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A European Spoon River: migrants without names, without voices and without rights
As economic logic supplants all other considerations in crisis-ridden Europe, the plight of immigrants who knock on the doors of Fortress Europe becomes inextricable, often ending with tragic consequences.
Susi Meret
A migrant boat cemetery in Lampedusa. Demotix/Michele Lapini. All rights reserved.
In the short poetry anthology Spoon River, Edgar Lee Masters narrates the lives and losses of the more than two hundred dead citizens buried in the fictional small town's cemetery. The epitaphs on each grave carry the name or nickname of the dead and tell us, the readers, a short anecdote, a story about the dead's lived life, about love, friendships, relationships, feelings and experiences.
Graves have names in the fictional Spoon River. But this seems another of the privileges refused to the thousands of migrants, children, women and men, who lose their lives on their fatal journey to get into fortress Europe. Their names remain buried with them under the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, or on the many nameless graves on the shores of Italy, Greece, Malta and Spain, where lifeless bodies sometimes re-emerge. The dead are migrants without identity and history - and families that will never know what happened to their relatives. This is only one of the most fatal consequences of Europe's war on immigration.
In 2012 over 52,000 people arrived by sea from North Africa, in particular on the island of Lampedusa, which due to its location, is one of the strategic doorsteps into Europe from Africa.
This number does not include those many who did not 'make it', and lost their lives during the journey. This is why in November 2012, the mayor of Lampedusa and Linosa (a neighbouring island), Giusi Nicolini, launched her personal j'accuse, condemning the silence and oblivion surrounding the deaths of the migrants she regularly buries in the graveyard of Lampedusa.
'How big must the graveyard of my island become?' she asks in a public letter (Italian) that went viral in the Italian social media. 'In the past six months we have buried here more than 21 women, men and children (…) I cannot understand how such a tragedy can be considered something normal. I am indignant with the way we have all got used to this. I am outraged about the indifference of Europe, which recently was given the Nobel Peace Prize, but keeps silent when confronted with this terrible slaughter, which has the body count of a war'.
Needless to say, none of the national or European authorities reacted. Silence and indifference. The same thing happened on Christmas day 1996, in events lucidly described by Italian journalist Giovanni Maria Bellu, when 300 migrants from Sri Lanka and Pakistan perished while attempting the sea journey from Egypt to Italy. It was the worse shipwreck in the Mediterranean area since WWII. None of them survived and their bodies and limbs continued for weeks to get caught in fishermens' nets around Portopalo, a small Sicilian fishing village, a tragedy met with silence by Italian and European authorities.
According to recent UNHCR estimates, more than 1,500 people drowned or went missing while attempting to cross the Mediterranean to reach Europe in 2011 alone. This made 2011 the deadliest year for this region since UNHCR started to record these statistics in 2006; a number which is of course much lower than how many actually died at sea.
The estimates for 2012 will be even higher. The conflicts in Libya and in other neighbouring African countries have augmented the number of refugees and migrants who flee or are forced to set out on risky journeys, away from these places and regardless of the dangers of the voyage. But despite the increasing number of deaths, the war on migrants and migration continues, following the same patterns, driven by the imperative impetus of curbing immigration. The European Union and its member states have adopted and upheld a repressive approach, considering migrants as 'clandestine' and illegal even before they have sailed from the shores of Africa.
Since the mid-2000s, the EU border control agency Frontex launched bilateral agreements with North African countries such as Libya, Tunisia and Egypt. This was a time when Colonel Gaddafi was still considered a good partner by Europe; someone to make agreements with and invite over as our guest. An example of this is the treaty of friendship, partnership and cooperation signed by Italy and Libya in 2007, granting the control and intercept of migrants on the Libyan coastline and sea to local authorities and police forces.
The pact 'awarded' Libya with a six years' 200 million dollars contract and promises of Italian infrastructural investments in the country (Libya is a former Italian colony). The agreements were hastily renewed with post-Gaddafi Libya: in 2012 a delegation led by interior minister Adriana Cancellieri, representing the Italian 'technical' Monti government, met with Libyan authorities in Tripoli to improve bilateral cooperation in the field of migration and 'strengthen the privileged relationship in countering illegal immigration', considered a priority requiring consolidation through operational measures. Migration control has remained at the top of the political agenda.
