(2019) With 190g/l of residual sugar, this is a fully sweet, Botrytis-affected dessert wine, which comes in a half bottle. Fermentation and ageing was in a combination of new and old French oak barrels. Light gold in colour, gentle Botrytis aromas without any overt Sauvignon character. The palate is glycerine-rich, with plenty of honey and lime marmalade flavour, some apricotty fruit too, then a clean, zesty finish of lemon and lime.
(2019) Though I strenuously avoid 'tall poppy syndrom' - taking a swipe at a best-selling wine, just because it is best-selling - there is still a tendency to overlook big selling brands and wines that appear to be consistent vintage after vintage, in favour of always seeking something new. Villa Maria are synoymous with Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc, and produce a number of different cuvées, so they do tend to the ubiquitous: it's rare to visit a major retailer and not see at least one of their wines on the shelves - and often at a promotional price. So how to honestly assess this vintage of the Cellar Selection SB? It's really very good: more in the tropical and ripe spectrum than out-and-out herbaceous, yet there is enough elderflower and pea-shoot character to pin-point its roots precisely. In the mouth the sweet, ripe fruit sits atop grapefruity acidity that is tangy and juicy, the wine has a bit of texture and mouthfeel too giving a sense of richness, and it is intense and vibrant. A model Marlborough Sauvignon, with style. £10.99 as part of a mixed six at Majestic. Watch the video for more information.
(2018) From a single block in the southern valleys of Marlborough, matured 10 months in French oak, around 30% of which was new. This is a deep and black-fruited style of concentrated Pinot, 14% alcohol testifying to its ripeness and richness. On the nose a touch of charred meat, savoury dark fruit and, yes, just a glimpse of something more perfumed and floral in the background. On the palate it has a liquorice stripe of bittersweet fruit, tannin and crunchy acidity. The fruit develops nicely mid-palate to something more sweet and elegant. An impressive wine, that for me would be even better just reined-back slightly on oak, alcohol and extraction.
(2018) What a fascinating contrast with the Tinel-Blondelet Pouilly-Fumé also reviewed: that wine not short on vibrant personality, this one richly textured with a cool restraint, and yet each is beautifully expressive of its region and terroir. Partial ageing in older barrels has given this texture, but has not dulled the vivacious pin-sharp aromatics, gooseberry and a punch of pea-shoot freshness, and sweet nectarine fruit. The palate brims with exotic fruit, and yet there is fine acidity - not at all jarring - a natural concentration, and great balance. Will delight both classic European Sauvignon drinkers and fans of Kiwi exuberance in a clever marriage.
(2018) Yealands of Marlborough has become a well-known name in recent years, especially for Sauvignon Blanc, and there's a fun extra incentive to try this wine: buy a bottle before May 28th 2018 and you will find a unique code on a special neck collar. Enter that into the Yealands web site and you might just be one of four lucky people to win a trip for two to New Zealand, worth £10,000. That's all well and good, but what's the wine like? The answer, is really rather good. The requisite pea-shoot freshness is there, along with mango and lychee, but the tropicality is cut by lime. On the palate it presses all the Kiwi Sauvignon buttons, vibrant and juicy, loads of peach juice fruit and a sweep of acidity that gives this real zip and mouthwatering clarity too. It's a fine example showing a tad of restraint but no lack of personality. Watch the video for more details and food-matching ideas. Currently on offer at just £6.75 in Sainsbury's. Please note: the video lists Morrisons among the stockists, but that is incorrect. Also in some independent merchants.
(2018) Another wine that moves the story of Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc on a page or two, from the organic certified and biodynamic vineyards of Seresin, fermented with wild yeasts and with a small proportion fermented in French oak, as well as having 5% Semillon in the blend. That speaks of an attempt to create a more layered wine with real dimension, and it succeeds. A little wild yeast funky and earthy character lies behind yellow plum and melon aromas, no more than a hint of grassiness. In the mouth the exotic opulence of the fruit shows through a little more, moving into papaya and nectarine, then a fine, racy, driving mineral acidity gives a bit of oomph to the finish. Not a simple quaffer, but not without its approachable charms. Watch the video for more information and food-matching ideas.
(2018) How fascinating to return to a wine I last reviewed 11 years ago, and which is another 'forgotten' bottle retrieved from my own cellar where it has lain quietly for over a decade. The colour is now much paler with a touch of warmth to the ruby core. Although it certainly has not stood still under screwcap in 11 years, it seems clearly to be the same wine, with the softening development I would hope for and expect. An autumnal, earthy and woodland character that is very Pinot Noir has joined the fruit, still in the cherry pie and spice spectrum, the creamy and slightly coffee-ish oak is still there but has also mellowed, and the nice sour orange acid framework sits very well to balance. I never intended to cellar this modestly-priced Pinot for 11 years, and arguably it may be on the down-slope now, but my word what a delightful discovery, giving plenty of enjoyment. Price and stockist quoted at time of review is for more current vintages.
(2018) As a lover of the Pinot Noir variety, some of my greatest wine experiences have been with very expensive Grand Cru wines of Burgundy, but I am always on the lookout for affordable and good Pinots for everyday drinking. Lidl's effort from Marlborough in New Zealand certainly fits the bill, its moderate to light colour being perfect for Pinot, and the dry, lightly briary nose of cranberry and spiced orange fitting the bill too. Very lightly chilled (or rather, not too warm) it offers a fine, juicy, lightly earthy and leafy genuine Pinot experience, avoiding some of the strawberry sweetness of many cheap examples. Watch the video for more information and food-matching ideas.


The VMware Identity Manager service includes a default access policy that controls user access to their Workspace ONE portals and their Web applications. You can edit the policy to change the policy rules as necessary.
When you enable authentication methods other than password authentication, you must edit the default policy to add the enabled authentication method to the policy rules.
Each rule in the default access policy requires that a set of criteria be met to allow user access to the applications portal. You apply a network range, select which type of user can access content, and select the authentication methods to use. See Managing Access Policies.
The number of attempts the service makes to log in a user using a given authentication method varies. The service only makes one attempt at authentication for Kerberos or certificate authentication. If the attempt is not successful in logging in a user, the next authentication method in the rule is attempted. The maximum number of failed login attempts for Active Directory password and RSA SecurID authentication is set to five by default. When a user has five failed login attempts, the service attempts to log in the user with the next authentication method on the list. When all authentication methods are exhausted, the service issues an error message.
Only the password authentication method is configured in the default policy rules. You must edit the policy rules to select the other authentication methods you configured and set the order in which the authentication methods are used for authentication.


text:
EDITORIAL: China: absolute power corrupts absolutely
CANBERRA OBSERVED: Prime Minister Gillard's mishandling of WikiLeaks
UNITED STATES: WikiLeaks founder should face criminal charges in US
THE GREENS: Why Liberals and Labor must preference Greens last
EUTHANASIA: Wrong response to epidemic of isolation among seniors
CULTURE AND CIVILISATION: Why C.S. Lewis wrote his science fiction trilogy
RUSSIA: Will Putin challenge Medvedev in 2012?
TAIWAN: WikiLeaks rattle Taiwan's external relationships
POLITICAL CORRECTNESS: Offended by the offended
ENVIRONMENT: Frog extinction: another 'global warming' myth
SEXUAL ANARCHY: From temptation to tolerance to approval
OPINION: Greens' flawed policies burden families
WikiLeaks 1 (letter)
Logical flaws in push for same-sex marriage (letter)
A miracle for Nicholas? (letter)
AS THE WORLD TURNS: Parents, police perplexed at rise in cyber-bullying / Stalin's American dupes exposed
CINEMA: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, in 3D (rated PG)
BOOK REVIEW: THE TYRANNY OF GUILT: An Essay on Western Masochism, by Pascal Bruckner
BOOK REVIEW: TALES FROM A MOUNTAIN CITY: A Vietnam War Memoir, by Quynh Dao
CANBERRA OBSERVED:
Prime Minister Gillard's mishandling of WikiLeaks
by national correspondent
News Weekly, December 25, 2010
As the political year draws to a close there remains a great deal of confusion about the direction of the Gillard Government and no small doubts about its hopes of longevity.
And the doubters appear to be just as numerous in the Labor ranks, including the very people who installed Julia Gillard as leader.
Only months out from the narrowest of election wins, Ms Gillard has failed to seize the authority which comes from being Prime Minister, and is being stretched in all directions as she is compelled to deal with competing political forces and the wafer-thin majority in the House of Representatives.
Ms Gillard is even facing the menace of her old foe, Kevin Rudd, who is clearly enjoying his new but familiar role as Foreign Minister. The former PM who brought Labor to power in 2007 but who was never given the chance to seek a second term, has managed an extraordinary personal revival, and is now taking every advantage of the WikiLeaks controversy to insert himself back onto the national stage.
There is little prospect of Mr Rudd becoming leader again in the medium term, but he is leaving no stone unturned in courting younger members of the Labor Caucus and cementing relations with MPs from the "class of 2007" who remain loyal to him.
Adding to these pressures, Prime Minister Gillard is now grappling with an unforeseen problem child - an Australian national whose sudden notoriety has catapulted him into the most recognised figure on the international stage and a candidate for Time magazine's Person of the Year.
The Julian Assange affair has thrown up exquisite dilemmas for the Gillard Government as it tries to deal with the myriad issues of freedom of the press and free flow of information in the Internet era, the rights of Australian citizens detained overseas or wanted by US authorities, and the ongoing fallout caused by the thousands of diplomatic cables put up on Assange's WikiLeaks website, some of which have fingered key figures in the Australian Labor Party.
Mr Rudd himself has cleverly carved out a more nuanced position on Assange than Ms Gillard, playing down the significance of the leaks and distancing himself from Ms Gillard's knee-jerk reaction in condemning Assange as a criminal.
The rights and wrongs of the Assange case will be debated for a long time, and there are valid questions over whether the release of sensitive diplomatic cables was in the public good.
Mr Rudd argues that the fault lies with the US Government, which has failed to keep its diplomatic network secure, rather than with WikiLeaks itself.
The majority of the cables appear to consist of some oddly candid diplomatic chatter, some damaging home truths, and a few genuine bombshells such as Hillary Clinton's alleged order for US diplomats to engage in espionage in the United Nations. Most of the material would be of little surprise to government insiders around the world.
The usual suspects on the political Left have jumped to Assange's defence, including Australian expatriate mythmaker John Pilger and celebrity lawyer Geoffrey Robertson QC.
