When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. Physiopedia articles are best used to find the original sources of information (see the references list at the bottom of the article).
If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is important for maintaining stability of the knee joint, particularly in activities involving weaving, pivoting or kicking. The knee becomes unstable with a ruptured ACL and the joint may become more damaged over time. ACL reconstruction is the surgical treatment of choice.
The majority of patients fall between these two sets of criteria, therefore treatment should always be assessed for on an individual basis.
The goals of reconstructive surgery are to restore stability and to maintain full active ROM. The functional stability provided by the normal ACL is both in resisting anteroposterior translation as well as rotational subluxation.
Reconstruction techniques vary as do the graft materials which can be used. The option of surgical management can vary depending on the patient's symptoms and their level and type of activity. i.e. if their sport involves rotating movements. Conservative management is an option, but the long term prognosis isn't as favourable .
There is no gold standard for reconstruction with different surgeons using different techniques and with outcomes of more recent techniques still inconclusive for long term results . Different techniques include arthroscopic vs open surgery, intra vs extra-articular reconstruction, femoral tunnel placement, number of graft strands, single vs double bundle and fixation methods.  Extra-articular reconstruction has been used to address pivotal shift, initially at least, which is greater than that provided by intra-articular reconstruction, but lacks residual stability. Intra-articular became the method of choice, but it doesn't restore the normal knee kinematics. Double bundle is considered more anatomical and supportive especially during rotary loading reproducing anteriomedial and posteriolateral bundles using gracilis and semitendonosis as the single bundle method (of the AM portion) is reported to have rotator instability in the longer term,  For this goal it is essential that all ligaments and capsular restraints are isometric within a full ROM. The isometric function of the ACL is achieved by the configuration of its 2 fibre bundles, (anteriomedial and posteriolateral) and their attachments. The ACL is not a single cord and has bundles of individual fibres which assume spiral configuration and fan out over broad attachment areas. Due to its complex structure, ligament attachment sites should not be altered during reconstruction..
In the 1970s and 1980s the extra-articular procedure was commonly performed for anterior tibial subluxation to eliminate any pivot shift, initially at least, but has lost favour due to residual instability and the later development of degenerative changes. It has used in isolation or to augment an intra-articular reconstruction. Intra-articular reconstruction became the preferred choice but it does not fully restore knee kinematics by creating a static restraint and was usually accompanied by connecting the lateral femoral epicondyle to Gerdy's tubercle with the collagenous restraint lying parallel to the intra-articular course of ACL. This also avoids the problem of lack of blood supply to the intra-articular reconstructions. Most of these procedures use the iliotibial band or tract connecting the lateral femoral epicondyle to the gerdy tubercle, The optimal attachment point for the extra-articular reconstructions for anterolateral rotatory instability is found to be the Gerdy tubercle. This procedure is also used primarily in conjunction with an intra-articular reconstruction when severe anterior instability is due to injury or late stretching of the secondary stabilising capsular structures or the lateral side of the knee.
Diminish the anterolateral rotatory subluxation, but do not recreate the normal anatomy and function of the ACL.
When used alone has a high rate of failure.
The advances made in arthroscopy procedure have produced better results in ACL injury rehabilitation. This procedure may involve a small arthrotomy incision which preserves the vastus medialis obliqus muscle to the patella. This procedure can be performed with both endoscopic technique or double incision arthroscopic technique.
Graft selection: The graft to be used depends on the length of surgery for. The most commonly used autograft is patellar bone graft and hamstring tendon graft (semitendinosus and gracilis).
Diagnostic arthroscopy: preformed along with any necessary meniscal debridement or repair. Attention is given to partial thickness tears, displaced bucket handle tears and the status of the articular surfaces, including the patellofemoral joint.
Graft Harvest: Mini incision extending from distal pole of patella to 2.5cm below the tibial tubercle is made to procure the graft. After retracting the other structures the graft to be taken is sharply outlined and micro oscillating saw blade is used to harvest the graft/bone plug. A triangle bone plug profile is usually obtained.
Graft preparation: Graft is shaped into a 10mm tube shape for the femoral drill hole and 11mm tube for the tibial tunnel.
Intercondylar notch preparation and notchplasty: Notchplasty is performed with 5.5mm burr from the anterior aspect of the intercondylar notch posteriorly and from distal to proximal and any residual tissue is also peeled off. Tissue is aggressively debrided with and arthroscopic shaver. If in the small intercondylar or notch area then further modifications are done.
