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Tag Archives: Father Chuck Wood
Beerchasers-of-the-Quarter (Who, What, Why?)
Posted on December 13, 2020 by Thebeerchaser
(Welcome back to Thebeerchaser. Since this is a long post, if you are seeing it through an e-mail, please visit the blog to see all of the photos by clicking on the title above so the narrative is not clipped or shortened.)
Followers of Thebeerchaser blog know that generally, each quarter I try to convey the story of an interesting individual or group – a departure from my usual reviews of bars and breweries. Originally, I posted a Beerchaser-of-the-Month, but that schedule precluded doing justice to each story, so I moved to a Beerchaser-of-the-Quarter (BOQ).
Who are these people and why do I devote space in my blog to the thirty-five individual "honorees" named during the nine + years I have been authoring Thebeerchaser. The answer is pretty simple.
Throughout my earlier years, during my career and in retirement, I have met (or read about) many fascinating and wonderful people with compelling stories and both notable exploits and accomplishments. Those I've featured may or may not have anything to do with bars or beer. Exploring how to chronicle the BOQ tales has been fun and gratifying.
The late author and humorist, Brian Doyle
I've known almost all the BOQ's personally – and in a few cases, such as the late Brian Doyle – a noted NW author, I met them after writing and asking to meet them over a beer – asserting that adding the BOQ entry to their resume would pack the same punch as having a notary-of-the public designation.
One of my early "honorees", Princeton Emeritus Professor, Dr. Harry Frankfurt – author of the magnificent treatise, On Bullshit, surprisingly responded to the missive I sent him at the University informing him of this new accolade with the following e-mail:
"Dear Mr. Williams, First of all, thank you for the honor of naming me the January 12, 2012 Beerchaser of the Quarter. I have looked at the blog in which you announced my receipt of this distinction, and I was impressed by its wit, its charm, and its erudition.
Emeritus Professor Harry Frankfurt
Also, I enjoyed the pictures. I intend to follow your blog regularly. Anyhow, thanks very much for writing. Sincerely, Harry Frankfurt"
Beerchaser followers have sometimes asked for a list of all those I've written about. Although you can access the posts, by clicking on the category at the left side of the blog header above, I haven't to this point published a complete roster of this disparate group comprising academicians, athletes, authors, clerics, consultants, developers, environmentalists, friends/family, media personalities, military veterans, musicians…..well you get the idea.
Coach Dee Andros – celebrates the Giant Killer 3 to 0 victory over top-rated USC in 1967
And joining these individuals listed below, are four groups – the 1967 Oregon State Giant Killer Football Team, the 1798-99 Crew of the USS Constitution (Unfortunately, none of whom I've met!), OSU Football Coach Mike Riley and his 2012 Team and Lawyers, – the latter based on the respect and admiration I gained – for at least most of them – working with these professionals for almost forty years.
Drinking a Sam Adams IPA at Dirty Nelly's in Boston
Oh yes. And there is, appropriately, one Beerchaser-of-the-Year (well, actually it should be 40 years). She has been my life partner since March 29, 1980, but also supported me in the pursuit of this idiosyncratic hobby over the last nine years. Janet even went so far as switching from her favorite vintage of wine to IPAs on our road trips exploring new watering holes.
Janet on Alaska Cruise
The BOQ's are listed by year below in reverse chronological order ending with Harold Schlumberg – one of the few I have not met, but the first person, I named in 2011 shortly after starting Thebeerchaser. Yes, in some years, there aren't four but let's not get too formal. – this is a hobby! Before enumerating them below, I thought I'd give you an idea of their memorable exploits by this simple quiz. The answers are at the end of the post after the list:
Who are the father and daughter who both garnered this title in separate posts?
What BOQ has the nickname "Godfather?"
What BOQ is known as Oregon's "Beer Goddess?"
What family member of Thebeerchaser took a deep dive?
Who is the only BOQ whose existence is questionable – not that that's a bad thing!
Vandelay —– Latex – Really?
What 2012 BOQ was recently inducted into the State of Oregon Sports Hall of Fame for two sports and what other BOQ did he join in that organization?
What two persons are the only married couple named as co-BOQ for their outstanding long-term environmental work?
Sam Holloway with Guinness Master Brewer, Fergal Murray
Which BOQ is a tenured professor and internationally recognized micro-brewery industry consultant?
Which BOQ was named because of his heroic military service and is also not only an author, but served two terms as Mayor of an historic Oregon City?
Which BOQ authored a book known as "the most influential crime novel of the last 50 years" and had an opening line that one author/reviewer described as "….probably the greatest opening line of any book I've ever read."
Which Portland lawyer was named BOQ not only for his legal skills, but helping put Portland State College in the national spotlight during the 1960's?
Who is the BOQ who designed the memorable logo for Thebeerchaser?
You can click on the link over the name of each BOG below if you want to see the narrative and pictures in the original post. And if you want to suggest an individual worthy of this esteemed title in the future, please leave a comment or e-mail me.
Fr. Chuck Wood Catholic Priest 12/4/2020
Billy Main Football player – entrepreneur 5/25/20 – 5/11/20
Lawyers Lawyers 8/31/2020
Jack and Jan McGowan Environmentalist – non profit leaders 2/19/2020
No 22 – Billy "Rabbit" Main
John Runkle Owner – The Dirty Shame Saloon 8/13/2019
Col. Terry "Spike McKinsey – USMC Marine Aviator and Base Commander 3/26/2019
Marine Aviator Terry "Spike" McKinsey
The 1967 Oregon State Giant Killers Collegiate Football Team 5/20/2018
Mark Edlen Developer and Philanthropist 2/7/2018
Entrepreneur and Philanthropist, Mark Edlen
Fr. Martin Grassel Benedictine Monk and Benedictine Brewer 7/1/2617
Brain Doyle – Beerchaser Eternal Author and Humorist 6/9/2017
Amy Faust Media Personality and Writer 4/11/2017
Amy Faust – now on Classical 89.9
Dwight Jaynes Media Personality, Journalist and Writer 13/13/16
Kelly Gronli Symphonic Musician – Oboist 6/29/2016
Jay Waldron Attorney, Athlete, Adventurer 3/29/2016
The Godfather – Dwight Jaynes
Capt. Rick Williams USN Retired Military Veteran and Energy Consultant 10/22/2015
Sam Holloway University Professor and Micro-brew Industry Consultant 8/25/2015
Lisa Morrison Bar owner, Author, Media Personality 4/9/2015
First a hardhat diver, then submarine rescue vehicle then skipper of a nuclear sub
Jack Faust Lawyer and Media Personality 9/2/2014
Steve Lawrence Veteran, Lawyer, Author, Mayor 5/29/2014
Brian Doyle Author and Humorist 2/24/2014
Art Vandelay Latex??!! 1/31/2014
Janet Williams Wife and Outstanding Human Being 1/19/2014
Jack Faust and son, Charlie, at Bailey's Taproom
Johnny Brose Winemaker, Brewer, College Instructor 11/14/2013
Jud Blakely Veteran, Consultant and Writer 9/16/2013
Doug Bomarito Veteran and Lawyer 9/16/2013
Jim Westwood Attorney and Civic Leader 3/28/2013
Lt. Jud Blakely in Than Thrah Viet Nam – July 1966
Forrest Green Musician, Environmentalist and Counselor 11/4/2012
Mike Riley and the OSU Football Team Coach and Players 10/23/2012
Craig "The Dude" Hanneman Athlete, Executive, Elected Official and Mountain Climber 8/27/2012
John Terry Historian and Journalist 5/29/2012
Dr. Harry Frankfurt University Professor and Author 1/6/2012
The Dude on Mt. Everest Climb
Four Bartenders Portland Area Mixologists 11/9/2011
James Crumley Author 9/27/2011
Harold Schlumberg Retired Chemical Engineer and Philosopher 8/29/2011
Phoebe – Bartender at the Brooklyn Park Pub – my first bar visited
Answers to the BOQ Quiz Above
Jack and Amy Faust
Dwight Jaynes
Lisa Morrison
Rick Williams – my youngest brother
Art Vandelay who has a remarkable resemblance to lawyer, Carson Bowler
Craig Hanneman and Dwight Jaynes
Jack and Jan McGowan
Dr. Sam Holloway
Steve Lawrence
Jim Westwood
Jud Blakely
Cheers and Have a Safe and Joyful Christmas and Holiday Season
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged Amy Faust radio personality, Author Brian Doyle, Author James Crumley, beerchaser of the quarter, Bill Main Oregon State Running Back, Colonel Terry Spike McKinsey USMC, Developer Mark Edlen, Dirty Nelly's Saloon, Dr. Sam Holloway University of Portland School of Business, Father Chuck Wood, Forrest Green Soul Source, jack and jan mcgowan of SOLV, Janet Dancer Williams, Journalist John Terry, Kelly Gronli oboist, Oregon State Football Coach Mike Riley, Phoebe Newcombe Bartender, Portland lawyer Doug Bomarito, Portland lawyer Jack Faust, Portland Lawyer Jay Waldron, Portland lawyer Jim Westwood, Princeton Professor Dr. Harry Frankfurt, retired chemist Harold Schlumberg, Retired Navy Captain Richard (Rick) Williams, Seinfeld's Art Vandelay, Steve Lawrence Mayor of the Dalles, The Beer Goddess Lisa Morrison, The Godfather Dwight Jaynes, Winemaker Johnny Brose	| 3 Replies
Father Chuck Wood – Beerchaser-of-the-Quarter
Posted on December 4, 2020 by Thebeerchaser
Followers of Thebeerchaser blog know that each quarter, I name an individual or group as my Beerchaser-of-the-Quarter. They may or may not have anything to do with bars or beer; however, the "honoree" has, in my humble opinion, made a contribution to society and a good story I try to convey. (For the BOQ posts, see the tab on the left side of the header above.)
Dr. John Walker – Portland State University graduate school
As an example, my last group so honored was Lawyers – in light of the 40+ years I worked with these professionals. Individuals who have garnered this designation include veterans with distinguished military service, authors, athletes, media personalities, civic leaders and academicians including my graduate school professor of public finance – Dr. John Walker.
The individuals whose stories I related in 2020 include William Tucker (Billy) Main – an outstanding member of the 1967 Oregon State Beaver Giantkiller Football Team and Jack and Jan McGowan – the co-Executive Directors of the outstanding Oregon environmental group SOLVE.
Jan and Jack at their Sisters, OR home
This quarter, Fr. Chuck Wood, joins another man-of-the-cloth, Fr. Martin Grassel (Order of St. Benedictine) in BOQ membership.
Fr. Martin, a Benedictine monk, is also the Head Brewer for the Benedictine Brewery – one of three in the US owned and operated by Benedictine Monks. I have been privileged to be involved as a volunteer with the Brewery and development of the St. Michael Taproom since late 2017, where our motto is "Taste and Believe" and our flagship beer is Black Habit.
Head Brewer and Mount Angel Abbey and Seminary Procurator, Fr. Martin Grassel
Through involvement with the Brewery, in part, I became a member of the Abbey Foundation of Oregon (AFO) Board of Trustees, which is where I met Fr. Chuck – another member of the Board. Before telling you Chuck's story, a few general comments on why I wanted to share it with you.
I'm a Presbyterian, so before becoming involved in the Brewery and the AFO, I had essentially no prior contact with either priests or monks. Since then – fall of 2017 – I've become good friends with both a number of Benedictine Monks who live at the Mount Angel Abbey and Seminary and the priests involved with the Abbey. (Perhaps the picture below, will show why you should visit the beautiful and expansive grounds on the Abbey Hilltop.)
Without exception, they have been wonderful caring and dedicated men of God. The monks at the Abbey pray collectively six times a day and rise at 5:00 AM to commence their prayer and duties. They also have diverse backgrounds, for example, Fr. Martin, graduated from the University of North Dakota in Computer Science and after graduation worked as a software engineer for Honeywell Corp in Phoenix, when he got the call which brought him to Mount Angel.
Abbott Jeremy Driscoll, OSB, grew up on a farm in a small town in Idaho and became the twelfth elected head of the Abbey and Seminary in 2016. Before he was elected Abbot, Fr. Jeremy taught theology at Mount Angel Seminary and at Sant' Anselmo University in Rome.
Abbot Jeremy Driscoll OSB
He has published three books and fifteen scholarly articles on Evagrius (a Christian monk and ascetic) and related topics in ancient Egyptian monasticism.
He has also written widely on liturgical questions. and published three books of poetry in addition to a recent collection of poetic essays called A Monk's Alphabet. (A wonderful book I would strongly recommend.)
The Abbot has a wonderful sense of humor and his humility endears him to all. To see an example, check out this short video – one of the weekly inspirational messages – this one at Thanksgiving – he has given to those of all faiths during the pandemic: https://www.mountangelabbey.org/monastery/abbot-jeremy/abbot-jeremy-videos/
And with apologies for digressing – again…but I have been amazed at the wonderful perspective and collective sense of humor all the clerics I have met possess. While I talk about this merriment more below, look at a brief preview with Fr. Chuck and two of his colleagues (Fr. Mark Nelson and Fr. Mark Bentz)
