text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

  <!--
    Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
    contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
    this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
    The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version
    2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
    with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by
    applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under
    the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES
    OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
    License for the specific language governing permissions and
    limitations under the License.
  -->
  <!--
    For more details about configurations options that may appear in
    this file, see http://wiki.apache.org/solr/SolrConfigXml.

    Specifically, the Solr Config can support XInclude, which may make
    it easier to manage the configuration. See
    https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SOLR-1167
  -->
<config xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <luceneMatchVersion>${tests.luceneMatchVersion:LATEST}</luceneMatchVersion>
  <indexConfig>
    <useCompoundFile>${useCompoundFile:false}</useCompoundFile>
  </indexConfig>
  <!--
    lib directives can be used to instruct Solr to load any Jars
    identified and use them to resolve any "plugins" specified in your
    solrconfig.xml or schema.xml (ie: Analyzers, Request Handlers,
    etc...). All directories and paths are resolved relative the
    instanceDir. If a "./lib" directory exists in your instanceDir, all
    files found in it are included as if you had used the following
    syntax... <lib dir="./lib" />
  -->
  <!--
    A dir option by itself adds any files found in the directory to the
    classpath, this is useful for including all jars in a directory.
  -->
  <lib dir="../../contrib/extraction/lib" />
  <!--
    When a regex is specified in addition to a directory, only the files
    in that directory which completely match the regex (anchored on both
    ends) will be included.
  -->
  <lib dir="../../dist/" regex="solr-cell-\d.*\.jar" />
  <!--
    If a dir option (with or without a regex) is used and nothing is
    found that matches, it will be ignored
  -->
  <lib dir="/total/crap/dir/ignored" />
  <!--
    an exact path can be used to specify a specific file. This will
    cause a serious error to be logged if it can't be loaded. <lib
    path="../a-jar-that-does-not-exist.jar" />
  -->

  <directoryFactory name="DirectoryFactory" class="${solr.directoryFactory:solr.RAMDirectoryFactory}"/>

  <!--
    Used to specify an alternate directory to hold all index data other
    than the default ./data under the Solr home. If replication is in
    use, this should match the replication configuration.
  -->
  <dataDir>${solr.data.dir:}</dataDir>

  <!--
    Enables JMX if and only if an existing MBeanServer is found, use
    this if you want to configure JMX through JVM parameters. Remove
    this to disable exposing Solr configuration and statistics to JMX.

    If you want to connect to a particular server, specify the agentId
    e.g. <jmx agentId="myAgent" /> If you want to start a new
    MBeanServer, specify the serviceUrl e.g <jmx
    serviceUrl="service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://localhost:9999/solr"/> For
    more details see http://wiki.apache.org/solr/SolrJmx
  -->
  <jmx />

  <!-- the default high-performance update handler -->
  <updateHandler class="solr.DirectUpdateHandler2">
    <!--
      A prefix of "solr." for class names is an alias that causes solr
      to search appropriate packages, including
      org.apache.solr.(search|update|request|core|analysis)
    -->

    <!--
      Perform a <commit/> automatically under certain conditions:
      maxDocs - number of updates since last commit is greater than this
      maxTime - oldest uncommited update (in ms) is this long ago
      Instead of enabling autoCommit, consider using "commitWithin" when
      adding documents. http://wiki.apache.org/solr/UpdateXmlMessages
      <autoCommit> <maxDocs>10000</maxDocs> <maxTime>1000</maxTime>
      </autoCommit>
    -->

    <!--
      The RunExecutableListener executes an external command from a hook
      such as postCommit or postOptimize. exe - the name of the
      executable to run dir - dir to use as the current working
      directory. default="." wait - the calling thread waits until the
      executable returns. default="true" args - the arguments to pass to
      the program. default=nothing env - environment variables to set.
      default=nothing
    -->
    <!--
      A postCommit event is fired after every commit or optimize command
      <listener event="postCommit" class="solr.RunExecutableListener">
      <str name="exe">solr/bin/snapshooter</str> <str name="dir">.</str>
      <bool name="wait">true</bool> <arr name="args"> <str>arg1</str>
      <str>arg2</str> </arr> <arr name="env"> <str>MYVAR=val1</str>
      </arr> </listener>
    -->
    <!--
      A postOptimize event is fired only after every optimize command
      <listener event="postOptimize" class="solr.RunExecutableListener">
      <str name="exe">snapshooter</str> <str name="dir">solr/bin</str>
      <bool name="wait">true</bool> </listener>
    -->

  </updateHandler>

  <!--
    Use the following format to specify a custom IndexReaderFactory -
    allows for alternate IndexReader implementations. ** Experimental
    Feature ** Please note - Using a custom IndexReaderFactory may
    prevent certain other features from working. The API to
    IndexReaderFactory may change without warning or may even be removed
    from future releases if the problems cannot be resolved. ** Features
    that may not work with custom IndexReaderFactory ** The
    ReplicationHandler assumes a disk-resident index. Using a custom
    IndexReader implementation may cause incompatibility with
    ReplicationHandler and may cause replication to not work correctly.
    See SOLR-1366 for details. <indexReaderFactory
    name="IndexReaderFactory" class="package.class"> Parameters as
    required by the implementation </indexReaderFactory >
  -->
  <!-- To set the termInfosIndexDivisor, do this: -->
  <!--
    <indexReaderFactory name="IndexReaderFactory"
    class="org.apache.solr.core.StandardIndexReaderFactory"> <int
    name="setTermIndexDivisor">12</int> </indexReaderFactory >
  -->

  <query>
    <!--
      Maximum number of clauses in a boolean query... in the past, this
      affected range or prefix queries that expanded to big boolean
      queries - built in Solr query parsers no longer create queries
      with this limitation. An exception is thrown if exceeded.
    -->
    <maxBooleanClauses>1024</maxBooleanClauses>

    <!--
      There are two implementations of cache available for Solr,
      LRUCache, based on a synchronized LinkedHashMap, and FastLRUCache,
      based on a ConcurrentHashMap. FastLRUCache has faster gets and
      slower puts in single threaded operation and thus is generally
      faster than LRUCache when the hit ratio of the cache is high (>
      75%), and may be faster under other scenarios on multi-cpu
      systems.
    -->
    <!--
      Cache used by SolrIndexSearcher for filters (DocSets), unordered
      sets of *all* documents that match a query. When a new searcher is
      opened, its caches may be prepopulated or "autowarmed" using data
      from caches in the old searcher. autowarmCount is the number of
      items to prepopulate. For LRUCache, the autowarmed items will be
      the most recently accessed items. Parameters: class - the
      SolrCache implementation LRUCache or FastLRUCache size - the
      maximum number of entries in the cache initialSize - the initial
      capacity (number of entries) of the cache. (seel
      java.util.HashMap) autowarmCount - the number of entries to
      prepopulate from and old cache.
    -->
    <filterCache class="solr.FastLRUCache" size="512"
      initialSize="512" autowarmCount="0" />

    <!--
      Cache used to hold field values that are quickly accessible by
      document id. The fieldValueCache is created by default even if not
      configured here. <fieldValueCache class="solr.FastLRUCache"
      size="512" autowarmCount="128" showItems="32" />
    -->

    <!--
      queryResultCache caches results of searches - ordered lists of
      document ids (DocList) based on a query, a sort, and the range of
      documents requested.
    -->
    <queryResultCache class="solr.LRUCache" size="512"
      initialSize="512" autowarmCount="0" />

    <!--
      documentCache caches Lucene Document objects (the stored fields
      for each document). Since Lucene internal document ids are
      transient, this cache will not be autowarmed.
    -->
    <documentCache class="solr.LRUCache" size="512"
      initialSize="512" autowarmCount="0" />

    <!--
      If true, stored fields that are not requested will be loaded
      lazily. This can result in a significant speed improvement if the
      usual case is to not load all stored fields, especially if the
      skipped fields are large compressed text fields.
    -->
    <enableLazyFieldLoading>true</enableLazyFieldLoading>

    <!--
      Example of a generic cache. These caches may be accessed by name
      through SolrIndexSearcher.getCache(),cacheLookup(), and
      cacheInsert(). The purpose is to enable easy caching of
      user/application level data. The regenerator argument should be
      specified as an implementation of solr.search.CacheRegenerator if
      autowarming is desired.
    -->
    <!--
      <cache name="myUserCache" class="solr.LRUCache" size="4096"
      initialSize="1024" autowarmCount="1024"
      regenerator="org.mycompany.mypackage.MyRegenerator" />
    -->

    <!--
      An optimization that attempts to use a filter to satisfy a search.
      If the requested sort does not include score, then the filterCache
      will be checked for a filter matching the query. If found, the
      filter will be used as the source of document ids, and then the
      sort will be applied to that.
      <useFilterForSortedQuery>true</useFilterForSortedQuery>
    -->

    <!--
      An optimization for use with the queryResultCache. When a search
      is requested, a superset of the requested number of document ids
      are collected. For example, if a search for a particular query
      requests matching documents 10 through 19, and queryWindowSize is
      50, then documents 0 through 49 will be collected and cached. Any
      further requests in that range can be satisfied via the cache.
    -->
    <queryResultWindowSize>20</queryResultWindowSize>

    <!--
      Maximum number of documents to cache for any entry in the
      queryResultCache.
    -->
    <queryResultMaxDocsCached>200</queryResultMaxDocsCached>

    <!--
      a newSearcher event is fired whenever a new searcher is being
      prepared and there is a current searcher handling requests (aka
      registered). It can be used to prime certain caches to prevent
      long request times for certain requests.
    -->
    <!--
      QuerySenderListener takes an array of NamedList and executes a
      local query request for each NamedList in sequence.
    -->
    <listener event="newSearcher" class="solr.QuerySenderListener">
      <arr name="queries">
        <!--
          <lst> <str name="q">solr</str> <str name="start">0</str> <str
          name="rows">10</str> </lst> <lst> <str name="q">rocks</str>
          <str name="start">0</str> <str name="rows">10</str> </lst>
          <lst><str name="q">static newSearcher warming query from
          solrconfig.xml</str></lst>
        -->
      </arr>
    </listener>