Assange describes himself as a journalist and editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks. In fact, he is a computer programmer by training, something of a perennial student. As a young man he was found guilty of hacking websites in Australia.
Judging by his articles and interviews, he appears to be more of an Internet anarchist than a journalist in the traditional sense.
Ms Gillard's judgment over Assange is being questioned on several counts.
First, she appeared to jump the gun early: she declared Assange guilty, even before he was arrested, and threatened to cancel his passport.
"The foundation stone of this WikiLeaks issue is an illegal act," Ms Gillard declared, though it is still unclear whether Mr Assange has broken any Australian laws.
Ms Gillard was also quick to condemn WikiLeaks, but has not said a word against the mainstream Australian press, which has keenly published the same diplomatic material across prominent pages of newspapers.
Ms Gillard's political allies are also questioning whether it was a sensible tactic to be turning Mr Assange into a new David Hicks-type figure, driving more left-wing Labor voters into the arms of Senator Bob Brown's Greens.
Even the Opposition is happy to make Ms Gillard's life difficult.
Opposition Leader Tony Abbott has chosen to be extremely circumspect in his commentary, while shadow Attorney-General Senator George Brandis has defended Assange's rights as an Australian citizen.
Malcolm Turnbull, who defended disaffected former British intelligence officer Peter Wright in the 1986 Spycatcher case, is chafing at the bit to condemn the Government's handling of the issue.
Whatever Assange's fate, the affair is likely to become a seminal event in the history of the Internet.
Proponents have long argued for untrammelled freedom and no restrictions on content, but governments are now realising the potential downside to an entirely uncensored form of media. Multinational companies and the banking industry have been warned by WikiLeaks that "they will be next" - adding to pressure to shut the website down.
Interestingly, amid all the hullabaloo over the Assange affair and the torrent of media discussions, the Chinese Government has stood out in saying nothing at all.
Perhaps Ms Gillard should have taken a leaf out their book and thought through the complex issues before coming down so heavily against Assange.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Is there a Kummer theory for cyclic covers in higher dimension? Let $d \geq 2$ be an integer and $K$ a field of characteristic zero containing the roots of unity of order $d$. Let $X$ be a smooth curve over $K$, not necessarily projective. Let $\overline{x}$ be a geometric point of $X$ and consider a non-trivial character
$$
\chi: \pi_1(X, \overline{x}) \to \mu_d(\mathbb{C})
$$ of the algebraic fundamental group of $X$. Then $\ker(\chi)$ is a normal subgroup of $\pi_1(X, \bar{x})$ and corresponds to an étale cyclic cover $Y \to X$ with Galois group
$$
G=\pi_1(X, \overline{x})/ \ker(\chi).
$$
If I understand correctly, Kummer theory says that there exists a rational function $f$ on $Y$ such that
$$
f^\sigma=\chi(\sigma) f \quad (*)
$$ for each $\sigma \in G$. Then $f^d$ is a rational function on $X$.
Does anybody know a good reference for this statement? All the papers I have found just say "By Kummer theory..." (sometimes it's hard to learn classic mathematics for a beginner!)
My second question is how much of this story extends to higher dimension, that is, what happens if $\pi: Y \to X$ is a cyclic cover of a smooth higher dimensional variety $X$? Does there also exists a rational function on Y with the property (*)?
In the curve case, $Y$ is also smooth, but in general it will be only normal. I don't know if this is a problem.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Бєляєва Тетяна Іванівна (народилася 14 липня 1933, м. Проскурів) — українська архітекторка, лауреатка Державної премії СРСР (1980).

В 1958 році закінчила Київський інженерно-будівельний інститут (теперішній Київський національний університет будівництва і архітектури).

Серед робіт — реконструкція дендрологічного пейзажного парку «Олександрія» (1961 рік); генеральні плани міст Сквири (1960), Іванкова (1962) в Київській області, Городка (1963), Шепетівки (1964) в Хмельницькій області; брала участь у розробці генеральних планів міст Чернігова (1964) і Хмельницького (1965); санаторного комплексу у місті Трускавець (спальний корпус, водолікарня і поліклініка); у співавторстві у місті Алушті піонерські табори «Чайка» (1979) (за що отримала державну премія СРСР у 1980), пансіонатів «Москва» (1980–81), «Київ» (1986), піонерський табір-пансіонат ім. В. Коробкова (1989).

Тетяна Іванівна вперше запропонувала використовувати складний рельєф Криму для спорудження установ терасного типу

Джерела
 Енциклопедія Сучасної України: Бєляєва Тетяна Іванівна

Радянські архітектори
Українські архітекторки

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What are the best family friendly airlines for kids? What makes a airline family friendly?
Not all airlines are equal when it comes to being a family friendly airline. While one airline might offer child fares the other might charge you the adult price. Some airlines offer kids amenity kits to keep the kids busy and on others you'll need to bring your own entertainment. To help parents find some in-flight peace, here's the inside scoop on airlines that go the extra mile to accommodate kids.
But first, what makes a great family friendly airline?
For our family, some of the most important features include; seats together, the ability to pack what's needed without huge baggage charges, options for kid friendly inflight meals, and kid-friendly entertainment. In addition to these amenities, an airlines customer / inflight service (and attitude) towards families and kids is crucial.
Interactive play areas for youth and dedicated family-friendly facilities for parents. DOH airport, features a series of eight bronze playground sculptures throughout the airport where kids can play before the flight.
Oryx Kids Club where kids can see (and collect) five fun character plush toys, activity packs, and meal boxes.
Dedicated kids loyalty program (Privilege Club), where kids can earn miles and points to exchange for unique tiers with exclusive benefits.
Complementary interactive activity packs for kids. Packs include crayons, stickers, and an activity book filled with puzzles, fun facts, and coloring pages. If you are traveling with an infant, Qatar offers a "sleepy-time Ella". Which is a soft-plush toy with an eye mask and a soft-plush book.
Dedicated kids meals, in their own take away meal box! These meal boxes are packed with fresh, nutritious meals, a fruit juice, and treats. These meal boxes can be ordered when you book your ticket for your family.
For those families connecting in Doha on Qatar, and have a few hours, the Oryx Airport hotel has a 25-metre indoor pool families can enjoy together.
Qatar's Oryx One inflight entertainment system provides thousands of options for young travels. It is also the first system (on A350, A380, and B787) that allows kids to have a dual-screen. Kids can play games and watch movies at the same time.
In addition to priority boarding and the option to reserve a bassinet seat, parents traveling with infants will have access to a special infant kit, which includes diapers, baby food jars, a bottle and soft toys.
If you fly on Emirates, you will transit or end in Dubai. Dubai International Airport has some incredible attractions (in addition to play grounds) for families and kids. These include: BOUNCE trampoline park, FIFA 19 & Mario Kart, Vintage Photo booth, Fairground Fun, and the Kids' Zone.
In Dubai, Emirates provides families dedicated check-in counters. One thing that is great is you can check-in online and drop off your bags up to 24 hours before your flight in Dubai!
Kids explorers packs for older kids. Emirates has partnered with Lonely Planet Kids to create packs that inspire older children to explore more of the world. Packs include; educational books, creative crafts, and more. Kids also get a travel travel journal to record their thoughts and memories!
Emirates provides kids and infants "Fly With Me Animals", which kids get while on board. There are four different animals that kids can collect. Kids will also enjoy the Fly With Me Animals magazine, which is full of puzzles, games, and comes with colored pencils.
Flyers between two and 12 years old will love Emirates range of children's food favorites onboard. Kids also get a snack box filled with treats to enjoy along the journey. Be sure to book the meal up to 24 hrs before departure.
Emirates offers families with lounge access dedicated mother and baby rooms, and kids play rooms with video games.
In Istanbul, the Turkish Airline lounge provides kids another play area with a supervisor which allows parents to relax, get a bite to eat, or get some work done. They also offer video games, a cinema, more!
Turkish provides child and youth discounts from 2-12, which can be pretty large. Even with a discount, kids get the same baggage allowance as a full paying passenger.
At the time of booking, families can pre-book child and infant meals that will be delivered before the main meal service. Which can be really helpful if you are a parent needing to help your kids before you eat.
Qantas has named their kids program "Joey Club", it's is represented by an iconic group of Australian animals. As part of this program, there are several benefits, amenities, and more that your kids get to experience.
In select airports (link), Qantas has Club Joey Zones, which are equipped with dedicated iMac computers, Kids' furniture, toys and books. In some locations, there are dedicated snacks and meals.
Qantas wants to fulfill those kids dreams that want to be a Qantas Crew Member. They offer the ability to purchase dress up uniforms for kids, that they can wear on the flight and/or after their journey. These are pretty cool dress ups take a look (Link).
Kids traveling on Qantas will love the inflight Joey Club kits (designed for ages 3-6). The kits include an aircraft window shaped etch-a-sketch and activity booklet in a zip-lock bag. On selected international flights, kids will also be offered Qantas' Joey Club socks featuring Matilda the kangaroo.
Online, Qantas provides links online to coloring sheets that can be printed out at home or at the airport to bring onboard. Here are the links to the sheets (Link 1) (Link 2) (Link 3) (Link 4).
In addition to these amenities, Qantas also offers child fares that can be booked online.
In recent years, Lufthansa has stepped up their game when it comes to family travel, amenities, and services. They recently rolled out a dedicated website called "The Family Portal" that provides everything from airport information to inflight kids menus.
In Frankfurt and Munich there are check-in counters especially for families. Kids will even receive boarding passes for their cuddly toys and you can pick up the brochure "Der Familienlotse." It contains valuable tips for your time at the airport, such as where to find the play areas, viewing terraces, or a free push chair rental service in Frankfurt or Munich.
Lufthansa also offers dedicated kids areas in select lounges. The Business Lounge at Frankfurt Airport has a children's area with painting tables, games consoles, children's cinema, and much more.
For those families that may be concerned with connecting in a new airport, Lufthansa offers guide service. In Frankfurt and Munich, families can be accompanied by a Lufthansa guide who will help you find your way around.
Lufthansa's offers kids their 'Pilot's Bag' kit, which has a soft toy and socks to a toothbrush set and chocolate, the kit contains everything to make your little one's flight even more enjoyable.
Another incredible thing Lufthansa offers older kids (7+) is a kids app called "Super JetFriends". Check out this video below of the app.
