text:
ПН спој је физички јединствен комад полупроводника у који су, на једном крају контролисано убачене примесе П–типа, а на другом крају примесе Н-типа. Овај полупроводнички кристал чини јединствену, непрекидну целину, где је и на прелазу сачуван континуитет кристалне решетке и представља ПН спој. У овом кристалу један део је полупроводник П типа, а други полупроводник Н типа и зато је у њему неравномерна расподела примеса, односно неравномерна (нехомогена) расподела носилаца наелектрисања.

Својства
ПН спој је основни грaдивни део од кога зависи рад свих полупроводничких уређаја, a најпростији елемент је диода која има само један ПН спој.

Функционисање
Због разлике у концентрацијама потећи ће дифузиона струја у том полупроводнику. Шупљине које се налазе у огромном броју у П области полупроводника, дифузионо ће се кретати ка Н области, где је њихова концентрација занемарљиво мала. Електрони ће се, из истих разлога, дифузионо кретати из Н ка П области полупроводника. Када шупљине уђу у Н област, доћи ће до рекомбинације великог броја тих шупљина са слободним електронима који се тамо налазе. Зато у Н делу области који се налази непосредно до П области нема слободних електрона (ишчезли су рекомбинацијом), па се ту налазе некомпензовани, непокретни, позитивно наелектрисани јони донора. Због тих јона нарушена је електрична неутралност и тај део Н области, непосредно до П области је позитивно наелектрисан. Електрони дифундују из Н области у П област, ту се иза границе споја рекомбинују са слободним шупљинама и узрокују стварање негативно наелектрисане области у којој се налазе некомпензовани јони. Некомпензовани негативно наелектрисани јони акцептора и некомпензовани позитивно наелектрисани јони донора чине просторно наелектрисање или просторни товар, па се област у којој се они налазе назива област просторног товара – ОПТ (или прелазна или осиромашена област – нема слободних носилаца; или запречни слој).

На граници споја нарушена је електрична неутралност, па у П подручју постоји негативно, а у Н подручју позитивно просторно наелектрисање. (Ширина ОПТ износи око 1 μm) Као резултат деловања два по знаку супротна наелектрисања, на споју ће се јавити електрично поље усмерено од слоја са позитивним ка слоју са негативним просторним наелектрисањем. Електрично поље постоји само у ОПТ. Електрично поље у ОПТ ствара потенцијалну баријеру (контактну разлику потенцијала) између П и Н подручја, која настоји да врати електроне у Н и шупљине у П подручје. Дејство електричног поља је супротно од дифузионог кретања слободних носилаца наелектрисања (спречава дифузију главних носилаца након успостављања равнотежног стања). У равнотежи се дифузионо кретање (струја већинских носилаца) и кретање под утицајем електричног поља (мањинска струја) изједначују, тако да нема струје кроз полупроводник. Сама по себи, дифузија би се наставила док се концентрације електрона и шупљина не изједначе. Међутим, формирани просторни товар својим електричним пољем тежи да заустави процес дифузије која га је створила. Тако се долази у равнотежу где је величина ОПТ константна. То је динамичка равнотежа: неке валентне везе се раскидају, нове се успостављају, а статистичка средња вредност запреминске густине некомпензованог донорског и акцепторског оптерећења остаје константна. Потенцијална разлика настала на месту нехомогености материјала или на контакту два различита материјала зове се контактна разлика потенцијала.

Директно поларисан ПН спој
Под поларизацијом ПН споја се подразумева његово прикључење у електрично коло са једносмерним извором. Директно поларисан ПН спој је онај код кога је П област прикључена на позитиван пол спољашњег извора (батерије), а Н област на негативан пол. Струја почиње да тече кроз ПН спој кад споља прикључени напон постане виши од напона потенцијалне баријере. Прикључени напон смањује потенцијалну баријеру, тако нарушавајући равнотежно стање између дифузије и дрифта носилаца преко споја. Због мање разлике потенцијала на споју шупљине се лакше дифузионо крећу из П ка Н области. Услед смањене баријере дифузиона струја кроз ПН спој постаје већа од дрифтовске и кроз ПН спој ће протицати струја.