    <!--
      a firstSearcher event is fired whenever a new searcher is being
      prepared but there is no current registered searcher to handle
      requests or to gain autowarming data from.
    -->
    <listener event="firstSearcher" class="solr.QuerySenderListener">
      <arr name="queries">
        <lst>
          <str name="q">solr rocks</str>
          <str name="start">0</str>
          <str name="rows">10</str>
        </lst>
        <lst>
          <str name="q">static firstSearcher warming query from
            solrconfig.xml</str>
        </lst>
      </arr>
    </listener>

    <!--
      If a search request comes in and there is no current registered
      searcher, then immediately register the still warming searcher and
      use it. If "false" then all requests will block until the first
      searcher is done warming.
    -->
    <useColdSearcher>false</useColdSearcher>

    <!--
      Maximum number of searchers that may be warming in the background
      concurrently. An error is returned if this limit is exceeded.
      Recommend 1-2 for read-only slaves, higher for masters w/o cache
      warming.
    -->
    <maxWarmingSearchers>2</maxWarmingSearchers>

  </query>

  <!--
    Let the dispatch filter handler /select?qt=XXX handleSelect=true
    will use consistent error handling for /select and /update
    handleSelect=false will use solr1.1 style error formatting
  -->
  <requestDispatcher handleSelect="true">
    <!--
      Make sure your system has some authentication before enabling
      remote streaming!
    -->
    <requestParsers enableRemoteStreaming="true"
      multipartUploadLimitInKB="2048000" />

    <!--
      Set HTTP caching related parameters (for proxy caches and
      clients). To get the behaviour of Solr 1.2 (ie: no caching related
      headers) use the never304="true" option and do not specify a value
      for <cacheControl>
    -->
    <!-- <httpCaching never304="true"> -->
    <httpCaching lastModifiedFrom="openTime" etagSeed="Solr">
      <!--
        lastModFrom="openTime" is the default, the Last-Modified value
        (and validation against If-Modified-Since requests) will all be
        relative to when the current Searcher was opened. You can change
        it to lastModFrom="dirLastMod" if you want the value to exactly
        corrispond to when the physical index was last modified.

        etagSeed="..." is an option you can change to force the ETag
        header (and validation against If-None-Match requests) to be
        differnet even if the index has not changed (ie: when making
        significant changes to your config file) lastModifiedFrom and
        etagSeed are both ignored if you use the never304="true" option.
      -->
      <!--
        If you include a <cacheControl> directive, it will be used to
        generate a Cache-Control header, as well as an Expires header if
        the value contains "max-age=" By default, no Cache-Control
        header is generated. You can use the <cacheControl> option even
        if you have set never304="true"
      -->
      <!-- <cacheControl>max-age=30, public</cacheControl> -->
    </httpCaching>
  </requestDispatcher>

  <!--
    requestHandler plugins... incoming queries will be dispatched to the
    correct handler based on the path or the 'qt' param.
    Names starting with a '/' are accessed with the a path equal to the
    registered name. Names without a leading '/' are accessed with:
    http://host/app/select?qt=name If no qt is defined, the
    requestHandler that declares default="true" will be used.
  -->
  <requestHandler name="standard" class="solr.SearchHandler"
    default="true">
    <!-- default values for query parameters -->
    <lst name="defaults">
      <str name="echoParams">explicit</str>
      <!--
        <int name="rows">10</int> <str name="fl">*</str> <str
        name="version">2.1</str>
      -->
    </lst>
  </requestHandler>

  <!--
    Please refer to http://wiki.apache.org/solr/SolrReplication for
    details on configuring replication
  -->
  <!-- remove the <lst name="master"> section if this is just a slave -->
  <!-- remove  the <lst name="slave"> section if this is just a master -->
  <!--
    <requestHandler name="/replication" class="solr.ReplicationHandler"
    > <lst name="master"> <str name="replicateAfter">commit</str> <str
    name="replicateAfter">startup</str> <str
    name="confFiles">schema.xml,stopwords.txt</str> </lst> <lst
    name="slave"> <str
    name="masterUrl">http://localhost:8983/solr/replication</str> <str
    name="pollInterval">00:00:60</str> </lst> </requestHandler>
  -->

  <!--
    DisMaxRequestHandler allows easy searching across multiple fields
    for simple user-entered phrases. It's implementation is now just the
    standard SearchHandler with a default query parser of "dismax". see
    http://wiki.apache.org/solr/DisMaxRequestHandler
  -->
  <requestHandler name="dismax" class="solr.SearchHandler">
    <lst name="defaults">
      <str name="defType">dismax</str>
      <str name="echoParams">explicit</str>
      <float name="tie">0.01</float>
      <str name="qf">
        text^0.5 features^1.0 name^1.2 sku^1.5 id^10.0
        manu^1.1 cat^1.4
     </str>
      <str name="pf">
        text^0.2 features^1.1 name^1.5 manu^1.4
        manu_exact^1.9
     </str>
      <str name="bf">
        popularity^0.5 recip(price,1,1000,1000)^0.3
     </str>
      <str name="fl">
        id,name,price,score
     </str>
      <str name="mm">
        2<-1 5<-2 6<90% </str>
      <int name="ps">100</int>
      <str name="q.alt">*:*</str>
      <!-- example highlighter config, enable per-query with hl=true -->
      <str name="hl.fl">text features name</str>
      <!-- for this field, we want no fragmenting, just highlighting -->
      <str name="f.name.hl.fragsize">0</str>
      <!--
        instructs Solr to return the field itself if no query terms are
        found
      -->
      <str name="f.name.hl.alternateField">name</str>
      <str name="f.text.hl.fragmenter">regex</str> <!-- defined below -->
    </lst>
  </requestHandler>

  <!--
    Note how you can register the same handler multiple times with
    different names (and different init parameters)
  -->
  <requestHandler name="partitioned" class="solr.SearchHandler">
    <lst name="defaults">
      <str name="defType">dismax</str>
      <str name="echoParams">explicit</str>
      <str name="qf">text^0.5 features^1.0 name^1.2 sku^1.5 id^10.0</str>
      <str name="mm">2<-1 5<-2 6<90%</str>
      <!--
        This is an example of using Date Math to specify a constantly
        moving date range in a config...
      -->
      <str name="bq">incubationdate_dt:[* TO NOW/DAY-1MONTH]^2.2</str>
    </lst>
    <!--
      In addition to defaults, "appends" params can be specified to
      identify values which should be appended to the list of multi-val
      params from the query (or the existing "defaults"). In this
      example, the param "fq=instock:true" will be appended to any query
      time fq params the user may specify, as a mechanism for
      partitioning the index, independent of any user selected filtering
      that may also be desired (perhaps as a result of faceted
      searching). NOTE: there is *absolutely* nothing a client can do to
      prevent these "appends" values from being used, so don't use this
      mechanism unless you are sure you always want it.
    -->
    <lst name="appends">
      <str name="fq">inStock:true</str>
    </lst>
    <!--
      "invariants" are a way of letting the Solr maintainer lock down
      the options available to Solr clients. Any params values specified
      here are used regardless of what values may be specified in either
      the query, the "defaults", or the "appends" params. In this
      example, the facet.field and facet.query params are fixed,
      limiting the facets clients can use. Faceting is not turned on by
      default - but if the client does specify facet=true in the
      request, these are the only facets they will be able to see counts
      for; regardless of what other facet.field or facet.query params
      they may specify. NOTE: there is *absolutely* nothing a client can
      do to prevent these "invariants" values from being used, so don't
      use this mechanism unless you are sure you always want it.
    -->
    <lst name="invariants">
      <str name="facet.field">cat</str>
      <str name="facet.field">manu_exact</str>
      <str name="facet.query">price:[* TO 500]</str>
      <str name="facet.query">price:[500 TO *]</str>
    </lst>
  </requestHandler>

  <!--
    Search components are registered to SolrCore and used by Search
    Handlers By default, the following components are avaliable:

    <searchComponent name="query"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.QueryComponent" />
    <searchComponent name="facet"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.FacetComponent" />
    <searchComponent name="mlt"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.MoreLikeThisComponent" />
    <searchComponent name="highlight"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.HighlightComponent" />
    <searchComponent name="stats"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.StatsComponent" />
    <searchComponent name="debug"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.DebugComponent" /> Default
    configuration in a requestHandler would look like: <arr
    name="components"> <str>query</str> <str>facet</str> <str>mlt</str>
    <str>highlight</str> <str>stats</str> <str>debug</str> </arr> If you
    register a searchComponent to one of the standard names, that will
    be used instead. To insert components before or after the 'standard'
    components, use: <arr name="first-components">
    <str>myFirstComponentName</str> </arr> <arr name="last-components">
    <str>myLastComponentName</str> </arr>
  -->

  <!--
    The spell check component can return a list of alternative spelling
    suggestions.
  -->
  <searchComponent name="spellcheck" class="solr.SpellCheckComponent">

    <str name="queryAnalyzerFieldType">textSpell</str>

    <lst name="spellchecker">
      <str name="name">default</str>
      <str name="field">name</str>
      <str name="spellcheckIndexDir">./spellchecker</str>
    </lst>

    <!--
      a spellchecker that uses a different distance measure <lst
      name="spellchecker"> <str name="name">jarowinkler</str> <str
      name="field">spell</str> <str
      name="distanceMeasure">org.apache.lucene.search.spell.JaroWinklerDistance</str>
      <str name="spellcheckIndexDir">./spellchecker2</str> </lst>
    -->

    <!--
      a file based spell checker <lst name="spellchecker"> <str
      name="classname">solr.FileBasedSpellChecker</str> <str
      name="name">file</str> <str
      name="sourceLocation">spellings.txt</str> <str
      name="characterEncoding">UTF-8</str> <str
      name="spellcheckIndexDir">./spellcheckerFile</str> </lst>
    -->
  </searchComponent>

