text:
Let's learn to validate that our components get passed all needed properties.

As you build and rely on common components (buttons, form fields etc.), it's
helpful to ensure the components are being used correctly.

You can do this by specifying `propTypes`. `React.PropTypes` contains a range
of validators that can be used to make sure the passed-in data is valid.

```
React.createClass({
  propTypes: {
    name:   React.PropTypes.string.isRequired,
    id:     React.PropTypes.number.isRequired,
    width:  React.PropTypes.number.isRequired,
    height: React.PropTypes.number.isRequired,
    alt:    React.PropTypes.string
  },
  /* ... */
```

In development mode, when an invalid value is provided for a prop, a warning
will be shown in your browser's JavaScript console.

# Challenge
---

Modify `TodoList` in `index.jsx` like below.

Before you start, you may want to check your current `index.jsx` into source
control, or create a new `index.jsx` for this exercise.

```
var React = require('react');

var TodoBox = React.createClass({
  // Omitted
});

var TodoList = React.createClass({
  // Omitted
});

var Todo = React.createClass({
  propTypes: {
    title: React.PropTypes.number.isRequired
  },
  render: function() {
    return (
      <tr>
        <td style={{border: "1px solid black"}}>{this.props.title}</td>
        <td style={{border: "1px solid black"}}>{this.props.children}</td>
      </tr>
    );
  }
});

var TodoForm = React.createClass({
  // Omitted
});

module.exports = TodoBox;
```

After editing the `index.jsx` file, run your code with `learnyoureact run program.js`.
You can see that React.js prints a `Warning` in the console.
Read the warning and modify `Todo` to fix it.

Reusable Components: https://facebook.github.io/react/docs/reusable-components.html

After fixing your code, test it locally by running `node program.js` and
visiting `http://localhost:3000` in your browser.

Once you're confident, run `learnyoureact verify program.js`.


If you are planning to distribute customized water bottles for promotion, then there are a lot of venues which are perfect for these giveaways.
Even though every event can be a success, there are certain events which will increase your rate of success to a greater extent. It will give your brand name the needed exposure.
Here, you will find certain events where the exposure would can be perfect for your brand.
* The most important center for the distribution of customized water bottles is a sports event; both athletes and viewers are thirsty for beverages. However, it is not important that the event should be a huge one; a local competition or marathon will work great for this marketing endeavour.
* Designing the bottle in the correct way is very important as the audience should be attracted to it at first glance. * City parks can be your next venue where you can distribute these custom label water bottles. Summer days are even more perfect for such distribution as people will love to have refreshing water during warm summer days.
* Conventions are also an important place where you can distribute these water bottles. The convention is actually a very tiring day as you need to move from one presentation to another and spend a lot of time on your feet.
* You can arrange an event at your place be it a summer picnic or winter retreat and distribute the customized water bottles. Remember to include your targeted audience, and your brand name will get the needed exposure.
These are just a few venues where your brand name can get a good exposure.
What, is it right to make use of Korean community when you require a gaming console? Yes, it is right and essential too because when you are taking the assistance of Korean community when dealing with a gaming console, then it is the best way to get the best quality product under reasonable rates. As you take help of 안전놀이터, it provides you with each and every single possible information about the gaming console you are going to buy.
Graphics – the first and the foremost thing, which you have to consider when going buying a gaming console, are graphics. You only have to buy that console which gives you high-quality graphics.
Controllers – controllers is another major thing, which you need to look for when purchasing a gaming console. Another method of checking that the controllers are appropriate or right by checking them via playing. Not only is this, if you make use of review community in Korea, then you can easily know which gaming console contains the controllers according to your needs.
Wires – It means that whenever you are going to buy a gaming console, you should check out all the jacks or wires, which are related to it. You need to buy only that console which includes all types of modes like HDMI and many others also.
These are the main things, which the individuals and people have to look properly before when going to deal with the best quality and perfect gaming console for them.
In a nutshell, it is necessary for you to make sure that you are taking help from review community in Korea when moving out for buying anything and mainly the gaming consoles. Dealing with the Korean community is a better way to achieve the best product.
Seat cushion is the basic need of an individual nowadays because of their hectic schedule. There are countless people who are having the profession of sitting for many hours which can create a problem in their body posture which will result in the back ache. One can easily carry the seat cushions anywhere as they are light in weight. You can take it to your office, can use it while driving and taking long flights also. Those people who use wheel chairs get problem very much in their back as it is not so easy to use it. With the help of the cushions, the handicapped person will also get comfort in their daily life.
The seat cushions are very much in demand, and they are extremely effective also in their usage. It is helpful in providing comfort to your body and reduces the back pain also by giving the right posture to your body. You can use the cushions while driving and can take it anywhere you want.
If you use the seat cushion with the chair which is having back support, then it will be proven extremely beneficial to your body. It will improve the posture of your body by giving you extra support. The chair with back support is already good in proving less pressure on your spine and lower back, and along with the cushion, it will add extra benefits for your body.
If you are dealing with back pain or any other back issue then with the help of adding ice packs and hot packs, you can get more relief. You should use a towel to wrap your packs from all of is sides. Then you can place it on the sides of the seat cushion.
If you want to increase the life of the seat cushion, then you should buy the one who is having removable cover also so that you can maintain the cleanliness and hygiene of the cushion. You can wash it daily which will help in making the cushion sanitary.
Whether you are listening to any kind of music, then you definitely feel happy only because of its amazing lyrics. Basically, songs play an important role in our life, and every song is resemble any situation or any incident. Consequently, people always turn on that song in order to remember that situation. Therefore, if you are feeling sad and wants to be happy, then you should try the best New York City Song. It will not only give you the opportunity to enjoy the lyrics but also make your mood so light and happy. Here I am going to share some more facts about the New York City Song.
If we talk about the happy songs, then you should simply download it from the internet. It would be totally free and easy to find out. You just need to go online and find out the best song that is making you happy. In addition to this, the song will also give you the opportunity to reduce the stress of the brain. The pressure of the time as well as of work is really common. Therefore, by checking out the happy songs then you can easily reduce the stress with ease. Even you don't need to take tablets and other things to kick out the stress.
Everybody wants their day should be smooth and happier. Therefore, if you want this same thing, then you should simply listen to the happy songs. You will get the opportunity to make your whole day attractive as well as happy after listening to the song. Just turn on the speaker and play the happy song on it. Consequently, you are able to make the morning so impressive and mind-blowing. Therefore, there is nothing better than the song that makes our day so happier.
It is also a fact that a happy song can take positivity from internally. Therefore, there is nothing better than a happy song that can make a person happy always. Nevertheless, you can easily read the reviews for getting more information.
The games are designed on the basis of different types of factors. Mainly the individuals are choosing the way of games for getting entertainment and spending free time with ease. Most of the people are considering the way of FPS games. Generally, these types of games are based on shooting and battle concepts.
hacks is becoming highly useful by which they can easily get success. It helps the players in enhancing their skills and performs in a good manner.
Mainly these are a specific kind of robots. The robots are providing assistance to the players in pointing out the opponents without any kind of issue. It provides a big lead to them by which they can form an effective strategy. In case the individuals do not get knowledge about all these things then they may face various difficulties.
The major factor related to these types of tools is that you can consider it for any FPS game. It does not matter in which you are putting efforts. The main thing is how you are using the aimbot and availing its assistance.
How to access aimbot services?
If you are interested in availing services of these types of sources, then you need to be focused on various elements such as – quality services. Another important factor is related to the way of accessing during the game.
It can be possible with the help of some specific keys like – toggle key or hotkeys. You can get information about all these things with the help of a perfect guide. For all these things, you should be focused on online sources.
People get fed-up from the old phones it doesn't mean how expensive it is. Similarly, if you made your mind to sell the iphone X, then you should need to do lots of things before it. Iphone users can sell iphone x and buy the new one from an online store. There are lots of shopping sites which also provide the exchange offers. You just need to enter the IMEI (The International mobile equipment identity) number in the box.
Once you do this, then it will show the discount which you get on the exchange offer. If the product is too expensive, then it is possible to get a heavy discount on it. Now I am going to share some more thought regarding the selling old Iphone x.
A plethora of techniques are used in the process of selling the iphone X. Basically, there are various sites where you can sell the iphone X. If we talk about the specification of the phone model, then people already read on the other site. However, when it comes to selling the iphone X, then you should only write about the recent condition of the phone. This is the most secure and effective method of selling any product online. Even you don't need to pay for the delivery charges. Some sites are also doing this service, but they will take it from the customers.
Second-hand buyers always expect the best product from the seller. Therefore, if you upload the old phone pictures on the website, then it will boost the chances of selling the iphone perfectly. This could be really valuable for you and your phone. Nevertheless, you can easily deal with the iphone x buyer on the phone so don't forget to provide your phone number.
xenon licht is one of the best heating devices that can control the internal environment easily. There will be not any denying the fact that if there are two sides of the coin, then the use of Car Seat Heating System could have benefits and some disadvantages also. You should use it safely and enjoy the driving comfortably.
In the components, you will find the receptor and thermostat that will transform the heating sensation and relax body pain. The controllable device will give you comfort driving so that you can drive for miles. Hence, in the post, we have listed some pros and cons that will allow using the product.
There are some advantages that allow everyone to use Car Seat Heating System effectively.
Comfortable: The device is made for all those individuals who want comfort driving. It will give you proper heat in order to relax the back muscles. When an individual sits on the car chair, the Car Seat Heating System apply on the seat according to the shape of the body.
Easy controllable: It is controlled by the heating coil that is inside the seat. One can easily adjust the seat according to the internal cooling temperature. Firstly, you should take proper knowledge and control the buttons easily.
Below are some points that will make you alert to use the heating product.
No fireproof: If you are using the Car Seat Heating System then it is important to have proper wiring. Due to the chance of electric shock, it can lead to fire because the product is not fireproof because of fabric material.
Hence, from these points, you would able to know the effectiveness of Car Seat Heating System.


