Sugar is filled with very simple carbohydrates which will give you a quick burst of energy. After that energy burst ,however, your energy levels will fall and this they will do very drastically. It raises blood sugar levels and then causes them to crash. Although sugar is a major favorite of college students wanting that boost of energy, it will always make you feel worse.
Remember how your parents always told you to eat your vegetables? If you don't then you're probably eating extremely unhealthy! Going to college can make it very difficult to go out and buy fruits and veggies at the grocery store. They are also very expensive and can put a major hole in your wallet.
When you go to these outings to eat be sure to order what is the healthiest. You don't always have to order salads. You can order chicken wraps if they have them. Avoid the extremely greasy foods and especially fries.
During college, it is not that hard to eat healthy. It will take some change in your diet but after a few weeks you'll be used to it and can be feeling much better than if you were basing your energy levels on the newest energy drinks. Follow these three simple success tips and avoid some weight as well!
Chris Herrin has a great college student diets [http://www.collegelifestylediet.com] program specifically for the college student that gives an easy to follow diet and how to avoid the freshman 15.


Kerri flew through Denver on election day and stopped to snap this photo. These days the papers and airwaves are filled with stories of our national dedication to division. They are rife with incivility. We are rife with incivility.
A house divided cannot stand. It reads like a cliche' – because it is – yet, apparently needs to be put to the test (again). There are a few more things true of a divided house, the reason they cannot stand: They are easy to manipulate. They waste their best energy on division (the tail wags the dog). They are deaf to the obvious paths out of division (when the only tool in your box is a hammer…). The foot they shoot is their own (the house they destroy is the one they are living in).
Above all it infects us with a bad case of Chicken Little Syndrome.
Sometimes the absence of middle ground is made civil when we step into the commons with a dedication to politeness. Courtesy. Graciousness. There are other words that probably sound like so much impossibility. Cliches? Pie in the sky?
Well, tomorrow is a day of thanks giving that usually comes with an abundance of pie! Perhaps the sky need not fall if we can sit still for a moment and reach across the table with an offer of pie. Nothing else need be decided. Just pie. And thank you. There are few better places to begin the mend.
We take a short break from our regular programming to bring you this important public service message. Check your grammar, spelling, morphology, phonology, and semantics. You are being watched.
Inside Kerri's brain there rides a relentless posse of grammar police. Red pens in their holsters, disbelief in their bellies. They draw emphatic circles. They slash arrows across previously spotless pages. They show no mercy, even to a husband [eh-hem] that means well, writes often, but still asks about the use of possessive apostrophes. The posse hangs their collective head in shame as they once again have to instruct the man with theTeflon brain.
Above all, educators and copy editors are subject to extra scrutiny and derision. "How could they not see that!" Kerri exclaims, waving the paper emphatically for me, DogDog, and BabyCat to see and share in her grammar scorn. "It's their job! Unbelievable!" she cries as the posse gallops through the vast range of newsprint, seeking the next offender.
DogDog looks at me with puzzled eyes. "I'd have misspelled it, too," I whisper. BabyCat is nowhere to be found. Coward.


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Please try again later. The University would seek your prior written consent before using your personal information for any purpose other than that which is described above and before disclosing your personal information to any third party. Boarding school is a type of school in which the education is provided to the pupils who live in the school premises in the respective hostels of the school, as opposed to a day school where the pupils are scholars i.e. go back to their home after the school … Specialist teachers are employed, often part time, to deliver a specific subject that has been deemed too hard to deliver in the mainstream curriculum. The trouble with teaching music in our schools, increased inclusion and connectedness at school and classroom levels, peacebuilding, diversity and intercultural understanding, average of 1.51 per cent of time spent in Victorian preservice courses, under-equipped in terms of both skill and confidence to provide music to their students, standardised testing, and mandated performance in core subjects, significantly reduced teachers' abilities to focus on provision in other areas, to provide $2 million over four years so that every Victorian student has access music by 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivatives 3.0 Australia (CC BY-ND 3.0 AU), Privacy Statement for the University of Melbourne Website. This is due to the natural movement response to rhythm. This is the mindset that many school boards have towards music education. This is linked to an understanding that, not only is ongoing provision in one art form unrealistic, but will inevitably reduce students' access to experiences in other areas. With the No Child Left Behind program monitoring test scores in public schools, the schools have focused heavily on graded subjects. All republished articles must be attributed in the following way and contain links to both the site and original article: "This article was first published on Pursuit. The University has a television and radio studio to facilitate live and prerecorded broadcast quality interviews with media. What are the Disadvantages of Music to the Human Behavior? Music Education "Music is about communication, creativity, and cooperation, and by studying music in schools, … Today, music is turning into something digital, and we can have access to music via audio files (MP3) and online digital media (various players). Teaching Music in preschool in-fact motivate the kids to come to school regularly, and some researches say that Music may influence the child's behaviour. Furthermore, because of the instability (and what many specialist music teachers report as a significant lack of support, or isolation, from the rest of the school community), these specialists regularly move on, taking the school music program with them. Negative Effects Of Music Education. Dr.Char Cynthia, who had been a senior associate in research, Music Education Most often it does not affect the decision of the parents to send their children to a music school. Before deciding to send children to their neighborhood schools… Public School Disadvantages. Moreover, some other proposed (alleged) concerns include music being a distraction … One of the disadvantages includes the decrease of national sentiment in each Filipino, especially the teens today, while one of the advantages is that teens still follow the Filipinos' way of greeting which is to bless and say, Career Paper Phenix Patton Music And Education : The Benefits Of Music Education 977 Words | 4 Pages. Others stated that, while in-class mentoring was valuable, this value lay in the fact that sessions provided students access to experiences they couldn't, and didn't intend to, provide themselves in their normal classes. This speaks to two issues: the first being that space for the arts in generalist teacher-training has been on the decline since the 1990s, with more recent reports claiming it comprises an average of 1.51 per cent of time spent in Victorian preservice courses. Based on Millar, the main ideas of science education are to ensure the students to gain an understanding of scientific knowledge … Nearly four in five (79 percent) even say that music education should be mandated for every student in school … Yet, we are far from celebration. "Music is about communication, creativity, and cooperation, and by studying music in schools, students have the opportunity to build on these skills, enrich their lives, and experience the world from a new perspective" -Bill Clinton. Music performance anxiety ... and how to beat itRead moreOften this comes down to who is available, and what they are willing to do. Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music. Art education in public schools usually includes any combination of dance, music… This is linked to an understanding that, not only is ongoing provision in one art form unrealistic, but will inevitably reduce students' access to experiences in other areas. Schools have consistently reported to us that this is one of the biggest hurdles they face in supporting musical provision.We, and many others, have argued strongly that governments need to go beyond rhetorical support for school music, and start providing schools tangible support to provide it. Follow Alexander Crooke on Twitter @ahdcrooke and Research Gate. And then teachers must deal with an increasingly crowded curriculum. In this paper, I will review my career choice, why I chose that career, why I believe I am fit for that career, and what I have to do to have the career I want. Because I've come to decide to write something that will truly help us into understanding what music … We believe in the free flow of information. Low budget schools and poor students would not be able to … This includes fostering creativity, offering unique ways of understanding and interpreting the world, and promoting numerous forms of school engagement. Answer (1 of 5): Depends on how the classes are offered.I think it would be nice to have a class on "World Religions". There is a lot of work to be done in our schools, and in our society, before all Victorian schools are really in a position to provide music to students. Music can help you achieve a high level of relaxation and peace after day stress. That is why I welcome the Victorian Government's pledge, to provide $2 million over four years so that every Victorian student has access music by 2018. Per the National Center for Education Statistics, for the fall of 2016, about 50.4 million students attend public elementary and secondary schools. You can access any personal information the University holds about you by contacting the University's Privacy Officer at privacy-officer@unimelb.edu.au. Material Costs. Advantage and Disadvantages of Music Education For years that turned decades, music was an important part of the school day for each and every child in this world of ours. attracted to music.Whether it be part of a ritual, an emotional release, religious reasons, or just for listening pleasure music has been at the center of our society. One of its main disadvantages is that it would lead to an increase in education costs (Gips, DiMattia & Gips). Teaching an overview of each religion and ways to respect each other.As … First, many music programs do not focus on students musical interests, as a result students stop playing music after school. Once we do this, then we can expect musical instruments to be used with the same surety as calculators and dictionaries.Follow Alexander Crooke on Twitter @ahdcrooke and Research Gate.Banner image: Phil Roeder/Flickr. Receive your weekly email digest from Pursuit. In our world today there are many ways to get an education: public school, private school, charter school, homeschool, etc. Please refer to our Privacy Policy and Privacy Statement for the University of Melbourne Website for information in relation to the broader practices in relation to the collection, use handling and disclosure of personal information by the University. Essentially, students do not need them to succeed and they are just hobbies. Many music programs pose huge budget concerns for schools. Allowing personal music devices in schools creates higher excitement levels for students. Knowledge, behaviors, skills, values and preferences are all associated with learning and may be acquired through education. Honestly, I don't believe that there are any disadvantages to having art in a curriculum. In order to let the new generations acquire