17Target 17.14Target 17.16Target 17.6
Terms: acceso a la información, cooperación internacional
2. The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels, working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, respectively.
Objetivo 12Target 12.2Target 12.4Objetivo 13Target 13.2Objetivo 14Target 14.1
Terms: anexo
3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures under this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph.
Target 1.bObjetivo 1Target 1.5Objetivo 15Target 15.9Objetivo 17Target 17.13
Terms: Conferencia de las Partes, economía en transición
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, if it decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures in paragraph 1(a) above, taking into account different national circumstances and potential effects, shall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies and measures.
Target 10.aObjetivo 10Objetivo 16Target 16.6
Terms: cooperación internacional, responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas
Target 1.bObjetivo 1Target 10.aObjetivo 10Target 13.bObjetivo 13Target 13.2Target 13.3Objetivo 15Target 15.1Target 15.2Target 15.3Target 15.4Target 15.9Objetivo 16Target 16.6Target 16.7Objetivo 17Target 17.13Target 17.14Target 17.15Target 17.16Target 17.6Target 17.9
Terms: procedimiento de enmienda, cumplimiento, aplicación, mecanismo financiero, presupuesto, mecanismos de flexibilidad del Protocolo de Kyoto, ciencia, transferencia de tecnología
1. The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.
Objetivo 13Target 13.2Objetivo 17Target 17.15
Terms: anexo, comercio de derechos de emisión, principio preventivo
2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress in achieving its commitments under this Protocol.
Objetivo 13Target 13.2
3. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks in each commitment period, shall be used to meet the commitments under this Article of each Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8.
Objetivo 13Target 13.2Objetivo 15Target 15.1Target 15.2Target 15.3Target 15.4Objetivo 16Target 16.6Target 16.7
Terms: aforestación, repoblación forestal, comercio de derechos de emisión, UTS, mitigación del cambio climático, secuestro del carbono
4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide, for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, data to establish its level of carbon stocks in 1990 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in subsequent years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities, rules and guidelines as to how, and which, additional human-induced activities related to changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the agricultural soils and the land-use change and forestry categories shall be added to, or subtracted from, the assigned amounts for Parties included in Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in accordance with Article 5 and the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision shall apply in the second and subsequent commitment periods. A Party may choose to apply such a decision on these additional human-induced activities for its first commitment period, provided that these activities have taken place since 1990.
Objetivo 16Target 16.6Target 16.7Objetivo 17Target 17.14Target 17.15Target 17.16Target 17.6
Terms: agricultura, UTS, órgano subsidiario, suelos, mejores prácticas
5. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the Conference of the Parties at its second session shall use that base year or period for the implementation of their commitments under this Article. Any other Party included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted its first national communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to use an historical base year or period other than 1990 for the implementation of its commitments under this Article. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall decide on the acceptance of such notification.
Target 10.aObjetivo 10Target 13.bObjetivo 13Target 13.3Objetivo 17Target 17.9
6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementation of their commitments under this Protocol other than those under this Article, a certain degree of flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy.
Target 10.aObjetivo 10
Terms: cambio climático, sinergia
7. In the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from 2008 to 2012, the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal to the percentage inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period determined in accordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. Those Parties included in Annex I for whom land-use change and forestry constituted a net source of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 shall include in their 1990 emissions base year or period the aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by sources minus removals by sinks in 1990 from land-use change for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount.
8. Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph 7 above.
9. Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall be established in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of Article 21, paragraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of such commitments at least seven years before the end of the first commitment period referred to in paragraph 1 above.
Terms: anexo, enmienda
10. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be added to the assigned amount for the acquiring Party.
Terms: mecanismos de flexibilidad del Protocolo de Kyoto
11. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party transfers to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be subtracted from the assigned amount for the transferring Party.
12. Any certified emission reductions which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for the acquiring Party.
13. If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I in a commitment period are less than its assigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be added to the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods.
14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentioned in paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and economic impacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, consider what actions are necessary to minimize the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impacts of response measures on Parties referred to in those paragraphs. Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, insurance and transfer of technology.