The Zurich airport offers several family amenities to passengers visiting or connecting through. These include bright play rooms stocked with toys for all ages, video games, and a craft workshop area. Additionally kids will love the viewing platform to watch planes take off.
Swiss offers something called "Swiss Kids". Their site says the purpose of this program "is to make flying for families more pleasant and to support them beyond the journey alone". Everything from their inflight meals to dedicated services follow this goal.
When onboard, Swiss flight crews hand kids activities, snacks, and dedicated kids meals. You can check out all the incredible options here.
Swiss also provides families and kids a pretty robust family website. Parents and kids can find everything from services, printout, crafts, digital games, downloadable apps, and more! Here is a link to the site, it will make any kid want to fly on Swiss (or parent!).
A first in the sky, Etihad has introduced the concept of a "Flying Nanny". Their Flying Nanny provides fun activities for kids, and offer support to parents. Every Flying Nanny has a goody bag of games, arts and crafts to keep little hands busy. Note, the Flying Nanny is only on Long-Haul Etihad flights.
While inflight, every child over 3 years old will receive their own children's pack of games, activity books and stickers to help keep boredom at bay.
Etihad allows parents to book kids and infant meals up until 24 hours prior to departure. These meals are nutritious and fun, appealing even to the fussiest of eaters.
In most major Etihad airport lounges, Etihad offers Family Rooms equipped with fun entertainment for Premium Class Guests (or lounge guests). Qualified Etihad nannies can watch over your little ones, allowing parents time to relax and enjoy the lounge facilities.
If you are flying on KLM, you are more than likely going to end up in Amsterdam Airport (AMS). The airport is loaded with different activities for kids, from an airport park to life size cuddle bears kids can play on! Check out this link to learn more about all the activities and where they are located.
At KLM, kids up to and including 11 years of age travel at reduced fares. Indicate that you are flying with children or an infant during the booking process (online) and the reduction will automatically be included in the price.
KLM has created a kids mascot named Bluey. The mascot can be seen by kids at the airport and while on board! All children over two years old get a nice surprise from Bluey. On intercontinental KLM flights, they get a complete Bluey play set. They will also get a Bluey eye mask so they can take a nap. On European fights, children receive a passport holder and a Bluey activity book.
KLM offers Bluey kids meals that comes with a pilot game or flying license for kids. On intercontinental flights, KLM offers a limited selection of special baby meals free of charge, together with a Bluey bib! Note, meals must be ordered online or with an agent at least 24 hr prior to departure.
The Singapore Changi International Airport (SIN), will not disappoint when it comes to family friendly activities and food options. There are over 45 different features and dedicated spaces where kids can explore and play. Check out this article for more information.
Singapore has partnered with Disney to create their kids packs. These Disney-branded children travel packs are given to children under 12 years, with items changed every four months!
While they don't have official "Nannies" The Singapore cabin crew are trained to assist parents. They help keep kids occupied and can help to carry an infant to give parents a needed break.
Singapore does offer kids meals which can be pre-booked. Child meals are suitable for kids up to seven years, comprising fun and healthy choices. Babies up to two years old are offered age-appropriate meals, from jars of baby food to easy-to-chew finger foods. Kids are served first, and parents of babies are served at the same time.
On Singapore, infants can check in 10kg of luggage, plus a fully collapsible stroller or carry cot. Children can check in 20kg of luggage, the same allowance as for adults for all flights except to/from USA and Canada where two pieces are allowed, each weighing up to 32kg.
Singapore also offices child (75% of adult fare) and infant fares (10% of adult fare), which can be booked on their website.
Two words… "Sky Couch" Air New Zealand's best family friendly in-flight innovation has to be the Economy Skycouch. The Skycouch is a row of three seats that can be converted into a large flat area. It's like having your own couch and is especially useful when kids go to sleep, or want to stretch out and play.
Air New Zealand created a kids program called "Jet Cadets". This cool fun pack is filled with activities to keep kids occupied while in the air.
Parents have the option to book a child's meal at the time of booking (or after) for kids two and older; they are typically served ahead of adults. Examples of meals include; pan-fried chicken thigh with mashed potato or spaghetti and meatballs. Snacks include chocolate brownies and fruit drinks.
Parents can find discounted child fares on international routes, which are 75% of the adult fare. These can be booked online or via a call center.
Last, here are a couple of tips to remember when booking your flight!
If you want to take advantage of kids meals (and packs sometimes), make sure you pre-book your kids meals online at the time of booking. Or you call ahead (more than 24 hr prior to departure) to book it. This will ensure you have a good experience onboard, and there are no surprises.
When searching for flights via google flights (or any other large site), be sure to include children and not just adults. Not all carriers have child fares, and if you include a child you should see the discount come back. This could easily save you hundreds on tickets at times.
This might seam obvious to some, but if the airline doesn't offer seat selection at the time of booking don't give up. Try going into their "Manage My Booking" tool and see if you can assign seats together as a family. If not, call an agent to have them do it. There is nothing worse than getting to the airport and learning that you and your family are not sitting next to each other.
Great run down of Airlines, I think Emirates are my fave so far. British Airways have been awful!


text:
WhereIsLilyNow?
Newpins
Travel: Naples Italia • Napoli Italy
🇬🇷 | English
Travel to Napoli, Italy
What to do and see while you are in Napoli
(This travel guide was last edited on November 18, 2019)
10 Best Things To Do •Visit Naples
◉ Basic Information before your trip to Napoli/Naples:
Naples (Italian: Napoli, Neapolitan: Napule) is the capital of the Campania region in Italy. The city is the third most populated Italian municipality but the second metropolitan area, after Milan.
It was first settled by Greeks, founded between the 7th and 6th centuries BC and was named Neapolis, which (in Greek) means New City.
The Greeks first established the city and inhabited the region long before Roman times.
Naples is considered to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world.
The city was an important part of Magna Grecia, played a major role in the merging of Greek and Roman society and a significant cultural centre under the Romans.
Naples has a total of 448 historical churches (1000 in total), making it one of the most Catholic cities in the world in terms of the number of places of worship.
Naples' historic city centre is the largest in Europe and a UNESCO World Heritage Site (was listed in 1995), with a wide range of culturally and historically significant sites nearby, including the Palace of Caserta and the Roman ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Naples is also known for its natural beauties such as Posillipo, Phlegraean Fields, Nisida, and Vesuvius.
Unfortunately nowadays Naples is also known as not a so clean city as well as a Badass City and the capital of (the Mafia) Camorra; One of the oldest and largest criminal organizations in Italy.
Thought as a tourist is extremely unlikely that you will be targeted by the Mafia as they are focus on the business owners and locals and they actually don't give a shit about tourists.
Napoli - despite the bad rumors - is actually considered to be a safe travel destination - if you avoid the neighborhoods around Garibaldi station at night and as in every other city you have to use common sense, avoid dodgy areas, don't show off expensive watches or jewelry, take care of your belongings and - if you can - avoid too crowed places or trains (like the local Circumvesuviana train).
You should also avoid Vespas (small Italian motorbikes - but you will manage to do that only if you know magic - as there are all over the streets and they even run on the pavements too - When you hear one, get out of the way!) and mind the chaotic traffic and the mad driving.
On the other hand Napoli might not be the top preferred tourist destination in Italy but it's definitely its soul.
It's got famous streets, great markets and tasteful food.
It's also the birthplace of the Pizza and you will find a local pizzeria in every corner.
Neapolitan cuisine except from its association with pizza, it is also well noticed for its others numerous local dishes (like the Neapolitan ragù, Parmigiana di Melanzane, Frittata di Pasta and Pizza di Scarola), that you can taste in small trattories or osteries as well as for its street food scene (try the 'O Cuoppo, mozzarella in carrozza, potatoes croquettes and rice balls) from the popular "friggitorie" that you'll find all over the city (see some of my restaurant suggestions here).
And don't forget that Naples has the most stars in the Michelin Guide of any other Italian city.
10 Best Things To Do When You Visit Naples in Italy
Why you should put Napoli in your bucket list
Lily's tips:
1.✔ Climb mount Vesuvius:
• What we call "Mount Vesuvius" is really the younger part of the mountain complex that geologists call "Greater Vesuvius".
The older part of the mountain (now an extinct volcano) is called Monte Somma.
Mount Vesuvius is one of only two active volcanoes in Continental Europe and stands about 1282 meters tall, with a symmetrical central cone and steep wooden slopes.
200 m. away from where the touristic busses stop, you'll find the ticket office from where you can purchase tickets to the park and hire an official tour guide if you want.
Here it's also your last chance to buy water, some refreshments too and go to the toilet.
Vesuvius Entrance Ticket Price:
Normal Ticket: € 10.00 per person to get to the trail and the crater.
Discount price: € 8 per visitor.
Children who are not taller than 1.2 meters enjoy free entrance to the Vesuvius park and crater as well as disabled and companion.
Also note that you'll take about 1.30 hour to explore the crater and once you get into its path, there will be no toilets available during your entire visit.
Remember to wear good walking shoes (or trainers) and taking something extra to wear on (layers of clothing, hat or sun screen) as the temperature on the top is always quite different from that on the sea level - and don't ever choose a cloudy or a rainy day for this excursion.
The trail is about 4 km up and back, with a change in altitude of about 140 meters and an average slope of 14%; the trail reaches 1,170 meters above sea level.
A hike will take between 20-30 minutes and is considered not too challenging.
The views of Naples from the top on a clear day are simply fantastic and the caldera and crater are hugely interesting too.
Vesuvius park is overlooking the Tirone Reserve, the Bay of Naples, and the Campanian Plain.
About halfway up the trail you can begin to see Punta Nasone and, on the opposite side, Cognoli di Ottaviano towering over the Valle dell'Inferno.
Continue along the broom-lined route to the short climb under maritime pines and birch trees to the Forest Service Post.
Pass this to the crater rim with its breathtaking view over the entire Bay of Naples, Pompeii ruins, and Apennine mountains of Molise and Abruzzo.
ⓘ Go to Vesuvius from Naples
Best way to go to mount Vesuvius from Naples:
How to go? By Car, Bus or Train?