Tibial tunnel placement: Tibial tunnel should be placed so that the graft is not impinged by the roof of the intercondylar notch and should reside within the middle third of the former ACL insertion site.
Femoral Tunnel placement: following a tibial tunnel placement, a femoral tunnel placement is completed so as to make a normal ACL like graft placement.
Graft placement: The graft after the tunnel placement is slid along with arthroscopic grasper through the tunnel. Graft may be rotated before tibial fixation.
Graft fixation: A Nitinol pin is then used to fix the graft with the bone and tunnel. The graft may be rotated before tibial fixation as a ACL has been shown to have external rotation within its fibres of approximately 90 degrees. The amount of graft tension created during fixation has a direct effect on ACL rehabilitation.
Wound closure: Before closing, the graft harvest site is copiously injected with 0.25% Marcaine and it is also injected intra-articularly. The wound is closed with absorbable sutures with the knee in flexion. ACL reconstruction is one of the most common orthopaedic surgeries, and commonly there is articular cartilage degeneration.
A total collateral ligament rupture and a full thickness cartilage lesion would be seen on an MRI.
Hamstring tendon procedure: four layer, fold up of gracilis and the semitendinosus tendons.
Surgery takes places at 10 weeks post injury.
Double-bundle reconstruction:Semitendinosus is used with the autograft through 2 tunnels in both the tibia and femur. The autograft method is bone to bone with hamstrings/semitendinosus grafts. 3 tunnels may also be used, 2 tunnels through the tibia and 1 tunnel through the femur.
For the bone to patella and tendon to bone graft, a couple of bone blocks from the patella and the tibial tubercle are taken. This procedure causes more anterior knee pain than the semitendinosus graft. In the second procedure, the graft is obtained from the distal end of the semitendinosus and the gracilis tendon.
A kinematics study showed that the standard single bundle ACL reconstruction does not create the same kinematics as the intact ACL in normal activities. Only anteroposterior stability seems to be reconstructed. When the leg turns, there is an abnormal tibial rotation in the knee. Single-bundle ACL reconstruction does not recreate normal rotation in the knee.
On the contrary, anterior translation after double bundle reconstruction was comparable with the intact ACL at 0° flexion, but the most stable position of the knee is at 15° and 75° flexion.
The tunnel at the sagittal side of the knee goes to the cortex of the femur and the roof of the intercondylar notch.
The tibial tunnel has to be first created in such a way as to prevent impingement of the grafts against the roof of the intercondylar notch. The tibial tunnel should be oriented at the Blumensaat line. This line goes from the tibial tuberosity and the posterior side should be oriented to the line of Blumensaat.
Various tissues/graft have been used to anatomically reconstruct the torn ACL.
Autografts taken from the patient's own body and include portions of the extensor mechanism , patellar tendon,iliotibial tract , semitendinousus tendon, gracilis tendon  and menisci .
Allografts: grafts taken from cadavers..
Xenografts: grafts taken from animals. Bovine xenografts in particular have been associated with high complication rate .
Synthetics: These can be further classified into 3 categories, biogradable (carbon fibers), permanent prostheses (Gore-Tex and Dacron) and ligament augmentation devices.
The most commonly used are the autografts (patellar bone & hamstring) and sometimes the allografts. There is no consensus in the literature as to which provides the most stability  Each of these choices has advantages and disadvantages.
When a patellar tendon graft is taken, the central 1/3 of the patellar tendon is removed (about 9 or 10 mm) along with a block of bone at the sites of attachment on the kneecap and tibia.
Closely resembles the structures to be replaced. The length of the patellar tendon is close to that of the ACL and the bone ends of the graft can be placed in to the bony attachment points of the ACL.
Early bone to bone healing is around 6 weeks. Bone to bone healing is considered to be stronger than soft tissue to bone healing as with a hamstring graft.
Harvest site morbidity of Patellar_Tendinitis and anterior knee pain.
Patellofemoral joint tightness with late chondromalacia.
Injury to the infra-patellar branch of the saphenous nerve.
With the improvement in the technique of the preparation of the multiple bundle graft, this graft choice has become more popular.
4 bundle graft is stronger and stiffer than the patellar tendon.