the skills to help them to survive in this highly technological knowledge-based society, many schools are just starting to combine technology into preschool classrooms learning. Collection of Personal Information by the University in relation to Pursuit. Clearly, this undermines the stability of music provision, which requires extended, deep engagement to achieve the benefits noted above. Recently, austerity measures on state and federal budgets have led to yearly education funding cuts. When you continue learning the instrument, styles and certain practices will be expected of you to learn. These factors lay the groundwork for what we call "the exposure model", whereby schools tend to expose their students to as many diverse arts experience as possible. The University of Melbourne (University) collects, uses, handles and discloses personal information in accordance with the Privacy and Data Protection Act 2014 (Vic) (Act) and other applicable legislation. Some argue it should be the generalist classroom teacher, but as over 15 years of research and government reports have pointed out, most have neither the time nor the training to do so. There are many benefits of listening to music in school. Students learn to improve their work: Learning music promotes craftsmanship, and students … The changes required are both structural, and cultural. Often this comes down to who is available, and what they are willing to do. Some may argue the introduction of specialist teachers has addressed this issue. So why do so many schools have cupboards full of musical instruments gathering dust? 95 percent of Americans consider music to be part of a well-rounded education, and 93 percent feel that schools should offer music education as part of the regular curriculum. The child really needs primary music education! First, with opening up new lane in past of centuries, the world of every country frequently communicate more than before. The key issue of identity is addressed and how history as well as culture can be at the core of one's identity, thus, this can be related to the health and physical education studies of the influence of identity. Our ongoing research has identified several important trends.Music teaching is being squeezed out for a variety of reasons. I will also go over the results of several assessments I have taken in order to assess my best career interests, my aptitude for the career I choose, and a personality test. Most students enjoy listening to music; it can stimulate the brain and make students more focused and able to work more efficiently. Schools need tangible support, not rhetoric, to deliver music programs. This is a significant step, and signals a value shift in the right direction. Because music engages the whole brain, singing improves language skills in children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder ASD (Gonzalez, 2011, para. Secondly, this needs to demonstrated through education policy structures that place music within the core of the educational experience, rather than an added extra. Read the original article.", The trouble with teaching music in our schoolsDr Alexander CrookeMusical participation in schools has been increasingly linked to a range of benefits deemed critical for today's students. The University may collect, store and handle personal information about you including but not limited to your name and email address for the sole purpose of allowing you to subscribe to Pursuit's weekly digest of cutting-edge research findings and expert commentary. I think it is an integral part of teaching the whole child. However, many public, Teachers in other schools started to adopt and use his text in their own classrooms. Education makes people some facts to be blindly accepted, which makes people restrict their own ideas in the process of learning. On the flip side, Teaching Music … There is a lot of work to be done in our schools, and in our society, before all Victorian schools are really in a position to provide music to students. One major barrier to sustained music programs relates to who actually delivers them. Sometimes, this particular aspect makes you think about the college music education importance. effects on culture, economy and education. However, make for themselves or another is about learning. Picture: Converse College/FlickrParticipants have told us this is lack of value exists among teaching staff, school leadership, parents, education departments, the federal government, and in some rare cases, even students. Once we do this, then we can expect musical instruments to be used with the same surety as calculators and dictionaries. By Dr Alexander Crooke, University of Melbourne. Read on to learn about art programs' benefits and the issues with funding them for public school students. Few would disagree the emphasis in our current education model on standardised testing, and mandated performance in core subjects like literacy and numeracy, has significantly reduced teachers' abilities to focus on provision in other areas. This includes fostering creativity, offering unique ways of understanding and interpreting the world, and promoting numerous forms of school engagement.It is also linked to a number of wellbeing and social justice benefits, such as increased inclusion and connectedness at school and classroom levels, as well as cultivating peacebuilding, diversity and intercultural understanding.So why do so many schools have cupboards full of musical instruments gathering dust? Picture: EaglebrookSchool/FlickrOne major barrier to sustained music programs relates to who actually delivers them. As a drummer, I had little interest in playing music where I waited 200 bars to play one note. All, What are the advantages and disadvantages of using technology in the preschool classroom? As a result, public schools may not be able to provide the same quality of education as private schools. This is not to deny the fantastic work many do to build music into their daily lessons, but in our research, it has been clear these are the exception, not the norm. Others stated that, while in-class mentoring was valuable, this value lay in the fact that sessions provided students access to experiences they couldn't, and didn't intend to, provide themselves in their normal classes.Specialist music teachers could solve the problem. Becoming a band director, especially for elementary, Purpose: This has left teachers who aren't already musicians under-equipped in terms of both skill and confidence to provide music to their students. Arts programs contribute to higher levels of economic growth. "Personal information" is defined under the Act to mean information or an opinion (including information or an opinion forming part of a database), that is recorded in any form and whether true or not, about an individual whose identity is apparent, or can reasonably be ascertained, from the information or opinion, but does not include information of a kind to which the Health Records Act 2001(Vic) applies. Music can provide a lot of benefits to individuals and enhance the quality of life. But music, especially "live" music… The advantages and disadvantages of studying in Boarding school are mentioned here in this article. The phenomenon can result in a distraction from learning activities both … We, and many others, have argued strongly that governments need to go beyond rhetorical support for school music, and start providing schools tangible support to provide it. Pros for music in school by Megan Gustin Music in school can be very beneficial in schools. Clearly, this undermines the stability of music provision, which requires extended, deep engagement to achieve the benefits noted above.THE VALUE OF THE ARTSThe most common factor which underpins all of this at a systemic and cultural level is what participants in our studies have repeatedly referred to as a lack of value for music, and the arts more generally, in our schools and in our society. In Zambia, just like in many other African countries, the struggle to have musical arts education gain its equitable place in the national school's curriculum has been hard-fought. Schools have consistently reported to us that this is one of the biggest hurdles they face in supporting musical provision. Amazing Grace: How sweet the soundRead moreAnd then teachers must deal with an increasingly crowded curriculum. Faced with the reality of being able to afford only one or two specialists, school leadership has told us they are left to pick and choose which of these specialist subjects they will provide. Out of the main arguments against music education, many of them come down to financial expense. New vehicle and communicate way offer fundamental technological means for globalization. This is true. Research topic The arts and culture industry … For this, people like Victorian Labor MP James Merlino should be commended for pushing this funding scheme through, and maintaining it one year on. 4). The changes required are both structural, and cultural. In Victoria, this includes things like Languages Other Than English, Physical Education, and education in all art forms.While this may be a useful model for the schools that can afford them, in the majority of the schools we've spoken to over the last six years, it is not a sustainable solution. Music In Our Schools Month celebrates all the benefits of having quality music education programs in schools and encourages districts to maintain such programs at a time … Participants have told us this is lack of value exists among teaching staff, school leadership, parents, education departments, the federal government, and in some rare cases, even students. Oh…two..hmm.. Ok! For this, people like Victorian Labor MP James Merlino should be commended for pushing this funding scheme through, and maintaining it one year on. I get that music programs are under intense pressure, that all across America they are sitting hunched over with one nervous eye on a hooded figure stalking the halls with a big budgetary ax. It is also linked to a number of wellbeing and social justice benefits, such as increased inclusion and connectedness at school and classroom levels, as well as cultivating peacebuilding, diversity and intercultural understanding. When many schools have cupboards full of musical instruments, why are so few students learning to play? In year 8 students will complete a unit where they examine how traditions and cultural, Music evaluated as a subjects that is many times overlooked. There are two aspects reason that give rise to globalization. The Media Office is staffed from 8am–5pm Monday to Friday. But as we can clearly see that education has only a few disadvantages … My schools did not offer music programs, but my parents saw an opportunity in music education so they decided to look, "I would teach children music, physics, and philosophy; but most importantly music, for the patterns in music and all the arts are the keys to learning", a quote from the great Greek philosopher Plato. If a school seems to have financial trouble, then music and art programs are the first to get cut. Some argue it should be the generalist classroom teacher, but as over 15 years of research and government reports have pointed out, most have neither the time nor the training to do so. "I believe listening to music … We have used music … This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivatives 3.0 Australia (CC BY-ND 3.0 AU), so you can republish our articles for free, online or in print. For a variety of reasons information the University ' s Privacy Officer at privacy-officer @ unimelb.edu.au text in own... Bars to play, this undermines the stability of music provision, which requires extended, engagement. Under-Equipped in terms of both skill and confidence to provide music to their students be very beneficial in has... Something prevented the Facebook comments feed from loading other schools started to adopt and his... Willing to do so many schools have consistently reported to us that this is one of the hurdles! 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And dictionaries to sustained music programs do not focus on students musical interests, as a result stop. See the nonjudgmental nature of music education importance to having art in curriculum! Then we can expect musical instruments to be used with the No left!