To climb the mount Vesuvius and view the crater (1,282 meters above sea level/230 m. deep), you should first find a way to reach it
• To Mount Vesuvius by bus:
• Public EAV bus/Private Bus/Bus Tour:
One way to reach the Mount Vesuvius is to take a bus tour (day trip from Naples - costs about € 15 per person) from Naples or by a Circumvesuviana train (better board in Porta Nollana instead of the crowdy Garibaldi to travel until the Ercolano Scava or Pompeii train station at first and afterwards a EAV bus of one sort or another) to visit this magnificent natural phenomenon and climb up its slopes to peer into the crater.
Also from Naples to Vesuvius rides public EAV company bus (buses leave from the terminal of Piazza Piedigrotta and cross different parts of the city reaching the Vesuvius after 1 hour and 30 minutes) which is much cheaper than other private transfer companies (tickets cost € 2.70 per person and can be purchased directly on board) but unfortunately the routes Napoli - Vesuvio are very rarely and in January and February this bus doesn't operate at all.
If you are visiting the crater from Pompeii you can catch the public EAV bus (tickets cost € 2.70/one way per visitor - See the bus timetables here) for Vesuvius from Piazza Anfiteatro and the Circumvesuviana Pompei Villa dei Misteri station.
Look for the sign that says "Fermata EAV bus".
Another (easier though more expensive) option is to also use the public transport and take the bus or shuttle from the Circumvesuviana Pompei – Villa dei Misteri stop or the Circumvesuviana Ercolano Scavi stop; that costs about € 22 round trip (entrance to the Vesuvius park is included) and take you directly to the ticket office that is about 200 meters below the trail head for the crater.
Buses can take visitors to within 200 meters of the summit of Vesuvius.
To Mount Vesuvius by train?
• By Train:
To find the Naples central train station - from where you can take the train to Vesuvius, you have to go to the Piazza Giuseppe Garibaldi (which is also a Metro station for L1 and L2 - so you can find it easy).
Naples is 15 miles (24 km) from Pompeii and the train ride lasts about 30-40 minutes, depending on the train and depending on the season there are about more or less 9 trains per day.
To Mount Vesuvius by car?
• By your car:
If you are arriving by car, take the A3 Napoli-Salerno highway to the Torre del Greco or Herculaneum exit, and follow the signs for Vesuvio.
At 800 meters above sea level, there is an unstaffed parking area that costs € 5 for all day.
Shuttles to the ticket office depart from here, and cost € 2 round trip (free for children).
We suggest taking the shuttle as it is a tough climb from the parking area to the ticket office, and it's best to save your energy for the trail.
Lily's EXTRA Tip: Since you are on top of the Mount Vesuvius don't miss the chance - after done visiting, at the bar near the bus stop - to try Lacryma Christi wine (a celebrated Neapolitan type of wine produced on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, made out of the grapes that are growing on this volcano and is believed to be the nearest equivalent to wine drunk by the Ancient Romans).
Pompeii Vesuvius and Herculaneum map
2.✔ Visit the ancient ruins of Pompeii:
Pompeii was an ancient Roman city (located near Naples) in the Campania region of Italy which along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area was buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on 24 August AD 79.
Nowadays Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site status and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually.
Largely preserved under the ash, the excavated city offers a unique snapshot of Roman life, frozen at the moment it was buried and providing an extraordinarily detailed insight into the everyday life of its inhabitants.
Also from 1st April – 31th October the last entrance is at 18.00 while from 1st November – 31th March is at 15.30.
The cost of the ticket entrance for visiting Pompeii is €15.00 (full price) or €9 the discount ticket and is a pass valid just for one (1) day.
Entrance is free to all EU citizens under 18 and EU citizens under 24 have a special discount.
In fact visitors aged 18-24 are able to visit Italy's state-owned attractions at any time for just two euros.
During summer and at the weekends to avoid face the line or the long queues to enter the site we recommend buying in advance online tickets.
You can hire an authorized tour guide if you want (two-hour guided tours cost about €11/visitor) and you can find them at the park entrance.
But you should know that Pompeii ticket includes a map and small pocket guide to the site which leads you number by number through the not-to-miss sights plus that you can also download for free, the comprehensive Pompeii guide PDF that is an explanation of all of the excavations by the Board of Cultural Heritage of Pompeii if you want.
In case you decide to visit 3 Sites: POMPEII, OPLONTIS (ancient wealthy village situated between Pompeii and Herculaneum), BOSCOREALE (located north of Pompeii), the ticket costs €18.00 and you can use it as a three days pass in the row (3 consecutive days, including the day of purchase. Only one entrance is permitted to each site).
Hours for Pompeii and Herculaneum:
April through October: 9am - 7:30pm (last entry at 6pm)
November through March: 9am - 5pm (last entry at 3:30pm)
Closed: 1 January, 1 May, 25 December
Tickets can only be purchased either from the official ticket offices at the entrances to the sites or from the online ticketing service (TicketOne).
Τhe official ticket offices are located only inside the Park.
Any ticket seller outside the main entrances is not in any way linked to the management of the Pompeii Archaeological Park.
Also on the first Sunday of every month (from October to March), it is free entrance at Pompeii and EU citizens under the age of 18 already receive free entry all the time to all Italy's museums, along with humanities students.
Check more useful information and see real photos from a visit to Pompeii through my travel experience here: LilyVisitsPompeii
ⓘ Go to Pompeii from Naples
Best way to go to Pompeii from Naples:
By private Car, public Bus or Train?
How to go by public bus?
• By Bus:
• Sita Public Bus:
At Nuova Marina is a Sita Bus Station where you can buy a ticket (in the same office as from the ferries) from Naples to Pompeii at € 2.80 per person (one way ticket).
The trip takes about 30 minutes and there are about 1 or 2 busses per hour.
To avoid crowds and stay without a ticket - when you reach the Marina - just get to the ticket office (in the building with a "GNV SNAV", above the door it says Biglietteria, Deposito Bagagli, Sala Attesa and below that you'll see the SITA logo) as quickly as you can and ask where to go to wait for the bus (or get on). The bus is generally there at least five minutes earlier its departure, allowing passengers on.
How to go by train?
Low and high speed trains depart from Naples and Sorrento and have stops near the archaeological parks in Pompeii.
• Circumvesuviana train:
The low speed train Circumvesuviana departs from Naples and has stops near the archaeological park in Pompeii.
Trains depart from track 3 of the underground Circumvesuviana station beneath the Naples Central train station in Piazza Garibaldi - every 30 minutes and the trip to Pompeii takes about 30 minutes; for Herculaneum, the trip takes about 50 minutes.
You can purchase tickets at the ticket office or at one of the newspaper stands inside the station.
Tickets from Naples to Pompeii currently cost €2.60.
Click here to see the train hours on Route: Naples - Sorrento
Click here to see the train hours on Route: Sorrento - Naples
Double check the display that lists the trains in arrival to make sure you are catching the train to Sorrento and not Sarno.
It takes about 10 minutes to get to Herculaneum and about 30 minutes to Pompeii from Naples.
All trains stop at both sites.
• Campania Express trains:
The Campania Express is a special train along the Circumvesuviana line between Naples and Sorrento, with stops only at tourist sites like Pompeii and Herculaneum.
These trains have guaranteed seating, air conditioning, luggage storage space and safer reputation (on pickpocketing).
Campania Express trains run from mid-March to mid-October.
You can purchase tickets online through the official EAV Campania website or at the Circumvesuviana ticket office 20 minutes before the train departure from the station.
Tickets from Naples to Pompeii currently cost €6.
Click here to see the train timetables: Naples - Sorrento
Click here to see the train timetables: Sorrento - Naples
or visit visitpompeiivesuvius.com for more information
The train station in Naples is located in its center (centrale) in the lower level at Piazza Garibaldi, below the platforms for the high-speed trains.
Unfortunately the lower level at Piazza Garibaldi isn't handicapped-accessible but at Naples Porta Nolana station in Naples it is.
It takes about 30 minutes to get to Pompeii from Naples.
• By Car:
Getting to Pompeii by Car: The highway A3 Pompei Ovest exit leads directly to the archaeological park entrance and there are a number of parking lots near the entrances.
Pompeii sites | Photos: pompeiisites.org
3.✔ Visit the city ruins of Herculaneum:
• Herculaneum was a small town that used to be also a resort town in antiquity, buried beneath lava and ashes of about twenty meters thick, within hours of the eruption of the Mount Vesuvius on August 24, 79 AD.
Although a less known attraction than Pompeii - in fact it's a much better preserved archaeological site.
But the biggest difference between Pompeii and Herculaneum is in the size: The ruins of Pompeii cover about 44 square hectares, while Herculaneum covers just 4.
Herculaneum ruins daily ticket:
Full price € 11; Discount ticket: € 5.50
However Herculaneum is in a much better state of preservation due to the deep layer of ash and dust that covered the site, filling the buildings without damaging them and it still has some of its wooden structures, frames and roofing intact.
On the other hand Pompeii was heavily battered by falling rocks and hot air that knocked down upper floors of buildings and incinerated wood, both of which are still intact at Herculaneum.
Find out even more information
about the ancient Herculaneum
| HERE |
Herculaneum Naples | Photos: leisure-italy
4.✔ Visit the underground Naples (Napoli Sotterranea):
• San Gennaro Catacombs:
Underground the city of Naples, you will find a network of tunnels and passageways (about 7 kilom. in total) that are lined with graves and crypts dating back to ancient history.
It is a bit out of the centre but it is easily reached by taking a bus from near to the Dante Metro station.
From the 7 kilometres of endless tombs going off into the dark you can visit only hundred meters.
Visits are by tour only – every 1 (one) hour.
Besides you wouldn't want to visit here alone, you'd be lost in an instant. It's a fascinating maze and I found the pre-Christian and early Christian chapels here an unexpected delight.
If you feel like, it's well worth the long walk up to the Catacombs from the city centre.
The normal entry ticket (costs: €9 per person, under-18 €5, students/over-65/law enforcement €6, under-6/disabled free, accompanying person €6) can also gets you into the Catacombs of San Gaudioso so you could say that it's a good value for money. It is also covered by the Artecard.
Visiting the two Catacombs and the Fontanelle Cemetery is one of the high-lights of a Naples trip.
San Gaudiosu Catacombs:
Check tour hours before you visit these catacombs to ensure they are open. They usually close at 1.00pm on weekdays.
Remember: With the same ticket (€9/person) and with no extra cost - you can enter both catacombs:
San Gennaro and San Gaudiosu.
Galleria Borbonica:
Several underground tunnels that locals used in the bombing period of the WW2.
