text:
SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients
Mainak Sengupta, Moumita Chaki, N. Arti, Kunal Ray
Purpose: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder of melanin biosynthesis that results in congenital hypopigmentation of ocular and cutaneous tissues. It is also associated with common developmental abnormalities of the eye. Mutations in the solute carrier family 45, member 2 gene (SLC45A2, also called MATP) cause oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4), which is the second most prevalent type of OCA in Japan. So far, 24 pathological mutations have been reported in SLC45A2, but there is no report from India. Interestingly, in almost 31% of the cases, the second mutation has never been found. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of OCA among Indians using SLC45A2 as the candidate gene. Methods: From our patient pool, consisting of 50 unrelated OCA pedigrees covering 17 ethnic groups of eastern and southern India, 20 patients (from 19 affected families) lacking any mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR) were screened further for nucleotide variants in SLC45A2. All seven exons and splice-site junctions of SLC45A2 were amplified and sequenced from the OCA patients and from 50 ethnically matched healthy controls. Nucleotide changes were detected by identifying 'double peaks' in the chromatogram due to heterozygosity as well as by pairwise BLAST analysis of the sequence output data with a normal copy of SLC45A2. Haplotype analysis was done among the affected sibs using three newly identified microsatellite markers placed within and in flanking regions of the SLC45A2 locus. Results: Four novel mutations (c.126G>A [Met421le], c.190G>A [Gly64Ser], c.904A>T [Thr302Ser], and c.1042C>T [Arg348Cys]) and one reported mutation (c.469G>A [Aspl57Asn]) were identified in SLC45A2. All the novel changes cosegregated with the disease and none were present in control samples. Consistent with previous reports, we did not find the second mutant allele in three unrelated patients. Haplotype analysis using microsatellite markers in the family of one such proband suggested that the affected sibs inherited the mutant allele (Arg348Cys) from their father but different SLC45A2 alleles from the mother. In addition, five single nucleotide variants were identified which included E272K and L374F polymorphisms that have been reported to be associated with human ethnicities. Conclusions: Our study reveals that 10% of the total OCA cases from eastern and southern Indian ethnic groups carry mutations in SLC45A2. Among 10 variants found in the gene, five are pathogenic changes. Our data, based on haplotype analysis on a single family, suggest that the disease is caused in the affected sibs either by a single mutation in SLC45A2 and a defect in another locus, or SLC45A2 is not responsible for the disorder in the family, but the pathogenesis is caused by a mutation in another gene not yet characterized in these patients.
Molecular Vision
Oculocutaneous Albinism
Microsatellite Repeats
Eye Abnormalities
Hypopigmentation
Monophenol Monooxygenase
Melanins
Sengupta, M., Chaki, M., Arti, N., & Ray, K. (2007). SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients. Molecular Vision, 13, 1406-1411.
SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients. / Sengupta, Mainak; Chaki, Moumita; Arti, N.; Ray, Kunal.
In: Molecular Vision, Vol. 13, 10.08.2007, p. 1406-1411.
Sengupta, M, Chaki, M, Arti, N & Ray, K 2007, 'SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients', Molecular Vision, vol. 13, pp. 1406-1411.
Sengupta M, Chaki M, Arti N, Ray K. SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients. Molecular Vision. 2007 Aug 10;13:1406-1411.
Sengupta, Mainak ; Chaki, Moumita ; Arti, N. ; Ray, Kunal. / SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients. In: Molecular Vision. 2007 ; Vol. 13. pp. 1406-1411.
@article{920ff92f5a954d57bf465edfb8c86453,
title = "SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients",
abstract = "Purpose: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder of melanin biosynthesis that results in congenital hypopigmentation of ocular and cutaneous tissues. It is also associated with common developmental abnormalities of the eye. Mutations in the solute carrier family 45, member 2 gene (SLC45A2, also called MATP) cause oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4), which is the second most prevalent type of OCA in Japan. So far, 24 pathological mutations have been reported in SLC45A2, but there is no report from India. Interestingly, in almost 31{\%} of the cases, the second mutation has never been found. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of OCA among Indians using SLC45A2 as the candidate gene. Methods: From our patient pool, consisting of 50 unrelated OCA pedigrees covering 17 ethnic groups of eastern and southern India, 20 patients (from 19 affected families) lacking any mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR) were screened further for nucleotide variants in SLC45A2. All seven exons and splice-site junctions of SLC45A2 were amplified and sequenced from the OCA patients and from 50 ethnically matched healthy controls. Nucleotide changes were detected by identifying 'double peaks' in the chromatogram due to heterozygosity as well as by pairwise BLAST analysis of the sequence output data with a normal copy of SLC45A2. Haplotype analysis was done among the affected sibs using three newly identified microsatellite markers placed within and in flanking regions of the SLC45A2 locus. Results: Four novel mutations (c.126G>A [Met421le], c.190G>A [Gly64Ser], c.904A>T [Thr302Ser], and c.1042C>T [Arg348Cys]) and one reported mutation (c.469G>A [Aspl57Asn]) were identified in SLC45A2. All the novel changes cosegregated with the disease and none were present in control samples. Consistent with previous reports, we did not find the second mutant allele in three unrelated patients. Haplotype analysis using microsatellite markers in the family of one such proband suggested that the affected sibs inherited the mutant allele (Arg348Cys) from their father but different SLC45A2 alleles from the mother. In addition, five single nucleotide variants were identified which included E272K and L374F polymorphisms that have been reported to be associated with human ethnicities. Conclusions: Our study reveals that 10{\%} of the total OCA cases from eastern and southern Indian ethnic groups carry mutations in SLC45A2. Among 10 variants found in the gene, five are pathogenic changes. Our data, based on haplotype analysis on a single family, suggest that the disease is caused in the affected sibs either by a single mutation in SLC45A2 and a defect in another locus, or SLC45A2 is not responsible for the disorder in the family, but the pathogenesis is caused by a mutation in another gene not yet characterized in these patients.",
author = "Mainak Sengupta and Moumita Chaki and N. Arti and Kunal Ray",
journal = "Molecular Vision",
T1 - SLC45A2 variations in Indian oculocutaneous albinism patients
AU - Sengupta, Mainak
AU - Chaki, Moumita
AU - Arti, N.
AU - Ray, Kunal
N2 - Purpose: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder of melanin biosynthesis that results in congenital hypopigmentation of ocular and cutaneous tissues. It is also associated with common developmental abnormalities of the eye. Mutations in the solute carrier family 45, member 2 gene (SLC45A2, also called MATP) cause oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4), which is the second most prevalent type of OCA in Japan. So far, 24 pathological mutations have been reported in SLC45A2, but there is no report from India. Interestingly, in almost 31% of the cases, the second mutation has never been found. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of OCA among Indians using SLC45A2 as the candidate gene. Methods: From our patient pool, consisting of 50 unrelated OCA pedigrees covering 17 ethnic groups of eastern and southern India, 20 patients (from 19 affected families) lacking any mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR) were screened further for nucleotide variants in SLC45A2. All seven exons and splice-site junctions of SLC45A2 were amplified and sequenced from the OCA patients and from 50 ethnically matched healthy controls. Nucleotide changes were detected by identifying 'double peaks' in the chromatogram due to heterozygosity as well as by pairwise BLAST analysis of the sequence output data with a normal copy of SLC45A2. Haplotype analysis was done among the affected sibs using three newly identified microsatellite markers placed within and in flanking regions of the SLC45A2 locus. Results: Four novel mutations (c.126G>A [Met421le], c.190G>A [Gly64Ser], c.904A>T [Thr302Ser], and c.1042C>T [Arg348Cys]) and one reported mutation (c.469G>A [Aspl57Asn]) were identified in SLC45A2. All the novel changes cosegregated with the disease and none were present in control samples. Consistent with previous reports, we did not find the second mutant allele in three unrelated patients. Haplotype analysis using microsatellite markers in the family of one such proband suggested that the affected sibs inherited the mutant allele (Arg348Cys) from their father but different SLC45A2 alleles from the mother. In addition, five single nucleotide variants were identified which included E272K and L374F polymorphisms that have been reported to be associated with human ethnicities. Conclusions: Our study reveals that 10% of the total OCA cases from eastern and southern Indian ethnic groups carry mutations in SLC45A2. Among 10 variants found in the gene, five are pathogenic changes. Our data, based on haplotype analysis on a single family, suggest that the disease is caused in the affected sibs either by a single mutation in SLC45A2 and a defect in another locus, or SLC45A2 is not responsible for the disorder in the family, but the pathogenesis is caused by a mutation in another gene not yet characterized in these patients.
AB - Purpose: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder of melanin biosynthesis that results in congenital hypopigmentation of ocular and cutaneous tissues. It is also associated with common developmental abnormalities of the eye. Mutations in the solute carrier family 45, member 2 gene (SLC45A2, also called MATP) cause oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4), which is the second most prevalent type of OCA in Japan. So far, 24 pathological mutations have been reported in SLC45A2, but there is no report from India. Interestingly, in almost 31% of the cases, the second mutation has never been found. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of OCA among Indians using SLC45A2 as the candidate gene. Methods: From our patient pool, consisting of 50 unrelated OCA pedigrees covering 17 ethnic groups of eastern and southern India, 20 patients (from 19 affected families) lacking any mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR) were screened further for nucleotide variants in SLC45A2. All seven exons and splice-site junctions of SLC45A2 were amplified and sequenced from the OCA patients and from 50 ethnically matched healthy controls. Nucleotide changes were detected by identifying 'double peaks' in the chromatogram due to heterozygosity as well as by pairwise BLAST analysis of the sequence output data with a normal copy of SLC45A2. Haplotype analysis was done among the affected sibs using three newly identified microsatellite markers placed within and in flanking regions of the SLC45A2 locus. Results: Four novel mutations (c.126G>A [Met421le], c.190G>A [Gly64Ser], c.904A>T [Thr302Ser], and c.1042C>T [Arg348Cys]) and one reported mutation (c.469G>A [Aspl57Asn]) were identified in SLC45A2. All the novel changes cosegregated with the disease and none were present in control samples. Consistent with previous reports, we did not find the second mutant allele in three unrelated patients. Haplotype analysis using microsatellite markers in the family of one such proband suggested that the affected sibs inherited the mutant allele (Arg348Cys) from their father but different SLC45A2 alleles from the mother. In addition, five single nucleotide variants were identified which included E272K and L374F polymorphisms that have been reported to be associated with human ethnicities. Conclusions: Our study reveals that 10% of the total OCA cases from eastern and southern Indian ethnic groups carry mutations in SLC45A2. Among 10 variants found in the gene, five are pathogenic changes. Our data, based on haplotype analysis on a single family, suggest that the disease is caused in the affected sibs either by a single mutation in SLC45A2 and a defect in another locus, or SLC45A2 is not responsible for the disorder in the family, but the pathogenesis is caused by a mutation in another gene not yet characterized in these patients.
JO - Molecular Vision
JF - Molecular Vision