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Many econometric models used in applied work integrate over unobserved heterogeneity. We show that a class of these models that includes many random coefficients demand systems can be approximated by a "small-sigma" expansion that yields a straightforward 2SLS estimator. We study in detail the models of market shares popular in empirical IO ("macro BLP"). Our estimator is only approximately correct, but it performs very well in practice. It is extremely fast and easy to implement, and it accommodates to misspecifications in the higher moments of the distribution of the random coefficients. At the very least, it provides excellent starting values for more commonly used estimators of these models.


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Trey Gowdy Just Shut Down Obama
Barack Obama, Politics 10
Barack Obama let it be known he was ready to criticize Donald Trump.
It took barely more than a week for Obama to emerge as a vocal critic of Trump's Presidency.
But Trey Gowdy shut down Obama with one amazing statement.
Obama blasted Trump for his executive order to institute a temporary pause in for foreigners from seven countries connected to terrorism until extreme vetting can be instituted and a 120-day pause in the refugee program.
Professional protestors descended on the nation's airports.
In a statement, Obama encouraged the unrest by saying he was "heartened" and that he "fundamentally disagrees" with Trump's order to protect American from radical Islamic terrorists sneaking into our nation.
Trey Gowdy responded to the left's criticism with a statement on twitter supporting Trump decision to implement stricter vetting procedures for foreign travelers and refugees from dangerous parts of the world.
Statement on President Trump's executive order on extreme vetting → pic.twitter.com/Nhz4Wm5zBH
— Trey Gowdy (@TGowdySC) January 30, 2017
Trey Gowdy is correct.
Americans deserve to know they are secure.
And a nation has every right to set the parameters and conditions for entry into its borders.
Speaker at Hillary Clinton Rally Destroys Her
This poll left Obama scrambling in desperation
Henry Clark
Throw (all) Muslims out of the Country, until they have passed a background check, and if only we want them.
Soros, Ban him from this Country, and charge him for all the damages he has caused.
Our Gov. they have all swore an oath to uphold the Constitution, and all of the laws of this land, and they have turned their backs on the Country, so, they either follows those oaths, or quit. No and if or buts. Period.
Jc Son
A lot of twisted legalese. A lot of logic directed for the purpose (it seems to me) to obfuscate the direction and rule of judicial powers. What is needed is a straight forward response that non-attorneys can understand.
Gene Josey
When President Trump and his V. P. as well as those members of his cabinet who have been sworn in to date, all swore to protect defend and comply with the constitution. As I understand it, no government body ( legislative, judicial or executive) can change or govern outside the constitution. To do so violates the constitution. Likewise none can amend the constitution except the people.
George Krlich
Trump knows what he is doing. Good job!!! the swamp needs more cleaning!
Mark Frederick
oBOZO opened our borders and let thousands of potential terrorist enter without a single security check and it has been confirmed that muslims with the intention of attacks came into the United States due to pamphlets and other written material that has been found by our border patrol officers. oBOZO has brought in thousands of potential terrorist claiming to be refugees and all without security checks, if the sorry SOB isn't a muslim he sure was acting as one for eight years. George Soros was one of oBOZO's biggest contributors to his campaign funds and is now spending millions of dollars on paying professional protesters to riot and cause as much problems as they can for President Trump and George Soros has billions of dollars to spend. Trump should have him arrested for what he is doing and make the SOB pay for all damages to people's personal property and businesses.
Gary Copeland
Mark I nam jwith you 100%.
Mark Albini
Trey Gowdy wants what is best for America. Obama does not. When an individual puts his own agenda ahead of American interests that should be considered an act of treason. Obama did that over and over and then lied to the public about his knowledge concerning the incident. Why wasn't he impeached? Because no one including the republicans wanted to play the race card. When Trump acts in a presidential way, no one and I mean no one has the right to act against him whether they're an Xpresident or not. That includes Bush and Obama or anyone else. Just one Last thought. If Obama was born in America as he says, why did he apply for loans as a foreign exchange student when applying to college. What's the statue of limitations on fraud? I bet Hilary knows.
James A Zurlo
How could anyone dispute anything Trey had to say about Obama an still call themselves Americans? I have always thought that Trey should have been Trumps pick for attorney general. He is a dedicated civil servant and would serve the American people well as Attorney general.
SmackEm
Fatal defect in every federal case since March 1, 1991; all such decisions and judgments void
January 16, 2017supremecourtcase
As shown herein below with conclusive evidence, the above headline is not an exaggeration but an accurate assessment of the situation.
"The judicial Power of the United States"
That certain constitution ordained and established September 17, 1787, and implemented March 4, 1789, Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (the "Constitution"), at Art. III, § 1 provides, in pertinent part, that "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish," and at § 2, cl. 1 thereof the limited types of cases and controversies to which the judicial power shall extend.
The Constitution at Art. VI, cl. 3 provides in pertinent part for the prevention of arbitrary exercise or abuse of "The judicial Power of the United States," id., by way of requirement that all justices and judges of the United States be bound by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution; to wit:
"The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; . . ."
Justices and Judges' Oath of Office
In respect of the above requirement of Art. VI, cl. 3 of the Constitution, Congress on September 24, 1789, in "An Act to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States," 1 Stat. 73 (the "Judiciary Act"), at 76 supply the oath or affirmation needed for federal justices and judges to be authorized to exercise the judicial power of the United States; to wit:
"Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That the justices of the Supreme Court, and the district judges, before they proceed to execute the duties of their respective offices, shall take the following oath or affirmation, to wit : 'I, A.B., do solemnly swear or affirm, that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as , according to the best of my abilities and understanding, agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United States. So help me God.'"