text:
The Landscape of the MLB in 2021
By Christos Kladeftiras on April 1, 2021
The 2019-20 MLB season, in a year plagued with asterisks varied drastically from a classic 162-game season. With a shortened 60-game season, MLB commissioner Rob Manfred had to change the landscape of baseball to adjust to the health crisis situation happening across the world. With concerns for players, coaches, and personnel's health, constant COVID tests were administered as well as some traveling restrictions. Many players chose to opt out of living their dreams of playing professional baseball during the 2019-20 season as they prioritized personal health. However, perhaps the weirdest past of last season was the absence of fans in the stands during the regular season, with some teams going as far as using cardboard cutouts of fans placed in seats to replace the physical void that was left and felt by everyone.
However, 2021 is upon us and this is a whole new season. 2021 looks a lot more promising in the eyes of the baseball community as a whole. This season, restrictions have been less tense, regulations have been normalized, and gates have started to open. This year is starting to feel a lot like the previous ones, a lot like normal; a word seldom used in 2020. Throughout the winter, we waited to hear what baseball was going to offer the world this year. It was finally announced that on Apr. 1st, a 162-game season will start with teams able to travel without too much hassle. In addition, fans will be allowed inside some stadiums with limitations in place, of course. The Texas Rangers are the only team that will hold games at full capacity going into the season. The rest of the teams are either letting a limited number of fans in or have not yet announced whether or not they are going to allow fans in.
This season also looks to be packed with all its original stars, with almost everyone participating. Major players that opted-out of last season included David Price of the Los Angeles Dodgers, Buster Posey of the San Francisco Giants, and Yoenis Cespedes of the New York Mets.
Another aspect that looks to remain the same, is the likely dominance of the Dodgers. Winning last year's World Series seems to be just the beginning of the new dynasty that looks to have emerged from one of baseball's California teams. During the off-season, many free agents made decisions that impacted the landscape of baseball and the structure of teams. The main one being last year's National League (NL) Cy Young Award winner, Trevor Bauer, joining the already stacked rotation in LA, making the defending World Series champs that much more unstoppable. The Cy Young Award is given to the player deemed the best pitcher in each of the National and American Leagues.
Trades within teams were also a big factor this off-season, with the San Diego Padres trading to pad their rotation of pitches, adding 2018 American League (AL) Cy Young Award winner Blake Snell and 2020's runner-up to Bauer, Yu Darvish. The NL West Division has become more competitive than it has been in a long time with the Padres and Dodgers being arguably the two best in the entire league.
As for our hometown New York Yankees and Mets, both look poised to do better than they have in recent seasons. The Yankees were one of the top teams in the AL last year and they still got better. Although losing two pitchers in Masahiro Tanaka and James Paxton hurts, they added two-time Cy Young winner Corey Kluber to follow the ace Gerrit Cole. Their hitting is considered one of, if not the, best offenses in the entire MLB, with Giancarlo Stanton, Gleyber Torres, and many people's prediction to win the 2021 AL MVP, Aaron Judge, just to name a few. The Mets have also gotten better, making a trade with the Cleveland Indians, to get the best shortstop in baseball, Francisco Lindor, as well as a great pitcher in Carlos Carrasco, adding to the Mets solid pitching rotation.
Many other players have moved to other teams, such as Nolan Arenado going to the St. Louis Cardinals, and Brad Hand going to the Washington Nationals. In short, this season looks to be promising and a return to what we would call… normal.
Published in Sports and This Week's Paper
Christos Kladeftiras
Brooklyn Nets Star Kyrie Irving Won't Play under Covid-19 Vaccination Mandate
The 2021 Mets: An Autopsy
MLB 2021 Postseason Review
New York Football a Bust? The Giants & Jets at the Bottom of Their Divisions
Football Season is Back

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As it turns out that Apple decided that Time Machine sharing will now become a part of macOS instead of Server 5.4. You can now used a shared Folder as a Time Machine backup destination using the Sharing preferences in your macOS System Preferences.
Click the Add button + at the bottom of the Shared Folders list.
Navigate to and select the folder you want to use for sharing, then click Add.
Select the name of the shared folder, click Options, then make sure "Share files and folders using SMB" is selected and "Share files and folders using AFP" is not selected.
Control-click the name of the folder, then choose Advanced Options.
If desired, select "Limit backups to," then enter a size.
The question remains, though, of how do you know your remote devices are currently being backed up or how much of their backup has been done and how much is left?
After typing the appropriate command, look for your Finder icon (most likely on your Dock), then right-mouse click on it while holding the Option/Alt key of your keyboard. This will display a contextual menu from which you click Relaunch, to relaunch the Finder browser with your new visibility settings applied.
Now, if all you are looking for is how to display your Library folder in your user home folder, we have the steps in this short guide.
That should make your Library folder visible among the other folders inside your user home folder.


The committee shadows and scrutinises the work of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Department of Defence.
The committee has completed its review of the Irish Aid programme and published its report. As part of the review, the committee met with stakeholders, considered written submissions from the public and visited two of Irish Aid's key partner countries.
The select committee comprises only Dáil Members. It meets to consider legislation and Estimates relating to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and Defence.
All proposed EU legislation in the area of foreign affairs and trade and defence is scrutinized by the committee and decisions are made regarding such proposals.


he Kenya Film Classification Board Chief Executive Officer Mr. Ezekiel Mutua held discussions with State Corporations Inspector General Mr. Titus Muriithi on the mandate of the Board and the challenges facing Kenya due to the breakdown of moral values in the country.
The need to intensify efforts towards the rebuilding the moral infrastructure of the nation to reverse the slide in moral decay was also discussed.
Mr. Muriithi pledged his support to the Board in executing it's mandate.


text:
Swansea City A.F.C.
Association football club
Swansea City A.F.C. (Under CC License)
Swansea City Association Football Club is a Welsh professional football club based in Swansea, Wales that plays in the Championship, the second tier of English football. The club was founded in 1912 as Swansea Town and joined the Football League in 1921. The club changed their name in 1969, when they adopted the name Swansea City to reflect Swansea's new status as a city. Swansea have played their home matches at the Liberty Stadium since 2005, having previously played at the Vetch Field since the club was founded.
Swansea City A.F.C. News and Videos LIVE
Scouting report: Sharp, mature and confident - but James may have to be patient at Man Utd
As winger Daniel James make his Manchester United debut, BBC Sport looks at how the Wales international has fared since arriving from Swansea City.
Credit: BBC News - Published 4 days ago
Giggs praises 'fantastic player' Daniel James ahead of Manchester United transfer 00:19
Credit: PA - Press Association STUDIO - Published on June 7, 2019
Graham Potter appointed Brighton manager 00:30
Credit: PA - Press Association STUDIO - Published on May 20, 2019