Pour Moi is an incredible designer. They have styles to suit everyone, and some of their bikinis are incredible and eye catching classics. This is one of them, a stunner that is a true classic using perhaps the most popular pattern in swimwear, the humble floral. It is bright, beautiful, vibrant and stunning, and there is of course an accompanying bikini top available to match.
Gottex Swimwear, Natural Beauty And Man ..


Just 45 minutes by ferry from entry point Belize City (fly from the UK to Miami then it's a two hour onward flight) is Caye Caulker. The tiny island's laid-back Caribbean vibe makes it feel a world away. Spend three nights relaxing on the gorgeous beaches, refuelling on seafood after snorkelling trips and occasional refreshing dips in the idyllic waters.
Plan a two-night stop in San Ignacio, known as 'Cayo' to locals. This is Belize's adventure capital and you could spend weeks exploring the area's caves and jungles, swimming in rivers and waterfalls, and admiring the wildlife. Popular activities range from kayak trips to exploring the local cave systems, either tubing though them or paddling/swimming, as with the Actun Tunichil Muknal or 'ATM' caves, a site of ceremony and sacrifice in Mayan times. While in the area, consider visiting Belize's chief Mayan site, Xunantunich, which is refreshingly clear of the crowds drawn to some of the better-known Mayan sites in the region, such as Tikal. It's easily accesible via a cable ferry across the Mopan River.
Leaving Belize behind, it's time to cross the border and make the short hop to Flores, your base for visiting Tikal, known for its enormous step pyramid. Set on an island in Lake Petén Itzá, Flores, with its colourful houses and cobbled streets, is worthy of exploration. Next, the town of Rio Dulce, for a picturesque tour down the river to Livingston. This area is known for its scenic qualities, not least the point where the river empties into Amatique Bay, an area with a rich Caribbean feel and home to the Garifuna people.
Moving on to the beguiling colonial city of Antigua — a two-night stay gives a good taste of the area's attractions. Antigua is a pleasant city to walk around, browsing the local market and souvenir shops.
If you've got more time, continue on to Honduras. Spend a few nights in Copán, six hours drive from Guatemala City, where the star attraction are the impressive Mayan ruins plus horse rides, coffee tours and the local hot springs. Follow up with two more nights of Caribbean charm at one of the Bay Islands such as Roatán before flying to the capital Tegucigalpa with Avianca, and then home.


The first in the Russian armed forces electronic warfare complex "Stole" entered the troops of the combined army of the secondary cooling zone; a source told the date of launching of the first submarine carrier "Poseidon"; VKS spoke about the development of s-500; the range of the missile "BrahMos" will be increased to 500 kilometers; the gun, Udav admitted to serial production; the snipers of the southern military district received the latest batch of large-caliber sniper rifles; exercises of air defense forces of CIS countries will be held in Russia and Kazakhstan in September, Russia completed testing of a new missile system "Vityaz". About these and other developments in the monitoring of the media during the week from 08. 04. 14. 04. 2019.
The Il-112V made its first flight; production line Assembly new Il-76MD-90A will launch in the summer; in Russia, developed a unique guided artillery projectile; the first submarine of the project "warszawianka" for the Pacific fleet was launched in St. Petersburg; the Navy will receive more than 180 ships and vessels new projects until 2027; four Mi-24 entered service in the brigade of army aviation CVO; Russia is pursuing in Crimea large-scale exercises of airborne troops; the latest SAM Sosna successfully tested. About these and other developments in the media monitoring during the week 25 to 31 March 2019.
The people and elites of different "digital consumption"
The experts of the public "The Technodeterminist Papers" translated truly powerful text New York Times that the consumption of digital services is a sign of poverty.
The increase of aridity due to climate change are threatened in this century the black sea area of Russia, southern Ukraine and Moldova. It is reported RIA Novosti with reference to the Director of the main geophysical Observatory of Roshydromet Voeikov behalf of Vladimir Kattsov.
Ali Khamenei has launched an operation "Successor"
Iran's Supreme leader suggested that the country's new leader.