This YouTube clip is entitled "Three Priests React to Priest and Church Jokes," and while some of the jokes are corny, just observing the fun these three priests have doing the bit, is well worth watching. (Click on the center of the photo below)
Father Chuck
Chuck and his dad in Washington DC.
Chuck was born in Washington DC in 1960 into a Catholic family. His dad was a graphic artist and designer who worked for the Depts. of Agriculture and Labor. His mom, raised a Baptist, converted to Catholicism and worked as a clinical and hospital nurse at both Howard University and in a private clinic.
The theatre, music and art were all avid interests – "I was a creature of artistic variety and was involved in drama from the time I was in grade school, but our plays were terrible and my talents as an actor were not so good!" (You'll have a chance to judge that below…)
His best friend starting in second grade was Vincent Cowal – they kept in contact and in one of a number of amazing "coincidences" in Chuck's life, Vince now teaches media and technology at Jesuit High School in Portland where he is a respected educator.
Chuck Wood was a good boy growing up – never in trouble, having no curfew, and was interested in going into politics and government – maybe as a diplomat. He graduated from St. Anselm's Abbey School – an all boys school for grades 6-12, which was on the grounds of a Benedictine monastery and where "Where Bright Boys Become Exceptional Men."
St. Anselm's Abbey School
Then in his sophomore year "I became bored with being a good boy." After a year of somewhat disruptive behavior contrasting with his former demeanor – although not resulting in any major trouble – he had a change of heart because of the influence of a young priest.
Fr. Thomas Kalita came to Chuck's Catholic parish and helped the young man come to the realization that being a Christian meant not just going to church, but having a personal relationship with Jesus and helping others.
Fr. Kalita – a profound influence
In October 1976 at an evening service, he committed to do that. "It changed my life. My life now is a direct line from that day." He said that "prayers and circumstance got me to the University of Notre Dame."
A central factor and one that "became part of my identity" was his introduction to People of Praise. Founded in 1971 in South Bend, Indiana, this organization has grown into a community of about 1,700 members…. in 22 cities across the US, Canada, and the Caribbean. To summarize their philosophy:
"Jesus desires unity for all people. We live out this unity the best we can, in spite of the divisions within Christianity. We are Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Episcopalians, Methodists, Pentecostals, Presbyterians and other denominational and nondenominational Christians…. Despite our differences, we worship together. While remaining faithful members of our own churches, we have found a way to live our daily lives together.
Our community life is characterized by deep and lasting friendships. We share our lives together often in small groups and in larger prayer meetings……. We strive to live our daily lives in our families, workplaces and cities in harmony with God and with all people." (People of Praise webslite)
Basilica of the Sacred Heart on the Notre Dame campus
Chuck became a member of People of Praise (POP) in the fall of 1978 while a student at Notre Dame and also joined the Brotherhood within POP committed to a celibate life.
He studied economics and government and was a "bad actor" in a number of University productions and "hung around with artsy friends." During this time his interest in journalism was heightened by writing articles for the school newspaper and serving as editor of the student magazine.
Preparing for life after graduation, he applied and was rejected for several jobs including a nationally known Catholic publisher, but a priest told him about an internship at the Catholic News Service in Washington, DC. and through the help of a Catholic bishop, he secured an interview in his senior year.
When the six-month internship ended, he was hired as a reporter – a job he loved and at age 24, he thought would be a great lifetime career. Moving back to South Bend, he took a job at a small publishing company. Although Chuck was firmly committed to People of Praise, he had not seriously considered the Catholic priesthood.
Looking back, when he was about eleven, his Aunt Leona – a protestant – commented to Chuck's mom, "He will probably be a priest." After he was ordained his sister stated, "Chuck was probably the last person in our family to know that!"
Cardinal Francis George – another strong influence in Chuck Wood's spiritual journey
Chuck stated, "God nudged and prodded me to be open to the possibility." And part of that "prodding" was moving to Portland in 1996 after driving across the country in two vans with ten other Brothers from the People of Praise living in communities in South Bend and Minneapolis.
This was, in part, at the urging of Yakima Archbishop Francis George who would soon be appointed as Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Portland and who was eventually created a Catholic Cardinal in Chicago by Pope John Paul II in 1998.
This move was a matter of faith as he was finishing his Masters in Theology at Notre Dame. Three of the ten new Oregonians decided to attend seminary at Mount Angel Abbey and Seminary near Salem, Oregon – a Benedictine community. Two started in the fall of 1996 and Chuck joined them in January.
"I attended high school on the grounds of a Benedictine Monastery and felt very comfortable in this environment," he stated. "I became immersed in the Benedictine tradition and love the intellect and culture."
Mt. Angel Abbey Seminarians
Upon graduation in 2000, he was ordained a priest and his first assignment was at Holy Redeemer Catholic Church in North Portland. For two years at that assignment, he and a colleague also co-pastored at Sacred Heart Church in SE Portland.
It also brought some special assignments with a Brother from POP in Minnesota involving teaching at a secondary school. He then returned to his long-term home in Oregon, where Fr. Chuck has served in a number of parish posts all in the Portland metropolitan area as follows:
2004 – 2010: St. Henry's Catholic Church in Gresham as Associate Pastor
2010 – 2012: St. Clare Parish in SW Portland as Pastor
St. Clare Catholic Church
2012 – -2016: Our Lady of the Lake Parish in Lake Oswego as Associate Pastor
Now lest you think that Fr. Wood's attachment to the arts diminished in his ministry and restrained him from showing his talents, take a look at this video below.
It shows him and Fr. John Kerns, the Pastor, rocking out and their "inspired" dance moves to the cheers of their congregation at Our Lady of the Lake's 2014 Parish Festival. (This one should make you laugh out loud….!) And if you search YouTube, you can find more of Chuck's artistic endeavors including a Gilbert and Sullivan entry. (Click on the center of the photo below)
2016 to present: St. Wenceslaus Catholic Church in Scapoose ( 20 miles from Portland) as Pastor
The beautiful sanctuary of St. Wenceslaus Catholic Church
St. Wenceslaus is a parish of about 275-300 households. They are fortunate to have a pastor with the faith, dedication, intellect, sense of humor and dance moves of Fr. Chuck Wood.
Since this is a blog about bars and beers, I ended my interview (unfortunately we could not meet face-to-face in a bar or brewery) asking Fr. Chuck about his beer-of-choice to which he replied:
"Because of pre-diabetes, blood sugar issues, I had to cut back on beer intake. When I do drink beer, I like darker brews – stouts and porters such as Benedictine Brewery's 'Black Habit' (an obvious choice) – and Hopworks Urban Brewing – 'Survival – 7 Grain Stout.'"
In light of Fr. Chuck's fondness for corny jokes, after I saw the video about the three priests, I sent him this bar joke – perhaps he will use it in the future….
A little variation with a computer reference..
"A priest, a minister and a rabbit walk into a bar and the rabbit says, "I think I may be a typo…."
And finally, because I couldn't resist, I leave you with just one more YouTube example. Fr. Chuck sent this 2020 production to the Monastic Community, the AFO Board and the Abbey Staff by e-mail after Easter.
After a few months of the pandemic and lockdowns, people were looking for something light-hearted and positive and he accomplished that goal. He prefaced it with the following comment:
"While it's still the Easter Season for a couple more days, I invite you all to take a look at an Easter video I put together. Just short of 6 minutes, it's a spin on Pharrell Williams' song, 'Happy,' from the 2013 movie, "Despicable Me 2.' Pardon me if my ego is showing, but I'd be honored if you'd care to take a look. Happy Easter!"
The reaction as you might expect was effusive and generated numerous thankful e-mail responses. God bless you Fr. Chuck. You are truly a Soul Man! (Click on the center of the photo below)
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged Abbey Foundation of Oregon, Abbot Jeremy Driscoll, Archbishop Francis George of Portland, Catholic News Service Washington DC, Dr. John Walker Portland State Economics Professor, Evagrius, Father Chuck Wood, Father Martin Grassel, Father Thomas Kalita, Fr. John Kerns, Mount Angel Abbey and Seminary, Our Lady of the Lake Catholic Church, People of Praise Christian Community, Portland's Holy Redeemer Church, Sacred Heart Church in Portland, Sant' Anselmo University, St Henry's Catholic Church in Gresham, St. Claire Catholic Church, St. Wenseles Catholic Church, The Monks' Alphabet, Vince Cowal Jesuit High School	| Leave a reply
2020 Beerchaser-of-the-Quarter Update
Posted on September 12, 2020 by Thebeerchaser
(Welcome back to Thebeerchaser. If you are seeing this through an e-mail, please visit the blog to see all of the photos and read the story by clicking on the title above so the post is not clipped or shortened.)
Well Beerchasers, I'm still waiting to get back to reviewing bars and breweries, but since that is on hold, I'm trying to provide some other insights. My next post will be on a number of Montana watering holes that I visited last summer. Due to the number visited (49) on a 15-day road trip, I've only written up several so far. So stay tuned for some good history on Montana bars.
Beerchasers-of-the-Quarter – Update
The Dude on his Mount Everest summit climb in 2012
Two of the past Beerchasers-of-the-Quarter, Craig-the Dude- Hanneman and Steve Lawrence should be recognized again for recent achievements and accolades.
While that may be hard to understand given their past exploits, it's true.
Jan and Jack at their home in Sisters, Oregon
So far, there are three BOQ's in 2020, including a married couple – Jack and Jan McGowan who were co-recipients in February, for their outstanding and long-term commitment to SOLV (Stop Oregon Litter and Vandalism) from the '90's until their retirement in 2008.
Former Oregon State Beaver football wingback and receiver Billy Main, a member of the legendary 1967 Giant Killers Team, was named in May.
It took Thebeerchaser two posts to fully cover his football and Navy ROTC stories while in college and then his successful hospitality industry career.
And the most recent BOQ label was for a group – Lawyers. That's right – I relate my observations after working with them for forty years in three different organizations – the last twenty-five at a great law firm of 140 lawyers – Schwabe Williamson & Wyatt – where I retired in 2011.
I respect the members of this profession and enjoyed the interaction with this talented and competitive group. In future posts, I'll continue this narrative as I have a great number of stories that I find very entertaining and think you might also.
https://thebeerchaser.com/2020/08/31/beerchasers-of-the-quarter-lawyers-part-1/
Update on Previous BOQ "Honorees"
Craig "The Dude" Hanneman
Transitioned from fullback to defensive tackle
My SAE fraternity brother at Oregon State who graduated in 1971, was a Beerchaser-of-the-Quarter in 2012. This former high school fullback who transitioned to defensive tackle at OSU, was voted captain and MVP of the Beaver team his senior year and named a Second-Team All-American and First-Team Pac-8 Team.
He then played for four seasons in the NFL including two years for the Pittsburgh Steelers and two for the Patriots, when a catastrophic leg injury ended his NFL career.
After a successful career in the timber industry and local politics, Craig is now retired but when he was about 50, he either ignored or confirmed the assertion of singer, David Lee Roth:
"I guarantee you will find no reasonable man on top of big mountains."
Fellow Everest climbers, Mike and Heidi with Craig
He started mountain climbing in the late '90's, and in 2012, became the first former NFL or NBA player to successfully summit Mt. Everest. Kerry Eggers, who has been named Oregon Sportswriter of the Year six times, wrote two wonderful articles on Crag's story in the Portland Tribune in 2019. https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/12-sports/446236-359995-mountaineer-craig-hanneman-takes-on-als
The next year (2013) Dude and four of his friends Ran with the Bulls in Pamplona (Below left to right Hanneman, Scott Freeburn, Mark Dippel, Jim Sherbert and Bob Jossis.)