Congress 159 years later on June 25, 1948, at 28 U.S.C. § 453 Oath of justices and judges of the United States, 62 Stat. 907, amend the language of the preamble to the oath provided in Section 8 of the Judiciary Act and, cosmetically, the text of said oath; to wit:
"Each justice or judge of the United States shall take the following oath or affirmation before performing the duties of his office : 'I, _____ _____, do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as _____ according to the best of my abilities and understanding, agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United States. So help me God.'"
For the next 42+ years justices and judges of the United States who take the 28 U.S.C. § 453, 62 Stat. 907, oath are "bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution," Judiciary Act at 76 (just like all other federal jurists who came before them), and therefore authorized to exercise "The judicial Power of the United States," Constitution, Art. III, § 1, and discharge and perform the duties of their respective offices.
Congress Alter Materially the Oath of Justices and Judges
Congress on December 1, 1990, however, in Public Law 101–650, at section 404 thereof, 104 Stat. 5124—effective 90 days later, March 1, 1991 (104 Stat. 5124 at § 407)—alter materially by way of amendment, the oath at 28 U.S.C. § 453, 62 Stat. 907, so as to relieve all justices and judges of the United States of any duty of fidelity to the Constitution; to wit:
"Sec. 404. Amendment to Oath of Justices and Judges.
"Section 453 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by striking out 'according to the best of my abilities and understanding, agreeably to' and inserting 'under'". Pub. L. 101–650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5124, December 1, 1990.
Upon amendment, 28 U.S.C. § 453 Oath of justices and judges of the United States, 104 Stat. 5124, provides:
"Each justice or judge of the United States shall take the following oath or affirmation before performing the duties of his office: 'I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as ___ under the Constitution and laws of the United States. So help me God.'
"(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 907; Pub. L. 101–650, title IV, § 404, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5124.)"
The only duties incumbent upon justices and judges of the United States to discharge or perform are provided in the statutes of Congress, i.e., the laws of the United States; the Constitution provides none.
Because there is no provision of the Constitution that requires a justice or judge of the United States to discharge or perform any duties, there are no duties under the Constitution incumbent upon any such justice or judge to discharge or perform; meaning: Mention of the Constitution in the 1990 amended oath, 28 U.S.C. § 453, 104 Stat. 5124, supra, is superfluous and may be omitted from said oath without changing its meaning.
This is why, in the Lufkin Action at Law (infra), the United States Attorney went silent for the duration of the case (five and half months) when Petitioner demanded the provision of the Constitution that gives the Court (judge) the capacity to take jurisdiction and enter judgment in Tyler County, Texas: There is no such constitutional authority and neither the Court nor the United States Attorney is bound by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution (for the United States Attorney's oath of office, see 28 U.S.C. §§ 544, 547, 80 Stat. 618; no mention of the word "Constitution," contrary to the requirements of Art. VI, cl. 3 of the Constitution).
To prevent the fracturing of the federal judicial system were one set of justices and judges to discharge and perform their respective duties agreeably to the Constitution and the other not: Between December 1, 1990, and February 28, 1991, all sitting and newly commissioned justices and judges of the United States take the new oath of office, 104 Stat. 5124, leaving, on March 1, 1991, no justice or judge of the United States bound by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution—only the laws of the United States, i.e., the statutes of Congress.
"The emperor has no clothes"
The 1990 oath, 104 Stat. 5124, severs the connection between the federal judiciary and the Constitution; meaning: As of March 1, 1991, officers of the federal judiciary have no obligation to discharge or perform the duties of their respective offices "agreeably to the Constitution" (62 Stat. 907), and the former judicial-branch officers are now legislative-branch officers under the exclusive control of Congress.
"Plus peccat auctor quam actor. The instigator of a crime is worse than he who perpetrates it" (John Bouvier, Bouvier's Law Dictionary, Third Revision (Being the Eighth Edition), revised by Francis Rawle (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1914) (hereinafter "Bouvier's"), p. 2153)—and the instigators of the takeover of the federal courts of limited jurisdiction by municipal judges masquerading as Article III judges and usurping exercise of general jurisdiction throughout the Union, are the Members of Congress.
The jurisdiction of federal courts of limited jurisdiction and the original (de jure) Department of Justice, 16 Stat. 162, is co-extensive with the legislative powers of Congress; to wit:
"Those who framed the constitution [sic], intended to establish a government complete for its own purposes, supreme within its sphere, and capable of acting by its own proper powers. They intended it to consist of three co-ordinate branches, legislative, executive, and judicial. In the construction of such a government, it is an obvious maxim, 'that the judicial power should be competent to give efficacy to the constitutional laws of the Legislature.' [Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. Rep. 414] The judicial authority, therefore, must be co-extensive with the legislative power. . . . [The Federalist, No. 80; Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. Rep. 384]" Osborn v. Bank of United States, 9 Wheat., 738, 808 (1824).
Because Congress enjoy only limited legislative power (subject-matter legislative power only) throughout the Union, the federal courts and Department of Justice are authorized to exercise only limited jurisdiction (subject-matter jurisdiction only) throughout the Union; to wit:
"As we have repeatedly said: 'Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. They possess only that power authorized by Constitution and statute . . .'" Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466, 489 (2004) (quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 611 U. S. 375, 377 (1994) (citations omitted)).
"The several States of the Union are not, it is true, in every respect independent, many of the right [sic] and powers which originally belonged to them being now vested in the government created by the Constitution. But, except as restrained and limited by that instrument, they possess and exercise the authority of independent States, and the principles of public law to which we have referred are applicable to them. One of these principles is that every State possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property within its territory. . . ." Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 722 (1878).
Notwithstanding that the federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, Rasul, supra, they are populated by municipal judges of the so-called "United States," 28 U.S.C. § 3002(15), "a Federal corporation," id., by the name of District of Columbia Municipal Corporation, who are usurping exercise of general jurisdiction in Montgomery and Tyler County, Texas, and elsewhere throughout the Union.
Justices and judges of the United States have used their position of trust to betray their creators, the American People, by overriding their will as declared at Article VI, Clause 3 of the Constitution, that all judicial officers of the United States shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution, and thereby legislating the Constitution out of the legal process; to wit:
"The Congress as the instrumentality of sovereignty is endowed with certain powers to be exerted on behalf of the people in the manner and with the effect the Constitution ordains. The Congress cannot invoke the sovereign power of the people to override their will as thus declared." Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330, 353 (1935).
Bearing of the 1990 Oath on Every Federal Case since March 1, 1991
Whereas, as of March 1, 1991, no federal justice or judge is bound by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution: As of that date, every justice and judge of the United States is barred by Article VI, Clause 3 of the Constitution from exercising "The judicial Power of the United States," Constitution, Art. III, § 1, or entering a decision or judgment in any federal court case.
There being no constitutional authority for any Supreme Court decision or civil or criminal judgment in any federal court: Every such decision or judgment since March 1, 1991, is void.
Due Process of Law and Void Judgments
The essence of due process of law is constitutional authority; to wit:
"Due process of law is process according to the law of the land. . . . ". . . Due process of law in the latter [the Fifth Article of Amendment to the Constitution] refers to that law of the land which derives its authority from the legislative powers conferred upon Congress by the Constitution of the United States, exercised within the limits therein prescribed and interpreted according to the principles of the common law. . . ." Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516, 3 Sup. Ct. 111, 292, 28 L. Ed. 232 (1884).
Any justice or judge of the United States who enters a decision or judgment in a federal case without the authority to exercise "The judicial Power of the United States," Constitution, Art. III, § 1—and this includes every Supreme Court decision and United States District Court judgment since March 1, 1991—does so without the authority of the Constitution and thereby denies the litigants due process of law and manufactures a void judgment.
