As we enter the penitential season of Lent, there can be but one subject of reflection this month: the crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ upon the Cross to forgive our sins and his Resurrection on the third day with its offer of eternal life in Heaven for all human beings. Prayer, fasting and almsgiving are the signature actions of the season. As to prayer, Catholics traditionally have meditated upon the fourteen Stations of the Cross during Lent, particularly on Fridays. Although many versions of the Stations of the Cross have been published, the gold standard, of course, is the one used at Lenten Friday evening services at St. Sebastian Parish. Members of the Knights of Columbus are certainly encouraged to attend those services.
Nonetheless, the Stations of the Cross remain a private devotion and a practicing Catholic is free to pray them in his or her own words. Although virtually all attempts at doing so by lay people will fall far short of the standard version, there is no reason not to try. And, in making the attempt, a lay person is forced outside the comfort zone of rote prayer and into the less familiar realm of personal meditation whose subject is God.
In that spirit, I composed a set of reflections on the fourteen Stations of the Cross, which are set forth below. Although this set of reflections is, no doubt, amateurish compared with versions written by those with professional theological training, feel free to examine them this Lent if you are so inclined.
We adore you, Christ, and we praise you because by your holy cross, you have redeemed the world.
In appearance, Jesus was condemned to death by Pilate, a corrupt government bureaucrat who ordered the crucifixion of a man he knew to be innocent, because it was a politically expedient means of quieting a mob which threatened to spread word that Pilate was tolerating Caesar's rival within Roman jurisdiction.
Pilate, however, does not warrant the full weight of the condemnation which history, in turn, has assigned to him. It is true that Pilate's order to crucify Jesus was the most unjust death sentence ever imposed. But to blame Pilate alone for this gross miscarriage of justice inflates his stature and denigrates our own responsibility.
For if each man and woman born into the world had not freely chosen to disgrace the gift of human life by sin, then God the Father would not have faced the terrible decision, out of love, to send his only Son into the world to save it through a sacrificial death. Ultimately, the reason that Jesus stood before Pilate is because I have sinned, you have sinned and every human being except for Jesus' own Mother has sinned. Pilate, who otherwise would have had no occasion to encounter Jesus, was merely our surrogate in condemning Jesus to death.
We adore you, Christ, and we praise you, because by your holy cross, you have redeemed the world.
The infinite injustice of the perfectly innocent Son of God being sentenced to death is exceeded only by his infinite love in accepting the burden of our sins in the form of the cross. As disciples of Jesus in an imperfect world, we are called to accept our own crosses in life. When we are tempted to complain that we do not deserve the problems which we confront, we should recall that the Son of God deserved far less to be saddled with the consequences of the sins of all humanity. We must realize that part of loving is to bear another's burden, even when we have done nothing to cause the difficulty. By definition, the burden of the cross is unfairly visited upon its recipient. May we embrace the burden nonetheless.
When Jesus fell the first time on the path to Calvary, it was caused by other's sins in the form of a weighty cross. When we fall, by contrast, it is usually the result of our own faults, not someone else's. For Jesus, the road to Calvary was also the path to his Father. Jesus' first fall only momentarily delayed him from reaching the crucifixion site, dying for our sins, rising from the dead on Easter Sunday and returning to the Father on Ascension Thursday. We humans, on the other hand, face a lifetime of daily falls because of sin. Our progress towards the Father is constantly interrupted or even halted when we surrender to our faults. Jesus' first fall should remind us to strive to reduce, to the greatest degree humanly possible, the occasions of sin. And, when we do sin, may we arise and persist on the path to the Father.
We adore you, Christ, and we praise you because by your holy cross you have redeemed the world.
Jesus once told his disciples that they must be willing to abandon father, mother, brother, sister, and family, if necessary to do the will of God. On the path to Calvary, Jesus was required to practice what he preached.
Meeting his Mother while walking to his own execution must have been unbearable. Although Jesus had the power to cast off the cross in order to relieve his Mother's anguish, he did not. Instead, he left her behind and continued carrying the cross towards death. Jesus' meeting with his Mother demonstrates the price which discipleship may exact. While we pray that obedience to God's call will not result in abandonment of family and friends, we are reminded that, in extraordinary cases, our commitment to Christ may require it.
Simon the Cyrenian no doubt considered himself unlucky. One moment, he was minding his own business, returning from work in the fields as he had done countless times before. The next moment, Roman soldiers ordered him to participate in history's most infamous crucifixion, making him assist Jesus carry the cross.
Since Simon was compelled to help Jesus, upon pain of severe punishment for disobedience, he can be accused neither of complicity with Roman authorities nor with compassion for an exhausted, condemned man. Of all the figures in the Passion narrative, Simon the Cyrenian evokes the least feeling because he was not acting as a moral agent. Being compelled, he merits neither praise nor scorn. He could just as well have been left unidentified.
We have no such excuse. Our God invites but does not compel us to assist our brothers and sisters in need. We may do so joyfully, may do so from a sense of duty or may elect not to help at all. Unlike Simon the Cyrenian, however, we are responsible for our actions because we have a choice. Whether we do the right thing gladly or only reluctantly, we should, above all, do the right thing.
We know as little about Veronica as we do about Simon the Cyrenian. Her encounter with Jesus on the path to Calvary is the only record we have of her. Whether she meaningfully contributed to the development of the early Church is unknown. Yet she is revered while Simon the Cyrenian is generally regarded with indifference. Why?
Perhaps it is because Veronica voluntarily took the initiative, if even in a small way, to relieve the discomfort of a man in severe pain. Shortly before entering Jerusalem, Jesus told the disciples to feed the hungry, clothe the naked, comfort the ill, welcome the stranger and visit the imprisoned. Taking action to ameliorate human suffering is an essential element of what it means to be a disciple. Veronica did not form a committee, delegate to someone else or seek permission from higher authority before acting. She saw a human need and took a concrete step to address it. Veronica, apparently an ordinary woman, responded to the Gospel message. Her simple but good example explains why she is remembered.
When Jesus entered Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, he appeared to be at the height of personal popularity. Had he lived in the 21st century, Jesus would have been an international media star.
Jesus' second fall may be thought to reflect his rapid fall from popular esteem. In the end, Jesus' message offended powerful people, who used their influence and authority to destroy him. Having rejected Satan's temptation in the desert to rule the world, Jesus chose to do his Father's will and accepted his fall from worldly favor.
How often do we selfishly seek worldly position, recognition or approval at the expense of doing what is right? How often do we fail to live Gospel values from fear of secular disapproval, scorn or ridicule? As we reflect upon Jesus' second fall, we should resolve in our daily lives to accept our own small falls from public grace where necessary fully to respond to God's call.
Jesus told the women of Jerusalem to "weep not for me, but for your children." This remark clearly runs deeper than the surface meaning of not wasting time and effort lamenting the condition of a man who would be dead within three hours anyway. Jesus was addressing the vocation of parenthood.
What does it mean to "weep for our children?" Crying is an intense emotional experience. We generally do not cry for persons to whom we are not closely committed. There is the root of the matter: commitment to our children.
In the 21st century, children often are unwanted (spawning abortion and child abuse) or are wanted for the wrong reason (to fulfill the desires of the parents). As Christians, we must be committed to our children for their sakes. Although self-fulfillment hopefully will be a by-product of the commitment to our children, it should not be the motive for loving them and raising them in the faith. By its nature, love seeks what is best for the other person. May parents, first and foremost, always seek what is best for their children and not worry about whether that choice will best serve their own needs.
When Jesus fell the third time, it was from sheer physical exhaustion. He had en beaten unmercifully by the Roman soldiers and then forced to carry a heavy cross. The physical abuse took its toll.
As disciples of Jesus, we have an obligation of stewardship towards our bodies. Proper nutrition, adequate rest and recreation, avoidance of vice substances such as illegal narcotics, tobacco and excessive alcohol, as well as regular exercise all contribute to proper stewardship of our bodies. As we reflect upon Jesus' third fall, we should resolve not to abuse our bodies, but to protect and use our bodies appropriately until the day when God reclaims them at death.
When Jesus died, he was bereft of any material item. Even his clothes were removed and sold. In 21st century America, however, we often forget that, in this respect, we are very much like Jesus. Western culture preaches the acquisition of material goods. Bigger homes, luxury cars, and the finest in food, clothes and entertainment are the order of our day. Yet, when we die, we will exit the world just as we entered it: with nothing.
Acquisition of material goods, therefore, cannot provide meaning to human life. If our lives are to have any meaning whatsoever, we must focus on eternity, and on the traits of character that will assist in obtaining happiness there. Scripture says that only faith, hope and love endure. Please do not surrender to the temptation to add material goods to that list.
In Jesus' time, the Romans used ropes and nails to affix a victim to a cross. Although crucifixion is distinctly out of style (and would be unconstitutional in 21st century America), modern man has used the hangman's noose, the guillotine, the firing squad, the electric chair, the gas chamber and, most recently, the antiseptic and perversely medicinal means of lethal injection. Killing becomes easier and, in outward appearance, less grisly every day.
Christ's crucifixion is particularly horrific because he had the virtue of being completely innocent. No appeal to any theory of retributive, deterrent or incapacitative justice can possibly warrant the result in Jesus' case. And so we tend to distinguish the crucifixion of Jesus from the execution of heinous killers who are guilty.
But the crucifixion of Jesus and the execution of convicted criminals are identical in one fundamental respect, even setting aside weighty objections of possible judicial error and racial or socioeconomic discrimination. Whether the executed person be Jesus or a common criminal, the State has chosen to extinguish the God-given gift of human life. By what right does the State presume to possess such authority? However much the murderer has marred his soul and inexcusably deprived another person of God's gift of life, the State is not God. The Gospel teaches not to respond to violence with yet more violence, unless to kill is absolutely necessary in self-defense or in defense of another to preserve innocent human life. As Pope John Paul II has argued, in light of advances in prison technology, there is virtually no killer who cannot be imprisoned without further threat to society. Capital punishment is illicit because it fails the necessity test: we may kill only when doing so is strictly necessary.
In the end, the death penalty is not about who the murderer is. It is about who we are. Will we surrender to the urge for retribution or will we kill only when strictly necessary? Will we respect God's gift of human life or will we not?
St. Paul wrote that it is hard enough to give one's life for a just person; though for a good person, one might summon the courage to die. God, on the other hand, showed his love because he sent his Son to die for sinners; indeed, Christ died for us, who continue to sin despite full knowledge of the price that Jesus paid on our behalf 2000 years ago. The boundlessness of God's love is demonstrated by Jesus' willingness to die for a people that he knew would ignore or remain untransformed by his sacrifice. Despite that knowledge, God chose never to reject us and to invite us to reform our lives.
Our duty as Christians is to respond to the unmerited gifts of life and salvation that God has given us. If a person luckily possessed a winning $20 million lottery ticket, surely that person would redeem it. By virtue of Christ's death and resurrection, every human being possesses a far more valuable gift: a chance for eternal life. Unlike the lottery ticket, moreover, the chances of obtaining heaven are certain if we commit our lives to and trust in God. We should not waste the gift that Jesus won for us with his blood. The grim reality of Jesus' death should penetrate our hearts and minds, spurring us to reform our lives.
We adore you, Christ, and we praise you for by your holy cross you have redeemed the world.
Since Jesus was a pariah to the religious leadership and executed by the Romans, the easiest thing for Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the Sanhedrin, to do was to disavow his secret discipleship of Jesus. With Peter having denied Jesus three times and most of the other Apostles having fled into hiding, Joseph could comfortably have disassociated himself from Jesus' followers and returned to traditional participation in Jewish religious life.
But Joseph did not. Incomprehensibly, Joseph chose the day of Jesus' death, when Jesus' disciples were most vulnerable, to publicly announce his association with Jesus by approaching Pilate with a request for the body. Joseph and Nicodemus then prepared Jesus' body for burial.
expedience, from commitment, rather than self-advantage. Anyone can act consistently with principle when it is in their self-interest. It takes conviction and courage to act from principle where there is risk. Joseph of Arimathea decided to take the risk.
Much has been written of late about the "historical" Jesus. In four historical facts, however, even the atheists believe: Jesus lived, was crucified, died and was buried in a tomb. What followed, the Resurrection, is based upon the witness of the Apostles and early disciples and upon faith. That point is where believers and unbelievers part company.
The tomb in which Jesus was buried presents every person with a stark choice. In unbelief, we may conclude that life ends at the grave. Or we may believe that Jesus defeated death by rising on Easter Sunday and promised us the same.
Why, in a few short words, should we cast our lot with the believers? We should be loath to conclude that life is meaningless. If life ends at the grave, then we should always pursue self-interest and self-gratification. If life on earth is all that exists, then virtues such as selflessness, sacrifice, commitment, justice, mercy, charity and love are futile, a complete waste of time and effort. We should serve ourselves while we can. The suffering and the poor will be just as eternally dead whether we help them or not.
But do we not notice that life is better and more peaceful when we love? Is it not true that we are happiest when we love? One of the laws of physics and chemistry, that the sum total of matter in the universe is a constant and that matter cannot naturally be created or destroyed, proves that there is a supernatural Creator. The sum total of matter in the universe had to have some origin, as St. Thomas Aquinas taught. And that Creator has imbued all humans with an unmistakable trait: we are happiest and are our truest selves when we love. We have an ingrained attraction to altruism, in direct contradiction to the principle of natural selection. Would a non-loving or evil creator choose to instill that characteristic in every human heart? Would not an evil creator desire our misery at every moment? No, it is far more probable, indeed a certitude, that only a loving God would create a people who, however flawed, have instilled in them the primordial instinct to love.
Would it be the will of a God who loves and who desires an intimate love relationship with each person to have that love relationship extinguished forever at the moment of natural death? To allow death to destroy and triumph over love? No. Such a God would ensure that despite human death, the love relationship would continue. That is exactly what God has done through his Son. In English, we have chosen to name it Heaven.
Geoffrey Chaucer, (ca. 1386, rendered in original middle English).
As Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Tales of Canterbury in the late 14th Century, he unwittingly chronicled an era that was about to vanish. The Tales are firmly set in Medieval England, as pilgrims travelled from London to Canterbury to visit the tomb of Archbishop St. Thomas Becket, who had been murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170 A.D. after King Henry II had uttered the immortal words, "will no one rid me of this meddlesome priest?" The Tales are told by familiar Medieval figures, from the Knight, to the Prioress, to the Franklin, to the Maunciple, to the Pardoner. The occupations of many of the Tale's story-tellers have receded into history, including the Knight himself, who Chaucer gave the honor of telling the first tale and whose values survive in our fraternal organization, the Knights of Columbus.