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A Level Results 2020
Sexey's Sixth Form students celebrate superb progress despite year of uncertainty for A Level examinations nationally
Bruton, 13 August 2020: In a year of uncertainty brought about by COVID-19, Sexey's Sixth Form students are celebrating another set of outstanding A Level results, with students particularly celebrating their individual progress achieved at A Level.
While this cohort of Year 13 students have not sat physical examinations as a result of national lockdown, they were welcomed into school today in a socially distanced manner to collect results that were determined by Centre Assessment Grades (CAGs) assigned by their teachers, with a national adjustment by the Department for Education (DfE).
Commenting, Mrs Helen Cullen, Headteacher at Sexey's School said, "We are tremendously proud of our students' resilience in such an extraordinary year, and of the grades that they have gained. One of the most valuable measures to us is the progress a student makes during their time at Sexey's Sixth. It prepares them for a journey of life long learning and it is a measure in which our sixth form has historically excelled. I'm delighted to say that is again the case in 2020, with the average progress a student makes exceeding not only last year's figure but also this year's cohort's target, giving us an ALPS score of 1*."
She continued, "We are also delighted that the vast majority of our students have been awarded the CAGs projected by their teachers – something that we understand from the news has not been the case nationally. This was a significant piece of work for all my staff and I am grateful to them for their professionalism and commitment to their students during the coronavirus lockdown period. Through our robust internal measures staff have ensured that student's CAGs truly reflected what they were capable of achieving had they been able to sit their exams. My thanks goes to Mr Dalzell, Assistant Head – Curriculum, Data and Standards who led this key piece of work to ensure all results submitted were robust and fair."
University progression
This year Sexey's Sixth has seen many young people make the decision to defer University for a year based on the uncertainty of COVID-19. However, 100% of the students who elected to progress to university, achieved their places.
Mr John Moise, Director of Sexey's Sixth said, "We are delighted that students at Sexey's continue to apply to and progress to Russell Group universities, with 60% of the cohort in Year 13 this year doing so either in September 2020 or September 2021. Although many students at Sexey's do progress onto university, several also choose Apprenticeships and I am delighted that their A Level results will facilitate them progressing on to their chosen programmes."
He continued, "We are delighted that these A Level results will open the doors for these wonderful young people to progress onto the next stage of their lives. As always we celebrate all students' results and each year there are always some truly spectacular results. This year is no different with four students in particular having lots to celebrate." Congratulations to:
David Clackson (Bruton Primary and Sexey's School), who achieved A*A*A* and is progressing on to Bristol University to study Mechanical Engineering
Amy Cotterill (Frome Community College and Sexey's School), who achieved A*A*A* and is progressing onto Bristol University to study Biochemisty
Arthur Hyde (Ansford and Sexey's School), who achieved A* Distinction* Distinction* and is progressing to the University of York to study Psychology
Sam Hilton Jones (King Arthur's and Sexey's School), who achieved A*A*A and is progressing to University of Southampton to study Maths
Commenting on his success, Arthur Hyde said, "I am absolutely delighted with my results – it's been a really difficult few months with lockdown and being unable to sit exams. I'm now looking forward to going to university and am intending to do a law conversion course after that."
Head Girl Camilla Dukes added, "It's been a nerve-wracking time for all of us but I'm so proud of all of Sexey's Year 13s. Thanks to all of our teachers for their support during a really strange time. I'm looking forward to going to Durham University in September 2021 and continuing on my year-long internship at IBM for the remainder of this year."
Value added success
We also celebrate the success of individuals who have made the most significant progress at A level from GCSE results to A Level results. These are students who have benefited from the exceptional pastoral care within Sexey's Sixth, led Mr Moise (Director of Sixth Form) and Mrs Elliott (Head of Years 12 and 13). This support, together with strong staff and student relationships alongside the high aspirations we have of our students ensures that each and every student achieves or exceeds their potential. Well done to Eliza Williamson and Jonny Hull who were the students who made the most progress across the two years at Sexey's Sixth.
Mrs Helen Cullen, Headteacher, added, "I would like to thank the staff who have worked so hard to support and encourage these young people. Through their commitment and exceptional teaching and learning, they have provided these young people with a sixth form experience that will prepare them for life beyond school. This group of students have been wonderful and many have played a key role in the school. I know each and every one of them has a very exciting future ahead and we wish them all the very best."
* ALPS (A-level Performance System) is a system that allows schools to get a measure of the value they add to a pupil's A level performance compared to what might be expected of them following their previous academic performance at GCSE. Outcomes are graded from 1-9 (with 1 being the highest) to show performance against national benchmarks. Find out more at https://alps.education/how-alps-works/.
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I've been a loyal BMW customer over twelve years.
Not quite like others in the Active E community, Gerald Belton (Mr. BMW), but we've been loyal. There were several years where we had a Honda Civic Hybrid in our garage, but it was surrounded by BMWs. When the California legislature writes laws that allow solo HOV access, I tend to follow them. Regardless of performance, etc. time is valuable and solo HOV access is like gold.
I've documented our journey to EV ownership the last eighteen (18) months of driving electric as we just passed 42,500 miles. Had we been allowed to, we would have purchased the Active E, but BMW wants the car back.
Not one car that I've driven has spoken to both myself and my better half as well as our Active E has. The Model S was the closest for a lot of things, but its price has been hard to swallow. However, if any EV is worth the money Tesla is charging (even with price increases) it is the Model S. After owning one EV, we decided that we will have at least two EVs. We placed a reservation for the Model S last year (after several months with the Active E) and that was what we've decided to be one of our two EVs by the time we return our Active E in February 2014. The Model S was designated to be my better half's car. All was set and we had a plan. We've been through the BASE price change and decided to stick with the Model S reservation and not finalize at the beginning of 2013. Furthermore, we've been through several accessory price changes, and stuck with the vehicle. This last accessory price change made us re-evaluate a few things that were marginal and decided that we didn't really need some options, but some of the additional options were of interest, so we were generally pleased with some of the additional options in the new accessory package in the current version of the Design Studio. The Model S is a BIG car as it compares to the Active E and other EVs that we've been looking at. After all this time, we finally decided to confirm our Model S reservation last week for a delivery later this year.
I have been rooting for the i3, but BMW has had numerous missteps on it.
The largest misstep is the aesthetics. It does not look like a BMW to me (and to others). We've been lucky enough to have had several BMWs. The design of the i3 has grown on me, so that was a BIG issue that was alleviated for me; however, to swap out the Active E with the i3 was made possible by the fact that we will have a Model S in the garage/driveway for first EV. The i3 will be my daily driver. The devil is in the details, but after the multi-year exposure to the i3, I've adjusted to its radically different styling from its ICE brethren. However, the i3 aesthetic is a compromise for me. It would not have been my first choice, but, knowing the drivetrain and battery pack that I've been driving is the same one on the i3 as my Active E, with nearly 2000 pounds less, this car will be fun to drive.
I've already proven that I'm fine with driving 102 mile roundtrips on a daily basis in the Active E. The generosity of Pacific BMW is appreciated as I do my charge around the 51 mile point at a dealership 3/4 of a mile away from my office. And the policy to provide charging for Active E drivers at dealerships that participate in the program at no cost did help me these past 18 months. However, misstep number two was letting me know that the convenience and subsidized charging that I enjoyed in the past will be revoked as the i3 is launched and I will have to budget in a daily charge at the dealership, I am not complaining about this, just have to consider it in my i3 purchase. Nissan and Tesla are offering subsidized charging, at Level 3 at that at several locations/dealerships and this provides the customer with some comfort. Or in my case enough range to really use an 80-100 mile car to its maximum. Specific to my location, the Nissan dealership across the street from Pacific BMW (Glendale Nissan) offers 8 hours of L2 or an hour of CHAdeMO at no cost. Something to consider. Now that there's a Leaf in the family, I am getting more familiar with the Leaf and see the benefits of the 2013 model.
REx as the only option to increase the range from 80-100 miles when there is good "space" to add batteries. Give me the option to pay for additional battery capacity to 150 to 200 miles.
Now, I understand that the i3 has a REx with it, optional, but I do not want to drive gasoline if possible. I have a hybrid garage, and do drive ICE at times, but it's on my choice. I would have enjoyed a LARGER battery pack and range option for the i3, much the same way that Tesla had marketed the Model S with three battery pack options (originally.). The 22 kWh battery pack of the i3 with a 80-100 mile range is fine, for the most part, but I do need to charge to make it work. Additionally, as Tom Moloughney has pointed out (as well as others in the EV community), to ensure long battery life, it is recommended to charge a pack at 80% (or less). If I were to do such a setting on an i3, I would need to have an effective 64-80 mile range. BMW i missed the opportunity abdicated by Tesla Model S when Tesla stopped producing 40 kWh Model S. BMW should have filled in the gap and come out with a 22 kWh and greater (one or two options) battery pack range. Two options at 150 and 200 mile max ranges come to mind. That way we can charge at 80% and get the subsequent 120 to 160 daily range.
Is the BMW electric i3 a purpose built EV or PHEV. http://t.co/PCdEyFbLsy Tell us #CarNewsCafe if you agree?
I don't agree, but he does pose an interesting observation in his writings.
It would seem that BMW has decided to abandon the BMW Electronaut community.
But let's be serious… If the website is any indication of the reliability of the BMW i brands and the focus that they're getting, this is unacceptable. I've been in the technology field for too long to forgive this sort of outage. Though the Active E program was a test program, a website is not.
Additionally, the originally touted Electronaut effect website has gone stale. It does NOT auto update any longer. And it would seem that it, too stopped around the i3 launch.
So, why am I pondering a blog name change?
Additionally, I'm not convinced that the i3 IS the right vehicle for me, so the blog after February 2014 won't have an Active E or possibly an i3 to write about.
A picture is worth a thousand words… I've been so focused on the second EV Active E replacement being a new EV that I will be driving, I didn't think of getting one for my wife as we've already decided that she will drive the Model S when it arrives later in the year. If we flip the switch and get an EV that SHE would prefer over the Model S, and, even used, the Tesla Roadster is such a vehicle. Which means our finalized Model S will be the Active E replacement.
Now, there is no guarantee that we "won't" get an i3 as well. It just makes it more difficult for BMW i to convince me to get one. A CPO is STILL a used car, but Tesla offered a 37 month, 37,000 mile bumper-to-bumper warranty. Guess what, that includes EVERYTHING. AND it doesn't include a $50 co-pay like our friends at BMW (ICE, not BMW i) had offered on previous vehicles that we've had.
Our Roadster is a signature one… That means it's one of the first one hundred issued to customers. It is the 1.5 spec and has some idiosyncrasies specific to that version of the Roadster. First, 1.5 Roadsters have a shifter, whereas the 2.0 and 2.5 have push button gear shifter. I like having a park setting on the gear shift. The 1.5 that we have doesn't have one. It's like a manual car, have to put it in neutral, then pull up the parking brake.
Tesla does not have a financing partner readily available as they do for the Model S. The delivery is slow as the product had to be shipped from Fremont and the PDI (pre-delivery inspection) took longer than the first promised date of 19th of August. The picture above was actually taken over a third or fourth revised "promised" date of 24th of August (which would have been poetic, because that is exactly six months until we have to return our Active E to BMW). And since the financing is not integrated to the process, we continue to find ourselves being charged interest on a car that we did not yet "possess". Granted in the longer scheme of ownership, what's an extra X days of waiting. However, though the torque is instantaneous in all EVs, waiting for delivery of the order of an already built Tesla does take some time. Our Roadster took a while to get from Fremont to Southern California and we are still waiting a longer time to get through PDI. Patience is a virtue, and boy are we "virtuous", though losing patience.
Here are some pictures from our visit this past Saturday.
Ordering a Model S was also without its challenges. I placed my reservation in 2012 with the expectation to finalize the design, etc. in August 2013 based on the delays at the time I gave my initial deposit. I was then approached in February 2013 with a requirement to finalize my order or be subject to the base price increase. We accepted the price increase at that time to delay until August only to find ourselves subject to several accessory price changes. Granted, some of the additional options that were added on were ones that we opted for, it is still somewhat disingenuous to be inconsistent with price increases for those of us who put down a deposit a while back. We will be taking delivery of our Model S sooner than I had originally anticipated. However, with the constant price increases and the fact that if we were to take delivery of the Model S as we return our Active E in February would introduce at least a 14 month delay for receipt of the Federal Tax Rebate vs. a five to six month delay if we took delivery of the car in late 2013.
Now the question is, being that I am currently second in the nation for Active E mileage. Do I keep going on the Active E or do I start driving Model S more. I don't have the answer to that. The "contest" with Tom Moloughney took an unfortunate turn when he got into an accident two weeks ago in Active E #1. No matter what mileage I end up with, if I happen to surpass Tom's total mileage in in his Active E, the "victory" will be a hollow one. Perhaps I will attempt to come in exactly on the same mileage as his car as an homage to all that Tom has done for the rEVolution and BMW EV fans in particular. That is a lot tougher call to do the match of miles. Or I can honor Tom by taking on the mantle of mileage lead and hold off all challengers. I haven't decided yet, and will have to wait until our Model S arrives.
So, if I start to blog more about my experiences with Tesla Motors… Can I still give my blog by its current title? Should I change the blog title? I am currently unsure and uncertain. Granted, it was still the Active E that made me Environmental… But Tesla seems to be delivering the vehicles that BMW should have provided to me, even five years ago when our "new" Roadster was produced; I would have been such an easy sale for BMW with the Active E.
As an Electric Vehicle enthusiast, there is NO PLACE better to live than California to have early access to and choices in electric vehicles.
I was never much of a car guy until my ActiveE. I enjoyed driving and have been quite loyal to Honda and BMW.
So, it's rather strange for me to have fallen for the Fiat 500e. But I did.
It's a fun little ride. It's quick and nimble. I would imagine that it can be driven in LA traffic, weaving in and out of lanes.
Needless to say, I was NOT disappointed. In fact I have so many pictures, let me just refer you to my flickr set on the Fiat 500e.
I really liked the push button shifter… Not unlike a Tesla Roadster 2.x.
I was lucky enough to try out both of the ones that were delivered to Ontario and one of the ones delivered at Glendale Fiat.
So, how did it drive?
It was fun. Having had the opportunity to drive multiple EVs is one of the benefits of living in California. I test drove these vehicles about a month ago and supposedly, dealers were offering $199 lease on them for three years.
Not that I ever met a dealer who offered that deal. Apparently, Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield wrote the reasons that this was not so (weeks after I test drove the vehicles) and the demand for this car was so high that thee dealers were just pocketing the incentives.
Additionally, it has been my experience SINCE the publication of that article that dealers that did get the car in are selling the cars about $3,000 over MSRP for a "Marketing Adjustment". Also known as supply and demand when the demand for a vehicle is high.
Now, have we found the potential replacement for the ActiveE. I have to say that I was tempted, but each decision for items this large requires that my better half participates (the key to a LONG and HAPPY marriage) and she does not like the aesthetics. In the end, if the price were still at $199 a month, I might have been able to convince her, alas. It wasn't. So, I had my fun driving the dealerships' test models and I got to try out a black, white, and orange 500e and they all were fun. I don't think any of them were kitted out any better (in terms of performance) but the dealership in Ontario gets the kudos for the more interesting route for the test drive. Easy access to the freeways also gives a great test drive for this reviewer as well.


