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The article explores the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society's attempts in the 1870s and 1880s to stop the Brazilian government's 'scheme' to bring Chinese workers to the country. These efforts indicate that the question of slavery extrapolated national boundaries and confirms that Britain acted directly against Brazilian slavery until its final moments.
Between the end of the 1870s and the middle of the following decade, due to the reduction in the number of slave workers and the perception that slavery was inexorably reaching its end, the Brazilian government, supported by groups of plantation owners, tried to introduce Chinese immigrants as a form of supply the insatiable labor market. For this reason, a 'China Mission' was dispatched with the aim of negotiating a treaty to allow these workers come to the country.
Chinese immigration was far from being a consensus in Brazilian society at the time. A large part of the press fought against the idea, as well as some politicians, writers, and even plantation owners. Machado de Assis, for example, on the occasion of the visit of a Chinese representative to Rio, wrote two columns mocking the introduction of the Chinese. According to him, recent experiences had proven that the chimpanzee had been shown to be a better substitute than the Chinese and would not contribute to racial bastardization, since they did not cross with any other races (Assis, 1997, vol. 3, pp.419-422). Numerous factors therefore appear to have competed to frustrate the introduction of Chinese workers. Indeed, Brazilian historiography has already looked at this question from various angles.
This article intends to point to the efforts of British abolitionists, especially the members of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS), to combat the introduction of Chinese workers to Brazil.
In exploring BFASS's actions against the introduction of Chinese, the principal objective of the article is to help fill a historiographic gap, since the efforts made by this organization in this episode are practically unknown. Although contemporaries knew that BFASS was fighting the introduction of Chinese, and this was divulged in the Senate and the press, the historiography only mentions these passages, but it never duly explains the actions carried out by British abolitionists.
The principal sources used were the reports published in the Reporter and the letters which the Secretary of BFASS received from foreign correspondents, currently preserved in Rhodes House Library, in Oxford.2 Also drawn on are the letters sent by the head of the China Mission, Eduardo Callado, to the Brazilian Mission of Foreign Affairs, recently published by the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation.
These episodes demonstrate that the British anti-slavery movement, through BFASS, combated Brazilian slavery until its final moments. They also indicated that Brazilian decisions about slavery were not exclusively taken based on the domestic political and economic context. Clearly, as it is hoped that the following passages demonstrate, this was a question of a global nature, which involved American, European, and Asian interests.
The replacement of slave or servile labor was a constant concern in Brazil since colonial times. While the allocation of indigenous peoples and Africans was practicable, the preference was to use these two groups. In the nineteenth century, with the rise of the British anti-slavery policy and a series of internal factors, Brazilian authorities and owners began to consider the possibility of also using Asian labor, especially Chinese.
In Brazil, Chins, as the Chinese were referred to, first arrived in the reign of João VI. It was intended to develop the cultivation of tea through techniques brought from China. Although this was a failure, due to its objectives it cannot be considered a test of the introduction of Asian labor to replace African slaves. Nevertheless, there are records of other arrivals of Chinese, especially in the 1820s. Travelers' descriptions from the middle of the century record the degrading situation of these immigrants and suggest that the number of Chinese arriving in Brazil at this time was not insignificant.3 The historiography has already mapped these arrivals and calculated the number of Chinese immigrants who arrived in the country in the nineteenth century (Yang, 1977, p.421; Conrad, 1975, p.42; Dezem, 2005, p.48-51; Neves; Guimarães; Ferreira, 2010, p.66-75; Peres, 2016, p.86-89).
The fiasco of the initiative did not dishearten those interested in bringing Chinese to Brazil, amongst other reasons because they had no other option, since the ill-fated attempts to establish partnerships with European immigrants had practically closed doors to this alternative at that moment. Chinese immigration thus came to be debated in newspapers, books, in parliament, and in technical institutions, such as the Auxiliary Society of National Industry. At this epoch there also emerged a proposal to organize private companies to import Chins, while the government in Rio de Janeiro asked the British diplomatic delegation for a report about the difficulties and limits of Chinese immigration (Dezem, 2005, p.55; Costa, 1998, p.184-188).
At the end of the 1870s, in light of the worsening of the shortage of labor, it became necessary to find some solution to replace slave laborers. Although it was not hegemonic, there seemed to be some agreement about the convenience of bringing in European labor, principally from Italy and Spain, as they were Catholic countries. However, this predilection ran into a series of factors, ranging from the refusal of these countries to export their subjects to the contradiction between the objectives of the immigrants and those of the plantation owners.
It was in this scenario that the then President of the Council and the Minister of Agriculture, João Lins Vieira Cansansão de Sinimbu, decided to organize the 1878 Agricultural Congress in Rio de Janeiro. At that moment the two principal themes which left the plantation owners unsettled were the difficulty of obtaining agricultural credit, since the banks refused to accept slaves as guarantees, and the lack of labor, which dwindled everyday due to the non-replacement of slaves.
Based on the Brazilian consul's report, Sinimbu's doubts - if they had existed - dissipated. In 1879, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Moreira de Barros, requested funding from the Chamber of Deputies to send a diplomatic mission to China. The question caused a bitter debate, with Joaquim Nabuco speaking various times against the introduction of the Chins. According to the neophyte deputy, the pro-immigration policy of the Sinimbu cabinet had no other interest but "mongolizing the country" and meeting the interests of plantation owners (Nabuco, 1983, p.165, 226).
Moreira de Barros' warnings about the possible difficulties to be faced in the establishment of a treaty aimed at the importation of Chinese were due to the fact that other actors had decided to fight the intentions of the Brazilian government.
What is known is that since the 1840s BFASS had always denounced and criticized in its newspaper the use of contracted labor from Chinese and Indian coolies by European colonies in the Caribbean and other parts of the world. Initially, BFASS criticism was limited to the form in which the workers were enlisted, transported, and maintained in the colonies; it believed that these stages had to be regulated and inspected to function adequately. Later, the institution understood that the system of contracted labor (Chinese or Indians) was essentially wrong. BFASS' concern with the trade of coolies was not surprising, since current estimates indicate that from 1840 to 1875, approximately one million Chinese had left the province of Guangdond in direction of the Americas - not to count the other Chinese provinces (Heartfield, 2016, p.335; Temperley, 1972, p.126; Yun, 2008, p.15).
This change of opinion also perhaps reflected, in part, the change of British policy towards coolie traffic. Great Britain, from the 1860s onwards, stopped being one of the greatest promoters of this trade and became its greatest adversary. Probably, this directive was due to diminution of its participation in the labor market in the Americas and the production of plantation crops.
At the end of the 1870s, since BFASS was concerned with the degrading situation of the Chinese who had been transported to Peru and Cuba, as soon as it became aware of the Brazilian government's plan to also introduce these workers it rapidly took actions to pressurize the Chinese and British authorities and prevent any treaty from being signed between Brazil and China which would allow the coming of immigrants to replace Brazilian slaves.
BFASS' position was: the introduction of laborers contracted by slaveholding countries undoubtedly involved the enslaving of these workers. This was the idea defended by BFASS during its campaign against the Brazilian government scheme.
In the following issue, in December 1879, the Reporter returned to the subject and published part of the speech given by Joaquim Nabuco in the Chamber of Deputies on 1 September of that year against the introduction of Chins. However, more importantly, the Reporter also published part of the speech which Sinimbu had given in Senate a month later. This final speech helped to clarify some evasive points in the reply of Marquis Tseng to the BFASS letter, since it explained that the Brazilian government, through Barão de Penedo, was in direct contact with the Chinese representatives in London.
[...] we addressed ourselves to our legations in London and in the United States. As there were Chinese embassies of the first order in those countries, we thought it well to sound the feelings of the Ministers of China, to find out if it would be an easy matter to open relations there. From both these embassies we have received hopeful communications.
BFASS also used Sinimbu's speech (which it reproduced from The Rio News) to explain the reasons for the Brazilian preference for Chinese immigrants: "The Chinese labourer being more temperate, receives a smaller salary and so leaves a broader margin of profits to the proprietor, or to his employer. And this is exactly one of the reasons why we should desire him for our country." According to Sinimbu, in addition to the low wages received by Chinese workers, they were also the most appropriate for the current stage of Brazilian agriculture: "In a position like ours, in which agricultural methods are still so imperfect, in which, we may say, main strength must supply the lack of intelligence and the imperfection of methods employed, we want labourer's on small salaries; and this is what we have in the Chinese".18 By publishing these passages from the Brazilian minister's speech in the Reporter, BFASS pressurized the Chinese authorities and warned about the precarious conditions to which their subjects would be submitted to in the South American empire.
Another important point in Sinimbu's speech was the criticism he directed at BFASS for its fight against the importing of Chinese workers. This demonstrates the influence of the entity and the capacity of the Reporter to spread information.
These declarations were printed in the Reporter and, later, whenever there was a need, they were remembered as a form of pressurizing the Chinese authorities. The sincerity with which Sinimbu outlined the government's plan and justified their preference for the Chinese was perhaps due to the conviction that the Anti-Slavery Society would be unable to interfere in the negotiations between Brazil and China.
I would like to apologize to the reader for the long citations, but they are necessary to provide a good overview of the actions of the Brazilian government, BFASS, and the Chinese authorities. Through these citations it can be perceived, in first place, that the choice of Chinese immigrants aimed exclusively to meet the economic anxieties and the need for labor of the plantation owners, and that the Brazilian government used its diplomatic agents to start the attempts at an agreement, without any concern about the possible actions of British abolitionists. Second, it can be seen that the Chinese authorities in London, although they denied it, demonstrated a certain appreciation for some type of agreement. This is corroborated by the letters sent by Brazilian negotiators to the Minster of Foreign Affairs, informing him that they had met at the end of 1879 with Marquis Tseng in Paris - who as well as the Chinese representative in Great Britain, was also representative in France - to be instructed about the best manner of proceeding with the Chinese authorities. The Brazilian representatives, still on French soil, also communicated with their superiors the satisfaction of being able to count on the "good offices of the United States," with letters of recommendation from French diplomacy and Marquis Tseng, who "has given us here the most significant proofs of his good will in relation to the favorable result of our mission".23 In China, the Brazilian mission perceived that it would be impossible for a series of motives to obtain the help of the United States and France.24 Finally, and reaffirming what has been said above, BFASS presented strictly objective reasons to criticize the introduction of Chinese workers, considering that they would be treated as slaves once they had been accepted in Brazilian territory. At no moment did BFASS use any racial or moral type argument, as happened with many Brazilians who opposed the coming of the Chinese.
During these years, the silence of the Reporter about the subject was probably due more to the absence of information than a lack of interest. However, it was at the same time that the Brazilian negotiators made efforts in China to achieve their objectives, which can be accompanied through the letters they sent to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company is establishing a line of steamers between China and Brazil and, undoubtedly, it will perform the enterprise satisfactorily. I have often talked with their directors and they show themselves willing to undertake the venture, understanding that it will be with the Imperial Government or any private society.
While the negotiations with the company were underway, the Brazilian government diverged from some of the stipulations of the first version of the treaty, principally about the inviolability of the residences in which consular representatives and Brazilian traders could live in in the future and asked the Brazilian negotiator to contact the authorities of that country to proceed with the corrections before the ratification of the treaty. The negotiation of these alterations took several months, finally on 3 October 1881 a new treaty was signed more in accord with Brazilian interests; its ratification occurred on 3 June 1882.
The Brazilian negotiator did not manage to insert any clause which would allow the establishment of an emigration by contract system, as other countries had done previously. However, it was quite skillful in achieving the consent of the Chinese authorities to the possibility of guaranteeing the free circulation of subjects from one empire to another.
This was what the Brazilian government wanted. Through this disposition, Chinese coolies could be convinced to emigrate supposedly at their free and spontaneous choice, which would preserve Brazil from a series of inconvenient international criticisms. In an unprecedented manner, the Brazilian government had found a way of guaranteeing the immigration of Chinese workers, without the need to establish any prior contract.
What remained was to advance the discussions about establishing the company responsible for the transport of these workers. Between the signing of the Treaty in October 1881, and its ratification in March the following year, Callado concerned himself with negotiating the terms by which the company directed by Tong King Sing would be responsible for transporting Chinese workers to Brazil.