  <!--
    A request handler utilizing the spellcheck component.
    #############################################################################
    NOTE: This is purely as an example. The whole purpose of the
    SpellCheckComponent is to hook it into the request handler that
    handles (i.e. the standard or dismax SearchHandler) queries such
    that a separate request is not needed to get suggestions. IN OTHER
    WORDS, THERE IS REALLY GOOD CHANCE THE SETUP BELOW IS NOT WHAT YOU
    WANT FOR YOUR PRODUCTION SYSTEM!
    #############################################################################
  -->
  <requestHandler name="/spell" class="solr.SearchHandler"
    lazy="true">
    <lst name="defaults">
      <!-- omp = Only More Popular -->
      <str name="spellcheck.onlyMorePopular">false</str>
      <!-- exr = Extended Results -->
      <str name="spellcheck.extendedResults">false</str>
      <!--  The number of suggestions to return -->
      <str name="spellcheck.count">1</str>
    </lst>
    <arr name="last-components">
      <str>spellcheck</str>
    </arr>
  </requestHandler>

  <searchComponent name="tvComponent"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.TermVectorComponent" />
  <!--
    A Req Handler for working with the tvComponent. This is purely as an
    example. You will likely want to add the component to your already
    specified request handlers.
  -->
  <requestHandler name="tvrh"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.SearchHandler">
    <lst name="defaults">
      <bool name="tv">true</bool>
    </lst>
    <arr name="last-components">
      <str>tvComponent</str>
    </arr>
  </requestHandler>

  <!-- Solr Cell: http://wiki.apache.org/solr/ExtractingRequestHandler -->
  <requestHandler name="/update/extract"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.extraction.ExtractingRequestHandler"
    startup="lazy">
    <lst name="defaults">
      <!--
        All the main content goes into "text"... if you need to return
        the extracted text or do highlighting, use a stored field.
      -->
      <str name="fmap.content">text</str>
      <str name="lowernames">true</str>
      <str name="uprefix">ignored_</str>

      <!-- capture link hrefs but ignore div attributes -->
      <str name="captureAttr">true</str>
      <str name="fmap.a">links</str>
      <str name="fmap.div">ignored_</str>
    </lst>
  </requestHandler>

  <!--
    A component to return terms and document frequency of those terms.
    This component does not yet support distributed search.
  -->
  <searchComponent name="termsComponent"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.TermsComponent" />

  <requestHandler name="/terms"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.component.SearchHandler">
    <lst name="defaults">
      <bool name="terms">true</bool>
    </lst>
    <arr name="components">
      <str>termsComponent</str>
    </arr>
  </requestHandler>

  <!--
    Update request handler. Note: Since solr1.1 requestHandlers requires
    a valid content type header if posted in the body. For example, curl
    now requires: -H 'Content-type:text/xml; charset=utf-8' The response
    format differs from solr1.1 formatting and returns a standard error
    code. To enable solr1.1 behavior, remove the /update handler or
    change its path
  -->
  <requestHandler name="/update" class="solr.UpdateRequestHandler"  />

  <!--
    Analysis request handler. Since Solr 1.3. Use to return how a
    document is analyzed. Useful for debugging and as a token server for
    other types of applications. This is deprecated in favor of the
    improved DocumentAnalysisRequestHandler and
    FieldAnalysisRequestHandler <requestHandler name="/analysis"
    class="solr.AnalysisRequestHandler" />
  -->

  <!--
    An analysis handler that provides a breakdown of the analysis
    process of provided docuemnts. This handler expects a (single)
    content stream with the following format: <docs> <doc> <field
    name="id">1</field> <field name="name">The Name</field> <field
    name="text">The Text Value</field> <doc> <doc>...</doc>
    <doc>...</doc> ... </docs> Note: Each document must contain a field
    which serves as the unique key. This key is used in the returned
    response to assoicate an analysis breakdown to the analyzed
    document. Like the FieldAnalysisRequestHandler, this handler also
    supports query analysis by sending either an "analysis.query" or "q"
    request paraemter that holds the query text to be analyized. It also
    supports the "analysis.showmatch" parameter which when set to true,
    all field tokens that match the query tokens will be marked as a
    "match".
  -->
  <requestHandler name="/analysis/document"
    class="solr.DocumentAnalysisRequestHandler" />

  <!--
    RequestHandler that provides much the same functionality as
    analysis.jsp. Provides the ability to specify multiple field types
    and field names in the same request and outputs index-time and
    query-time analysis for each of them. Request parameters are:
    analysis.fieldname - The field name whose analyzers are to be used
    analysis.fieldtype - The field type whose analyzers are to be used
    analysis.fieldvalue - The text for index-time analysis q (or
    analysis.q) - The text for query time analysis analysis.showmatch
    (true|false) - When set to true and when query analysis is
    performed, the produced tokens of the field value analysis will be
    marked as "matched" for every token that is produces by the query
    analysis
  -->
  <requestHandler name="/analysis/field" class="solr.FieldAnalysisRequestHandler" />

  <!-- CSV update handler, loaded on demand -->
  <requestHandler name="/update/csv" class="solr.CSVRequestHandler"
    startup="lazy" />

  <!--
    Admin Handlers - This will register all the standard admin
    RequestHandlers. Adding this single handler is equivalent to
    registering: <requestHandler name="/admin/luke"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.admin.LukeRequestHandler" />
    <requestHandler name="/admin/system"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.admin.SystemInfoHandler" />
    <requestHandler name="/admin/plugins"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.admin.PluginInfoHandler" />
    <requestHandler name="/admin/threads"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.admin.ThreadDumpHandler" />
    <requestHandler name="/admin/properties"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.admin.PropertiesRequestHandler" />
    <requestHandler name="/admin/file"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.admin.ShowFileRequestHandler" > If
    you wish to hide files under ${solr.home}/conf, explicitly register
    the ShowFileRequestHandler using: <requestHandler name="/admin/file"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.admin.ShowFileRequestHandler" > <lst
    name="invariants"> <str name="hidden">synonyms.txt</str> <str
    name="hidden">anotherfile.txt</str> </lst> </requestHandler>
  -->
  <requestHandler name="/admin/"
    class="org.apache.solr.handler.admin.AdminHandlers" />

  <!-- Echo the request contents back to the client -->
  <requestHandler name="/debug/dump" class="solr.DumpRequestHandler">
    <lst name="defaults">
      <str name="echoParams">explicit</str> <!-- for all params (including the default etc) use: 'all' -->
      <str name="echoHandler">true</str>
    </lst>
  </requestHandler>

  <!--
    An example dedup update processor that creates the "id" field on the
    fly based on the hash code of some other fields. This example has
    overwriteDupes set to false since we are using the id field as the
    signatureField and Solr will maintain uniqueness based on that
    anyway. You have to link the chain to an update handler above to use
    it ie: <requestHandler name="/update
    "class="solr.UpdateRequestHandler"> <lst name="defaults"> <str
    name="update.chain">dedupe</str> </lst> </requestHandler>
  -->

  <!--
    queryResponseWriter plugins... query responses will be written using
    the writer specified by the 'wt' request parameter matching the name
    of a registered writer. The "default" writer is the default and will
    be used if 'wt' is not specified in the request. XMLResponseWriter
    will be used if nothing is specified here. The json, python, and
    ruby writers are also available by default. <queryResponseWriter
    name="xml" class="org.apache.solr.request.XMLResponseWriter"
    default="true"/> <queryResponseWriter name="json"
    class="org.apache.solr.request.JSONResponseWriter"/>
    <queryResponseWriter name="python"
    class="org.apache.solr.request.PythonResponseWriter"/>
    <queryResponseWriter name="ruby"
    class="org.apache.solr.request.RubyResponseWriter"/>
    <queryResponseWriter name="php"
    class="org.apache.solr.request.PHPResponseWriter"/>
    <queryResponseWriter name="phps"
    class="org.apache.solr.request.PHPSerializedResponseWriter"/>

    <queryResponseWriter name="custom"
    class="com.example.MyResponseWriter"/>
  -->

  <!--
    XSLT response writer transforms the XML output by any xslt file
    found in Solr's conf/xslt directory. Changes to xslt files are
    checked for every xsltCacheLifetimeSeconds.
  -->
  <queryResponseWriter name="xslt"
    class="org.apache.solr.response.XSLTResponseWriter">
    <int name="xsltCacheLifetimeSeconds">5</int>
  </queryResponseWriter>

  <!--
    example of registering a query parser <queryParser name="lucene"
    class="org.apache.solr.search.LuceneQParserPlugin"/>
  -->

  <!--
    example of registering a custom function parser <valueSourceParser
    name="myfunc" class="com.mycompany.MyValueSourceParser" />
  -->

  <!-- config for the admin interface -->
  <admin>
    <defaultQuery>*</defaultQuery>
  </admin>