Target 1.bObjetivo 1Objetivo 15Target 15.9Objetivo 17Target 17.13
Terms: país en desarrollo, economía en transición
Objetivo 16Target 16.6Target 16.7Objetivo 17Target 17.14Target 17.16Target 17.17
Terms: mecanismos de flexibilidad del Protocolo de Kyoto, puesta en práctica conjunta
1. Any Parties included in Annex I that have reached an agreement to fulfil their commitments under Article 3 jointly, shall be deemed to have met those commitments provided that their total combined aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of Article 3. The respective emission level allocated to each of the Parties to the agreement shall be set out in that agreement.
2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval of this Protocol, or accession thereto. The secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the terms of the agreement.
Objetivo 16Target 16.6Target 16.7Objetivo 17Target 17.14
3. Any such agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitment period specified in Article 3, paragraph 7.
4. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic integration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organization after adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Any alteration in the composition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes of those commitments under Article 3 that are adopted subsequent to that alteration.
Objetivo 17Target 17.16Target 17.17
5. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total combined level of emission reductions, each Party to that agreement shall be responsible for its own level of emissions set out in the agreement.
6. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each member State of that regional economic integration organization individually, and together with the regional economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 24, shall, in the event of failure to achieve the total combined level of emission reductions, be responsible for its level of emissions as notified in accordance with this Article.
Objetivo 13Target 13.2Objetivo 16Target 16.6Objetivo 17Target 17.14Target 17.15Target 17.17
Terms: cumplimiento, aplicación, sinergia
1. Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the start of the first commitment period, a national system for the estimation of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which shall incorporate the methodologies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session.
Objetivo 13Target 13.2Objetivo 16Target 16.6Objetivo 17Target 17.14Target 17.15
Terms: comercio de derechos de emisión, estrategia nacional, mejores prácticas
2. Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be applied according to methodologies agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and adjustments, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertaining compliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.
Terms: secuestro del carbono
3. The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases listed in Annex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise the global warming potential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to a global warming potential shall apply only to commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.
Terms: mejores prácticas
Objetivo 16Target 16.6Objetivo 17Target 17.14Target 17.15Target 17.17
Terms: comercio de derechos de emisión, mecanismos de flexibilidad del Protocolo de Kyoto
1. For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in Annex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party emission reduction units resulting from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy, provided that:
(a) Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved;
(b) Any such project provides a reduction in emissions by sources, or an enhancement of removals by sinks, that is additional to any that would otherwise occur;
Terms: adicionalidad
(c) It does not acquire any emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with its obligations under Articles 5 and 7; and
(d) The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3.
Terms: aplicación
2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines for the implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting.
3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under its responsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under this Article of emission reduction units.
Objetivo 16Target 16.6Objetivo 17Target 17.15Target 17.17
4. If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirements referred to in this Article is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Article 8, transfers and acquisitions of emission reduction units may continue to be made after the question has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by a Party to meet its commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved.
Terms: cumplimiento, aplicación
Terms: informe nacional
1. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, the necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.
Terms: comercio de derechos de emisión, estrategia nacional
2. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication, submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary to demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.
3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with the first inventory due under the Convention for the first year of the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for that Party. Each such Party shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above as part of the first national communication due under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for it and after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. The frequency of subsequent submission of information required under this Article shall be determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into account any timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon by the Conference of the Parties.
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the information required under this Article, taking into account guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall also, prior to the first commitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts.
1. The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed by expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. The information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of emissions inventories and assigned amounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 2, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications.
Objetivo 6Target 6.6Objetivo 14Target 14.1Objetivo 15Target 15.4Target 15.5Target 15.8Objetivo 16Target 16.6Objetivo 17Target 17.14
2. Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the secretariat and shall be composed of experts selected from those nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate, by intergovernmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties.
Terms: órgano consultivo
3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment of all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. The expert review teams shall prepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Party and identifying any potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfilment of commitments. Such reports shall be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The secretariat shall list those questions of implementation indicated in such reports for further consideration by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
Terms: evaluación
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the review of implementation of this Protocol by expert review teams taking into account the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties.
5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider:
Terms: órgano subsidiario
(a) The information submitted by Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the expert reviews thereon conducted under this Article; and
Terms: cumplimiento, aplicación, Secretaría
(b) Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by Parties.
6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take decisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.
Objetivo 16Target 16.6Target 16.7
1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific information and assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic information. Such reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews under the Convention, in particular those required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2(a), of the Convention. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action.