text:
Washington v. Mullen Trucking
Posted on October 30, 2018 Author Categories Volume 21, Edition 10, Cases
2018 WL 5133492
Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 1.
STATE of Washington, Washington State Department of Transportation, Respondents,
Daniel A. Sligh and Sallettee R. Sligh, individually and the marital community composed thereof; Bryce Kenning, a single person, Plaintiffs,
MULLEN TRUCKING 2005, LTD., a Canadian corporation or business entity d/b/a Mullen Trucking LP; William Scott and Jane Doe Scott, individually and the marital community composed thereof, Petitioners,
Saxon Energy Services, Inc., Tammy J. Detray and Gregory Detray, individually and the marital community composed thereof; G&T Crawlers Service, a Washington business entity, Defendants.
Mullen Trucking 2005, Ltd., a Canadian corporation or business entity d/b/a Mullen Trucking LP; William Scott and Jane Doe Scott, individually and the marital community composed thereof; Petitioners,
State of Washington, Respondent,
Patty Auvil d/b/a Olympic Peninsula Pilot Service and John Doe Auvil, individually and the marital community composed thereof, Defendants,
Motorways Transport, Ltd., a Canadian corporation; Amandeep Sidhu and Jane Doe Sidhu, individually and the marital community composed thereof, Petitioners.
No. 76310-5-I
FILED: October 22, 2018
Background: The State Department of Transportation (DOT) filed a negligence complaint against truck driver and driver's employer after over-height load on truck struck bridge supports, causing the bridge to collapse. Employer alleged the DOT, second truck driver, and second driver's employer were contributorily negligent. The DOT moved for partial summary judgment. The Superior Court, Skagit County, No. 15-2-00163-1, David R. Needy, J., dismissed the contributory negligence affirmative defenses of employers and granted the DOT's motion for partial summary judgment. Employers sought discretionary review.
Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Andrus, J., held that:
[1] statute precluding any finding of comparative fault on behalf of the State, and
[2] the motorist liability statutes controlled over general proportionate liability statute.
West Headnotes (8)
Statute precluding any finding of comparative fault on behalf of the State, in negligence action filed by the State Department of Transportation (DOT) against truck driver and driver's employer after over-height load on truck struck a bridge's supports, causing the bridge to collapse; statute relieved the State of liability if it had provided at least 14 feet of clearance or properly signed a lower clearance, the State provided more than 14 feet of vertical height clearance on bridge, truck driver had a permit for a load of 15 feet and nine inches, and the load exceeded the 15 feet and six inches of clearance on the bridge, and related statute provided that a motorist who operated a vehicle negligently was liable for all damages to a public highway or bridge. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §§ 46.44.020, 46.44.110.
Cases that cite this headnote
Statutory interpretation is a question of law that the Court of Appeals reviews de novo.
The Court of Appeals primary duty in interpreting a statute is to discern the intent of the legislature.
When interpreting a statute the Court of Appeals begins with the statute's plain language, which may be discerned from all that the Legislature has said in the statute and related statutes which disclose legislative intent about the provision in question.
If the plain meaning of the statute is unambiguous, the Court of Appeals inquiry is at an end.
The motorist liability statutes controlled over general proportionate liability statute, when apportioning fault in negligence action filed by the State Department of Transportation (DOT) against truck driver and driver's employer after over-height load on truck struck a bridge's supports, causing the bridge to collapse; the motorist liability statutes were specific and controlled over the general proportionate liability statute. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §§ 4.22.070(1), 46.44.020, 46.44.110.
The State has a common law duty to maintain roads in a condition safe for ordinary travel.
Where a specific statute conflicts with a general one, the specific statute prevails.
Appeal from Skagit Superior Court, Docket No: 15-2-00163-1, Honorable David R. Needy, Judge
Steven William Block, Foster Pepper PLLC, 1111 3rd Ave. Ste. 3000, Seattle, WA, 98101-3292, Brian Del Gatto, Attorney at Law, 1010 Washington Blvd. Fl. 8, Stamford, CT, 06901-2202, Aaron Dean, Aaron Dean & Associates, PLLC, 520 Pike St. Ste. 1205, Seattle, WA, 98101-4042, Mark Preston Scheer, Matthew Erickson, Scheer Law Group LLP, 701 Pike St. Ste. 2200, Seattle, WA, 98101-2358, for Appellant.
Richard Steven Puz, Patricia D. Todd, Office of the Attorney General, 7141 Cleanwater Dr. Sw, Po Box 40126, Olympia, WA, 98504-0126, Alicia O. Young, Attorney General's Office, 7141 Cleanwater Dr. Sw, Po Box 40111, Olympia, WA, 98504-0111, for Respondent.
Amanda Emily Vedrich, Carey & Vedrich, 7016 35th Ave. Ne, Seattle, WA, 98115-5917, for Other Parties.
PUBLISHED OPINION
Andrus, J.
*1 ¶ 1 William Scott, a truck driver employed by Mullen Trucking 2005 Ltd. (Mullen), was transporting an over-height load when his truck struck overhead supports on the Skagit River Bridge, causing the bridge to collapse. The Washington State Department of Transportation (State or WSDOT) sued Scott and Mullen Trucking for negligence. Mullen alleged that WSDOT and a second truck driver, Amandeep Sidhu and Sidhu's employer, Motorways Transport, Ltd., were contributorily liable for the bridge collapse. After WSDOT added Motorways to the lawsuit, Mullen and Motorways sought to reduce their liability by the percentage of fault they claimed was attributable to the State. The trial court dismissed Mullen's and Motorways' contributory negligence affirmative defense and/or counterclaim on summary judgment, ruling that under RCW 46.44.020, no fault may be allocated to the State. We granted Mullen's motion for discretionary review, which Motorways joined.
¶ 2 Under Washington's motor vehicle code, a person who operates a vehicle in any negligent or illegal manner is liable for "all damages" to a public highway or bridge. RCW 46.44.110. The legislature passed a statute explicitly providing that "no liability" may attach to the State for damages that occur by reason of the existence of an overhead structure where, as here, the State provides at least 14 feet of vertical clearance. RCW 46.44.020. We conclude that these statutes unambiguously express a legislative determination that all financial responsibility for damage to the Skagit River Bridge must be borne by negligent motorists and none may be shifted to the State. An allocation of fault under RCW 4.22.070 would shift a portion of financial responsibility to the State in contravention of RCW 46.44.020. We affirm the trial court.
¶ 3 The Skagit River Bridge is located on Interstate 5 between Burlington and Mount Vernon. The bridge has two lanes in each direction with a concrete barrier separating northbound and southbound traffic. Before its collapse, the bridge was a "through truss structure," meaning that it had trusses, or supports, above the roadway. Several of the bridge's steel parts were in tension ("fracture critical") so that if one failed, a portion of the bridge could collapse. The bridge's supports formed an arch so that vertical clearance was highest in the center and lowest on the sides of the roadway. The left southbound lane had a clearance of 17 feet 6 inches and the right lane had a clearance of 15 feet 6 inches. The right shoulder had a clearance of 14 feet 8 inches.
¶ 4 The traffic lanes were narrower on the bridge than on the roadway approaching the bridge. The bridge was signed with what is known as an "object marker," which indicates a variety of road conditions, but it did not specifically identify vertical clearance or lane width.
¶ 5 On May 23, 2013, Scott was transporting a metal casing shed from Canada to Washington State for his employer, Mullen Trucking. Before crossing the border, Scott obtained an online permit from WSDOT to transport an over-width and over-height load from Valemount, British Columbia, to Vancouver, Washington. Online permits are self-issued and require the user to supply load and route information. Mullen's permit listed the load as having a maximum width of 11 feet 6 inches and a maximum height of 15 feet 9 inches. The permit warned that WSDOT did not guarantee height clearances. Scott acknowledged that the driver is responsible for researching the route and ensuring clearance.
*2 ¶ 6 Because of the height of Scott's load, he was required to use a pilot car with a height pole. The pilot car driver is expected to know road clearances and inform the truck driver of any obstacles. Scott hired a local pilot car driver, Tammy DeTray, for her knowledge and experience of the local roads. DeTray did not research Scott's route or give him any information about the Skagit River Bridge.
¶ 7 As DeTray and Scott approached the bridge, they were both in the right hand lane, with DeTray a few seconds ahead of Scott. Scott observed a semi-truck approaching quickly from behind. This second truck belonged to Motorways Transport and was driven by Sidhu. Sidhu moved into the left lane and began passing Scott before they entered the bridge.
¶ 8 DeTray, the pilot car driver, crossed the bridge. She was on the phone with her husband as she drove. Although DeTray testified that her height pole did not strike the bridge, a witness stated that DeTray's height pole struck the bridge's overhead spans several times.
¶ 9 When Scott entered the bridge, Sidhu was pulling ahead of him in the left lane. Sidhu's truck was extremely close to Scott, forcing Scott to the right and partially onto the shoulder. Scott heard a huge bang, his truck began to shake, and he felt some of the truck's tires come off the ground. Scott did not know what had happened. He coasted across the bridge, regained control, and pulled over. When Scott walked back to the bridge, he saw that the north section had collapsed and was in the water.
¶ 10 Three passenger vehicles had entered the bridge behind Scott and Sidhu. The first, driven by David Ruiz, managed to cross the bridge. The next two vehicles, driven by Daniel Sligh and Bryce Kenning, crashed into the river as the bridge collapsed. The occupants suffered non-life threatening injuries.
¶ 11 An investigation later determined that Scott's load had an actual maximum height of 15 feet 11 inches, two inches above his permit allowance, and that the load struck 11 of the bridge's braces. The investigation report stated that Scott's load could only have cleared the bridge if it straddled the right and left lanes. Scott could not straddle the lanes because Sidhu's truck was in the left lane. The investigation concluded that Scott caused the collision by failing to ensure his load height was proper and failing to know the clearance heights on the bridge.
¶ 12 The State brought an action against Mullen, Scott, and DeTray, alleging that their negligence caused the bridge collapse.1 In its answer, Mullen asserted contributory negligence as an affirmative defense and counterclaim, alleging that the State's damages were caused wholly or partially by its own negligence in bridge maintenance, signage, and permitting. Mullen argued that its liability should be reduced by the State's comparative fault. Mullen also asserted a cross claim against Motorways. The State amended its complaint to add a negligence claim against Motorways.2
*3 ¶ 13 The State moved for partial summary judgment, arguing that under RCW 46.44.020, it could not be found financially responsible for any portion of the damages resulting from the bridge collapse. Mullen and Motorways opposed the motion, arguing that RCW 46.44.020 does not protect the State from defensive counterclaims or from a finding of comparative fault that would reduce the defendants' liability. In addition, Motorways argued that, even if the statute shields the State from any finding of comparative fault as to Mullen, it does not have the same effect as to Motorways.
¶ 14 The trial court granted the State's motion for partial summary judgment, concluding that RCW 46.44.020 shields the State from liability and, in this case, precludes any finding of comparative fault that would shift financial responsibility to the State. We granted discretionary review.
[1]¶ 15 Mullen and Motorways appeal the grant of partial summary judgment to the State, arguing that the trial court erroneously interpreted RCW 46.44.020 to preclude any finding that the State was contributorily negligent. Mullen and Motorways assert that, under Washington's comparative fault scheme, they should be permitted to seek an allocation of fault against any and all at-fault entities. See RCW 4.22.070. They contend RCW 46.44.020 shields the State from liability but not from an allocation of fault.
¶ 16 Article II, § 26 of the Washington State Constitution provides that "the legislature shall direct by law, in what manner, and in what courts, suits may be brought against the state." In 1961, the Legislature waived the state's sovereign immunity with respect to tort actions. LAWS OF 1961, ch. 136, § 1, codified as RCW 4.92.090. This statute makes the state presumptively liable for its tortious conduct "in all instances in which the Legislature has not indicated otherwise." Savage v. State, 127 Wash.2d 434, 445, 899 P.2d 1270 (1995). But the right to sue the State is not a fundamental right. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Dep't of Revenue, 166 Wash. App. 342, 358, 271 P.3d 268 (2012). The legislature has the authority to define the parameters of any cause of action, including claims that may be asserted against the State. See Sofie v. Fibreboard Corp., 112 Wash.2d 636, 666, 771 P.2d 711 (1989); O'Donoghue v. State, 66 Wash.2d 787, 789, 405 P.2d 258 (1965). See also Wells Fargo Bank, 166 Wash. App. at 358, 271 P.3d 268 (holding that Washington's Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 34.05 RCW, limited the general right to sue the State).