When Chaucer wrote, Europe was in upheaval, both politically and religiously. Feudalism, the political organization of the Middle Ages, was crumbling, soon to be replaced by the modern nation state. The papal bull of 1302, Unam Sanctum, in which Pope Boniface VIII made the most extreme claim in Christian history for Church control over secular government, was a dead letter upon its issuance. For Philip the Fair, dedicated to creating a cohesive nation we now know as France, kidnaped Pope Boniface VIII shortly thereafter, forcing a 73-year sojourn of the Papacy from Rome to Avignon. During the Avignon Papacy, the Bubonic Plague struck from 1348-52, killing 25 million people in Europe. After the Papacy returned to Rome in 1378, the disastrous four-decade Great Western Schism soon occurred in which, at one point, three different men simultaneously claimed to be Pope and which was not resolved until the election of Pope Martin V during the Council of Constance in 1417, well after Chaucer's death. Abuses in the Church abounded and the Protestant Reformation was but a century away. In short, when Chaucer wrote the Tales, Europe was experiencing its greatest instability since the invasion of the Vikings and Magyars had initiated the Dark Ages in the late 9th Century. Upheaval, instability and uncertainty: the late 14th Century during which Chaucer nostalgically wrote sounds much like early 21st Century western society, does it not?
Yet, the Tales also include a figure of utmost stability, seriousness and studiousness: the Clerk. In modern parlance, the Clerk would be a teacher or a professor. Note the characteristics which Chaucer attributes to the Clerk. Although the Host of the Tales, before allowing the Clerk to tell his story, warns him to say something interesting and not laboriously academic, the Prologue describes the Clerk as one who speaks seriously, with no wasted words. The Clerk's words carry the ring of moral virtue. And, in the most commonly quoted words about the Clerk: "gladly would he learn and gladly teach." Chaucer's Clerk, now called a teacher, was committed both to acquiring and transmitting knowledge, leavened by moral virtue. He did so at a time of unremitting political, social and religious change.
We focus this month on that portion of Chaucer's Prologue concerning the Clerk because late January marks Catholic Schools Week. In our own era of violence, unrest and unease, let us reflect upon the role of Catholic education and the roll that teachers play in providing quality Catholic education in a time of change.
Why does the Roman Catholic Church operate schools at all? Surely, the Church has no interest, consistent with its mission, of operating schools at considerable cost simply to compete with the United States' system of public education. Nor does the Roman Catholic Church have an institutional interest in operating schools, such as our St. Sebastian day school, simply to help stabilize homeowner property values in a neighborhood, although that effect is a welcome by-product of the existence of St. Sebastian School.
No, the raison d'etre for Catholic schools runs deeper. If the Church is to operate schools, those institutions must provide our children with something that the public school system cannot provide. That "something" is well-articulated in terms of iconography: Catholic schools provide our children with a window to Jesus Christ himself.
Several years ago, Father Basil Moreau, founder of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, was beatified in France. Blessed Basil Moreau was first and foremost an educator of young people. He said some things that we ought to remember about the real reason for providing Catholic education to our children. For example, "if there ever existed a time when [Catholic] education should be an influence in the lives of young people, it is certainly now—a time when worldly and unchristian values seem to produce such confusion for the young." Fr. Moreau uttered those words in 1856. Obviously, the more things change, the more they remain the same.
At the heart of his message, Fr. Moreau also said: "true education consists in forming the hearts of young people. Knowledge and scholarship have meaning only when placed in a context of values." For Fr. Moreau, as for Chaucer's Clerk, the best education in the secular disciplines is useless unless the whole person is formed both in mind and in spirit.
Human knowledge, by itself, is indifferent. With a map of the human genome, one can advance towards curing illness and disease—or one can engage in human cloning. With knowledge of advanced physics, one can build a nuclear power plant to supply needed electricity to millions of people—or one can build a thermonuclear bomb capable of destroying all life on the planet.
That is why the Roman Catholic Church operates schools. Although pursuing excellence in academics and extracurricular activities is a good thing, it is not good enough. We have a deeper vocation. As parents, we have a God-given responsibility to instill the faith and its values in our children. They will not hear that message from secular society. Catholic schools, like St. Sebastian School, exist to help parents discharge their obligation to raise their children in the faith.
Our present-day teachers, principals and aides, like Chaucer's reliable Clerk of old, whether they teach English or mathematics, social studies or science, physical education or religion, are blessed and charged with the duty of helping our children to internalize the Gospel so that it informs their minds, touches their hearts and penetrates to the marrow of their bones. Christian concepts of faith and virtue must attend the teaching of human knowledge. A principal, teacher or aide at St. Sebastian School does nothing less than help you, as parents, bring your children closer to Jesus Christ. And so, next time you see the principal, or a teacher or an aide, take a moment to thank them for helping you to fulfill the most serious obligation which you face: teaching the Gospel of Jesus Christ to your own children.
As this reflection is posted a mere half fortnight before Christmas, one presumes that our Order's membership, our fellow parishioners and certainly our fellow travelers throughout the Christian world are pre-occupied with purchasing presents that have varying price tags and equally varied boxes and bags. But as the Grinch learned in a book written nearly a half-century ago, when he foolishly attempted to stop Christmas from coming by stealing literally every item of monetary or material value in the town of Whoville (and, one might add, committing serial felony burglary in the process), Christmas has a far deeper meaning and the world cannot stop Christmas from coming no matter how hard it tries.
As Dr. Suess' children's book, The Grinch Who Stole Christmas demonstrates, the complaint that modern society expends extraordinary amounts of money and energy attempting to ignore the true meaning of Christmas is not new. Christian clergy of all denominations have been decrying holiday materialism for generations. Our own Order pleads with culture to "Keep Christ in Christmas" rather than relegate the Second Person of the Trinity to a 5" x 7" greeting card or to a crèche on a side altar at Church.
One may ask why, in light of our culture's best efforts to secularize Christmas, it continues to come each year in all its grandeur. The answer, one suggests, lies in the concept of "gift" that material society crudely mimics each holiday season. People give material gifts that ultimately break, corrode, are lost or simply wear out. But Christmas is a very different gift.
Mankind cannot stop Christmas from coming because the Incarnation—God freely choosing to reveal Himself to this world, to enter this world and to become human like us in all things but sin—is pure gift. Christmas is God's gift to us, which necessarily makes it, with life itself, the greatest of all gifts. Christmas is the gift of God's divine Son, who in his humanity grew to adulthood and died on the Cross in order to atone for our sins. That act of self-emptying love makes eternal life available for every human being.
Thus, Christmas is not only the greatest gift. It also is the perfect gift: the perfect God-man, out of perfect love, makes of himself a perfect self-sacrifice so that we may one day be perfected in Heaven. Christmas has, does and will continue to come because God's offer of eternal life remains open until the end of human life. Perfect love is never withdrawn or conditionally extended. God always offers salvation, unconditionally, and no amount of holiday shopping, family or office parties or corporate concern with fourth quarter profits can stop God from extending that offer to each human being, individually.
That is why Christmas will always come, no matter what may be the predominant mores of an era. The only question is, what will our response to God's offer be? Will it be acceptance, indifference or outright rejection? "When the Son of Man comes, will he find faith upon the Earth?" Luke 18:8.
But if we must be wakeful, cheerful.
It was at bedtime as a child that I learned Catholic prayers, primarily under my mother's tutelage. My mother did not teach us any prayer as highly stylized as the Medieval bedtime prayer quoted above. She kept things simple: first came the Prayer to the Guardian Angel; then came the Hail Mary.
Each member of the Knights of Columbus has received at least one Rosary as a gift. The degree to which our Order values the spiritual benefits of the Rosary is reflected in the Order's efforts to ensure that all members have one and in the Order's gentle but persistent request that Knights pray it often. The Rosary consists, of course, of 1 Apostles' Creed, 6 Our Fathers, 6 Glory Be's and 53 Hail Marys. Without question, the heart of the Rosary is the Hail Mary, a prayer most Knights probably learned from a parent. Let us, therefore, reflect briefly this month upon the Hail Mary.
that spiritual environment, unfortunate developments such as the sale of indulgences, which offered salvation for a price rather than promoting true conversion of heart, become understandable, although not excusable. But not all developments during this fear-filled era were bad. For in the 15th Century, the second part of the Hail Mary was composed, asking the Blessed Mother to pray for us sinners throughout our lives and at the time of our deaths so that we might attain Heaven rather than the unthinkable alternative.
What do we proclaim when we say the Hail Mary? First, we "hail", i.e., praise Mary for being full of grace. This most brief statement recalls the Catholic doctrine that Mary was conceived without sin, remained sinless throughout her life and always conformed her human will to the will of God. Mary literally was filled to the brim with grace.
Since Mary was filled with God's grace, the Lord was "with" her, first spiritually and then physically, as she carried Jesus during nine months of pregnancy. Such a spiritual and physical honor makes her blessed above all other women (and men as well); and certainly the fruit of her womb, Jesus, was even more blessed than she.
Turning to the second part of the Hail Mary, we encounter the phrase, "Holy Mary, Mother of God." This phrase harkens back to the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th Centuries. During that time period, a heretical group from the Antioch region led by Nestorius denied that Mary could be given the title, "Mother of God." For the Nestorians, Jesus Christ was not one person with two natures, human and divine, but rather consisted of two different persons, human and divine, manifested in one body. The Nestorians, viewing Jesus as split or divided within himself, taught that Mary could only be the mother of Jesus' human person. At the Council of Ephesus in 431 A.D. and again at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 A.D., the Bishops of the Catholic Church and Pope Leo the Great rejected the Nestorian formulation, proclaiming that Jesus was not internally split or divided but was one, whole, integrated person with both divine and human natures. And since Jesus was one person with divine and human natures, Mary properly is called the Mother of God. No responsible theologian, of course, has ever suggested that Mary was the source of Jesus' divine nature. The Son of God possessed that attribute from his eternal status as the Second Person of the Godhead. Nevertheless, each time we say the Hail Mary, whether we realize it or not, we reaffirm the teachings about both Jesus and Mary that were articulated at two major Catholic Church Councils of the 5th Century.
Finally, as sinners in need of help, we ask Mary to pray for us throughout our lives and at the time of our respective deaths. Note, contrary to a misunderstanding among some Protestant denominations, we do not pray to Mary as if she were God. We do not. Rather, we ask Mary to pray for us or with us, much as we would ask any human being here on earth to pray for or with us. But the defining difference is this: Mary has not only attained sainthood; she has already been assumed into heaven body and soul, an honor not even the first Pope, St. Peter, or any of the other Apostles can claim. The Apostles await the Resurrection of the body and its entry into heaven just as much as we do.
In short, Mary is the only human being who has already achieved the fullness of eternal life that every other man or woman born in human history yet awaits-life in both body and soul in Heaven. Why would we not want the greatest saint who ever lived to pray for us and with us? Why would we not say 53 Hail Marys in the Rosary as often as we can, invoking her intercession on our behalf? Why would we, as members of the Knights of Columbus, not follow the urging of our Order to honor Jesus by honoring his Mother in praying the Rosary?
Welcome to the first monthly installment of the Grand Knight's reflection entitled, "The St. Thomas More Corner." Why St. Thomas More? The answer is simple: St. Thomas More is the patron saint of lawyers and your Grand Knight is an attorney. During this fraternal year, therefore, an attorney who actually was canonized a saint by the Roman Catholic Church shall receive top billing. Indeed, a large framed print of the official portrait of Thomas More, Chancellor of England, adorns the wall in my law office.
As all members of the Knights of Columbus know, the fourth charism of our Order is patriotism. In St. Thomas More, the Catholic Church possesses one of the greatest examples of a man who understood both patriotism and its limits. Born the son of a lawyer and judge in 1477, Thomas More was a prolific Catholic humanist scholar, authoring the classic Utopia, became a judge himself and, demonstrating his considerable political skills, was named Chancellor of England by King Henry VIII upon the death of Cardinal Wolsey. As Chancellor, More was the King's personal attorney, in a position which, later in America, developed into the office of Attorney General of the United States.
rather younger Anne Boleyn, who appeared more suitable to Henry's dynastic interests. Catherine, however, was supported by her nephew, King Charles of Spain, and the Pope denied the request for divorce.
Ultimately, to obtain public authority for the divorce, King Henry VIII had Parliament, through the Act of Supremacy in 1534, declare him head of the Catholic Church in England over and against the Pope. Refusing to recognize that a secular King could usurp the Pope's position and authority, More resigned the office of Chancellor and retired to private life. Unfortunately for More, prominent citizens were required to take an oath recognizing the validity of both the King's second marriage and the King's title as head of the Catholic Church in England. It was More's refusal to take this oath that resulted in his being beheaded, along with his friend, Bishop St. John Fisher of Rochester, in 1535.
How many non-ordained, lay Catholic men can you name who have been canonized? St. Thomas More, martyr, is one. How many Renaissance Catholic Saints are the subject of a movie that won Best Picture? St. Thomas More, in A Man for All Seasons, is one.
Having experienced the First Degree ceremony, all members of the Knights of Columbus have heard the virtue of integrity extolled, in addition to charity. By resigning his powerful governmental office and accepting death rather than swear a false oath, St. Thomas More exemplified the meaning of absolute moral integrity. He also demonstrated that true patriotism, the fourth charism of our Order, can never consist of a "my country, right or wrong" attitude. Rather, our love of country must always be leavened and informed by the doctrines and moral principles of our Catholic faith. And if our country, the United States of America, strays from central and fundamental principles necessary for the common good as reflected in Church teachings, true patriotism requires us to oppose such error as well as our fellow citizens, politicians and media who support it. We must do so for the good of our country. To give but one example, we must defend the sacredness of human life, whether that life be an unborn child, an 80-year-old with Alzheimer's disease or a convicted first degree murderer. So says our Church.
Gentlemen, we should be our nation's true servants, but we can never forget, as St. Thomas More recognized, that we are God's first. On Ash Wednesday, we are reminded that we are dust, and unto dust we shall return. One day, each one of us will enter a Catholic Church for the final time—in a casket. And when we enter the Church building for the final time, canon law prohibits the flag of any nation from being draped over the casket while it is in the Church. To the contrary, the cloth of Resurrection will be draped over our caskets instead. Make no mistake: God claims us first, ahead of the United States of America or any other nation on Earth.
St. Thomas More, true patriot of his country but patriot of Heaven first, fully understood that principle. May each Knight of this Council understand it as well.


