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Here's Where Each 2020 Democratic Candidate Stands On Slavery Reparations
(Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)
Scott Morefield Reporter
April 05, 2019 11:06 PM ET
If there were ever any doubt about where the overwhelming majority of Democratic 2020 presidential candidates stand on the issue of slavery reparations, this week's National Action Network (NAN) conference cleared it up.
Virtually every presidential contender who spoke at Al Sharpton's event was asked by the civil rights activist if they support slavery reparations. To a person, their answer was a resounding yes.
Specifically, Sharpton wanted to know if they support H.R. 40, a bill originally introduced by former Democratic Michigan Rep. John Conyers in 1989 and reintroduced by Democratic Texas Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee this year that would create a "Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans to examine slavery and discrimination in the colonies and the United States from 1619 to the present and recommend appropriate remedies." (RELATED: 2020 Democrats Support Slavery Reparations: What Does This Mean?)
Contenders who answered Sharpton's question in the affirmative included former Texas Rep. Beto O'Rourke, Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, Minnesota Sen. Amy Klobuchar, New York Sens. Kirsten Gillibrand and Elizabeth Warren, California Sen. Kamala Harris, Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper, former Maryland Rep. John Delaney, and South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg. Others also expressed their support of the concept either during their speeches at the event or previously.
Here's a summary of where each candidate stands on slavery reparations thus far:
"I had a chance to speak with and just listen to and learn from Brian Stevenson in Montgomery, Alabama and learn from his work on working with the community to build a memorial to justice and to peace and he said 'foundational to reparations is the word 'repair.' Foundational to repair is the truth,'" O'Rourke told Sharpton on Wednesday.
Presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke(D-TX) speaks next to Rev. Al Sharpton(L) during a gathering of the National Action Network on April 3, 2019 in New York. (Photo by Don Emmert / AFP)
While the Vermont senator had previously seemed reluctant about simply "writing a check" to black Americans, he told Sharpton on Friday that if a reparations bill is passed by the House and Senate, "of course I will sign it."
"There needs to be a study," said Sanders. "Let me also say this. I think what we need to do is to pay real attention to the most distressed communities in America. We have got to use 10% of all federal funds to make sure that kids who need it get the education, get the jobs, get the environmental protection that they need. And that would be a major focus of my efforts."
Democratic Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders (R) is joined by the Reverend Al Sharpton during a gathering of the National Action Network April 5, 2019 in New York. (Photo by Don Emmert / AFP)
The California senator said in February she supported some form of reparations. "We have got to recognize, back to that earlier point, people aren't starting out on the same base in terms of their ability to succeed," she told "The Breakfast Club" radio show. "So we have got to recognize that and give people a lift up."
"When I am elected president, I will sign that bill," she said Friday, referring to H.R. 40.
"We have to be honest that people in this country do not start from the same place or have access to the same opportunities," Warren told The New York Times in February. "I'm serious about taking an approach that would change policies and structures and make real investments in black communities."
"So I believe it's time to start the national full-blown conversation about reparations in this country," she said this week at NAN. "And that means I support the bill in the House to appoint a congressional panel of experts, people that are studying this and talk about different ways we may be able to do it and make a report back to Congress, so that we can as a nation do what's right and begin to heal."
NEW YORK, NY – APRIL 5: Democratic presidential candidate U.S. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) speaks at the National Action Network's annual convention, April 5, 2019 in New York City. (Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)
"I firmly support Congresswoman Jackson Lee's bill to create a commission to study reparations," Gillibrand told NAN attendees during her speech. "As president, I would advocate Congress to pass that bill and I would sign that bill into law. This is the first step that 100 years of slavery and institutional racism have caused mass inequity and harm to black people and has held black communities back for generations from achieving their full potential."
NEW YORK, NY – APRIL 5: Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) speaks at the National Action Network's annual convention, April 5, 2019 in New York City. (Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)
The Minnesota senator wasn't directly asked the question by Sharpton at the NAC conference, but she told NBC's Chuck Todd last month that while it's a debate worth having, reparations do not necessarily "have to be a direct pay" for every individual.