Pamplona in 2013
But his sense of adventure was not stifled and even with significant injuries sustained when he fell into a crevasse and was buried in the snow for forty-five minutes before rescue on Mt. Jefferson in 2013, climbing continued. In 2019 at age 70, he became one of only about 500 people in the world and probably the oldest of those, to have completed The Seven Summits – the highest mountain on each continent.
Oregon Sports Hall of Fame – To the surprise of no one who has followed athletics in Oregon, he was named to the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in August this year. He will be formally inducted into the Multi-Sports category i.e. Football and Mountain Climbing. This supplements his prior admission to the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame in 1992.
Besides Price's Tavern in Corvallis during college days, Craig and our SAE brothers have been on many Beerchasing expeditions together in recent years including several at the Gemini Pub in Lake Oswego.
The Dude and I did a toast recently to retired Professor Dr. Edward G. McGrath, who died in March 2019 at the age of 101 in California.
In 1970, Dr. McGrath had an upper-division political science seminar in which Craig and teammate, Mark Dippel, a starting guard on the OSU Football Team and I, joined about seven other students.
Cheers to Ed!
The Dude, "Dip" and I sat in the first of two short rows and to the good professor's astonishment, those two would chew tobacco while he lectured.
Professor McGrath, who was my advisor, always glared at me (rather than the two big lineman) because I walked into class with the "chewers" and they were about twice as big as he was.
At least he appreciated the fact that they used a pot-pie tin for the residue……..We laughed that he reached that ripe old age before passing – I was always convinced that he was going to have a heart attack during those classes.
Congratulations to Craig Hanneman. He is without question one of the most outstanding human beings Thebeerchaser has had the privilege of meeting even with his somewhat morbid fascination with the word "ubiquitous" and Dean Martin tunes which I had to endure in college. He is a man of great character, family values and humility.
Steve Lawrence – Lawyer, Mayor and Author
This 2014 Beerchaser-of-the-Quarter has also had several careers. After college, he distinguished himself for his service as an Army officer in Viet Nam where he commanded an infantry platoon.
The Bronze Star with Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster and the Silver Star
He was subsequently awarded two Bronze Stars and a Silver Star in 1968 and 1969 for heroism during enemy action. (To see the wording on the citations, click on the link above.)
After graduating from law school and passing the Oregon State Bar exam in 1978, he had a long career as a successful lawyer in private practice before retiring to his home town – The Dalles on the Columbia River.
Lt. Lawrence at ease
Steve graduated from high school in the '60's and married his high school sweetheart, Donna — but not until 2008! It's an interesting story set forth in Thebeerchaser post you can see through the link above.
His next "career" was one of notable public service and little compensation. Steve served as Mayor of The Dalles for two terms from 2012 to 2018. The picture below is when Jud Blakely – another former Beerchaser-of-the-Quarter and also a Bronze Star winner for action in Viet Nam (along with receiving two Purple Hearts) and I joined him to visit some watering holes in The Dalles while Steve was successfully running a mayoral re-election campaign in 2015.
Blakely on the right, points to the incumbent….
Steve's insight and actions promoting economic development in The Dalles were notable. He also served for twenty-five years on the Board of United Cerebral Palsy of Oregon and SW Washington including three terms as President.
But this man of many talents demonstrated those again. He added "novelist" to the list in 2013 with the publication of his first book – First Light – A Novel of Close Combat in Viet Nam – that was forty-four years after he returned from Vietnam.
"Based on my own experience and notes kept in a journal, it literally took 44 years for me to know what I wanted to write. Over the years, I would write about singular events, put the writing into its own folder and stack it with others in my file cabinet. When I retired at age 62, determined to write, I gathered all those folders and finished the book."
Steve was not done writing, however, and early this summer, he published a sequel entitled Amotan Field, which is now available at Amazon.
As Steve stated, in part:
"After First Light, I wanted to write a novel about a skeleton that was unearthed in The Dalles, Oregon by a sewer construction crew. Considering many possible stories, it occurred to me this was an opportunity to answer the question asked; what happened after First Light…..
The story is intended to be a story of redemption. Redemption for a returning soldier dealing with the aftermath of combat. Redemption for a WWII soldier who was denied a medal because the truth of his bravery was buried by a terrible accident. He was killed by friendly fire. He was a member of the Celilo/Wyam tribe.
The backstory of Amotan Field is the history of the Indian community, which had lived and thrived along the Columbia River for thousands of years, shoved aside in the 1850's by pioneers, missionaries and the military, promises made and broken and complicit racism which has continued."
Will be ready to raise a mug….
So check out both of the Mayor's books and if you get up to The Dalles, invite him to have a beer. He knows some good establishments in his city and had a role in getting many of them up and running. (He might even buy your pint for coming to his city!)
The Next Honoree…
Followers of this blog will enjoy the story of my next Beerchaser-of-the-Quarter.
Fr. Martin
In 2017, I told the story of Fr. Martin Grassel. He's a monk at the Mount Angel Abbey who also happens to be the Head Brewer at the wonderful Benedictine Brewery – one of three in the US owned and operated by Benedictine Monks.
And I will soon share the fascinating journey of another man of the cloth.
I have only known Fr. Chuck Wood for about eighteen months since I have had the pleasure of serving on the Abbey Foundation of Oregon Board with him
Fr. Chuck Wood
After studying at Mount Angel Seminary, Fr. Chuck went on to get his Master's at the University of Notre Dame. He is now the Pastor at St. Wencelaus Parish in Scapoose, Oregon and has a wonderful sense of humor and warm personality. His story will captivate you. Stay tuned.
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July 24, 2012 Sony Rospita SimanjuntakArticle, INDONESIAN LAWforeign investment, indonesia, law, Soedjatmoko
Foreign Private Investment in a Developing Nation: An Indonesian Perspectivei
By Dr. Soedjatmoko
Dr. Soedjatmoko, who is presently Indonesia's Ambassador to the United States, has served his government ever since 1945 – with a brief respite during the last years of Guided Democracy. The recurrent theme of his published writings – mostly short, concentrated essays – is the meaning of Indonesia's history; a preoccupation to which he brings the critical methods of the social sciences as well as a constant awareness of the spiritual dimensions of man. His writings have had an influence out of all proportion to their slender bulk, both on the younger generation of intellectuals in his own country, and on Western scholars of Indonesia. In Australia, the text of his 1967 Dyason Memorial Lectures of the Institute of International Affairs has had a wide audience.ii
The sub-title immediately raises a question. What makes Indonesian perspective on the problem of foreign investment so special? I believe, the fact that Indonesia is one of the few countries in the world that has moved full cycle from rejection of foreign private investment to a new acceptance may have some bearing on the general topic of this seminar. This shift has led to an unusual focus on Indonesia and its economic potentials as the new opening area of investment opportunity.
Starting from 1958, our conflict with the Dutch led the Indonesian Government at that time progressively to seize most of the foreign enterprises on Indonesian soil. Her growing emphasis on an anti imperialist struggle led her to recast the economy into what might best be called a 'command economy' that was supposed to operate by government fiat, in support of a radical foreign policy that was far beyond our national strength. It eventually led to Indonesia's isolation from the rest of the world, a total breakdown of the economy, and in 1965 to the collapse of the governmental power structure. Out of the ensuing turmoil a government has emerged that is characterised by sobriety, a sense of realism and a commitment to the priorities of monetary stabilisation and economic development.
The New Political Orientation
The utopian fervour, the insistence on trying to build an ideal society for Indonesia is hostility to all the rich and powerful countries in the world, and the radical economic nationalism which masked an inflated xenophobia, have now been replaced by a general climate of economic realism and pragmatism, an openness to the outside world, an awareness of the importance of international economic co-operation, and a recognition of the vital role of private enterprise in the improvement of the economy. Hence a much more positive evaluation of the role private foreign capital could and should play in Indonesia's economic development.
This, of course, does not mean that the basic attitudes that underlie the phenomenon of economic nationalism have all disappeared. The present economic leadership of the country is just as committed to prevent the re-establishment of foreign economic domination, and is no less intent on maintaining control over national resources and economic development and on securing the equality of Indonesia in her economic relations with the outside world. However, this leadership is guided by a realistic understanding of the basic laws of economics and of the dynamic of a modern global economy and fully realises the need for the assistance of foreign private capital, skill and experience for accelerated development. At the same time it has a much greater confidence in the possibilities of accommodating the sometimes conflicting interests of national development and the operations of private foreign enterprise as profit-making organisations. The return of the foreign enterprises taken over by the former regime to their original owners and the Foreign Investment Law promulgated in the beginning of 1967, are manifestations of this new, realistic orientation.
Before we go into a brief discussion of the legal aspects of this Foreign Investment Law, it would seem to me that one prior question should be answered, namely" how stable is Indonesia's present political and economic course? The question can be answered in a number of ways. One could point to the firmness of the commitment to economic development priorities of the present leadership, or to the political courage that it has shown in putting through the painful stabilisation policies that were called for. One could also point to the organisational as well as ideological weakness of the oppositional forces in the country. But to me the most important factor that should be brought out is the emergence of a new post-independence, post-revolutionary generation into the political arena. It is this generation that has formulated, and is implementing and supporting the policies that emanate from this new economic orientation. Because they have never known the pain and humiliation of colonial subjugation, their outlook on the world is much freer and their self-confidence more natural. And equally important, this generation is fully familiar with modern science and technology and the possibility of their application to our problems.
Because the new economic realism is a very essential part of the new values that motivate this new generation of leadership, we can now look at the course that Indonesia has taken, both in its own economic and political development, and in its relations with the outside world, as a movement of growth – a growth of which the direction is stable.
Let us now have a look at some of the legal aspects of the Foreign Investment Law.
Main Issues of Interest to the Foreign Investor
In deciding whether to initiate investment in a given country after having carefully considered the business prospects, the prospective investor is concerned, in the first instance, with the safety of his capital and with the availability of protection against a variety of risks, including that of expropriation. A second broad category of issues which he must consider deals with the modes of entry, the organisational structure in which to carry on the venture, and the facilities made available to him for effectively managing his business operations. The third major area of interest concerns the facilities for the repatriation of capital profits and dividends.