For extra effort to assist students with disabilities in classroom environment.
I assisted the local committee for this festival with creating a better digital marketing plan using Facebook to generate more "buzz" around their festival and to extend their reach outward to the Chicago market more.
I have started a work partnership with Dynamic Consulting in Chicago, IL to further development my knowledge and expertise in Microsoft Dynamics AX, CRM and Dynamics 365. I am working with Dynamic Consulting to determine a training plan for clients including training videos as well as a book on implementing Dynamics AX with a supplemental lab manual. This work has begun during fall 2016 with University of MN Mankato, but will continue throughout the summer of 2017 and into the next academic year.
This organization has taken over the marketing of the Delavan Train Show. However, they have retained my service for technical support and maintenance. The hours are an approximation based on how many hours I have documented for 2017 so far (28 hours). This work has included a database upgrade, firewall upgrade, security patching, resolving a DNS hosting error, linking web and social media promotions, troubleshooting and resolving broken permalinks, etc.
There are a number of technical requirements for this event, which I manage. These responsibilities include web site maintenance, security, database updates, content updates, social media promotion and analysis.
I work 10 hours per week per semester with CoBE Tech on various projects, documentation, new technology proposals, etc.
Interview stakeholders on campus who desire a classroom computer management software solution. Build requirements matrix; evaluate and price market options. Provide solution recommendation and justification.
Research Network Operations Center needs for network monitoring software. Evaluate current solution, market alternatives and provide recommendation of current solution to NOC staff. Assist with configuration of current solution.
I worked with the Workstation Management group and assist with the software management of the Hyland Hall labs. This work included developing software bundles, imaging workstations and rolling out new software packages to the Hyland computer labs.
Assisted Our Redeemer with complying with DPI requirements for student financial assistance programs. Involved Excel, Web, DB and FTP configuration, documentation and training. This was over a period of days throughout the summer.
W & A is a private LTL trucking company that was looking for a teacher from UWW with business experience to help them with reporting, Business Process Improvement, etc.


Staff assistant is a general term for an individual who helps office employees with clerical work. Staff assistants work in a wide range of industries and the duties vary based on the clerical needs of the business. Staff assistants can work assisting only one specific employee or an entire office staff. Staff assistants are frequently referred to as office assistants or administrative assistants.
Staff assistants helps the staff in a particular office by completing clerical tasks. The clerical tasks generally include answering telephone calls and providing the caller with basic information or forwarding the call onto the appropriate party; filing; faxing; copying; opening, sorting and delivering mail; and completing light computer work, such as basic letters or data and graph information. Additional work responsibilities may be assigned based on level of experience, needs of the staff and the industry of the business for which the staff assistant works.
Staff assistants can work in many industries, such as legal offices or a hospital, so the work environment can slightly differ depending on the specific industry. However, regardless of the business industry, most staff assistants still work in an office-like environment. They generally work in a climate-controlled setting, sitting at a computer and desk the majority of their work shift. The work shift is generally eight hours during usual business hours, and a 40-hour workweek, with holidays, weekends and evening work not required.
Staff assistants must have a high school diploma or the equivalent. Many vocational and business schools and community colleges offer one- to two-year certificate programs in office administration; however, a certificate or post secondary education is not needed for most staff assistant positions. In addition to education, staff assistants must have at least one year of work experience in an office setting, with the ability to operate common office equipment, such as copy and fax machines and basic computer skills.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that in 2008, the median annual wage for individuals employed in positions such as executive secretaries, staff assistants and administrative assistants was $40,030. The median annual incomes varied depending on the industry: Company and enterprise management was $45,190, local government was $41,880, post secondary education was $39,220, state government was $35,540 and employment services field was $33,820.
Secretaries, administrative assistants and staff assistant employment was predicted to increase by up to 11 percent from 2008 to 2018, based on general population and business growth, the BLS said. The industries expected to have the most growth for these positions were medical, legal, educational and construction.
What Is the Job Description of a Staff Manager?
Johnson, Kallie. "Staff Assistant Job Description." , https://careertrend.com/about-6521487-job-description-staff-assistant.html. 05 July 2017.


The Iraq prime minister's decision to throw al-Jazeera out of Baghdad and ban it from operating for 30 days is "a serious blow to press freedom", Reporters Sans Frontières has said.
The Paris-based media watchdog demanded "an immediate explanation" for the move on Saturday, saying it was "extremely concerned about persistent episodes of censorship in Iraq".
Police ordered al-Jazeera's employees out of their newsroom and locked the door on Saturday night after the prime minister accused the pan-Arab satellite channel of inciting violence.
"They have been showing a lot of crimes and criminals on TV, and they [send] a bad picture about Iraq and about Iraqis and encourage criminals to increase their activities," Iraq's interior minister, Falah al-Naqib, said.
Al-Naqib said the closure was intended to give the station "a chance to readjust their policy against Iraq".
Prime minister Ayad Allawi cited the hoax videotape broadcast by the channel on Saturday that appeared to show an American being beheaded as an example of the coverage he opposed.
"I am worried about these people," he said. "I am not worried about whether al-Jazeera will like it or not."
A spokesman for the channel today said it showed just eleven seconds of the hoaxter's tape and went to great lengths afterwards to discuss how it had been duped by the American who had put the footage on the internet.
Mr Allawi brushed off criticism of the move, saying that the network's coverage of kidnappings encouraged terrorists and that the immediate concerns of security for Iraqis were much more important.
The prime minister, who spent years in exile in Britain, also said that he had asked an "independent panel" to "to see what kind of violence they [al-Jazeera] are advocating, inciting hatred and problems and racial tension."
Al-Jazeera officials said the decision was an ominous violation of freedom of the press. Haider al-Mulla, a lawyer for al-Jazeera, said the channel would respect the closure decision but it would study legal options.
Mr al-Mullah said it had been asked to change its policy once the ban expired, but he indicated that this was unlikely to happen. "We said we have a firm principle and one policy that doesn't change," he said.
In an extraordinary scene broadcast live by the station, senior police officials arrived at its Baghdad offices on Saturday evening and sat around a table drinking soft drinks with senior staff members as they calmly explained that they had to carry out the order.
The officers refused to leave the office before locking the newsroom and telling employees to go home. Crossing his wrists as if handcuffed, a police officer warned Mr al-Mullah against violating the closure decision.
Mr al-Mullah said the closure decision was unclear and objected to its phrasing. Scribbling on a piece of paper, the police said they had to execute the order anyway, asking al-Mullah to take his complaints to the Interior Ministry.
This is the second time the channel has been banned from operating in Iraq. In February, its Baghdad offices were closed for a month by the then transitional Iraqi governing council because it had reportedly shown disrespect toward prominent Iraqis.
The Saudi Arabian channel al-Arabya was also ordered out of Baghdad in November and not allowed to resume operations until it promised in writing not to encourage terrorism.
A spokesman for the channel, Jihad Ballout, said today that it would seek to challenge the ban if there was "any legal recourse available" but it would not be signing any statement that it didn't support terrorism.
"We don't need to give anything in writing because we don't support terrorism, that is a given. Gagging the media is not the way to deal with the media. If the request is that al Jazeera will compromise its independence, that is a request that will not be entertained," said Mr Billout.
"We will always cover a story and our independence is sacrosanct. We will not jeopardise or compromise that," he added.
The al-Jazeera English-language website today described the move as "regrettable" and said it "was contrary to pledges made by the Iraqi government to start a new era of free speech and openness".
Al-Jazeera has frequently been accused by US and Iraqi authorities of inciting violence by screening "exclusive" videotapes from Muslim extremists, including the al-Qaida leader, Osama bin Laden.
The US defence secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, has also accused both al-Jazeera and al-Arabya of harming the image of the United States in the Arab world.
During the war, the Americans were furious that al-Jazeera was able to broadcast from behind "enemy lines" without permission of coalition forces.
It was able to prove that Basra had not "fallen" as the coalition forces had claimed, because it had supplied locals with cameras and satellite phones before the war.
Through a network of what one of its senior journalists described as "collaborators" it was also able to show Americans in action after the war, often in a way the US forces did not like.
It showed that the Americans were continuing to bomb Fallujah after a truce had been declared.
In an Arab world rife with conspiracy theories, the decision to close the offices could reinforce the perception that decisions by Iraq's interim government are influenced by the Americans, who have long complained about the channel's coverage.
Government ministers in Iraq have grown increasingly critical of the television station in recent weeks.