The new agreements between Italy and Libya reinforced the previous ones and entailed the further enhancement of border monitoring and coastal controls - supported by Italian expertise and technical assistance, together with the resumption of activities at the reception and detention centres for apprehended 'illegal' migrants. As all migrants are considered and treated as 'illegals', all migrants in distress at sea and intercepted can in this way be "pushed back" to the countries they came from for detention.
The same fate awaits those migrants who are rapidly repatriated/deported by the authorities. This more and more often takes place in disrespect of basic human rights, of asylum seeking rights and of international laws that for instance protect unaccompanied migrant children, as recently denounced by international reports, organisations and NGOs.
The economic and financial crisis has only intensified already existing practices, contributing to worsening even more the conditions of detention and deportation and 'push-back' practices. A case in point is Greece, which was been condemned by the European Court of Human Rights and repeatedly criticized by international organisations for human rights violations and for its appalling detention conditions in its centres for immigrants, particularly in the border region of Evros. The increase of racist violence in the country also puts the lives of refugees and migrants at risk on a daily basis.
Nevertheless, Italy is still prominent among the European countries that have continued to send the migrants detected and apprehended in Italian ports and on the southern coasts back, well aware of the consequences. The reports on these abuses and discriminations proliferate, as well as the protests of people seeking asylum.
Although a good portion of responsibility for the consequences of punitive immigration regimes, infamous reception conditions and asylum detention practices is imputable to single countries, in this case past and present Italian governments, the problem is not exclusively Italian, Greek, or Spanish.
Particularly in times of economic crisis, one would expect Europe to act collectively on migration issues (and particularly on asylum policy), but instead the economy has become the factor that allows and legitimizes certain common practices and discourses. The voices we hear underline narrow cost-benefits logics and the nefarious economic consequences of an increase in the number of migrants and asylum seekers. People are being transformed into numbers and numbers into budget expenses and welfare costs. It is virtuous to keep the numbers of the undeserving and unproductive as low as acceptable: 'it is the economy, stupid!'
As in Denmark, when statistics suddenly reveal that a increasing number (Danish) of asylum seekers has come to the country and family reunifications have increased, comments often point to the 'consequence of the current government's lenient politics', which can only result in 'higher costs and lots of troubles', as directly formulated (Danish) by the integration spokeswoman of the Danish Liberal Party - although Denmark comparatively receives less asylum seekers than the other Scandinavian countries.
The impetus to control costs and expenses of asylum seekers and migration here and now makes all other connections, considerations and links irrelevant; many would like to prevent them from landing and presenting their applications altogether, thus making the sea in between an even more dangerous stretch of water for so many unwanted refugees and migrants.
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Ames United Church of Christ is one of roughly a dozen churches in Iowa that is considering becoming a sanctuary church to help protect undocumented immigrants who are in danger of being detained or deported by immigration officials.
According to a press release from American Friends Service Committee, or AFSC, there are 11 churches in Iowa considering the formation of the Iowa Sanctuary in an effort to build a "network of faith communities" to support immigrant families being targeted under the current presidential administration.
Eileen Gebbie, senior minister for Ames United Church of Christ, said her church is considering the move because it fits with its religious beliefs.
"One of the foundational stories in Christianity is about a family that doesn't have room, the Jesus birth narrative," Gebbie said.
However, Gebbie said it comes down to more than just faith. It is also part of the church's identity and of the people who consider themselves a part of the congregation.
"There's no question that being a sanctuary church is part of who we see ourselves being," Gebbie said.
If it was just a simple question about whether the church should help people in need, it is likely that it would have already been done. However, since the conversation started within the church, many members have found that the process can be a difficult one, Gebbie said.
"At the beginning of this year, a group of congregants decided to start looking at what is required for becoming a sanctuary church," Gebbie said.
Some of that work was done with the assistance of other faith communities in the area, as well as representatives of A Mid-Iowa Organizing Strategy, or AMOS, Gebbie said. According to Gebbie, some of that discussion started with a conversation about what Ames was already doing to make the city a welcoming place for refugees from around the world.
"It quickly became clear that the difference in needs between refugees and people who are already in the United States," Gebbie said.
Following that realization, Gebbie said members of UCC reached out to other stakeholders in the community who were more well versed on what the needs of undocumented immigrants seeking sanctuary may need. Along with that research came many more questions about what the church is legally able to do.