"I believe we have to invest in those communities that have been so hurt by racism. It doesn't have to be a direct pay for each person," she said.
The former Colorado governor told NAN attendees that slavery is "the nagging unrelenting shame of America, that continues to deny the true promise of this country to too many of its citizens. We must own our past, and acknowledge the shame, the sin, the injustice, and the ongoing consequences of enslaving an entire race of people. And we must apologize and that apology should come from the Oval Office."
NEW YORK, NEW YORK – APRIL 05: Democratic presidential candidate former Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper speaks at the National Action Network's annual convention on April 5, 2019 in New York City. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images)
"I've said that if under our Constitution that we compensate if we take their property, why wouldn't we compensate people who were considered property and sanctioned by the state?" Castro, an early proponent of the idea, told NAN attendees. "I believe that for the black community, for the white community, for every other American — that it is important to address that original sin, and until we do we may feel like we're moving forward as one nation, but I don't think that we ever will."
"Do I support legislation that is race-conscious about balancing the economic scales? Not only do I support it, but I have legislation that actually does it," the New Jersey senator, an on-record supporter of H.R. 40, told CNN anchor Jake Tapper last month.
Yang called the idea of reparations a "logical step," but told NAN attendees he would "go again further."
"I would put $1,000 a month in the hands of every adult starting at age 18 and then I would say this is not reparations," Yang said. "We need to study reparations independently of the fact that we can make this economy work for you all, minimum, minimum."
Democratic Presidential candidate Andrew Yang speaks during a gathering of the National Action Network on April 3, 2019 in New York. (Photo by Don Emmert / AFP)
"The country as a whole is effectively segregated by race and the resources are different," the South Bend, Indiana mayor said Thursday at NAN. "There is a direct connection between exclusion in the past and exclusion in the present."
The Hawaii congresswoman is a cosponsor of H.R. 40.
John Delaney and Tim Ryan
Both candidates expressed their support of the concept at this week's NAN conference.
The former Starbucks CEO and potential independent candidate reportedly wasn't asked the question at the NAN conference, but said in an interview last month that he would "rather look forward than look back."
"And in looking forward, I think there are ways to address this issue. I would have a different view, and mine would be looking forward, not backwards, in how to invest significant support, dollars and programs within the African American community," he said.
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Tags : al sharpton elections 2020 elizabeth warren kamala harris reparations
Scott Morefield


Discover the answer to lots of brilliant questions about monkeys and apes! Easy-to-read text makes this book ideal for young readers, while cartoons and quizzes keep learning fun and interactive.
First Questions & Answers – Monkeys and Apes – Why do chimps kiss? Is a book which explains everything about Monekys and Apes in a fun manner for young children. The book also has fun facts and a quiz at the end of the book to check the child's comprehension.


Our Policy on Environmental Performance, integrated with Quality establishes the criteria on which the implementation of the system is based.
Expose considered significant. Reduce concerns us all as an act of respect and contribution to the sustainability of our society and environment.
Risk of contamination of soil and water.
Machinery raw materials up Consumption of diesel, oil and maintenance.
Inadequacy of storage risk products (diesel,oil) Sanctions. Accidents likely breach of security.


Multiple warehouse performance in Magento is the crucial to an effective global/national profession.
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Come preview the William & Mary experience during one of our comprehensive Saturday programs!
Finding the college that fits you best is a tough process. Visiting the campuses you are considering is the very best way to explore your options. During the fall semester, we offer several weekend programs designed to give prospective students a peek into the life of a W&M student in order to get to know the personality of our campus.
Fall Focus Day events are designed to introduce you to many elements of the W&M experience. Hear from faculty, students and community members about the many reasons they feel the College is a unique environment in which to learn, play and grow. Each event will showcase the creative talents of our students by including performances from some of our most well-known student organizations.