¶ 17 WSDOT contends that RCW 46.44.020 constitutes a legislative decision to restrict claims, and by extension, a contributory negligence affirmative defense, against the State arising out of vehicular damage to a State-owned bridge as long as the State has provided at least 14 feet of vertical clearance. We agree.
[2] [3] [4] [5]¶ 18 Statutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo. City of Spokane v. Rothwell, 166 Wash.2d 872, 876, 215 P.3d 162 (2009). Our primary duty in interpreting a statute is to discern the intent of the legislature. State v. J.P., 149 Wash.2d 444, 450, 69 P.3d 318 (2003). We begin with the statute's plain language, which may be discerned "from all that the Legislature has said in the statute and related statutes which disclose legislative intent about the provision in question." Dep't of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, L.L.C., 146 Wash.2d 1, 11, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). If the plain meaning of the statute is unambiguous, our inquiry is at an end. Lake v. Woodcreek Homeowners Ass'n, 169 Wash.2d 516, 526, 243 P.3d 1283 (2010).
¶ 19 The statute at issue concerns vehicle height and vertical clearance. This statute was first enacted in 1937 and has changed little since that time.3 LAWS OF 1937, ch. 189, § 48. The current statute, RCW 46.44.020, limits vehicle height to 14 feet and requires the vehicle operator to exercise due care in ensuring adequate vertical clearance:
*4 It is unlawful for any vehicle … to exceed a height of fourteen feet above the level surface upon which the vehicle stands … The provisions of this section do not relieve the owner or operator of a vehicle or combination of vehicles from the exercise of due care in determining that sufficient vertical clearance is provided upon the public highways where the vehicle or combination of vehicles is being operated…
RCW 46.44.020.
¶ 20 The same statute relieves the State of liability if it has either (1) provided at least 14 feet of clearance or (2) properly signed a lower clearance:
[N]o liability may attach to the state or to any county, city, town, or other political subdivision by reason of any damage or injury to persons or property by reason of the existence of any structure over or across any public highway where the vertical clearance above the roadway is fourteen feet or more; or, where the vertical clearance is less than fourteen feet, if impaired clearance signs … are erected and maintained on the right side of any such public highway … If any structure over or across any public highway is not owned by the state or by a county, city, town, or other political subdivision … no liability may attach to the owner by reason of any damage or injury to persons or property caused by impaired vertical clearance above the roadway.
RCW 46.44.020. It is undisputed that in this case, the State provided more than 14 feet of vertical clearance on the Skagit River Bridge, Scott's load exceeded 14 feet in height and, although permitted for 15 feet 9 inches,4 his load exceeded the 15 feet 6 inches of clearance on the bridge.
¶ 21 A related provision, RCW 46.44.110, defines a motorist's liability.5 Under that statute, a motorist who operates a vehicle negligently or illegally is liable for all damages to a public highway or bridge:
Any person operating any vehicle or moving any object or conveyance upon any public highway in this state or upon any bridge or elevated structure that is a part of any such public highway is liable for all damages that the public highway, bridge, elevated structure, or other state property may sustain as a result of any illegal operation of the vehicle or the moving of any such object or conveyance or as a result of the operation or moving of any vehicle, object, or conveyance weighing in excess of the legal weight limits allowed by law. This section applies to any person operating any vehicle or moving any object or contrivance in any illegal or negligent manner or without a special permit as provided by law for vehicles, objects, or contrivances that are overweight, overwidth, overheight, or overlength. Any person operating any vehicle is liable for any damage to any public highway, bridge, elevated structure, or other state property sustained as the result of any negligent operation thereof.
*5 RCW 46.44.110.
¶ 22 Read together, these statutes unambiguously (1) limit vehicle height and require a vehicle's operator to exercise due care as to vertical clearance; (2) declare that "no liability may attach to the state" where it has provided at least 14 feet of clearance; and (3) assign to a negligent motorist liability for "all damages" to a public highway or bridge. Applying these statutes to the circumstances here, we conclude that they clearly express a legislative determination that the State is to bear no financial responsibility for damages resulting from the collision of the Mullen truck with the Skagit River Bridge. The trial court did not err in interpreting RCW 46.44.020 to preclude any finding of comparative fault.
¶ 23 Mullen and Motorways contend that apportioning fault to the State under RCW 4.22.070(1) would not shift "liability" to the State but only reduce the State's recovery. But, reducing the State's recovery would, in fact, shift a degree of liability to the State, contrary to RCW 46.44.020. Apportioning fault to the State would also relieve the negligent motorist of its liability for "all damages" under RCW 46.44.110.
[6]¶ 24 Mullen and Motorways also assert that, by the plain language of the comparative fault statute, RCW 4.22.070(1), it applies here. As part of the tort reform act of 1986, the legislature replaced joint and several liability with comparative negligence in most situations. Tegman v. Accident & Med. Investigations, Inc., 150 Wash.2d 102, 108-09, 75 P.3d 497 (2003). To determine proportionate liability, the trier of fact allocates fault among all at-fault entities. RCW 4.22.070(1). The State does not argue that it is categorically exempt from proportionate liability. Rather, it asserts that, because the motorist liability statutes specifically relieve the State of liability under the factual circumstances of this case, and assign all liability to the negligent motorists, these statutes, and not RCW 4.22.070, govern. We agree.
[7] [8]¶ 25 The State has a common law duty to maintain roads in a condition safe for ordinary travel. Wuthrich v. King County, 185 Wash.2d 19, 25, 366 P.3d 926 (2016). And generally, when a motorist sues the state for a breach of this common law duty, proportionate liability is the general rule. Tegman, 150 Wash.2d at 109, 75 P.3d 497. But under our state constitution, the legislature has the authority to limit the type of legal claims that may be asserted against the State. See Wells Fargo Bank, 166 Wash. App. at 358, 271 P.3d 268. Where a specific statute conflicts with a general one, the specific statute prevails. Id. See also Residents Opposed to Kittitas Turbines v. State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC), 165 Wash.2d 275, 309, 197 P.3d 1153 (2008) (where one statute is specific and the other is general, the specific statute controls regardless of when it was enacted). Because the motorist liability statutes, RCW 46.44.020 and .110, specifically address liability in the circumstances here, they control over the general proportionate liability statute.
*6 ¶ 26 Mullen and Motorways argue that RCW 46.44.020 does not displace RCW 4.22.070 but is, at most, a grant of immunity. They contend that if the State is "an entity immune from liability," RCW 4.22.070 contemplates that its fault should be determined. Mullen and Motorways rely on Humes v. Fritz Cos., Inc., 125 Wash. App. 477, 105 P.3d 1000 (2005) to assert that fault must be apportioned to all entities, even those who may be immune from suit. In Humes, a crane operator sued a trucking company for personal injuries he sustained outside the Tulalip Casino on the Tulalip Indian Reservation. Humes, 125 Wash. App. at 481, 105 P.3d 1000. The defendant sought to allocate fault to the Tulalip Tribe (Tribe) who was protected from suit by sovereign immunity. Id. The trial court ruled that, because the Tribe had sovereign immunity, no fault could be allocated to it under RCW 4.22.070. Id. This court reversed, ruling that the Tribe's sovereign immunity did not bar the allocation of fault. Id. at 491, 105 P.3d 1000.
¶ 27 But the Supreme Court in Smelser v. Paul, 188 Wash.2d 648, 653-54, 398 P.3d 1086 (2017) cautioned courts not to confuse "immunity" with the lack of a tort duty. We conclude that the motor vehicle statute is not a grant of "immunity," but instead sets out the scope of the State's tort duty to the traveling public. RCW 46.44.020 provides that the State must erect and maintain a warning sign of an impaired clearance when vertical clearance is under 14 feet. But where clearance exceeds 14 feet, the State owes no further duty of care with regard to the overhead structure. The duty to exercise due care falls to the owners or operators of vehicles. The statutory language evidences an intent to define and narrow the scope of the State's tort duty. It does not immunize the State from all liability associated with damages arising from overhead obstacles on public highways.
¶ 28 Motorways contends that, even if RCW 46.44.020 precludes a finding of comparative fault in the State's action against Mullen, it does not preclude a finding of comparative fault in the State's action against Motorways. Motorways argues RCW 46.44.020 only addresses liability between the bridge owner and the motorist who struck the bridge. The argument is without merit. The State's claim is that Motorways drove its truck negligently by overtaking Mullen's truck on a narrow bridge, proximately causing Mullen to strike the overhead structures of the Skagit River Bridge. Because this claim concerns damage "by reason of the existence of any structure over or across any public highway," RCW 46.44.020 applies.
¶ 29 Finally, Mullen and Motorways argue that if we eliminate their ability to assert comparative fault against WSDOT, it will affect whether they are ultimately only severally liable or jointly and severally liable. The trial court expressly declined to rule on whether joint and several liability applies in this case, reserving that issue for trial. Joint and several liability was not an issue raised in the petition for discretionary review and, because the trial court made no ruling on the question, there is no assignment of error on this issue. We decline to reach the issue of whether Mullen and Motorways' liability is joint and several or several only, as that issue is beyond the scope of our review. See Clark County v. W. Wash. Growth Mgmt. Hr'gs Review Bd., 177 Wash.2d 136, 144-45, 298 P.3d 704 (2013).
¶ 30 Affirmed.
WE CONCUR:
Mann, J.
Becker, J.
— P.3d —-, 2018 WL 5133492
The State also asserted a negligence claim against Saxon, the company that hired Mullen to transport the casing. Saxon did not participate in this appeal.
The State also added a claim against Olympic Peninsula Pilot Service, which allegedly employed DeTray. The motorists whose cars crashed into the river, Sligh and Kenning, joined the State's action. Sligh and Kenning settled and were no longer parties to the action when the court granted partial summary judgment to the State.
The original statute limited vehicle height to 12 feet 6 inches. LAWS OF 1937, ch. 189, § 48.
The State notes that, under the rules governing permits, the operator accepts liability for any damage resulting from the use of an oversize vehicle:
Permits are granted with the specific understanding that the permit applicant shall be responsible and liable for accidents, damage or injury to any person or property resulting from the operation of the vehicle covered by the permit upon public highways of the state. The permit applicant shall hold blameless and harmless and shall indemnify the state of Washington, department of transportation, its officers, agents, and employees against any and all claims, demands, loss, injury, damage, actions and costs of actions whatsoever, that any of them may sustain by reason of unlawful acts, conduct or operations of the permit applicant in connection with the operations covered by the permit.
WAC 468-38-050(5).
This statute was also first enacted in 1937. LAWS OF 1937, ch. 189, § 57.
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Has anybody called you a noob on Roblox? Well, somebody wouldn't call you a noob without any reason to do so. You certainly have done something to be recognized as noob. Well, apparently there are many noobs in Roblox. Perhaps you haven't realized being a noob while you actually are, read some of the signs explained below.
If you have done something out of the 10 signs below, then you are indeed a noob. That's not something you should be ashamed of, anyway.
You know obbies right? The obstacle game. Yes, if you find yourself having done cheating on Obbies, then you can consider yourself as noob. It's as simple as that.
Everyone has a dark side. In Roblox, when that side appears, the desire to do something bad is irresistible. And that is when you delete other people's hard work without any reason, that you have truly become a noob.
You've already playing online by being in Roblox. But you still want to do online dating in Roblox? That's definitely a behavior of a noob.
Noob tends to be stupid. So, when you find yourself falling for noob trap, then that's a clear sign that you are truly a noob.
You may want to do something bad in Roblox. But when you spam the calatog, you instantaneously have become a noob.
When you make good ads, you'll be popular. When you make fake ads, you can kill other people. But when you make horrible ads, you have become a noob.
Everyone wants to enjoy being in a good place. Yet, you have made bad place. So, this will only earn you a noob reputation.
When you act by looking fugly, it doesn't give you anything good. It only gives you a reputation of being a noob.
Talking the same thing over and over again only makes you a noob. Even if you just say happy birthday for like more than 10 times.
A mob is not a villain on Roblox. A mob is simply a noob on Roblox.