Референце

Спољашње везе
 PN spoj

Полупроводници


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Number after "+" sign indicate byte offset between function's start and call stack address.
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text:
The CSPA
Resource & Tools Catalog
Recent Open Calls
A Think Tank for Sustainability in the Arts and Culture
IHOPE
February 5, 2012 ecoartscotlandApollo 11, Contingency, Curators, Disciplinary Boundaries, Ecological Systems, Environment System, Fundamental Characteristics, Global Change, Holistic Approach, Human Environment Interactions, Human Societies, Journal Of Ecology, New Focus, New Insights, Resilience, Societal Challenges, Term Perspective, Time Perspective, Transdisciplinary, Worldwide Community
Image from NASA's online history of Apollo 11
This post comes to you from EcoArtScotland
The Journal of Ecology and Society frequently has interesting papers, and the current issue includes "Toward an Integrated History to Guide the Future".
Many contemporary societal challenges manifest themselves in the domain of human–environment interactions. There is a growing recognition that responses to these challenges formulated within current disciplinary boundaries, in isolation from their wider contexts, cannot adequately address them. Here, we outline the need for an integrated, transdisciplinary synthesis that allows for a holistic approach, and, above all, a much longer time perspective. We outline both the need for and the fundamental characteristics of what we call "integrated history." This approach promises to yield new understandings of the relationship between the past, present, and possible futures of our integrated human–environment system. We recommend a unique new focus of our historical efforts on the future, rather than the past, concentrated on learning about future possibilities from history. A growing worldwide community of transdisciplinary scholars is forming around building this Integrated History and future of People on Earth (IHOPE). Building integrated models of past human societies and their interactions with their environments yields new insights into those interactions and can help to create a more sustainable and desirable future. The activity has become a major focus within the global change community.
Key words: agency; anthropocene; backcasting; causality; contingency; holistic approach; integrated history; long-term perspective; resilience; social and ecological systems
ecoartscotland is a resource focused on art and ecology for artists, curators, critics, commissioners as well as scientists and policy makers. It includes ecoartscotland papers, a mix of discussions of works by artists and critical theoretical texts, and serves as a curatorial platform.
It has been established by Chris Fremantle, producer and research associate with On The Edge Research, Gray's School of Art, The Robert Gordon University. Fremantle is a member of a number of international networks of artists, curators and others focused on art and ecology.
Go to EcoArtScotland
Chain of arguments for the ecological identity of the international language Esperanto (& its organizations)
February 13, 2011 Cultura21Amp, Berlin Germany, Civil Groups, Consumption, Copenhagen Denmark, Cozzolino, Cultural Diversity, Cultures, Decisive Factor, Ecological Footprint, Ecological Identity, Elasticity, Francesca, Global Change, Guarantees, Herto, Human Rights, Human Society, Kagan, Kajsa, Koefoed, Language Esperanto, Mexico City, Mindset, Neutral International Language, Oleg, Paris France, Physical Quantity, Pollution, Rana, Resilience, Sacha, sustainability, Vitality
This post comes to you from Cultura21
Direct progress with concern to the "interna ideo" ("internal idea") of Esperanto is the conscious integration of the concept of a "neutral international language" within the framework of the cultures of sustainability & according to the 3 criteria of
Human Rights &
The criteria of sustainability (see UN, civil groups – NGOs etc.) are principally constituted & substanciated by the limitation of the Planet's material & detoxicating ressources. Hence sustainability means that one
shouldn't consume more of our geobisofere than can be regenerated &
shouldn't pollute the geobiosfere more than can be detoxicated by it.
A measure for the degree of consumption-pollution can be the so called"ecological footprint", i.e. the mathematically kalkulatable excess (quantitative factor).
In addition there is a factor, which relates to the (also to a certain degree measurable) reduction of the biological & cultural diversity on this Planet & its world.
One of the mayor criteria of sustainable evolution is the so called "resilience", a physical quantity which relates to the elasticity (or buffer capacity) of an autoekopoietic system of the geobiosfere, including the humane social systems. This, so to speak, guarantees the survival of the system. Herto belongs also the principle of prevention.
Besides ecology, economy & the social, also culture is a decisive factor with concern to the ecologically sustainable evolution of the human society.
The culture of sustainability considers culture itself in all its aspects, & thus also communication, as part of a livable present & future. In regard to this transdisciplinarity & transculturality play an important role in the creation of a global change of mindset, which finally should accomplish both social & ecological justice. This evidently relates to individuals and collectives.
Nowadays all fields of human activity are submitted to examnination concerning their adequateness in the context of a sustainable operation of our world.Retaxation of values & realignment of theoretical premisses & practical politics belong to the prerequisites of a safe & enjoyable future. This also applies to the fundamentals of international communication & its acceptable traits & costs (ecological communication).
A nonethnical neutral international language as Esperanto represents the linguistic part of a sustainable culture in international communication.
The international languagein itself is ecologically sustainable with regad to 2 features:
Qualitativly Esperanto minimizes social risks for the fact of installing"democratic bilinguism", i.e. a setup of international communication, in which everybody speaks his own mother tongue & Esperanto (Esperanto as the 2nd language for all.) Nobody suffers linguistic or communicative disadvantages.
Quantitatively Esperanto minimizes environmental risks for the fact of "ecological appropriateness", meaning drastic reduction with concern to the dissipation of resources (consumption of material & energy in translation & interpreter services) & general pollution of the geobiosfere. (Just one figure: within the EU every fourth official is in one way or another occupied with language & translation problems!)
A more detailed overview of the problem will be given in an article to come: "Esperanto – ecological, ecomical, social & cultural arguments for a neutral international language".
Wolfgang Guenther (compilation)
* AVE (Asocio de Verduloy Esperantistay – www.verduloj.org)
* NULA HORO (Transnacia Artkoncepto kun Esperanto kile Komuna Lingvo, nula [dot] horo [dot] arto [at] web [dot] de)
Cultura21 is a transversal, translocal network, constituted of an international level grounded in several Cultura21 organizations around the world.
Cultura21′s international network, launched in April 2007, offers the online and offline platform for exchanges and mutual learning among its members.
The activities of Cultura21 at the international level are coordinated by a team representing the different Cultura21 organizations worldwide, and currently constituted of:
– Sacha Kagan (based in Lüneburg, Germany) and Rana Öztürk (based in Berlin, Germany)
– Oleg Koefoed and Kajsa Paludan (both based in Copenhagen, Denmark)
– Hans Dieleman (based in Mexico-City, Mexico)
– Francesca Cozzolino and David Knaute (both based in Paris, France)
Cultura211 is not only an informal network. Its strength and vitality relies upon the activities of several organizations around the world which are sharing the vision and mission of Cultura21
Go to Cultura21
Nevada Museum of Art|Artists | Writers | Environments: A Grant Program
March 19, 2010 newsArt Artists, Art Environment, Art Historians, Creative Responses, E Mail, Environment Projects, Environmental Challenges, Environmental Context, Global Change, Grant Program, Journalists, Letters Of Interest, Museum Of Art, Nevada Museum, New Art, Public Awareness, Public Outreach, Visual Artist, Visual Artists, Year One
Teams of visual artists and writers who are U.S. citizens working on art + environment projects anywhere in the world from July 2010 through August 2011 will be eligible to apply for the first A | W | E Grant. Letters of interest must be received via e-mail on or before Friday, April 16, 2010 with invited applications due on or before June 22, 2010. The grant recipients will be announced on or before July 6, 2010.
A | W | E Grants
In 2010 the CA+E is piloting a grant program for visual artists and writers working together in the field. The purpose of the program is to encourage the creation of new art + environment projects that seek to address environmental challenges rather than simply comment on them, to foster deeper and more immediate public awareness of art + environment projects, and to encourage unique field reports of lasting value to scholars and other artists. The intent is for the writer(s) to document, report upon, and/or analyze the work of the artist(s) and its environmental context, not to provide creative responses such as fiction or poetry.
During this first year, one grant of $10,000 will be awarded to a team of artist(s) and writer(s) engaged in art + environment projects. Of particular interest will be those proposals addressing communities stressed by global change. Publication venues by writers can include articles in magazines, journals, or online, and chapters or essays in books, but significant public outreach will be favored.
Eligible teams will include at least one visual artist working in the field and one writer to accompany the artist into the field during the project. Artists can work in any medium, and the writers range from journalists to art historians. The total amount of the award may be divided between the artists and writers in any way they see fit. Funds may be used for travel, per diem, materials, equipment, and other costs, including time to work.
Applications during this first year are open only to artists and writers who are U.S. citizens, although they may work anywhere in the world. In future years we hope to broaden eligibility to artists and writers from other countries.
Application Process, Deadlines, Timeline
Interested artists and/or writers should submit a two-page letter of interest by e-mail on or before Friday, April 16, 2010. Letters should include a brief project description, budget and biographies of the artist(s) and writer(s). Please identify your letter of the artist(s) and writer(s). Please identify your letter of interest in the subject line of the e-mail when submitting as "AWE letter."
Finalists will be selected by July 6, 2010 and invited to mail in a physical application that will include a longer narrative, budget, documentation of citizenship and previous works, and resumes.
Applications will be due on or before June 22, 2010 with the award announced on or before April 16, 2010. Finalist proposals will be posted on the Museum's website, as well as that of the award recipient, upon awarding of the grant.
Archives, Exhibitions, Presentations
Finalists' application materials will not be returned, but become part of the CA+E Archives. Although the artworks and writings of the grant recipients will remain property of their creators, the CA+E will collect related project materials of the funded project for its archives.
Results of the funded project will be exhibited at the Museum, and the recipients of the grant be invited to present their work.
We strongly suggest that applicants visit the Nevada Museum of Art website and navigate to the Center for Art + Environment pages, and in particular the A | W | E FAQ page for more information. The FAQs may be updated periodically as we receive questions.
Letters of interest sent via e-mail with the subject line "AWE letter," as well as any questions, should be directed to Rosalind Bedell, CA+E Manager at Rosalind Bedell or 775.329.3333 ex. 252
The A | W | E Grant is supported by the The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts.
Quarterly 26 is here!
Support CCTA2019
Missed our kickstarter campaign? Don't worry, you can still contribute through The Arctic Cycle.
CCTA2017 Anthology: Where is the Hope? Available now!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: network UNCLAIMED Ubuntu 16.04 I was facing some issues with wifi disconnection. So I followed some askubuntu forum answers and solved the problem by manually installing the wifi device. But still I had to follow the first answer of this question
(How do I get an RT3290 wireless card to work?) to make it work on every start up.
Then suddenly it stopped working now. Now when I run sudo lshw -C network it gives me this error.
*-network UNCLAIMED
       description: Network controller
       product: RT3290 Wireless 802.11n 1T/1R PCIe
       vendor: Ralink corp.
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:08:00.0
       version: 00
       width: 32 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
       configuration: latency=0
       resources: memory:b5510000-b551ffff
  *-network
       description: Ethernet interface
       product: RTL8101/2/6E PCI Express Fast/Gigabit Ethernet controller
       vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:09:00.0
       logical name: eno1
       version: 08
       serial: a0:1d:48:d1:23:d9
       size: 100Mbit/s
       capacity: 100Mbit/s
       width: 64 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation
       configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=full firmware=rtl8106e-2_0.0.1 04/23/13 ip=192.168.1.3 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=MII speed=100Mbit/s
       resources: irq:42 ioport:4000(size=256) memory:b5404000-b5404fff memory:b5400000-b5403fff

it says network UNCLAIMED. Why is that ? How can I solve that issue ?
When I run lspci it shows me my wifi adapter model as
08:00.0 Network controller: Ralink corp. RT3290 Wireless 802.11n 1T/1R PCIe

I followed this. But it says that it will work when secure boot is disabled. But the thing is I've already disabled secure boot and I was working fine about two hours ago.
How can I solve this? Any help would be much appreciated.

A: I had exactly the same problem today. Turned off my laptop after finishing with my job and than turning it back on when I got home. Ubuntu wasn't able to find any wi-fi. I know that this might sound stupid, but try turning off (not restarting) your pc, leave it for a few seconds or a minute and then turn it back on. This, no matter how stupid it sounds, just solved my problem and I'm able to use wifi again (I also ran sudo apt-get update and sudo apt-get upgrade, which I don't think helped solving this issue, but updating can't be bad).
Just for the record, I was also restarting my laptop few times but it didn't helped.
Hope this helps you.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Bring back vitality to Isfahan!
"Water shortage already affects people's daily lives, I am sure that if each person saves water and consider this fact that water is the right of everyone, surely the fare distribution of water will be one of the best ways of delivering water to all areas," the skilled consultant and affair coordinator of the governor general's consultants of Isfahan said.
Isfahan (IMNA) - Emphasizing on this fact that some problems of the Zayandeh-Rood River are caused by out-of-province factors, Ghorbanali Ghaemi said, "All water problems are not related to Isfahan province, while some of the previous managers propounded the lack of budget and the domestic problems, we have visited the dam and tunnel many times. One of the honors of the government of "wisdom and hope" was forming task force for water shortage adaptation that was implemented throughout the country, and everybody concludes that our country is located in a low-water area and we should save water by all means."
"Unfortunately, there has not been even a drop of water in river bed since some years ago in Isfahan; we should keep in mind that Isfahan is an international city, and tourists and people who have seen the river full of water, see it dry today. Current drought condition will damage trees and runnels of Isfahan. We should bring back the vitality to Isfahan by reviving the Zayande-Rood River," he said regarding the damages to the cultural heritage of the province caused by the water shortage.