This last point needs to be explained better. In previous cases, the coolies had left China with signed labor contracts and were sent to the countries or colonies which practically dominated the entire recruitment circuit - their enlistment or capture in China, sea transport, and allocation on plantations or large construction sites. This procedure facilitated the criticism and identification of those responsible for the mistreatment or enslaving of workers. In the Brazilian case, in theory the coolies would supposedly emigrate out of their spontaneous free will. By contracting a Chinese company for the transport, Brazil also exempted itself from any responsibility for mistreatment during the sea voyage. All of this, plus the fact that the contracts of the Chinese emigrants would be signed in Brazil instead of China, prevented a reckless investment of capital.
While these negotiations were underway in China, coffee planters in São Paulo opened another flank to try to introduce Chinese labor. In 1881, The Rio News stated that Paulista plantation owners had sent José Custódio Alves de Lima to the United States to hire three thousand Chinese for their crops. This venture was not successful, and the Reporter, in publicizing the report of the Carioca newspaper, demonstrated its ignorance about the subject of the Brazilian mission to China by stating that British abolitions were "glad to learn that the Brazilians find they have no chance of obtaining emigrants from the British ports in China, owing to the action taken by the English authorities in discouraging emigration to Brazil".35 In other words, BFASS believed that the Brazilian government's Chinese immigration plans had been frustrated. For instance, between December 1879 and April 1883, the Reporter mentioned the theme just three times and did so in relation to reports reproduced in The Rio News.
This passage is primordial to understand the failure of the scheme. Undeniably, Tong King Sing was interested in his company participating in the transport of Chinese immigrants to Brazil. However, when the British - BFASS and the Foreign Office - came to pressurize him, demanding that he investigate the conditions under which his countrymen worked, he rapidly perceived that the Brazilians would force the Chinese to work in a regime very similar to that of African slaves. This was even clearer when he found out that the plantation owners - and not the Brazilian government - were to be responsible for the costs of transporting the Chinese, and that the latter would be obliged to repay the plantation owners the money invested until then in the cost of their transport.
If the Brazilian government had financed the entire cost of transport, or at least part of it, there would have been an expectation that Chinese workers could negotiate with plantation owners in a minimally satisfactorily manner about their working conditions and, eventually, their return to their native land. However, since the plantation owners were solely responsible for funding the transport from China to Brazil, the coolies would be irremediably tied to them even much after the latter had cleared their debts. Given this situation, the managing director of the Chinese company clearly perceived the problems which he would have to face later. He had been warned and pressurized both by BFASS and the Foreign Office and knew that any more decided involvement of the British government in this question, based on the allegation that the coolies were being enslaved in Brazil, could cause him considerable harm.
In fact, BFASS had already announced in the Reporter, in 1882, that the Brazilians had discovered that there was no possibility of obtaining coolies from British ports in China. On their part, the Brazilian mission also informed the Minister of Foreign Affairs that in the port of Macau, the Chinese authorities had been influenced by the English and imposed at the last minute embargoes which prevented the departure of a ship full of immigrants.43 Given these episodes, Tong King Sing certainly evaluated the risks that the enterprise would run if the British decided to effectively combat the coming of coolies to Brazil and declined to carry the project forward.
In the specific case of Chinese immigration to Brazil, there is no known proof that the British abolitionists had acted with second intentions, in other words, that they had left their anti-slavery zeal in the background with the aim of favoring the foreign policy of the British state. BFASS' efforts to frustrate the Brazilian scheme for importing Chinese workers have thus to be understood in relation to their actions against Brazilian slavery.
This is related to the foundation of BFASS. It was created in London in 1839, with the aim of internationalizing the British anti-slavery movement. In its Statutes Brazil already figured as one of the principal places to which it had to give its attention.46 However, at that moment, British abolitionists were divided about the strategy which this internationalization should adopt. Some, led by Thomas Fowell Buxton, and congregated in the Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade and for the Civilization of Africa, thought that the focus of the anti-slavery struggle should be the slave trade and for this reason they believed that the best alternative would be to discourage Africans from selling their contemporaries. Other abolitionists, such as the followers of Joseph Sturge, the founder of BFASS, believed that attention should be concentrated on slavery itself; only with the extinction of demand would the offer of slaves be eliminated. As Buxton himself recognized, the two diverging groups were not rivals: they complemented each other (Huzzey, 2012, p.67). Late developments, however, showed that the strategy adopted by BFASS was more promising. The entity organized by Buxton, although it had grandiose projects, had a relatively ephemeral life and came to an end in 1843; in turn, BFASS, although it has changed name, still exists and is considered the oldest institution in defense of human rights (Temperley, 1972; Temperley, 1991; Huzzey, 2012; Heartfield, 2016).
Since its foundation in 1839, until the formal ending of Brazilian slavery in 1888, BFASS continually paid enormous attention to Brazil. The first proof of this was the secret mission it organized to Brazil at the end of 1839, with the aim of collecting information about slavery and the Brazilian slave trade, as well as encouraging anti-slavery feeling. In the following decade, BFASS was also indirectly associated with a mission which visited Brazil to deliver to the Emperor and other authorities a Address against slavery and the slave trade (Ré, 2016, p.69-100; Ré, 2017, p.293-317).
In the following decades, in 1860 and 1870, BFASS established an agreement with agents of the Brazilian government. While it acted internally to repeal the Aberdeen Law and to facilitate the reestablish of diplomatic relations between Brazil and Great Britain, broken off because of the 'Christie Question,' the Brazilian government committed itself to undertake some emancipationist measures.
Also well known are BFASS' efforts in the 1880s to help Joaquim Nabuco strengthen Brazilian abolitionism. Moreover, throughout this period, the BFASS Committee, responsible for defining its guidelines for action, sent Addresses to the Emperor, to the members of the imperial family, and to the Brazilian government, calling for the adoption of measures against slavery (Bethell; Carvalho, 2008; Rocha, 2009).
Involvement in all these events indicates that Brazil was a country in which BFASS acted strongly during the nineteenth century. The fight against the introduction of Chinese laborers to Brazil was another of these episodes.
On the other hand, since its foundation, BFASS also became known for criticizing and fighting against the hired work of Indian and Chinese coolies in the Caribbean and other regions, both within and outside the British Empire. However, while in previous decades BFASS used moral and prejudicial arguments to criticize the bringing of these workers, even condemning them for supposed sexual practices and vices, in the Brazilian case the institution did not present a single argument other than the question of slavery.47 For BFASS, coolies were not to be brought to Brazil solely and exclusively because they would be submitted to conditions as degrading and miserable as that of slaves. In their condemnation neither moral nor racial questions were raised.
Brazilian historiography has already been concerned with the question of the bringing in of Chinese labor and the support and repulsion it attracted, and did this in various forms (Elias, 1971; Costa, 1999; Lima, 2005; Conrad, 1975; Dezem, 2005; Neves, Guimarães, Ferreira, 2010). However, where it was possible to investigate, only Gilberto Freyre has pointed to the relevance of BFASS in the failure of the attempt to bring Chinese laborers to Brazil. Nevertheless, since the aim of Freyre was to discuss the 'human aspect' of the introduction of foreign labor, he looks at the theme only collaterally and credited the failure of the Brazilian plan to the power of internal 'public opinion,' which, according to him, was strongly against the objectives of the government and some groups of plantation owners (Freyre, 1971, p.115).
Certainly, for a series of reasons, principally racial ones, a representative part of Brazilian public opinion positioned itself against the introduction of Chinese immigrants, as was clear in the 1878 Agricultural Congress, held in Rio de Janeiro. The interventions of Joaquim Nabuco and other representatives in Parliament and discussion in the press also went along this path. However, even against strong opposition, the Brazilian government sent a mission to China to negotiate the introduction of these immigrants to Brazil, something which was successful until the refusal of Tong King Sing.
Although other elements contributed to the frustration of the scheme to bring Chinese laborers to Brazil, the role played by the BFASS abolitionists has to be acknowledged. The principal aim of this article has been to highlight this.
1On various occasions, BFASS used the word scheme to refer to the Brazilian government's actions to import Chinese workers. According to the Cambridge dictionary, scheme refers to an officially organized plan with devious objectives. Since this definition suits the Brazilian government's actions, it will be used to designate them. Cf. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. (electronic version).
2The author would like to thank Lucy MacCann, archivist at the Bodleian Library, for the kindness and swiftness with which he was helped.
3RIBEYROLLES, Charles. O Brasil pitoresco, vol. 1. Belo Horizonte; São Paulo: Itatiaia; Edusp, 1980. p.207; SANTOS, Luiz Gonçalves dos. Memórias para servir à história do Reino do Brasil, vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Zélio Valverde, 1943. p.331.
4Relatorio apresentado á Assembléa Geral Legislativa na segunda sessão da Decima-Quarta Legislatura pelo Ministro e Secretario de Estado dos Negocios da Agricultura, Commercio e Obras Publicas Diogo Velho Cavalcanti de Albuquerque. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Universal de E. & H. Laemmert, 1870, p.10.
5Originally, the word coolie or kuli was applied only to Hindus, because, in addition to meaning a day laborer, it also referred to a particular caste only existing in Hindustan. However, the term came to be used by Europeans to designate Chinese immigrants, calling the Chinese coolies.
6BOCAYUVA, Quintino. A crise da lavoura. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Perseverança, 1868.
7Congresso Agrícola, Rio de Janeiro, 1878. Introd. e notas de José Murilo de Carvalho. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa, 1988. p.33.
8Congresso Agrícola, Rio de Janeiro, 1878, p.72-79, p.229.
9MENDONÇA, Salvador de. Trabalhadores asiaticos. New York: Typographia do "Novo Mundo", 1879. p.16.
10MENDONÇA, Salvador de. Trabalhadores asiaticos, p.16-20.
11LISBOA, Henrique Carlos Ribeiro. A China e os chins. Recordações de viagem. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão/CHDD, 2016. [edição original, 1888]; LISBOA, Henrique Carlos Ribeiro. Os chins do Tetartos. Continuação d'a China e os Chins. Rio de Janeiro: Typ. da Emp. Democratica Editora, 1894; Cadernos do CHDD, ano XI, n. 20. Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática, 2012. p.23-157.
12Dispatch n. 2, Dec. 6, 1879. Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.27.
13This periodical, according to a historian "began in the Imperial capital in April 1874, being published in English three times a month - on the 5th, 15th, and 24th. In 1879, when parliamentary debates about abolition began again, it was under the direction of O. C. James and Andrew Jackson Lamoureux. However, after 1882, Lamoureux, who was American, became its sole owner and editor" (ROCHA, 2009, p.95).
17Anais do Senado, Session Oct. 1, 1879, p.5.
18Anais do Senado, Session Oct. 1, 1879, p.5.
19Anais do Senado, Session Oct. 1, 1879, p.5-6.
20Anais do Senado, Session Oct. 1, 1879, p.6.
23Letters Jan. 10 and Feb. 10, 1880, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.39-41, p.44-45.
24Letter Sept. 15, 1880, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.78.
25The Rio News, Jul. 5, 1881, p.1-2; The Rio News Aug. 15, 1881, p.1-2; Reporter, Aug. 15, 1881, p.140-141; Reporter, Sept. 15, 1881, p.161-162.
26Letter Jul. 19, 1880, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.54-55.
27Letter Sept. 15, 1880, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.70.
28Letter Sept. 15, 1880, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.70.
29Letter Nov. 28, 1880, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.102.
30Letter Dec. 14, 1880, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.107.
31Coleção de Leis do Império do Brasil, 1882, vol. 2, p.207-213. The Treaty was reproduced in Coleção de Leis do Império do Brasil, on the occasion of Decree 8651, from 24 August 1882, through which the Brazilian Senate promulgated the treaty.
32Letter Jan. 11, 1882, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.140.
33Letter Jan. 11, 1882, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.141. In relation to the formal proposal by Tong King Sing, director of the shipping company, to the Brazilian delegation in China, see: Annex 1 of Letter Jan. 11, 1882, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.142-143.
34Letter Oct. 2, 1882, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.154.
35The Rio News, May 4, 1881, p.4; The Rio News, Sept. 15, 1881, p.4; Reporter, Jan. 1882, p.15.
37Edwin Corbett to the Foreign Office, Oct 13, 1883, MSS.Brit.Emp.s.G.22+G79. Rhodes House Library, Oxford. The existence of copies of various of Corbett's letters to the Foreign Office in the BFASS archives demonstrates that this institution had privileged information about how the British state dealt with the question.
41V. Walbran Chapman to Charles H. Allen, Mar. 20, 1883, MSS.Brit.Emp.s.G.22+G79, Rhodes House Library, Oxford. In addition to the correspondence for the British Minister in Rio de Janeiro, Edwin Corbett, and Chapman's correspondence, it is probable that BFASS was also receiving other privileged information, since it had in its archives a copy of two letters from Tong King Sing to Eduardo Callado, head of the Brazilian mission in China: one discussing the wages of Chinese workers; another with an official proposal from the China Merchant's Company for the transport of coolies. MSS.Brit.Emp.s.22+G80a, Rhodes House Library, Oxford.
43Reporter, Jan. 1882, p.15; letter Jun. 27, 1880, Cadernos do CHDD, 2012, p.48-9.
44Reporter, Jan. 1884, p.4, p.19.
46British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society for the abolition of slavery and slave-trade throughout the world. Address. London: Johnston and Barret, . p.2.
47Reporter, 1 Mar. 1848, p.36.