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Pune, India - August 22, 2019 /MarketersMedia/ — Management Consulting Industry 2019
In the wake of political and economic uncertainty, the outlook for Management Consulting services seems bright. Data experts predict that the changing market dynamics are the result of the rising proliferation of digital technologies, surge of niche boutique firms as well as independent consultants, and intense competition for talent.
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The bigwigs remain at the formidable positions in the market, however small firms are also striving to make a mark by penetrating niche markets armed with specialized offerings. The fastest-expanding firms could note triple-digit growth in the coming years. With finely tuned tools, management consulting firms are now no more dependent on experienced consultants to make use of technology-based solutions as well as business models. Instead, they are utilizing technologies that help in automating consulting capabilities and are also welcoming digitization for front-and back-end operations.
The global management consulting market is expected to grow at a steady pace throughout the review period. Operations consulting controls the major chunk of the market, trailed by HR consulting and strategy consulting in the second and third position respectively. Vendors continue to look for services, with their management consulting spending increasing roughly 4 percent every year. The market will be presented with abundant opportunities, including those coming from rising focus areas like cyber security as well as current political environment.
Business models such as crowdsourcing and network-based consulting are now carving a huge space in management consulting, and are now enjoying strong demand from players such as HourlyNerd, Business Talent Group and Wikistrat. Europe and North America are extremely mature markets, and control roughly three-fourths of the overall management consulting revenue in the world. On top of this, these regions boast of high supplier abilities for serving composite client demands. Asia Pacific, on the other hand, has managed to capture relatively less share in the worldwide market. The regional market for management consulting gets a boost from the rising need for operational efficiency.
In the United States (U.S) market, surge in digitization has been complemented by the unwavering requirement for offerings like e-commerce, the Internet of Things (IoT) and digital transformation. A noteworthy point is that digital has experienced double-digit growth in recent years, with the second-leading segment being risk and regulatory consulting.
Small and medium enterprises are breaking ground in the market, with respect to firm management as well as financial performance. These small firms are riding high on the back of highly specialized vendors that are dealing with niche markets. For instance, in the mergers and acquisition (M&A) advisory space, a number of audit and consulting firms can elevate their brand position and bag substantial share of the market.
Trade pundits consider the future of the management consulting industry to be promising with a combination of a pro-business administration and economic momentum converging with the changes in significant industries. Increased infrastructure spending also lends strong support to the market. Moreover, organizations are making efforts to bring down the costs and elevate their effectiveness, in order to transfer these cost savings to consumers for resisting tough competition. This has resulted in the hike in the demand for business process inventions along with consulting associated with operational efficiency.
The main types of management consulting services include strategy advisory, HR advisory, and operations advisory. Out of these, operations advisory enjoys the highest demand among all the types of management consulting services, as a result of which it acquired the strongest sales value in 2017, making up half of the overall sales value of the U.S that year.
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Q: Compositions with all odd parts How many compositions of n are there where all parts of the composition are odd?
I know how to solve for the number of composition when all are even. However, I'm getting stuck with finding all the odd ones.
Any help would be appreciated