I shall discuss the main points concerning these three broad categories of issues, but I think we must recognise that even more important than the specific legal provisions concerning these matters is the so-called investment climate, the state of government and public opinion on the role and the rights of the foreign investor in the host country. Many of the problems will not arise, particularly in the area of security of investment, if the investment climate is a hospitable one. Even if they do arise, it will not be difficult to reach a compromise or to find an interpretation of the laws of regulations which will fit the mutual needs of the parties if there is goodwill on both sides.
Nevertheless, it is important that the legal structure be reasonably adequate to permit the foreign investor to enter and carry forward his enterprise with the confidence that he will not likely encounter serious difficulties, as long s he comports himself in a reasonable manner and with full recognition of the fact that investment is a two-way street.
The legal safeguards provided by the host country, of course, do not operate in isolation from the safeguards provided by the capital exporting countries, such as investment guarantees, and those provided by the international community under both customary international law and international institutions or agreements. The international system may also include bilateral treaties between the host country and the capital-exporting country.
In considering the safeguards provided by the Indonesian legal system, I think you will wish to bear in mind that our commercial code is still fundamentally based on the legislation which the Netherlands introduced in Indonesia to deal with the problems of so-called Europeans and those assimilated to the European Group for legal purposes. There has been considerable discussion in Indonesian concerning the philosophy underlying our legal system following the abolition of colonialism. For example, there is a current of opinion which holds that there should now be only one legal system in Indonesia instead of the dualism which characterised our society in the colonial era and that the system should be based on adat (customary) law. However, the fact remains that our laws dealing with commercial and financial problems, particularly in so far as they affect foreigners and large-scale ventures, generally are clearly derived from Western models or at least have a strong Western component.
Thus, the Agrarian Act of 1960 introduced radical changes in land law, including unification of the law and the elimination of the dualism which had differentiated between land rights in the Western sphere and land rights in the customary law sphere. While the new Agrarian Act is purportedly based on customary law, it is in fact thoroughly modernised by the introduction of Western concepts, such as titles in land ownership, the distinction between real and personal rights and a system of compulsory registration which will ultimately be applied to non-/Western as well as Western-held land. The law also restricts the right of absolute ownership of land to Indonesian citizens.
The derivation of our commercial law from Western models is undoubtedly reassuring to potential foreign investors since it is easier for them to understand and to feel comfortable with a legal system which is familiar to them.
Returning to the problem of security of investment, you will find that our system provides for two basic safeguards on which investors tend to rely, namely laws governing the circumstances under which expropriation may be carried out and the right of access to an independent judiciary.
The Foreign Capital Investment Law (Law No. 1 of 1967, dated January 10, 1967) sets out the broad framework of conditions under which foreign investment is welcomed and protected in Indonesia. It governs the issues concerning entry, the establishment of a foreign entity, operation and management, and incentives for investment. It provides ample latitude for foreign investors to enter and operate without great difficulty.
The effect of the new law is to open most fields of business activity to foreign capital. The only fields of investment which are completely closed to foreign capital are those which fulfil a vital function in national defence (Article 6(2)). Other fields to which access is restricted, but may nevertheless be entered provided that the foreign investor does not exercise full control, are referred to in Article 6(1). These are fields of vital importance to the country, such as harbours, public utilities, atomic energy and mass media.
I need not emphasise that the new law has been designed to attract foreign capital to Indonesia for investment in projects which will contribute to the healthy development of the Indonesian economy. Accordingly, it offers a combination of incentives and accommodations which can stand comparison with those offered by other developing nations.
Part of the approach taken to attract new projects is to offer specific incentives, consisting of the following:
Exemption from tax on corporate profits for a period of up to five years, and exemption from the dividend tax on profits during those years;
Full authority to select management and recruit or use foreign technicians and experts for positions which Indonesian manpower is not yet capable of filling;
The offer of land at advantageous terms, carrying with it rights of building and exploitation formerly denied to foreign business enterprises.
Exemption from import duties for equipment, machinery, tools and initial plant supplies; and
Exemption from the capital stamp tax on the introduction of foreign capital for investment.
Profit transfer is guaranteed by law, and no restriction is imposed as to the amount. Also of great importance is the document entitled 'Executive Directives for the Policy on Foreign Capital Investment in Indonesia', issued by the Cabinet Presidium on January 27, 1967, which stipulates the order of priority of investments in the framework of the overall economic policy of the Government. Specifically, it provides for three general categories, (1) Foreign capital investment which may increase foreign exchange earnings, such as mining, agricultural export, etc; (2) investment which makes possible import substitutions; and (3) Investment which while not directly affecting the volume of foreign exchange nevertheless is of a quick-yielding character, increases employment opportunities, introduces new technology, or brings in modern equipment.
Current Investments
Although the new investment law has been in effect for a relatively short period (almost two and a half years) the response of foreign investors to Indonesia's invitation to invest in that country has been encouraging. A large number of Australian, US, European, Japanese, and other companies have accepted the challenge and have started with their operations to assist Indonesia to build up the country. Some 20 foreign oil companies including major oil companies of the United States have concluded exploration and production contracts. It is estimated that by 1970 when these new contracts will have begun to show results, the total oil output should reach about one million barrels a day, as compared with 520,000 barrels a day in 1967. In the field of mining, five large companies are prepared to invest for the exploitation of copper, nickel, tin and bauxite. Twenty-five companies are working in the field of forestry and 55 in the manufacturing sector.
As of the first quarter of this year, 129 proposals from foreign investors had received the approval of the Government, representing a projected capital investment of $570 million including $236 million for mining (petroleum excluded), $99 million for forestry and $86 million for manufacturing. US investment accounts for 45 per cent of total projected investment ($273 million); 11 companies are operating in the field of manufacturing with an investment outlay of $26.7 million; three in the field of mining with an investment of $229.5 million; two companies in forestry with $3.3 million and nine others in various fields with an outlay of $14 million, making a total of 25 companies. This does not include the foreign bank branches and oil companies. Other countries following the US lead are: Canada, South Korea, the Netherlands, Japan and various other countries. It may also be interesting to note that out of the 129 ventures, 83 of those ventures are in the form of joint enterprises, 41 are straight investments and five are operating on the basis of contract-of-work.
We realise that foreign aid, foreign technical assistance and foreign private investment by themselves can never make a country a viable economy, but their role in a period of recovery can be crucial. Foreign investment is therefore expected to play an important role in the implementation of Indonesia's Five Year Development Plan which was started in April this year. This Five Year Plan gives priority to (1) agriculture, particularly food production; (2) the development of mining and encouragement of industries which produce equipment and inputs for the agricultural products; (3) the strengthening of infrastructures, particularly transport and communication. The main objective of the plan is a simple one, namely to raise the standard of living for a future growth by way of food and clothing, improvement of infrastructure, provision of better housing and an increase of employment opportunities. In this plan emphasis is also given to rural and regional development.
This Five Year Plan will also provide the context within which the government-to-government aid to Indonesia provided by the Inter-Government Group on Indonesia, which includes Australia, the US, Japan, the Netherlands, Germany, France, the UK, Italy and Belgium, will be co-ordinated. The consultations on which Indonesia's aid requirements are determined within the IGGI are based on assessments by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. In addition, the IMF has been most active in advising the Government on monetary and fiscal affairs while the Bank is assisting Indonesia in planning development programmes and preparing capital projects.
Transition and Evolution
Indonesia is a latecomer among developing countries in dealing with foreign investment. We are still in a transitional period and are still in the process of gaining the experience needed to guide us further in the area of codification and regulation. That part of our legal system that concerns modern economic activities of both domestic and foreign origin is, therefore, still in the process of readjustment and evolution. This process of adaptation to developmental goals is not only a theoretical one, but necessarily evolves in response to new problems and new experiences. We will also have to keep under constant review other laws that have a bearing on the general investment and business climate. At present this is the case for instance with Indonesian corporation law. With technical assistance from the International Monetary Fund, we are in the process of reforming our tax laws. Beside this, the agrarian law and the labour law will at some point have to be related more closely to our development goals.
Corporation Lawyers: Role and Style
While generally no American corporation makes a move without consulting its lawyers, the role Indonesian lawyers play in the activities of our business corporation is much less pronounced. The heavy reliance on legal counsel by foreign corporations is related to the importance of litigation and judicial procedures in the resolution of conflict in their country. In Indonesia, such conflict are most of the time resolve through administrative procedures and adjustments. This is, of course, not characteristic for Indonesia alone. It applies also to many European countries.
This difference in role may be one of the reasons why many Indonesian administrators are often somewhat puzzled when in the course of negotiations they are faced with elaborate stipulations raised by legal counsel of foreign corporations in anticipation of contingencies that might arise in the future. In part, this puzzlement stems from their unfamiliarity with the role legal counsel plays in the activities of business corporations in the US. In part, this may be the result of an important difference in societal setting. American business and their legal counsel are used to operate in a society that has been stable for quite some time, and there is therefore a considerable degree of predictability of future responses and implications once a particular course of action is decided upon. Lately, some doubts have arisen about this purported stability and predictability, but that is beside the point.
The attitudes that have been shaped by this condition still persist. Our people, on the other hand, are trying to build towards stability. They are working from a situation in which the horizon of visibility and predictability is still limited, though clearly expanding. And though these officials may be able to see the validity of the points raised, they are quite often not in a position to answer. Why? Not because they are lacking in goodwill or because they are technically incompetent, but often simply because no one can entirely foresee the broader setting that will eventually develop – partially thanks to the operations of foreign enterprises-and in which these problems will have to be answered. Any assurances given at this stage are bound to have only limited validity. Also, no government can afford to prejudice its future policy options by making premature commitments on the basis of hypothetical situations.