Flossing your teeth is an essential part of a good dental hygiene routine. You can use either traditional string dental floss or another type of flosser to clean the areas between your teeth and keep them free from plaque. Flossing every day can help to support the health of your teeth and gums, as well as leaving your mouth feeling clean and fresh. For extra freshness, choose floss that has a cool mint flavor.


My dad (Kenneth Zimmerman '78) often said his time here was the best four years of his life. In 2008, when I visited campus for his 30-year ReUnion, I got to experience Union – the Nott Memorial, the Minerva Houses, Jackson's Garden – through the eyes of an aspiring student. It was all more remarkable than I had imagined. Two years later, I spent the 2010 Homecoming weekend with my sister, Cara, then a first-year. She beamed as she introduced me to her roommates and new cross-country friends. I could already see myself in her shoes.
My Sophomore Research Seminar, "Socialisms," with Professor Teresa Meade. By the end of the course, not only had I learned interesting information about a completely new topic, but I also learned how to manage my time, use my available resources effectively, and put together a cohesive presentation and research paper. This class shaped me as a student.
Going on the China mini-term in Tianjin. It perfectly combines my academic and career interests, giving me the extraordinary opportunity to study Traditional Chinese Medicine at China's oldest medical college. Along with learning practices such as acupuncture and massage therapy, we will look at Chinese health care policies and management in comparison to the U.S. health care system.
In nice weather, you can usually find me scattered somewhere in Jackson's Gardens or on the benches in front of the library. Otherwise, I like sitting at the first floor tables or third floor cubicles of the library.
My legacy. I feel very connected to the school because I have my wonderful sister here with me and because my father had the chance to experience Union.
My volunteer work. At the Joan Nicole Prince Home, I am learning about the importance of end-of-life care and decisions. I also love spending time with my "little Brother" every other weekend.
My studies. I have picked an academic path that allows me to say I enjoy all my classes.
How connected and passionate the professors are. It's extremely easy to establish relationships with them, and they are available to help more frequently than I would have imagined. Professors also are immersed in campus life, whether it's at a hockey game or a Minerva talk.
I believe I have contributed to Union's sense of community and connectedness by being active in various clubs, continuing my legacy and volunteering.
I plan to take the MCAT spring of my junior year and attend medical school the following fall, if everything goes according to plan. This is something I have wanted since I was a young girl.
Don't be nervous – everyone's in the same boat, and people tend to be extremely friendly. Do be adventurous. Try something new, either a class that intrigues you or a club. Pursue your hidden interests.


The folks of T3 have done it again! They've imagined the ultimate smartphone, a model that uses technologies from the leading handset makers on the market: Apple, Sony, Samsung and HTC. The result is the uberphone below, a smartphone that has futuristic features and a truly impressive design.
Overall, the look reminds me of the HTC One quite a bit and maybe a bit of the iPhone. There's a 5 inch Full HD Super AMOLED display on board with Gorilla Glass 3 protection, accompanied by a dual Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 setup, with a crazy power of 8 top notch cores. We've also got 128 GB of on board storage, 16 GB of RAM, 4G LTE and a Li-Ion 6000 mAh battery with Stamina mode.
Honestly speaking, there's no upgrade to be done to this phone, since it has the perfect specs. Kudos to T3 for the ideas and if you want to know who's behind the project, well the Motion Graphics team from T3 did, led by designer and editor Andrew Donaldson.


Fully Koded Chicagoians Traxx and Beau Wanzer team up for another Mutant Beat Dance release. Together they have produced arguably 'the best 80s Chicago house record NOT made in the 80s. The Mutants call it Jakbeat, inspired by the early days of house music. 'Let Me Go' is as intense and rhythmically inclined as they come. Naughty Wood's sparse vocals cry desperation, almost nearing insanity, which makes up for a pressure cooker like warehouse anthem. 'Rottonfunk' is another intense work out which has a killer groove and makes us wander off to the Promised Land (wherever that is).


text:
@echo off
rem -- Set all environment variables used by Hammer and Omaha. --
set OMAHA_NET_DIR=%WINDIR%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727
set OMAHA_WTL_DIR=C:\dev\WTL\include
set OMAHA_WIX_DIR=C:\dev\wix
set OMAHA_VISTASDK_DIR=C:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v6.1
set OMAHA_PSEXEC_DIR=C:\dev\PSTools
set OMAHA_PYTHON_DIR=C:\Python24
set SCONS_DIR=%OMAHA_PYTHON_DIR%\Lib\site-packages\scons-1.3.1
set SCT_DIR=C:\dev\swtoolkit
rem -- Add Visual Studio and Python to our path, and set VC env variables. --
call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat"
path %OMAHA_PYTHON_DIR%;%PATH%
rem -- Add ATLServer headers to the Visual C++ include path. --
set INCLUDE=%INCLUDE%C:\dev\atlserver\include;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


So pretty! Bone-dry, delicate rose with aromas of tine wild field strawberries, the kind that melt deliciously in your hand from the warmth of your palm. Yes this wine is very dry. Perfect aperitif served slightly chilled or for a treat, pair it with smoked salmon.
Rosé D'anjou food pairings: pate, salads, cold chiken, grilled chicken or shrimp, seafood soup/stew.
Blood orange, rhubard, strawberries and hint of ripe banana on the nose. Midway between dry and off dry, crisp with a pleasant mouthfeel. Versatile food wine - smoked salmon, avocado, salade niçoise.
Clear, bright and pink with a medium nose of cherries, cranberries and minerality. Off dry flavours with peaches, apricots and black cherries. Medium acidity and low tannins with a medium length finish of mixed berries. A lovely wine for an afternoon picnic or as an aperitif with cheese.
Priya: This wine is a combo of Gamay, Cabernet Franc and Grolleaux--a grape only found in France's Loire Valley. Not that the grape make up matters because this is a delicious wine! Sure it pairs well with a salad, seafood or a spicy antipasto plate but why does it always need to be paired with food? Enjoy this on it's own and really get the full joy of all it has to offer. Super balance of fruity sweetness and crisp freshness. Love it! 90pts.
Mild strawberries on the nose, with a ripe strawberry palate that also shows slight herbaceous touch. dry and refreshing, a lovely summer favourite to sip as you watch the sunset.
Pale pink with some pleasant strawberry notes and flavours. Low acidity and light flavours make this rose an easy summer sipper, slightly chilled. Perfect by itself.
Aromas of fizzy candy and rhubarb.
Soft touch mouth. Easy to drink. Good quality price ratio.
Soft acidity, balanced slight sweetness.
Perfect for an Indian summer patio session with some olives to snack on.
This wine is made of Cabernet Franc 100%!
Aromas of strawberry and a little bit mineral!
The palate is fresh, delicate and short!
Pair it with seafood, oyster!
Serve it at 8-10 degrees.
Natalie MacLean is editor of Canada's largest wine review web site, publishing hundreds of wine reviews every week for more than 269,241 members.


text:
<?php

return [

    /*
    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Theme Component Language Lines
    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    |
    | The following language lines are used on theme component related messages
    | that we need to display to the user. You are free to modify these
    | language lines according to your application's requirements.
    |
    */

    'title'       => 'Themes Manager',
    'description' => 'Manage themes publication.',
    'icon'        => 'fa fa-windows',
    'lists'       => 'Available Themes',

    'table' => [
        'name'        => 'Name',
        'preview'     => '',
        'theme'       => 'Theme',
        'author'      => 'Author',
        'description' => 'Description',
        'version'     => 'Version',
        'positions'   => 'Positions',
        'default'     => 'Default',
        'action'      => 'Action',
    ],

    'confirm' => [
        'title'  => 'Are you sure?',
        'text'   => 'Uninstalling will permanently delete this theme!',
        'cancel' => 'Cancel',
        'yes'    => 'Yes, uninstall the theme',
    ],

    'success'   => 'Theme :theme was set as default!',
    'default'   => 'Set as Default',
    'uninstall' => 'Uninstall',
    'deleted'   => 'Theme :theme uninstalled!',
    'error'     => 'Error uninstalling :theme!',
    'current'   => 'Current Theme',
];


TORONTO — By targeting younger and more language-proficient immigrants, a "transformational" package of immigration reforms promises to end the "vicious circle of unemployment" for newcomers, says Citizenship and Immigration Minister Jason Kenney.
"For too long the story of immigration to Canada has been summed up by the frustration of the highly trained professional who arrived with the expectation of being able to work at his or her skill level," he said, addressing the Canadian Club of Toronto on Monday.
"We're going to stop this practice of inviting highly trained people to come to Canada if they don't have jobs or they're not likely to succeed in the labour market."