text:
Ci-devant signifie avant, auparavant. Cette expression, attestée bien avant la période révolutionnaire, a cependant pris un sens nouveau à cette époque.

L'expression ci-devant est utilisée pendant la Révolution française pour désigner un lieu, une personne, un régiment ayant auparavant bénéficié d'un privilège ou d'une marque liées à l'Ancien Régime ou à la religion.

Par extension, l'expression populaire a désigné ensuite sous le nom de ci-devant l'ancienne noblesse :

Durant la Révolution française, on utilise cette expression notamment pour désigner un lieu, ou un régiment qui a changé de nom à la suite de l'abolition des privilèges et aux renommages révolutionnaires.

Aujourd'hui, l'expression ci-devant reste utilisée par les historiens pour désigner une personnalité dépouillée de son titre ou de sa fonction d'Ancien Régime par la Révolution

Exemple :  pour désigner Louis XVI après sa destitution.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 La Poursuite et le retour de la famille ci-devant royale..., chanson révolutionnaire de 1791
 Fouloul
 Amalgame des deux armées sous la Révolution
 Deuxième amalgame de l'armée sous la Révolution

Liens externes

Société et Révolution française

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
St. Mary Catholic School is a Catholic learning community located in Greeley, Colorado. Our purpose is to educate the whole child, academically, physically, emotionally and most especially, spiritually. We enroll students in Preschool through eighth grade.
Fr. Wojciech Gierasimczyk
Mrs. Stacey Chavez
Our Accreditation
St. Mary Catholic School is a member of the Archdiocese of Denver Catholic School and is accredited through the North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement.
Our Preschool and Before/After Care programs are licensed by the Colorado Department of Health and Human Services.
In 1999 the Archdiocese of Denver established St. Mary Catholic School to be a part of St. Mary Catholic Parish with the inception of morning and afternoon kindergarten, housed in a classroom in the Parish Hall. In July 2000, with the blessing of Archbishop Charles Chaput, Fr. (Monsignor) Peter Quang Nguyen, broke ground on the new school. In the fall of 2000, a first grade class was added in the classroom next door and the school already boasted 38 students, a staff of 2 full time teachers and a principal, Mr. Bill Gallop. In June of 2001, Sister Anno La Mere and Sister Marilyn Skluzacek were hired as the principal and assistant principal/4th grade teacher, respectively. These two dedicated women helped open the school in its new building in August 2001. The school doors opened with over 200 students in grades K-6. Construction continued on the third floor and in the fall of 2002 the school was completed for an enrollment of appriximately 225 students in grades k-7. The following year, eighth grade as added, making our school complete as a K-8 facility.
Enjoy this short video to learn more about St. Mary Catholic School!
http://www.elocallink.tv/vp6/spon-fcsa_a.php?sponid=VmVSagNjUzhSZQ==&fvm=1