Until fall, please consider attending our Tours & Info Sessions, offered weekdays and select weekends, or our classroom visitation program. Check back in late August for more details about the Fall Focus program. We would love to have you on campus and invite you to see what the buzz is all about!
Please contact [[crward, Assistant Dean Caroline Ward]] with any questions or concerns.


Do you live near Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD) and want to see the king's home here in Memphis? Frontier Airlines is hosting a sale until May 17, with flights from IAD to Memphis for just $39 each way. Book your flight today by visiting FlyFrontier.com.
Tickets must be purchased by 11:59 p.m. EST, May 17, 2014, and travel must be between September 8 - November 19.
Beginning September 8, Frontier Airlines will launch new ultra-low fare service at Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD) with nonstop flights to Memphis. Frontier's new service from Washington-Dulles will operate on 168-seat Airbus A320 aircraft which features six rows of comfortable stretch seating and an additional five to seven inches of legroom.
See the complete flight schedule and book your tickets at FlyFrontier.com. Also, plan your rock 'n' roll pilgrimage with great savings and specials on hotel packages here on Graceland.com.


Very Brooklyn:) that's a good thing! ABSOLUTELY THE BEST PIZZA IN THIS AREA:) GOOD CRISPY AND THIN. GREAT MEATS! GOOD PRICES. GREAT PEOPLE WHO SERVE THE COMMUNITY! P.S.
Web site is all fouled up. All I get is the restaurant behind a curtain and repetitive music. When I click on menu all I get is appetizers.
It is our favorite choice for a night out though there is often a wait so arrive early. You can wait at the bar. The menu is always creative and there is something for everyone. Love their daily specials. Nice wine selection. Tempting appetizers.
Food was terrific. Fish was cooked beautifully. Inventive pairings. Service friendly and informed. I will be back!


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Course WC1 5
The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy - Part 1
Rudolf Steiner published "The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy" in 1907.
In this publication Steiner presented the basis of the educational approach that later would become the foundation of what is today known as Waldorf Education, and has been developed from the beginnings of the first Waldorf School founded by Rudolf Steiner and Emil Molt in Stuttgart, Germany in 1919 to being today a worldwide movement that has established itself all over thee world as the most innovative and dynamic educational movement in our modern time.
In "The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy" Steiner developed first the basic ideas that later became the cornerstones of this new form of education. Steiner addresses the nurture versus nature and the clash of cultures and worldviews surrounding this theme from a spiritual point of view. Steiner presented the basic concepts of the essential nature of the human being in body, soul and spirit, and Steiner discusses the physical body, etheric body, astral body and ego. Steiner presents the background to what is truly age appropriate education with the idea that the child in growing up recapitulates the development of consciousness of humanity while going through stages or phases of incarnation. Steiner outlines the differing educational approaches necessary to teach children during early childhood, during the grade school years, during high school and during later life as an adult.
Study Material for this Lesson WC1 5 1.4.
"The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy" by Rudolf Steiner (Section 4)
This 'Body of the Ego' is the vehicle of the higher soul of man. Through it man is the crown of all earthly creation. Now in the human being of the present day the Ego is by no means simple in character. We may recognize its nature if we compare human beings at different stages of development. Look at the a poorly educated human being beside the average but educated human being ... , or again, compare the latter with a lofty idealist. Each one of them has the faculty of saying ' I ' to himself; the 'Body of the Ego' is present in them all. But a poorly educated human being, with his Ego, likely follows his passions, impulses, and cravings perhaps almost like an animal. The more highly developed man says to himself, 'Such and such impulses and desires you may follow,' while others again he holds in check or suppresses altogether. The idealist has developed new impulses and new desires in addition to those originally present. All this has taken place through the Ego working upon the other members of the human being. Indeed, it is this which constitutes the special task of the Ego. Working outward from itself, it has to ennoble and purify the other members of man's nature.