</config>


text:
There needs to be more Recognition of Afro-Latino Culture
Nadera Powell, Homecoming Princess
Nadera Powell, Reporter
Yes, I am Black. Yes, I am Latina. I have found myself having to explain repeatedly the same narrative of my family's journey to Central America, and even then my identity is doubted by those who cannot seem to wrap their heads around the fact that a Black American- appearing girl can also be of Central American descent. Though I did not grow up with Spanish in my household, my Belizean culture was still preserved in my family through music, food, festivities, and traditions that were passed down generations. There are many Black communities across Latin America such as the Garifuna in Belize who are fighting to keep their culture alive, so debe haber más representación de la cultura Afrolatina.
The US for decades has had a sensitive spot when it comes to race relations in the country. Racial tensions between communities of color and their white counterparts have led to discussions in the mainstream media about the causes and effects of issues affecting different minority groups. One of those groups includes the Afro-LatinoAmerican community, or LatinoAmericans whose identity reflects African ancestry. Often underrepresented in every aspect of society, their struggle is undocumented and their stories go untold in mainstream media, but also in academia.
My mother, Charline Nunez, who is Afro-Belizean, said, "In college, there were very few people who related to me and my cultural identity because I am Central American and Black. In and out of the classroom, there needs to be more representation." She attended Cal State Long Beach and Cal State Dominguez Hills.
Self identification within the Latin community is more diverse now than ever.
"When I was younger I hated my skin tone because everyone was a different color than I was," said youth leader and Afro-Mexican Marilyn Leiva of Burbank who spoke to the Oarsman. "I hated having to prove that I spoke Spanish. Now that I'm older, I embrace who I am because I'm unique."
Mexico just included its Afro-Latinx population in its national census in 2015, and in the US more than 1.2 million Latinos identify as black compared to the 389,000 in 1980. Of that, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans are the largest black-identifying groups, and more Latinos are identifying with their black roots. as the Afro-Latino community pushes for more advocacy of deep-rooted issues they face as a community.
The Pew Research Center found that Latinos with roots in the Caribbean are the most likely to identify as Afro-Latino. During the slave trade, more African slaves were taken to Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Carribean islands than to South America and what is now the United States. Unfortunately, many enslaved Black women were raped by slave owners, and the result is a very complicated legacy of racial identity for the ethnic group that would eventually be called Latino. And one result of that painful history is many Latin American descendants ignore, or at worst reject, their African roots.
Internalized oppression and discrimination affect the way they see themselves, so self identification can be complicated. Black Latinos lack the privilege that lighter-skinned Latinos have, with an experience that's more akin to the racism and struggles of African-Americans.
"I think in general identity is a complicated issue to navigate," said community organizer and Afro-Puerto Rican and Dominican Altagracia Alvarado. "Mine is something that I try to explain to everyone early on or just stay open to inquiry about and I try not to take any lack of exposure personally."
Afro-Latino Americans are also commonly left out of discussions regarding health equity and social issues in general. Afro-Latino Americans are similar to non-Latino black Americans in more ways than not, sharing high poverty rates, disproportionately low incomes and segregated housing which all contribute to the health of both groups. Latinos who identified as black were more likely to report poor health compared to the self-identifying white Latinos. According to a study, Black Latinos also reported having higher rates of hypertension than their white Latino counterparts. Now knowing these facts, why is this not being recorded? Why are Black Latina girls experiencing higher levels of depression than white Latina girls? But the most important question is what can we do to fix it?
First, recognition of the diversity in the Latino community is important to have any steps towards progress. The race-related dialogue happening in society must shapeshift to include Afro-Latinos as well, because ignorance prevents change. The solutions are not black, white or even Latino. They are intersectional, much like Afro-Latinos.
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Opinion: It's 2020, and Tim Burton's Past Racist Comments Are Still Unacceptable
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Are the vertices of a non-degenerate $n$-simplex in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ linearly independent? By non-degenerate, I mean the $n+1$ vertices form the convex hull of the simplex and none of them lie within or on the $n-1$ simplex formed from the other points. I know that the vertices are affinely independent, but that doesn't necessarily imply that they're linearly independent as well

A: No. Any $n$-dimensional subspace of $R^{n+1}$ contains lots of nondegenerate
$n$-simplices. For example, a segment of a line through the origin of $R^2$.

A: $\newcommand{\Reals}{\mathbf{R}}$The $n + 1$ vertices of an $n$-simplex (degenerate or not) in $\Reals^{n+1}$ may be viewed as displacement vectors from the origin, and therefore constitute a linearly independent set if and only if:

*

*They span $\Reals^{n+1}$; if and only if

*No hyperplane ($n$-dimensional linear subspace) contains the set of vertices; if and only if

*No hyperplane contains the simplex; if and only if

*No two vertices lie on a line through the origin, no three are coplanar with the origin, etc.