"How does it work? So in churches that have been sanctuary churches, what actually happens? Are we legally a sanctuary? Would an immigration official really refuse to come in our doors?" Gebbie said.
Those questions were all raised during a conversation with the congregation.
According to Gebbie, the decision on which way the church will go will be totally up to the congregation due to the commitment of its resources and the kind of public statement that would be made by the move.
"So before we make that kind of absolute statement on who we are and what we are, the church needs to weigh in and so it would be called to a vote for the whole congregation," Gebbie said.
Gebbie said the congregation is currently looking at two different options, one of which is becoming a sanctuary.
"Another option would be for us to be a sanctuary supporting congregation," Gebbie said.
According to her, that would mean UCC members would support the sanctuary by offering to take shifts staying with the people needing sanctuary, giving rides or providing for other needs, such as food.
With the space available in the church, Gebbie said she doesn't know if it would be sufficient room to actually house someone on a full-time basis, especially considering members of the church would need to be with the people seeking sanctuary at all times.
Cornelia Flora, a member of the UCC congregation, said she and the other members of the congregation are taking that decision seriously.
"It has to be something that we all share a moral conviction about and feel that this is what we are led to do by our faith," Flora said.
Flora said while going through the process of researching sanctuary churches, many members of the congregation have been surprised to see how much need there is in Story County and the Ames area.
Even though the congregation has decided it would like to be a part of the solution, it still has to make sure it is doing it in a legal way and what it believes is the right place to draw a line in the sand, Flora said.
Gebbie said even though that has been a tradition in the past, there's no actual law that stops immigration officials from entering the church, which in some ways would change the role of a sanctuary.
She added that church members are also allowed to go with the families if they are detained and taken away.
"So in some ways, it's not even physical sanctuary but it is the sanctuary of witness that someone has been here with you, seen what has happened and then can activate a network of support," Gebbie said.
This could be helpful for parents who have been detained by immigration officials, but their children with who hold a different immigration status are left behind.
Gebbie said the congregation will continue to struggle with the question before taking any action, but she believes the church will make a final decision by the end of the summer.


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York - a city where it's legal to kill a Scot, but don't let that put you off
I DON'T think I'd have been so keen to visit York if I'd known that I was taking my life in my hands - I discovered, unbelievably, that it is still legal to kill a Scotsman there.
Dailyrecord.co.uk
Fortunately, it has to be with a bow and arrow and you can't do it on a Sunday.
The Sunday ban wasn't a help as I was visiting midweek but, comfortingly, there aren't too many folk clutching bows and arrows these days.
So I headed for York Minster, the largest medieval gothic cathedral in northern Europe. It took more than 250 years to build and was finally consecrated in 1472.
It is also the most-visited cathedral in the UK and dominates York's skyline.
It seems like there is constant renovation work going on at the Minster. The Great East Window, for example, is being restored and conserved, along with the stonework of the East Front, in a project that will last 10 years.
In a hair-raising fundraising tour, I donned a hard hat for a ride in a shoogly cage-lift 150ft on the outside of the scaffolding surrounding the Great East Window.
I saw, up close, the amazing restoration stonework. While there's quite a view of York through the scaffolding after going up the lift, if you climb the 275 steps of the cathedral's tower, you get a 360-degree view of the city.
Back on the ground, I visited the masons' workshop and was amazed at the incredible attention to detail. The same applies to the work of the Minster glaziers, who I popped in to see as part of a public tour.
The East Window is the size of a tennis court and has 117 medieval glass panels, all of which have been removed and are being renovated inside the nearby Bedern Chapel.
The centre of York is a marvellous mix of cobbled lanes, intriguing alleyways and historic passageways.
Stonegate, reckoned to be one of the most beautiful streets in the city, is where Guy Fawkes was born.
He went to St Peter's School and, even today, the school refuses to burn effigies of its old boy on November 5. The street is also home to Ye Olde Starre Inne - one of the oldest pubs in York, dating back to 1644 - and Little Betty's, where I had afternoon tea by a roaring fire.
The Shambles is said to be the oldest shopping street in Europe (it was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086). Butchers' shops and slaughterhouses have been replaced by shops selling antique furniture, books, leather bags and gifts.