But even more important in this connection may be the differences in attitude that centre around the concept of 'good faith' in Indonesian commercial law. The central position of this concept in Indonesia has led to a lesser concern with protective clauses spelled out for specific contingencies than is the case in the American tradition.
An understanding of these differences may make it easier for an Australian or American lawyer to communicate while negotiating in Indonesia. Conversely, a greater familiarity on the part of the Indonesian government officials, businessmen and lawyers with Australian or other practices and the special role of legal counsel in business activities would be helpful too.
It should also be realised, however, that in the evolution of the Indonesian commercial legal system, adaptations will have to be made that will enable it to bridge differences with the legal systems and practices of other countries, like Australia, Japan and Western and Eastern Europe, each with their own legal culture. The tendency of some Australian and American lawyers to try to impose on us their own legal concepts with regard to such issues as corporate laws and tax laws, seems to us sometimes rather excessively one-sided. Often we are faced with demands for contractual guarantees as regards taxation, foreign exchange regulations and so forth, for the entire duration of the contract. There have been cases where we have indeed compromised on these points, as for instance in the case of certain mining contracts covering large investments. But it should be realised that the insistence on such waivers undermines the strength of the legal system as a whole, including the protection of foreign investments in general.
This would obviously be against the long run interests of foreign investors. For example, some of the waivers requested involved bypassing the foreign exchange system, which was developed in co-operation with the International Monetary Fund as an integral element of our economic stabilisation programme. It seems to us that the interest of foreign investors would not in the long run be served by weakening that mechanism.
We sometimes even find ourselves in the ironic position of having to explain to prospective American investors the reason why we object to the suspension of the operation of market forces and why we consider it important to keep competition open, when excessive protective measures are insisted upon. In order to meet this kind of problem more adequately we have asked the World Bank to help us in developing optimal criteria for both the investors and for Indonesia, that could be generally applied in this connection. All this, I hope, will explain why we take the position that would be investors should accept both the existing legal framework and the way in which it will develop in the future.
The long-range protection for foreign private capital lies in the stability of a favourable business and investment climate. This is only possible if, as in Indonesia, the incentives and accommodations of foreign investment are also made available on a non-discriminating basis to domestic investors. In fact, the rapid development of national business should be seen as directly in the interest of foreign investment as well.
Foreign Investment and the Political Climate
The stability and continuity of a political climate that is favourable to foreign investment will very much depend on the willingness and the capability of foreign enterprises to develop linkages with the environment in which they operate, with the business community, the universities and other teaching institutions, as well as with the intellectual community in general. By involving local business in some of the spin off activities of these enterprises, through technical assistance, through utilisation of local raw materials, the stimulation of local servicing facilities and of manufacturing of components and spare parts, through making available staff members for teaching purposes in order to accelerate the transfer of technology, organisational and managerial skills at all levels, and by taking an interest I the development of small and medium sized indigenous business firms in their localities, the foreign companies could very well become a catalytic ad accelerating factor in the development of the society in which they operate.
The positive contribution that foreign business could make, not only to economic development, but to a healthy political growth as well, without in any way assuming a political role, should therefore not be underestimated. I think it is quite possible for private foreign business to play this role without endangering its primary role as a profit-making organisation. In this manner, foreign private business will avoid the danger of becoming an alien enclave in a stagnant and increasingly hostile environment. It is in this kind of integration with the patterns of national development that its best protection lies.
If foreign investment comes to be seen by a majority of the political public as insensitive to national aspirations, as an obstacle to national development, or as an alien element pursuing ends that are contrary to the national interest, political pressures against the purely legal safeguards are bound to develop. It is of the greatest importance that private foreign business operating in an underdeveloped country should develop the capacity to identify with the developmental goals of co-operative endeavour with national business that it is regarded as an ally, an accelerator and a catalyst of national development whose continued presence is beyond doubt in the national interest as well.
Ultimately, the protection of foreign private investment lies in the rapid development of an indigenous commercial and entrepreneurial middle class and the development of a community of business interests between them and foreign enterprises in their country. Any contribution private foreign business could make to that end would provide additional long range security for their investment.
Foreign Investment in the Global Setting
There is, however, an even wider setting, almost within the same time span, within which security of private investment in developing countries inevitably will have to be considered as well. The determinants here are the population explosion, the question of international poverty and the need for generalising economic development throughout the world. I hope you will allow me in closing to say a few words about this.
It is, of course, a truism to state that the world is becoming increasingly interdependent. There are few economic or political decisions, taken in the national context, that will not evoke international repercussions and vice versa. The world is also rapidly becoming smaller and more and more crowded. The world population is expected to double in the next 30 years. The increasingly uneven density of population in various parts of the world, on top of widening inequalities in the distribution of wealth, is bound to create important shifts in the balance of forces as well as tremendous tensions in the world during the coming decades. But before everything else, mankind must be able to answer the very elementary questions of how are we going to feed that population; how to produce enough to clothe them and to meet other essential material needs the world over, if civilised life is to be maintained. The rapid population increase, especially in the poor nations, will therefore have to be met by an increased economic production capability and especially by a much more extensive involvement of the poor nations themselves in those productive processes.
If we, that is mankind as a whole, fail to organise ourselves for this purpose, the tensions that inevitably will develop in the poor nations will destroy the possibility of their evolution towards increasingly open societies capable of rational and creative relationship with the outside word. In this way, the international order itself, including the security of the rich nations, will be in danger. Our capacity to organise ourselves for this task will very much determine the shape and the quality of our life by the time we enter the 21st Century, if we ever reach that point. This, however, will require a major redirection of world resources and the striking of a new balance-globally-between expenditure for armaments, and for the combating of domestic and international poverty. For this, a reassertion is needed of the political will to bring about such a redirection of world resources.
In this respect, the search that is now taking place the world over for those forms and methods that would be most advantageous to promote the transfer of private capital, skill and managerial capability from the developed countries to the new nations, is a crucial one. The experience of the first United Nations Development Decade has shown that unless there is such a greater flow of capital throughout the world, especially of private capital to the developing countries, there is little prospect of an adequate response to this problem. One can only hope that private business the world over can develop the capacity, the ingenuity-over and beyond short term considerations of profit-to develop the forms and modalities that will make such an expanded role possible as well as profitable. After all, business corporations are the natural repositories of the technology, the skills, the organisational and managerial capacity for this very task.
It is equally true that an increased application of private capital to generate world-wide development will by itself not be sufficient. Unless the flow of government-to-government development funds in the form of foreign aid is continued at adequate levels for some time, there is no prospect that infrastructure development in a number of new nations can proceed sufficiently so as to enable private capital to play its productive and socially creative role. Much will also depend on our conceptual and operational capability to move in this direction. We need to develop a more adequate and consistent system of rights and responsibilities, of incentives, safeguards and guarantees of various kinds on both the side of the developed as well as of the poor nations. We will have to search for more adequate forms and methods that can facilitate in a substantial way the transfer of capital and other resources. The scope and capabilities of existing multilateral development agencies like the World Bank and regional banks as well will have to be re-examined in this connection. Likewise, the access of underdeveloped countries to international capital and bond markets, and the development of an internationally coherent tax system related to international development needs. Attention should also be given to the role which international corporations are increasingly playing in internationalising development. The extra-national character of the decision centres of these companies poses important problems and, in the words of Philip de Seynes, United Nations Under Secretary General for Economic and Social Affairs, calls for the development of a new system of international law with greater economic content.
It may not be possible for the profit motive alone to bring about the substantially stepped-up role of private capital sufficient to deal with the population explosion and the problems of poverty that may tear the world apart. What may be needed as well as a clearer understanding of the magnitude and the urgency of the problems which the whole of mankind will have to face 20 to 30 years from now, and a clearer vision of the kind of world in which we do want to live. I think it is important for all of us, in discussing problems connected with the security of foreign investment and the legal safeguards for the protection of foreign investment in developing countries, that we do so with a full awareness of the magnitude and the urgency of the role that has to be played by private capital and the urgency for private capital and the governments of the developed as well as the underdeveloped countries together to create the conditions to make this possible. If we are to come to grips with the problems that will determine the total global environment in which all of us, including private capital, will have to live in the relatively near future.
Being myself totally innocent of a training in law, I will not presume to give you a breakdown of the challenges this poses to those in the legal profession who are involved in the activities of business corporations. This challenge certainly goes far beyond the legal aspects of foreign investment problems in the time frame of the present. Still, it is from this perspective that I invite you to look at the problem of investing in a developing nation.
iThe present article is an abridgement of a lecture delivered in Dallas, Texas, under the auspices of the International and Comparative Law Center of the South-western Legal Foundation. It is to be included in a forthcoming book, Proceedings of the Symposium on Private Investors Abroad. Copyright by Matthew Bender and Co. Inc.
iiSee The Australian Outlook, December, 1967, and January, 1968. Soedjatmoko's other writings are difficult to come by. See his contribution to Soedjamoko, ed.: An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography, Cornell, 1965; and Robert N. Bellah: Religion and Progress in Modern Asia, New York, 1965.
A 1978 Article about Foreign Investment in Indonesia published in Malayan Law Review