text:
Q: The same code is running on the jupyter note book but not on the Spyder. Can anyone please tell me that why this is giving error? import math
import unittest
class Calculator:
    def  __init__(self):
        pass

    def is_sum(a,b):
        return a+b
is_sum(10,5)  #Here is the issue
import unittest
class CalculatorTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_add(self):
        self.assertTrue(self.Calculator.is_sum.is_number(a))
        self.assertTrue(self.Calculator.is_sum.is_number(b))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Trust Fund for Victims
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Making reparative justice a reality for victims
The Trust Fund for Victims (TFV) is the first of its kind in the global movement to end impunity for the gravest of crimes and alleviate suffering. The establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on 1 July 2002 resulted in the creation of the TFV under article 79 of the Rome Statute.
The role of the TFV is to ensure victims' rights to reparations and assistance are realised in the international criminal justice system.
For the victims of crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide whose voices are often left unheard and whose suffering is forgotten, the Court set forth two mandates of the TFV: (i) to implement Court-ordered reparations and (ii) to provide physical and psychosocial rehabilitation or material support to victims of crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of the Court.
Our Mandates
"The Court may make an order directly against the convicted person specifying appropriate reparations to, or in respect of, victims, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation. Where appropriate, the Court may order that the award for reparations be made through the Trust Fund provided for in article 79." (Article 75 (2) of the Rome Statute).
Le Nigeria verse sa première contribution volontaire au Fonds au profit des victimes
Nigeria makes first voluntary contribution to the Trust Fund for Victims
Press Release: 22 December 2020
The TFV asks governments to consider making voluntary contributions earmarked to reparations. The Rome Statute stresses the central importance of the rights and needs of victims to receive reparations for the losses and harms they suffered.
State Parties