text:
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text:
Revelations shed new light on Bill Morris dismissal
Some Catholics think last year's dismissal of William Morris as Bishop of Toowoomba is just a storm in a teacup about a recalcitrant country bishop, and that it is time we all moved on. This is a serious misreading of the signs of the times. Church structures need to be reformed to be more aligned with contemporary notions of justice and due process.
Ten months on, people are left confused as to whether Morris was sacked chiefly for what he wrote in his 2006 Advent letter about women's ordination, for what was reported by the Apostolic Visitor, Archbishop Charles Chaput, or for what was reported to Rome by those sometimes described as 'the temple police'. Now more details have come to light showing how threadbare and confused the processes were.
In his 'Statement of Position' to the three Cardinals gathered in Rome in January 2008, Morris said, 'At the end of the Apostolic Visitation, when Archbishop Chaput was being driven back to Brisbane, he remarked to Fr Brian Sparksman, our diocesan Chancellor, that he would be astounded if our diocese were to lose its bishop.
'He also asked John Bathersby (Archbishop of Brisbane) why he thought he was asked to investigate me because as far as he could see from the material provided to him things that I had reportedly said and done were happening in other places as well.'
Fr Sparksman told me last week: 'I cannot say with certainty that Chaput used the word 'astounded' but it was a word like that. I definitely took heart and was relieved by what he said because as you can imagine it was a tense time for us all and that was a difficult drive to Brisbane. I was very anxious at first but then very relieved by what Archbishop Chaput had to say.'
Archbishop Denis Hart wrote to The Sydney Morning Herald and Melbourne's The Age on 4 February 2012 telling us Chaput 'said he discussed the contents of his report with Bishop Morris in Toowoomba'. Hart's claim contradicted Morris' letter to the Holy Father dated 24 December 2008 in which he said: 'I have not seen the report prepared by the Apostolic Visitor; the Apostolic Visitor did not discuss his findings with me; I have not been shown any of the 'evidence' that was gathered or even the list of the 'accusers'.'
Hart's claim was strenuously denied by Morris when he then wrote in response to the same newspapers on 8 February 2012 stating: 'I categorically deny that Archbishop Chaput ever discussed with me what he was going to put in the report.'
At World Youth Day in Madrid last year, Chaput, realising that Gerard Holohan, Bishop of Bunbury, was from Australia, drew him aside in the cathedral before mass 'to indicate vigorously that he had indeed discussed the contents of his report with Bishop Morris — except for the names of who he met — at the end of his Apostolic visit to Toowoomba'.
If the processes were working correctly, there would have been no need for an Apostolic Visitor to draw aside a bishop he had never met to assure him of due process in relation to another bishop when the stranger bishop had not even made an inquiry.
If Morris was sacked for what he wrote in his Advent letter about the possible ordination of women, married priests, and recognition of other orders, 'Rome willing', there would have been no need for Chaput to make his visit and his report. But then again if he was sacked for matters detailed in Chaput's report, we are left wondering why Chaput being apprised of the Advent letter and having completed his visit would have told the Diocesan Chancellor how extraordinarily surprising it would be if Morris were to be sacked.
The matter is a complete mess reflecting very poorly on a Church which prides itself on a code of canon law which provides for the protection of the rights of all Christ's faithful, including priests and bishops.
When Morris met with the curial cardinals in January 2008, they spoke specifically to only six of the issues listed in the unsigned, unsourced and inaccurate memorandum which had been presented to Morris by the nuncio in September 2007. The first issue listed was the vague assertion that 'Toowoomba is moving in a different direction than that of the Catholic Church'. The second issue was the Advent pastoral letter.
The third issue listed was the false statement: 'At least in the past eight years there have been no priestly ordinations in Toowoomba' and that priests in good health were retiring early and being replaced 'by deacons or laity'. There had been four priests ordained in the last eight years, and Toowoomba had no deacons.
The fourth issue was the third rite of reconciliation. The Cardinals said, 'With regard to 'general absolution', we are glad to hear of Bishop Morris's statement that 'general absolution is no longer common'.' Morris was able to assure them that he had given permission for general absolution only twice in the last three years, and for the most appropriate canonical reasons.
The fifth issue was his general failure to correct liturgical abuses. Morris assured them: 'Reports of aberrations have been addressed immediately, when referred to me.' The sixth issue was 'the general theological climate of the diocese, and especially of its priests, need(ing) to move towards a more authentic Catholic identity, as found in the Catechism'.
For the Pope to be totally free in the appointment, transfer and removal of bishops, he and his flock have to be assured that his curial officials exercise their power to recommend appointment, transfer or removal in a just and transparent manner. This did not occur in the case of Bishop Morris.
This article is excerpted from Fr Frank Brennan SJ's address 'Bringing the modern world into contact with the vivifying and perennial energies of the gospel (John XXIII's half century challenge)' at the Catalyst for Renewal Dinner, Hunters Hill, 23 March 2012. Full text is here.
Topic tags: Frank Brennan, Bishop Bill Morris, Toowoomba
Never mind about..."The matter is a complete mess reflecting very poorly on a Church which prides itself on a code of canon law which provides for the protection of the rights of all Christ's faithful, including priests and bishops."...but, rather the complete disavowal of the Lord's teachings. Fr Brennan's commentary would carry much greater weight had he included a direct challenge to the body of Australian bishops to now address this latest wound t0 the Body of Christ itself.
Brian Haill - Melbourne | 28 March 2012
The only course open to the Pope is to revoke his original decision which forced Bishop Morris to retire. Along with the revocation should come an apology from, and the seeking of forgiveness by, the Pontiff. There are three victims in all this mess (as frank Brenna calls it). Firstly the pope is a victim of bad advice from many quarters; the bishop is a victim of bad process and decision making; and thirdly, the whole Church is a victim, as once again its leaders have acted without transparency and accountability. "If you want Peace" sais Pope Paul VI, "then work for justice" The Church leadership has a long road to travel to reach those twin goals. Fortunately, for them, the Church leadership is not a Queensland political party, who last weekend failed the same test!
Garry Everett | 28 March 2012
As always, I am impressed by the way Frank Brennan puts his own church under scrutiny from a justice perspective. I would disagree with his view on same sex marriage which was included in the full version of his speech. The Australian Marriage Act was conceived in a religious era, has moved to try to combine both civil and religious ceremonies, and is on the way to becoming a fully secular creation. The churches are entangled in this mixture. It would be better for the civil aspects of marriage to be dispensed by civil authorities and then religious groups coud add their own ceremonies. However, while it is called "The Marriage Act" and is dispensed by both secular and religious agents, it is understandable that same sex couples will want to be treated equally.
Rev. Harry J. Herbert | 28 March 2012
Spot on, Frank! Bill Morris is "hung out to dry" for intelligent and thoughtful comments that address the obvious. I attended my daughter's school year commencement liturgy recently and Bill was the celebrant. His homily was inspirational. What a great leader! Like many other Australian Catholics, I'm tired of the nonsense & cronyism played out in Rome. Their actions defy logic and leave the faithful completely disillusioned! The appointment of Parramatta's Bishop is a classic example. I wonder how the parents of the Foster girls reacted to this appointment in 2010? The word is PATHETIC!!! Courageous men like Bill Morris and Paul Collins continue to provide hope BUT The People of God will continue to speak with their feet.
Andrew | 28 March 2012
This matter is never mentioned in Brisbane. We continue to sit through long winded attempts to link the Sunday readings to daily life. At best these connections are tenuous, at worst totally artificial and impractical. I wonder how many mass goers have ever heard an exposition of the Church's attitude to abortion. How many know anything about the social justice issues involved in thinking about immigration, homosexuality or the environment? Topical concerns such as these and the treatment of Father Bill Morris are never publicly aired in our chiurches and the archdiocesan control of our media ensures such matters are never fully treated there. In this part of the world Catholics are reliant on the world's worst tabloid, 'The Courier Mail," for any real Church news. Thank God for Eureka Street.
grebo | 28 March 2012
Dear Fr Frank, I was very sad when I watched what happened to Bishop Morris. I am glad that you are bringing it to peoples attention, i.e. the ongoing progress. His fellow priests and bishops need his support and you keeping the general public informed is very helpful and brave. You are a man who is truly willing to live out the message of the gospel. Go well.
Julia Trimboli | 28 March 2012
Who was it coined the phrase.."The mark of Catholic orthodoxy is persecution by the Church"? Bishop Morris joins an illustrious band of such martyrs
jim macken | 28 March 2012
Catholic commentary and press is beginning to present the themes of expectation and excitement hopefully glued to the forthcoming 'Year of Grace' initiated by the Australian bishops. What will it really mean for Aussie catholics. Again the Toowoomba matter, the wounded heart of the Australian church, will not go away and thanks to Fr.Brennan, among others, who with intelligence and quiet passion keep the truth of what has happened before our hearing and seeing. There is a festering sore of unrequited truth that will lay an agonizing claim on just about anything the Aussie bishops do for a long time to come -and grace will go quiet until truth can partner its redemptive ways.
Paul Goodland | 28 March 2012
Yet what precisely are the supposed new revelations here? That AB Chaput has asserted that he did indeed inform Bishop Morris of the content of his report? Which makes it a question of which of the two bishops do you believe, the impartial one with nothing to win or lose here, or the one with a vested interest?! Certainly a few desultory comments on the likelihood or otherwise of Rome acting or otherwise on a car trip do not constitute great new revelations! We do indeed need to move on - perhaps Rome has some learnings to take out of this process for next time, but continuing bang this drum does nothing to aid the salvation of the faithful, which is what reading the signs of the times should be about.
Kate Edwards | 28 March 2012
As a "practicing" Catholic who has looked on the hierarchy with some cynicism over the years Fr Brennan's articles further reinforces this view. The sacking of +Morris is even more confusing. Could there be other issues, more secular, that had motivated the sacking ? If so, natural justice demands that these accusations must be made public so that they can be answered. Until this action is taken the Social Justice statements made by the Catholic hierarchy, past and future, is hollow and meaningless.
nick agocs | 28 March 2012
Simply put, the pontiff has the ability to remove a bishop if he sees fit without reason or rhyme. However, this does not mean that this should be done. To my mind they should have gone through every single reason as to why he should have been removed long ago. As for Garry Everett's submission that the Pontiff should apologize, I agree wholeheartedly. He should apologize to all Catholics of Toowoomba for his failure to remove him earlier.
Francis | 28 March 2012
The problem with Toowoomba is that the people there are too passionate about their faith (the bishop, priests and the flock). If they were more apathetic and were just content to batten down the hatches and fade away into oblivion this wouldn't have happened. A passionate faith community is a living, dynamic organism and needs to grow and change. The response from the church hierarchy is they prefer the church to fade away.
AURELIUS | 28 March 2012
The Catholic Church insisted upon governance based on the rule of law. It is wretched to watch ite descent yet again into the depths of, if you have the power, use it.
Moira Rayner | 28 March 2012
Thanks for this report, Frank! I find it bizarre that some of the paranoid Catholic Church hierarchy objected to Bishop William Morris's opinion on women's ordination. I think their attitude can only be explained by an unwillingness to accept feminist philosophy and to treat women as equal with men.
Mark Doyle | 28 March 2012