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Elwind
Game: League of Legends
Real name: Kaan Atıcı
Birthday: October 14, 1993 (age 27)
Last seen: 15 hours ago
Hours Live: 97
Streaming Platform: Twitch
Team: Twitch
Sunday: unlikely to stream
Monday: 19:00 UTC - 23:00 UTC
Tuesday: 19:00 UTC - 23:00 UTC
Wednesday: 19:00 UTC - 24:00 UTC
Thursday: unlikely to stream
Friday: 19:00 UTC - 1:00 UTC
Saturday: 19:00 UTC - 24:00 UTC
Elwind Biography
Kaan "Elwind" Atıcı is a League of Legends esports player, previously top laner for Royal Youth. He used to be professional Dota 2 player, until he decided to play LoL. In a short time he started to play for his first professional team, Team Turquality.


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Tag Archives: Dog
Native American Dogs
Belgian Shepherd looking glorious climbing a California bay laurel tree in Wildcat Canyon of the East Bay Hills.
Dog – Canis lupus familiaris
The oldest known records of dogs in the Americas are from over 13,000 years ago in Hell Gap, Colorado, and Agate Basin, Wyoming (Snyder and Leonard 2011). Dogs were used by American Indians for pulling sleds, pulling travois, carrying packs, assisting in hunting, for eating, ritual sacrifice, and for weaving their fur into high-quality blankets (Snyder and Leonard 2011). Dogs were also appreciated by the Indians as companions and sentries. Many dogs have been found buried at archeological sites just as dead humans were buried, sometimes even with offerings (Snyder and Leonard 2011).
American Indians had large, strong, wolf-like dogs, who howled rather than barked (Snyder and Leonard 2011). Genetic analyses suggest there were multiple independent origins of dogs from wolves, and it is likely that back-crossing with wolves, coyotes, and even foxes occurred (Snyder and Leonard 2011). Whether this genetic introgression occurred via intentional breeding, by "accident," or feralization is unknown (Snyder and Leonard 2011).
Some of the earliest archeological evidence of domesticated dogs being used for a particular purpose is pulling sleds over ice and snow in Siberia and Alaska (Snyder and Leonard 2011). In, fact, dogs probably pulled the sleds that carried the very first humans to populate the Americas! Good doggies! Ten to twenty thousand of their descendents were mercilessly slaughtered as policy by the Canadian police in the mid-1900's (http://fortheloveofthedogblog.com/news-updates/the-inuit-sled-dog-killings).
An Inuit seal hunter, wife, and dog team cross sea ice in Nanavut, Canada.
Dogs were used to carry packs extensively in the Western Arctic, and were a important fixture of the bison hunting Plains Indians societies, where they pulled travois, especially when moving camps (Snyder and Leonard 2011). Such dogs could pack loads of 40 to 45 pounds and pull loads up to 75 to 100 pounds (Snyder and Leonard 2011). They often carried firewood, meat, tents, and other supplies (Snyder and Leonard 2011).
Belgian Malinois magnanimously carrying backpack full of quartz crystals near Inyo National Forest, CA.
Not all dogs would suffer a load, being too defiant, young, or small, and these "freeloaders" would often gleefully harass the burdened dogs en route (Catlin 1973:43-44). A village of 500 teepees might have several thousand dogs carrying loads, in addition to over a thousand horses (Catlin 1973:43-44). Their travois (simple drag-sleds) were made from two poles about 15 feet long with the thinner ends secured to the dogs' shoulders and the butts of the poles dragging on the ground (Catlin 1973:43-44). A short bracing pole was tied to both long poles just behind the dog, and a bundle or wallet was secured to these poles behind the dog (Catlin 1973:43-44).
These poles were almost certainly from the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) that grew in the nearby Rocky Mountains. Such pines supplied the poles for the lodges and teepees of many Plains and Rocky Mountain Indians. Poles were cut from trunks in the winter or early spring while the sap was down, their bark removed, and left to weather until fall, when they were collected for use (Peattie 1950). Such poles were preferred since they were very light, of nearly uniform diameter throughout their length, and extremely hard, stiff, and nearly impossible to split (Peattie 1950). Plains Indians would not use cottonwood or willow, instead they traveled all the way to the Rockies or bartered with Rockies tribes for these poles (Peattie 1950).
Painting of Sioux Indians moving camp, drawn first-hand by George Catlin in the 1830's (Catlin 1973:Plate 21).
The accounts of Plains Indians' relationships with dogs came after the introduction of the horse plus the fur and hide trade. Dogs may have been much more important before horses were available. In the later years of the Plains Indians, dogs were reduced to being an emergency food source, no longer being esteemed highly enough to feed and maintain (Snyder and Leonard 2011). Among the Plains indians, women were the chief companions of dogs, using them to gather firewood and other materials, and leading the burdened dogs when moving camp (Snyder and Leonard 2011).
On our recent backpacking adventure at Cache Creek BLM wilderness in CA, Emily's dog Neptune cheerfully bore our heaviest load: water. That pack must've weighed over 40 lbs… what a hoss!
Dogs were used in hunting throughout the Americas, especially in forested areas (Snyder and Leonard 2011). They were not used much for hunting in the Plains (Snyder and Leonard 2011), but they may have been used more there before the introduction of the horse. Eskimos trained their dogs to find seal breathing holes (Snyder and Leonard 2011). Subarctic Indians had dogs assist in hunting bears, beavers, and even musk-ox and polar bears (Snyder and Leonard 2011). The latter two were highly dangerous, and dogs chased and brought them to bay for the Indians to kill (Snyder and Leonard 2011). In heavily wooded areas, dogs were used routinely to hunt turkey, deer, and squirrels (Snyder and Leonard 2011).
Neptorian digging for ground squirrels.
In some areas, dogs (such as the Mexican Hairless) were raised specifically for eating, while in other areas dogs were only eaten as part of certain ritual feasts (Snyder and Leonard 2011). In some areas of the American northwest, dogs were bred for long thick coats that Indians sheared, spun into yarn, and wove into blankets of high status and value (Snyder and Leonard 2011).
The fur of my dog Kitsune would make for a good blanket. But she's a terrible pack dog now that she's learned how to throw her backpack off by running, then suddenly stopping with her head ducked and front legs out front, like the "down dog" stretch pose… that cunning, load-shirking bitch.
Kitsu in Yosemite after swimming in the chilly waters
No other species has lived alongside humans for as long as the dog, since cats were first domesticated (or more accurately, domesticated themselves) at most ten thousand years ago, when people began to store large amounts of grains that attracted abundant rodent prey of cats. It's no wonder so many people instinctively feel a kinship and understanding of dogs. Their social structure and hunting methods are very close to humans, making them perfectly suited for companions and assistants. Dogs are the only other species (I know of) besides humans that exhibit cursorial hunting; running after prey for as long as it takes, and finally catching their exhausted quarry since we both have such incredible long distance endurance. The !Kung bushmen in Africa still run down gazelles in this manner that is also displayed in many nature documentaries showing wolves hunt.
So If you've got a dog, please use any knowledge I may have given here to reinvigorate the human-dog bond; go running for hours, get it a backpack and have it haul water. Try to understand what makes your dog happy, and it just might infect you!
Kitsu chasing mirages in Death Valley, CA.
Kitsu confused by mirages again in the Great Salt Lake, UT.
Catlin, G. 1973. Letters and notes on the manners, customs, and conditions of North American Indians. Dover Publications, Inc. New York, NY.
Peattie, D. C. 1950. A natural history of western trees. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA.
Snyder, L. M., and J. A. Leonard. The diversity and origin of American dogs. Ch. 21 In B. D. Smith (Ed.). 2011. The subsistence economies of indigenous North American societies: a handbook. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, D.C.
This entry was posted in Articles, Ethnozoology / hunting, Pictures and tagged America, American Indians, Americas, ancient dogs, Canis familiaris, Canis lupus familiaris, Dog, dog domestication, dog eating, dog sleds, dog training, dog travois, dogs in the archeological record, domestic dog, hunting with dogs, Indians, Native Americans in the United States, North America, pack dogs, packdog, Plains Indians, United States, US, USA on November 4, 2013 by ringtailcats.