A: The following lemma should help you out (or at least partially) for small cases of $n$:
The number of compositions of n into odd parts equals the number of compositions
of n + 1 into parts greater than one.
proof: We'll construct a bijection. We'll start with a composition of $n$ of length $l$, $n=a_1+a_2+\dots+a_l$. We will represent this composition with a binary sequences of $n-l-1$ 0's and $l-1$ 1's, as follows:
$a_1-1$ zeros, $1$, $a_2-1$ zeros, $1$, $\dots$ $a_l-1$ zeros
(Thus, for example, the associated binary sequence to $13=3+1+5+3+1$ is $001100001001$)
Notice that a composition of $n$ where each $a_i$ is odd, then the associated binary sequence must have strings of zeros of even length. And thus if we take the conjugate composition (Which is, turn every zero in the corresponding binary sequence of the composition into a 1 and vice versa), we obtain a composition of $n$ of lenth $n-l+1$ with strings of $1$'s of even length. Denote this conjugate composition by $n-l+1=c_1+c_2+\dots+c_{n+l-1}$
(in our example, we have the conjugate composition $13=1+1+3+1+1+1+2+1+2$)
Next, we define $b_i=c_{2i-1}+c_{2i}$ for all $1\leq i \leq (n-l)/2$ and $b_{\frac{n-l}{2}+1}=c_{n-l+1}+1$ (notice how $n$ and $l$ must have the same parity)
Then $n+1=b_1+b_2+\dots +b_{\frac{n-l}{2}}+b_{\frac{n-l}{2}+1}$ is a composition of $n+1$ and length $\frac{n-l}{2}+1$, and moreover, all $b_i>1$!
(In our example: $14=2+4+2+3+3$)
To conclude the bijective relation, we have to check if all steps are reversible, but this is easy:  Begin with a composition of n + 1 into parts greater
than one, reduce the last part by 1, split each part $j$ (other than the last part) into the pair of parts $j − 1, 1$, and calculute the conjugate composition of the precedent composition. $\Box$
in the following article, Cayley showed that the number of compositions of n + 1 into parts greater than one equals the $n$th Fibonacci number $F_n$.
A. Cayley, Theorems in trigonometry and on partitions, Collected Mathematical Papers, vol. 10, 16.
Quite surprisingly, it follows that the number of compositions into odd parts equals the $n$'th fibonnaci number.
Which is suggested in this OEIS entry: http://oeis.org/A000045:
"$F(n) =$ number of compositions of n into odd parts; e.g., $F_6$ counts 1+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+3, 1+1+3+1, 1+3+1+1, 1+5, 3+1+1+1, 3+3, 5+1. - Clark Kimberling, Jun 22 2004"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I've spent a significant amount of time researching session expiration in Drupal.
It turns out that by default Drupal sessions a session of 23 days. You can configure the session to expire at a shorter interval and you can configure Drupal to expire the session when the browser closes.
In addition, there is a module called Session_Expire, which pushes the cleanup of the sessions table in the database to the core Drupal cron job instead of relying on PHP garbage collection of your particular operating system which can vary.
Here's the details of what I changed in one Drupal 6 setup. There is a whole section on sessions which are stored in /sites/default/settings.php.
It doesn't seem that there is much information out there on how this works, so I thought I would share my findings.
Also, as noted in the last comment I included from my settings.php, this is handled better in Drupal 7.
Until Pantheon Mercury 1.1 or 1.2 comes out publicly, I wanted to setup a plain vanilla Drupal server for development on Amazon's EC2 environment.
There are a ton of AMIs out there, so I wanted to find one that was already available and easy to spin up and configure with my server name and database name/users.
NOTE: The preferred method for me, is still going to be to use Pantheon. I was only looking for a short term, temporary image for a development server while we wait for Pantheon to go public/live.
The final result for me was that I spun up a Ubuntu 10.04 LTS server. The latest official Canonical Ubuntu AMIs are are all listed at http://alestic.com for each region. The list is automatically updated with the latest images.
From there, I installed LAMP all in one go with one command, then added Mail servers, PhpMyAdmin, Webmin, Drupal, and finally Drush.
It actually wouldn't have taken me less time to just do that instead of going out and looking for other AMIs and trying out the ones I found.
I found 3 main public AMIs for Drupal. Here's what I thought about each one of them.
I tried spinning up one of the free Bitnami AMIs on a micro instance. I decided that it was not a viable solution due to poor documentation and non-standard, non-Ubuntu way software is installed such as Apache and Drupal.
Up-to-date versions of Drupal 6.20 and 7 available.
Can run on micro instance.
Have a free AMI that you can use in addition to the cloud hosted version with a backup that is similar to Turnkey Linux's Hub setup.
I found the Bitnami stack unusuable because of the customized installation of Apache.
By defualt apache was setup such that www.example.com was a bitnami splash page, whereas to get to Drupal, I had to go to http://www.example.com/drupal.
Changing the default apache root was not-inuitive (I couldn't figure it out).
No username/password supplied for PhpMyAdmin.
I run another, non-Drupal turnkey linux appliance and it works pretty well, so I was familiar with how their AMIs and general setup works. Their software images are open source and you can download and install on your own hardware. They do not offer a free public Amazon AMI. If you use their Amazon AMI, you kick it off from their Hub. After logging into hub.turnkeylinux.org, you can spin up an instance, and configure automatic backups, similar to Bitnami's cloud backup feature. They charge 10% on top of the Amazon charges, so it's pretty affordable for a single server.
I decided against the Drupal AMI without installing it because of the following two cons.
No free AMI version to try like Bitnami has.
The AMI is an instance boot.
The AMIs do not support micro instance, so you have to run a small instance at a minimum.
The AMI was built on a much older version of Drupal 6.16 (not really a big issue).
Note: Drupal 6 includes a built-in update status module.
* When enabled could produce confusing/annoying version notifications.
* This is due to drupal6 being installed and updated via the APT package manager, instead of manually from the upstream source code.
I didn't want to deal with having Ubuntu's apt-get manage my Drupal updates, I would rather use Drush.
They didn't have a free version to try, so I didn't try their service. It looks similar in setup and price to Bitnami.
Here's some instructions for doing a really quick Drupal install on Ubuntu server 10.04.
This assumes that you are well versed with Drupal and have already created your database and database user and given the rights to the DB user to access the DB.
From here you would need to edit /var/www/sites/default/settings.php and enter in our server, database, and database user details.
I would also like to note that you can also install Drupal with aptitude on Ubuntu, but I would much prefer to install Drupal manually and use Drush to update drupal whenever I want to have it updated.
I only want Drupal updated when I say so and with what versions that I decide on.