Unfortunately,what most catholics see from the papacy and the bishops is very demoralising.It seems clear to me that any churchman ,except those in orders such as the Augustinians or the Jesuits who actually addresses a problem as Christ would have done is removed.I see a deep movement of conservatives who wish to return the Church to pre vatican II "values".All that will do is further damage the churchand a further generation ,us over60`s will be lost to the Catholic Church
paul Tocchini | 28 March 2012
I am an Anglican priest but studied in an ecumenical Bachelor of Theology in Adelaide, and took many courses at the Catholic Seminary there. I am currently undertaking a Masters at Notre Dame Fremantle. I have long admired catholic theology and spirituality, and my favorite theologians ar Boff, Tillich and Schillebeeckx. It saddens me to see the drift away from the courageous theology implied in vatican 2, back to a pre-Vatican 2 position. The Catholic Church is one of the most powerful agents for justice and human rights in the world, and its spiritual tradition is rich and challenging. However, its credibility and cutting edge in the world is becoming blunted, and its sacred voice muted, by a reactionary and conservative shift in theology snd practice. I hope and pray this does not continue for long...
Chris Beal | 28 March 2012
Thank you, Kate Edwards. You have hit the nail on the head as to where vested interest lay in this affair and , more so, in your exhortation to "move on". That vested interest, however, may well have been justified self defence in so much as Bishop Morris was a victim as also was the Church (in the context of the Body of Christ), the process of administration and indeed the Pope himself. All of these have become victims as the result of an agenda which is not isolated to the Toowoomba parish and its pastor. You refer to this, Fr Brennan, when you indicate that complaints to the Vatican regarding Bishop Morris' administration required response from the bishop and were acted upon.These complaints you record as "Reports of abberations...the general theological climate of the diocese, and especially of its priests, needing to move towards a more authentic Catholic identity, as found in the Catechism." Those responsible for these complaints and reports to the Vatican are the evil doers in this matter, the creators of the victims, judged by them as unworthy, presumably because they themselves have been charged by God as His sole custodians of His Church and teachings. What needs to be said in this matter is that those responsible for this attempt to rid their church of heresy are restorationists', extreme conservatives embodied in sects such as Opus Dei and the Legionaires of Christ whose agenda is to take the Church back to pre-Vatican II days with all the fear and self-flagellation that their extremes survive on.This conservatism is a great danger to the Church in today's world. The great paradox, of course, is that so many of these people are indeed very good people, devoted to Christ, but sadly living in fear and suffering from their scruples. They cannot trust in God without strict guidelines which define the pathway to eternal salvation. They do not live in love with their God but in fear of Him. Might I add a word for the Rev Harry J Herbert. Dear Rev Herbert, In man and woman God has created the means of accomplishing His creation of human life. This means of His creation of life is perhaps the greatest of all His creation because through this means His Image propagates on this planet. God, through Crist, assumed a human element to go with his immortal spirit. In creating man He added a spiritual element, two creatures in one, human and immortal, god-like, in God's image. This is sacred, therefore; it is special: it requires God's creation of different sexes; it is why you cannot support men marrying men or women marrying women as a Christian pastor. It does not mean, however, that you should not recognise that if some maldirected same-sex poor human beings choose to live together in a purely sexual relationship that a civil recognition of eg, property rights might be appropriate. But please, do not suggest that there is anything Christian about that- it is a purely Godless civil arrangement.
john frawley | 28 March 2012
In last week's Spectatator Richard Holloway tells of talking with then Scottish Cardinal, Tom Winning, who said if Pope told him to ordain women he would. As Holloway- at that time Primus of Episcopal Church of Scotland- says "So for them obedience to authority is the greatest good". Is this where Morris failed?
Brian Poidevin | 28 March 2012
JOHN FRAWLEY: Why did God create these Godless 'maldirected same-sex poor human beings". You speak of the great paradox of the fact that extreme conservatives are also good people - but you have ignored the paradox (actually it's simply a fact) that homosexual people can also be ultra conservative, progressive, religious, atheist, celibate or not called to celibacy. We are all called to be chaste and faithful, and this plays itself out differently for each human being.
Frank, I have long since lost respect for institutional church. It does not seem to me just a matter of 'curial officials', unless you mean by the term the cardinals and bishops who make up the curia. It is rather, and has been, since the dreadful persecution of scripture scholars in the early 20th century, and the ruthless pursuit of liberation theologions and other open minded thinkers by John Paul 2's right hand man, now pope, that it is an institution rotten at the top. Whether rotten through deliberate wrongheadedness or through ignorance, carelessness and incompetence, it doesn't seem to me to matter. Admittedly there are some wonderful men who are bishops and a lot of very fine priests, but the power structures above them are manipulated to their disadvantage (witness also the case of Bishop Geoffrey Robinson) by men whose motives it is hard to see as informed by Christian, or even decent human values.
Joe Castley | 28 March 2012
Bishop William Morris - a truly courageously Gospel driven, Christ-centric priest, crucified by those who saw in him what they should be, but are not capable of being and hated him for it. Woe to you scribes and hypocrites, you nest of vipers, white-washed tombs full of dead mens' bones. I will always be grateful to Bill, who personally listened to my complaints, all the way from the Victorian Diocese of Sandhurst, and ensured as much earthly justice as possible was extracted for me from a viciously misogynist and self-interested institution once my complaints were validated and vindicated. He has now fallen victim to that same monstrosity, and we should never forget this.
Michelle Goldsmith | 28 March 2012
Thanks, Frank, for continuing to do what religious are called to do, namely to exercise a prophetic voice, fearlessly challenging unjust structures and practices within the Church as well as in the wider community. You are uniquely equipped to do this with precision and clarity. In this Year of Grace, I pray that this challenge will be heard with great humility and appropriate action. Veronica
Veronica Lawson | 28 March 2012
I'm with Brian Haill. Rome's actions are a "complete disavowal of the Lord's teachings".
Stephen | 28 March 2012
Dear Aurelius, Not quite sure what you mean. My point has nothing to do with God creating 'maldirected same-sex poor human beings" (I did not refer to them as 'GODLESS"- your word, not mine. I happen to believe God loves all whom he has created. I note that He also created serial killers,rapists and every other human miscreant in the world. Even conservative silly old beggars like me! Don't quite get your link between religious conservatives and conservative homosexuals. A long bow, Aurelius., My latter point in the comment above relates to the Christian sanctity of the creation of life and the role marriage plays in that creation. That is a Christian view, I think, and is not a criticism of homosexuality as such. I could dish up a corker of a criticism of the latter if I tried hard enough but it would not be published, and if it were , I could be in serious danger. Probably already am!!! Happy days, Aurelius.
Thanks for speaking out for us, the voiceless, yet again. It is heartbreaking to be an Aussie Catholic right now. How can we rally the enthusiasm for the Year of Grace whe the "Church leadership" had disgraced itself in our midst? Sad stuff.
Marg | 28 March 2012
Frank, thank you for your article. It is refreshing, challenging and troubling; all at the same time. It reflects my serious concerns with the governance of the Catholic Church at this time just before Easter 2012 and almost the first anniversary of that that terrible Sunday morning at St Patrick's Cathedral in Toowoomba when Bishop Morris' letter was read out to the incredulous attendees at Mass that morning.
Almost one year latter the inglorious mess created by a mean and unjust Curia continues to fester into an almost incurable, ulcerated sore on the body of the Australian and dare I say it, the Universal Church. Some say; "get over it and move on" however most Catholics in the Toowoomba Diocese are just not willing to do that. Primarily to do that would be to disregard the teachings of Jesus that is the very essence why we are Christians of the Catholic faith. We strive to love our enemies, to seek out and cure injustices where and when they occur and to respect all life even the lowest of the low. Jesus had the easy option of "moving on" and not being nailed to the cross. Fortunately for us he did not "move on".
As a lawyer who has practiced in the litigation arena for 40 years, God's law as interpreted and used by the curia has been highlighted to all observers as being unjust, unfair and puerile as compared to the civil law in force in all civilized countries. The lack of process shown to Bishop Morris by the curia is so seriously deficient that I have difficulties in coming up with comparisons. One would have to go back to the communist regimes to come up with such instutitonalised injustices.
What acerbates the procedural unfairness is the ongoing silence by the Australian Bishops, the Roman Curia, the Apostolic Nuncio and the Apostolic Visitor, Archbishop Chaput. Did he really seek out Bishop Holohan and disclose that he had discussed his report with Bishop Morris? Yet he will not discuss the matter with Bishop Morris!
Surely there is an Australian Catholic Bishop who has the Christian fortitude and sincerity to call for a serious and public inquiry as to what has happened to Bishop Morris so that the serious damage to the Catholic Churches governance procedures can be corrected and not become the focus of such public international derision.
Patrick Nunan | 28 March 2012
Next week we recall the results of vicious enemies of Jesus that culminated in the events of Good Friday. No one expected a resurrection three days later. Seems as if no one is expecting a possible about face leading to the vindication of Bp Morris. The scene is set!
Ern Azzopardi | 28 March 2012
Given my comment to Peter L's "Lifting lay leaders "was submitted prior to Publishing of Father Frank's update on Bishop Bill saga ,would it be arrogant of me to suggest you paste it as a comment to Frank's latest wisdom ?.For it re-enforces why we cannot "move on"
john kersh | 28 March 2012
Finally hope breaks through the gloom of injustice, the epitome of anti-gospel modus operandi. Thanks be to God for Fr Frank and for all the fearless voices in the Comments to date. Like Jesus, who knew when to be silent, when to speak and when to confront injustice, you too with the same Spirit name and confront evil. Your courage is as healing oil on deep wounds within the Body of Christ. Thank you!......don't give up!!!
Sr Diana Law | 28 March 2012
Good on you, Frank! A calm and forensic examination of the case to date, as the best of detectives and lawyers are called to investigate and prosecute in the service of justice. As we enter the high point of the Christian calendar, the question has therefore to be asked: how can the Faithful possibly participate in the sacred ceremonies that commemorate Christ being put to death if the Bishops don't respond to these new revelations? Without an immediate response from them, and harsh though it may sound, we would be entitled to deduce that Caiphas and Pilate were running the Church, and Dostoevky's Grand Inquisitor still in charge.
Michael Furtado | 29 March 2012
Frank puts the case with impeccable logic and most of the rest of you agree with him, but beyond wringing your hands and saying how terrible and unjust it is, you do absolutely nothing. Your protests are all hype and have no substance. So why on earth do you expect, even hope, that something will change?
Ginger Meggs | 29 March 2012
JOHN FRAWLEY, this is a discussion about the case of the beloved Bishop Morris, not a chance to throw a cheap punch at minority social groups.
Quite coincidentally, I have just read for the first time Peter Hebblethwaite's 1975 book "The Runnaway Church" and am in the throws of churning through his very informative work "In the Vatican" published a decade later in the early years of John Paul II. I could be reading about the Church of today.
The Bishop Bill Morris story is a sad chapter in the life of our Church as was also the treatment of Bishop Geoffrey Robinson a few years earlier.
John A | 29 March 2012
I totally agree with you Brian. There wasn't any mention made of Bathersby's disaproval of Bishop Morris setting a precedent in taking responsability for the abuse in one of his parish primary schools, with how many young victims and how many rapes?
L Newington | 29 March 2012
Thank you, Frank, for bringing to our attention the unsolicited conversation between Chaput and the Bishop of Bunbury. Methinks Chaput protests too much.
Peter Kenny | 29 March 2012