text:
September-December 2015
Volume 14 | Issue 3
Page Nos. 143-225
Online since Thursday, August 20, 2015
Accessed 64,266 times.
Journal allows immediate open access to content EPub format
Not for the Last Time that I do Something for the First Time: A Time to Padhy! p. 143
Ajit S Shinto
DOI:10.4103/1450-1147.163239 PMID:26420982
[HTML Full text] [PDF] [Mobile Full text] [EPub] [PubMed] [Sword Plugin for Repository]Beta
Radioiodine Remnant Ablation: A Critical Review p. 144
Chandra Sekhar Bal, Ajit Kumar Padhy
Radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) is considered a safe and effective method for eliminating residual thyroid tissue, as well as microscopic disease if at all present in thyroid bed following thyroidectomy. The rationale of RRA is that in the absence of thyroid tissue, serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement can be used as an excellent tumor marker. Other considerations are like the presence of significant remnant thyroid tissue makes detection and treatment of nodal or distant metastases difficult. Rarely, microscopic disease in the thyroid bed if not ablated, in the future, could be a source of anaplastic transformation. On the other hand, microscopic tumor emboli in distant sites could be the cause of distant metastasis too. The ablation of remnant tissue would in all probability eliminate these theoretical risks. It may be noted that all these are unproven contentious issues except postablation serum Tg estimation that could be a good tumor marker for detecting early biochemical recurrence in long-term follow-up strategy. Radioactive iodine is administered as a form of "adjuvant therapy" for remnant ablation. There have been several reports with regard to the administered dose for remnant ablation. The first report of a prospective randomized clinical trial was published from India by a prospective randomized study conducted at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi in the year 1996. The study reported that increasing the empirical 131 I initial dose to more than 50 mCi results in plateauing of the dose-response curve and thus, conventional high-dose remnant ablation needs critical evaluation. Recently, two important studies were published: One from French group and the other from UK on a similar line. Interestingly, all three studies conducted in three different geographical regions of the world showed exactly similar conclusion. The new era of low-dose remnant ablation has taken a firm scientific footing across the continents.
[ABSTRACT] [HTML Full text] [PDF] [Mobile Full text] [EPub] [Citations (7) ] [PubMed] [Sword Plugin for Repository]Beta
Development of Scintillators in Nuclear Medicine p. 156
Mohammad Khoshakhlagh, Jalil Pirayesh Islamian, Seyed Mohammad Abedi, Babak Mahmoudian
High-quality image is necessary for accurate diagnosis in nuclear medicine. There are many factors in creating a good image and detector is the most important one. In recent years, several detectors are studied to get a better picture. The aim of this paper is comparison of some type of these detectors such as thallium activated sodium iodide bismuth germinate cesium activated yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG: Ce) YAP: Ce "lutetium aluminum garnet activated by cerium" CRY018 "CRY019" lanthanum bromide and cadmium zinc telluride. We studied different properties of these crystals including density, energy resolution and decay times that are more important factors affecting the image quality.
The Effect of Parallel-hole Collimator Material on Image and Functional Parameters in SPECT Imaging: A SIMIND Monte Carlo Study p. 160
Ahmadreza Azarm, Jalil Pirayesh Islamian, Babak Mahmoudian, Esmaeil Gharepapagh
The collimator in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a critical component of the imaging system and plays an impressive role in the imaging quality. In this study, the effect of the collimator material on the radioisotopic image and its functional parameters was studied. The simulating medical imaging nuclear detectors (SIMIND) Monte Carlo program was used to simulate a Siemens E.CAM SPECT (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) system equipped with a low-energy high-resolution (LEHR) collimator. The simulation and experimental data from the SPECT imaging modality using 99m Tc were obtained on a point source and Jaszczak phantom. Seventeen high atomic number materials were considered as LEHR collimator materials. In order to determine the effect of the collimator material on the image and functional parameters, the energy resolution, spatial resolution, contrast, and collimator characteristics parameters such as septal penetration and scatter-to-primary ratio were investigated. Energy spectra profiles, full width at half maximums (FWHMs) (mm) of the point spread function (PSF) curves, system sensitivity, and contrast of cold spheres of the Jaszczak phantom for the simulated and experiment systems have acceptability superimposed. The results of FWHM and energy resolution for the 17 collimators showed that the collimator made of 98% lead and 2% antimony could provide the best FWHM and energy resolution, 7.68 mm and 9.87%, respectively. The LEHR collimator with 98% lead and 2% antimony offers the best resolution and contrast when compared to other high atomic number metals and alloys.
Dose Calibrator Linearity Testing: Radioisotope 99mTc or 18F? An Alternative for Reducing Costs in Nuclear Medicine Quality Control p. 165
José Willegaignon, Marcelo T Sapienza, George Barberio Coura-Filho, Alexandre T Garcez, Carlos E Alves, Marissa R Cardona, Ricardo F Gutterres, Carlos A Buchpiguel
Dose calibrator linearity testing is indispensable for evaluating the capacity of this equipment in measuring radioisotope activities at different magnitudes, a fundamental aspect of the daily routine of a nuclear medicine department, and with an impact on patient exposure. The main aims of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of substituting the radioisotope Fluorine-18 ( 18 F) with Technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) in this test, and to indicate it with the lowest operational cost. The test was applied with sources of 99m Tc (62 GBq) and 18 F (12 GBq), the activities of which were measured at different times, with the equipment preadjusted to measuring sources of 99m Tc, 18 F, Gallium-67 ( 67 Ga), and Iodine-131 ( 131 I). Over time, the average deviation between measured and expected activities from 99m Tc and 18 F were, respectively, 0.56 (±1.79)% and 0.92 (±1.19)%. The average ratios for 99 m Tc source experimental activity, when measured with the equipment adjusted for measuring 18 F, 67 Ga, and 131 I sources, in real values, were, respectively, 3.42 (±0.06), 1.45 (±0.03), and 1.13 (±0.02), and those for the 18 F source experimental activity, measured through adjustments of 99m Tc, 67 Ga, and 131 I, were, respectively, 0.295 (±0.004), 0.335 (±0.007), and 0.426 (±0.006). The adjustment of a simple exponential function for describing 99m Tc and 18 F experimental activities facilitated the calculation of the physical half-lives of the radioisotopes, with a difference of about 1% in relation to the values described in the literature. Linearity test results, when using 99m Tc, through being compatible with those acquired with 18 F, imply the possibility of using both radioisotopes during linearity testing. Nevertheless, this information, along with the high potential of exposure and the high cost of 18 F, implies that 99m Tc should preferably be employed for linearity testing in clinics that normally use 18 F, without the risk of prejudicing either the procedure itself or the guarantee of a high-quality nuclear medicine service.
Improving 18F-Fluoro-D-Glucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease Studies p. 171
Karin Knešaurek
The goal was to improve Alzheimer's 2-deoxy-2- 18 F-fluoro-D-glucose ( 18 F FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging through application of a novel, hybrid Fourier-wavelet windowed Fourier transform (WFT) restoration technique, in order to provide earlier and more accurate clinical results. General Electric Medical Systems downward-looking sonar PET/CT 16 slice system was used to acquire studies. Patient data were acquired according the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) protocol. Here, we implemented Fourier-wavelet regularized restoration, with a Butterworth low-pass filter, order n = 6 and a cut-off frequency f = 0.35 cycles/pixel and wavelet (Daubechies, order 2) noise suppression. The original (PET-O) and restored (PET-R) ADNI subject PET images were compared using the Alzheimer's discrimination analysis by dedicated software. Forty-two PET/CT scans were used in the study. They were performed on eleven ADNI subjects at intervals of approximately 6 months. The final clinical diagnosis was used as a gold standard. For three subjects, the final clinical diagnosis was mild cognitive impairment and those 13 PET/CT studies were not included in the final comparison, as the result was considered as inconclusive. Using the reminding 29 PET/CT studies (23 AD and 6 normal), the sensitivity and specificity of the PET-O and PET-R were calculated. The sensitivity was 0.65 and 0.96 for PET-O and PET-R, respectively, and the specificity was 0.67 and 0.50 for PET-O and PET-R. The accuracy was 0.66 and 0.86 for PET-O and PET-R, respectively. The results of the study demonstrated that the accuracy of three-dimensional brain F-18 FDG PET images was significantly improved by Fourier-wavelet restoration filtering.
Modified PISAPED Criteria in Combination with Ventilation Scintigraphic Finding for Predicting Acute Pulmonary Embolism p. 178
Naoyuki Watanabe, Jure Fettich, Nurie Özlem Küçük, Otakar Kraft, Fernando Mut, Partha Choudhury, Surendra K Sharma, Keigo Endo, Maurizio Dondi
This prospective clinical study aimed at assessing three pulmonary scintigraphic algorithms to detect acute pulmonary embolism (PE): Lung ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy along with modified prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED) criteria; lung perfusion scintigraphy along with prospective investigative study of acute pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PISAPED) criteria; and lung perfusion scan in combination with ventilation scan, along with modified PISAPED criteria, which were newly developed. Patients with suspicion of PE were eligible for this study if they had no abnormal chest x-ray. Their diagnostic workup included a clinical assessment, a pulmonary V/Q scintigraphy, and CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), as well as a clinical outcome assessment over a period of 24 weeks. Referred to the final clinical diagnosis of patients, the sensitivity and specificity of each algorithm were evaluated. The diagnostic performance of each algorithm by the area under the maximum likelihood fitted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was determined. With respect to the PISAPED criteria, the sensitivity was 60.8% and specificity was 87.3%. No patient was classified into nondiagnostic category. The PIOPED criteria showed that the sensitivity was 95.0% and specificity was 88.2%, while 57.4% of the patients were in nondiagnostic category. The areas under the ROC curve constructed from the PISAPED criteria results and the modified PIOPED criteria results were 0.734 and 0.859 (P < 0.01), respectively. The modified PISAPED criteria demonstrated that the sensitivity was 83.8% and specificity was 89.1%. No patient was classified into nondiagnostic category. The area under the ROC curve constructed from modified PISAPED criteria was 0.864 (P < 0.01). Perfusion scans used with ventilation scans and modified PISAPED criteria may increase the diagnostic accuracy of pulmonary scintigraphy for acute PE, compared with the two major algorithms.
Is there a Role for Gallium-67 Citrate SPECT/CT, in Patients with Renal Impairment or Who are Renal Transplant Recipients, in Identifying and Localizing Suspected Infection? p. 184
Ewa Nowosinska, Shaunak Navalkissoor, Ann Marie Quigley, John R Buscombe
To assess the added value of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) or renal transplant recipients in whom focal infection was suspected. Gallium-67 (Ga-67) citrate scintigrams of 18 patients (10 in ESRF and eight with renal transplants) were reviewed. Sites of abnormal uptake seen on the whole body and SPECT were noted. A SPECT/CT was also reviewed to see if additional information could be obtained. Imaging results were compared with the final diagnosis. Overall, 14 out of 18 (78%) patients had a proven cause to explain symptoms while four patients did not have a final cause identified. Infection was proven in the final diagnosis in 12 out of 14 (86%) patients. Of the 10 patients with ESRF, six had confirmed infection with the Ga-67 citrate study correctly identifying five out of six (83%) patients, and SPECT/CT providing additional information in four out of five (80%) patients. In the eight renal transplant recipients, six had a confirmed source of infection (all identified by the Ga-67 citrate study). SPECT/CT provided additional information in two out of six (33%) patients. Ga-67 citrate imaging had an overall sensitivity of 13/14 (93%), with one false negative. SPECT/CT provided an additional contribution in eight out of 18 (44%) patients by better defining the location/extent of infection and differentiating the physiological from the pathological uptake.
Designing of High-Volume PET/CT Facility with Optimal Reduction of Radiation Exposure to the Staff: Implementation and Optimization in a Tertiary Health Care Facility in India p. 189
Ashish Kumar Jha, Abhijith Mohan Singh, Sneha Mithun, Sneha Shah, Archi Agrawal, Nilendu C Purandare, Bhakti Shetye, Venkatesh Rangarajan
Positron emission tomography (PET) has been in use for a few decades but with its fusion with computed tomography (CT) in 2001, the new PET/CT integrated system has become very popular and is now a key influential modality for patient management in oncology. However, along with its growing popularity, a growing concern of radiation safety among the radiation professionals has become evident. We have judiciously developed a PET/CT facility with optimal shielding, along with an efficient workflow to perform high volume procedures and minimize the radiation exposure to the staff and the general public by reducing unnecessary patient proximity to the staff and general public.
The Relationship Between Some Complete Blood Count Parameters and Myocardial Perfusion: A Scintigraphic Approach p. 197
Semra Ozdemir, Ahmet Barutcu, Emine Gazi, Yusuf Ziya Tan, Hakan Turkon
Recent studies have shown that there is a relationship between some inflammatory and biochemical markers derived from complete blood count (CBC) such as neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, platelet/lymphocyte (P/L) ratio, platelet distribution width (PDW), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), and coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to determine N/L ratio, P/L ratio, PDW values, and RDW values, which are associated with myocardial perfusion in patients diagnosed with CAD. This study included 262 patients (149 with myocardial ischemia/infarction and 113 with normal myocardial perfusion) undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) with CBC within 90 days of MPS. Myocardial perfusion parameters such as summed stress score and summed difference score (SDS) were compared with N/L ratio, P/L ratio, PDW values, and RDW values. Neutrophil counts and N/L ratios were significantly higher in patients diagnosed with myocardial ischemia and/or infarct. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between myocardial perfusion abnormalities and P/L ratio, PDW values, and RDW values. This study showed that N/L ratio is related to myocardial ischemia/infarction and correlated to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).
V/Q Matched Defect Larger than Hiatal Hernia Itself p. 202
Jason W Wachsmann, Chun K Kim
We present the case report of a patient 83 year old female who developed progressive shortness of breath and subsequently underwent scintigraphic evaluation of her symptoms with a ventilation/perfusion scintigraphic exam. A matched perfusion defect was seen involving the basal segments of the left lower lobe. Following this, the patient was examined with a contrast enhanced CT of the chest to further investigate the defect, which revealed compression of the bronchi and vasculature of the left lower lobe basal segments by the hernia larger than the actual hernia. To our knowledge there has not been a case report of a large hiatal hernia as a cause of matched lower lobe defect.
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Os Trigonum - Sheer Incidental or Quite Significant? Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography's Role in a Case of Ankle Impingement p. 205
Kabilan Chokkappan, Sivasubramanian Srinivasan, Manickam Subramanian, Anbalagan Kannivelu
Accessory ossicles are widely prevalent in the ankle and foot. Although they are often asymptomatic, they can present clinically with symptoms at times. When they occur bilaterally in a patient who presents with unilateral complaints, it is clinically difficult to attribute the symptoms to the presence of these common anatomic variants. One needs specific imaging to assess the clinical relevance of the accessory ossicles, in order to tailor the treatment plan. The case presented in this article is one such example, where the patient presented with chronic unilateral ankle pain and initial radiographs revealed bilateral os trigonum and os subtibiale. He underwent a technetium-99m methyl diphosphonate (Tc-99m MDP) bone scan and single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). The Tc-99m MDP scan showed a focal uptake in the ankle of concern. SPECT/CT complemented the finding by exactly localizing the uptake to the posterior subtalar joint and around the os trigonum, thereby pointing to the diagnosis of os trigonum syndrome.
Indium-111 Capromab Pendetide (ProstaScint®) Demonstrates Renal Cell Carcinoma and Aortocaval Nodal Metastases from Prostate Adenocarcinoma p. 209
Tanvir Rizvi, Chunli Deng, Patrice K Rehm
A 62-year-old male with a history of radical prostatectomy for a Gleason 9 (4 + 5) pT3N0Mx prostate cancer presented with rising prostate-specific antigen of 9.0 ng/dl. A contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) revealed an enhancing left upper pole renal mass and aortocaval lymph nodes. Indium (In)-111 Capromab Pendetide (ProstaScint ® ) single-photon emission computerized tomography-CT showed abnormal increased uptake in left renal mass and aortocaval lymph nodes with no uptake in the prostate bed or pelvic lymph nodes. He underwent left radical nephrectomy and dissection of aortocaval lymph nodes. Pathology showed renal clear cell carcinoma and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma involving aortocaval lymph nodes. Our case demonstrates a rare combination of two different malignancies, prostate cancer and clear cell renal cell cancer, showing In-111 ProstaScint ® uptake. Though ProstaScint ® uptake in renal cell carcinoma and in metastatic aortocaval lymph nodes from prostate cancer may be seen in clinical practice, this combination has not been reported previously.
Nuclear Medicine to Evaluate Complications of Cerebral Shunts: Two Cases and Review of Literature p. 212
Beth Vettiyil, Sabrina Bessette, Samuel McQuiston, Francis Greiner
We present two cases of cerebral shunts - a ventriculopleural shunt and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, with their associated complications. We also hope to provide a comprehensive literature review on various imaging modalities, including nuclear medicine studies in evaluating cerebral shunt complications.
Radiosynovectomy of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Synovitis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Rhenium-188 Labeled Tin-colloid and Imaging with Single-photon Emission Computerized Tomography/Computed Tomography: A First Case Report p. 216
Koramadai Karuppusamy Kamaleshwaran, Venkataraman Rajamani, Boopathi Krishnan, Madhav Mallia, Radhakrishnan Kalarikal, Vyshakh Mohanan, Ajit Sugunan Shinto
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that is mainly characterized by the asymmetric erosive synovitis, particularly affecting peripheral joints. Radiation synovectomy or radiosynovectomy (RSV), also known as radiosynoviorthesis was first described in 1950's as an adjuvant treatment for RA. RSV is based on the irradiation of the joint synovium by the intra-articular administration of various β-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. As a generator-produced β-emitting radionuclide, the importance of rhenium-188 (Re-188) for radionuclide therapy is increasing rapidly. There are previous reports which used Re-188 tin colloid in knee joint synovitis, but use of Re-188 tin colloid in small joint is not yet reported. We describe the use of Re-188 tin colloid in a 45-year-old female who presented with right 4 th proximal interphalangeal joint synovitis due to rheumatoid arthritis.
Colorectal Cancer with Uncommon Metastatic Spread p. 219
Luca Dellavedova, Anna Calcagno, Lucia Roncoroni, Lorenzo Stefano Maffioli
The prevalence of bone metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) is quite low and the presence of isolated osseous metastases at the time of diagnosis or the onset of bone metastases without other organ involvement during follow-up is even lower. Here, we present an interesting case of diffuse skeletal metastases from CRC in which both the atypical presentation of the metastatic spread and the presence of infective comorbidities created some troubles in getting the final diagnosis.
Lynch Syndrome Associated Colon Adenocarcinoma Resembling Lymphoma on Fluoro-Deoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography p. 222
Carina Mari Aparici, Aung Zaw Win
The patient was a 46-year-old Asian male diagnosed with lynch syndrome associated colon adenocarcinoma in the right ascending colon. A presurgical staging 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) found increased metabolic activity in the cervical, axillary, mediastinal, supraclavicular, para-aortic and mesenteric lymph nodes. This pattern of metastasis was very unusual for lynch syndrome associated colon adenocarcinoma and the involvement of those lymph nodes resembles the pattern of spread of lymphoma. He underwent right hemicolectomy and he was subsequently treated with 12 cycles of folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan. A restaging FDG-PET/CT at the end of the chemotherapy showed interval decrease in size and metabolic activity in the affected lymph nodes. FDG-PET/CT is a useful imaging modality in following-up the treatment response in colon adenocarcinoma.
Segmental Considerations in Colonoscopy Recommendations for Investigating Focal Colonic FDG Activity on PET/CT p. 225
Joseph C Lee, Gemma F Hartnett, Aravind S Ravi Kumar