Objetivo 14Target 14.2Target 14.5Objetivo 15Target 15.1Target 15.5Target 15.8
Terms: órgano subsidiario, órgano consultivo, ciencia, tecnología
2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place at regular intervals and in a timely manner.
Objetivo 14Target 14.2Target 14.5Objetivo 15Target 15.1Target 15.5
Target 3.dObjetivo 3Target 7.aObjetivo 7Target 7.2Target 7.3Target 10.aObjetivo 10Target 11.bObjetivo 11Target 11.3Target 11.6Target 12.aObjetivo 12Target 12.2Target 12.4Target 12.8Target 13.bObjetivo 13Target 13.2Target 13.3Objetivo 2Target 2.4Objetivo 8Target 8.4Objetivo 9Target 9.1Target 9.4Objetivo 15Target 15.1Target 15.2Target 15.3Objetivo 16Target 16.6Target 16.7Objetivo 17Target 17.14Target 17.16Target 17.6Target 17.7Target 17.9
All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and continuing to advance the implementation of these commitments in order to achieve sustainable development, taking into account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shall:
Terms: responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas
(a) Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national and, where appropriate, regional programmes to improve the quality of local emission factors, activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the preparation and periodic updating of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent with the guidelines for the preparation of national communications adopted by the Conference of the Parties;
(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change:
Objetivo 13Target 13.2Objetivo 16Target 16.7Objetivo 17Target 17.14
Terms: adaptación, mitigación del cambio climático
(i) Such programmes would, inter alia, concern the energy, transport and industry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management. Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial planning would improve adaptation to climate change; and
Target 7.aObjetivo 7Target 7.2Target 7.3Target 11.bObjetivo 11Target 11.3Target 11.6Objetivo 2Target 2.4Objetivo 8Target 8.4Objetivo 9Target 9.1Target 9.4Objetivo 12Target 12.2Target 12.4Objetivo 13Target 13.2Objetivo 15Target 15.1Target 15.2Target 15.3
Terms: agricultura, biodiversidad forestal, sector privado, comercio, transporte, residuos peligrosos, residuos
(ii) Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this Protocol, including national programmes, in accordance with Article 7; and other Parties shall seek to include in their national communications, as appropriate, information on programmes which contain measures that the Party believes contribute to addressing climate change and its adverse impacts, including the abatement of increases in greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancement of and removals by sinks, capacity building and adaptation measures;
(c) Cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development, application and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies, know-how, practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular to developing countries, including the formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the creation of an enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance the transfer of, and access to, environmentally sound technologies;
Target 3.dObjetivo 3Target 12.aObjetivo 12Target 13.bObjetivo 13Target 13.3Objetivo 17Target 17.16Target 17.6Target 17.7
Terms: tecnología, transferencia de tecnología
(d) Cooperate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and the development of systematic observation systems and development of data archives to reduce uncertainties related to the climate system, the adverse impacts of climate change and the economic and social consequences of various response strategies, and promote the development and strengthening of endogenous capacities and capabilities to participate in international and intergovernmental efforts, programmes and networks on research and systematic observation, taking into account Article 5 of the Convention;
Objetivo 13Target 13.3Objetivo 17Target 17.6
Terms: ciencia, órgano subsidiario, órgano consultivo
(e) Cooperate in and promote at the international level, and, where appropriate, using existing bodies, the development and implementation of education and training programmes, including the strengthening of national capacity building, in particular human and institutional capacities and the exchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this field, in particular for developing countries, and facilitate at the national level public awareness of, and public access to information on, climate change. Suitable modalities should be developed to implement these activities through the relevant bodies of the Convention, taking into account Article 6 of the Convention;
Target 3.dObjetivo 3Target 13.bObjetivo 13Target 13.3Objetivo 12Target 12.8Objetivo 17Target 17.9
Terms: creación de capacidad, cooperación internacional, campaña de concienciación pública
(f) Include in their national communications information on programmes and activities undertaken pursuant to this Article in accordance with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties; and
(g) Give full consideration, in implementing the commitments under this Article, to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention.
Target 12.aObjetivo 12Target 13.bObjetivo 13Objetivo 17Target 17.3
Terms: mecanismo financiero, presupuesto
1. In the implementation of Article 10, Parties shall take into account the provisions of Article 4, paragraphs 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9, of the Convention.