A: Since $0$ can be one of the vertices, they obviously don't need to be linearly independent. (Note that affine independence is translation invariant, but linear independence isn't.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
(Redirected from Catholic Church hierarchy)
"Catholic Hierarchy" redirects here. For the unofficial online database, see Catholic-Hierarchy.org.
The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops, priests, and deacons.[1][2] In the ecclesiological sense of the term, "hierarchy" strictly means the "holy ordering" of the Church, the Body of Christ, so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity. (1 Cor 12)
In canonical and general usage, it refers to those who exercise authority within a Christian church.[3] In the Catholic Church, authority rests chiefly with the bishops,[4] while priests and deacons serve as their assistants, co-workers or helpers.[5] Accordingly, "hierarchy of the Catholic Church" is also used to refer to the bishops alone.[6] The special power of the Bishop of Rome derived exclusively from Peter the Apostle was not mentioned until Pope Stephen I (254-7) made this claim. And the term "pope" was still used loosely until the sixth century, being at times assumed by other bishops.[7] The term "hierarchy" became popular only in the sixth century, due to the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius.[8]
As of 30 December 2014, the Catholic Church consisted of 2,998 dioceses or equivalent jurisdictions,[9] each overseen by a bishop. Dioceses are divided into individual communities called parishes, each staffed by one or more priests, deacons, or lay ecclesial ministers.[10] Ordinarily, care of a parish is entrusted to a priest, though there are exceptions. Approximately 22% of all parishes do not have a resident pastor, and 3,485 parishes worldwide are entrusted to a deacon or lay ecclesial minister.[11]
All clergy, including deacons, priests, and bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages, and conduct funeral liturgies.[12] Only priests and bishops can celebrate the sacraments of the Eucharist (though others may be ministers of Holy Communion),[13] Penance (Reconciliation, Confession), Confirmation (priests may administer this sacrament with prior ecclesiastical approval), and Anointing of the Sick.[14][15] Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, by which men are ordained as bishops, priests or deacons.[16]
BishopEdit
‹ The template below (Hierarchy of the Catholic Church) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
High clergy
Other Bishops
Abbots / Abbess
Local ordinaries
Low clergy
Vicars General
Vicariate
Curates
Assistant priests
R. man / R. woman
Monks / Nun
Regular clergy
Main article: Bishop (Catholic Church)
The bishops, who possess the fullness of orders, and therefore the fullness of both priesthood and diaconate, are as a body (the College of Bishops) considered the successors of the Apostles[17][18] and are "constituted Pastors in the Church, to be the teachers of doctrine, the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance"[19] and "represent the Church."[20] In the year 2012, there were 5,133 Catholic bishops;[21] at the end of 2014, there were 5,237 Catholic bishops.[22] The Pope himself is a bishop (the bishop of Rome) and traditionally uses the title "Venerable Brother" when writing formally to another bishop.
The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a diocese.[18] Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan ordinaries, because they have what canon law calls ordinary (i.e. not delegated) authority for a diocese. These bishops may be known as hierarchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches. Other bishops may be appointed to assist ordinaries (auxiliary bishops and coadjutor bishops) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the Church, such as appointments as papal nuncios or as officials in the Roman Curia.
Bishops of a country or region may form an episcopal conference and meet periodically to discuss current problems. Decisions in certain fields, notably liturgy, fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences. The decisions of the conferences are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two-thirds of the membership and confirmed by the Holy See.
Bishops are normally ordained to the episcopate by at least three other bishops,[19] though for validity only one is needed[23] and a mandatum from the Holy See is required.[24] Ordination to the episcopate is considered the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders; even when a bishop retires from his active service, he remains a bishop, since the ontological effect of Holy Orders is permanent. On the other hand, titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration, and existing bishops who rise to those offices do not require further ordination.
Sacramentally, all bishops are equal. According to jurisdiction, office, and privileges, however, various ranks are distinguished, as indicated below. All bishops are "vicars of Christ".[25]
Pope (Bishop of Rome)Edit
Main article: Pope
Pope Francis, bishop of Rome
The pope is the bishop of Rome. He is also, by virtue of that office:
Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the Latin Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the Vatican City State, Servant of the servants of God.[26]
Offices and titlesEdit
"Pope" is a pronominal honorific, not an office or a title, meaning "Father" (the common honorific for all clergy). The honorific "pope" was from the early 3rd century used for any bishop in the West, and is known in Greek as far back as Homer's Odyssey (6:57). In the East, "pope" is still a common form of address for clergy in the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church, and is the style of the Bishop of Alexandria. Pope Marcellinus (d. 304) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title "pope" used of him. From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century, when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome.[citation needed]
As bishop of the Church of Rome, he is successor to the co-patrons of that local Church, Saint Peter and Saint Paul.[27] As such, the Church of Rome, and its bishop, has always had a prominence in the Catholic communion and at least to some degree primacy among his peers, the other bishops,[28] as Peter had a certain primacy among his peers, the other apostles.[29] The exact nature of that primacy is one of the most significant ecumenical issues of the age, and has developed as a doctrine throughout the entire history of the Church.[30]
The Catechism of the Catholic Church, quoting the Second Vatican Council's document Lumen gentium, states: "The pope, Bishop of Rome and Peter's successor, 'is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful.'"[31] Communion with the bishop of Rome has become such a significant identifier of Catholic identity that at times the Catholic Church has been known in its entirety as "Roman Catholic," though this is inaccurate in Catholic theology (ecclesiology).[32]
Three other of the pope's offices stem directly from his office as bishop of the Church of Rome. As the Latin Church owes its identity and development to its origins in the liturgical, juridical, and theological patrimony of Rome, the bishop of Rome is de facto the patriarch of the Latin Church. According to Pope Benedict XVI, there has been much 'confusion' between the pope's primacy as patriarch of the western church and his primacy as first patriarch among equals, that this "failure to distinguish" between the roles and responsibilities of these two distinct positions leads in time to the "extreme centralization of the Catholic Church" and the schism between East and West.[33]
As the first local Church of Italy, the bishop of Rome is the Primate of Italy and is empowered to appoint the president of the Italian Bishops' Conference.
The Church of Rome is also the principal church of the Province of Rome, so the bishop of Rome is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province.
As a bishop, the pope is referred to as a Vicar of Christ. This title was common to all bishops from the fourth through twelfth centuries, reserved to the bishop of Rome from the twelfth through early twentieth centuries, and restored to all bishops at the Second Vatican Council.[34]
The pope resides in Vatican City, an independent state within the city of Rome, set up by the 1929 Lateran Pacts between the Holy See and Italy. As popes were sovereigns of the papal states (754–1870), so do they exercise absolute civil authority in the microstate of Vatican City since 1929.
Ambassadors are accredited not to the Vatican City State but to the Holy See, which was subject to international law even before the state was instituted. The body of officials that assist the Pope in governance of the Church as a whole is known as the Roman curia. The term "Holy See" (i.e. of Rome) is generally used only of the Pope and the curia, because the Code of Canon Law, which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see (diocese) of Rome itself, necessarily uses the term in this technical sense.
Finally, the title "Servant of the servants of God" was an addition of Pope Gregory the Great, a reminder that in Christianity, leadership is always about service/ministry (diakonia).
The style of address for the bishop of Rome is "His Holiness".
ElectionEdit
The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis.[35] This deals with the powers, from the death of a pope to the announcement of his successor's election, of the cardinals and the departments of the Roman curia; with the funeral arrangements for the dead pope; and with the place, time and manner of voting of the meeting of the cardinal electors, a meeting known as a conclave. This word is derived from Latin com- (together) and clavis (key) and refers to the locking away of the participants from outside influences, a measure that was introduced first as a means instead of forcing them to reach a decision.
Like all bishops, the pope has the option of resigning, though unlike other bishops, it is not required. The best known cases are those of Pope Celestine V in 1294, Pope Gregory XII in 1415 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2013. Approximately 10% of all popes left or were removed from office before death.
PatriarchsEdit
The heads of some autonomous (in Latin, sui iuris) particular Churches consisting of several local Churches (dioceses) have the title of Patriarch.[36]
The pope, as patriarch of the Latin Church, is the head of the only sui iuris Church in the West, leading to the relatively short-lived title Patriarch of the West (in use 1863–2006). Eastern patriarchs are elected by the synod of bishops of their particular Church.[37]
The Patriarchs who head autonomous particular Churches are:
The Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria (Coptic Catholic Church)[38]
The Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch (Melkite Greek Catholic Church)[39]
The Maronite Patriarch of Antioch (Maronite Church)[40]
The Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch (Syriac Catholic Church)[41]
The Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia (Armenian Catholic Church)[42]
The Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylonia (Chaldean Catholic Church)[43]
These have authority not only over the bishops of their particular Church, including metropolitans, but also directly over all the faithful.[44] Eastern Catholic patriarchs have precedence over all other bishops, with the exceptions laid down by the Pope.[45] The honorary title prefixed to their names is "His Beatitude".
There are also titular patriarchs in the Latin Church, who, for various historical reasons, were granted the title, but never the corresponding office and responsibilities, of "patriarch". They include the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, the Patriarch of Venice, the Patriarch of Lisbon, and the Patriarch of the East Indies. All of these offices are honorary, and the patriarchs are not the heads of autonomous particular Churches.[46] The Patriarch of the East Indies is the archbishop of Goa, while the other patriarchs are the archbishops of the named cities. The title of Patriarch of the West Indies was in the past granted to some Spanish bishops (not always of the same see), but is long in abeyance.
Current and historical Catholic patriarchates
Patriarchs of sui iuris Churches Coptic Alexandria Patriarch Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak
Greek-Melkite Antioch Patriarch Youssef Absi
Maronite Antioch Cardinal Bechara Boutros al-Rahi
Syriac Antioch Patriarch Ignatius Joseph III Younan
Armenian Cilicia Patriarch Gregory Petros XX Gabroyan
Chaldean Babylon Cardinal Louis Raphaël I Sako
Titular Patriarchs Latin Jerusalem Sede vacante
Latin East Indies Patriarch Filipe Neri Ferrão
Latin Lisbon Cardinal Manuel Clemente
Latin Venice Patriarch Francesco Moraglia
Suppressed or vacant titles Latin Alexandria suppressed in 1964
Latin Antioch suppressed in 1964
Latin Constantinople suppressed in 1964
Latin West Indies vacant from 1963
Latin Aquileia suppressed in 1751
Latin Grado transferred to Venice in 1451
Major archbishopsEdit
Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the Major Archbishop of Kiev–Galicia
Other autonomous particular Churches are headed by a major archbishop.[47] The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church uses the title Catholicos for their major archbishop.[48] With few exceptions, the authority of a major archbishop in his sui iuris Church is equivalent to that of a patriarch in his Church.[49] This less prestigious office[50] was established in 1963 for those Eastern Catholic Churches which have developed in size and stability to allow full self-governance if historical, ecumenical, or political conditions do not allow their elevation to a patriarchate.
At present, there are four major archbishops:
Major archdiocese
Ernakulam-Angamaly
India Syro-Malabar Cardinal George Alencherry
Făgăraş and Alba Iulia
Romania Romanian Cardinal Lucian Mureșan
Kiev–Galicia
Ukraine Ukrainian Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk
India Syro-Malankara Cardinal Baselios Cleemis
CardinalsEdit
Main article: Cardinal (Catholicism)
A cardinal (second from left) and bishops
Cardinals are princes of the Church appointed by the Pope.[51] He generally chooses bishops who head departments of the Roman Curia or important episcopal sees throughout the world. As a whole, the cardinals compose a College of Cardinals which advises the Pope, and those cardinals under the age of 80 at the death or resignation of a Pope elect his successor. Their heraldic achievement is surmounted by the red galero and tassels as a form of martyred position in the Church.
Not all cardinals are bishops. Domenico Bartolucci, Karl Josef Becker, Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye are examples of 21st-century non-bishop cardinals. The 1917 Code of Canon Law introduced the requirement that a cardinal must be at least a priest.[52] Previously, they need only be in minor orders and not even deacons. Teodolfo Mertel, who died in 1899, was the last non-priest cardinal. In 1962, Pope John XXIII made it a rule that a man who has been nominated a cardinal is required to be consecrated a bishop, if not one already,[53] but some ask for and obtain dispensation from this requirement. It is rare that the Pope will appoint Cardinals who are priests only and not consecrated as a bishop.
The 1917 Code of Canon Law, continuing the tradition observed, for instance, at the First Vatican Council,[54] laid down that cardinals have precedence over all other prelates, even patriarchs.[55] The 1983 Code of Canon Law did not deal with questions of precedence.
The cardinalate is not an integral part of the theological structure of the Catholic Church, but largely an honorific distinction that has its origins in the 1059 assignation of the right of electing the Pope exclusively to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian dioceses.[51] Because of their resulting importance, the term cardinal (from Latin cardo, meaning "hinge") was applied to them. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began. Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his "titular church" or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses. Of these sees, the Dean of the College of Cardinals holds that of Ostia, while keeping his preceding link with one of the other six sees. Traditionally, only six cardinals held the rank of Cardinal Bishop, but when Eastern patriarchs are made cardinals, they too hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop, without being assigned a suburbicarian see. The other cardinals have the rank either of Cardinal Priest or Cardinal Deacon, the former rank being normally assigned to bishops in charge of dioceses, and the latter to officials of the Curia and to priests raised to the cardinalate.
PrimatesEdit
The Latin Church title of primate has in some countries been granted to the bishop of a particular (usually metropolitan) see.[56] It once involved authority over all the other sees in the country or region, but now only gives a "prerogative of honor" with no power of governance unless an exception is made in certain matters by a privilege granted by the Holy See or by an approved custom.[57] The title is usually assigned to the ordinary of the first diocese or the oldest archdiocese in the country.[56] Thus in Poland, the primate is the archbishop of the oldest archdiocese (Gniezno, founded in 1000), and not the oldest diocese (Poznań, founded in 968).
Notably, the Archbishop of Baltimore is not formally considered a primate of the Catholic Church in the United States, but "prerogative of the place".
The closest equivalent position in Eastern Orthodoxy is an exarch holding authority over other bishops without being a patriarch.[56] In the Eastern Catholic Churches, exarchs, whether apostolic or patriarchal, do not hold authority over other bishops (see below, #Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law).