In the human being who has reached beyond the condition in which the external world first placed him, the lower members have become changed to a greater or lesser degree under the influence of the 'Ego.' When man is only beginning to rise above the animal, when his 'Ego' is only just kindled, he is still like an animal so far as the lower members of his being are concerned. His etheric or life-body is simply the vehicle of the formative forces of life, the forces of growth and reproduction. His sentient body gives expression to those impulses, desires, and passions only, which are stimulated by external nature. As man works his way up from this stage of development, through successive lives or incarnations, to an ever higher evolution, his 'Ego' works upon the other members and transforms them. In this way his sentient body becomes the vehicle of purified sensations of pleasure and pain, refined wishes and desires. And the etheric or life-body also becomes transformed. It becomes the vehicle of the man's habits, of his more permanent bent or tendency in life, of his temperament and of his memory. A man whose Ego has not yet worked upon his life-body, has no memory of the experiences he goes through in life. He just lives out what Nature has implanted in him.
This is what the growth and development of civilization means for man. It is a continual working of his Ego upon the lower members of his nature. The work penetrates right down into the physical body. Under the influence of the Ego, the whole appearance and physiognomy, the gestures and movements of the physical body, are altered. It is possible, moreover, to distinguish the way in which the different means of culture or civilization work upon the several members of man's nature. The ordinary factors of civilization work upon the sentient body and imbue it with pleasures and pains, with impulses and cravings, of a different kind from what it had originally. Again, when the human being is absorbed in the contemplation of a great work of art, his etheric body is being influenced. Through the work of art he divines something higher and more noble than is offered by the ordinary environment of his senses, and in this process he is forming and transforming his life-body. Religion is a powerful means for the purification and ennobling of the etheric body. It is here that the religious impulses have their mighty purpose in the evolution of mankind.
What we call 'conscience' is nothing else than the outcome of the work of the Ego on the life-body through incarnation after incarnation. When man begins to perceive that he ought not to do this or that, and when this perception makes so strong an impression on him that the impression passes on into his etheric body, 'conscience' arises.
Now this work of the Ego upon the lower members may either be something that is proper to a whole race of men; or else it may be entirely individual, an achievement of the individual Ego working on itself alone. In the former case, the whole human race collaborates, as it were, in the transformation of the human being. The latter kind of transformation depends on the activity of the individual Ego alone and of itself. The Ego may become so strong as to transform, by its very own power and strength, the sentient body. What the Ego then makes of the Sentient or Astral Body is called 'Spirit-Self' (or by an Eastern expression, 'Manas'). This transformation is wrought mainly through a process of learning, through an enriching of one's inner life with higher ideas and perceptions.
Now the Ego can rise to a still higher task, and it is one that belongs quite essentially to its nature. This happens when not only is the astral body enriched, but the etheric or life-body transformed. A man learns many things in the course of his life; and if from some point he looks back on his past life, he may say to himself: 'I have learned much.' But in a far less degree will he be able to speak of a transformation in his temperament or character during life, or of an improvement or deterioration in his memory. Learning concerns the astral body, whereas the latter kinds of transformation concern the etheric or life-body. Hence it is by no means an unhappy image if we compare the change in the astral body during life with the course of the minute hand of a clock, and the transformation of the life-body with the course of the hour hand.
When man enters on a higher training — or, as it is called, occult training — it is above all important for him to undertake, out of the very own power of his Ego, this latter transformation. Individually and with full consciousness, he has to work out the transformation of his habits and his temperament, his character, his memory ... In so far as he thus works into his life-body, he transforms it into what is called in anthroposophical terminology, 'Life-Spirit' (or, as the Eastern expression has it, 'Budhi').
At a still higher stage man comes to acquire forces whereby he is able to work upon his physical body and transform it (transforming, for example, the circulation of the blood, the pulse). As much of the physical body as is thus transformed is 'Spirit-Man' (or, in the Eastern term, 'Atma').