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Create a one of a kind experience inspired by the Food Network's New TV series Iron Chef Showdown for the 2017 New York City Wine & Food Festival on Pier 92.
Design and fabricate multiple touch points throughout the NYCWFF footprint that incorporate Iron Chef Showdown's iconic assets and design themes. A true extension of the show's set design, these visually stunning and engaging experiences, spanning the 30,000 square foot pier, included a striking grand entrance, a chic judge's lounge, a larger than life 'Autumn's Bounty' secret ingredient reveal, a red carpet style celebrity chef meet and greet, more than 30 chef stations with live tasting demos, and a dynamic kitchen stadium style video op driving sharable content.
The Food Network's Rooftop Iron Chef Showdown Saturday evening experience was the highlight event of the 3-day weekend-long eating and drinking extravaganza with over 3,000 in attendance participating in chef demos, sit-down dinners, walk-around tastings, and meet and greet opportunities with popular Food Network stars.


Right off the bat, I'll own that this title is pretentious. But I just had this realization, and I think it's profoundly true. I'll need to improve my titling skills, because while this post should be broadly relatable, I'm sure the title scared most people away. But not you, dear reader. Thanks for giving me a chance here.
The 19th Century Danish philosopher and theologian Søren Kierkegaard is one of the most influential thinkers in history. If that statement surprises you, it's because his thinking comes to most of us indirectly through many currently-influential voices. He's the philosopher equivalent of the bands who influenced the Beatles, who in turn influenced every musician you've ever enjoyed.
But he doesn't do much direct influencing of modern readers because it takes a lot of work to dig into. (Follow me on this—I promise it will pay off.) For one thing, he wrote a ton of books, and those books tend to have many hundreds of pages. But to make matters exceedingly irritating, many of Kierkegaard's books were written under numerous pseudonyms (Victor Eremita, John Climacus, Anti-Climacus, Hilarius Bookbinder, etc. etc. etc.). And some of these works claim to be compilations of writings from still others. Some of these pseudonyms seem to represent more nearly than others what Kierkegaard himself believed, but it's impossible to be sure.
Kierkegaard would play games with these pseudonyms. He would release two books by two different pseudonyms on the same day, or within a couple of weeks of each other. While he was producing these works, he would be sure to be seen in public frequently so that no one would suspect him of being the author of these works (a bit of theatre that worked for a time, but not for long). These books would offer different points of view on Christianity, philosophy, ethics, and society. Kierkegaard also published several books under his own name, but it still takes a lot of brainpower to untangle the relationship between this Kierkegaard and the pseudonymous authors of Kierkegaard's other books.
Because of these bizarre methods, there's no consensus on what Kierkegaard himself actually believed, no universally agreed upon "theology of Soren Kierkegaard." I'm tempted to think of that as a frustrating loss. But I'm realizing that it's not. It's actually a gift.
How can I possibly claim that this quirky, controversial, confusing philosopher could save our world? Because the kind of reading that his books require would make us all better citizens and dismantle our biggest hurdle to mutual understanding.
When I first started reading Kierkegaard's works, I read them as I read any book. I was in search of "Kierkegaard's theology." I wanted to know his views on things. When I do this with any author, I get a feel for their positions, and then I decide whether or not I agree with Calvin or Keller or Wright or Lewis. When I think about it, it's extremely binary. But this is actually unhealthy. Because I actually agree with and disagree with all of these authors.
What is this pull I feel to identify with some authors over others, as though I need to check [favorite author]'s views before I know what I believe? Wouldn't it be healthier to learn from each author and pull the most helpful parts from each? Isn't it most important to walk away with deeper understanding and inwardly transformed as a result of wrestling with an author's arguments? How does it help me to be able to claim to "agree with John Piper" or whomever, as though it's all or nothing? Are we not perpetuating the problem by relying on a few individuals to do our thinking for us? Really, it just makes us all that much more divided. Encamped. Partisan.
But Kierkegaard's bizarre style won't let us get away with this. You have to think for yourself. When you read Kierkegaard, you have to engage with his actual arguments, because you never really know what it means to "agree with Kierkegaard." You have to decide, to "judge for yourself," to use a Kierkegaardian phrase. With each pseudonym; each book; each paragraph, sentence, and argument, you must weigh and decide what you think.
It's infuriating. And exhausting. And healthy.
Kierkegaard was extremely controversial in his day, and cartoons like this were often printed in newspapers, where he was mocked for his pants and curved spine. People tend to be uncomfortable with those who challenge the norms.
Our political climate is so polarized. You're republican or you're democrat. You're pro or anti whomever. You're pro this or anti that. We deal in sound bites, in memes. And your response has to be instant. You have to be outraged or impressed within seconds, and if you don't make a social media statement right now then you're siding for or against someone or something bad or good. IT'S US OR THEM! RIGHT NOW! Our figure head has made this or that statement, so fall in line!
Don't you hate it? Isn't it ugly? Don't you feel in your bones that we need something better, something more sustainable?
What we need, I submit, is a Kierkegaardian way of reading things. Take your time. You'll have to decide, but don't simply follow the party line. Do your homework. Weigh each comment, each argument, each moment on its own merits. It's not about blind adherence, it's about the journey.
Kierkegaard also rails against indecision, so you do have to make up your mind. Deciding is important, but you're not allowed to decide by default, by blindly following your tribe's voting guide or statement of faith. If we could all retrain our habits of engagement in light of Kierkegaard's infuriatingly inefficient approach, perhaps we'd learn to understand each other better, to renounce the "hot take." We would then develop wise, patiently-formed, true-to-the-depths-of-our-soul convictions, and we could hold hands and walk away from the echo chambers we've been told to pledge allegiance to.
Brene Brown has become a rockstar! Her TED talks have amassed 28 million views, and three of her books are #1 best sellers on Amazon. The reason for her popularity is simple. Brene Brown speaks on a topic that deeply affects everyone—shame.
We all dread that painful sense of unworthiness and rejection, and work hard to hide our shame from others. The human experience with shame goes all the way back to the beginning of time. In the garden of Eden, Adam and Eve hid and covered themselves after disobeying God. Hiding and covering—the two trademarks of shame (Gen 3:7-8). Ever since then, the human family has been eager "to make a name for themselves" (Gen 11:4). So what is the cure for this pervasive dis-ease of shame?
Over the last couple of decades, shame has been the domain of psychologists. Both Christian and secular psychologists talk about empathy, vulnerability, connection, and friendships as solutions for shame. Obviously, those are all good things, but they address symptoms more than root causes.
The shame we sense before other people is a mere symptom of our larger problem—our shame before our creator, our disunion from God. Our sin exposes us to spiritual shame. Jeremiah confesses, "Let us lie down in our shame, and let our dishonor cover us; for we have sinned against the LORD our God" (Jer 3:8). Ezekiel used the imagery of harlots, the most disgraceful members of traditional societies, to expose Israel's sin, "How sick is your heart, says the Lord GOD, that you did all these things, the deeds of a brazen whore. … So be ashamed, you also, and bear your disgrace" (16:30, 52).
In summer 2015 I taught an elective course at EBC titled, "Theology of Honor & Shame." During the break on day one, an elder lady graciously informed me that she was "skeptical of this honor-shame stuff." Then during a break on the final day, the Asian-American gal sitting next to her thanked me, "I always assumed the more I wanted to follow Jesus, the more I had to become Western. But everything you said about honor and shame in the Bible explains my culture. I see how to follow Jesus as an Asian!" When the skeptical lady heard that, her opinion changed. Honor and shame are not just cultural or psychological categories, they are profound spiritual realities addressed throughout the Bible, and speak to the very heart of global cultures.
Students' final assignment for the class was to creatively present the gospel in honor-shame terms. EBC student Zech Hogan made "Healing Honor"—a powerful (and short!) video. This video is an excellent illustration of the ultimate solution for shame—Jesus' honor. Perhaps it too can get 28 million views! Enjoy watching!