Metropolitan bishopsEdit
Archbishop Robert Carlson, Metropolitan Archbishop of St. Louis. Note he is wearing the pallium.
A Latin Church Metropolitan is the bishop of the principal (the "metropolitan") see of an ecclesiastical province composed of several dioceses. The metropolitan receives a pallium from the pope as a symbol of his office. The metropolitan bishop has limited oversight authority over the suffragan dioceses in their province, including ensuring that the faith and ecclesiastical discipline are properly observed.[58] He also has the power to name a diocesan administrator for a vacant suffragan see if the diocesan council of consultors fails to properly elect one.[59] His diocesan tribunal additionally serves by default as the ecclesiastical court of appeal for suffragans (court of second instance),[60] and the metropolitan has the option of judging those appeals personally.[61]
Eastern metropolitans in patriarchal or major archiepiscopal churches have a level of authority similar to that of Latin metropolitans, subject to the specific laws and customs of their sui iuris church.[62] Eastern metropolitans who head a metropolitan sui iuris church have much greater authority within their church, although it is less than that of a major archbishop or patriarch.[63]
All metropolitans have the title of Archbishop, and the metropolitan see is usually referred to as an archdiocese or archeparchy, a title held not only by the 553 metropolitan sees but also by 77 other sees.[64] An exception is the metropolitan Diocese of Rome.
ArchbishopsEdit
The title of archbishop is held not only by bishops who head metropolitan sees, but also by those who head archdioceses that are not metropolitan sees (most of these are in Europe and the Levant[65]). In addition, it is held by certain other bishops, referred to as "Titular Archbishops" (see "Other Bishops" below) who have been given no-longer-residential archdioceses as their titular sees—many of these in administrative or diplomatic posts, for instance as papal nuncios or secretaries of curial congregations. The bishop of a non-archiepiscopal see may be given the personal title of archbishop without also elevating his see (such a bishop is known as an archbishop ad personam), though this practice has seen significantly reduced usage since the Second Vatican Council.
Diocesan bishopsEdit
The bishop or eparch of a see, even if he does not also hold a title such as Archbishop, Metropolitan, Major Archbishop, Patriarch or Pope, is the centre of unity for his diocese or eparchy, and, as a member of the College of Bishops, shares in responsibility for governance of the whole Church (cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 886). As each local particular Church is an embodiment of the whole Catholic Church, not just an administrative subdivision of something larger, the bishop who is its head is not a delegate of the Pope. Instead, he has of himself primary teaching, governance and sanctifying responsibility for the see for which he has been ordained bishop.
Within each diocese, even if the Eucharist is celebrated by another bishop, the necessary communion with the Bishop of the diocese is signified by the mention of his name. In Eastern eparchies the name of the patriarch, major archbishop or metropolitan is also mentioned, because these also have direct responsibility within all the eparchies of the particular Church in question. For the same reason, every Catholic celebration of the Eucharist has a mention of the Pope by name.
Ordination to the episcopate is the fullness of the priesthood and the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders. Bishops are considered the successors of the apostles.
Within the Catholic Church the following posts have similarities to that of a diocesan bishop, but are not necessarily held by a bishop.
Equivalents of diocesan bishops in lawEdit
Canon 368 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law lists five Latin Church jurisdictional areas that are considered equivalent to a diocese. These are headed by:
A Territorial Prelate, formerly called a Prelate nullius dioceseos (of no diocese), in charge of a geographical area that has not yet been raised to the level of diocese
A Territorial Abbot, in charge of an area, which in mission countries can be quite vast, associated with an abbey
A Vicar Apostolic (normally a bishop of a titular see), in charge of an apostolic vicariate, usually in a mission country, not yet ready to be made a diocese
A Prefect Apostolic (usually not a bishop), in charge of an apostolic prefecture, not yet ready to be made an apostolic vicariate
A Permanent Apostolic Administrator, in charge of a geographical area that for serious reasons cannot be made a diocese.
To these may be added:
An Apostolic Exarch (normally a bishop of a titular see), in charge of an apostolic exarchate—not yet ready to be made an eparchy—for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area that is situated outside the home territory of that Eastern Church.
A Patriarchal Exarch, a bishop in charge of a patriarchal exarchate—not yet ready to be made an eparchy—for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area situated within the home territory of that patriarchal Eastern Church.[66]
A Military Ordinary, serving Catholics in a country's armed forces
A Personal Prelate, in charge of a group of persons without regard to geography: the only personal prelature existing is that of Opus Dei.
An Apostolic Administrator of a Personal Apostolic Administration: only one exists, the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney
An Ordinary of a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans[67]
A Superior of an autonomous mission
Of somewhat similar standing is the Diocesan Administrator (formerly called a Vicar Capitular) elected to govern a diocese during a vacancy. Apart from certain limitations of nature and law, he has, on a caretaker basis, the same obligations and powers as a Diocesan Bishop (canons 427–429 of the Code of Canon Law). Occasionally an Apostolic Administrator is appointed by the Holy See to run a vacant diocese, or even a diocese whose bishop is incapacitated or otherwise impeded.
Other bishopsEdit
A Diocesan Bishop may have bishops who assist in his ministry. The Coadjutor Bishop of a see has the right of succession on the death or resignation of the Diocesan Bishop, and, if the see is an archdiocese, holds the title of Archbishop. Similarly, a retired Diocesan Bishop keeps his connection with the see to which he was appointed, and is known as Bishop (or Archbishop) Emeritus of that see. On the other hand, an Auxiliary Bishop, who may also hold posts such as vicar general or episcopal vicar, is appointed bishop of a titular see, a see that in the course of history has ceased to exist as an actual jurisdictional unit.
The titular sees—which may be archiepiscopal or simply episcopal—assigned to such bishops were once known as sees in partibus infidelium, because they were situated in areas lost to Christianity as a result of Muslim conquests. Now former sees even in Christian countries are assigned as titular sees. These sees are also assigned to bishops who serve in the Roman Curia, as Papal Nuncios, or as equivalents of Diocesan Bishops in law (see above), such as Vicars Apostolic and Apostolic Exarchs.
The term "Titular Bishop" is frequently used for such bishops, but is, strictly speaking, inaccurate, since they are indeed bishops, even if they do not serve the see to which they are appointed, and are not merely holders of an honorary title of bishop. They are members of the College of Bishops as much as the Diocesan Bishops.
In most English-speaking countries, the honorary title prefixed to the name of a bishop is "The Most Reverend". However, in the United Kingdom and in those countries most strongly influenced by English (not Irish) practice, "The Most Reverend" is reserved for archbishops, and other bishops are called "The Right Reverend".
Important titles or functions usually, but not necessarily, held by (arch)bishops who are not in charge of a diocese or an equivalent community include those of Apostolic Delegate, Apostolic Nuncio, Papal Legate, Patriarchal Vicar, Pontifical Delegate.
Ordinaries and local ordinariesEdit
Main article: Ordinary (officer)
Local ordinaries are placed over or exercise ordinary executive power in particular churches or equivalent communities.[68]
The Supreme Pontiff (the Pope) is a local ordinary for the whole Catholic Church.[69][70]
In Eastern Catholic Churches, Patriarchs, major archbishops, and metropolitans have ordinary power of governance for the whole territory of their respective autonomous particular churches.[71]
Diocesan bishops and eparchial eparchs
Other prelates who head, even if only temporarily, a particular church or a community equivalent to it (see above #Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law)
Vicars general and protosyncelli
Main article: Vicar general
Episcopal vicars and syncelli
Major superiors of religious institutes (including abbots) and of societies of apostolic life are ordinaries of their respective memberships, but not local ordinaries.
PresbyterateEdit
Main article: Priesthood in the Catholic Church
In generalEdit
Bishops are assisted by priests[72] and deacons. All priests and deacons are incardinated in a diocese or religious order. Parishes, whether territorial or person-based, within a diocese are normally in the charge of a priest, known as the parish priest or the pastor.[72]
In the Latin Church, only celibate men, as a rule, are ordained as priests, while the Eastern Churches, again as a rule, ordain both celibate and married men. Among the Eastern particular Churches, the Ethiopic Catholic Church ordains only celibate clergy, while also having married priests who were ordained in the Orthodox Church, while other Eastern Catholic Churches, which do ordain married men, do not have married priests in certain countries. The Western or Latin Church does sometimes, though rarely, ordain married men, usually Protestant clergy who have become Catholics. All sui iuris Churches of the Catholic Church maintain the ancient tradition that, following ordination, marriage is not allowed. Even a married priest whose wife dies may not then marry again.
The Catholic Church and the ancient Christian Churches see priestly ordination as a sacrament dedicating the ordinand to a permanent relationship of service, and, like Baptism and Confirmation, having an ontological effect on him. It is for this reason that a person may be ordained to each of the three orders only once. They also consider that ordination can be conferred only on males.
Priests in service outside their dioceseEdit
Although priests are incardinated into a diocese or order, they may obtain the permission of their diocesan ordinary or religious superior to serve outside the normal jurisdiction of the diocese or order. These assignments may be temporary or more permanent in nature.
Temporary assignments may include studying for an advanced degree at a Pontifical University in Rome. They may also include short-term assignments to the faculty of a seminary located outside the diocese's territory.
Long-term assignments include serving the universal church on the staff of a dicastery or tribunal of the Roman Curia or in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. They may also be appointed the rector or to long-term teaching assignments to the faculty of a seminary or Catholic university. Priests may also serve on the staff of their episcopal conference, as military chaplains in the military ordinariates, or as missionaries.
Positions within a diocese at diocesan levelEdit
The diocesan bishop appoints a vicar general to assist him in the governance of the diocese. Usually, only one vicar general is appointed; particularly large dioceses may have more than one vicar general. The vicar general or one of them is usually appointed moderator of the curia who coordinates the diocesan administrative offices and ministries.[73] A diocesan bishop can also appoint one or more episcopal vicars for the diocese. They have the same ordinary power as a vicar general, however, it is limited to a specified division of the diocese, to a specific type of activity, to the faithful of a particular rite, or to certain groups of people.[74] Vicars general and episcopal vicars must be priests or bishops. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, they are called protosyncelli and syncelli (canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches).
Diocesan bishops are required to appoint a judicial vicar to whom is delegated the bishop's ordinary power to judge cases (canon 1420 of the Code of Canon Law, canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches). In the Latin church, the judicial vicar may also be called officialis. The person holding this post must be a priest, have earned a doctorate in canon law (or at least a license), be at least thirty years old, and, unless the smallness of the diocese or the limited number of cases suggests otherwise, must not be the vicar general. As one of the jobs of the judicial vicar is to preside over collegiate tribunals, many dioceses have adjutant judicial vicars who can preside over collegiate tribunals in place of the judicial vicar and must have the same qualifications.
The diocesan bishop appoints a chancellor, possibly a vice-chancellor, and notaries to the diocesan chancery. These officials maintain the records and archives of the diocese. They also serve as the secretaries of the diocesan curia. The bishop also appoints a finance officer and a finance council to oversee the budget, temporal goods, income, and expenses of the diocese.
The diocesan bishop may appoint priests to be members of the chapter of his cathedral or of a collegiate church (so called after their chapter). These priests are given the title of canon. He also appoints six to twelve priests from the presbyteral council to serve as a college of consultors. They have the responsibility to elect the diocesan administrator in the event of the vacancy of the see.
The bishop appoints priests and other members of the faithful to various advisory bodies. These include the presbyteral council, the diocesan synod, and the pastoral council.
Vicars Forane or DeansEdit
"The Vicar Forane known also as the Dean or the Archpriest or by some other title, is the priest who is placed in charge of a vicariate forane" (canon 553 of the Code of Canon Law), namely of a group of parishes within a diocese. Unlike a regional Episcopal Vicar, a Vicar Forane acts as a help for the Parish Priests and other priests in the vicariate forane, rather than as an intermediate authority between them and the Diocesan Bishop.
Parish priest/pastorEdit
This section concerns the priest who in the Code of Canon Law is referred to by the term parochus, which in some English-speaking countries is rendered as "the parish priest", in others as "the pastor". The English term "pastor" is also used in a more generic sense corresponding instead to the Latin term pastor:
The parish priest is the proper pastor of the parish entrusted to him. He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan Bishop, whose ministry of Christ he is called to share, so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching, sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ's faithful, in accordance with the law
—canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland, assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society
The pastor (parochus) is the proper pastor (pastor) of the parish entrusted to him, exercising the pastoral care of the community committed to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop in whose ministry of Christ he has been called to share, so that for that same community he carries out the functions of teaching, sanctifying, and governing, also with the cooperation of other presbyters or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of the Christian faithful, according to the norm of law
—canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America).
Assistant priests/parochial vicarsEdit
The parish priest/pastor may be assisted by one or more other priests:
Whenever it is necessary or opportune for the due pastoral care of the parish, one or more assistant priests can be joined with the parish priest. As cooperators with the parish priest and sharers in his concern, they are, by common counsel and effort with the parish priest and under his authority, to labour in the pastoral ministry
Whenever it is necessary or opportune in order to carry out the pastoral care of a parish fittingly, one or more parochial vicars can be associated with the pastor. As co-workers with the pastor and sharers in his solicitude, they are to offer service in the pastoral ministry by common counsel and effort with the pastor and under his authority
—canon 545 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America
Honorary titlesEdit
The honorary title of monsignor is conferred by the Pope upon diocesan priests (not members of religious institutes) in the service of the Holy See, and may be granted by him also to other diocesan priests at the request of the priest's bishop. The priest so honored is considered to be a member of the papal household. The title goes with any of the following three awards:
Chaplain of His Holiness (called Papal Chamberlain until a 1969 reform),[75] the lowest level, distinguished by purple buttons and trim on the black cassock, with a purple sash.
Honorary Prelate (until 1969 called Domestic Prelate), the middle level, distinguished by red buttons and trim on the black cassock, with a purple sash, and by choir dress that includes a purple cassock.
Protonotary Apostolic, the highest level, with the same dress as that of an Honorary Prelate, except that the non-obligatory purple silk cape known as a ferraiolo may be worn also.
In December 2013, Pope Francis decided to make future grants of the title of Monsignor to priests not in the service of the Holy See only in the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness and only to priests aged 65 or over.[76]