2. In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, in accordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and Article 11 of the Convention, and through the entity or entities entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of the Convention, the developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention shall:
(a) Provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing country Parties in advancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1(a), of the Convention that are covered in Article 10, subparagraph (a); and
(b) Also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention that are covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a developing country Party and the international entity or entities referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance with that Article.
Terms: transferencia de tecnología
The implementation of these existing commitments shall take into account the need for adequacy and predictability in the flow of funds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among developed country Parties. The guidance to the entity or entities entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of the Convention in relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including those agreed before the adoption of this Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the provisions of this paragraph.
3. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the Convention may also provide, and developing country Parties avail themselves of, financial resources for the implementation of Article 10, through bilateral, regional and other multilateral channels.
Terms: mecanismo para un desarrollo limpio, mecanismos de flexibilidad del Protocolo de Kyoto
1. A clean development mechanism is hereby defined.
2. The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3.
3. Under the clean development mechanism:
(a) Parties not included in Annex I will benefit from project activities resulting in certified emission reductions; and
(b) Parties included in Annex I may use the certified emission reductions accruing from such project activities to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
4. The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised by an executive board of the clean development mechanism.
5. Emission reductions resulting from each project activity shall be certified by operational entities to be designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, on the basis of:
(a) Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved;
(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change; and
(c) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the certified project activity.
6. The clean development mechanism shall assist in arranging funding of certified project activities as necessary.
Terms: mecanismo financiero, presupuesto, mecanismos de flexibilidad del Protocolo de Kyoto
7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, elaborate modalities and procedures with the objective of ensuring transparency, efficiency and accountability through independent auditing and verification of project activities.
8. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall ensure that a share of the proceeds from certified project activities is used to cover administrative expenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation.
Terms: fondo
9. Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in activities mentioned in paragraph 3(a) above and in the acquisition of certified emission reductions, may involve private and/or public entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance may be provided by the executive board of the clean development mechanism.
10. Certified emission reductions obtained during the period from the year 2000 up to the beginning of the first commitment period can be used to assist in achieving compliance in the first commitment period.
Terms: Conferencia de las Partes, órgano rector
1. The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those that are Parties to this Protocol.
Terms: observador
3. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol.
Terms: ecosistema árido, sistema de votación
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall keep under regular review the implementation of this Protocol and shall make, within its mandate, the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It shall perform the functions assigned to it by this Protocol and shall:
(a) Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this Protocol by the Parties, the overall effects of the measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particular environmental, economic and social effects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards the objective of the Convention is being achieved;
(b) Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties under this Protocol, giving due consideration to any reviews required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Convention, in the light of the objective of the Convention, the experience gained in its implementation and the evolution of scientific and technological knowledge, and in this respect consider and adopt regular reports on the implementation of this Protocol;
(c) Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures adopted by the Parties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments under this Protocol;
Terms: acceso a la información
(d) Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measures adopted by them to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments under this Protocol;
(e) Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective of the Convention and the provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully into account the relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties, the development and periodic refinement of comparable methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to be agreed on by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol;
(f) Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation of this Protocol;
Terms: recomendaciones
(g) Seek to mobilize additional financial resources in accordance with Article 11, paragraph 2;
(h) Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the implementation of this Protocol;
(i) Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and information provided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies; and
(j) Exercise such other functions as may be required for the implementation of this Protocol, and consider any assignment resulting from a decision by the Conference of the Parties.
5. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and financial procedures applied under the Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under this Protocol, except as may be otherwise decided by consensus by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
Terms: reglamento
6. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the Conference of the Parties that is scheduled after the date of the entry into force of this Protocol. Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties, unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
7. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or at the written request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request being communicated to the Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties.
Terms: Conferencia de las Partes extraordinaria
8. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency, as well as any State member thereof or observers thereto not party to the Convention, may be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international, governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by this Protocol and which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as an observer, may be so admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object. The admission and participation of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure, as referred to in paragraph 5 above.
1. The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat of this Protocol.
2. Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the secretariat, and Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements made for the functioning of the secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, in addition, exercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol.
1. The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol. The provisions relating to the functioning of these two bodies under the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. Sessions of the meetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in conjunction with the meetings of, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the Convention.
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies serve as the subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those that are Parties to this Protocol.
3. When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise their functions with regard to matters concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureaux of those subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a party to this Protocol, shall be replaced by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol.