Analysts and industry experts have lamented the recent slowdown in edtech investment, crystallizing doubts already felt by entrepreneurs and academics. Meanwhile, the pressure on institutions to drive improved outcomes continues, even as higher education is facing fiscal challenges that can leave little room for innovation and creativity.
In response to this challenging environment, one possible solution may come in an unexpected place—a new kind of partnership between those who create technology for education and those who use it for teaching, learning and student support.
Too often, educational institutions and technology companies work in their own silos, keeping their relationship contractual. That relationship changes drastically, however, in a model of embedded partnership. With such a model, each party can focus on what it brings to the table, and together they can concentrate on the critical challenges of reducing time and cost to degree and increasing student success.
Penn State and InsideTrack, a company that helps colleges with student support programs, have worked closely together to pioneer this model as part of the university's new EdTech Network initiative, which is working to replace traditional vendor-client relationships with collaborative partnerships. The EdTech Network, a vertical of Invent Penn State, is bringing together investors, entrepreneurs, faculty, staff, students and alumni to find new and previously overlooked opportunities for innovation and partnerships with the private sector.
As part of its partnership with the EdTech Network, InsideTrack has co-located at Penn State's University Park campus and is working closely with faculty and staff to develop new ideas and initiatives in conjunction with Penn State's online World Campus. The partnership is based on mutual respect, learning and commitment to improving student success. Based on what we have learned so far, we've developed three strategies for embedding tech in education in a way that meets the needs of students, institutions and solution providers.
Find fertile ground for innovation together.
Institutions can be so busy walling themselves off from commercial influence that they may miss unexpected opportunities to engage with the technology sector. We need a new, more collaborative model in which academia and the private sector address real-world challenges by leveraging their respective strengths.
Drawing on successful models of tech accelerator programs, universities can bring other resources that are just as or more valuable as those commonly available in incubators to entrepreneurs or early-stage ventures. Institutions have faculty who can offer expertise and pilot new teaching strategies, as well as alumni and career networks, who can contribute to solutions aimed at enhancing post-graduation success. They enroll students who can participate in research activities and—as learners and customers—help create new apps, products and services. Startups, growth-stage tech and mature companies frequently need and benefit from office space contiguous to customers.
Another university strength is applied research. Higher education has had enormous success in using its research capabilities, human capital and facilities to attract investment from industries including agriculture, life sciences and manufacturing. But when it comes to educational technology, which has the potential to dramatically improve student outcomes, the shoemaker's children often go barefoot.
Companies can also add value to institutions in unexpected ways. Companies can provide technical expertise to help solve institutional and pedagogical challenges, and they can provide powerful engagement and learning opportunities for students and staff. For example, InsideTrack, which provides coaching to Penn State World Campus students, provides regular, data-driven briefings to university administrators on trends in student attitudes, behaviors and preferences.
In the past, well-meaning companies have come to the table with solutions for influencing student outcomes, but without much proof to back up their claims. Others have paid lip service to student and institutional success while jockeying for more favorable contracts and seeking to further entrench their position for the next round of negotiation. Now, however, measuring student outcomes and engagement through analytics—once a futuristic vision for the office of institutional research—is increasingly the norm, rather than the exception, for a growing majority of colleges and universities.
As business intelligence and analytics become increasingly ubiquitous on campus, universities can help their private-sector partners produce efficacy data and evidence faster and more efficiently. For more established enterprise technology, evaluation is becoming a foundational component of successful implementation, and something that can be done with immense precision, helping to optimize performance.
Solutions providers and institutions must develop relationships built on trust and honesty. Attempts to guard against showing weakness or exposing the "secret sauce" will simply result in missed opportunities to strengthen each other's offerings and do right by students.
Penn State administrators have regular, candid discussions with solutions providers on the challenges the institution is facing. In exchange, they encourage competitive solution providers to come together, through the EdTech Network, to develop joint solutions to address the needs of the university and its students.
Collectively, higher education and the edtech sector are beginning to merge their unique capabilities to improve pedagogy, student services and outcomes. The success of these mergers requires leaders willing to go beyond the traditional vendor-client archetype that too often defines industry partnerships today, and instead establish long-term, mutually beneficial partnerships based on trust.
Craig Weidemann is Vice Provost for Online Education at Penn State University and Pete Wheelan is CEO of InsideTrack.


Heath Canada warns consumers that ingredients in a skin cream promoted as a natural treatment for children and babies may pose serious health risks.
Heath Canada is warning consumers that ingredients in a skin cream promoted as a natural treatment for children and babies may pose serious health risks.
The federal regulator said its tests confirmed that PureCare Herbal Cream contains a prescription steroid (clobetasol propionate) and another ingredient (phenoxylethanol) that are not declared on the label.
"These ingredients may cause health effects ranging from skin irritation and dehydration to increased blood pressure," Health Canada said in a safety alert.
PureCare Herbal Cream was sold online and through an in-person distribution network.
"PCS does not believe that past use of this product would have caused any damage or injury to any of its users," the company said on Facebook. "However, out of an abundance of caution and as mandated by Health Canada, we have ceased all sales and have instituted a recall action plan."
Health Canada said the product's current label says it is for "extremely dry skin" and a previous label stated it is an "herbal cream for eczema, psoriasis & dry skin."
The regulator said people should stop using the product and consult a doctor if they have used it and have health concerns.
Pharmacists call clobetasol propionate a powerful steroidal drug prescribed to treat skin conditions that have failed to improve after treatment with milder corticosteroids.
Topical corticosteroids can be absorbed in sufficient amounts to produce adverse effects, including irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure, stomach ulcer, increased blood sugar, blood disorders, skin, muscle and bone damage, and nervous system disorders.
The agency says phenoxylethanol can cause difficulty breathing, vomiting and diarrhea if ingested.
Health Canada confirmed that PureCare Herbal Cream has stopped selling the product.
PureCare said the recalled products can be returned for a refund.


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Pablo Virgilio Siongco David (born March 2, 1959), also known as "Bishop Ambo", is a Filipino prelate of the Catholic Church. He is the current bishop of the Diocese of Kalookan and is the president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP).

Early life and education
Pablo Virgilio David was born in Betis, Guagua, Pampanga on March 2, 1959. He is the 10th of the 13 children of Pedro David and Bienvenida Siongco. He attended Mother of Good Counsel Minor Seminary in San Fernando, Pampanga for his secondary education. He earned his bachelor's degree in Pre-Divinity from Ateneo de Manila University, his master's degree in Theology from the Loyola School of Theology, and both his licentiate and doctorate in Sacred Theology from the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium.

He has also trained at the École Biblique et Archeologique Française de Jerusalem, and is now considered one of the country's leading Bible experts.

Ministry
David was ordained a priest in March 12, 1983, in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Fernando (in Pampanga) by Archbishop Oscar Cruz and on May 26, 2006, was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI to be auxiliary bishop of San Fernando and  titular bishop of the Diocese of Guardialfiera. He was consecrated as a bishop by Gaudencio Borbon Cardinal Rosales, Archbishop of Manila, with Paciano Aniceto, Archbishop of San Fernando, and Angel Lagdameo, Archbishop of Jaro, as co-consecrators. He became Bishop of Kalookan in January 2016.

He is hugely involved in the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP); having been a member of the CBCP's Episcopal Commission on Biblical Apostolate and one of the five bishops sent by the organization to participate in the 2008 Synod of Bishops on the Word of God in the Vatican.

David is noted for being a critic of President Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs. On July 19, 2019, the PNP–Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) filed charges against David, fellow bishops Honesto Ongtioco and Socrates Villegas, and members of the opposition for "sedition, cyber libel, libel, estafa, harboring a criminal, and obstruction of justice".

David was elected as President of the CBCP by its 130 members on July 8, 2021, at the start of a two-day plenary assembly. He had been the Vice President of the CBCP from 2017 until 2021, and has succeeded from former President Romulo Valles on December 1, 2021.