The street is also home to the Shrine of Saint Margaret Clitherow, who lived in The Shambles in the 16th century and used her attic to shield priests at a time when Roman Catholicism was banned in England.
She was caught and sentenced to death by having a wooden door placed on top of her, on which were piled heavy rocks.
The past is very much part of present-day York and at the Jorvik time machine attraction, I travelled back more than 1000 years, in a slow-moving capsule, through a dramatic re-creation of life in the Viking kingdom of Jorvik (York) from AD866 to AD975.
I caught up with slightly more modern lifestyles at the superb National Railway Museum, the largest of its kind in the world.
The Palaces on Wheels exhibit has saloon cars that go back to Queen Victoria's day, while the Shinkansen Bullet Train shows how far ahead the Japanese were when it came to high-speed travel. Elsewhere, the story of the Flying Scotsman is fascinating.
I took another journey into the past at the York Castle Museum, wandering down a reconstructed Victorian street and popping in to jail to check out the condemned cell where Dick Turpin spent the last five months of his life before he was executed after being found guilty of horse stealing.
Memories came flooding back in the Golden Fleece pub - York's 'most haunted pub' - when I met Tom Hoy and his son, Rory.
A former member of Glasgow's Natural Acoustic Band from the 1970s, Tom now lives in nearby Knaresborough, while Rory is following in his musician father's footsteps, having released two highly-acclaimed albums.
For a last taste of York, I called in at the Yorkshire Terrier pub in Stonegate, where Karen Hannah - who leads tours of the York Brewery - oversaw a group beer tasting, sampling the Guzzler, Yorkshire Terrier, Constantine and Centurion's Ghost beers.
Cheers! See you in York.
RecordLifeStyle
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Bangladesh: Rising attacks on freedom of expression and peaceful assembly must be urgently stopped
The Bangladeshi authorities must immediately stop all attacks on those peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly and urgently investigate a series of recent attacks, Amnesty International said today in light of recent attacks that include the enforced disappearance of a student activist.
Ashraf Uddin Mahdi, a 27-year-old student at Egypt's Al Azhar University and a student activist, was forcibly disappeared on 6 August at around 11:00 pm. He was taken by unknown men from the capital's Lalbag area while returning home after visiting his relatives. He was held incommunicado in an unknown location for 48 hours before being released amid intensified pressure from civil society organizations. Mahdi is a critic of the government with a large online following.
Mahdi told Amnesty International that the abductors released him on the condition that he would stop writing critical posts on social media about a few individuals affiliated with the regime.
Enforced disappearances have been increasingly on the rise in Bangladesh since the current regime assumed power in 2009. According to the Paris-based International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), between 2009 and 2018, at least 507 people were subjected to enforced disappearances. Of them, 62 people were found dead, 286 returned alive, and the fate and whereabouts of 159 are still unknown.
There is a disturbing pattern of enforced disappearances emerging in Bangladesh in recent years, mainly targeting people who express their dissenting political opinions.
Sultan Mohammed Zakaria
"There is a disturbing pattern of enforced disappearances emerging in Bangladesh in recent years, mainly targeting people who express their dissenting political opinions. Ashraf Uddin Mahdi was forcibly disappeared from the centre of the capital as a brazen tactic to silence him," said Sultan Mohammed Zakaria, South Asia Researcher at Amnesty International.
Student activists have also faced violence from groups closely associated with the ruling party to silence criticism of the authorities. On 8 August, members of Chattro League, the student wing of the ruling party Awami League, beat Saleh Uddin Sifat, a law student of Dhaka University, in the Sitakunda are of Chattogram district after accusing him of "anti-government activities" on social media. The attackers left Sifat in critical condition. He had to be transferred to a hospital where he is currently undergoing medical treatment.
On the same day, in the southern district of Barguna, local police violently dispersed a peaceful rally and human-chain organized to demand the release of Shahadul Islam, a graduate student of Stamford University. Police baton-charged and injured at least 10 individuals who were protesting peacefully. Videos seen by Amnesty International suggest that the police suppressed the human-chain violently without any provocation from the protesters.