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties. Any multilateral consultative process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without prejudice to the procedures and mechanisms established in accordance with Article 18.
Terms: comercio de derechos de emisión
The Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles, modalities, rules and guidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading. The Parties included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the purposes of fulfilling their commitments under Article 3. Any such trading shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purpose of meeting quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under that Article.
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to determine and to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol, including through the development of an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree and frequency of non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms under this Article entailing binding consequences shall be adopted by means of an amendment to this Protocol.
Objetivo 6Objetivo 15Objetivo 16Target 16.6Objetivo 17Target 17.14
Terms: solución de controversias
The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlement of disputes shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol.
1. Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.
2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed amendment to this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed amendments to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.
3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed amendment to this Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted amendment shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the Depositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties to this Protocol.
5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the date on which that Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said amendment.
1. Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof and, unless otherwise expressly provided, a reference to this Protocol constitutes at the same time a reference to any annexes thereto. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be restricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific, technical, procedural or administrative character.
2. Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and may propose amendments to annexes to this Protocol.
3. Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.
4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed annex or amendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the annex or amendment to an annex shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
5. An annex, or amendment to an annex other than Annex A or B, that has been adopted in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol six months after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of the adoption of the annex or adoption of the amendment to the annex, except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary, in writing, within that period of their non-acceptance of the annex or amendment to the annex. The annex or amendment to an annex shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw their notification of non-acceptance on the ninetieth day after the date on which withdrawal of such notification has been received by the Depositary.
6. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to this Protocol, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until such time as the amendment to this Protocol enters into force.
7. Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted and enter into force in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 20, provided that any amendment to Annex B shall be adopted only with the written consent of the Party concerned.
1. Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2 below.
2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right, and vice versa.
Terms: depositario
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this Protocol.
Terms: aceptación, adhesión, ratificación
1. This Protocol shall be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by States and regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to the Convention. It shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. This Protocol shall be open for accession from the day after the date on which it is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.
Terms: firma
2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to this Protocol without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all the obligations under this Protocol. In the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States is a Party to this Protocol, the organization and its member States shall decide on their respective responsibilities for the performance of their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases, the organization and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise rights under this Protocol concurrently.
3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, regional economic integration organizations shall declare the extent of their competence with respect to the matters governed by this Protocol. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in turn inform the Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.
Terms: entrada en vigor
1. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
2. For the purposes of this Article, "the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I" means the amount communicated on or before the date of adoption of this Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in their first national communications submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention.
3. For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts or approves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the conditions set out in paragraph 1 above for entry into force have been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
4. For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members of the organization.
Terms: reserva de un Estado
No reservations may be made to this Protocol.
Terms: retirada
1. At any time after three years from the date on which this Protocol has entered into force for a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Protocol by giving written notification to the Depositary.
2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receipt by the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of withdrawal.
3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having withdrawn from this Protocol.
The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
DONE at Kyoto this eleventh day of December one thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have affixed their signatures to this Protocol on the dates indicated.
Carbon dioxide (C02)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N20)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
Sectors/source categories
Fuel combustion
Energy industries
Manufacturing industries and construction
Fugitive Emissions From Fuels
Solid fuels
Oil and natural gas
Other production
Production of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
Solvent and other product use
Enteric fermentation
Rice cultivation
Agricultural soils
Prescribed burning of savannas
Field burning of agricultural residues
Solid waste disposal on land
Wastewater handling
Annex B
Party Quantified emission limitation or reduction commitment (percentage of base year or period)
Bulgaria* 92
Croatia* 95
Czech Republic* 92
Estonia* 92
European Community 92
Hungary* 94
Iceland 110
Latvia* 92
Liechtenstein 92
Lithuania* 92
Luxembourg 92
Norway 101
Poland* 94
Romania* 92
Russian Federation* 100
Slovakia* 92
Slovenia* 92
Ukraine* 100
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 92
United States of America 93
Última actualización: 05 Jun 2019
Leyes y casos
CURSOS EN LÍNEA GRATUITOS
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wild salmon populations are crucial to ecosystems throughout the Northwest — and in the Alaskan bush, they may be vital to human health, too. That's according to David Krause M.E.M '14, M.P.H. '14, who spent the summer researching the relationship between salmon and community health in Bristol Bay, the remote, road-inaccessible region that's home to the world's largest sockeye runs. I caught up with Krause in Dillingham, Alaska, to ask him how wild salmon keeps rural Alaskans healthy.