References

External links

 Bishop Pablo Virgilio Siongco David profile by Catholic-Hierarchy.org

20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Philippines
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Philippines
Living people
Roman Catholic bishops of San Fernando
1959 births
People from Pampanga
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Filipino Roman Catholic bishops
Roman Catholic titular bishops
Roman Catholic bishops of Kalookan
Presidents of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Ecology Center, The
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Environmental; Food/Drink; Nature; Nonprofit
The Ecology Center, in San Juan Capistrano, is a regional hub for eco-education that engages and empowers individuals and families. Through fun, hands-on activities, we teach practical, environmental solutions with impact at the household and community level. Join us to create a healthier tomorrow.
Ektaa Center
Classes/Workshops; Dance; Music; Theatre
Ektaa Center celebrates the traditional arts and culture of India. They are committed to create an awareness and understanding of the traditional arts of India, using diverse media such as dance, music, theater and other related arts to help build better communities in Southern California.
El Centro Cultural de Mexico
Classes/Workshops; Free Events; History/Heritage; Kids & Families; Nonprofit; Special Events
El Centro Cultural de Mexico is an alternative space in Santa Ana where the community can find cultural, educational, and artistic activities that strengthen their identities, nurture their talents and develop a sense of leadership in their community. By engaging Orange County residents and communities through community outreach efforts, it supports inter and intra-cultural interaction and dialogue among Orange County's residents by creating a variety of programs which enable all people to explore their own heritage and culture. Through educational programming, which includes workshops in dance, music, art, and literacy, it promotes understanding and appreciation of the contributions of the many cultures in our region by sharing knowledge of Mexico's rich cultural, and educational, and social legacy. It seeks to be at the forefront of creating a strong ideological and cultural bridge to support bringing together a variety of cultural projects from Mexico and other parts of Mexico, Central and South America.
El Toro High School Instrumental Music & Pagea...
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Government; Kids & Families; Music
Welcome to the home of the El Toro High School Music program. This award-winning program is built on a legacy of hard-working students, dedicated parent volunteers, and professional coaches and music instructors.
The mission of the Environmental Nature Center is to provide quality education through hands-on experience with nature. For over 35 years, the 3.5 acre Environmental Nature Center has been shaped and caressed into a landscape for learning. Today, the "ENC," as it has been known to thousands of visiting students through the years, is a fascinating combination of 15 native California plant communities, wildlife habitats, and walking trails. The ENC provides the Orange County community with natural science and social science education programs, preserved open space, and a sanctuary from the pressures of everyday life.
Esencia Flamenca
Classes/Workshops; Dance; Nonprofit
Esencia Flamenca Dance Company was founded in the year 2000. EFDC at first only featured professional dancers and performed in many venues throughout Southern California. Sarah found that she wanted to share the art of Flamenco with the community. So in the year 2005 EFDC became a nonprofit and focused on teaching , providing experiences and education for the Flamenco student including workshops and performances. After the recession, 2009 Sarah decided that being a non profit was not the best route for EFDC and transferred its nonprofit status to Vida Flamenca. EFDC currently is a dance school that trains students in 5 month sessions. At the end of each session students get the opportunity to perform in a recital with a very professional edge. EFDC is known for its recitals that are entertaining and engaging. In fact, many people claim that they are not recitals but are professional performances.
F+ Gallery
Classes/Workshops; Gallery; Visual Arts
F+ Gallery is an art gallery dedicated to the development and support of an emerging arts culture in Orange County California. We support a broad range of art styles from fine art to street art. Our mission is to discover and cultivate talented up and coming artists while attracting established artists from around the world to present in our our local community. F+ Gallery also provides the following services: Artist Representation, Curating, Art Consulting, Art Classes, Framing, Interior Design, Graphic Design, Creative Marketing and Advertising, Space Rental, Event Planning, Networking Events, Photo Studio Space Rental and more.
Farhang is a non-religious, non-political, not-for-profit foundation celebrating Iranian art and culture in Southern California.
Fashion Camp - Create. Design. Sew.
Classes/Workshops; Kids & Families; Visual Arts
Fashion Camp - Create. Design. Sew. is a creative learning space for kids, teens and adults. We highlight all aspects of the fashion industry including sketching, designing, draping, styling and sewing. We offer after-school classes, Day Camps, Summer, Spring and Winter Break Camps, private parties and birthday parties. Fashion Camp was created in 2010 by Erin Bianchi Hibbert. We have over 20 trained instructors who teach with us, each with their own unique talents. All have attended or are attending fashion design school, and many work elsewhere in the industry (local designers, merchandise coordinators, pattern makers).
Throughout each year the Festival of Arts of Laguna Beach sponsors art education programming, art exhibits and provides art scholarships to local high school students as well as grants for local non-profit art organizations through its Foundation. The Festival owns an extensive Permanent Art Collection, which is regularly on display throughout the year. The Collection continues to grow, with artwork acquired through purchases, bequests and donations. Every summer the organization hosts the Festival of Arts fine art show which has gained international prestige and produces its most famous attraction, the Pageant of the Masters® that for the last eighty years has combined the worlds of theatrical illusion and artistry. Founded in 1932, the organization remains steadfast in its commitment to ensuring that the arts can be enjoyed by everyone.
Four Seasons Youth Orchestra
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Music; Nonprofit
The Four Seasons Youth Orchestra is a non-profit 501 (c) 3 organization based in Orange County in Southern California. The program is tier-based, and allows young musicians at all levels of expertise to participate; each new season brings an opportunity to "graduate" to another ensemble. We have recently taken musicians on performance tours in such diverse locales as both Western and Eastern Europe and China, and performed in New York's Carnegie Hall. In June, 2013, we returned to the Sydney Opera House in Australia, where Four Seasons won the Silver Medal in an Australian Youth Music Festival. Dr. Roger Hickman is our founder; Dr. Dean Anderson is our Music Director and conductor of our flagship ensemble, La Primavera.  We rehearse on Sunday afternoons at Saddleback College in Mission Viejo. The Four Seasons Youth Orchestra is self-supporting through tuition, private donations, and grants. We offer scholarships to deserving students in need and internships to college students.
Friends of the Hortense Miller Garden
Classes/Workshops; Nature; Unique OC; Visual Arts
Hortense Miller Garden, established in 1959, covers two and one half acres of the upper slopes of Boat Canyon in Laguna Beach, California. The Garden demonstrates the range of plants that can be grown in Southern California coastal zones. It provides a source of visual information and inspiration for visitors planning their own gardens. The use of of fertilizers and chemical controls has been limited in the Garden to encourage a diversity of plant and wildlife species.
Friends of the Laguna Beach Library
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Free Events; Fundraisers & Galas; Kids & Families; Library; Nonprofit; Poetry & Literature
Over 50 years ago, volunteers who desired to make our library special, formed the Friends of the Laguna Beach Library. Today the Friends take pride in making the library a better place for all who enter the automatic "new" doors. Supporting the Friends means supplying funds for craft days, magazine subscriptions, major interior improvements, reading programs, college scholarships, unique and interesting speakers, and lots more.
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Special Events
Since offering its first classes in 1913, Fullerton College has grown to become one of the most successful community colleges in the nation. The foundation of Fullerton College's success is the uniquely talented and dedicated faculty, administrators and staff who share a commitment to high academic standards, comprehensive opportunities for students and individual attention to student needs.
Fullerton College Theatre
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Theatre
FC Theatre Arts Dept. provides inclusive training for passionate and creative artists of the future. The Theatre Arts Building was constructed in 1967 and is a proscenium theatre with an audience capacity of 536 seats. It is utilized year-round for many college events including Theatre Arts Department and more.
Fullerton Historic Theatre Foundation
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Film/Video; Fundraisers & Galas; Nonprofit; Theatre
The Fullerton Historic Theatre Foundation is responsible for The Fox Theatre, providing educational and community outreach programs, as well as unique entertainment opportunities. The Fox Fullerton Theatre Complex is an architectural community treasure and provides an unparalleled cultural entertainment experience while being the preferred destination for classic and contemporary live and cinematic arts.
Garden Grove Regional Library
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Government; Kids & Families; Library; Nonprofit; Poetry & Literature
Garden Grove Regional Library is one of 33 public libraries in Orange County. This branch also features special collections including Native American Collection, Career Center, California Collection, Korean Language and Government Documents.
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Foundation; Free Events; Kids & Families; Nonprofit; Sports/Outdoor
GOALS was originally founded by the Walt Disney Company in 1994. The mission of the vastly expanded not for profit organization has remained the same. Within each of the main focus areas of our programs GOALS has diverse operating programs that offer exciting opportunities for youth ages 6 - 19 years of age. GOALS has a host of interrelated operating programs which fall under the 3 fundamental themes of youth development in athletics, learning enrichment, and community service to help others. Some of these operate year 'round, others seasonally. All have a common denominator of being offered free of charge to youth ages 6 to 19 in specifically targeted communities. GOALS works closely with local governments, school districts, and other community entities in tailoring program services to specific needs and opportunities in given areas.
Classes/Workshops; Educational; Government; Special Events
Located in the Southern Californian coastal community of Huntington Beach, Golden West College (GWC) is part of the California Community College system and was founded in 1965. On 120 acres of beautifully landscaped grounds, GWC serves 13,000 students and is a two-year college. GWC provides an Associate degree in most subjects, a strong university transfer program, and over 60 major areas in addition to a wide variety of short-term vocational options. It provides a safe and secure location, a multicultural environment, an active student body and a newly developed honors program. The college is highly regarded for academic quality and innovation. In its earliest years, the college was recognized for its pioneering leadership in designing learning-centered programs and services for its student body. Golden West College continues in that tradition to this day.
Halau Hula Lani Ola
Association/Club/Group; Classes/Workshops; Dance; Festivals; Fundraisers & Galas; History/Heritage; Kids & Families; Music; Nonprofit
Halau Hula Lani Ola is a traditional Hawaiian halau. We carry on the unique traditions of a Native Hawaiian lineage by teaching dance (hula), mele (music & songs), oli (chants & oral history), and na mea Hawai`i (all things Hawaiian). In addition to education, our outreach goal is to share the many art forms of the unique Native Hawaiian culture. We offer instruction for wahine (women), kane (men), kaikamahine (girls), and keiki kane (boys). All skill levels are welcome and we accept everyone from ages 6 to 80+ years old. Each class meets once a week for one hour. Class times vary so please contact us for details.
HOPE Center for the Arts
Classes/Workshops; Kids & Families; Nonprofit
Our Mission: Through the arts, we transform the lives of adults with intellectual disabilities. We are a multi-faceted fine arts program for adults with intellectual disabilities designed to serve individuals showing talent, interest or motivation in the arts. Our teaching staff consists of artists, performers, and creative art therapists who bring a collaborative approach to working with this special population.
Huntington Academy of Dance
Classes/Workshops; Dance; Fundraisers & Galas; Kids & Families
Huntington Academy of Dance, under the direction of Kimberly McEachern, LCUSA, is a dance studio in Huntington Beach. Featuring ballet, tap, jazz, lyrical jazz, pointe, pas de deux, mommy and me and more. Dance classes available for ages 3 through professional. Preschool specialists on faculty. Huntington Academy is pleased to have Cecchetti USA certified faculty members. Yearly ballet exams are offered. Family atmosphere and performing opportunities make this the school of choice for many. Huntington Academy is home to Ballet Etudes youth ballet company. Come by for a visit! Class schedules are posted on-line.
Huntington Beach Academy for the Performing Arts
Classes/Workshops; Dance; Educational; Government; Kids & Families; Music; Theatre
The Academy for the Performing Arts (APA), a magnet program of the Huntington Beach Union High School District, has been serving the students of this community since 1993. APA provides artistic and technical outlets for young artists and arts enthusiasts in grades 9 to 12 on Huntington Beach High School's campus. They train students to focus on both their academic and artistic education simultaneously. APA's visual and performing arts courses fulfill the admission requirements for colleges and universities including those of the University of California and the California State University systems.
Huntington Beach Art Center (HBAC)
Arts Council/Alliance; Classes/Workshops; Educational; Festivals; Film/Video; Foundation; Free Events; Gallery; Government; Kids & Families; Nonprofit; Poetry & Literature; Special Events; Traditional Arts; Unique OC; Visual Arts
HBAC creates opportunities for local, regional and national artists and the community to share in a climate of experimentation, education and experience. HBAC is a public/private partnership with the City of Huntington Beach and the Huntington Beach Art Center Foundation, a non-profit private corporation. The Art Center is operated through the City of Huntington Beach Community Services Department, Cultural Services Division. Founded in 1989, the Art Center Foundation was created to raise funds for the Art Center construction and program endowment and in 2002 the Foundation produced the annual Summer Classic Equestrian event as their primary fundraiser. The Foundation continues to raise funds through a variety of special events throughout the year and has successfully raised over $2 million for the Art Center's renovation, programs and operations.