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Home Reviews Facebook Page Boost: 9 Recent Ways to Increase your Facebook Page Reach...
Facebook Page Boost: 9 Recent Ways to Increase your Facebook Page Reach for free
Facebook Page Boost – In my experience, the best way to increase reach organically, without paying for advertising "boosted" posts, is to create a community around what you do.
The bad news: This is a lot of hard and time-consuming work. And, even then, it will only get you so far compared to what was possible a decade ago. Facebook Page Boost for free is quite a difficult task because it requires work.
In my opinion, the golden era of being able to get Facebook page traction based on the quality of the content alone is over. Becoming the next "Humans of New York" is much more difficult today than it was for Brandon Stanton back in 2010.
It may even be technically impossible to really Facebook page boost on the Facebook platform.
However, with some direct outreach and community building using Facebook groups, you can significantly increase organic engagement on your page (Facebook page boost) and more importantly, engage your audience in a way that builds trust for your brand and ultimately drives sales and Facebook boost your page.
Facebook Page Booster: The Easy Ways
Consistently Reach Out
Engage your Audience
Employ Market Strategy
Take Opportunity of Festival Period
Invite People to Like Your Page
Engage with Your Community
First things first. Let's take care of your content strategy and Page profile first:
Decide on a content strategy so that you can consistently create content that is of value to your audience. (Check out Neil Patel's advice for developing a voice in a new content niche, which is true for Facebook content or any other platform you're publishing on). You'll probably want to be publishing this on a blog or web site in addition to your Facebook page.
Revamp your Facebook page description to be in line with that strategy, and start posting regular relevant content there.
Create a Facebook group and link it to your Facebook page.
ALSO READ: Amazon Today's Deal – Best Daily Deal | Help on Amazon
Cultivate the Facebook group. In the beginning, you will need to do some direct outreach to the kinds of people you want to be part of your community.
The key to a successful Facebook group is that others share their perspectives. It should be more about them than about you. Do not promote your company in the group at this stage.
The first 200 people or so you will need to personally convince to join and encourage them to post in the group.
Once these first 200 people are active in the group; Facebook will start recommending your group to others with relevant interests and the group will grow essentially on its own.
Once there is a good conversation going in the group, you can start sharing some of the valuable content from your page in the group.
It's best if you do this in response to other people's posts; rather than creating posts where your content is the focus.
If the content is relevant to them, this will organically lead people to follow your page and engaging with your content. If done well, this can be extremely powerful.
Keep in mind: You should also share your Facebook page content in groups that are not run by you. However, you have to be even more careful to make sure the content is directly relevant, otherwise, you risk admins banning you from their groups.
ALSO READ: How to Connect to a Raspberry Pi Remotely Via SSH
The best way to do this, again, is replying to questions people ask in groups and sharing content in your replies that are directly relevant to the questions they are asking.
Creating a new post with a link to the content and saying "I thought you might find this interesting" is generally not the best approach, and should be done very sparingly only when you truly believe that piece of content is broadly relevant to all members of the group.
If your brand is international and you have the resources, you may consider replicating this strategy in local markets. For several years now, Facebook allows you to create local pages for different geographic markets.
Local brand Facebook pages are said to register 60% higher engagement than global pages.
An effective international Facebook strategy requires localizing the content into different languages and creating unique content for each market.
The more tailored your content is to your target audience, the more value you'll be generating for that particular group, which leads to more engagement.
This one is similar to hot topics but I have something new to share. You may say we all know to seize festival by hosting activity or discount, and every New Year and Christmas we do so.
However, except New Year and Christmas we have hundreds of strange festivals do you know?
For example, July 17 is World Emoji Day, do you know? Find some festivals like that and interesting photos or videos related to the festival, then share it in groups, events pages, etc.
People didn't know this festival before will like it because you helped them know one more festival and they would like to share it with his/her friends.
ALSO READ: How to Make a Copyright Sign on a Mac, Windows
The best way to raise Facebook followers is by inviting people to like your page. Once you start creating ads for your store, Facebook will occasionally send you notifications asking you to invite people to like your page.
I found that typically if I ran an engagement boost, I'd get a higher number of people that I could invite to like the page. However, even though I manually invited people, I eventually got temporarily blocked by Facebook.
So you need to pace the number of people you invite at a time. Also, if you do get temporarily blocked, Facebook might still send notifications telling you to invite people.
But you still won't be able to invite anyone. Wait a day or two before trying to invite more people. You can also invite friends and family to like your page.
However, keep in mind that it's better to have a small, targeted audience than to have a big, broad one, as it could limit the effectiveness of your future ads.
Some of the biggest eCommerce brands don't engage with their customers. That gives even the smallest retailer a huge competitive advantage.
Engaging with your community isn't only about customer service like responding to questions about delivery times. It's also about building relationships.
And there's no better way to do that than to be a bit playful or respond in a way where the customer feels like they're chatting with their buddies. These are great ways to Facebook page like boost on the Facebook platform.
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Le diocèse de Baruipur est une circonscription ecclésiastique de l'Église catholique dans la partie méridionale de l'état du Bengale Occidental en Inde. Érigé en 1977 à partir d'une mission jésuite dans le district des 24-Parganas, il est dirigé actuellement par .