Now as a member of the whole human species or of some section of it — for example, of a nation, tribe, or family — man also achieves certain transformations of the lower parts of his nature. In Anthroposophical Science the results of this latter kind of transformation are known by the following names. The astral or sentient body, transformed through the Ego, is called the Sentient Soul; the transformed etheric body is called the Intellectual Soul; and the transformed physical body the Spiritual Soul. We must not imagine the transformations of these three members taking place one after another in time. From the moment when the Ego lights up, all three bodies are undergoing transformation simultaneously. Indeed, the work of the Ego does not become clearly perceptible to man until a part of the Spiritual Soul has already been formed and developed.
FROM what has been said, it is clear that we may speak of four members of man's nature: the Physical Body, the Etheric or Life-Body, the Astral or Sentient Body, and the Body of the Ego. The Sentient Soul, the Intellectual Soul, and the Spiritual Soul, and beyond these the still higher members of man's nature — Spirit-Self, Life-Self, Spirit-Man — appear in connection with these four members as products of transformation. Speaking of the vehicles of the qualities of man, it is in fact the first four members only which come into account.
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Physical Body and Etheric Body
Lesson 3: Astral Body and Ego
Lesson 4: Ego and Conscience
Lesson 5: The Three Births
Lesson 1: Waldorf Education for Early Childhood and Kindergarten
Lesson 2: Waldorf Education for Elementary School
Lesson 3: Waldorf Education for High School
Lesson 4: The Soul Faculties of Willing, Feeling and Thinking
Lesson 5: The Anthroposophical Spiritual Impulse
Tasks and Assignments
Please study the provided segment of "The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy." Then please turn to the tasks and assignments for this lesson that are listed below (in the submission form).
Steiner explains how " ... the Body of the Ego is the vehicle of the higher soul of man. What is meant by this statement in your opinion. *
In this section of the text, Steiner intruduces the concept of "conscience." What is his definition of conscience? *
How does Steiner's definition of conscience differ from others, for instance Freud's or other psychoanalytical definitions? Comment. *
Interview two people (relatives, friends, etc.) concerning their definition of "conscience." Report the results here including your comments. *
Steiner states that there are ... "the Physical Body, the Etheric or Life-Body, the Astral or Sentient Body, and the Body of the Ego. The Sentient Soul, the Intellectual Soul, and the Spiritual Soul, and beyond these the still higher members of man's nature — Spirit-Self, Life-Self, Spirit-Man — appear in connection with these four members as products of transformation." Comment. *
As an exercise please create a watercolor painting or drawing using pencils (either colored pencils or graphite pencils) that you relate to the description of the 9-fold human being described in the text. Pease take photos and submit the artwork. *
I will submit the drawings via email I will submit the drawings via file upload

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Commitment – We commit to great product, service, and other initiatives that impact lives within and outside the organization.
Safety –We ensure the health and safety of employees and going beyond the legal requirements to provide an accident-free workplace.
The Group is able to optimise whole life cost for new buildings and infrastructure, providing overall best value for our clients.


Azure is Microsofts Cloud based service, similar to Amazon or the great Apache Cloudstack. Microsoft Open Technologies provides a VMDepot for sharing images for Azure. Which is great cause it can save you quite a bit of time!
Great work Maxim and Vasiliy !


There are many reasons why individuals gain weight but it is usually caused by high insulin levels. In order to lose weight, insulin has to go down. And that is where a ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting work best.
Further studies show that a ketogenic diet can create maximum results when combined with intermittent fasting because a maximum decrease in one's insulin level can be achieved. Aside from belly fat, insulin is also the reason why we experience fatigue, poor memory, high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression.
The ketogenic diet, which is simply referred to as keto, is a diet that focuses on lowering down one's carbohydrate intake. Lower carbs mean lower blood sugar, which is actually the main goal. When done right, a person on a keto diet will enjoy lower hunger pangs and cravings in the long run.