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Workers drop refueling crane console into Fukushima Daiichi Reactor 3 spent fuel pool
At the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, workers accidentally dropped a large piece of debris into the Unit 3 spent fuel pool on Friday, a little after noon.
The workers were carrying out operations to remove debris with a large remote controlled crane. At the time of the accident, workers were manipulating the control console for the refueling machine, a piece of equipment that weighs almost a thousand pounds.
Tokyo Electric, who is in charge of cleanup operations at Fukushima Daiichi, told reporters that they have not detected any change in radiation levels around the spent fuel pool after the accident.
TEPCO is working to check the 566 spent fuel assemblies in the Unit 3 spent fuel pool to see if any of them have been damaged by the most recent accident. According to decommissioning plans, the utility is scheduled to start removing spent fuel rods from the Unit 3 spent fuel pool in the first half of 2015 at the earliest.
This is not the first time that debris and large objects have been accidentally dropped, pulled, or pushed into the Unit 3 spent fuel pool. Between 2012 and 2013, TEPCO workers used the remote control cranes to remove debris from atop the Unit 3 reactor building, and multiple instances were recorded where operators moving cranes via remote control knocked debris into the spent fuel pool or dislodged other materials on the roof.
In February 2013, workers accidentally knocked the 1.5 ton fuel handling machine mast into the Unit 3 spent fuel pool, and it was later found to have come to rest on top of the spent fuel racks after it narrowly avoided damaging the liner of the spent fuel pool.
Tags: Fukushima Daiichi, Japan, Reactor 3, Spent Fuel Pool
Regulatory panel in Japan affirms decision that will force decommissioning of Tsuruga reactor
Will Diablo Canyon survive the next big earthquake?


Hong Kong filmmaker Stanley Kwan directs this stunning supernatural melodrama about a passion, romance, and lost history.
Fleur (Anita Mui) is a 1930s high-class courtesan who finds herself sucked into a doomed relationship with Twelfth Master Chan Chen-Pang (Leslie Cheung), the rakish scion of a prosperous business family that disapproves of their union. After a brief but intense courtship, the two resolve to be together in the afterworld by swallowing opium. Yet once there, Fleur discovers that she is alone. After waiting 50 years for her dearly beloved, she re-emerges in 1987 to place a personal ad. In the process, she enlists the aid of a pair of journalists: Yuen (Alex Man) and his feisty, occasionally jealous girlfriend Ah Chor (Emily Chu). Fleur learns that the Hong Kong she knew has by and large disappeared: the brothel where she worked was now a kindergarten. As she tells them of her love for Twelfth Master, the two journalists begin to find their relationship intensifying. As Fleur's spirit grows weaker, their search continues until it yields results that are both sad and ironic.


Ever want the spreadsheets we use to keep up?
For those of you who want ALL the information on Mississippi high school teams, here it is! The FNUTL Mississippi High School football spreadsheet has your team's record, the conference record, the conference standing, and every week's table of scores.
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"Will The Thrill" has been a avid follower of high school sports, well before his playing days at Provine. He has coached called & covered football, basketball & baseball games for Brookhaven, Lawrence County, McComb & Provine; amongst countless. Now serving as Spreadsheet Consultant for FNUTL.
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE POWER RANKINGS.