Le diocèse couvre le district civil des 24-Parganas (sud) et une partie des 24-Parganas (nord). Il est suffragant de l'archidiocèse de Calcutta.

Histoire
Une mission est ouverte en 1840 à Koikhali, un village des Sunderbans, par un père carme espagnol, le père Zubiburu. Les jésuites belges qui ont ouvert le collège Saint-Xavier, à Calcutta, en 1860, font également plus tard du travail missionnaire et ouvrent d'autres centres à Raghapbur et Morapai à la fin du . L'arrivée de jésuites croates et slovènes dans les années 1930 donne une nouvelle impulsion au travail missionnaire.

Le diocèse est érigé le  par la bulle Ad Populi Dei du pape Paul VI. Le prêtre jésuite bengali Linus Nirmal Gomes en est le premier évêque. En 2016 l'administration du diocèse est entièrement entre les mains du clergé séculier. La 'cathédrale du Cœur immaculé de Marie et Mère Teresa fut inaugurée en 2009.

Adresse: Baruipur Bypass, Madhya Kalyanpur, Baruipur, West Bengal 700144 (Inde)

Évêques de Baruipur
1977-1995 : Linus Nirmal Gomes, jésuite, démissionnaire
1997-2020 : Salvatore Lobo
depuis 2020 : Shyamal Bose

Baruipur
Bengale-Occidental

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


during the weekend these countries have been hit really hard by enormous floods caused by days and days of heavy rain. I have spoken to my family who are living nearby after a whole day of not knowing their whereabouts as they were completely cutoff living near a river in my hometown and thanks to great luck and some ahead planning they only suffered minor damages to the property, but they are safe and sound.
Many, however, were not that lucky. Thousands of people lost everything they have and are in need of blankets, tents, water, baby food and other essential items. Damages are great and it will take years to recover. In short, it's bad very bad.
I know we have have a few members from these areas, I hope they and their families are safe.
If anyone wants to donate money I have found some links where you can. Virtually anything is appreciated.
For donations to the victims of floods in Republic of Srpska - Ministry of Finance: Singular Exchange Account of Treasury. Address: Trg Republike Srpske 1, 78000 Banja Luka, RS, Bosnia & Herzegovina SWIFT:BLBABA22 Account number: BA39 5517 9048 0118 3851 Purpose of payment: Help for areas affected by flood.
Serbia seems to be hit the hardest, followed by Republic of Srpska from what I've seen.
Our thoughts and prayers (and wallets) are with you.
Glad to know your family is ok mate.
Yes, its a hard time for everyone there.


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Annie Awards nominations now open; Louisiana Department of Health Secretary Dr. Rebekah Gee to speak at June event
Nominations are now open for the Greater Hammond Chamber of Commerce's 2019 Annie Awards, which recognizes Tangipahoa women who work in excellence and have a true servant's heart for the community.
Sponsored by Northshore Broadcasting and North Oaks Health System, winners will be celebrated at the Friday, June 14, Chamber luncheon at Southeastern Louisiana University Student Union Grand Ballroom.
Originally founded in 1998 to honor the late Southeastern Louisiana University Administrator Anne Ferguson, the Annie Awards have recognized over 55 of our community's leading ladies through the years.
"Northshore Broadcasting is proud to, once again, partner with the Greater Hammond Chamber, in recognizing Tangipahoa parish's outstanding Annie Award winners," Northshore Broadcasting's Market Manager Brian Shirey said. "The June Tangi Lifestyles edition, distributed to over 28,000 homes and businesses across Tangipahoa parish, is the perfect platform to feature the 2019 winners and to celebrate their impact on our community."
Louisiana Department of Health Secretary Dr. Rebekah Gee, an obstetrician/gynecologist and trained policy expert, will be the guest speaker at the popular luncheon which attracts 175+ local business leaders to celebrate with the Annie honorees.
"North Oaks is not only proud to be a sponsor of these special awards that celebrate the tremendous, vibrant and talented women of our community, but also to highlight and recognize the contributions that Dr. Gee has made to improving lives and communities in her work as a physician and as secretary of the Louisiana Department of Health," said Michele Kidd Sutton, North Oaks Health System President/Chief Executive Officer and past Annie Award Winner.
A list of past winners can be viewed online at www.hammondchamber.org/annie-awards. Deadline to submit online nominations is Friday, April 5, at noon. Click here to submit your nomination.
"Our past Annie recipients represent an amazing group of women who have made significant contributions to our community," said Dr. Kay Maurin, Greater Hammond Chamber Board Member and Annie Awards Committee Chair. "We are looking forward to reviewing the applications for this year's Annie nominees. I know they will all be inspiring."
Tickets for the luncheon are now available online or by calling the Chamber office at 985-345-4457. Pre-registration is required.


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Unit HomeUnits1ST DIV BANDHistoryOIF
Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003)
President Bush declared a "War on Terror" after terrorists attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11th, 2001. Soon after, Marines deployed to Afghanistan in support of "Operation Enduring Freedom." The Marines of the 1st Marine Division Band took up guard duty at Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton and prepared for deployment. In February of 2003, the 1st Marine Division Band began deploying to Kuwait in support of the war on terror.
While in Kuwait, the band stood duty as well as trained on machine guns and convoy security prior to deployment into Iraq. In March, the band crossed over into Iraq, providing security for the Division Headquarters both while on the move or at each nightly stop digging fighting positions and forming perimeter security. They traveled by convoy to Baghdad in a little over 2 weeks. The band finally stopped at the Secret Police Headquarters in Baghdad for eight days until moving south to Ad Diwaniyah.
Once the band reached Ad Diwaniyah they retrieved their instruments and started performing morale boosting concerts all over Iraq. They played in Babylon, Camp Commando, and around Diwaniyah for the numerous units in the surrounding area.
In early June the band returned to the United States and within a few days they were out providing musical support as if they hadn't left.
Operation Iraqi Freedom II (2004)
Soon after returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom I, the 1st Marine Division Band started training for the next deployment. Late in 2003 they were informed that they would be returning to Iraq. In February 2004 the band deployed to Kuwait and remained there until the 1st Marine Division advanced into Iraq. Soon thereafter, they began a 3-day push to Ar Ramadi. This was to be the band's home for the next seven months.
In Ar Ramadi they took control of perimeter security from the U.S. Army. For this deployment, their primary mission was to control the base operations and provide perimeter security for Camp Blue Diamond. Additional assignments for the band included security on convoys to nearby bases and patrols outside the perimeter. Even though the base endured countless indirect fire attacks, the Marine Musicians still kept an intense vigilance.
Although performances were very limited during this time, 1st Marine Division Band still participated in several ceremonies including the change of authority ceremonies in both Ramadi and Fallujah, and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing and Division change of commands.
Operation Iraqi freedom III (2005-2007)
In the most recent deployment, the band was attached to Headquarters Company, Regimental Combat Team 5 and was deployed to Camp Fallujah, Iraq from February 2006 to January 2007 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 05-07. This deployment differed from OIF I and II in that the band continued its musical mission at home, while elements of the band deployed.
The band's primary role in Iraq was as a security detachment. Command element members served as the Security Officers, Security Platoon Commanders, Company Gunnery Sergeants for Headquarters Company, Convoy Commanders, and Security Platoon Sergeants. Other members of the band were stationed at the Government Center in Fallujah providing over-watch security for the compound. This security allowed Civil Affairs Group personnel, as well as government, military and civilian officials to conduct business at the compound in safety. Division bandsmen were also attached as gunners, drivers and vehicle commanders to the security element of an Explosive Ordinance Disposal team, and also a multi-purpose security convoy.
Following redeployment at the end of January 2007, the 1st Marine Division Band was once again a full unit and continued their musical mission aboard Camp Pendleton. An annual concert at The Center for the Performing Arts, in Escondido, California marked the first major public performance following the deployment.
Marine Music History
Request the band


text:
Coleotechnites milleri (lodgepole needleminer) is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in the western parts of the United States, as well as Canada.