The entrance (ticket: €10 per person) is a short walk from Piazza Plebiscito and the guided tour (your only option to visit this underground place too) takes one hour.
Be aware that it is only open Friday to Sunday and just for 5 guided tours (in English) per day.
The entrance ticket also includes a visit to other underground city of San Lorenzo Maggiore.
At the end of the visit there is a place selling old WW2 items.
San Lorenzo Maggiore: The ancient Neapolitan old tunnels, 2400 years of Greek, Roman and Medieval history. The tunnels served as shelters during WWII. Your visit starts by going down 40 meters (about 130 steps).
If you speak Greek as your native language choose Eva as your tour guide.
Ticket costs €10 and includes a visit too at the underground Galleria Borbonica.
Lily's EXTRA Experience Tips on the underground Napoli:
On a rainy visiting the underground Naples might be the best thing to do.
Wear comfortable (and not slippery) shoes as well as comfortable clothes and avoid taking with you large backpacks or handbags.
If you are suffering from claustrophobia, if you are too tall or a bit overweight, the underground tunnels of Naples might not be the perfect choice for you.
Some parts of the tunnel are incredibly narrow and pitch black.
Underground Naples | Photos: napolisotterranea
5.✔ Take a long walk to the Plazza del Plebiscito:
• Take a long walk to the Piazza del Plebiscito which features the Basilica Royal and the stunning Royal Palace (Palazzo Reale - open to tourists):
Piazza del Plebiscito is an enormous public plaza (the biggest plaza of Naples) located near the heart of the city, not far from Naples harbor.
It gained its name from a plebiscite in 1860 that brought Naples into the Kingdom of Italy.
On one side is the remarkable Royal Palace (17th century) and on the other side is the Church of San Francisco di Paolo (19th century) which reminded us of the Pantheon in Rome.
On the opposite two sides are the imposing Vesuvius and the beautiful harbor and Teatro di San Carlo and the rest of Naples.
Teatro di San Carlo is the oldest continuously operating opera house in the world (1737) .
Visitors can have a guided tour to the theatre main hall, the boxes, the Royal box and the two Foyers.
You can complete the tour including the MeMUS, the Multimedia Museum of Teatro San Carlo, buying an extra ticket.
Booking is warmly recommended.
Guided tours last 45 minutes.
Entrance fee for San Carlo Theater only 7€ (reduced 5€, schools 3€).
This is a must-see.
In the Plazza's center is the statue of Charles III.
It is worth visiting these views alone!
Piazza del Plebiscito | Photo: Pinterest
6.✔ Visit the Caserta Royal Palace, the Archaeological Museum, the Naples Cathedral and the old town's chapels:
• The Caserta Palace is the largest in the world by volume (taking into account its floor as well as its height).
The building has five floors and 1200 rooms but not all of them are open to the public.
The ticket entrance will cost you €12 for a regular ticket.
Caserta Palace is located 30 kilometres inland from Naples but it's an easy day trip from Naples with a direct train from Napoli Centrale (takes about 45 minutes and costs €3.40) that stops right in front of its main entrance.
See and read even more
information about Caserta Palace
• The Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli - one of the world's greatest museums on Roman art - is located in Piazza Museo 19 (Metro Line 1 Museum Station & Metroline 2 Piazza Cavour Station - and is closed: on Tuesdays, 1st January, 1st May, 25th December).
Art treasures from the Pompeii and Herculaneum excavations, including the best mosaics and frescoes and the giant Farnese sculptures from ancient Rome are the top highlights in the magnificent National Museum of Archaeology in Naples, Italy.
Its full entrance ticket costs €18 per person and there is a free entrance every first Sunday of the month from October to March.
Read more useful information about the Naples Archaeological Museum in its official site here
Lily's EXTRA Travel Tips about this museum:
Personally - if you don't have a lot of money to spend - I suggest (if you can) to visit it only on the days with the free admission to the public because (and always based on my own travel experience) with its half exhibitions closed and the mummies available at very specific times, the money that you'll give for what you'll see is more than enough (if you exclude the Pompeii mosaics and speaking without a rare sincerity - you can say that the money you pay for the entrance ticket is a "thrown away").
Sorry for that Dear Museum but in Greece the entrance ticket to the famous Acropolis Museum costs only 5 euros per person!
• The Naples Cathedral - Cathedral of Duomo - stands as the main church in Naples, is widely known as the Cattedrale di San Gennaro (in honour of Saint Januarius, the city's patron saint - features the remains of an Early Christian basilica, many notable artworks as well as the miraculous blood of San Gennaro which is said to be liquefie three times a year, as a sign of a good fortune for the city - If the blood does not liquefy it is believed to bring very bad luck to the city) and is located on the Via del Duomo 147.
The medieval Cathedral is accessible (200 meters away) via the Museo metro stop (Metro Line 1) or the Cavour stop (Metro Line 2) but also has a regular bus service that passes the front façade.
Underneath it you can find excavation of a Roman site.
Near the duomo you can find the St. Gennaro Treasury Museum (Museo del Tesoro di San Gennaro a Napoli), with arts exhibits from the duomo and another heavily frescoed chappel.
It is said that St. Gennaro's treasure is worth more than London's Crown Jewels.
Entrance to the Duomo is free but the tickets for St. Gennaro's treasure cost 6€ for everybody.
Another interesting church is San Domenico Maggiore (location: Piazza S. Domenico Maggiore, 8A, 80134 Napoli, Italia) which was founded by Dominican Friars and was constructed in 1324 – located in the heart of the old town of Naples (near to the University of Naples and close to the Dante Metro stop).
Few meters away to the San Domenico Maggiore another monastery is also located; The Gothic Monastero di Santa Chiara (visit its official site here)
On the side there is a rich array of churches, squares and historic buildings. It is referred to as "an open air museum" and is the liveliest and most atmospheric places in Naples with traditional small cafes and shops.
Another one is the Sansevero Chapel created in 1590; Located in the centre of Naples (visit its official site here) is indeed a Must See while you are strolling around the town (but it's not free - it has a bit expensive entry ticket at the price of 8 euros).
The Sansevero chapel is not far from the Harbor and the Castel Nuovo - where you can go afterwards.
Naples Italy | Interesting Chapels
7.✔ Naples harbor, Castel dell'Ovo and Castel Nuovo:
• Take a long walk to the Naples harbor and visit Castel dell'Ovo at Porto Santa Lucia (constructed in the early 6th century BC; The castle currently houses the Museum of Prehistory. The entrance is free and has magnificent view of the gulf of Naples from the top of the castle) and Castel Nuovo.
Castel Nuovo was created in 1279; houses the main city museum featuring various collections but most importantly a picture gallery (with focus on 19th Century Italian painting).
From its roof, you can get one of the best views of the city.
Furthermore, if you continue to the west side of the harbor, you will find the Porto di Mergellina which is full of trendy restaurants and cafes and has a great vibrant atmosphere.
Castel dell'Ovo Naples | Photos: campaniartecard & Expedia
8.✔ Explore the districts of Spaccanapoli, Santa Lucia and the Spanish quarters:
• Spaccanopoli which means "Naples Splitter" is a long straight and narrow street that starts behind San Domenico Maggiore, at Piazza Gesu and has many of the best historic sites in Naples, numerous restaurants and sights.
Watch out your personal belongings, your pockets and the hurry Vespa riders.
The district of Santa Lucia is located to the west of the Piazza del Plebiscito, this district has a myriad of narrow cobbled streets that wind down to the sea and offer an array of craft shops, restaurants, cafes and shops.
Here you can experience Neapolitan life at its best – Locals will walk through the streets going about their daily business, clothes hang out on washing lines and children play without a care in the world.
The Spanish Quarter (Quartieri Spagnoli) is a part of the city of Naples in Italy.
The Neapolitan language is stronger here than anywhere else in the area itself is considered to be the "Heart of Naples".
The Quartieri were created in the 1600s to house Spanish garrisons (hence the name) whose role was to quench revolts from the Neapolitan population.
The streets are so narrow (some measure only 3m.) that sunlight doesn't always penetrate to the pavement level.
Furthermore in the Spanish Quarter you can findsmall trattorias with good food at cost prices, many market stalls (with fish, meat, fruits, fresh flowers, even clothes).
The main street - via Toledo - is bounding the Spanish Quarters and the cheaper way to step there is by taking the Metro (stop at Toledo Metro station).
Quartieri Spagnoli | Spanish Quarters Napoli
9.✔ Visit the Metro station of Toledo (Stazione della Metropolitana dell'Arte):
• Toledo is a surreal station on Line 1 (L1) of the Naples Metro, named after nearby Via Toledo.
It was designed by the famous Catalan architect Oscar Tusquets Blanca (opened to the public in September 2012) and it was awarded first place in the ranking published by the British "Daily Telegraph" as the most beautiful subway station in Europe and it has also won the 2013 LEAF Award as "Public building of the year".
Use the elevator to take amazing videos and photos of this surrealistic station.
The Toledo station, grace to his spectacular architecture and works of art, is now among the symbolic places of Naples contemporary Art.
Toledo Metro Station, Naples, Italy
10.✔ Take a boat trip to Procida, to the island of Capri or a short day trip to Sorrento, Positano and Amalfi:
• Procida:
Procida is a small island close to Naples with colorful houses and is still considered as a hidden gem.
You can reach it by a ferry from the port of Naples going to the island of Ischia.
Check the boat timetables and ticket prices here
Procida is suggested as a place to relax by the sea and take wonderful colorful photos (in the Port of Corricella) for your social media accounts.
• Capri:
A boat trip from Naples harbour to Capri, takes from just 40 minutes to one hour and a 25 minutes.
There are regular ferries that travel between the island and Naple's mainland and neighboring Sorrento during the summer period though there are fewer during the winter time.
Ferries from Naples to Capri depart from two ports:
The Molo Beverello (all high speed ferries) and the Calata Porta di Massa (ferries and slow ferries).
The distance in between the two ports (about 15 min. walk) is also covered by a local shuttle bus in 2 minutes time.
From Easter until November, vehicles are prohibited from embarking for the island, with the exception of residents but it's ok; They have an excellent public transportation system.
The ticket for the high speed ferries from Naples to Capri costs around €20 per passenger (one way) and the trip's duration takes 40 minutes, while tickets for the ferry and slow ferries, cost around €15 and it might take you from 50 - 85 minutes long.