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PCMag editors select and review products independently. If you buy through affiliate links, we may earn commissions, which help support our testing. Learn more.
The Birth of the Microprocessor
The Intel 4004 is considered the first microprocessor, but its creation by Intel came down to a combination of hard work, the right timing, and just plain luck.
By Michael J. Miller
https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-birth-of-the-microprocessor
This is part of a series of posts about the circumstances leading up to the launch of the Altair 8800 in the January, 1975 issue of Popular Electronics. In my last post, I talked about the dawn of the personal computer.
The Intel 4004 is considered the first microprocessor—in other words, the first general-purpose computer on a chip—but its creation by Intel came down to a combination of hard work, the right timing, and just plain luck.
The story of the chip really begins in 1969 when a Japanese company called the Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation (but known as Busicom, after the name of its calculators) contracted with Intel to build the chips needed for a new calculator. Busicom was a relatively small calculator company losing share in a rapidly consolidating market and was in need of a new solution. And Intel was a startup, founded in 1968 with around 200 employees, mostly focusing on building memory chips.
Both needed something new.
Intel co-founder and then CEO Robert Noyce had visited Japan around late 1968, looking for customers. Noyce had a meeting with Sharp, then one of the leaders in calculators, but Sharp already had existing contracts. So Sharp's Tadashi Sasaki says he introduced Noyce to Busicom president Yoshio Kojima, and that's how Intel got the contract to build the chips for Busicom's calculator.
Marcian Edward "Ted" Hoff, who had joined Intel as employee No. 12 in 1968, was assigned to create products that would get people to switch from older core memory to Intel's new memory chips. In his telling, Intel's first custom project was to be done for a company it knew as Electro Technical Industries but that most called Busicom.
According to Masatoshi Shima, then a young engineer at Busicom but destined to become an important part of the design team, the company had plans to build a general purpose series of chips "that would be used for not only a desktop calculator, but also a business machine, such as a billing machine, cash register, and a teller machine." But Busicom didn't tell Intel this at the time, "because it was the confidential matter between Busicom and NCR Japan," so Intel thought the goal was just to build a more powerful calculator.
The initial contract was signed in April 1969, and at the end of June, Shima and two other Busicom engineers arrived at Intel. The original plan had Busicom engineers designing a series of LSI chips and Intel making the chips using its MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology. Intel was to receive $100,000 to create the chip sets and then $50 for each set made, with Busicom committing to at least 60,000 units.
Shima says his team proposed making nine kinds of LSI chips, but by most accounts this soon became a 12-chip proposal, with some of the chips requiring 3,000 to 5,000 transistors each—an enormous amount for 1969 when the standard calculator had six chips, each of which had 600 to 1,000 transistors. Hoff looked at the plans and thought the chips were too complicated to make and "that we wouldn't be able to manufacture these things to the price targets."
Hoff looked at the design and had a variety of concepts, including moving from decimal arithmetic to binary arithmetic, with using a more general-purpose chip with a simple instruction set.
Hoff thought that the Busicom plan was overly complicated and instead suggested creating a general-purpose logic chip, with much of the instructions in software stored on memory chips. As quoted in Leslie Berlin's The Man Behind the Microchip (2006, Oxford University Press), Hoff went to Intel CEO Noyce and explained his concept, which would consist of one microprocessor, two memory chips, and a shift register. "I think we can do something to simplify this," Hoff said. "I know this can be done. It can be made to emulate a computer." Although he hadn't been officially tasked with the job of designing the chips for the machine, Noyce gave him permission to keep working on the concept.
Hoff worked on the concepts over the summer, and with engineer Stanley Mazor, Hoff created a block drawing of the architecture. This would be a 4-bit binary logic chip (as opposed to Busicom's decimal design) and would store the programs for running the calculator functions on a memory chip, which was Intel's specialty at the time.
There are somewhat different recollections of how Shima and the Busicom team reacted to the concept. According to Hoff, quoted in Michael S. Malone's The Intel Trinity (2014, HarperBusiness), "So I made some proposals to the Japanese engineers to do something along these lines [the general-purpose architecture]—and they were not the least interested. They said that they recognized the design was too complicated but they were working on the simplification and they were out to design calculators and nothing else. They simply were not interested."
Busicom's Masatoshi Shima, who was running the project from Busicom's die, remembers it a bit differently. In an oral history, he said, "I felt that Hoff's proposal was good, but if we accepted Hoff's proposal as it was, we had to do the project over again from the beginning." Shima noted all the details that Hoff didn't yet have.
In August, Noyce sent a note to Busicom president Yoshia Kojima warning him that because of the complexity of Busicom's design, there was "no possibility that we could manufacture these units for $50/kit even for the simplest kit" and suggesting the actual cost would be around $300.
This was followed by a formal letter to Busicom and a meeting between the two companies in October, where Busicom decided to go with Intel's design. But it would take until February 1970 for the formal contract to be agreed upon.
Faggin's role
Busicom was expecting that Intel was working on the new plan and suggested that the company should have a substantially completed circuit diagram by the time Shima, who had returned to Japan, came for a visit on April 7, 1970. But Intel was having issues with other chips and going through a downturn in the industry and hadn't made any progress. In other words, it had the concept for the chips, including block diagrams of how the chips would need to work, but not the actual designs of the chips: the technical details of how the transistors would fit together and could be manufactured.
To lead that process, Intel hired Federico Faggin from Fairchild Semiconductor. As he describes it, he joined the company that week, and one of his first tasks was to meet Shima and explain that Intel didn't have the chips ready. "I had now this task where I am essentially six months late the day after I start," he said.
As Faggin described it in his story on the birth of the microprocessor, "I worked furiously, 12 to 16 hours a day. First, I resolved the remaining architectural issues and then I laid down the foundation of the design style that I would use for the chip set. Finally, I started the logic and circuit design and then the layout of the four chips. I had to develop a new methodology for random-logic design with silicon-gate technology; it had never been done before."
He worked closely with Shima, who was new to MOS design but had worked on LSI chips, and together they created the chips that would become the MCS-4 family. The model 4001 was a 2,048-bit ROM memory chip designed to hold the programming. The 4002 was a 320-bit RAM memory chip designed to be a cache for data. The 4003 was a 10-bit input-output register to feed the data into the main processor and remove the result. And finally, the model 4004 was a 4-bit central processing logic unit.
By all accounts, this was a herculean effort, with Faggin and Shima developing chips far faster than was normal. The various chips were all in different parts of the process at different times, and at the end of December the first versions were ready. As usual, these required some tweaking, but by March, Faggin shipped the first fully operational 4004 to Shima, who by then had returned to Japan. In the end, the 4004 was a single silicon chip that measured one-eighth by one-sixth of an inch with 2,250 individual circuit elements.
In Faggin's account, "It took a little less than one year to go from the idea to a fully working product." According to Shima, "From the general idea of Busicom, it [the development] lasted about two years and three months. And in April, 1971, finally the desktop calculator worked publically. I was so excited!"
Intel Gets Rights
In the initial contract for the chip, Busicom held the exclusive rights to the 4004. But by the spring of 1971, the calculator market was declining, and Busicom wanted to renegotiate the contract. While there were some concerns within Intel about the size of the market and the fact that Intel then was a memory company, not a process company, Faggin, Hoff, and Mazor pressured other people within the company to get back the rights to sell the chip to other customers.
As Hoff recalls, "One of the arguments I got from the marketing people was about the time I was saying, 'You should get the right to sell it,' said, 'Look, they only sell about 20,000 mini-computers over each year. And we're late to the market, and you'd be lucky to get 10 percent of it. That's 2,000 chips a year.' And they said, 'It's just not worth the headaches of support and everything for a market of only 2,000 chips.'"
Eventually Noyce got the deal signed, and Intel was legally able to sell the chip to other companies, Busicom's competitors excepted.
But the 4004 was never to find a big audience with other customers, in part because of its limitations—it was only a four-bit processor with a limited memory. While Intel formally announced the chip in an advertisement in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics News under the headline "A New Era in Integrated Electronics," with copy proclaiming it "a microprogrammable computer on a chip." But the industry and Intel itself was about to move on to newer and better processors.
The 8008 – Moving to 8-bit Computing
Not long after Busicom approached Intel to do chips for its calculator, Computer Terminals Corporation (CTC), later to be called Datapoint, asked Intel for a proposal for chips for a new computer terminal—a screen and keyboard designed to connect to a remote computer. Again, Hoff and Mazor proposed a microprocessor to handle the logic.
There were several big differences between the 4004 and the 8008, even though they appeared not long apart. To begin with, the 8008 was an 8-bit microprocessor, which made it big enough to work on 8 bits of data—enough for one "byte" or one character—at a time. Also, unlike the 4004, which required its own special memory chips, the 1201 was designed to use standard memory.
The project started in December of 1969 with a meeting with Andrew Grove in which Datapoint asked for chips for an 8-bit computer. According to Mazor, he made three proposals to Datapoint—two variations on an 8-bit "register stack" and "an entire 8-bit CPU on one chip." By this point, Mazor and Hoff had already been working on the Busicom project that would include the 4004.
At around the same time, Datapoint apparently asked Texas Instruments for a similar design. In some tellings, Datapoint carried Hoff and Mazor's schematic down to Dallas where the idea began to grow into a development program in TI's semiconductor lab.
Mazor says he thinks it is very likely that TI originally proposed a multi-chip set and that then Datapoint brought the Intel proposal to TI, so TI tried to build a chip to that specification. But Mazor says the TI chip couldn't have worked because his specification had a "defect."
Intel hired Hal Feeney in March 1970 to work on the specific design of the chip, then known as the 1201, much as Faggin had worked on the 4004; and indeed, each helped on the other project. Work on the 1201 continued until mid-1970, but then Intel was concerned about whether Datapoint would actually use the chip, so work was put on hiatus, while Mazor and others worked more on the 4004.
Texas Instruments had a chip design in March 1971, which would have been a couple of months before the 4004 was working, and actually announced its chip in July 1971, several months before the 4004 announcement. But this chip apparently never shipped.
But the TI announcement spurred Intel, and in particular Grove, to redouble its efforts on the 1201. In the end, Datapoint didn't use either the Intel or TI chips. Instead, by the time Intel had completed the design, the Datapoint 2200 was introduced using conventional TTL chips.
Even if Datapoint wasn't interested, Intel was starting to see interest from other companies, such as Seiko, which wanted to build an 8-bit scientific calculator.
Around this point, Intel began to think more seriously about naming. Intel's original naming scheme was based on the different kinds of parts it was creating, so each chip in the family would have had different numbers. Faggin says he came up with the naming for the 4000 family because it was more consistent. So after the 4004 introduction, the marketing department changed the 1201 to the 8008 to reflect its being an 8-bit chip, and that's what the 8008 was called when it was introduced in April 1972. The 8008 led to Intel's big effort on microprocessor marketing and led to the creation of the Microcomputer Systems Group and the creation of development boards and systems. This, in turn, certainly helped spur the creation of a number of 8-bit devices, including some of the machines that were early microcomputers.
Who Deserves the Credit?
Over the years, there have been a lot of debates about the 4004, its place as the first microprocessor, and the credit that each of the participants deserved.
The history of integrated circuits is one of further and further integration, so the idea that you could eventually put all the features you want into a "CPU on a chip" was certainly in the air by the end of the 1960's.
Intel wasn't alone in recognizing the need for a general purpose processor, as there were too many customers who were wanting processors to design a custom chip for each of them. Later Hoff and Noyce would write "If this continued…the number of circuits needed would proliferate beyond the number of circuit designers. At the same time, the relative usage of each circuit would fall….Increased design cost and diminished usage would prevent manufacturers from amortizing costs over a large user population and would cut off the advantages of the learning curve."
"People had talked about a computer on a chip for years," Intel co-founder Gordon Moore said, "but it was always out there in the future. What Ted saw was that, with the complexity with which we were already working, you could actually make an integrated circuit like that now. That was the real conceptual breakthrough."
And even Ted Hoff has sometimes downplayed the importance of the concept. "The actual invention of the microprocessor wasn't as important as simply appreciating that there was a market for such a thing."
But there were other contenders for the title of first microprocessor. Texas Instruments actually announced a "CPU-on-a-chip" in April 1971, designed initially as a contract chip for Computer Terminal Corporation (later Datapoint). This apparently never worked, and in fact, Intel was working on a chip for CTC with the same specification; this was known as the 1201 and would eventually be renamed the 8008. Perhaps more importantly, by late 1971 Texas Instruments Engineer Gary Boone and Michael Cochrane produced the first prototype of an integrated circuit that included an input-output circuit, memory, and a central processor all in one chip, as opposed to the four-chip MCS-4 set. Known as the TMS1000, this was used initially in a TI calculator and became commercially available in 1974. Boone received a patent for his CPU in 1973, and later Boone and Cochran received a patent for a computer on a chip.
Intel's patent attorney was skeptical of making large claims and resisted Hoff's desire to patent the work as a "computer" because it would be so complicated and because others had the concept of putting a computer on a chip. According to Hoff, "he said they weren't worth it and essentially he refused at that time to write a patent." Instead, they filed more specific and more limited patents. Intel received two patents: Hoff, Mazor, and Faggin received one on "the Memory System for a Multi-Chip Digital Computer," covering the external bus organization and the memory addressing scheme of the Intel MCS-4 chip set, while Faggin received one for a circuit that could reset the CPU when the power is turned on.
Years later, inventor Gilbert Hyatt would be granted a patent on the microprocessor, which he filed in 1970, based on an invention he says he made in 1968 at his company Microcomputer Inc. But this doesn't appear to have been manufactured. Meanwhile, Fairchild, IBM, Signetics, Four-Phase, and RCA were also working on microprocessor-like devices. Still, the 4004 is almost universally considered the first microprocessor.
Among the Intel team, there were also controversies about dividing the credit. Most observers credit all four men directly involved in creating the chip set, but it isn't always that way.
Faggin was to leave Intel in late 1974, just months after the 8080 introduction, to start Zilog, taking with him Shima and other Intel engineers, and in Faggin's telling, this angered Intel's Andy Grove. Malone quotes Faggin, saying "I remember him telling me, 'You will never succeed, no matter what you are going to do. You will have nothing to tell your children and grandchildren.' Implicit in those word words was that I would have no legacy in semiconductors. That I would never be given credit for what I did at Intel. It was like he was casting a curse on me."
Whether or not it was that dramatic, it does seem like Intel gave most of the credit to Hoff, and that has continued in many histories. For instance, both T.R. Reid in The Chip (2001, Random House Trade Paperbacks) and Dirk Hansen's The New Alchemists (1983, The Book Service Ltd) give almost sole credit to Hoff, as does Grove biographer Richard Tedlow. Indeed, Malone says that from then on, Intel gave all the credit for the microprocessor to Hoff and none to Faggin until 2009 with the premiere of The Real Revolutionaries (2012, Diamond Docs, iLine Entertainment), a documentary about the founding of Silicon Valley.
But there are other histories that do point out Faggin's role (and those of Shima and Mazor, who are even more often overlooked), going back to interviews Hoff gave in the 1980s. In 1993, an Intel publication celebrating the company's 25th anniversary credited Hoff for the solution and gave him a nearly full page picture, but Faggin was recognized for turning "Hoff's vision into silicon reality." In 1996, as we were celebrating the 25th anniversary of the microprocessor at an event at Comdex, Intel helped me get in touch with all four creators, who received the PC Magazine Lifetime Achievement award.
Indeed, it seems important to credit all four men—Hoff for his vision and the basic concepts, Mazor for the programming and work on the block diagrams, Shima for creating the logic design, and Faggin for creating the impressive silicon design for the chips. Together, they created the first general purpose microprocessor, and in doing so they created the foundation not only for what would become the personal computer industry, but also for an uncountable number of other electronic devices. Literally billions of microprocessors are sold each year—all far more complex than the original 4004—and without them, our modern electronic world would be impossible.
Next: The earliest personal computers
For more information, see Andy Grove: The Life and Times of an American by Richard S. Tedlow (2006, Portfolio Hardcover), "The Birth of the Microprocessor" by Federico Faggin, The Chip by T.R. Reid (2001, Random House Trade Paperbacks), "Defining Intel: 25 years, 25 Events," (1993, Intel Corporation), A History of Modern Computing by Paul E. Ceruzzi (2003, The MIT Press), Inside Intel by Tim Jackson (1997, Harper Collins), The Intel Trinity by Michael S. Malone (2014, HarperBusiness), The Man Behind the Microchip by Leslie Berlin (2006, Oxford University Press), Microchip by Jeffrey Zygmont (2002, Basic Books), The New Alchemists by Dirk Hanson (1983, The Book Service Ltd), "Oral History on the Development and Promotion of the Intel 4004 Microprocessor," Computer History Museum; "Oral History on the Development and Promotion of the Intel 8008 Microprocessor," Computer History Museum, The Real Revolutionaries (2012, Diamond Docs, iLine Entertainment).
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About Michael J. Miller
Michael J. Miller is chief information officer at Ziff Brothers Investments, a private investment firm. From 1991 to 2005, Miller was editor-in-chief of PC Magazine,responsible for the editorial direction, quality, and presentation of the world's largest computer publication. No investment advice is offered in this column. All duties are disclaimed. Miller works separately for a private investment firm which may at any time invest in companies whose products are discussed, and no disclosure of securities transactions will be made.
Until late 2006, Miller was the Chief Content Officer for Ziff Davis Media, responsible for overseeing the editorial positions of Ziff Davis's magazines, websites, and events. As Editorial Director for Ziff Davis Publishing since 1997, Miller took an active role in helping to identify new editorial needs in the marketplace and in shaping the editorial positioning of every Ziff Davis title. Under Miller's supervision, PC Magazine grew to have the largest readership of any technology publication in the world. PC Magazine evolved from its successful PCMagNet service on CompuServe to become one of the earliest and most successful web sites.
As an accomplished journalist, well versed in product testing and evaluating and writing about software issues, and as an experienced public speaker, Miller has become a leading commentator on the computer industry. He has participated as a speaker and panelist in industry conferences, has appeared on numerous business television and radio programs discussing technology issues, and is frequently quoted in major newspapers. His areas of special expertise include the Internet and its applications, desktop productivity tools, and the use of PCs in business applications. Prior to joining PC Magazine, Miller was editor-in-chief of InfoWorld, which he joined as executive editor in 1985. At InfoWorld, he was responsible for development of the magazine's comparative reviews and oversaw the establishment of the InfoWorld Test Center. Previously, he was the west coast bureau chief for Popular Computing, and senior editor for Building Design & Construction. Miller earned a BS in computer science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York and an MS in journalism from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He has received several awards for his writing and editing, including being named to Medill's Alumni Hall of Achievement
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Are elementary schools prepared to educate English language learners in the manner required by the No Child Left Behind Act? A study by The Urban Institute found that limited English proficient (LEP) students are now highly concentrated: "nearly 70 percent of the nation's LEP students are enrolled in 10 percent of its schools." These "High-LEP" schools tend to be found in urban areas and often face challenges regarding students' socio-economic status and teacher certification. Nevertheless, these schools tend to offer stronger LEP-focused services for students and teachers than the "Low-LEP" schools where the remaining 30% of students are enrolled nationwide.
Cosentino de Cohen, C., Deterding, N., Chu Clewell, B. (2005). Who's Left Behind?: Immigrant Children in High and Low LEP Schools. Program for Evaluation and Equity Research, Urban Institute: Washington, D.C.