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There are several amenities available that will make the students' lifestyles more comfortable and convenient. That includes high speed Internet, basketball court, and the 24-hour fitness center. There are social events hosted at the complex every week which make it ideal for those who want to socialize without leaving the complex. The apartment is located around the corner from the Santa Fe College. It is about three minutes from the campus if students travel by car and the best road to take is the NW 83rd Street. If they decide to walk, it will only take them about 11 minutes and the best way to go is by North Road. Driving to the college will definitely be faster than walking, but the walking distance is not too far. In fact, it is preferable to walk than to drive since it is cheaper and more environmentally friendly.
The apartment offers the options of 2 bedroom, 3 bedroom, and 4 bedroom units. They all come with either the 3×3 or the 4×4 features that include full washer and dryer and fully furnished private suites with private bathrooms. The average range that students will pay for rent is anywhere between $349 to $519 per month depending on the floor plan. Bills for the Internet, cable, water, and electricity are included in the rent for the 2 bedroom rental whereas the rent for the 3 bedroom and the 4 bedroom rentals only include water, cable, and the Internet.
There are plenty of places and activities near The Crossing at Santa Fe that students can do during their free time. Shopping malls, such as Oaks Mall, are within the driving distance and there are numerous restaurants nearby that serve diverse cuisines from Mexican to the Carribean. For outdoor activities, such as hiking and jogging, there are several parks within the driving distance. Some of these parks are Cofrin Nature Park, John Mahon Nature Park, and Clear Lake Nature Park.


LOS ANGELES – Freshman Samantha D'Costa (San Jose, Calif. / St. Francis) and senior Kate Lewis (San Antonio, Texas / Ronald Reagan) maintained their perfect season-opening streaks of scoring in double figures with a pair of 14-point outputs in Caltech women's basketball's 58-50 defeat to Macalester College on Friday in the Caltech-Oxy Fall Classic.
Lewis just missed a second double-double with eight rebounds, while D'Costa posted what is quickly becoming a typical all-around line of four boards, three steals and two assists. As a team, the Beavers also recorded their third straight game shooting better than 70 percent from the free throw line and forced three more turnovers than they committed, but were narrowly outshot from the field and crushed on the boards, 51-31, which led to an additional 13 shots for the visitors.
Lewis scored the first basket of the game and proceeded to net all six of the Beavers' points over the first six minutes. A four-minute dry spell for Caltech saw Macalester stretch out to a six-point lead just before the end of the quarter, when sophomore Madeline Schemel (Westport, Conn. / Staples) sank a free throw to make it 12-7 Scots at the first break.
D'Costa drilled a three-pointer on the first possession of the second quarter, then came up with a steal and dish to Schemel to tie the game at 12-12. A Macalester trey once again staked the Scots to the lead, and this time they held it until the fourth quarter, although the Beavers threatened to flip the script a number of times prior to that. Caltech trimmed a seven-point deficit in the second quarter to just two by halftime at 26-24, then hung within four points throughout the third quarter and finally clawed all the way back to tie it again at 40-40 early in the fourth. The foes traded buckets for the ensuing three minutes until Macalester surged ahead by five with 5:49 remaining and eventually extended it to the game-high final of eight to claim the victory.
Head Coach Sandra Marbut and the Beavers host St. Olaf College (1-1) at 3 p.m. on Saturday, Nov. 26 on Day Two of the Caltech-Oxy Fall Classic.


Michael Bresciani will return to racing in 2018 after serving a two-month suspension. The UCI agreed to a settlement with the Bardiani-CSF rider who failed an anti-doping test for the diuretic furosemide in an in-competition control at the Italian national championships, according to a report Cicloweb.it.
Bresciani told La Gazzetta dello Sport that his positive test was sparked by contamination from a medicine his mother takes. The UCI accepted Bresciani's explanation that his mother needed Furosemide for an illness, "and that, apparently, they have involuntarily contaminated food or kitchen utensils," his lawyer Filippo Martini explained in the report.
He added that under the UCI rules, if there is no negligence involved, the sanction can range from nothing to two years. The two month ban given to Bresciani is considered to have been served, as he was suspended from racing as of August 11. As reported in October, Bresciani was not initially suspended by the UCI while they studied his case but he agreed to a self-suspension with the Bardiani-CSF team in August.
The suspension was handed down in accordance with the UCI's rules on 'Acceptance by Consequence'. The governing body did not release a statement on the matter but the rule is covered in the UCI Cycling Regulations rule 8.4. The UCI has added Bresciani to its list of Anti-Doping Rule Violations - Sanctions, which acknowledges his violation at as an Adverse Analytical Finding (AAF) - Furosemide on June 26, 2017. In addition, it lists his sanction for two months and ineligible to compete until October 10. 2017.
The positive test happened at Bresciani's first race with the team after signing on mid-season on June 1. He signed with the team to replace Nicola Ruffoni and Stefano Pirazzi, both who tested positive for GH-Releasing Peptides in April. The UCI has banned Ruffoni in December and Pirazzi in October for four years.The UCI subsequently banned Bardiani-CSF from racing for a month between June 14 and July 14, but riders were permitted to compete in their national championships.
"With regard of today's communication from Union Cycliste Internationale on Michael Bresciani, Bardiani-CSF express its satisfaction for the investigation's outcome and the consequent decision that fully clear the rider from any accusations of fraudulent violations of anti-doping rules," the team said.
"For Bardiani-CSF the UCI motivations prove that Bresciani has not violated any internal rules and team policy in terms of anti-doping, which declares the strong will to not have any riders in its roster with previous anti-doping violations not attributable to negligence and, in case of athletes under contract, the immediate dismissal.
"In the end, the team confirms that the precautionary suspension of Bresciani is finished and that Michael will be at disposal to face the 2018 race calendar."


Excellent service, all went smoothly and with minimum stress.
Always professional and friendly. Things were always explained thoroughly and in a way that I could understand.
I would like to thank Sarah Townsend for dealing with my case and her professional help. Thank you for your excellent service at Lawson-West.
Elizabeth was kind, efficient and organised and moved things through very quickly. She is a real credit to your firm and I have no issue in recommending her or Lawson-West in the future, I have been exceptionally impressed.
Thanks again for your service. I'm very happy with the result and life is much brighter with the kids. We are all so very happy, thank you again.
Thank you James for everything you have done, you have been brilliant.
Alistair, I'd like to thank you and your team for all the hard work you have done for me, I appreciate it very much. Thanks again.
Alistair was very kind and his friendly approach was welcomed during such a difficult emotional time, his secretary and receptionist were warm too.
Mr Haworth was extremely understanding and compassionate in relation to my situation.
Always able to speak with the solicitor promptly.
Thanks for all of your help, you provided me with a seamless service and I shall definitely come back to Lawson-West if the need ever arises.
The Solicitor who dealt with my case was very thorough and understanding. All letters were sent out promptly and my case was dealt with efficiently.
Alistair Dobson's care and attention to detail and also the excellent advice given.
I would like to thank Alistair and his team for all their hard work during this difficult time. They provided a very helpful and friendly service.
An excellent service and an excellent outcome. I was treated with respect and professionalism.
Care, attention to detail and explanations simplified where possible.
You went the extra mile to do my international divorce. You are a nice Solicitors firm.
James Haworth's patience and gentle good humour made the service special. I have been so pleased with all of the advice and help given. Law firms who are as friendly and efficient as Lawson-West are few and far between.


New York and Light (iPhone/iPad Link) You can download the song if you right click on the link and choose "Save" or "Save As," and it will download the MP3 file.
So I took the little poem I wrote a couple post's back "New York & Light" and made it into a song. I had this tune I was working on at the same time, so I applied the words to it. I added a couple more paragraphs for a second verse.
This entry was posted in Audio, Music and tagged Music, song, Songs on December 29, 2010 by Stephen Pickering.