Lottery House 2016 Jul 1, 2016 Pictures from the house we're giving away this year!
Christmas Party 2014 Dec 17, 2014 Our annual club Christmas party.
House Media Launch Feb 13, 2014 The official launch of our 28th annual house lottery.
Peace Pole Celebration 2013 Sep 21, 2013 Our first annual peace pole celebration at the Marina.
House Draw 2013 Jul 1, 2013 Our 27th Annual Canada Day House Draw.
Lottery House Media Launch Apr 10, 2013 Media event for our 2013 Rotary House Lottery.
ThisClose Feb 22, 2013 How close are we to wiping out Polio? ThisClose!
Picnic Aug 1, 2012 First annual FWRotary picnic at the marina.
Christmas Parade Nov 19, 2011 The construction and showing-off of our club's float at the Christmas Parade.
Rotaract Vanderwees Christmas Party Nov 19, 2011 Every year our young Rotarians organize this Christmas dinner and party for all the local clubs.
Water Station Sep 18, 2011 Our Rotarians and volunteers manned a water station at the "Miles with the Giant" Marathon. It was our Satellite Club's first official activity.
I Like Me May 10, 2011 Our Rotarians read the "I Like Me" books with grade 1 and 2 students at Agnew H. Johnston school.
106th Anniversary Foundation Dinner Feb 25, 2011 Each year all four Canadian Clubs in the district (Fort William, Port Arthur, Lakehead and Nipigon) get together to celebrate the Anniversary of Rotary and at the same time raised some funds for our battle to eradicate Polio forever. It was an evening of fun and entertainment.
Chritmas Parade Nov 20, 2010 Our 25th Rotary Chritmas Parade was a great success as always.
Rotaract Vanderwees Christmas Gathering Nov 20, 2010 For many years now we have taken advantage of Joe Vanderwee's generousity and used his greenhouse for a magical Christmas gathering with Port Arthur club, Exhange Student and Rotaracts. Always fun, and especially good this year.
Appreciation Dinner Sep 29, 2010 Our Appreciation Dinner in honour of all those individual, groups and businesses that help to to succeed.
World Junior Baseball Championships Jul 23, 2010 When the World Junior Baseball Champianships came to Thunder Bay, the Fort William Rotary shared their hospitality with Team Chinese Taipei.
Droagon Boat Festival 2010 Jul 17, 2010 We joined the teams from Duluth to enjoy a fun filled weekend, complete with capsizing boat. After the races we joined them at Trobridge Falls for some fellowship.
Shelter House January 2010 Jan 4, 2010 Helping to feed over 200 people, is always fun.
Christmas 2009 Dec 28, 2009 Photos from the Rotary Christmas Parade, the Rotaract Christmas Party at Vanderwees, the joint Adult Christmas Party at the Valhalla with the Lakehead club and our own Family Christmas Party at the Airlane.
Border Cats Baseball 2009 Jul 29, 2009 Take me out to the ball game. A fun evening of fellowship.
Dragon Boat 2009 Jul 17, 2009 The Dragon Boat weekend was a time of fun, fellowship and food. After the opening ceremonies there was a beef and beer at Solade's house. The next day was the races themselves. Our team, Rotary Dragon Slayers, came in second in their first two races and first in their last race, resulting in a win in their division.
"I Like Me" Literacy Program May 22, 2009 Reading the book "I Like Me" to a SK class.
Valentine's Dinner Feb 11, 2009 This year we gathered at Port Arthur Curling Club but the food and cooking demonstation was just as wonderful as always.
Family Party Dec 17, 2008 Members and their families enjoyed a fun filled evening with a magician and a visit from Santa.
Adult Christmas Party Dec 10, 2008 Our club, along with the Lakehead club, were entertained at dinner by Cambrian Players in a murder mystery. Thanks to Joanne Kannegeisser for all the work she did in organizing it for us.
Christmas Parade Nov 15, 2008 It was cold, but it was worth it.
Salvatian Army Kettles Nov 15, 2008 We wish people a Merry Christmas and collect money for the Salvation Army. What could be more fun?
Vanderwees Christmas Party Nov 15, 2008 The Rotaractors put on a wonderful evening, full of fun and laughter for the exchange students and Rotarians. A good time was had by all.
2008 Food Drive for Shelter House Sep 27, 2008 Each Rotary club was partnered with an A&P store to collect food for Shelter House. Fort William Rotary was at the one at the corner of Arther and Edward. We provided the public with a list of things that were needed before they started shopping and they dropped their donations off after they had purchased them. It was very successful.
Working at Shelter House Sep 1, 2008 The first Monday of every month we get together at Shelter House to make supper for those in need.
Fifth Time Paul Harris Fellow Aug 13, 2008 Dave Murray, our ever faithful secretary and all round good guy, was given his fifth blue sapphire as a Paul Harris Fellow.
Jerry's Farewell BBQ Jul 12, 2008 A BBQ to honour Jerry Williams was held at Robert Moore's house.