text:
How Martin Short Channeled a #MeToo Monster on 'The Morning Show'
'PEOPLE DELUDE THEMSELVES'
The comedy icon breaks down how he got in the head of a "deep predator" for his Emmy-nominated role on "The Morning Show."
Updated Aug. 19, 2020 6:16PM ET / Published Aug. 19, 2020 4:13AM ET
The first time we meet Martin Short's character on The Morning Show, he's playing a spry game of tennis with Steve Carell's disgraced TV anchor Mitch Kessler. When the two men sit down together for a post-match drink, we quickly learn that they share a unique bond. Short's Dick Lundy is also a recently exposed #MeToo predator.
The role, which just earned Short his 18th career Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series, represented a rare opportunity for him to show off a darker, more menacing side to his far more familiar comedic persona.
"I've never been in a situation of saying, 'Hmm, so Scorsese wants me to star in his movie, but so does Coppola," he tells me on this week's episode of The Last Laugh podcast. "Never happened.'"
With CNN host Brian Stelter's Top of the Morning as its source material, there is no doubt that Carell's character on the Apple TV+ series is based on the Today show's Matt Lauer. But the filmmaker whom Short portrays is a bit of a mystery. Is he Woody Allen? Roman Polanski?
"They didn't say, 'This is based on blank,'" Short says of his initial conversations with the show's creators. "They kind of left it to, how do you feel? Whom do you feel it could be based on?"
The actor had some people in mind, but of course he's hesitant to share their names. "Maybe not even obvious choices, maybe someone who is an accomplished director, but hasn't been #MeToo'd, or is indeed a predator," he says. "So you can apply one to the other imagining how he might feel were he suddenly brought down."
His first big scene with Carell builds to a chilling exchange when Mitch starts talking about the difference between the "first wave" of #MeToo, which was "really bad" and what he believes are overblown allegations against himself.
"Spell it out for me, won't you Mitch?" Dick says, ominously.
"Well, you are actually a predator and people are going to want you to own that," Mitch replies.
After a long pause and sip of his drink, Dick says, "As opposed to… what are you exactly, Mitch?"
"I think that was a profound moment for Dick Lundy, the character, and also for Steve Carell's character," Short recalls. "Because he sits back and says, 'I might have been inappropriate, given the era.' You know, there's always a caveat. 'But I'm not Harvey Weinstein here.' And that's the mistake, that's the delusion."
It's a deadly serious scene that is performed by two of the funniest actors to ever grace the screen. But Short insists that neither man was tempted to push things in a comedic direction.
"If you view yourself as a comic actor, then part of that phrase is actor," Short says. "So I don't think you sit back and say, 'Oh, I should spit water out here.' That's not the job you've taken on. I do think the mistake sometimes happens when you have a history of comedy and then you think when you do something dramatic that you must be very serious and never smile. Just because they're predators doesn't mean they can't be playful with each other."
"Both Steve and I are improvisers too," he adds, noting that Carell came up at Second City in Chicago while he got his start at that improv theater's Toronto outpost. "You go into something like that scene with an open mind. What can you experience just from working with that actor, listening to that other actor? Suddenly the way you might have thought you were going to play it is played differently."
While the lines didn't change, the way the two men reacted to each other differed from take to take—a kind of silent improvisation of pauses and facial expressions.
"Men like that, he says, truly believe, 'Boy, if you'd been there, you'd see how innocent I was.'"
For Short, the biggest challenge of the role was trying to imagine what it must feel like to go from being widely beloved in the entertainment industry—as he is in real life—to being brought low by devastating allegations of sexual misconduct.
"What I found interesting is this perception—and I think The Morning Show did a brilliant job of it actually in later episodes—where any form of a predator feels that he is a victim, feels that 'she was just as turned onto me as I was to her,' even though there's a 45-year age difference. Because people delude themselves. They say, 'Hey, you know what, I'm still looking pretty good now that I'm 74.'"
To get in the mindset of a "deep predator" like his character, Short says he thought a lot about "the idea that everyone believes that they are vindicated, that they are a victim." Men like that, he says, truly believe, "Boy, if you'd been there, you'd see how innocent I was."
"When O.J. got out of that car after he got released, I remember thinking, I wonder if he really now believes if he didn't do it," Short says. "I mean, is Donald Trump mentally ill or does he really believe the stuff he says? That's the age-old question. I think it's kind of intriguing to think, if you're going to play that person, that they really believe it."
Look out for a bonus episode of The Last Laugh podcast this Friday with stand-up comedian and host of Quibi's 'Nice One' game show, Ron Funches.