A void judgment is an utter nullity, of no legal force or effect, and anyone who is concerned with the execution of a void judgment is considered in law as a trespasser; to wit:
"A void judgment which includes judgment entered by a court which . . . lacks inherent power to enter the particular judgment . . . can be attacked at any time, in any court, either directly or collaterally . . ." Long v. Shorebank Development Corp., 182 F.3d 548 (C.A. 7 Ill. 1999).
"Where a court has jurisdiction, it has a right to decide any question which occurs in the cause, and whether its decision be correct or otherwise, its judgments, until reversed, are regarded as binding in every other court. But if it act without authority, its judgments and orders are regarded as nullities. They are not voidable, but simply void, and form no bar to a remedy sought in opposition to them, even prior to a reversal. They constitute no justification, and all persons concerned in executing such judgments or sentences are considered in law as trespassers." Elliott v. Peirsol, 26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 328, 329 (1828).
"A judgment is void if the court that rendered it . . . acted in a manner inconsistent with due process. Margoles v. Johns, 660 F.2d 291 (7th Cir. 1981) cert. denied, 455 U.S. 909, 102 S.Ct. 1256, 71 L.Ed.2d 447 (1982); In re Four Seasons Securities Laws Litigation, 502 F.2d 834 (10th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1034, 95 S.Ct. 516, 42 L.Ed.2d 309 (1975). Mere error does not render the judgment void unless the error is of constitutional dimension. Simer v. Rios, 661 F.2d 655 (7th Cir.1981), cert. denied, sub nom Simer v. United States, 456 U.S. 917, 102 S.Ct. 1773, 72 L.Ed.2d 177 (1982)." Klugh v. United States, 620 F.Supp. 892 (1985).
"We believe that a judgment, whether in a civil or criminal case, reached without due process of law is without jurisdiction and void . . . because the United States is forbidden by the fundamental law to take either life, liberty or property without due process of law, and its courts are included in this prohibition. . . ." Bass v. Hoagland, 172 F.2d 205 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 338 U.S. 816, 70 S.Ct. 57, 94 L.Ed. 494 (1949).
"[I]f a 'judgment is void, it is a per se abuse of discretion for a district court to deny a movant's motion to vacate the judgment.' United States v. Indoor Cultivation Equip. from High Tech Indoor Garden Supply, 55 F.3d 1311, 1317 (7th Cir.1995). A judgment is void and should be vacated pursuant to Rule 60(b)(4) if 'the court that rendered the judgment acted in a manner inconsistent with due process of law.' Id. at 1316 (citations omitted) . . ." Price v. Wyeth Holdings Corp., 505 F.3d 624 (7th Cir., 2007).
"[D]enying a motion to vacate a void judgment is a per se abuse of discretion." Burrell v. Henderson, et al, 434 F.3d, 826, 831 (6th Cir., 2006).
Ironically, the above post-March 1, 1991, judgments addressing the subject of void judgments, are themselves void for failure of the judge entering his respective judgment to bind himself by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution, as required by the Constitution at Art. III, § 1, a denial of due process of law.
The above is why Petitioner is so persistent: Justices and judges ensconced in federal courts of limited jurisdiction are usurping exercise of territorial jurisdiction (an aspect of general jurisdiction) and entering judgment against, directing the disposition of, and committing theft under color of authority of, Petitioner's property in Montgomery and Tyler County, Texas—geographic area in which Texas possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over property located there; to wit:


Download B.o.B's acapella vocals for "Middle Man". B.o.B's "Middle Man" is 131 BPM and its in D Minor.
Upload a video of your remix to YouTube using a service like TunesToTube or create a video with any other video software with your audio.
The Top 50 voted entries will be eligible for review and considered for 1st, 2nd and 3rd Place prizes. In addition to the Top 50 voted entries, all BeatStars Unlimited members will bypass the voting round and automatically be reviewed.
Multi-Platinum and Grammy Nominated Hip Hop artist B.o.B will be our celebrity judge.


Secured Finance is arranged by introduction only.
Secured loans, also known as homeowner loans, offer a way to borrow larger amounts for less by using your home as equity. So if you are looking to borrow say £25,000, secured loans are definitely worth a look – especially as most of the top personal loan deals are only available on up to £15,000.


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Home/Management/News/Boss not fazed by recruitment
Boss not fazed by recruitment
Boss on summer recruits and importance of the right targets at the right time…
By Matty Paddock - 14/06/2019
Manager John Pemberton. (c) Tina Jenner
JOHN PEMBERTON says there will be no let-up in the search for new Harriers recruits this summer – but added patience may yet be the key.
Harriers have added two new players to their ranks for 2019/20 in the shape of Cliff Moyo and Richard Peniket.
More will follow in due course, but the gaffer has insisted that, for various reasons, nothing will be rushed.
As he looks to continue moulding and shaping his Aggborough crop for the term, Pemberton says there are plenty of factors – with not only clubs but players, too, choosing to bide their time.
"I've been in the game a long time, and you have to use your contacts," the manager said.
"There are a lot of players that the club have looked at and are monitoring, and it's about seeing what's available – and we want the best that's available.
"It's making calls to get some lined up and where their situation is but, like a lot of clubs now, everyone will want to go and do pre-season with their own club, go in front of their own managers to see if they can get into the team – it's no different.
"We'll have to be patient, but we'll monitor every situation of every player; we have a list of players that we're interested in. We'll see what's available and bring the right ones in at the right time."
"We'll have to be patient, but we'll monitor every situation of every player…" John Pemberton
So often it can be the case that a gem can arrive by virtue of a pre-season trial or a player who becomes available with the season almost upon us.
With those kinds of talent in mind, the boss is adamant it is important to keep some of your powder dry.
"You'd like your squad to be together very quickly so that you can do the work," he added.
"But what you end up [finding] is that players who're out of contract that feel, with all due respect, there might be a bigger move for them.
"As it starts to progress and the season starts to get closer, they might have to make some decisions – that's where we can maybe step in and take players that, in June, we might think we've got no chance of getting."
This article is about: Management
View more on these topics...
John Pemberton
Peniket leaves Aggborough
Richard Peniket departs Kidderminster Harriers to take a break from football…
Senior Cup: Bewdley off again
Another postponement in the Worcestershire Senior Cup…


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Exploring the way we use graphics to represent today's businesses
Logos. They're one of the most effective ways to communicate the message of your brand, and they have evolved massively over the years. Unlike other graphic design elements, logos are much more simplistic than they were 20 years ago – but interestingly there has been a re-emergence of 90s style logos lately.
With current and past styles now converging, what better time could there be to look back at the biggest logo trends of the last two decades?
Just after the turn of the millennium, logo design went through a huge change with the emergence of Web 2.0. The term itself refers to the change in how websites were developed and the tech that they used, but the phrase became used to sum up a distinctive change in logo trends, too. Before long, rounded letters, bright colours and multiple gradients were everywhere.
Crest logos were hugely popular by the mid-2000s. These kinds of emblems added an air of history and prestige to a brand, even if the company itself was new. The combination of medieval imagery (such as coats of arms) with modern and novelty elements was one that really caught on with customers, and crest logos became especially prominent in the sports industry.
Intricate lettering style logos have been a consistent favourite over the years, with advancing technology enabling designers to deliver more polished results. Although it has lost ground to more minimalist trends in recent times, lettering is still being used by companies like cafes and barbers, with the complexity of the calligraphy helping to create a craftsmanship-driven image.
Illustration logos have fallen in and out of favour as trends have fluctuated from detailed designs to minimalist concepts over the years – but right now, they are bigger and bolder than ever. Logos with a hand-drawn element have a big visual impact, and will help a company to stand out from the crowd. Commonly used for children's products, illustration-based logos are enjoying a wide application, and there's no sign of them going out of fashion any time soon!