"People's rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly must be urgently upheld in Bangladesh. The authorities must allow people to express their critical views without fear of reprisals, and must immediately stop their campaign of forcibly disappearing those perceived to be critical of the government. All those incidents must be promptly and effectively investigated in an impartial and independent manner, and all those found responsible must be brought to justice in fair trials without recourse to the death penalty," said Sultan Mohammed Zakaria.
The Bangladeshi authorities have intensified the crackdown on the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly in recent years. In 2019 alone, at least 1,325 people were arrested in 732 cases filed under the draconian Digital Security Act (DSA) – more than three detentions per day. In 2020, the numbers of detained people under DSA crossed the 500 mark in the first half of the year. In recent weeks, authorities have arrested dozens of students, teachers, cartoonists, and human rights defenders for their critical social media posts, writings, and even caricatures.
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Traditionally, the armed forces of the Gulf monarchies played an incidental role when it comes to securing the states. The ultimate fighting power of the monarchies was relatively unimportant; rather, the monarchies' security was derived from international relations that were sometimes founded on, and often sustained and fed by, ongoing military sales. But, for some monarchies at least, this is changing. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are now deploying their own forces in hitherto unseen kinetic ways, as in Yemen, indicating that they genuinely seek their own fighting power. In the midst of the Gulf crisis, Qatar has doubled down on defense procurement both to boost its military and to increase its international entanglements. Meanwhile, Oman and Kuwait continue their methodical military procurement, as is Bahrain, in addition to assiduously following Saudi Arabia's regional policies to boost relations with Riyadh.


Maybe you've been a budget traveler/ backpacker before during your college years, and you want to go again but can't stomach the thought of staying in a hostel. Or maybe you've never been backpacking but like the thought of the flexibility and adventure it can bring.
Here's the deal: you simply can't backpack around the world on a dime without giving up most of life's major luxuries. It just can't be done because even the actual traveling part is super expensive.
However, you can travel in some areas for next to nothing – even if you choose to splurge on more expensive digs and food. CNN Travel recently named Mexico, Thailand, Myanmar, Egypt, Greece, and Spain as the most affordable exotic travel destinations out there. Because many of these areas are in the midst of financial distress, prices for travel, food, and accommodations are at their lowest.
These are certainly not the only affordable places for a luxury backpacking trip, but they should be at the top of your list. More expensive countries, like England or even parts of the US, are going to add more to your backpacking budget.
Once you've chosen an affordable destination, you can cut even more out of your backpacking budget by choosing an affordable time frame for your trip. The best time to travel in most places is the shoulder season – between the season when there are lots of travelers and the season when tourism is at a low point (which also means fewer hotels and attractions are open).
Shoulder season varies from one country to the next, so you'll have to do some research on your destination. Normally, though, the shoulder season is when the country may have less reliably good weather or somewhat fewer natural or cultural attractions to draw big crowds.
If you want to travel on a budget, though, the shoulder season is the best time to take advantage of low costs and still-open attractions.
One of the things that makes backpacking such an affordable way to travel is the flexibility. You can decide to go when you want to go and stay when you want to stay. You can use this flexibility to your advantage for luxury travel on a budget.
Instead of booking hotel rooms well ahead of time, make reservations the day before or the day of. Because many higher-end hotels drop their prices in order to fill rooms, you can often get a great deal on travel this way.
Once you're in a country, you can start shopping around for great deals on travel and accommodation, buying what you need at the last minute. This is a great way to save while still enjoying accommodations that are nicer than a shared-bathroom hostel.
You can put a lot more money into your traveling budget by using frequent flyer miles to save up for the flight or flights you need for your trip. Using a frequent flyer mile credit card wisely before your trip may help you get all your flights paid for, leaving more money in your travel budget for accommodations and great food on your trip.
One thing to make sure is that your credit card also has no foreign transaction fees. With this option, you would not have to worry about paying the extra 2-3% because of foreign transactions fees.
Finally, if you're heading out on a luxury backpacking trip, you may want to invest in some luxury backpacking gear. Traveling with a great backpack is better for your shoulders and back, and will probably give you more room to store the items you need to look nice in a high-class restaurant.
Check out the options at a local backpacking store, if you can. This will let you try out backpacks in person so you can see which option fits you the best, and can choose a backpack that will be comfortable for your entire trip.
Backpacking on a tight budget is something anyone can do. But luxury backpacking on a budget takes a bit more forethought and planning. Using these tips, you can enjoy the perks of a high-end vacation combined with the budget of backpacking.