The slow Ferry's ticket (one way) from Napoli to Capri costs about €14.80 (departure from Calata Porta di Massa) and the duration is about 1 hour and 25 minutes long.
On returning from Capri to Napoli ticket's prices start at € 12.30 (arrival at Calata Porta di Massa) and the journey time - as mentioned above - is also 1 hour and 25 minutes the most.
The cheapest High Speed Ferry's ticket costs from Naples to Capri costs (from) €21.70 per passenger/one way trip (departure from Molo Beverello) and it takes about 50 minutes to reach the island.
On the other hand the cheapest ticket for your quicker return to Naples port from the island of Capri via high speed ferries, starts at €19/person.
Because the timetable of the route's schedule changes often, double-check it a few days before your travel dates here: naplesbayferry
During the summer, afternoon returning routes can be very crowded and it's a good idea to pre-purchase your return ticket, especially on Sundays, on the eve and on the same day of all the official Italian holidays.
Also in case of high winds and rough seas, contact the ferry company using the phone numbers below to check if routes have been suspended, especially during the winter time.
While you are in Capri, walk through the wonderful Marina Grande, admire the boats in the harbour and then set off to explore the island.
I would suggest to take the (2 euros/person - one way) cable car untill the top of the hill (Capri town) and after wandering around, take the local bus (also 2 euros per person for an one way ticket) to the Anacapri village.
From there with an hour of climbing (alright stop yelling - you can also climb up on a chairlift in only 12 minutes from Piazza Vittoria, Anacapri) you can visit the top of Monte Solaro to admire the unique panoramic views across the island of Capri, the surrounding Bay of Naples, the Amalfi Coast and as far as the distant mountains of Calabria.
If you visit Capri in the summertime or at least from late spring until early autumn, you can visit the famous Blue Grotto Sea Cave by boat.
• Sorrento:
Sorrento is a town of lemons and the gateway to the Amalfi Coast and the beautiful island of Capri.
It's easy access from Napoli by train, its plural hotels and restaurants and its good public transportation, make Sorrento a good day-tripping base to explore the Amalfi coast, Pompeii, Vesuvius and other attractions of Naples.
The narrow streets of the historic center, a cappuccino in the lively Piazza Tasso and the spectacular sunset from the scenic of the public Villa Comunale park will make your visit memorable - any time of the year!
Check more information about Sorrento in its official tourist website: sorrentotourism
The Express train's ticket from Napoli to Sorrento (with only 4 routes per day on 45 minutes each) costs €8 per person one way.
The slow train's ticket (Circumvesuviana) from Naples Centrale to Sorrento costs about €4 per person and the trip itself takes about one hour.
Lily's EXTRA Safety tip:
Circumvesuviana train is the train that many poor locals use for their transportation, has many stops and is notorious for pickpockets so keep your wallet, your bags or luggage next to you ALL THE TIME.
• Positano, Amalfi coast:
From where I should start for my favorite travel destination: Positano, with its colorful amphitheatric houses, cafes, bars, restaurants and hotels and its beautiful beach in front.
Idyllic, photographic and cinematic stage for every season (with just some sunshine and good weather).
Just over an hour's drive from Sorrento (the distance is 16 kilometers and you can go there with an only 2 euros ticket/per passenger/one way) and is considered to be one of the most chic resorts in the Amalfi Coast.
After arriving to the top of Positano village, a local shuttle bus goes down and - especially - up the hill following the meandering always congested road.
On that bus no Unico Campania tickets are valid!
The charge to ride the orange bus around Positano is €1.30 if you purchase your ticket from a local shop, or €1.70 if you purchase directly from the bus driver.
You will fall in love with Positano for sure!
• Amalfi:
Amalfi was the first Sea Republic of Italy later joined by Pisa, Venice and Genova.
The best way to see the Amalfi coast (from Sorrento) is to take the standard Sita bus - about an hour ride - from outside the railway station. The bus stops off along the way (including Positano) and the views are magnificent.
Lily's EXTRA Travel tip: When you are travelling from Sorrento to Positano and Amalfi, sit on the right side of the bus to enjoy the view.
When travelling on the other way, sit on the left side as well.
Positano sites | Photo: positano
• Summing up on your Naples vacation with some tasteful suggestions:
Naples is a great choice to visit with a wonderful history and present.
Don't forget to try reasonably priced authentic Naples food in small trattorias like:
• the Pizzeria 'Ntretella in the Spanish Quarter. It's famous for its pizzas - especially for those with Buffalo mozzarella.
• The Gino e Toto Sorbillo (is considered to offer not just excellent pizza but the best pizza in Italy - I personally love Elena's Pizza), It's always sooo busy but you can have your pizza take-away.
• the Pizzeria Di Matteo (for its fried pizza),
• την L'Antica Pizzeria da Michele (try its Pizza Margherita),
• the Trattoria Da Nennella (in the Spanish Quarter with genuine Naples atmosphere, a few minutes' walk from Toledo Metro Station),
• the extremely busy L'Antica Pizzeria da Michele (with only two tasteful Pizza options, but it's the place where Pizza Margarita was born)
• the family Italian restaurant A' Cucina Ra Casa Mia (0,2 klm. from Piazza del Plebiscito) or
• Tandem (tasteful meatballs with Genovese and best gnocchi with ragu in town).
• the Pizzeria Starita in the Materdei area, close to the (tried the appetizers with the excellent raw materials, marinara alla Starita and definitely the calzone pizza they offer).
Because many of the above restaurants - trattorias are quite small, I recommend making reservations on busy nights to get a table.
For a unique night experience try the opera house Teatro San Carlo; the oldest opera house still functioning in Europe!
• Important note:
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💋 Kisses from the beautiful Naples in Italy!
Lily (WasHere)
Map of Naples Italy
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• Venice Travel | Venice on a budget
• Bergamo Trip | The old town in Bergamo Città Alta and Bassa
• Como lake Trip | Visit the old town in Como Italy
• 10 Best Things To Do When You Visit Naples Italy
Were you here?
Tips and Suggestions:
Christian Mastrolorenzo
Do you like walking?
If so, start your tour in the downtown like this:
Piazza Garibaldi (it's the central station, you will arrive here from the airport)
Corso Umberto, Via Duomo (here you will begin to see beautiful churches)
Via dei Tribunali (a long street, walk all of it, you will find everything to eat. Pizzas, fried things, etc).
Piazza Dante (you can arrive here with metro too, from the central station), walk down for Vía Toledo (here the most beautiful metro station in Europe, you'll see).
Till to Piazza Plebiscito, the most important one:
If you have time enough, from here go to Castel dell'Ovo, Teatro San Carlo, Maschio Angioino.
* Forgot: When in Via dei Tribunali, look for Cappella Sansevero (trust me, have to see!!!) and Monastero di Santa Chiara.
I love your tips so much. It's been long ago till my last visit and I needed some fresh advices. Especially because we are planning our visit in a non that touristic season.
Thanks a lot! I can upload your advices in my site if you want.
Any restaurant suggestions maybe?
Hope you are having an awesome time!
♡ LILYwashere
Well, if you want to have pizza, in Via dei Tribunali you can find the best in the world. "Gino Sorbillo", "I Decumani", "Dal Presidente", "Di Matteo", you can even choose to take it away.
As a more traditional restaurant I'd say "Nennella" which is not far from Via Toledo (and its metro station).
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text:
Conflagration
A conflagration is a large and destructive fire[1] that threatens human life, animal life, health, and/or property. It may also be described as a blaze or simply a (large) fire. A conflagration can begin accidentally, be naturally caused (wildfire), or intentionally created (arson). Arson can be for fraud, murder, sabotage or diversion, or due to a person's pyromania (or firebombing in war). A very large fire can produce a firestorm, in which the central column of rising heated air induces strong inward winds, which supply oxygen to the fire. Conflagrations can cause casualties including deaths or injuries from burns, trauma due to collapse of structures and attempts to escape, and smoke inhalation.
For the 1958 Japanese film, see Enjō.
Firefighting is the practice of extinguishing a conflagration, protecting life and property and minimizing damage and injury. One of the goals of fire prevention is to avoid conflagrations. When a conflagration is extinguished, there is often a fire investigation to determine the cause of the fire.
Causes and types
During a conflagration a significant movement of air and combustion products occurs.[2] Hot gaseous products of combustion move upward, causing the influx of more dense cold air to the combustion zone. Sometimes, the influx is so intense that the fire grows into a firestorm.[3]
Inside a building, the intensity of gas exchange depends on the size and location of openings in walls and floors, the ceiling height, and the amount and characteristics of the combustible materials.
Industrial conflagrations include fires at oil refineries, such as the 2009 Cataño oil refinery fire.
One or several fire(s) in forests or other wilderness areas, i.e. wildfire(s), may grow up into or unite to a conflagration.
An urban conflagration is defined as a "large, destructive fire that spreads beyond natural or artificial barriers; it can be expected to result in large monetary loss and may or may not include fatalities...An urban conflagration moves beyond a block and destroys whole sections of a city."[4]
In some ships, a large uncontained fire may quickly lead to a ship conflagration.[5]
The conflagration of a building is known as a structure fire.
An asteroid more than 4.3 miles (6.9 km) in diameter colliding with the Earth, spewing out enough ejecta to cause a global conflagration.