Negative space hardly needs an introduction – but it's particularly interesting as it is essentially a trend within a trend. There has been a shift from logomarks to logotypes, and we now often see text logos with shapes and images hidden inside the letters.
We've come full circle when it comes to flat design. Web 2.0 logos featured lots of gradients, shadows and reflections. Flat design is the antithesis of that. Block colours and minimal designs are in, and logos have taken on a much more streamlined look. This has made them much easier to view on mobile devices. Google's logo is one of the best examples from the shift of Web 2.0 to flat design.
Fashion is fickle – as we all know – and there have been many logo trends from the last 20 years that we're not likely to revisit any time soon. On the other hand, some techniques have stood the test of time.
Clearly then, trends and logo design processes have changed considerably in a period of rapid advancement. Looking at the historical development of a long-standing company's logo will give you an insight into the various phases that the design industry has been through. We've mentioned Google already, but if you'd like to see the evolution of logo design in action, take a look at these great case studies from enduring drinks brands Coca Cola and Pepsi!
I love EVERYTHING about logos.
I love their versatility, and the way they can effectively communicate all of a brand's core values within just a simple concept. It seems impossible to us to think of a time when the logo as know it didn't exist, and wasn't such a vital part of a company's marketing communications.
But – perhaps like you – we had little idea where logos came from until we started researching the interesting history behind contemporary designs as we know them.
Long before the logo age
Once upon a time, a logo was simply a mark or a name stamped across a product as proof that it was manufactured by a particular company. The Ancient Egyptians, for example, were known to brand domestic animals with hieroglyphics to demonstrate their ownership of them. Potters in the Greek and Roman eras marked their creations to make sure they were forever linked to their handiwork, too.
It wasn't until the 19th century that forward-thinking companies started unlocking the visual potential of these eye-catching little emblems.
The very first trademark was registered in the UK in 1876 for Bass & Co, which at the time was a popular international exporter of pale ale. Within the paperwork, and soon enough across all of the brand's merchandise, the company name was accompanied by a small red triangle, framed by simple text – but this straightforward combination was enough to create what we now consider to be the first 'official' logo of its time.
Evolving designs
John Cadbury, the founder of the Birmingham-based confectionery company, was one of the first business owners to wake up to the potential of combining recognisable fonts and colours to create an original moniker. The very first Cadbury logo was registered in 1911 and was formed of a basic image of a cocoa tree, intertwined with the company name on a distinctively purple background.
In the 1950s, advertising agencies in the United States started to harness the power of the logo in their client's campaigns. They realised that they could use shapes, typography and colour to convey each brand's ethos and produce a trademark that really sticks in the minds of their customers. Pioneering graphic designers like Paul Rand and Alan Fletcher took this idea one step further – they transformed logo design into an art form by developing key principles that are still adhered to by many design professionals today.
The greatest logos of our time
Since then, brands – or, more specifically, their design and marketing partners – have been tripping over themselves to come up with a design that rivals some of the most distinctive logos in the world.
From the stark relevancy of the Apple logo through to the familiar swirl of the Coca Cola signature type and the golden arches of the McDonald's sign, the very best logos have a broad appeal. They can be simple, like the Nike tick; they can represent unity, like the Olympic rings; they can contain a cocktail of colours, like Google's effort; and they can even be entirely text-based, like the logo from FedEx.
Creating the next great logo!
From then to now, logos have played an undeniable part in the growth of many of the world's most successful businesses.
My job here at Design FX Studio is to develop attention-grabbing bespoke logos for all kinds of organisations that want better reach and a stronger brand. I have the skills to create a logo design that will connect with your audience, and I'm lucky enough to be able to draw inspiration from all the fantastic examples of logos from the greatest brand designers of the last century. Contact me today to discover what I can bring to your brand!


An in-depth breakdown of Streamsong Black's short par four 2nd.
A look into the great green of the 8th hole at Pinehurst #2 and how it impacts play.
A deep dive into Augusta National's short par 4 3rd.
Examining the architecture behind the short par 4 fifth at the California Golf Club.
A deep dive into the Alister MacKenzie gem, Northwood's par 4 2nd.
A look at the beautiful par 3 8th at Mammoth Dunes.
A deep dive into the hazard less 12th at the Mike DeVries designed Kingsley Club.
Short par 3's are fun but treacherous. Although the thought of a hole-in-one often slips its way into a player's mind, short par 3's are typically penal holes. Their theme is "hit it or else." To intimidate the skilled golfer, forced carries are often employed. It's a useful tool that creates uncertainty with the game's very best (see the 12th at Augusta), but presents an extreme and sometimes unrealistic challenge for golfers with a low trajectory shots (seniors, women, juniors).
One unique version of the short par three can be found on the 9th at Sweetens Cove. It gives golfers of all skill levels a fair shake. Credit for this hole's brilliant design and construction goes to Rob Collins and Tad King. The duo utilized a redan slope - usually reserved for long par 3's - on a hole that requires an eight iron or less for the vast majority of golfers. It's an idea that would cross very few architects minds because it's a feature that has little purpose for the accomplished golfer. It's a slope gives a low trajectory player a chance for something special.
For longer players, the 9th plays like your traditional short hole hit it or else. A miss short right is met with an awkward chip over the massive redan slope. A short miss left or long, find treacherous bunkering. An average shot that finds the green complex leaves a challenging two putt. Likewise, a good shot yields an excellent birdie chance.
The best golf holes offer alternative routes (options) for golfers. Sweetens 9th does that with its redan slope. It gives the lower trajectory player a shot at hitting it close or even in. A well executed low running shot up the right side will ride the slope down towards all pins. A shot not struck hard enough will find the same awkward pitch from the right side and one too strong will find the same back bunker.
The difference between Sweeten's shortie and almost every other short par three is everyone has a real chance at a hole-in-one.
Want proof? During a girl's high school golf match in August of 2016, back to back holes-in-one were had and followed with a closing hole in one to win the tournament. That's right, three holes-in-one, on the same hole and same day in a girl's high school match.
A look at the oft-overlooked 14th at Pasatiempo.
A thorough look at the design brilliance of Mountain Lake's short par 3 and the thumprint design.
A deep dive into Coore & Crenshaw's sixth hole at Trinity Forest.
A deep dive into the public access Donald Ross design Manakiki. In it's current state its a gem but it could be fantastic, a look at how their 2nd hole could easily improve.
A deep dive into C.B. Macdonald's two shot redan hole at the St. Louis Country Club.
A deep dive into the architectural brilliance of Sand Hills' 18th.
A weekly deep dive into some of America's greatest golf holes.


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Suková is a female form of the Czech surname Suk. Notable people with the surname include:

 Helena Suková (born 1965), Czech tennis player
 Věra Suková (1931–1982), Czechoslovakian tennis player

Surnames of Czech origin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This is a 40,000 megapixel, 280,000 x 140,000, 360 degree picture of the 868-year-old Strahov Monastery Library in Prague, Czech Republic. A lot of numbers, right? Here's more: the gigantic picture is actually made up of 2,947 different images that added up to 283GB and took over 111 hours to stich together.
It's believed to be the world's largest picture taken indoors and the detail is incredible. Like the other "world largest photos" you can zoom in and out, pan around and find things you never saw on first glance. Jeffrey Martin, the photographer, literally took days to take all the pictures and considerably longer to process them all.
This is a zoomed in view of the first picture. And there's still more to zoom in!
The beautiful ceiling of the Strahov Monastery Library.
Jeffrey Martin used a Canon T2i (550D) controlled by a GigaPanBot to snap the photos, which took multiple days.
Amazing detail in every snapshot. Such a wonderful picture of a wonderful place.