The SPDR Gold Shares (NYSEArca: GLD), the world's largest gold-backed exchange traded product, rose 1.0% Wednesday and broke back above its long-term, 200-day simple moving average after climbing 6.5% year-to-date.
The Market Vectors Gold Miners ETF (NYSEArca: GDX), the largest and most heavily traded gold miners ETF, also rose 5.8% Wednesday while the Market Vectors Junior Gold Miners ETF (NYSEArca: GDXJ), which tracks smaller gold miners, gained 4.6%.
Additionally, leveraged long gold miner funds were among the best performing ETFs. The Direxion Daily Gold Miners Bull 3X Shares (NYSEArca: NUGT) and Direxion Daily Junior Gold Miners Index Bull 3x Shares (NYSEArca: JNUG) take the 3x or 300% daily performance of a group of large gold miners and junior miners, respectively. The more recently launched ProShares Ultra Gold Miners (NYSEArca: GDXX) and ProShares Ultra Junior Miners (NYSEArca: GDJJ) take the 2x or 200% daily performance of large miners and junior miners, respectively. On Wednesday, NUGT surged 16.5%, JNUG jumped 13.2%, GDXX increased 10.2% and GDJJ advanced 7.9%.
Meanwhile, the broader SPDR Metals & Mining ETF (NYSEArca: XME) gained 5.4% Wednesday. XME includes a 9.5% in gold producers, 9.4% diversified metals & mining, 8.4% silver and 3.9% precious metals & minerals.
The rally in the miners space also helped the broader materials sector outperform other S&P 500 sectors Wednesday, with the Materials Select Sector SPDR (NYSEArca: XLB) up 1.8%, Vanguard Materials ETF (NYSEArca: VAW) up 1.3% and iShares U.S. Basic Materials ETF (NYSEArca: IYM) up 1.9%.
Precious metals and related mining stocks were outperforming Wednesday due to the weakening USD. The Dollar Index, which follows a basket of developed market currencies, declined 1.5% to 97.43 on Wednesday.


text:
In telecommunications, signal reflection occurs when a signal is transmitted along a transmission medium, such as a copper cable or an optical fiber. Some of the signal power may be reflected back to its origin rather than being carried all the way along the cable to the far end. This happens because imperfections in the cable cause impedance mismatches and non-linear changes in the cable characteristics. These abrupt changes in characteristics cause some of the transmitted signal to be reflected. In radio frequency (RF) practice this is often measured in a dimensionless ratio known as voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) with a VSWR bridge.  The ratio of energy bounced back depends on the impedance mismatch.  Mathematically, it is defined using the reflection coefficient.

Because the principles are the same, this concept is perhaps easiest to understand when considering an optical fiber. Imperfections in the glass create mirrors that reflect the light back along the fiber.

Impedance discontinuities cause attenuation, attenuation distortion, standing waves, ringing and other effects because a portion of a transmitted signal will be reflected back to the transmitting device rather than continuing to the receiver, much like an echo. This effect is compounded if multiple discontinuities cause additional portions of the remaining signal to be reflected back to the transmitter. This is a fundamental problem with the daisy chain method of connecting electronic components.

When a returning reflection strikes another discontinuity, some of the signal rebounds in the original signal direction, creating multiple echo effects.  These forward echoes strike the receiver at different intervals making it difficult for the receiver to accurately detect data values on the signal. The effects can resemble those of jitter.

Because damage to the cable can cause reflections, an instrument called an electrical time-domain reflectometer (ETDR; for electrical cables) or an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR; for optical cables) can be used to locate the damaged part of a cable. These instruments work by sending a short pulsed signal into the cable and measuring how long the reflection takes to return.  If only reflection magnitudes are desired, however, and exact fault locations are not required, VSWR bridges perform a similar but lesser function for RF cables.

The combination of the effects of signal attenuation and impedance discontinuities on a communications link is called insertion loss. Proper network operation depends on constant characteristic impedance in all cables and connectors, with no impedance discontinuities in the entire cable system.  When a sufficient degree of impedance matching is not practical, echo suppressors or echo cancellers, or both, can sometimes reduce the problems.

The Bergeron diagram method, valid for both linear and non-linear models, evaluates the reflection's effects in an electric line.

See also
Crosstalk (electronics)
Digital subscriber line
Project Echo
Fresnel reflection
Ground-penetrating radar
Impedance matching
Signal integrity
Reflections of signals on conducting lines
Reflection phase change

Radio electronics
Electricity
Geometrical optics
Electronic design
Electrical engineering
Physical optics

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