Using ONE centralized map-based database, Helping Lost Pets is the key to getting lost pets home. Mister crossed the border from Wisconsin into Illinois. Local facebook groups and pages are a good tool but when they don't link into a central database, lost pets slip through the cracks. Remember, dogs and cats can be missing a long time or go a long distance and cross county and state lines. You need to be able to search listings quickly. Helping Lost Pets provides that tool. No more scrolling through albums or Facebook feeds when you use Helping Lost Pets!
Welcome home, Mister! And thank you to Winnebago County Animal Services in #Rockford, Illinois for reuniting Mister with his family!
← Where Is Your Lost Dog – 2017?


Band to Join, Acoustic Guitar, Bass Guitar, Keyboard, Lead Guitar, Piano, Rhythm Guitar, Vocalist.
Acoustic player. Singer/songwriter. Looking for other musicians to play with.
Lots of influences, but I'm more into acoustic indie, folk rock right now.


How bout a healing? Thought I would share how I do a crystal healing.
We have 7 main chakras or energy centers in our subtle bodies and its those that I focus on when doing a healing. A healing clears and balances the chakras and promotes emotional and physical well being and feels wonderful. Incorporating crystals amplifies the healing.
Finding a comfortable seated position, I quiet my mind and stand in stillness allowing my chakras to open. I use the crystals along with the Reiki symbols focusing on the 7 main chakras, starting with the root chakra and moving on when guided.
Root - located at the base of the spine, groin area, it's our connection with the earth. I direct my focus to the root and visualize a wave of light traveling from my root chakra, down my legs and feet and into the earth like a huge root. The colour associated with the root chakra is red. The crystals I used were red jasper, hematite and jasper brecciated along with an apache tear.
Sacral - is also called the belly chakra. It's located about halfway between the navel and groin. I have found that men seem to feel the sacral chakra as it manifests as lower back pain when there is an imbalance going on. A healing on this chakra goes a long way in eleviating that. The colour associated with the belly chakra is orange and the crystals I use are tigers eye, carnelian and a obsidian snowflake.
Solar Plexis - located about halfway between the base of the rib cage and navel, this chakra is all about our human self, our impulses, strengths, and fears. Yellow is the colour associated with the solar plexis chakra and I use citrine, yellow jasper and prehnite crystals.
Heart - is located near the center of the breastbone. It is our heart center and governs love, compassion, higher consciousness and spirituality. I associate both green and pink with this chakra and often visualize a soft pink rose when healing this area. I use rose quartz, Agate green moss and aventurine crystals on this chakra.
Throat is located just below the adam's apple at the base of the neck. I associate the colur blue with this chakra and it governs communication and expression. I use the crystals blue agate, sodalite and jasper leopardskin.
Third Eye is located on the forehead between the eyes, in front of the pineal gland. This chakra is related to the act of seeing, both physically and intuitively. The colour associated with this chakra is indigo and the crystals I use are moonstone, howlite and unakite.
Crown - located on the top of the head, this chakra is our connection to source. I associate violet and a white light with this chakra and clear quartz and amethyst crystals.
After the healing, I close my chakras and slowly bring my focus back to my human form, drink a large glass of water and let my gratitude for life, love and the divine within all of us flow.
What a wonderful healing, Beadorh, and I will be trying it soon myself. I need to pick up a few more crystals I think first. I love the Sundog picture! Was it really cold that day? I only see them here in Calgary on the coldest of days.
Glad you liked it Feather. Cold...always. The sun is shining today...wonderful! Have a great day.