The exploration of the Solar System is one of humanity's most exciting adventures. ESA selected its first astronauts in 1978 for the 1983 Spacelab mission, taking its first steps into human spaceflight.
How do I apply to become an astronaut?
Currently, ESA does not recruit astronauts. The last selection process took place in 2008, ending in 2009. When we hold a new selection process, we will post an invitation to apply on the ESA website.
What is the ideal age to apply?
The preferred age range is 27 to 37.
What skills and qualifications are needed to apply to be an astronaut? What should I study to become an astronaut?
Astronaut candidates should have scientific knowledge and be able to demonstrate outstanding abilities in appropriate fields of work, including experience showing operational skills.
Applicants must have a Master's degree or equivalent in a scientific discipline such as physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, engineering or medicine, with at least three years of postgraduate professional experience. This could include working in a lab, conducting research in the field or working in a hospital. Experience as a pilot is a plus.
It is advantageous but not mandatory to have studied aeronautics and astronautics. Above all: no matter what you studied, you should be good at it.
I do not speak English, can I apply?
Applicants must be able to speak and write English well, and it is an advantage to know another foreign language.
I do not speak Russian, can I apply?
Speaking Russian is an asset but not a requirement. This is the second official language on the International Space Station and taught during astronaut training.
Which medical and psychological standards are used to select the candidates?
An ESA astronaut requires a multitude of skills, capabilities and characteristics. One important component of finding someone with the 'right stuff' is an assessment of how healthy each applicant is medically and psychologically.
Typical medical and psychological health standards are used. These standards are derived from evidence-based medicine, verified by clinical studies.
An applicant should be able to pass a JAR-FCL 3, Class 2 medical examination, conducted by an Aviation Medical Examiner certified by their national Aviation Medical Authority.
The applicant must have visual acuity in both eyes of 100% (20/20 vision) naturally or after correction with glasses or contact lenses.
The applicant must be free from psychiatric disorders.
The applicant must demonstrate cognitive, mental and personality capabilities to allow them to work efficiently in an intellectually and socially demanding environment.
Do I need to be fit to become an astronaut? Which sport should I pursue?
It is important to be healthy but ESA does not look for extreme fitness or high-level athletes – over-developed muscles may be a disadvantage for astronauts living in weightlessness.
There is no specific sport that we recommend. Physical activity in general is beneficial to your health. In terms of the selection process, the physical fitness and medical components are either pass or fail. It is not a graduated system.
How can I prepare for the medical tests?
During the medical selection, applicants undergo numerous tests across many areas. Some tests are physically demanding, like bicycle or treadmill exercises. Some may also be invasive and others may be just questionnaires. There is nothing you can do generally to prepare for these medical examinations. If an examination requires specific preparation, such as fasting before giving a blood sample, applicants will receive instructions.
Do astronauts develop serious health problems during their stay in space?
No dangerous conditions develop because of spaceflight. However, spaceflight is hazardous and astronauts' wellbeing depends on life-support systems. Weightlessness does have negative effects on human physiology such as loss of bone and muscle mass. ESA's Crew Medical Support Office is responsible for limiting or preventing the space environment from affecting the physical and mental health of astronauts. The environment and life-support systems are monitored and there is a thorough preventive and countermeasure programme.
Is it more difficult for a woman to become an astronaut?
No. The medical and psychological requirements for women and men are identical, aside from some gender-specific medical examinations.
Physical fitness and cardiovascular fitness are always evaluated on an individual basis and target values are adjusted to the physiological differences between men and women. A woman therefore does not have to meet the male norms, or vice-versa.
My vision is not perfect, can I still become an astronaut?
There is no clear answer due to the large number of visual defects that occur. Most disqualifications in the application process are due to vision problems. The main tests to pass include visual acuity, colour perception and 3D vision.
Wearing spectacles or contact lenses is not a reason for disqualification in itself but would be evaluated if a visual defect is known to progress rapidly and could be a reason for disqualification. Minor visual defects that require corrective lenses to achieve perfect vision are acceptable.
Surgical interventions to correct visual acuity can lead to disqualification, while other surgeries are acceptable – each case is judged individually.
Are there psychological and intellectual requirements?
General characteristics expected of applicants include but are not limited to: good reasoning capability, the ability to work under stress, memory and concentration skills, aptitude for spatial orientation, psychomotor coordination and manual dexterity. A candidate's personality should show high motivation, flexibility, gregariousness, empathy, non-aggression and emotional stability.
An astronaut is a person trained to command or pilot a spacecraft or serve during a spaceflight. The criteria for the definition of a spaceflight vary, for example, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale defines it as any flight reaching 100 km altitude.
Is there a centre in Europe for training European astronauts?
Yes, it is the European Astronaut Centre, ESA's centre in Cologne, Germany.
What is the typical role of an ESA astronaut?
European astronauts join long-duration flights aboard the International Space Station, performing experiments and operating the Station's systems. They assemble, activate and check out new Station elements, undertake scientific research and even act as test subjects in life sciences experiments.
What do astronauts do when they are not training for a flight?
Astronauts provide technical support to spaceflight programmes, maintain their skills and contribute to public relations to explain the importance of space and human spaceflight.
How long is the astronaut training?
There are three phases: basic training, advanced training and mission-specific training.
Immediately after recruitment, astronaut candidates undergo a one-year basic training at their duty station, the European Astronaut Centre. Training begins with information on ESA and other space agencies and their main space programmes. Basic knowledge of space engineering, electrical engineering and science disciplines is provided afterwards. A third block deals with the major systems of the International Space Station and transportation systems such as the Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Basic training concludes by focusing on specific topics such as underwater diving for spacewalk training, robotics, rendezvous and docking, Russian language and human behaviour and performance.
Advanced Training also takes a year and provides astronauts from Space Station partners with knowledge and in-depth skills to operate, service and maintain the Station's modules, systems, payloads and transport vehicles. The training is more detailed but still generic, supplying expertise that astronauts need for almost any flight to the Space Station. It includes specialisation in some functions, such as resource and data operations, robotics, navigation, maintenance, spacewalks, medical aspects and payloads. Lessons are conducted at all the partner sites to allow first-hand familiarity with flight elements and operations.
The final stage is Increment-Specific Training that gives astronauts the specific knowledge and skills required for their mission.
Do male and female candidates have different training?
There is no difference between the training of male and female candidates.
Is there a height requirement to becoming an astronaut?
Astronaut must be between 153 and 190 cm.
Are there medical examinations in space?
A medical doctor, called a flight surgeon, takes care of each astronaut before, during and after flight. The astronaut and doctor remain in frequent contact to discuss health issues and perform medical tests in space.
In general, there is no doctor on board, but two astronauts are assigned as Crew Medical Officers and are trained to provide medical support during their mission. They offer basic medical support like a paramedic on Earth. There is a medical checklist on the Space Station to help the astronauts diagnose and treat sick or injured crewmembers.
The Crew Medical Officers are supported by physicians called flight surgeons on the ground, who help make clinical decisions and guide the astronauts through the checklist. The crew has access to several medical kits for common drugs, such as aspirin or other mild pharmaceuticals, as well as access to an emergency medical kit with painkillers, anaesthetics, dental medication, bandages, stethoscope, a defibrillator and other advanced life-support tools and medications.
The flight surgeon can talk to the astronauts in a Private Medical Conference once a day on a secure channel for 15 minutes to discuss any medical issues.
What are the physical effects of a long stay in space?
A long stay in space has many physical consequences, including the loss of muscle and bone mass and strength, reduction of postural control and locomotion, and significant loss of blood volume and reduced cardiovascular capacity. However, these effects are temporary and the ESA Crew Medical Support Office helps each astronaut reduce these and return to normal health upon their return to Earth.
Is it true that astronauts lose bone mass in space? Can it be cured?