Ketogenesis is achieved when the body starts burning fat instead of using sugar for energy. Traditional dieting merely tricks the body into losing weight, which is quite unhealthy. In order to lose weight, it's important that one starts living healthily. The ketogenic diet works because if it is done right it helps in correcting broken metabolism that may be caused by improper dieting.
Intermitting fasting is yet another powerful method of losing weight. Here, one is required to eat less frequently throughout the day and only within specified intervals. Keep in mind that eating triggers insulin production. So basically, if you eat less throughout the day, less insulin will be produced by the body.
On the average, a person eats 3 to 7 times throughout the day. Intermittent fasting trains your body to eat for only two times a day until you eventually get used to eating just one to two full meals daily. Of course, your body has to go through a healthy transition to get there. Doing intermittent fasting abruptly is very close to starving yourself and nothing's good is going to come out of that.
To achieve weight loss using these two techniques, everything has to be done right. First, you have to transition your meals from high carbs to low carb. Shifting to low carb means you're doing away with any food item that contains sugar. Instead, you'd go for dark leafy greens, berries, and broccoli. Refer to the list of foods that you can and can't eat on a keto diet to be sure.
After changing your diet, the next thing to do is to remove the snacks. That's actually the first step to intermittent fasting. You have to stick only to the three basic meals in the beginning and forget about snacking entirely. Once your body gets used to that, you'd start with the next challenge, which is to eliminate breakfast. You do that by pushing your breakfast a little bit nearer to lunch time every single day until your body no longer requires it. Soon, you'll be eating the right kind of food for just lunch and dinner. That's when the ketogenic diet starts working and you start seeing changes on your waistline and the rest of your body.


A pocket blanket can prove to be perfect suitable for beach, camping, hiking, concerts and festivals, parks and other places when traveling with light baggage or backpacking.
CRIDD pocket blanket is water repellent (to keep you clean and dry) and puncture resistant ( to protect you from dirt, rocks, twigs and sand), can be easily folded and packed back into the attached storage pouch.
Why do you need a pocket blanket?
While a portable blanket may not be exactly something that you need for survival, having one at your disposal can certainly make your life easier. It is something that you need to have anywhere, for greater comfort, whether you need to enjoy the outdoors anytime, or at an airport because of a flight delay or have to take shelter in the wilderness overnight with no proper place to rest.
Pocket blanket has four 4 stakes to improve performance on all kind of terrain an breezy days ( when the wind could blow it away).
– Pocket blanket it's water resistant and sand resistant, that you could on a rainy day, that you could cover your belongings to protect.
– Pocket blanket is coated with PU and makes this material to be a sand free experience , all you have to do is to shake it off.


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AIDS activists unfurl a banner at the National Lesbian and Gay Health conference in June 1983 in Denver.
How 'The Denver Principles' Changed Healthcare Forever
June 7, 2013 • By Mark S. King
You must know this, because it matters. Because it has already changed your life, no matter who you are, and you may not even realize it. Because as we search for a new national voice for people living with HIV (since the ugly demise of The National Association of People with AIDS), and as LGBT community leaders pledge to re-commit themselves to HIV issues, the voice of people with HIV matters more than ever.
That isn't about a vague concept. It began at a very real meeting, which gave birth to a very real, tangible document. And it happened exactly thirty years ago this month.
It was 1983. Just a year prior, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) became the fearful nameplate for the murderer of gay friends and lovers. The virus that caused it, HIV, had only been identified a few weeks earlier. Amidst this atmosphere of unremitting grief and fear, a group of activists met in Denver as part of a gay and lesbian health conference. Among them, a dozen men with AIDS. And among their number, the inspirational Michael Callen of New York City, pictured at right, and safe sex architect Richard Berkowitz (Sex Positive), the only surviving member of the group today. They were about to do something that would change our response to AIDS—and health care in general—forever.
As the conference drew to a close, the activists asked to address the attendees. Rather than having a report presented about the state of the AIDS crisis, they wanted to speak for themselves. If the word "empowerment" hadn't yet been a part of the health care lexicon, it was about to be.