Under legislation of Pope Pius X, vicars general and vicars capitular (the latter are now called diocesan administrators) are titular (not actual) Protonotaries durante munere, i.e., as long as they hold those offices, and so are entitled to be addressed as Monsignor,[77] as indicated also by the placing of the abbreviated title "Mons", before the name of every member of the secular (diocesan) clergy listed as a vicar general in the Annuario Pontificio. (Honorary titles such as that of "Monsignor" are not considered appropriate for religious.)
Some of the Eastern Catholic Churches of Syriac tradition use the title Chorbishop, roughly equivalent to the Western title of Monsignor. Other Eastern Catholic Churches bestow the honorific title of Archimandrite upon unmarried priests as a mark of respect or gratitude for their services. Married presbyters may be honored with the position of Archpriest, which has two grades, the higher is "Mitred Archpriest" which permits the priest to wear a mitre.
In the Latin Church titles of Archpriest is sometimes attached to the pastor of a few number of historic churches including the major basilicas in Rome. These archpriests are not presbyters, but bishops or cardinals.[78] Similarly, the title of Archdeacon is sometimes conferred on presbyters.
DiaconateEdit
Deacons are ordained ministers of the Church who are co-workers with the bishop alongside presbyters, but are intended to focus on the ministries of direct service and outreach to the poor and needy, rather than pastoral leadership. They are usually related to a parish, where they have a liturgical function as the ordinary minister of the Gospel and the Prayers of the Faithful, They may preach homilies, and in the Roman Rite may preside at non-Eucharistic liturgies such as baptisms, weddings, funerals, and adoration/benediction. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, in the absence of a priest, deacons do not vest and may only lead services as a reader, never presiding at weddings or funerals.
The scriptural basis and description of the role and qualifications of the deacon can be found in Acts 6:1–9, and in 1 Timothy 3:1–13.[79]
They may be seminarians preparing for ordination to the priesthood, "transitional deacons", or "permanent deacons" who do not intend to be ordained as priests. To be ordained deacons, the latter must be at least 25 years old, if unmarried; if married, a prospective deacon must be at least 35 years old and have the consent of his wife. In the Latin Church, married deacons are permanent deacons. In most diocese there is a cut-off age for being accepted into formation for the diaconate.
The passage from membership of the laity to that of the clergy occurs with ordination to the diaconate.[80] Previously, the Latin Church rule was that one became a cleric on receiving clerical tonsure, which was followed by minor orders and by the subdiaconate, which was reckoned as one of the major orders. By his motu proprio Ministeria quaedam of 15 August 1972, Pope Paul VI decreed: "The orders hitherto called minor are henceforth to be spoken of as 'ministries'."[81] The same motu proprio also decreed that the Latin Church would no longer have the major order of subdiaconate, but it permitted any episcopal conference that so desired to apply the term "subdeacon" to those who hold the ministry (formerly called the minor order) of "acolyte".[82] Even in those societies within the Latin Church that, with the approval of the Holy See, continue to administer the rites of tonsure, minor orders and subdiaconate, those who receive those rites remain lay people, becoming clerics only on being ordained as deacons.[83]
LaityEdit
Most of the people of God are the laity, a term derived from Greek λαὸς Θεοῦ (Laos Theou), meaning "people of God". All Christian faithful have the right and duty to bring the gospel message increasingly to "all people in every age and every land".[84] They all have a share in the Church's mission and have the right to undertake apostolic activity according to their own state and condition.[85]
Lay ministry can take the form of exercising the priesthood of all the baptized, and more specifically undertaking the work of catechists. serving the Church pastorally, administratively, and in other ways, including the liturgical services as acolytes, lectors, cantors, and the like,[86][87] initiation sponsors, pastoral care ministers, and members of parish and diocesan consultative bodies.[87][88]
Some lay Catholics carry out full-time professional and vocational service in the name of the Church, rather than in a secular calling. Though the phenomenon is widespread in North America and much of Europe, the organization and definition of the ministry is left to national bishops conferences. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has adopted the term lay ecclesial ministry for these individuals, as intentionally distinct from the general apostolate or ministry of the laity described above.[89]
The consultative leadership of the church, in both the diocese and the parish, usually comprises a Pastoral Council[90][91] and a Finance Council,[92][93] as well as several Commissions usually focusing on major aspects of the church's life and mission, such as Faith Formation or Christian Education, Liturgy, Social Justice, Ecumenism, or Stewardship.[citation needed]
ReligiousEdit
See also: Religious institute (Catholic)
Religious—who can be either lay people or clergy—are members of religious institutes, societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common.[94] This is a form of consecrated life distinct from other forms, such as that of secular institutes.[95] It is distinct also from forms that do not involve membership of an institute, such as that of consecrated hermits,[96] that of consecrated virgins,[97] and other forms whose approval is reserved to the Holy See.[98]
Religious institutes have historically been subdivided into the categories of orders and congregations.
Order of precedence in the Catholic Church
Global organisation of the Catholic Church
List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)
List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view)
List of Roman Catholic archdioceses
List of Roman Catholic military dioceses
List of Roman Catholic apostolic administrations
List of Roman Catholic apostolic vicariates
List of Eastern Catholic exarchates
List of Roman Catholic apostolic prefectures
List of Roman Catholic territorial prelatures
List of Roman Catholic missions sui juris
Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
Anglican ministry
Apostolic Syndic
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 873 Archived 2010-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ "If any one saith, that, in the Catholic Church there is not a hierarchy by divine ordination instituted, consisting of bishops, priests, and ministers; let him be anathema" (Council of Trent, session XXIII, canon VI on the sacrament of Order).
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hierarchy" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 452.
^ __P2A.HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church, 874–896
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 886, 888, 893, 939 Archived 2011-04-29 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Hierarchy" in John Hardon, Modern Catholic Dictionary
^ Duffy, Eamon (1997). Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale. ISBN 978-0300115970.
^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hierarchy". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
^ "Frequently Requested Church Statistics". Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate. Georgetown University. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ Committee on the Diaconate. "Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
^ "The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone" (__P38.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 900 §1). While in the English language, the word "priest" usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders (also called the presbyterate) but not into the highest, that of bishop, the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term sacerdos, which comprises both bishops and, in the common English sense, priests. To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense, Latin uses the word presbyter. See Dennis Chester Smolarski, The General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 1969–2002: A Commentary (Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 978-0-8146-2936-9), p. 24.
^ Canon 42 Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
^ Canon 375 Archived 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
^ "Canon 42". Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. 1990. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ a b Roman Catholicism (at "Structure of the Church: The College of Bishops"). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-03-15.
^ a b __P1D.HTM "Canon 375" Check |url= value (help). Code of Canon Law. 1983. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of Theologian, 19 Member of the Episcopal College by virtue of his sacramental ordination and hierarchical communion, the bishop represents his Church just as all the bishops, in union with the Pope, represent the Church universal in the bonds of peace, love, unity, and truth.
^ Carol Glatz, Vatican statistics: Church growth remains steady worldwide, Catholic Herald (May 5, 2014).
^ Junno Arocho Esteves, Vatican statistics report increase in baptized Catholics worldwide, Catholic News Service (March 7, 2016).
^ "Canon 1014". Code of Canon Law. 1983. Archived from the original on 2007-04-02. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ __P3O.HTM "Canon 1013" Check |url= value (help). Code of Canon Law. 1983. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ Lumen Gentium. Catholic Church. p. 27.
^ Annuario Pontificio, published annually by Libreria Editrice Vaticana, p. 23. ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0.
^ Roman Catholicism (at "Structure of the Church: Apostolic Succession"). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-03-15.
^ "Canon 331". Code of Canon Law. 1983. Archived from the original on 2007-04-02. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ __P15.HTM "Canon 330" Check |url= value (help). Code of Canon Law. 1983. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ Schatz, Klaus (1996). Papal Primacy: From its Origins to the Present. Michael Glazier. ISBN 978-0-8146-5522-1.
^ "#882". Catechism of the Catholic Church. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ DeVille, Adam A.J. (2011). Orthodoxy and the Roman Papacy: Ut Unum Sint and the Prospects of East-West Unity. University of Notre Dame Press.
^ "Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen gentium § 27". Site da Santa Sé. Archived from the original on September 6, 2014. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
^ Pope John Paul II (February 22, 1996). "Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis". Archived from the original on May 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ "Canon 55". Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. 1990. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). "The Coptic Catholic Church", The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition).
^ Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). "The Melkite Catholic Church", The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition).
^ Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). "The Maronite Catholic Church", The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition).
^ Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). "The Syrian Catholic Church", The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition).
^ Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). "The Armenian Catholic Church", The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition).
^ Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). "The Chaldean Catholic Church", The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition).
^ Canon 53, 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
^ Canon 58, Ibid
^ __P1J.HTM Canon 438, 1983 Code of Canon Law
^ Canon 151, 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
^ "Syro Malankara Church says it can use Catholicos title", Indian Catholic News Service, July 21, 2005
^ Canon 152, 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches
^ a b Roman Catholicism (at "Structure of the Church: The Roman Curia and the College of Cardinals"). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-03-15.
^ Code of Canon Law (1917), canon 232 §1
^ Pope John XXIII (15 April 1962). "Cum gravissima".
^ Chas. Augustine, A Commentary on the New Code of Canon Law (Herder 1918), book II, pp. 36–37
^ Code of Canon Law (1917), canon 239 §1 21°
^ a b c
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Primate" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Code of Canon Law, canon 438
^ Canons 435–437, Ibid.
^ __P1H.HTM Canon 421 §2, Ibid.
^ Canon 1438, Ibid.
^ Canon 1419 §1, Ibid.
^ Canons 133-139, Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
^ Canons 155-173, Ibid
^ Annuario Pontificio 2017. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. p. 1136. ISBN 9788820999759.
^ According to Catholic-Hierarchy.org, as of 2007, non-metropolitan archdioceses include 37 in Europe (10 immediately subject to the Holy See, 1 immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop, 25 suffragan archdioceses, and 1 military archdiocese), 37 in Southwest Asia (3 immediately subject to the Holy See, 21 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs, 4 suffragan archdioceses), 4 in Africa (2 immediately subject to the Holy See, 2 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs), 2 in North America (1 immediately subject to the Holy See, 1 military archdiocese), 2 in South America (1 immediately subject to the Holy See, 1 military archdiocese), 2 in Australia (both immediately subject to the Holy See), 1 in Southeast Asia (immediately subject to the Holy See), and 1 in South Asia (immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop)
^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 314 §1 Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine; cf. Bert Groen, William Peter van den Bercken (editors), Four Hundred Years Union of Brest (Peeters 1998 ISBN 978-90-429-0670-9), p. 197, which also mentions Eastern Catholic exarchs appointed in the past even by a metropolitan
^ Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus of 4 November 2009 Archived 27 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ Id.c.134 §§1–2
^ __P1D.HTM "Canon 134, §1 and §2" Check |url= value (help). 1983 Code of Canon Law. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canons 43 and 45 Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canons 78, 152 and 157 Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Roman Catholicism (at "Structure of the Church: The priesthood"). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-03-15.
^ "Canon 475". 1983 Code of Canon Law. The Holy See. 1983-01-28. ISBN 0-943616-79-4. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
^ "Canon 476". __P1O.HTM 1983 Code of Canon Law Check |url= value (help). The Holy See. 1983-01-28. ISBN 0-943616-79-4. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
^ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Guide
^ O'Connell, Gerard (4 January 2014). "Pope abolishes honorary title of monsignor for diocesan priests under the age of 65". Vatican Insider. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^ "Pariter, qui vicarii generalis aut etiam capitularis munere fungitur, hoc munere dumtaxat perdurante, erit protonotarius titularis" (Pope Pius X, Inter multiplices curas, 62. 21 February 1905)
^ See Archpriest#Roman Catholicism.
^ "The Deacon". St. Brendan Church. Retrieved 2013-11-07.
^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, II
^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, IV
^ Instruction on the Application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum Archived 2016-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, 30
^ Canon 211 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine 1983 Code of Canon Law
^ __PV.HTM Canon 230 §1, 1983 Code of Canon Law
^ a b Roman Catholicism (at "Structure of the Church: The laity"). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-03-15.
^ Canon 228 §2, 1983 Code of Canon Law
^ Co-Workers in the Vineyard (pdf), United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2005
^ __P1T.HTM Canon 512 §1, 1983 Code of Canon Law
^ __P1Q.HTM Canon 492 1983 Code of Canon Law
^ Canon 537, 1983 Code of Canon Law
^ __P1Z.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 607
^ __P1Y.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 603
^ Code of Canon Law, canon 604 Archived 2016-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
Explanations of the hierarchy
Book II: The People of God Liber II. De Populo Dei, Part II: The Hierarchical Constitution from the Code of Canon Law on the Holy See official website
Catholic Encyclopedia "hierarchy" article
Directory of officials
Catholic-Hierarchy.org. This is an online database of bishops and dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church. It contains geographical, organizational and address information on each Catholic diocese in the world, including Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Holy See, such as the Maronite Catholic Church or the Syro-Malabar Church. It also gives biographical information on current and previous bishops of each diocese, such as dates of birth, ordinations and (when applicable) death. Not officially sanctioned by the church, the website is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in Kansas City. For the sources used by Cheney in his compilation, see http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/sources.html. [self-published]
GCatholic.org
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=905620623"