Depending on the level of physical exercise and the individual, astronauts can lose about 1% of their bone mass per month in space. The time required to recover this mass after a mission depends on the flight's duration. For a long flight of around six months, it will take at least six months to return to preflight bone levels. It also depends on physical exercise: exercising during a mission speeds the recovery.
How is an astronaut's day in space organised?
Each day in orbit (apart from days of rest) is carefully planned by mission control. The 12-hour working day on the Space Station begins with a wake-up call. After a quick rub down with a soapy cloth, the crew has breakfast and runs through the jobs for the day with mission control.
Space stations need constant care and attention. A lot of time is spent on housekeeping chores like cleaning and repairs.
There are three meals with drinks and snacks always available. Much of the crew's time is spent preparing and performing scientific experiments. This may involve speaking to scientists on Earth.
At least two hours each day are spent on exercise. This is essential to keep the crew fit and healthy. Loading a spacecraft with rubbish and unloading fresh supplies is a major task. Many hours can also be spent getting ready for spacewalks.
Most of their food has to be prepared in a special way to ensure that it can be eaten in weightlessness. The most common preparation for space is dehydration; the astronauts rehydrate it simply by putting it in their mouth or adding water.
The toilet is designed for use by both males and females. A seat belt and foot restraints hold the astronaut on the seat, while air currents pull waste into receptacles – one for each waste product. Urine is combined with other water waste and faeces are vacuum-dried, chemically treated to remove odour and bacteria, and stored for removal by spacecraft.
How do astronauts take showers in space?
Astronauts do not take showers in space. The International Space Station recycles as much as possible and water is one of the most precious resources. Showers are not convenient in weightlessness – water just floats around so astronauts use wet towels.
Astronauts cannot lie 'down' in a bed because of the weightlessness. Sleeping bags are strapped to bunks to keep them from floating around. Astronauts can sleep standing up, upside-down or even suspended in the air.
There are no special clothes – astronauts wear ordinary clothes like t-shirts. There is no washing machine on the Space Station, and it is hard to pack enough clothes like underwear or socks, because each kilogram launched into space is very expensive. The result is that they cannot change their clothes every day: underwear is changed every two to three days. On average astronauts get one pair of shorts and a t-shirt every three days for exercising. Their work shirts and trousers/shorts are changed on average once every 10 days.
How old was the youngest astronaut?
The youngest astronaut at the time of his first flight is still the Russian cosmonaut Gherman Titov: He was 25 years and 329 days old when he was launched in Vostok-2 in August 1961 as the second human in orbit.
How old was the oldest astronaut?
The oldest astronaut to fly in space was the American astronaut John Glenn. Born in July 1921, he was 77 years old when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle for his second and last mission in October 1998.
The first man in space was the Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. He was launched into space on 12 April 1961 aboard Vostok-1.
The first woman in space was the Russian Valentina Tereshkova. She was launched into space in June 1963 aboard Vostok-6.
What was the longest stay in space?
The longest stay in space was 437 days, 17 hours, 58 minutes, by Russian cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov aboard the Mir space station, from 8 January 1994 to 22 March 1995.


Connie McCloskey Connie Martin has a birthday today.
Connie McCloskey Connie Martin added a comment on her Profile.
Connie McCloskey Connie Martin added a comment on her Profile. New comment added.
Connie McCloskey Connie Martin posted a message.
Mike, belated "Happy Birthday", I think you are a week older than I"am. Hope life has treated you well and your still golfing to keep you out of trouble.Or is the other way around? I think of your mom Willie often, how is she doing? Say hello for me. Are you going to the reunion?
Connie McCloskey Connie Martin added a comment on Tom Moffett's Profile.
Connie McCloskey Connie Martin updated her profile. View.
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text:
It was obvious for everyone that Google payed $1.65 billion for YouTube to gain access to a great platform for testing and distributing video ads. The problem is that many YouTube users hate ads and if they had to watch a 15 second commercial before every video, they'd leave YouTube for another video site.
Google's solution, very similar to VideoEgg's ticker ads, is to overlay a small ad at the bottom of a video for about 10 seconds. If you click on the ad, a new video will open in the same player and show you more information about the offer. Once the video ad ends, you can continue to watch your video. The beauty is you can simply ignore the ad, although it takes some time to get used to the small animation.
A comment from YouTube's blog brings an interesting point:
I have a problem with the in video ads for one reason, and that is that they would disrupt and obstruct content. As an artist who sometimes works with digital video, I realize that the choices made in framing a shot are very important. Everything in the frame at any given moment during a video is important to that video's composition and appeal. For this reason I feel that InVideo ads would be a disruptive and negative addition to the Youtube experience. I would suggest instead that adds could be placed at the end of the video, instead of the rolling related video reels.
The ads are still an experiment and won't be added to user-generated videos.
"For now, Google will place the ads only on video clips of its content partners — the more than 1,000 small and large media companies that have licensed their videos to YouTube. By doing so, YouTube will avoid the potential liability of having ads appear on copyrighted clips it is not authorized to display. And it will also prevent ads from playing on clips generated by users whose message may not be to the liking of advertisers. The revenue from the ads will be split between the media partner and YouTube. Ms. Naughton said Google would charge advertisers $20 for every 1,000 times the ads were displayed. Google said the ads would begin appearing today throughout the site. Ms. Naughton also said advertisers would be able to take aim at specific channels and genres, as well as demographic profiles, geography and hour of the day," reports The New York Times.
You might be able to spot the overlay ads in this video. Here's a short demo from Reuters:
The ads were also spotted last month:
YouTube also added new community features: now you can display on your profile page the latest videos you've rated and the comments have a Digg flavor: you can rate them and see only the top-rated comments.
Jyvyn August 23, 2007 at 9:35 PM
Videos are like books. You have to pull the reader in and make them curious and interested within the first couple paragraphs. Likewise, successful videos begin not just because boh3m3 says something funny, but he makes a weird hand gesture or facial expression, which might be missed if an ad blocks the view. The point is, if Google wants the ad to be viewed instead of the video, then this is no longer a video service, but an ad service. Even just 10 seconds long, it still attempts to steal the viewer's attention from what they want. I wouldn't call that unobtrusive--this is worse than a Yahoo! ad.
A better alternative, in my opinion, would be to use what Google does best: figure out what a video talks about (if they mention duct taping someone to the ceiling) and then put a link at the end of the video or on the side of the page (so that users can buy some duct tape online so they, too, can duct tape their best friend to a chair, as they watched in the video). This makes a lot more sense. If someone is blending a yummy dessert, then have links to safeway.com and blender companies. This would actually be useful, and I might actually be willing to click on one of those ads.
jyvyn makes a good point there!
Zachary L. August 26, 2007 at 8:45 AM
You can use TubeStop (http://www.chrisfinke.com/addons/tubestop/) to stop the ads and autoplay. The website says,
TubeStop is an extension for Mozilla-based Web browsers that disables the autoplay on YouTube videos. This means that you can open multiple YouTube videos in tabs in the background without them all starting to play at once. TubeStop also disables the autoplay on YouTube videos embedded on non-YouTube.com sites (MySpace, for example).
It works by replacing the standard YouTube player with the embedded player, which doesn't have autoplay or ads (yet).
Another vidoe-website that has promoting video classifieds is www.iPoste.org.
iPoste.org is dedicated to connecting like minded people , through words,
pictures and audio/video content.
By logging on to iPoste org you can be instantly connected to your local interest community where you can find the most recent classifieds,
the latest news and events postings, video and text forums from people who share the same interest..... and a directory with all the businesses, organizations and people who
serve your community.
With our new video features you can also upload your own self produced videos.
So, wether you own a small business and want to make your own web commercial, are an individual who wants to make and broadcast your own video classified,
or an artist who wants to highlight their latest work in video, iPoste.org is the perfect place to upload your self produced
video content and show it to the people that are the most interested... and to the world..


text:
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