Notable examples
Main article: List of historic fires
Alexandria, Egypt 48 BCE Burning of the library of Alexandria
Rome, Roman Empire 64 Great Fire of Rome Large parts of ancient Rome destroyed
Bremen, Archbishopric of Bremen, Holy Roman Empire 11 Sep 1041 Fire of Bremen most of the old city including the cathedral destroyed
Lübeck, County of Holstein, Holy Roman Empire 1157 1157 Fire of Lübeck Destruction of the city
Lübeck, County of Holstein, Holy Roman Empire 1251 1251 Fire of Lübeck Triggered use of stone as a fire-safe building material
Lübeck, County of Holstein, Holy Roman Empire 1276 1276 Fire of Lübeck Northern part of old city destroyed. Triggered system of fire protection. Last fire until the bombing of WW II
Munich, Duchy of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire 1327 Fire of Munich Ca. 1/3 of the city destroyed
Bern, Switzerland 1405 1405 Fire of Bern 600 houses destroyed, over 100 deaths
Moscow, Tsardom of Russia 1547 1547 Great Fire of Moscow 2,700 to 3,700 fatalities; 80,000 displaced
Moscow, Tsardom of Russia 1571 1571 Fire of Moscow 10,000 to 80,000 casualties
London, England 1613 Burning of the Globe Theatre[6] During performance, cannon misfire caught the thatched roof on fire and the Theatre burned down
Aachen, Holy Roman Empire 1656 Fire of Aachen 4,664 houses destroyed, 17 deaths
Edo, Japan 1657 Great Fire of Meireki 30,000 to 100,000 fatalities, 60-70% of the city was destroyed
London, England 1666 Great Fire of London 13,200 houses and 87 churches were destroyed
Rostock, Holy Roman Empire 1677 1677 Fire of Rostock ca. 700 houses destroyed. Accelerated the city's economic decline at the end of the Hanseatic period
Copenhagen, Denmark 1728 Copenhagen Fire of 1728 1700 houses destroyed (28% of the city), 15,000 people made homeless
Copenhagen, Denmark 1795 Copenhagen Fire of 1795 900 houses destroyed, 6,000 people made homeless
Kiev 1811 Great Podil fire Over 2,000 houses, 12 churches and 3 abbeys razed, 30 deaths
Moscow, Russian Empire 1812 1812 Fire of Moscow Estimated that 75% of the city was destroyed
Hamburg, German Confederation 1842 Great Fire of Hamburg 25% of the inner city destroyed
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. 1849 Great St. Louis Fire 430 homes and 23 ships destroyed, but only 3 dead
Santiago, Chile 1863 Church of the Company Fire 2,000 to 3,000 fatalities
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 1864 Great Fire of Brisbane Over four city blocks burned with over 50 houses razed and dozens of businesses
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. 1864 Atlanta Campaign during American Civil War About 11/12ths of the city burned: more than 4,000 houses, shops, stores, mills, and depots; only about 450 buildings escaped damage
Portland, Maine, U.S. 1866 1866 Great fire of Portland, Maine 1800 structures destroyed on peninsula/downtown area; 10,000 left displaced and homeless
Peshtigo, Wisconsin, U.S. 1871 Peshtigo Fire Resulted in most deaths by a single fire event in U.S. history (1500-2500)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. 1871 Great Chicago Fire 200 to 300 fatalities; 17,000 buildings were destroyed
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 1872 Boston Fire Over 700 buildings destroyed
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. 1874 Great Mill Disaster 18 believed fatalities
New York City, U.S. 1876 Brooklyn Theater Fire 273–300 fatalities
Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S. 1900 Great Hoboken Pier Fire 4 ships burned, killing up to 400 people
Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. 1901 Great Fire of 1901 8-hour fire destroyed over 2,300 buildings and displaced almost 10,000 people
Chicago 1903 Iroquois Theater Fire Deadliest single-building fire in U.S. history, with 602 victims
New York City 1904 Burning of the steamship General Slocum Over 1000 fatalities
San Francisco, California, U.S. 1906 Result of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake Up to 3000 victims; over 95% of city burned
Chelsea, Massachusetts, U.S. 1908 First Great Chelsea Fire 1500 buildings destroyed, 11,000 left homeless, when a fire at the Boston Blacking Company was fanned by 40 mph (64 km/h) winds and raced across the Chelsea Rag District, a several-block area of dilapidated wood-frame buildings housing textile and paper scrap. Half the city was destroyed. Same conditions and origin area of the Second Great Chelsea Fire (1973).
Idaho, U.S. 1910 Massive forest fire known as the Big Burn 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) burned out, 75 dead.
New York City 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Killed 146 garment factory workers; 4th deadliest industrial disaster in U.S. history
Tokyo, Japan 1923 1923 Great Kantō earthquake Fire broke out following the earthquake, half the city was razed and over 100,000 died
Columbus, Ohio, U.S. 1930 Ohio Penitentiary fire 322 fatalities, 150 seriously injured
Coventry, England 1940 Coventry Blitz Over 800 fatalities; most of the city was destroyed
Stalingrad, U.S.S.R. 1942 Firestorm resulting from German air bombardment 955 fatalities (original Soviet estimate)
Boston 1942 Cocoanut Grove fire Nightclub fire killed 492 and injured hundreds more
Hamburg, Germany 1943 Firestorm resulting from air bombardment 35,000 to 45,000 victims, 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi) of the city destroyed
Hartford, Connecticut, U.S. 1944 Hartford Circus Fire when tent burned 168 killed and over 700 injured
Dresden, Germany 1945 Firestorm resulting from Allied bombing Up to 25,000 fatalities during the three-day bombing; 39 km2 (15 sq mi) of the city destroyed
Tokyo, Japan 1945 Devastating conflagration resulting from B-29 raids during Operation Meetinghouse Up to 100,000 fatalities and 41 km2 (16 sq mi) of the city destroyed; similar fires hit the Japanese cities of Kobe and Osaka
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 1945 Firestorm developed 30 minutes after the bombing of Hiroshima, but only a conflagration developed at Nagasaki[7] Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (see nuclear explosion)
Texas City, Texas, U.S. 1947 Texas City disaster Cargo ship Grandcamp caught fire and exploded, destroying most of the harbor and killing 600 people
Seaside Heights & Seaside Park, New Jersey, United States 1955 The Freeman Pier Fire At least 30 businesses lost, 50 residents evacuated, no major injuries[8][9][10]
Chicago 1958 Our Lady of the Angels School Fire 95 fatalities, 100 wounded
Singapore 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire 4 fatalities, over 2800 homes destroyed, 15,694 people left homeless
Brussels, Belgium 1967 L'Innovation Department Store fire 322 victims, 150 wounded
Gulf of Tonkin 1967 USS Forrestal fire Fire aboard aircraft carrier during Vietnam War, killed 134 sailors and injured 161
Tasmania, Australia 1967 1967 Tasmanian fires Severe wildfires that claimed 62 lives, 900 injured, displaced 7,000, and destroyed 264,000 hectares (2,640 km2) of land including 1293 homes
Chelsea, Massachusetts, U.S. 1973 Second Great Chelsea Fire 18 city blocks destroyed when a firestorm raced across the Chelsea Rag District, a several-block area of dilapidated wood-frame buildings housing textile and paper scrap. The same conditions and origin area of the First Great Chelsea Fire (1908)
Southgate, Kentucky, U.S. 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire 165 fatalities
Minneapolis 1982 Minneapolis Thanksgiving Day Fire Two people convicted of arson in setting fire to a Donaldson's department store, which in turn destroyed a full city block of downtown Minneapolis
San Juanico, Mexico 1984 San Juanico Disaster Fire and explosions at a liquid petroleum gas tank farm killed 500-600 people and 5,000-7,000 others suffered severe burns; local town of San Juan Ixhuatepec devastated
Bradford, England 1985 Bradford City stadium fire 52 victims
London 1987 King's Cross fire Conflagration in London Underground station killed 31 people
Waco, Texas April 19, 1993 Mount Carmel Center, the compound of the Branch Davidians cult Final day of the Waco siege, resulting in deaths of 76 cult members; question of who actually started the fires remains unanswered[11]
Dabwali, India 1995 Dabwali tent fire 540 deaths[12]
New York City 2001 World Trade Center fires 2,606 victims killed as fires caused both twin towers of the World Trade Center to collapse, following impacts by hijacked airliners
West Warwick, Rhode Island, U.S. 2003 The Station nightclub fire 100 killed and over 200 injured in fire at rock concert
Asunción, Paraguay 2004 Ycuá Bolaños supermarket fire Almost 400 fatalities
Hemel Hempstead, England 2005 Hertfordshire oil storage terminal fire The largest fire in peacetime Britain
Greece 2007 2007 Greek forest fires 84 victims in over 3,000 wildfires destroying 670,000 acres (2,700 km2) of land
Victoria, Australia 2009 Black Saturday bushfires 173 victims in over 400 separate bushfires which burned 450,000 hectares (4,500 km2)
Near Haifa, Israel 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire (2010) 44 victims, 12,000 acres (49 km2) of bush/forest destroyed
Comayagua, Honduras 2012 Comayagua prison fire 382 fatalities
Karachi and
Lahore, Pakistan 2012 2012 Pakistan garment factory fires About 315 fatalities, over 250 injured in 2 fires on a single day
Santa Maria, Brazil 2013 Kiss nightclub fire At least 232 fatalities and 117 hospitalized[13]
Seaside Heights & Seaside Park, New Jersey, U.S. 2013 Boardwalk fire At least 19 buildings destroyed, 30 businesses lost, no major injuries[14]
Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo, Alberta, Canada 2016 2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire Destroyed 2400 buildings and burned 589,552 hectares (1,456,810 acres) forcing the evacuation of 80,000 residents.
Sonoma County, California, U.S. 2017 Tubbs Fire 36,807 acres burned, 5,400 structures destroyed, 22 fatalities[15]
Paço de São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2018 National Museum of Brazil fire On 2 September 2018, a fire broke out at Paço de São Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which housed the 200-year-old National Museum of Brazil. The museum held more than 20 million items, of which almost 90 percent were lost.
Notre-Dame de Paris 2019 Notre-Dame de Paris Fire The fire of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris was a violent fire that eruped in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. It began at the end of the afternoon of April 15, 2019, on the roof of the building, causing considerable damage. The cathedral's needle and roof collapsed, and the interior and artefacts it housed were severely damaged.
Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., "Conflagration"
"Conflagration". tititudorancea.com.
"California wildfires rage, north and south, killing at least nine and putting tens of thousands at risk". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
"Disaster Planning and Control".
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-22. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
"The First Globe". Shakespeare's Globe Theatre. The Shakespeare Globe Trust. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J., eds. (1977), "Chapter VII — Thermal Radiation and Its Effects" (PDF), The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (Third ed.), United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration, p. 304, Nagasaki probably did not furnish sufficient fuel for the development of a fire storm as compared to the many buildings on the flat terrain at Hiroshima.
Salvini, Emil R. (June 30, 2009). "The Freeman Pier Fire- 1955- Seaside". Tales of the New Jersey Shore and its Environs.
"Seaside begins rebuilding as fire ashes cool". The Star-Ledger. Seaside Heights. 1955.
"Fire Loss High, Insurance Low; Concessions Listed". Seaside Heights. 1955.
"The Siege at Waco". Crimes of the Century. August 25, 2013. CNN.