The wingspan is 12–15 mm. The forewings are white, strongly and irregularly suffused with black, especially on the costal and apical areas. There is a large, poorly defined, black spot on the costa beyond the middle and a smaller one just before the middle. Opposite the former is an even less well defined dorsal black spot and there are four small tufts of raised black scales, one on the middle of the cell, one at the end of the cell and two below these on the fold. There are also scattered black dots around the apical edge. The hindwings are whitish fuscous.

References

Moths described in 1914
Coleotechnites


John Rogers (Trades, Portfolio)' Ariel Investment bought shares of the following stocks in the fourth quarter.
The investor boosted his Philip Morris International Inc. (NYSE:PM) stake by 35.08%, expanding the portfolio 0.78%.
The manufacturer of cigarettes and other tobacco products has a market cap of $129.75 billion and an enterprise value of $156.63 billion.
GuruFocus gives the company a profitability and growth rating of 6 out of 10. The return on assets of 19.21% is outperforming 63% of companies in the Global Tobacco industry. Its financial strength is rated 5 out of 10. The cash-debt ratio of 0.21 is below the industry median of 0.37.
The company's largest shareholder among the gurus is Barrow, Hanley, Mewhinney & Strauss with 0.86% of outstanding shares, followed by First Eagle Investment (Trades, Portfolio) with 0.75% and Tom Russo (Trades, Portfolio) with 0.64%.
The guru's Stericycle Inc. (NASDAQ:SRCL) stake was increased by 61.2%. The trade had an impact of 0.60% on the portfolio.
The company, which provides regulated and compliance solutions to health care and commercial businesses, has a market cap of $4.13 billion and an enterprise value of $6.92 billion.
GuruFocus gives the company a profitability and growth rating of 8 out of 10. The return on equity of 5.13% and return on assets of 2.34% are underperforming 66% of companies in the Global Waste Management industry. Its financial strength is rated 4 out of 10. The cash-debt ratio of 0.02 is below the industry median of 0.41.
The company's largest guru shareholder is Rogers with 3.41% of outstanding shares, followed by the T Rowe Price Equity Income Fund (Trades, Portfolio) with 1.48% and Diamond Hill Capital (Trades, Portfolio) with 0.9%.
Rogers added 89.93% to his Littelfuse Inc. (NASDAQ:LFUS) position. The trade had an impact of 0.50% on the portfolio.
The company, which manufactures circuit protection products, has a market cap of $4.71 billion and an enterprise value of $4.91 billion.
GuruFocus gives the company a profitability and growth rating of 8 out of 10. The return on equity of 12.04% and return on assets of 6.73% are outperforming 71% of the companies in the Global Electronics Distribution industry. Its financial strength is rated 7 out of 10. The cash-debt ratio of 0.71 is below the industry median of 1.26.
Ken Fisher (Trades, Portfolio) is the largest guru shareholder with 2.13% of outstanding shares, followed by Ron Baron (Trades, Portfolio) with 1.41%, Mairs and Power (Trades, Portfolio) with 1.08% and Jim Simons (Trades, Portfolio)' Renaissance Technologies with 0.36%.
Rogers established a stake in Knowles Corp. (NYSE:KN), buying 2,612,178 shares. The trade had an impact of 0.48% on the portfolio.
The company, which manufactures audio processing solutions, has a market cap of $1.46 billion and an enterprise value of $1.54 billion.
GuruFocus gives the company a profitability and growth rating of 5 out of 10. The return on equity of 5.88% and return on assets of 4.36% are outperforming 57% of companies in the Global Communication Equipment industry. Its financial strength is rated 7 out of 10. The cash-debt ratio of 0.47 is below the industry median of 2.
With 1.1% of outstanding shares, Chuck Royce (Trades, Portfolio) is the company's largest guru shareholder, followed by Simons' firm with 0.3%, Steven Cohen (Trades, Portfolio) with 0.2% and Fisher with 0.19%.
The Mohawk Industries Inc. (NYSE:MHK) holding was boosted 113.12%, impacting the portfolio by 0.45%.
The flooring company has a market cap of $10.33 billion and an enterprise value of $13.11 billion.
GuruFocus gives the company a profitability and growth rating of 7 out of 10. The return on equity of 11.71% and return on assets of 6.77% are outperforming 68% of the companies in the Global Home Furnishings and Fixtures industry. Its financial strength is rated 6 out of 10. The cash-debt ratio of 0.04 is below the industry median of 1.05.
First Pacific Advisors (Trades, Portfolio) is the largest guru shareholder of the company with 2.81% of outstanding shares, followed by Steven Romick (Trades, Portfolio) with 2.2% and Ruane Cunniff (Trades, Portfolio) with 1.82%.
The investor established a position in Masco Corp. (NYSE:MAS), buying 1,075,521 shares. The trade expanded the portfolio 0.44%.
The homebuilding solutions provider has a market cap of $11.03 billion and an enterprise value of $13.63 billion.
GuruFocus gives the company a profitability and growth rating of 8 out of 10. The return on assets of 13.23% is outperforming 87% of the companies in the Global Building Materials industry. Its financial strength is rated 5 out of 10. The cash-debt ratio of 0.19 is below the industry median of 0.37.
The largest guru shareholder of the company is Pioneer Investments (Trades, Portfolio) with 1.65% of outstanding shares, followed by Joel Greenblatt (Trades, Portfolio) with 0.33%.
Rogers expanded his BOK Financial Corp. (NASDAQ:BOKF) position by 60.24%, impacting the portfolio by 0.34%.
The bank has a market cap of $6.5 billion and an enterprise value of $3.36 billion.
GuruFocus gives the company a profitability and growth rating of 3 out of 10. The return on equity of 11.91% and return on assets of 1.30% are outperforming 67% of companies in the Global Banks - Regional - U.S. industry. Its financial strength is rated 3 out of 10. The cash-debt ratio of 0.18 is below the industry median of 1.43.
Diamond Hill Capital (Trades, Portfolio) is the company's second-largest guru shareholder with 0.91% of outstanding shares, followed by Royce with 0.64%, Simons' firm with 0.21% and Murray Stahl (Trades, Portfolio) with 0.01%.


Joshua Jackson returns to Toronto Film Festival – "Inescapable" premieres!
Tonight, Josh and his "Inescapable" co-stars (along with girlfriend, Diane Kruger) lined the red carpet to premiere the film at the Toronto International Film Festival. Below are the latest photos from the event and more to follow! I'll also be making another post featuring videos from the premiere and press that Josh is doing to promote the film. Enjoy!


text:
Google predicts an Android in every pocket by 2024
By Kate Solomon 2012-02-28T17:55:00.58Z Mobile phones
Moore's Law gone mad
He's coming for your pocket...
Google chairman Eric Schmidt isn't shy about Google's mobile ambitions, telling MWC 2012 attendees that the company wants an Android device in every pocket in 12 years.
By then, he said, top-end phones that cost $400 (£250) now will be available for a fraction of the price:
"The smartphone revolution will be universal," he said.
"In 12 years, doing the math - Moore's Law - phones that cost $400 will cost $20, and if Google does it right there'll be an Android in every pocket."
Schmidt's keynote speech was the subject of some controversy, since Apple chose pretty much the moment he strolled on stage in Barcelona as the moment to announce its 7 March iPad 3 event.
Still, we can't imagine Apple ever selling a phone or a tablet for $20, so maybe there's something in Schmidt's vision after all.
Moto Z4 review


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