The group took turns reading a document to the conference they had just created themselves, during hours sitting in a hospitality suite of the hotel. It was their Bill of Rights and Declaration of Independence rolled into one. It would be known as The Denver Principles, and it began like this: "We condemn attempts to label us as 'victims,' which implies defeat, and we are only occasionally 'patients,' which implies passivity, helplessness, and dependence upon the care of others. We are 'people with AIDS.'"
The seminal moment in AIDS activism was arguably those few minutes, when the principles were outlined by these brave "people with AIDS." Identifying themselves as such, that alone, was startling at the time. How could they not be seen as anything but victims of an arbitrary and cruel killer? But they would have none of it. And they did not stop there.
They outlined 17 principles that covered everything from health care decisions to civil rights to sexual conduct. And their impact on all of us is so obvious today it can easily be taken for granted. Please honor their service and read on.
They demanded that physicians see their patients as "whole people," and provide "accurate information." They believed their opinion on their care should be awarded equal weight, and this was revolutionary. The next time your doctor consults you about a change of medications or whether a diagnostic test may be required, you can thank The Denver Principles.
They asked "all people" to fight against AIDS discrimination in the workplace and in housing, which was a provocative concept in the fearsome days of 1983 when people recoiled from those with HIV.
Astonishingly, they even advocated for "as full and satisfying sexual and emotional lives as anyone else" for people with AIDS. Imagine that, at a time when a new blood- and sexual contact-driven disease was in full bloom, a group of people suffering from it wanted sexual rights. Amazing. And yet today, if you are HIV positive and disclose your status to potential partners without feeling like a diseased pariah (or you have observed sexual evolution, like serosorting and sex clubs for positives), you can thank The Denver Principles. For that matter, if you're HIV negative and negotiate sex with partners of any stripe, you can thank the Principles for believing that we all deserve a satisfying sexual life.
While gay men were the designers of the document, The Subversive Librarian notes that this was a situation in which lesbians and gay men worked together really effectively. As Walt Senterfitt wrote in 1998: "Part of the widespread acceptance of the notion of self-empowerment must be attributed to lessons learned from the feminist and civil rights struggles. Many of the earliest and most vocal supporters of the right to self-empowerment were the lesbians and feminists among the AIDS Network attendees."
A clear line can be drawn between how all of us participate in our own health care decisions and The Denver Principles. It has influenced the doctor/patient relationship in every disease category, benefiting millions of patients.
When longtime activist and POZ Magazine founder Sean Strub delivered the keynote speech at the Campaign to End AIDS' 5th Anniversary event a few years ago, he devoted his powerful remarks to the historic importance of The Denver Principles and announced a plan to create a Denver Principles Empowerment Index that will hold AIDS groups accountable to the people they serve. That sort of work continues today, with plans underway to conduct a "Stigma Index" survey in the United States, measuring levels of HIV stigma and employing people with HIV in the process.
Sean knows a thing or two about accountability. When I worked for various AIDS organizations through the 1980s and 90s, we were shaking in our boots each year when POZ Magazine produced their chart outlining which of the country's AIDS organizations met certain criteria. The chart rated things like financial transparency, the cost of fund raising, and how many HIV positive people served on the Board (for which, by the way, you can thank The Denver Principles, which demanded people with AIDS "be included in all AIDS forums.")
The Empowerment Index that Sean and others are creating (he's open to input) would chart similar criteria for AIDS organizations and other health care providers, by measuring the degree to which their clients feel empowered and involved in their own decisions. It would tangibly rate things like fund raising, transparency, HIV+ representation and the delivery of services.
So the Denver Principles live on. A list of profound basic rights were outlined during the dawn of this epidemic that continue to have an impact on us today. Anyone facing a chronic illness should laud the amazing journey and profound importance of this document.
#Denver Principles
#empowerment
#Sean Strub
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