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For the last 17 years Cutting Edge Ltd has specialised in building services for the insurance industry, whereby we work with the insurance companies and homeowners to turn a terrible situation into a happy ending. We believe our success is as a result of our friendly but professional manner and communication with all parties concerned and our ability to deliver a high-quality finish on time.
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Suspense Sundays (126) The Last Trip
Suspense was a radio series from 1942 to 1962. I have a fondness for "Old Time Radio" as we call it now, and Suspense is my favorite show. It sets up weird, dark, scary, or intriguing stories with a plot twist in the end, and all in half an hour. For Suspense Sundays I'll give a short review of an episode.
"The Last Trip"
Air date: November 8, 1959
Starring Robert Dryden and Connie Lempke
Mrs. Myra Jason is cheating on her older, rich husband with a man named Ted. They have a plan to do away with the husband by planting a bomb in his suitcase so that it will go off when he sets off on a business trip by plane. Myra plants the time bomb, and Mr. Jason leaves according to plan. However, he soon returns because traffic was so bad and he was sure he would miss the flight. And Myra is not quite sure how to get the bomb out of his suitcase now.
Um, how awful are these two people with this plan! To get rid of the husband and innocent people in the plane! So selfish of them. So it's great that they get what's coming to them in the end. Especially because the twist is really clever and empowers poor Mr. Jason. He seemed like a nice guy who was unfortunate in choosing his wife, but there is much more to him than that. This was a great listen with a very satisfying twist.
Review: Spock Must Die
Star Trek DS9 Season 2 - Top 5 Favorite Episodes
How a Blogger Can Use the Principles of Stoicism
Suspense Sundays (125) Re-entry
Book Signing: Cary Elwes and The Princess Bride
Review: As You Wish: Inconceivable Tales from the ...
The Refined Reader (32) The E-book
Suspense Sundays (124) Easy Victim
The Famous People Tag
Review: The Young Elites
Thoughts on Doctor Who Season 8
Suspense Sundays (123) The Crisis of Dirk Diamond
Review: Killer Instinct
The Refined Reader (31) The Case of the Vampire
Suspense Sundays (122) Infanticide


From the biggest nostalgia show producers in the UK, a stunning musical journey through the past six decades. Including some of the greatest all time hits by Judy Garland, Connie Francis, Buddy Holly, Cliff Richard, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Sandy Shaw, Dusty Springfield, Elvis Presley, Tom Jones, The Carpenters, Bay City Rollers, Abba, Michael Buble and many more.
Beautifully costumed and choreographed. Performed by 'West End' and International vocalists, along with the stunning 'Memory Lane' dancers.


You are probably familiar with the distinct flavor that ginger in food you eat every day, but do you know that this kitchen staple offers numerous health benefits, too? This popular herb often found in East Asia, China, Australia, and India can help with various kinds of health problems, including nausea, infections, stomach pains, and may even prevent cancer.
According to studies, ginger has been valued since Ancient times because of its power to help with various body conditions. Most of its healing properties are because of the active compound in ginger, gingerol, which has strong anti-inflammatory properties.
Nausea is extreme discomfort in the stomach and chest. It can lead to lightheadedness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. More often than not, it is caused by external factors such as motion sickness, food poisoning and dehydration. Morning sickness and certain types of bacterial and viral infection may cause nausea, too. Ginger is one of the best natural remedies for nausea. You can consume raw ginger but you might be demotivated to continue because of ginger's strong taste. One of the best ways to enjoy the benefits of ginger is to make homemade ginger tea and to consume it 2-3 times a day.
Had a particularly tiring day at the gym? You can add ginger to your diet to help you deal with the soreness and pain. The best way to do it is to add ginger to your daily meals for sustained benefits. The nice and aromatic flavor will even make your food taste better!
Ginger is said to work just as effectively as pain pills when dealing with dysmenorrhea. Women who don't like taking in Ibuprofen or aspirin can try this remedy to enjoy practically the same results. Making ginger tea is surprisingly easy. Simply wash, peel, and grate fresh ginger. Bring to boil and strain into glass. You can add the sweetener of your choice like honey. You may even drink it cold if you prefer.
Are you always eating "bad cholesterol"? Do you think your diet is putting you at an increased risk of heart disease? Ginger is known to help reduce significant cholesterol markers. Try to consume at least 3 grams of ginger or ginger powder to enjoy the benefits. It is best to add it as an ingredient to your daily meals to enjoy the benefits.
Although there is no scientific evidence that can prove that ginger can help prevent cancer, it has been studied as an alternative form of treatment because it has anti-cancer properties attributed to 6-gingerol. More research is needed in this area and as always, it is always best to seek the opinion of a medical professional before starting any form of treatment.
Ginger is also known as a natural cleanser for the body. It has been used by ancient cultures for thousands of years to flush out toxins. You can enjoy this benefit too! Simply try out Better bath Better Body's Epsom salt bath.
Epsom salt is made from Magnesium and Sulfate. It is also known to help the body function better because it offers numerous health and beauty benefits. It is known to help improve sleep, promote better skin, help heal relief sore muscles and more!
Better Better Body's Epsom Salt blends are enhanced with 100% certified pure essential oils for more benefits. We have a special Detox Bath Soak that can help replenish the Magnesium levels and help pull out toxins from your body. Plus, you get to enjoy the other benefits of an Epsom salt bath too!
Curious about how our products work? Find out more here.


InterContinental Hotels Group plc (IHG) is a global hotels company headquartered in Denham, United Kingdom. It as over 4,500 hotels in over 100 countries. Its brands include InterContinental, Holiday Inn and Crowne Plaza. Around 3,800 of the company's hotels operate under franchise agreements, around 630 are managed by the company and 16 are owned.
Each entrant grants to the Authorized Parties a non-exclusive, royalty-free license through the entire world and for the duration of intellectual property rights pertaining thereto, to use and reproduce, in whole or in part, without any number limitation, in any form, by any mean or process, or any medium, whether now known or hereafter existing, the Photograph for editorial, commercial, advertising, promotional, publicity or trade purposes, including commercially using and exploiting it to fullest extent possible. Each winner further acknowledges that any Authorized Party may use a name credit in connection with such use, in any media now or hereafter known. No Authorized Party will be required to pay any additional consideration or seek any additional approval in connection with such use or exploitation.


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Q: Get a print out of INSERTs from a table in SQL Server
Possible Duplicate:
SQL Server 2005 - Export table programatically (run a .sql file to rebuild it)
Generate INSERT statements from a SQL Server Table

I have a table in SQL Server 2005 and want to get a printout out of inserts so I can copy and paste them into my production server (I cannot directly link to production server).
I just want a print out of X number of records from a very large table.
select * from data where tableID > 10100;

The above is the condition I want to use to figure out which records to generate the inserts for.

A: Try one of the many third-party tools around that do this:

*

*SQL Server 2008 R2 - generating INSERT statements for a table (I believe this also works / is also available for the 2005 version)

*See this other SO question on the same topic (and the answers!)

*SQL Server 2005 Script to Generate INSERT statements

*Generate Insert Statements For a SQL Server Table
or just plain Google (or Bing) for it! There's tons of material out there....