Kate Edwards, I think it was Walter Brueggemanns who said that the first task of prophecy is to cry out against injustice. I think continuing to 'bang this drum' is necessary to renew and reconcile our Church, which is certainly a task directed towards the salvation of the world. Thanks, Frank - and I'm like Ginger Meggs, I'd like to know what action we can take to keep this issue alive and force it to be addressed.We can't just stop at describing the problem, we must do something!
Joan Seymour | 29 March 2012
There are many situations in our church today that make me struggle to see anything remotely Christlike or Gospel oriented in the manner in which injustice seems to be metered out to people who are real role models of the Gospel message. Two of these people are Bishop Bill Morris and Bishop Geoffrey Robinson, I am no longer impressed with the power welding individuals who run rough shod over others with no regard for the truth or transparency. I no longer feel comfortable with the internal workings of our Church. Thank God for people like Fr. Frank Brennan who tries to speak the Truth with love. Margaret Coffey
margaret.coffey | 29 March 2012
Joan Seymour asks what can we do? One way would be to vote with your feet, as some have already done, but what does that achieve? And why should you be forced to leave the church or deny yourselves access to the sacraments? One of the most effective ways in which the powerless can make their point is through non-cooperation. It is difficult to demonstrate non-cooperation with the Vatican, and non-cooperation with your local priest is self-defeating, but non-cooperation with the Bishops is another thing. They are the people who should be standing up the Vatican but they decline to do so. Imagine what would happen if every time a bishop appeared, the laity got up and walked out.
Truly, there was nothing just or transparent about the removal of Bishop Morris. A great pity as he was one of the very few just and transparent bishops we had left in the church worldwide. If you believe in Morris' integrity then you know that Bishop Chaput is neither just nor transparent because he lied to Bishop Hart when he told him he had discussed the contents of his report with Morris. And, I suspect, that in his role as visitator, he was far from transparent when he told Fr. Sparksman that he would be 'astounded' if Toowoomba was to lose Morris. Isn't Rome going to base its decision on Chaput's report? Or was the decision to remove Morris made before Chaput ever landed on Australian soil? In which case there is nothing transparent about the entire visitation process. Keep your eye on Philadelphia, this problem is not going to go away soon and certainly not there.
PS Should the Pope be totally or singly free to appoint and remove bishops? Isn't this a recent appropriation of local authority, originating in the imperial mind of Eugenio Pacelli with the promulgation of the Code of Canon Law in 1917(Pius XII)?
Gail Grossman Freyne | 31 March 2012
Transparency begins at home. So let's start with Bishop Morris himself.
In his 2006 Letter, he wrote:
"... we may well need to be much more open towards other options for ensuring that Eucharist may
be celebrated. As has been discussed internationally, nationally and locally the ideas of:
ordaining women, married or single; recognising Anglican, Lutheran and Uniting Church Orders."
Supporters of women's ordination in Australia and beyond hail Bishop Morris as a hero and martyr. But Bishop Morris is now adamant that, despite using language about being "much more open towards other options" he was NOT endorsing women's ordination in his letter to his flock. To claim he was is to "misrepresent" what he wrote, he says.
So, apparently, the supporters of women's ordination and the "Temple Police" are united in misreading and hence misrepresenting him. He's hit out bluntly at the "Temple Police" on this account. Curiously, he's not moved to clarify his position with the much larger body on the left of supporters, who still labour under the (apparent) illusion that he is open to women priests. On the contrary, he's encouraged them further with remarks about "creeping infallibility". Gambolling with the hares, he berates the hounds for hunting him as one.
Will the real Bishop Morris strike a blow for transparency, and reveal himself?
HH | 02 April 2012
In a 2003 case in the High Court of Australia, Justice Callinan observed: "The law of natural justice has evolved without the need for recourse to any fiction of 'legitimate expectation'. As de Smith, Woolf & Jowell point out (Judicial Review of Administrative Action, 5th ed (1995) at 378-379) a duty to accord natural justice by giving a right to be heard has long been the law of many civilised societies: 'That no man is to be judged unheard was a precept known to the Greeks, inscribed in ancient times upon images in places where justice was administered, proclaimed in Seneca's Medea, enshrined in the scriptures, mentioned by St Augustine, embodied in Germanic as well as African proverbs, ascribed in the Year Books to the law of nature, asserted by Coke to be a principle of divine justice, and traced by an eighteenth-century judge to the events in the Garden of Eden.'" (Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1 at pp. 45-6. There was a time when the Church led the way. If we fall too far behind, we do ourselves a great disservice.
Frank Brennan SJ | 02 April 2012
Seriously... has the church heirachy completely lost the plot? The age old human delima of having to be right has cost us a much needed pastor in Bishop Morris... as someone who teaches young people it all seems like such a joke. Many young people, despite never setting foot in a church these days, are ofen wiser than the so called right-wing "temple police" and other "vipers" running the show with their legalistic hypocritical power struggles. Give us a break... honestly...
Valery | 03 April 2012
HH are you trying to suggest that because you believe that the Bishop has not been fully open, that he is therefore to be denied natural justice? As Frank says, 'there was a time when the Church led the way'. The Church is an advocate for natural justice in secular matters; why not in ecclesiastical matters?
Ginger Meggs | 03 April 2012
Fr Brennan ought go slow on ancient Athenian legal justice: "A slave's testimony was only admissible if it was made under physical torture."
Father John Michael George | 03 April 2012
So what is your point JMG? Are you an advocate of 'natural justice', or not, or only when it doesn't involve the Vatican?
Thanks, GM. I think it's a bit rich for people on this blog to be complaining about the lack of transparency in relation to Bishop Morris when, it seems to me, he's been lacking in it himself. He's since described his wording in the Advent letter as "clumsy". Well, how would he have worded the Letter in an "unclumsy" way? If he's genuinely concerned - as he ought to be - that they might be victims of a gross "misrepresentation" of his letter's content, why did he not clarify his real position to his flock, not even in his letter of resignation?
On the issue of natural justice: I believe in it. But given that Bishop Morris twice refused the urgent demand to come to Rome to discuss matters in February 2007 as made by Cardinal Arinze, it's also far from a true account of events to say he was denied - simpliciter - a right to be heard. Happy Easter.
An interview arising from my Catalyst address is now available at: http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/religionandethicsreport/extended-interview-frank-brennan-sj/3933116
Frank Brennan | 05 April 2012
Natural justice, HH, is more than 'a right to be heard'. It's also a right to confront one's accusers.
I found this site and the editorial accidentally... I was a devout Catholic mum /wife/professional whose faith gave her great peace and joy / Events in the church both locally and afar created huge dissatisfaction and unrest for not only myself but more importantly my children. I have raised five children to be assured of their Holy Father in Heaven's love for them and to share that love with the world by being tolerant and respectful of others who are not the same as themselves . I did that job too well as I have 5 intelligent children who cannot accept /tolerate the behaviour in the church and are not prepared to listen to grown men whose strength is not found in the Lord but in an outdated / flawed organization no better than the mafia in Naples . Three cheers for Bishop Morris/ three cheers for the author .
Heather Pickmere | 06 April 2012
Ginge I'm just opposed to witness torture are you and Fr Brennan?
Bishop Morris's dismissal is a shameful affair that discredits the Catholic Church. Thank God brave Australians, like Fr Frank Brennan SJ, a 'Living Australian Treasure' have spoken out against Vatican high handedness.
Patricia Kane | 08 April 2012
Flesh and blood (our desires) shall not inherit the Kingdom of God and the just shall live by Faith. To each his own.
myra | 09 April 2012
It is now a year since Bishop William Morris was dismissed from Toowoomba. The people are still waiting for a new bishop; and we are all still waiting for a public credible explanation of the reasons for his dismissal. I am presently in London staying with Fr Jack Mahoney SJ, a former principal of Heythrop College and author of the highly acclaimed "The Making of Moral Theology: A Study of the Roman Catholic Theology". He has just published a new book "Christianity in Evolution" in which he says things like: "Dispensing with the idea that Christian priesthood involves ordaining a man to act 'in the person of Christ' by offering his atoning sacrifice to God removes whatever ground there was for restricting ordination to the priesthood to men and for excluding women." One of the most respected pastoral theologians in the English Church is Professor Nicholas Lash from Cambridge. He writes in this week's Tablet: "When, for example, Pope John Paul II announced that the Church had no authority to ordain women to the presbyterate, and that the matter was not to be further discussed, two questions immediately came to mind: first, how does he know? (that is to say: what were the warrants, historical and doctrinal, for his assertion?); secondly, what theological note should be attached to his assertion? In view of the fact that, so far as I know, the question has never, in the Church's history, come up for serious and close consideration, that note cannot be very high up the scale. From which it follows that his further instruction that we must not discuss it lacks good grounds." All Bishop Morris said in his pastoral letter of 2006 was that people overseas were talking about this sort of thing. They were, they are, and they will be. So why the need to sack not the theological agitators but the occasional pastoral bishop who merely points out that these things are being discussed? Having been travelling overseas for a couple of weeks, I can assure you they are being discussed by people who love the Church and care passionately for its future.
Frank Brennan SJ | 03 May 2012
The appointment of a new bishop for Toowoomba was announced on 14 May 2012.
Father Brennan's post enquires re the theological note to be attached to Blessed John Pauls Apostolic Letter 'ordinatio Sacerdotalis? Such a 'dubium' had a 'responsum' from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in October 1995: "Dubium: Whether the teaching that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women, which is presented in the Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis to be held definitively, is to be understood as belonging to the deposit of faith. Responsum: Affirmative. This teaching requires definitive assent, since, founded on the written Word of God, and from the beginning constantly preserved and applied in the Tradition of the Church, it has been set forth infallibly by the ordinary and universal Magisterium (cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium 25, 2). Thus, in the present circumstances, the Roman Pontiff, exercising his proper office of confirming the brethren (cf. Lk 22:32), has handed on this same teaching by a formal declaration, explicitly stating what is to be held always, everywhere, and by all, as belonging to the deposit of the faith."
Father John Michael George | 22 May 2012
Be assured the CDF would have fine combed +elect's DNA for orthodox pedigree and 'dissent'ry immunoglobulin antibodies. No more' cowboy shoot outs'-dead bodies everywhere!!
Since around 1987, NSW teachers have had mandatory reporting. This means it is an offence if you do not report suspected instances of child abuse. The case in Toowoomba is much worse. Surely the three who did not report the very serious allegations of child abuse, have broken the Queensland law regarding mandatory reporting. The law demands more than dismissal. It is a very difficult issue, but the Queensland law also has a provision for being aware of or suspecting child abuse. To then have the Catholic Education in Queensland re employ the sacked Principal who did not report, seems to be not what the law intended. That this criminal behaviour was still going on and being covered up in 2008, shows we need the Royal Commission to re investigate this very tragic issue. http://healthcareadmin.org/
Natasha Stephen | 21 January 2015
Easter manifesto
The Easter motif of suffering and resurrection comes alive in movements of social change, when people who have been treated as nothing proclaim by their collective dreaming we are everything. For those who hunger for justice it is a sin to be disorganised, when the misery we confront is well organised.
Easter in detention
Over many years I have celebrated Christmas and Easter in places where people are locked up — in refugee camps, prisons and detention centres. To be in these places at such times is hard. It is also a privilege.