text:
Q: How to remove a single Element from Array I want to remove one field from every document using MongoDB driver for C#.
I have documents like this:
{
  "_id": ObjectId("554e05dfc90d3d4dfcaa2aea"),
  "username": "abc",
  "someArray": [
    {
      "_id": ObjectId("554e0625a51586362c33c6df"),
      "IsReadOnly": false
    },
    {
      "_id": ObjectId("554e0625a51586362c33c6df"),
      "IsReadOnly": true
    }
  ]
}

I want to remove the field "IsReadOnly" from "someArray", regardless of whether the value is true or false.
In MongoDB I can reach that with the following script:
db.getCollection('Collection').find({}).forEach( function(doc) {
  var arr = doc.someArray;
  var length = arr.length;
  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    delete arr[i]["IsReadOnly"];
  }
  db.getCollection('Collection').save(doc);
});

In C# I tried the following:
var update= Update.Pull("someArray",BsonValue.Create("IsReadOnly"));

// or: var update = Update.Unset("someArray.$[].IsReadOnly");
myDb.Collection.Update(null, update, UpdateFlags.Multi);

But the "IsReadOnly" wasn't deleted. How can I delete this field from every array and every document?

A: In the Mongo Query Language the easiest way you can express this update is using the $[] (Positional All) operator. It looks something like this:
db.col.update({},{$unset:{"someArray.$[].IsReadOnly":1}},{multi:true})

However, this operator has not been explicitly implemented in the strongly typed Builders available in the C# Driver.
Since this operator is missing you have to build the update "by hand". Here's a quick sample.
var mongo = new MongoClient();
var db = mongo.GetDatabase("test");
var col = db.GetCollection<BsonDocument>("col");
await col.UpdateManyAsync(new BsonDocument(), Builders<BsonDocument>.Update.Unset("someArray.$[].IsReadOnly"));

There are some potential pitfalls here with field naming if you have some custom serialization settings (such as lower camel cased field names), so be sure to test things.
It is worth noting that this answer is contingent upon you running a version of MongoDB that is 3.6 or newer. If you are running an older version, this method will not work as the $[] operator does not exist in earlier versions.

A: Hi Have you tried with MongoDb.Driver.Linq .. with something like:
var myEntity = myDb.Collection.AsQueryable().Where(xx=> xx.MyProp == somthing).FirstOrDefault(); //<-- to Extract your entity with Array Inside

then ..
var myArray = myEntity.ArrayNested.Where(xx=> xx.prop != conditiontoMatchElement).ToList();

then .. reset your new array (without the element) inside your entity..
myentity.ArrayNested = myArray;

.. then update it ...
var result = myDb.Collection.ReplaceOne(x => x.Id.Equals(myentity.Id), myentity, new UpdateOptions
            {
                IsUpsert = false
            });

Hope it helps you!!..
P.S . if you Array is not nested you can do the same but without set it in the father Entity

A: In MongoDB you can reach that with the following script:
db.getCollection('Collection').find({},{'someArray.IsReadOnly':0})

Key point is {'someArray.IsReadOnly':0} - projection parameter for find() method.
Read about find() here - https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/method/db.collection.find/index.html

A: here's how to do it in a strongly typed manner using my library MongoDB.Entities. it enlists the help of ElemMatch and Unset definition builder methods.
using MongoDB.Entities;

namespace StackOverflow
{
    public class Program
    {
        public class User : Entity
        {
            public string Name { get; set; }
            public Post[] Posts { get; set; }
        }

        public class Post : Entity
        {
            public string Title { get; set; }
            public bool IsReadOnly { get; set; }
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            new DB("test");

            var posts = new[] {
                new Post{ Title= "first post", IsReadOnly= true},
                new Post {Title = "second post", IsReadOnly = false}
            };
            posts.Save();

            (new User
            {
                Name = "Test User",
                Posts = posts
            }).Save();

            DB.Update<User>()
              .Match(f => f.ElemMatch(u => u.Posts, p => p.IsReadOnly == true || p.IsReadOnly == false))
              .Modify(d => d.Unset(u => u.Posts[-1].IsReadOnly))
              .Execute();
        }
    }
}

the following update command is sent to mongodb:
db.User.update(
    {
        "Posts": {
            "$elemMatch": {
                "$or": [
                    {
                        "IsReadOnly": true
                    },
                    {
                        "IsReadOnly": false
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    },
    {
        "$unset": {
            "Posts.$.IsReadOnly": NumberInt("1")
        }
    }
)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Guest editorial: diversity and danger
SOURCE: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy
TITLE AUTHOR(S): L.P.Swartz
KEYWORDS: CULTURAL DIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT: Human and Social Development (HSD)
Cultural diversity and developing countries
Whose right it is anyway? equality, culture and conflicts of rights in South Africa
Challenges of promoting and protecting the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities
Shifting African identities
Disparities in attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA): a nationwide study
Globalisation, identity and national policy in South Africa
Preventing substance abuse among rural African-American and South African youths. Challenges and opportunities of cross-cultural collaboration
The global debate on multiculturalism and women's human rights in South Africa
Women, culture and inequality: human rights and the feminisation of poverty in South Africa
Whose right is it anyway?: equality and conflicts between state policy, culture and rights in South Africa
Women's human rights and the "culture" of violence in South Africa
Concept paper: awards to recognise those contributing to the celebration of the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic communities in South Africa
Knowledge and practice of condom use among black and white South Africans
Cross-cultural religious business: cocacolonization, McDonaldization, Disneyization, tupperization, and other local dilemmas of global signification
Critical, coss-cultural perspective on sustaining inclusive education development: a South African experience
'All mouth and no trousers'
Black journalists embracing culture of celebrating ignorance
Building social capital with an emphasis on youth, through cultural affairs and sport in order to realise the Western Cape government's overarching vision of creating "A HOME FOR ALL"
Understanding culture and rights in South Africa today: moving beyond racial hegemony in national identity


text:
'use strict';

/**
 * TimeSlot model
 */
var Mongoose = require('mongoose'),
    XDate = require('xdate'),
    SchemaUtil = require('./common/SchemaUtil.js');

var Schema = Mongoose.Schema;

var TimeSlotSchema = new Schema({
    provider_id: {type: String},
    start: {type: Number},
    end: {type: Number}
});

/**
 *
 * @param {Object} json
 *  {
 *      provider: String
 *      start: Number
 *      end: Number
 *  }
 * @constructor
 */
var TimeSlot = function (json) {

    if (!json) {
        json = {};
    }

    if (json instanceof Mongoose.Model) {
        json = json.toObject();
    }

    if (json._id) {
        this._id = json._id;
    }

    this.provider_id = json.provider_id;
    this.start = json.start;
    this.end = json.end;
};

var model = SchemaUtil.model('TimeSlot', TimeSlotSchema);

TimeSlot.prototype.model = function () {
    return new model(this);
};

TimeSlot.model = function () {
    return model;
};

module.exports = TimeSlot;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Python, why is the dataclass attribute read-only? I have a dataclass which its signature gets updated based on the active configs before it gets initiated and may be modified after initiation. Accordingly, I have something like this:

from dataclasses import dataclass, field

@dataclass(slots=True, frozen=False)
class MyClass:
    att_1: str = field(init=False)
    att_2: str = field(init=False)

    @classmethod
    def update_class(cls, first, second):
        cls.att_1 = first
        cls.att_2 = second

My problem is that although the dataclass is not frozen, when I initiate the class I cannot change the attributes anymore. This is a sample of what I do.

MyClass.update_class("11", "12")
print(MyClass.att_1)
a = MyClass()

print(a)
print(MyClass.att_2)
print(MyClass.att_1)
a.att_2 = "002"
print(a)

Running this I get what is shown bellow:

11
MyClass(att_1='11', att_2='12')
12
11
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/b.py", line 25, in <module>
    a.att_2 = "002"
AttributeError: 'MyClass' object attribute 'att_2' is read-only

Can someone tell me why is att_2 read-only and how can I fix this?

A: So, the problem is that you are using __slots__ and then removing the __slots__ descriptors, breaking your class. So, consider (without the dataclass involved):
>>> class Foo:
...     __slots__ = "x", "y"
...
>>> foo = Foo()
>>> foo.x = 1
>>> foo.x
1
>>> Foo.x
<member 'x' of 'Foo' objects>
>>> Foo.x = None
>>> foo.x
>>> foo.x = 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Foo' object attribute 'x' is read-only

So, one simple solution is to not use __slots__, but it really isn't clear to me how this is all supposed to work or why you have an update_class method (and what it's supposed to accomplish).


A Phase II trial of 32 patients for the cardiac surgery-induced hypotension indication is planned to take place in the U.S. The study will assess the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MTR-105 in cardiac surgery patients who have developed hypotension during weaning off after cardiopulmonary bypass. The study will be conducted under the FDA's approved IND #66,505.
A Phase II clinical trial for the hemodialysis indication is planned to commence shortly in Europe. The study will be a prospective, two-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-treatment, four-period, cross-over study to assess the efficacy, safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three doses of MTR-107for the prevention of intradialytic hypotension (IDH) in endstage renal disease (ESRD) patients.
TrioxBio plans to start a Phase II study for the migraine indication in Europe and the U.S. this year. The study will be a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, and dose-ranging, 350-patient study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the MTR-106 oral tablets in the acute treatment of migraine attacks.
Given the role of nitric oxide in cluster headaches, TrioxBio has decided to test the ability of MTR-104 to alleviate cluster headache attacks. As these attacks generally reach their full force within five or ten minutes after onset, drugs to treat them need to be promptly bioavailable. In fact, while the customary primary endpoint in clinical trials involving acute treatment of migraine is pain response (relief or freedom) at 2 hours, the customary primary endpoint in clinical trials involving acute treatment of cluster headache is pain response at 30 minutes. For that reason, TrioxBio has embarked on the development of a new nasal spray formulation (MTR-108).
Once TrioxBio completes the formulation of the nasal spray, it will launch a phase II study in Europe and the U.S. The study will be a randomized, double-blinded, parallel, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating, 50-patient study to evaluate the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of MTR-108 in the treatment of cluster headache attacks. Given the similarities between cluster headache and migraine with regard to the role of nitric oxide, and the success of MTR-106 in TrioxBio's previous clinical studies, TrioxBio is very optimistic about the potential of MTR-108.