For most, the decision to enter into treatment is a big deal, one that can bring up quite a lot of fear and apprehension. Clients often tell me how nervous they are at the start of therapy, feel unsure about what personal information to share and how to share it, and are worried about being judged harshly by their therapist, particularly if they have information to share that they harbor shame around.
Sharing about suicidal thoughts and ideations is one such topic that tends to be very difficult to talk about. Unfortunately, this is not only true for clients, but also for many therapists.
Most importantly, when you enter into therapy you must feel safe and secure to share any and all information with your therapist. AND your therapist must earn your trust by demonstrating warm, honest, non-judgmental, positive regard for you and your experiences, as well as offer appropriate support and feedback for your current treatment needs.
Let me be clear, not everyone deserves the right to hear your very personal and private information, not even a therapist. Simply having a fancy degree or title is not enough. Therefore, please choose a therapist who has extensive knowledge and training, proper credentials, and credibility in your community.
If you do not feel safe talking with your therapist about certain matters or if you therapist appears afraid, unsure, or avoidant of certain topics you want or need to discuss, then this may be an indication that your therapist cannot meet your needs.
However, when it comes to thoughts of suicide or a desire to self-harm, you MUST disclose this to your therapist, as it is pertinent to your treatment and well-being. Your therapist cannot adequately treat you if you fail to share the full scope of your symptoms and behaviors.
Now, I know how incredibly scary it can be to share this information. Culture, media, and strong beliefs about suicide have many worried about potential negative consequences that can come from sharing thoughts of suicide or self-harm.
So, to help, here are 5 things that your therapist wants you to know about your suicidal thoughts. I hope you will use these as a guide to determine when and how to disclose suicidal ideation to your therapist.
Although it may not feel like it, you are never alone. Many of us have shared experiences and commonalities, and suicidality may be one of these.
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports that suicide is within the 10th leading cause of death among adults in the U.S. and is the 2nd leading cause of death among people ages 10-24. These statistics are of those who have died by suicide, therefore, we can only image the staggering number of individual who may be considering suicide, but have not engaged in suicidal/self-harming behaviors.
Read more from the CDC here.
Your therapist knows just how common suicidal ideation is and does NOT think you're "crazy," "weird," or "abnormal" in any way. Suicidal ideation is a very real symptom of many mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, feeding and eating, mania, psychosis, and others. Often, suicidal thoughts are an indication of underlying needs that are not being met. Sharing these with your therapist is an opportunity to address your needs and wants head on so that you can start to work towards recovery and relief.
Our thoughts and feelings are often broken into parts, so that two seemingly opposing beliefs can coexist at the same time, making it possible for one to have feelings of love and hate, anger and sadness, or excitement and nervousness all at the same time.
More often than not, those who have thoughts of suicide also experience feelings of ambivalence, or conflicting emotions about whether or not to engage in behaviors that may be life threatening. Although this may be confusing, ambivalence does NOT negate severity of the situation or mean that the person is not serious about threats of suicide.
Ambivalence about suicide can make it particularly challenging for the person experiencing such thoughts, as they may minimize or explain away suicidal thoughts or even latch onto thoughts that may cause anxiety or discomfort, further exacerbating symptoms that can increase suicidal ideation.
On the other hand, ambivalence can also be protective for the individual experiencing suicidal ideation, as it allows us to look more at the part of the induvial that wants to live and use this to instill hope and get unstuck with forward thinking movements.
Unlike most settings, therapy is a place for dialoguing and open-ended conversations, that don't necessarily have to have a beginning, middle, or end, or even a point, where one doesn't need to have an answer, nor do they need to do anything particular about it.
Therapy is a place for you to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas and anything you like and in any way that you like.
Yes, you can even have an open dialogue about suicide.
A good therapist wants to have these kinds of conversation with their clients in a way that is transparent and honest, so that they may understand the client's perspective, validate their experience, and collaborate with them on what to do or how to improve the situation if possible.
Probably the number one reason people are most afraid to share thoughts of suicide with their therapist, is the fear that they will be taken against their will to a hospital. However, simply sharing about suicidal thoughts is not enough to warrant hospitalization. In fact, more often than not, when clients share with me about thoughts of suicide there is NO hospitalization at all.
Hospitalization may be initiated by a therapist, but only in the most severe cases in which the client is truly at risk of hurting themselves or others and is unable or unwilling to create a safety plan with the therapist.
Also, it is important to note, that a therapist likely can only initiate the process for the client to be assessed by a medical professional, usually at an ER or hospital, who will ultimately make the final decision about whether they will be admitted inpatient. Only few therapists who have special training and credentials can actually complete an involuntary psychiatric hold.
If you decide to share your suicidal ideation with your therapist (and I hope you do), your therapist will first complete an assessment with you to understand the full picture of your suicidal thoughts. This means your therapist will ask you a series of questions and will want to know any underlying contributing factors, exacerbating symptoms and behaviors, duration and severity, intent or plan to harm yourself, commitment to life, and how you are able to work towards safety.
With this information, your therapist will work with you to create a safety plan, which will include preventative and reactive measures for safety, such as therapeutic coping skills, activities that improve mood, calling and notifying loved ones, seeing a physician/psychiatrist, utilizing community resources (i.e. crisis line, group therapy services, community center, local hospitals), and numbers for who to call in case of an emergency. Also, your therapist will most likely make a plan to increase the frequency of contact with you, in person and/or by phone.
Creating a safety plan with your therapist is a really great way to communicate your commitment to life and willingness to take steps to keep yourself safe.


Picric acid was probably first mentioned in the alchemical writings of Johann Rudolf Glauber. Initially, it was made by nitrating substances such as animal horn, silk, indigo, and natural resin, the synthesis from indigo first being performed by Peter Woulfe in 1771. Its synthesis from phenol, and the correct determination of its formula, were successfully accomplished in 1841. Not until 1830 did chemists think to use picric acid as an explosive. Before then, chemists assumed that only the salts of picric acid were explosive, not the acid itself. In 1871 Hermann Sprengel proved it could be detonated and most military powers used picric acid as their main high explosive material. Picric acid is also used in the analytical chemistry of metals, ores, and minerals.
Picric acid was the first high explosive nitrated organic compound widely considered suitable to withstand the shock of firing in conventional artillery. Nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose (guncotton) were available earlier but shock sensitivity sometimes caused detonation in the artillery barrel at the time of firing. In 1885, based on research of Hermann Sprengel, French chemist Eugène Turpin patented the use of pressed and cast picric acid in blasting charges and artillery shells. In 1887 the French government adopted a mixture of picric acid and guncotton under the name Melinite. In 1888, Britain started manufacturing a very similar mixture in Lydd, Kent, under the name Lyddite. Japan followed with an "improved" formula known as shimose powder. In 1889, a similar material, a mixture of ammonium cresylate with trinitrocresol, or an ammonium salt of trinitrocresol, started to be manufactured under the name ecrasite in Austria-Hungary. By 1894 Russia was manufacturing artillery shells filled with picric acid. Ammonium picrate (known as Dunnite or explosive D) was used by the United States beginning in 1906. However, shells filled with picric acid become highly unstable if the compound reacts with metal shell or fuze casings to form metal picrates which are more sensitive than the parent phenol. The sensitivity of picric acid was demonstrated in the Halifax Explosion. Picric acid was used in the Battle of Omdurman, Second Boer War, the Russo-Japanese War, and World War I. Germany began filling artillery shells with TNT in 1902. Toluene was less readily available than phenol, and TNT is less powerful than picric acid, but improved safety of munitions manufacturing and storage caused replacement of picric acid by TNT for most military purposes between the World Wars.
Thomas Edison needed phenol to manufacture phonograph records. Edison responded by undertaking production of phenol at his Silver Lake, NJ, facility using processes developed by his chemists. He built two plants with a capacity of six tons of phenol per day. Production began the first week of September, one month after hostilities began in Europe. He built two plants to produce raw material benzene at Johnstown, PA and Bessemer, AL, replacing supplies previously from Germany. Edison also manufactured aniline dyes, which previously had been supplied by the German dye trust. Other wartime products include xylene, p-phenylenediamine, shellac, and pyrax. Wartime shortages made these ventures profitable. In 1915, his production capacity was fully committed by midyear.


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A state of being compelled.
An irresistible impulse to perform an irrational act.
he average visitor here loses about $117 per day," I told my brother. "Mostly in the slots." Alan is a Baptist minister. It was his first visit to Las Vegas back in 1979. We were strolling along dark aisles, gaming machines clanking on either side. "Which is really not all that much," I continued. "About the same as their hotel bill plus meals."
"If you're saying that for my benefit," said Alan with a beatific grin, "don't. The way I see it, people come here for relaxation. The gambling is incidental."
When you have a brother who is a minister, you have a source of endless recreation. I have two brothers who are ministers, both younger than I by a dozen years.
"You don't think greed provides part of the motivation?" I chided, gesturing toward a glass case which blocked our path. Inside was a zucchini-sized river rock which looked to all the world as if it had been painted with a spray can: The Golden Nugget. My brother gazed through a panel, finger-marked by uncounted supplicants who traipse daily through the smoke-filled casino of the same name.
"If greed were operative," he replied, "I would not condone gambling. Not just because I'm a Baptist either. Name one religion that sanctions greed."
"Why else do you suppose grown people spend all day pulling on those handles?" I asked. How curious for me to be taking the righteous side of an argument.
My brother studied a row of unsmiling people laboring over their machines. Alan grimaced. "Hardly entertaining," he mused.
"Right you are," I said. "Wheels turn and stop and turn again. If watching that by the hour is entertainment, you might expect television programs to feature slot machines in prime time."
Alan pursed his lips. "Earnestly hoping to win a jackpot, aren't they."
"Actually," said I suddenly, "the problem is worse -- far worse than greed! Observe..."
A woman in stretch pants won a cup-full of quarters. Alan and I watched while she fed all of them one by one back into the same machine.
"Alan, as you know, I think 'volition' is the most beautiful word in any language. What would be the least beautiful word?"
My brother furrowed his brow. "Compulsion?"
"Let the record show: you said it, not I."
"You mean, because that lady keeps playing after she wins a jackpot," Alan said. "But all she wants is to win more. That's the definition of greed."
I shook my head. "All our lives, we humans are regulated by outside forces. Children are compelled to attend school, adults to pay taxes, employees to show respect for people they despise, politicians to represent positions they oppose."
"A common complaint," Alan agreed.
"And here we see people inflicting the C-word on themselves, Preacher. Which is craziness, in my book. Greed at least makes sense."
Alan shrugged. "Avarice may be rational but still wrong."
"Ever see a million bucks, Alan?" I asked suddenly. "Down the street at the Horseshoe. Follow me. I want you to see a million dollars in cash on display."
s we approached the door, I spotted three identical slot-machines, unoccupied. They were quite rare, for they accepted dimes. I fished in my pocket and found exactly three ten-cent coins. An omen. I stepped up to the first machine and put a coin in its slot.
"Watch," I said and pulled the handle. Clunk. While the wheels were spinning I did the same with the second machine, clunk. And the third, clunk. With all three activated, I casually strode through the door into the bright sun. I crossed my fingers.
"Hey!" exclaimed my brother. I heard the sound of a bell and quickened my pace.
"What's happening?" he asked. Alan stood in the doorway of The Golden Nugget Casino and beseeched me to return. The bell was still clanging. By now coins would be spilling out of the hopper onto the floor.
"Come along, Alan," spoke I, biting my lip. "The Horseshoe is this way."
"Never mind," I said. "It was only thirty cents."
My brother Alan, the minister, disappeared back inside the casino. He caught up with me on the sidewalk, pockets bulging. A moment to remember.


text:
Modlitebna sboru baptistů Vikýřovice je budova v Šumperské ulici, ve které se ve Vikýřovicích schází členové sboru Bratrské jednoty baptistů ve Vikýřovicích.