Those are all thoughtful inputs not just for a budget backpacker. I emphatically agree with packing the right gear.
Luxurious backpacking sounds good. I'm done with the proper backpacking which I did in my youth, but since I've become a father I prefer the simple life and comfy travels. You're right that there are options where you can rough it out and yet have a rich travel.


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GALANGGANG SEJARAH memuat artikel-artikel hasil penelitian dan/atau kajian analitis-kritis dan ulasan buku di bidang sejarah, baik dalam aspek keilmuan, studi kasus maupun pendidikan sejarah.
GALANGGANG SEJARAH contains articles from research and/or analytical-critical studies and book reviews in the field of history, both in the scientific, case study, and historical education aspects.
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We did some analysis and realize that in order to make sure your kids get to the mountain with plenty of time for their lesson, and to make sure you're not unnecessarily waiting around to pick them up in the evening, we've had to make a 15 minute time adjustment to the drop off and pick up times at Juanita High School.
The new times are as follow.
We are sorry of any inconvenience this may cause, but believe the change is necessary. We promise to bring lots of cheer and energy every morning! We have great chaperones!


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Other premium features include a "tight" dreadnought cutaway body shape, resonant solid spruce top with scalloped X bracing, mahogany sides, stylish checkerboard rosette, body and neck binding, vintage C-shaped maple neck with dual-action truss rod and Stratocaster® headstock shape, 20-fret rosewood fingerboard with bone nut and white pearloid block inlays, forward strap button with internal block reinforcement, gloss neck and body finish, and Fishman® Presys™ pickup system with active onboard preamp and tuner.


Facebook. It's such a simple social tool, yet when it comes to relationship dynamics? It can be so damned complicated.
We've all gone through a relationship break up. But today's modern breakup includes many new and unfamiliar steps, steps you didn't have to go through in the past.
Your phone, for one. After breaking up you'll need to delete all your ex's phone numbers, contacts, email addresses and such.
But even more sticky? Facebook. Because now, after having been involved in a long-term relationship? Your Facebook and your ex's Facebook pages are hopelessly and helplessly intwined with one another... and that's not necessarily a good thing at all.
You share Facebook friends. You share Facebook groups. Every day, for the bulk of your relationship, the two of you posted all over each other's wall.
Everything that happened in your day to day lives was shared with friends, family, and sometimes the rest of the world via your Facebook page.
And most awkward of all? Making the decision to either delete your ex as a Facebook friend, or keep them 'on' while you continue life without them.
Jilted lovers use Facebook these days to see how their ex boyfriend or girlfriend might be doing. They can track new relationships, conversations, photos and contacts. This leads to instant jealousy and all kinds of post-breakup fighting, all because you have a window into the other person's social world.
So what should you do after the breakup happens? Do you remove your ex from your list of friends, or do you keep them on?
Choosing to defriend your ex after he or she broke up with you is a good way of breaking contact and eliminating the temptation to see what they've been up to. It's great for moving on, if you have no intention of getting your ex back.
That said, if you're still in love with this person? Removing them from your friends list might seem extreme. In staying, you'll be riddled with jealousy at the things your ex is now doing without you, but you'll rationalize it by at least being 'a part' of their lives in some small way.
The problem however, is that your ex KNOWS this. He or she can see when you last logged on, and they KNOW you'll be looking at their Facebook page.
This means your ex can exaggerate his or her fun, minimize their depression, and even bring a new person or two into their lives just to get a reaction out of you. And this is not a good thing.
In the opposite case, removing your ex from your Facebook friends list is a good way of breaking things cleanly. Even if you're looking to get back together some day, you're eliminating the temptation to spy on your ex or even Facebook stalk their daily living schedule, the way some ex boyfriends and girlfriends do.
A bad thing however, is that de-friending your ex could come across as spiteful or petty. You're not just blocking your ex from view; you're also covering up the window your ex could be looking into in order to find you again.
Your ex might want to see what you're doing on Facebook. You might want to create jealousy and longing. These are reasons to keep your Facebook connections up and running, even if those connections involve your ex.
Perhaps the best thing to do with your Facebook account after you've broken up with a boyfriend or girlfriend? NOTHING AT ALL. Doing absolutely nothing - and not even logging on - is the one surefire way to make a positive statement about your current social life.