Arnold, Jim (April 7, 2005), Large Building Fires and Subsequent Code Changes (PDF), Clark County Department of Development Services, Building Division, p. 18 (Item 55), archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2008
Barbassa, Juliana; Sigaja, Marco (January 27, 2013). "Brazil Nightclub Fire Kills At Least 232 People". The Huffington Post.
Double Down (September 12, 2013). "Seaside Businesses Impacted by the Boardwalk Fire". WKXW, New Jersey 101.5 FM Radio.
Cal Fire (October 23, 2017). "Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires" (PDF). State of California - Cal Fire.
Look up conflagration or blaze in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fire.
Conflagration on map (AccidentMap.com Accident on map)
Fire captain
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Station officer
Women in firefighting
List of fire departments
Fire lookout tower
Airport crash tender
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United States (California, Washington)
Glossary of wildfire terms
List of wildfires


text:
The Covid-19 pandemic as an opportunity for advances in medicine
Ramesh Bijlani
The Mother's Integral Health Centre, Sri Aurobindo Ashram–Delhi Branch, New Delhi, India
The Mother's Integral Health Centre, Sri Aurobindo Ashram–Delhi Branch, New Delhi
rambij@gmail.com
Published: 02-Jun-2021
Bijlani R. The Covid-19 pandemic as an opportunity for advances in medicine. Natl Med J India 2020;33:316
History has shown that pandemics and wars have led to major advances in medicine. The global impact of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has not been uniform across nations. According to an estimate, the deaths per million population attributed to Covid-19 infection stands at 621 in the UK, 642 in the USA and 72 in India.[1] The impact of an infection is the resultant of the inoculum and host resistance. The strategies that have been emphasized by most countries for containing the pandemic, such as lockdowns, social distancing, hand washing, masks and other types of protective gear, are designed to reduce the inoculum. Therefore, the inter-country variation in the impact of the pandemic is likely to be related to the variation in host resistance.
Host resistance
Well-established factors that enhance immunocompetence are physical activity; a healthy diet; abstaining from tobacco and substance abuse; proper time, duration and quality of sleep; and mental peace. There has also been a hypothesis that scrupulous personal hygiene might actually impair immunity through 'disuse atrophy'.[2] Of these factors, those that deserve investigation on a priority as possible determinants of the inter-country variation in the impact of Covid-19 pandemic are diet, mental stress and hygiene.
Indian diets are predominantly plant-based and therefore likely to be rich in antioxidants. Spices, particularly, are a concentrated source of phytochemicals, with antioxidant and other types of protective actions. In India, there is also an overlap between diet and many Ayurvedic prescriptions for prevention of disease. Ayurveda has a few combinations of spices specific for the prevention of respiratory illnesses. All these combinations are believed to act by stimulating immunocompetence.
Studies could be done to examine
Whether these combinations are really effective in enhancing immunocompetence?
Whether the intake of these herbs went up in India more than in the UK or the USA during the Covid-19 pandemic?
Psycho-neuroimmunology has put the mind–body relationship on a firm scientific footing.[3] The psychological impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in different societies is likely to vary. It is likely that 'panic' and 'fear', emotions likely to impair immunity, would be far less prevalent responses in India than in many other countries. Due to the spiritual inclination of its people, in India, the prevalent emotional responses are likely to be 'calm resignation', 'stoic acceptance as punishment for our sins', 'stay happy in whatever state God keeps us', 'all is for the best' or 'faith in protection by a Higher Power'. Whether this assumption is true would become clearer after we have the results of studies on the psychosocial impact of the pandemic being done by the National Book Trust and the Indian Yoga Association.[4],[5]
A study could compare the outcome in two groups of individuals who have tested positive for Covid-19 but whose psychological responses to the pandemic are different.
Countries in Asia and Africa, where populations, in general, have greater microbial exposure due to poorer personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, have lower Covid-19 death rates per million population[1] than countries in western Europe and North America.
Studies could compare the mortality and morbidity due to the Covid-19 pandemic and immunocompetence in:
two groups with contrasting standards of hygiene in the same society such as middle-class and upper middle-class populations on the one hand, and migrant workers and slum dwellers on the other hand in a country such as India;
two societies with contrasting standards of hygiene such as European countries and the Indian subcontinent.
Studies on Indian diaspora
There is a large Indian diaspora in the USA, the UK, Canada and Australia. They are likely to have retained most dietary practices of the country of their origin, and their psychological attitude to the pandemic and their standards of hygiene may also be not the same as those of their country of adoption. Studies could be done to compare the number of cases, percentage of severe cases and deaths per million in the Indian diaspora in these countries with the native populations.
The hypothesis that inter-country variation in the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is best explained by immunocompetence has implications for the strategies that might be emphasized for containing the pandemic. Strategies aimed at boosting immunocompetence would be less expensive and would be less disruptive for daily life and economy. The suggestions for research made here, and their offshoots, can keep a large number of scientists busy for several years and can also spawn many international collaborations. It is hoped that the silver lining of the pandemic would be advances in medicine and strengthening of the one-world feeling.
Conflicts of interest. None declared
Statista. Available at www.statista.com/statistics/1104709/coronavirus-deaths-worldwide-per-million-inhabitants/ (accessed on 15 Jun 2020).
Bloomfield SF, Stanwell-Smith R, Crevel RW, Pickup J. Too clean, or not too clean: The hygiene hypothesis and home hygiene. Clin Exp Allergy 2006;36:402–25.
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, McGuire L, Robles TF, Glaser R. Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annu Rev Psychol 2002;53:83–107.
National Book Trust. Available at http://surekha_sachdeva@rediffmail.com. Questionnaire available at https://nbtindia.gov.in/home__92__on-line-questionnaire-for-nbt-study.nbt. (accessed on 15 Jun 2020).
Indian Yoga Association. Available at http://secretariat@yogaiya.in; https:// forms.gle/YdHCJnoaPwiR6r6g8. (accessed on 15 Jun 2020).
Objective-structured clinical examination in cardiovascular… November 30, 2022
Covid-19 Pandemic: A spoiler for health research September 1, 2020


The Western Railway (abbreviated WR and परे) is one of the 17 zones of Indian Railways, and is among the busiest railway networks in India. The major railway routes of Indian Railways which come under Western Railways are: Mumbai Central - Ratlam, Mumbai Central - Ahmedabadand Palanpur - Ahmedabad. The railway system is divided into six operating divisions: Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Ratlam and Mumbai. Vadodara railway station, being the junction point for the Ahmedabad - Mumbai route and the Mumbai - Ratlam route towards New Delhi, is the busiest junction Station in Western Railways and one of the busiest junctions of Indian Railways too, while Ahmedabad Division earns highest revenue followed by Mumbai Division and Vadodara Division. Surat railway station is one of the busiest railway station in Western Railway in non-junction category where more than 160 trains pass per day.
Western Railway General Manager's official bungalow 'Bombarci' (abbreviation of- BOMbay, BARoda and Central India) is located on Altamont road in Cumbala hill, Mumbai.
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text:
Ashford Castle is Bord Bia's Just Ask! Restaurant of the Month, May 2011
Ashford Castle, Mayo, has been awarded Bord Bia's Just Ask! Restaurant of the Month for May. The award recognises Ashford Castle's use of local produce and inclusion of this detail on the menus at the castles four restaurants – The Drawing Room, Cullen's at the Dungeon, Cullen's at the Cottage and the George V Dining Room. The menus of executive Head Chef Stefan Matz are a tribute to the wonderful produce available in the West of Ireland, notably its wonderful fresh Seafood and Connemara lamb.
The George V Dining Room dedicates a full page at the front of its menu to introducing all the food suppliers to Ashford Castle. The more contemporary informal Cullen's menus provide diners with a more intimate descriptive style, inviting visitors to ask questions about the producers who are named on every dish.
Just Ask! is a Bord Bia campaign which aims to encourage consumers to look for information on where their food comes from when eating out and encourages chef's to provide the information on their menus. According to recent research from Bord Bia, 81% of Irish diners believe it's important that restaurants use local produce with 72% deeming it important that the origin of meat is listed on the menu.
Commenting on his win Stefan Matz said, "I have a passion for the wild and artisan food of the West. My well trained staff like nothing better than to chat to guests about each and every ingredient named, which sets the food in context and makes a wonderfully evocative culinary introduction to the region for visitors".
Georgina Campbell congratulated Ashford Castle on becoming the Just Ask! Restaurant of the Month for May adding, "While there may be a hint of artistic license to the Ashford Castle motto 'Excellence since 1228', there is no questioning the excellence offered today, and every time food is served in this magnificent place it showcases the produce with the area with pride".
As part of Bord Bia's Just Ask! programme, restaurants listed on Georgina Campbell's independently assessed ireland-guide.com website are invited to submit copies of their menus and sourcing statements.
On a monthly basis, a Just Ask! winner is chosen by Georgina Campbell in agreement with Bord Bia. In addition, an overall Just Ask! annual award winner is selected as part of the Georgina Campbell Awards which take place during October.
To get involved in Just Ask! or to find out more, see www.bordbia.ie. With so many great value restaurants right on your doorstep, eating out is still on the menu!
For more information on Ashford Castle visit http://www.ashfordcastle.ie.
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text:
Q: How to create vector of symbolic variables in sympy How to create  vector of symbolic variables in sympy? I want to do something like
x, x1, x2, x3 = symbols ('x x1 x2 x3')
A = [x+x1,x+x2,x+x3]
B = A * Transpose(A)
print (B)

A is array of symbolic variables.
I checked with sympy documentation, but couldn't figure out.
(Python 2.7.6, sympy 0.7.4.1)
Update:
I want to do something like
x, x1, x2, x3 = symbols ('x x1 x2 x3')
v1e = x+x1
v2e = x+x2
v3e = x+x3
v1 = v1e.subs(x1,1)
v2 = v2e.subs(x2,2)
v3 = v3e.subs(x3,3)
A = Matrix ([v1,v2,v3])
B = A * Transpose(A)
print (B)

But seems that there is problem with v1,.. putting as matrix elements. Any suggestions?

A: Vectors can be represented as Matrixes in sympy as column-vectors or row-vectors.
from sympy import symbols, Matrix, Transpose
x, x1, x2, x3 = symbols('x x1 x2 x3')
A = Matrix([[x+x1, x+x2, x+x3]])
B = A * Transpose(A)
# or B = A * A.T
print (B)