Q: What are some of the connections between salmon and public health that you're exploring in Bristol Bay?
David Krause: Food, and food security, is one connection between wild salmon ecosystems and human health that I'm looking at. Salmon is a critical food source for people in Alaska, and it has been for thousands of years. But I'm also researching how the cultural values and social networks that surround salmon, and the preparation of salmon for food, contribute to community health in these remote places. Finally, I'm exploring how the physical activity of subsistence practices and the spiritual importance of wild salmon are related to peoples' health. Salmon contribute to health in a truly holistic way.
Q: How might salmon help create social networks, and how is that useful for public health?
Krause: An example might be if younger people visit their elders to share fish, and in the process also help chop firewood for the winter or simply hang out for a good conversation. Fish are a vehicle that brings people together, and this helps facilitate relationships that contribute to overall wellness. It could equally be said that if you take care of public health in these communities, you're also working to protect these fisheries, because you're helping the people who are the stewards of the last great wild salmon ecosystems.
Q: I'd imagine that remote communities in Bristol Bay face public health challenges that towns in the lower 48 might not experience.
Krause: Suicide, mental health problems, substance abuse, accidental death, and violence are all huge concerns out here, and social networks help mitigate these issues. There's also an increased trend in chronic diseases like diabetes and obesity, which may be due to a divergence away from traditional, wild foods and toward processed food. Think less salmon, more Fritos.
Since the late-1990s, Guido Rahr, M.E.S. '94, head of the Wild Salmon Center, has helped craft new strategies to restore populations of the Pacific salmon, a species whose numbers plummeted during the 20th century.
Q: So is salmon still important as a subsistence food source?
Krause: Salmon is absolutely a huge source of protein for remote communities. I think something like 50 percent of traditional food energy comes from fish. And with salmon, of course, there are nutrients and omega-3 fatty acids that make it more beneficial than eating the expensive, poor-quality beef and chicken that you find in many village stores.
Q: I know you've worked in Alaska in the past. How did your previous work with salmon inform your current research?
Krause: About ten hours after I graduated college, I left for Alaska to work for the subsistence branch of the Fish and Wildlife Service on Yukon River tributaries. And immediately I saw how powerful these fish are in the communities they swim through.
I worked close to the mouth, mid-river, and way upstream above the Arctic Circle. People at the mouth of the river are usually able to meet their subsistence needs. In the upper sections of the river, however, there are far fewer fish, both because many fish diverge off the main steam of the Yukon into tributaries, and because of recent steep declines in the king salmon run. The anxiety and stress from these low numbers of fish was certainly visible, and you could see a whole host of related public health issues, like substance abuse, emerging from reduced subsistence and commercial fishing opportunities.
Q: Since you've been in Dillingham, have you had the chance to take part yourself in any of these traditional salmon activities?
Krause: We've been fortunate enough to spend a lot of time with a lifelong Dillingham resident, helping her process and hang up strips of king salmon on the drying rack in her smokehouse. You can read about these practices in books and journal articles, but actually participating has contributed so much to my understanding of the connections between the community and the resource, and just how much people value these fish.
Ben Goldfarb is a 2013 graduate of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, where he served as editor of Sage Magazine. He is a Seattle-based correspondent for High Country News, a magazine that covers environmental issues throughout the American West.


Copper transport disease is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This means that Copper transport disease, or a subtype of Copper transport disease, affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Copper transport disease: Another name for Menkes Disease (or close medical condition association).


Jordan Peele's highly anticipated film Us is already causing a lot of conversation among fans. So much so that dancer Kendra "K.O" Oyesanya put together choreography based on the thriller's unsettling characters. On March 23, the Step Up: High Water actress shared a clip of her routine with Antwon Keith Collier, Rhyan Hill, and Payton Ali to Instagram.
The dancers became "The Tethered" and showed off their moves to the especially creepy "I Got 5 on It" remix from the film. While we may need to sleep with one eye open after watching the movie and this choreography, Oyesana and her crew can rest easy knowing their routine has Lupita Nyong'o and Peele's seal of approval. Both the actress and director reposted the video on Instagram with their own praise. Will this become the next dance challenge? We'll have to wait and see. But please, for our sake, leave the scissors at home.


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