Sunday we spend a whole day at the Animal Event in Hilvarenbeek, the whole family together. It was a very nice event, with all kinds of animals, shows and dogs, dogs, dogs. But it was cold!
Margot tried Treib ball with Moët who learned quickly. We saw a great show with blood dogs and hunters on horses and horn blowers, irds of prey and sheep herding with border collies.In the afternoon there was a parade with all different dog races on the big arena and we participated with Yatzie and Moët together with two more Barbets. The Barbet club also had a stand there to promote our not so well known race.


"Hey! Let's start a Brewery!" These are words that many have uttered over the years (often over a couple of beers). As it turns out, we are actually doing it. For the last couple of years, I have been working on (with 2 awesome partners) creating Hasseman Brewing in Coshocton, Ohio. We are super excited to get this project up and running…and it looks like we are close to making it happen! For the latest updates on that, you can check out the Hasseman Brewing blog here. So what does this have to do about marketing? As it turns out, a lot. One thing I have told people over the years is, "You can tell what I like by what I put my logo on." Well I thought it might be helpful to see what we have started with (even before we open). It might give you a peak into what we are thinking…and will give a "shout out" to some of the great suppliers we are partnering with…so far. T-shirts: If you have visited nearly any microbrewery, you know they have t-shirts. We are working to create more…but for this first run we went this this soft t-shirt with our one color logo. We think you need a comfortable t-shirt if you want anyone to wear it…so this is a good start. Hats: We have several styles of hats we will feature when we open, and we will get more as we go. But the first two we bought were this Mesh backed Cap and this Heathered Navy one. These are two totally different styles…but we think they are cool! But we also wanted to have some choices, so we have this one too. Anxious to see what everyone likes! Bottle Opener Key Chain: Want a heavy duty key chain that also doubles as a bottle opener? Of course you do. We have that! 🙂 Glass Growler: You can't start a brewery and not have Growlers, right? Don't worry. We are on it. This is a great "to go" container for any brewery! Check that out here. Stainless Growler: But if you want to take it "up a notch" on the Growlers, you can go with this one. This is a very cool single walled stainless version. Still fun to take your Craft Beer on the go! And yes, this is the one featured in the picture above. Patio Umbrella: If you have a brewery, or really any outdoor venue where you want to market, these are really nice! You will want shade (and this works for that) but it's also an awesome branding opportunity. Pens: We also have these fantastic pens that allow us to showcase our brand in full color. You might not think "pens" when you think "beer" but these are a great piece to help us get our name out there in the community! Coasters: But we need to keep the rings off of the tables right? Of course. That's why we have these really cool full color drink coasters. These are a really low cost way to protect the investment! The fact is, there will be much more to come. As a matter of fact, I have asked my partners to help hold me back! But it's been an amazing exercise…and one filled with personal growth. Here's to more good things to come!
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