Baptistický sbor byl ve Vykýřovicích založený v roce 1925 po příjezdu 18 rodin emigrantů z Volyně a Zelówa, kteří sem reemigrovali po první pozemkové reformě a v ryze katolické německé obci vytvořili českou komunitu. Před výstavbou modlitebny se bohoslužby konaly v místní škole a na sýpce. Modlitebnu postavili členové sboru vlastními silami během léta 1928. Během druhé světové války zde zůstalo jen osm členů sboru, jejich počet pak vzrostl s dalším příchodem Volyňských Čechů po válce. V roce 1974 sbor přistavěl dům s bytem pro kazatele a v roce 1980 adaptoval interiér modlitebny.

Související články
 Bratrská jednota baptistů Vikýřovice

Externí odkazy

Baptistické kostely
Slohově nezařazené kostely v okrese Šumperk
Kostely z 20. století
Postaveno v Česku 1928
Vikýřovice

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


family is an elementary topic of cultural and artistic fascination, with the most interesting criticism taking place in the modern era. photography in particular, with its ability to mercilessly depict reality, has played a huge part in redefining our understanding of family. issue 11 of blow photo explores the abundant subject of family photography. our front cover consciously leads with an image of childhood and motherhood, the essential elements for the creation of a family unit. from this starting point we trace a path through photographers who move far outside this definition.
some of the work featured in this issue is highly personal, often documentary in approach and style. other works can be quite analytical and detached, intellectually and critically informed, pursuing almost an anthropological methodology. both styles are questioning the stereotypical family iconography. contemporary family photography successfully addresses the issues of gender, socio-political conditions, emotional ambiguity and the very foundations of family by asking if blood is really thicker than water.
there is also the issue of public and private realms and the process of exposing one's family life to the prying and very often judgmental eyes of the world. each of the presented projects involves a tug and a pull between external and internal worlds and implies the negotiations and compromises that define the limits of exposure.
our photographers create a mosaic. there are joys and sorrows, harrowing grief and unfulfilled expectations, everyday chaos and extraordinary moments. fred hüning and carolle benitah, whom we interviewed for this issue, represent different stylistic approaches. in his photographs, hüning takes ordinary settings and infuses them with religious and symbolic undercurrents. informed by feminism and psychoanalysis, benitah's work makes use of old family albums in a refreshing and original fashion, creating an alternative history. in both cases we realise that family photography is not only about preserving memories, but most importantly about revealing truths.
pieter hugo's project placed intentionally at the end of our issue raises questions about the ideals of home and family from a wider perspective. hugo looks at the configurations that pull us together and push us apart, and asks how does one raise a family in a conflicted country where its history, like its future, is distressed. at blow we have waited a long time to create this issue. family was one of the first topics we considered, but it took special events in our lives to encourage us to finally approach it. when family is contemplated as a force in the world it is second to none. even the grand thrusts of economics are shadowed by family. this is a hopeful thought.
blow photo would like to thank you for being part of blow eleven! staying true to large format print when representing fine art photography is very important to us and the photographers we work with. we will continue our efforts to gather outstanding images and produce them in excellent print form, bringing a tangible experience to fine art photography. your support has both encouraged and humbled us in our effort to continue in this challenging process. thank you sincerely, from all of us here at blow photo.


text:
"""Module containing a cryptographic-quality source of randomness and
other cryptographically useful functionality

Python 2.4 needs no external support for this module, nor does Python
2.3 on a system with /dev/urandom.

Other configurations will need a quality source of random bytes and
access to a function that will convert binary strings to long
integers. This module will work with the Python Cryptography Toolkit
(pycrypto) if it is present. pycrypto can be found with a search
engine, but is currently found at:

http://www.amk.ca/python/code/crypto
"""

__all__ = [
    'base64ToLong',
    'binaryToLong',
    'hmacSha1',
    'hmacSha256',
    'longToBase64',
    'longToBinary',
    'randomString',
    'randrange',
    'sha1',
    'sha256',
    ]

import hmac
import os
import random

from openid.oidutil import toBase64, fromBase64

try:
    import hashlib
    import hashlib.sha256 # This is used to ensure that we have the full hashlib implementation. It is a temporary support for Pypy, until it moves to version 2.5
except ImportError:
    import sha as sha1_module

    try:
        from Crypto.Hash import SHA256 as sha256_module
    except ImportError:
        sha256_module = None

else:
    class HashContainer(object):
        def __init__(self, hash_constructor):
            self.new = hash_constructor

    sha1_module = HashContainer(hashlib.sha1)
    sha256_module = HashContainer(hashlib.sha256)

def hmacSha1(key, text):
    return hmac.new(key, text, sha1_module).digest()

def sha1(s):
    return sha1_module.new(s).digest()

if sha256_module is not None:
    def hmacSha256(key, text):
        return hmac.new(key, text, sha256_module).digest()

    def sha256(s):
        return sha256_module.new(s).digest()

    SHA256_AVAILABLE = True

else:
    _no_sha256 = NotImplementedError(
        'Use Python 2.5, install pycrypto or install hashlib to use SHA256')

    def hmacSha256(unused_key, unused_text):
        raise _no_sha256

    def sha256(s):
        raise _no_sha256

    SHA256_AVAILABLE = False

try:
    from Crypto.Util.number import long_to_bytes, bytes_to_long
except ImportError:
    import pickle
    try:
        # Check Python compatiblity by raising an exception on import
        # if the needed functionality is not present. Present in
        # Python >= 2.3
        pickle.encode_long
        pickle.decode_long
    except AttributeError:
        raise ImportError(
            'No functionality for serializing long integers found')

    # Present in Python >= 2.4
    try:
        reversed
    except NameError:
        def reversed(seq):
            return map(seq.__getitem__, xrange(len(seq) - 1, -1, -1))

    def longToBinary(l):
        if l == 0:
            return '\x00'

        return ''.join(reversed(pickle.encode_long(l)))

    def binaryToLong(s):
        return pickle.decode_long(''.join(reversed(s)))
else:
    # We have pycrypto

    def longToBinary(l):
        if l < 0:
            raise ValueError('This function only supports positive integers')

        bytes = long_to_bytes(l)
        if ord(bytes[0]) > 127:
            return '\x00' + bytes
        else:
            return bytes

    def binaryToLong(bytes):
        if not bytes:
            raise ValueError('Empty string passed to strToLong')

        if ord(bytes[0]) > 127:
            raise ValueError('This function only supports positive integers')

        return bytes_to_long(bytes)

# A cryptographically safe source of random bytes
try:
    getBytes = os.urandom
except AttributeError:
    try:
        from Crypto.Util.randpool import RandomPool
    except ImportError:
        # Fall back on /dev/urandom, if present. It would be nice to
        # have Windows equivalent here, but for now, require pycrypto
        # on Windows.
        try:
            _urandom = file('/dev/urandom', 'rb')
        except IOError:
            raise ImportError('No adequate source of randomness found!')
        else:
            def getBytes(n):
                bytes = []
                while n:
                    chunk = _urandom.read(n)
                    n -= len(chunk)
                    bytes.append(chunk)
                    assert n >= 0
                return ''.join(bytes)
    else:
        _pool = RandomPool()
        def getBytes(n, pool=_pool):
            if pool.entropy < n:
                pool.randomize()
            return pool.get_bytes(n)

# A randrange function that works for longs
try:
    randrange = random.SystemRandom().randrange
except AttributeError:
    # In Python 2.2's random.Random, randrange does not support
    # numbers larger than sys.maxint for randrange. For simplicity,
    # use this implementation for any Python that does not have
    # random.SystemRandom
    from math import log, ceil

    _duplicate_cache = {}
    def randrange(start, stop=None, step=1):
        if stop is None:
            stop = start
            start = 0

        r = (stop - start) // step
        try:
            (duplicate, nbytes) = _duplicate_cache[r]
        except KeyError:
            rbytes = longToBinary(r)
            if rbytes[0] == '\x00':
                nbytes = len(rbytes) - 1
            else:
                nbytes = len(rbytes)

            mxrand = (256 ** nbytes)

            # If we get a number less than this, then it is in the
            # duplicated range.
            duplicate = mxrand % r

            if len(_duplicate_cache) > 10:
                _duplicate_cache.clear()

            _duplicate_cache[r] = (duplicate, nbytes)

        while 1:
            bytes = '\x00' + getBytes(nbytes)
            n = binaryToLong(bytes)
            # Keep looping if this value is in the low duplicated range
            if n >= duplicate:
                break

        return start + (n % r) * step

def longToBase64(l):
    return toBase64(longToBinary(l))

def base64ToLong(s):
    return binaryToLong(fromBase64(s))

def randomString(length, chrs=None):
    """Produce a string of length random bytes, chosen from chrs."""
    if chrs is None:
        return getBytes(length)
    else:
        n = len(chrs)
        return ''.join([chrs[randrange(n)] for _ in xrange(length)])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Posted in Business, Immunocal | Comments Off on I got it, I figured it out!
Posted in Immunocal | Comments Off on How to make people understand?
The Immunotec meeting went well. We got to listen to Dr. Krank again, that guy knows his stuff. And he's not paid to be there, he just does it to help.
Speaking of help, if you're going to get anywhere in this company, you need to want to help people. If you just want to make money, this is not the company for you.
A guy named Brian got up and gave a very good short lecture on the state of "work" here in America. Have we been programmed to work a job and work our whole lives?
We got up early to go to school. We get up early to go to work.
We go to school to "learn" until recess. We work until our 10-min break.
We go back and "learn" until lunch. We work until lunch.
We take lunch until it's time to go back and "learn" some more. We take lunch until it's time to go back to work.
We get off school and go home. We get off work and go home (or maybe to a bar or something because now we're adults).
Seems there is some similarity there. What say you?
You are currently browsing the ImmunoStuff.com weblog archives for August, 2009.