Exterior Wall Sconces can also be used for interior use. They have a little heavier presence. Vintage Exterior Wall Lights will add real charm and put the icing on your dream home. Taking time to pick out vintage lights for your home, tell people, that you care. When new friends are trying to find your house for the first time, just tell to look for the Coolest, Prettiest, Classy, Vintage Light on the block. That will be your house!


Fortin's Home Furnishings in Winslow, ME is an authorized dealer of Danby Products. Danby was founded in 1947, as a family owned manufacturer of small electrical appliances. Danby opened its U.S. home office in Findlay, Ohio in 1992 as business expanded across North America. Danby's reputation as a leader in serving the appliance market has been achieved by producing innovative, quality products at competitive pricing. All of Danby's products meet and exceed all environmental safety standards and offer UL, CSA, NRTL, and ETL recognized standards approvals.
So if you are looking for Danby products in Winslow, Waterville, Augusta, Skowhegan, Fairfield, Oakland, Pittsfield, Bangor, Farmington, Belfast and Lewiston, or if you have any questions about Danby products, please feel free to call us at (207) 872-5941 or simply stop by Fortin's Home Furnishings at any time and we would be glad to help you.


text:
/ MLA student Alisa Pugacheva wins Doodle 4 Google WV!
MLA student Alisa Pugacheva wins Doodle 4 Google WV!
Morgantown Learning Academy (MLA) student Alisa Pugacheva was one of 50 finalists in the 8th/9th grade division out of more than 114,000 submissions in this year's contest.
Doodle 4 Google is a competition where K-12 students were invited to re-design Google's home page logo. This year kids were asked to exercise their imagination around the theme, "If I could travel in time, I'd visit…" Alisa drew the gathering of scientists and artists at the 1851 World Expo in London. Today, Googlers traveled to 50 states to celebrate each state winner.
Googlers Sam Peretore and Leslie Hernandez traveled from Mountain View, California to be with Alisa at the MLA assembly today. The gym was packed with excited children, colorful Google balloons and T-shirts, and a large blow-up of Alisa's artwork. Sam and Leslie took the MLA students on a GoogleEarth trip to see the T-Rex in front of their office in California, the building in New York where Alisa will travel, the Mariana Trench, and finally to the moon!
When Alisa was announced as the winner, the gym erupted with applause from her classmates. Alisa received a great deal of support from other MLA students. Her classmates said: "I'm really glad that Alisa got this opportunity…she is a great artist with lots of potential." Another friend stated, "We are really proud of her!"
After the presentation to Alisa, Leslie and Sam took questions about Google from the PK-8 MLA students. Sam stated, "The students are so sharp and on top of things here. Alisa is a very impressive girl. We are honored to get to know her in person and bring the magic of Google to MLA."
MLA is an incorporated, private, non-profit school. The purpose of MLA is to provide an alternative education of the highest quality for children of all racial, cultural, religious and economic backgrounds. "Alisa is a creative and academic leader in our community and it is gratifying to have her talent recognized on a national level," said Director Eve Ward.
Alisa will be representing West Virginia at the national level in New York City, where her Google Doodle will be on public display at the New York Public Library.


Did you ever hear that you could get a fine for hurting a Praying Mantis? How about get arrested for killing one? The praying mantis is an endangered species, isn't it?
Did you know? While everyone loves a praying mantis, they are not protected by NY State or Federal laws. And praying mantis is not an endangered species.
The "Praying Mantis" is an amazing insect.They got their name because their large legs appear to be folded in prayer. It could also be called a "Preying" Mantis because it eats other insects. Not a picky eater, they eat any bug including other praying mantis! With front legs containing spikes, you would feel a little pinch if you held one. These insects grow to be about 6 inches long.
Since praying mantis hide so well, we hope that you're lucky enough to spot one!