Because when your ex can't reach you? He or she feels the worst. Trust me, your ex is dying to know what you've been doing without them - even if they were the ones who broke things off. Facebook gives an ex instant access to see into your world, and in taking that away you're removing a powerful tool.
Why a tool? Because you can use Facebook to your advantage if you're trying to get an ex back. There are ways of making your ex super jealous, all through Facebook photos and wall updates.
Jealousy is the motivator that could get your ex wanting you again. Seeing how happy and successful you are since the breakup will certainly get your ex to miss you. And wanting you back? That's only a short step behind.
The Ex Back System is an amazingly detailed, step by step blueprint to getting back with an ex from START to FINISH. No matter what stage of the breakup you might currently be at, author Brian Bold takes your hand, leads you on, and shows you exactly what you should be doing to reverse ANY breakup.
Whether you're trying to get back an ex boyfriend or girlfriend, the end result is always the same: getting your ex to fall back in love with you by remembering how they initially felt. Rekindling the sparks of your original romance is a key part to making your ex realize how strong their feelings for you were, are, and still can be.
If you've begged, pleaded, or already tried to convince your lover to give things another shot? In that case, the Ex Back System is especially important. This is because it teaches you how to undo the damage you may already have caused, and close the distance between you and your ex.
Learn the first three moves you need to make right after your lover breaks up with you.
How to handle contact with your ex; the best ways to make them miss and need you again.
Making your ex jealous - social aspects (including Facebook) you can use to get back together.
Find out the best ways to reconnect with an ex, and what to do and say during your reunion date.
How to steal your boyfriend or girlfriend back if they've already begun dating somebody else.
Ultimately, The Ex Back System proves you can't reverse your breakup just by "winging it" and hoping for the best. Knowledge is the single most important asset, here. The more you learn what to do, the easier it will be to actually do it.
This 9-chapter, all-in-one ex back system guides you past every major stumbling block along the way to getting your boyfriend or girlfriend back. For tons more details, Check It Out Here.


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Norman Reedus - Spike TV Guy's Choice Awards, Sony Pictures Studios, Culver City 2016.06.04 - 36xHQ
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Michael Fassbender - EE British Academy Film Awards at The Royal Opera House in London, England (February 14, 2016) - 24xHQ
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Christian Bale - Premiere of Broad Green Pictures' 'Knight Of Cups' in Los Angeles, California (March 1, 2016) - 31xHQ
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Henry Cavill - European Premiere of 'Batman V Superman Dawn Of Justice' at Odeon Leicester Square in London (March 22, 2016) - 40xHQ
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Nikolaj Coster-Waldau - Gods Of Egypt Premiere at AMC Loews Lincoln Square 13 (New York, February 24, 2016) - 120xHQ
Gerard Butler - 'Gods Of Egypt' N.Y. Premiere at AMC Loews Lincoln Square 13 in New York City (February 24, 2016) - 229xHQ
Ian Somerhalder - 24th Annual Elton John AIDS Foundation's Oscar Viewing Party in West Hollywood, CA 02.28.2016 - 8xHQ
Ian Somerhalder - 2016 Film Independent Spirit Awards in Santa Monica, CA 02.27.2016 - 43xHQ
Eddie Redmayne - 88th Annual Academy Awards nominee luncheon in Beverly Hills, 8 февраля 2016 (27xHQ)
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Will Poulter - The Revenant Premiere at The Empire Leicester Square (London, January 14, 2016) - 83xHQ
Tom Hardy - The Revenant Premiere at The Empire Leicester Square (London, January 14, 2016) - 107xHQ
Leonardo DiCaprio - The Revenant Photocall & Press Conference at the Four Seasons Hotel (Mexico City, January 26, 2016) - 143xHQ
Logan Lerman - 'Indignation' photocall + press conference during the 66th Berlinale International Film Festival in Berlin, Germany - February 14, 2016 - 15xHQ
Logan Lerman - 'Indignation' premiere during the 66th Berlinale International Film Festival in Berlin, Germany - February 14, 2016 - 6xHQ
Domhnall Gleeson - EE British Academy Film Awards at The Royal Opera House in London, England (February 14, 2016) - 16xHQ