No matter the age, condition, or history of your car, the maintenance procedures that Ride Repairs carries out are designed to increase the longevity, or more specifically to maintain the resale value of your car.
To reinforce the satisfaction of our customers, we also include a mini-valet as part of the servicing of your car. We do two types of servicing, which can be either Interim or Full.
Dents, bumps and scratches can happen to even the most careful of drivers. Bringing your car to Ride Repairs will erase both minor and major damage to your car. We take great pride in completing most minor damage work on the same day.
All the work we carry out is also approved by many dealerships such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Toyota and many more.
At Ride Repairs, we are constantly developing our workshop and fine-tuning our skills as the engineering development in cars progress. Ride Repair is fully equipped to tackle any mechanical repair from fitting a new bulb to replacing an entire engine.Though cars are dependant on machinery, more and more cars are essentially using on board computers allowing the car to function electronically. Adopting the latest technology, our mechanics have diversified in all areas of how cars operate so that we can identify and rectify the problem quickly and efficiently.
Ride Repairs are able to offer a full diagnostics service for the majority of vehicle manufacturers. Though these on board computers offer warning lights, they are not always detected, which is why our car diagnostics service will check every electrical part of the car to the required standard and beyond.
Ride Repairs being completely committed to our customers, we also provide MOT testing as part of our on going goal to becoming the 'go to' garage in the Midlands. No matter the age, condition or history of the car, the advice we offer will remain honest and accurate.
You can book your MOT online using our online form here.


A print toned in selenium toner.
Ensign Autorange 120, Tri-X 400 in PMK developer. Print on Adox Nuance Grade 2, Neutol WA 1+11. Selenium toned.
Hasselblad, Ilford Delta 400 film processed in PMK developer. Printed on Adox Nuance Grade 3, Neutol WA developer, Se toned.
From an early morning trip on a very dull day to Walcott on the Norfolk coast. Hasselblad, Ilford Delta 100, PMK developer. Print on Adox MCC 110, Neutol WA developer, Selenium toned.


text:
Life in Antwerp
About UAntwerp
Online preregistration
Wilfried Schroyens Emeritus occasionele opdracht
UAntwerp
Wilfried Schroyens
Academische dienstverlening aan de UAntwerpen
1. Infodagen en studentenwerving
Rondleiden van toekomstige studenten en ouders op de dienst hematologie UZA (15/01/2000 - 01/01/1970)
2. Andere
lid van Raad van Bestuur van Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute - VAXINFECTIO (15/01/2000 - 01/01/1970)
Academische dienstverlening aan de samenleving
1. Adviesverlening
Expert voor FEDRIS (Federaal agentschap voor Beroepsrisico's) (01/01/2000 - 01/01/1970)
Consulent Advisory Boards, Jannssen, Celgene, Takeda, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Mundiphrma (15/01/1995 - 01/01/1970)
Lid van de Hoge Gezondheidsraad, werkgroep "Hematopoëtische stamcellen" (15/01/2006 - 01/01/1970)
2. Klinische dienstverlening
Privatdozent, Faculteit Geneeskunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Duitsland (01/01/1992 - 01/01/1970)
Adjunct diensthoofd, afdeling hematologie, UZA (01/01/1992 - 01/01/1970)
8. Wetenschappelijke verenigingen
Lid, MPN-Subcommittee of the Chronic Malignancy Working Party of the EBMT (15/01/2000 - 01/01/1970)
Lid bestuursraad Belgian Hematology Society (15/01/2010 - 15/01/2014)
Corresponderend lid, American Society of Hematology (15/01/1995 - 01/01/1970)
Lid, European Hematology Society (15/01/1995 - 01/01/1970)
Lid, European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (15/01/1995 - 01/01/1970)
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The pound GBPUSD, -0.3159% reacted dramatically to Bercow's intervention Monday, but bounced back rapidly. It traded Tuesday at $1.3273, up 0.14% from $1.3254 at yesterday's close.
The U.K.'s FTSE 100 UKX, +0.68% rose to 7,324.91, 0.36% above yesterday at 7299.19.
Chile-based mining company Antofagasta Plc ANTO, -3.83% is up 4.83% following its full-year earnings report where it showed a $543.7 million net profit (down 26% year over year) and planned cost savings in the coming year of $100 million.
Other companies whose earnings were cheered by the market include online groceries retailer Ocado Group Plc, OCDO, +1.97% up 3.57%. Its first half revenue rose 11.2% despite a fire at its depot in Andover.
Mining and steelmaking company Evraz Plc EVR, -0.96% led the decliners, falling 5.4% as a group of investors, reportedly including Russian oligarch and Chelsea F.C. soccer team owner Roman Abramovic, sold 25.4 million shares.
Shares in asset manager Schroders Plc SDR, -0.53% were stung by a U.K. arbitration panel ruling against retail bank Lloyds Banking Group Plc LLOY, -0.88% which was told was 'not entitled' to shift management of £109 billion in assets away from another asset manager to Schroders and BlackRock Inc BLK, +0.66% . Schroders shares are down 0.36%.


From cosmopolitan Casablanca to magnificent Marrakesh, we combed through bustling souks and artist enclaves seeking Morocco's most talked-about treasures for our Morocco Collection. Vibrant hues and symbolic Moroccan embellishments adorn handcrafted ceramics, decor and baskets, bringing a decidedly desert vibe. And apparel and jewelry pieces have all been carefully curated for their authenticity and craftsmanship. No carpet ride needed: we've brought the magic of Morocco right to your door.


text:
One in six trusts could end PFI contracts due to poor performance as NHS heads for £1bn loss
A new report has revealed that 15% of all NHS trusts using private finance initiatives (PFI) could terminate contracts due to poor performance.
The report, released by the Centre for Health and the Public Interest (CHPI), has analysed five possible ways of dealing with the problems caused by PFI schemes.
As previously indicated by the organisation, trusts were £1.3bn out of pocket over the three years from 2014-15 to 2016-17 due to excess interest and inflation payments on PFI debts. In 2016-17 alone, these costs would have reduce trusts' overall deficit by 30% if they'd paid centrally instead.
Although PFI has been used to build 127 hospitals and facilities, the CHPI argues that it has locked the NHS into lengthy contracts with high interest rates, generating over £831m in profit for companies involved – with a further £1bn expected to be made by 2021.
The think tank said that dealing with this "toxic legacy of high-cost debt" is a big challenge facing the NHS, as investors know they are protected by the contracts; contracts, the report says, which see the taxpayer fork out compensation if they are terminated or bought out.
The CHPI urged the government to "use all the tools at its disposal" to reduce the impact of PFI and highlighted five options to do so.
Policymakers could deal with PFI by enhancing the monitoring of contracts; centralising the PFI debt so NHS trusts are not burdened; taxing PFI profits; terminating or buying out contracts; and/or nationalising PFI companies to renegotiate the debts.
The report analyses the pros and cons of each of these options, weighing up their value for money, financial burden, feasibility and other advantages and disadvantages.
In the Sep/Oct 2017 edition of NHE, Vivek Kotecha, research officer at the CHPI, analysed the lessons learned from PFI in the NHS so that the health service avoids repeating the same mistakes.
Top image: jax10289
Policing the private hospital sector
Lessons learnt from PFI in the NHS
Private firms on track to profit another £1bn from NHS hospitals
Do we need to invest more in NHS administration?
Continued STP hospital closures risk A&Es reaching 'danger point'
Foreign patient charges are a distraction from the real issues
Outsourcing will not be the panacea for the NHS funding crisis
Confed boss: Private firms should not be 'bogeymen' for the NHS
Devolve all health budgets and create new taxation powers, leaders say
Corbyn pledges to eradicate PFI schemes in NHS with public cash