No risk of anterior knee pain as with the patellar tendon.
Pain in the immediate post-operative period is less.
Graft harvest can be difficult especially in those with small muscles.
Graft fixation to bone requires additional 'hardware' i.e. screws, endobutton.
Graft healing of soft tissue to bone takes longer to heal, 10-12 weeks.
Donor site morbidity. Patients may struggle to regain full strength of the hamstrings from which the donor was taken.
Allograft is most commonly used in lower demand patients, or patients who are undergoing revision ACL surgery. Biomechanical studies show that allograft (donor tissue from a cadaver) is not as strong as a patient's own tissue (autograft). For many patients, however, the strength of the reconstructed ACL using an allograft is sufficient for their demands. Therefore this may be an excellent option for patients not planning to participate in high demand sports such as football, basketball, etc.
Graft preparation kills the living cells decreases the strength of the tissue.
Longer graft to bone incorporation time.
Many surgeons have a preferred technique for different reasons. The strength of patellar tendon and hamstring grafts is essentially equal. There is no right answer as to which is best, at least not one that has been proven in orthopaedic studies. The strength of allograft tissue is less than the other grafts, but the strength of both the patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafts exceed the strength of a normal ACL.
Successful anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is dependent on a number of factors including: patient selection, surgical technique, postoperative rehabilitation, and associated secondary restraint ligamentous instability. Errors in graft selection, tunnel placement, tensioning, or fixation methods chosen may also lead to graft failure. The comparison studies in the literature show that the outcome is similar regardless of the graft choice. The most important aspect of the operation is tunnel placement and the choice of graft is incidental.
All tests for knee stability favoured patellar tendon grafts.
Conversely, people had more anterior knee pain and discomfort with kneeling after patellar tendon reconstruction.
After patellar tendon reconstruction, more people had some loss in their ability to straighten their leg.
In contrast, more people had some loss in their ability to flex their leg after hamstring tendon reconstruction.
A more recent study concluded that "ipsilateral autograft continues to show excellent results in terms of patient satisfaction, symptoms, function, activity level, and stability. The use of HT autograft does, however, show better outcomes than the PT autograft in all of these outcome measures. Additionally, at 15 years, the HT graft reconstructed ACLs have shown a lower rate of radiological osteoarthritis .
What is the Best Graft Choice for ACL Reconstruction?
↑ Warren RF,Marshell JL,Girgis F: The prime static stabiliser of the medial side of the knee,J Bone Joint Surg 56A:665,1974.
↑ Arms S et al:Strain measurement in the medial collateral ligament of the human knee: an autopsy study,J Biomech 16:491,1983.
↑ A. L. Dodds, C. M. Gupte, P. Neyret, A. M. Williams, A. A. Amis Extra-articular techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction A LITERATURE REVIEW J Bone Joint Surg Br 2011;93-B:1440–8.
↑ Campbell's operative orthopaedics; vol.3: tenth edition. Mosby publication.
↑ Clacy WG:Anterior cruciate ligament functional instability:a static intra-articular and dynamic extra articular procedure, Clin Orthop 172: 102,1983.
↑ Clancy WG et al: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using one third of the patellar ligament, augmented by extra-articualar tendon transfers,J Bone Joint Surg 64A:352,1982.
↑ Galway HR,Maclntosh DL:The lateral pivot shift:a symptom and sign of anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency, Clinc Orthop 147:45,1980.
↑ Hey-Groves EW: The crucial ligaments of the knee joint:their function, rupture and the operative treatment of the same,Br J Surg 7:505,1920.
↑ Cho KO:Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament bye semitendinosus tenodesis,J Bone Joint Surg 57A:608,1975.
↑ Horne JG,Parsons CJ:The anterior cruciate ligament:its anatomy and a new method of reconstruction,Can J Surg 20:214,1977.
↑ McMaster JH,Weinert CR,Scranton P:Diagnosis and management of isolated anterior cruciate ligament tears:a preliminary report on reconstruction with the gracillis tendon,J Trauma 14:230,1974.
↑ Collins HR et al:The meniscus as a cruciate ligament substitute,J Sports Med 2:11,1974.
↑ Chick RR,Jackson DW:Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in young athletes,J Bone Joint Surg 60A:970,1978.
↑ Indeicato PA.Linton RC,Huegel M: The results of fresh frozen patella tendon allografts for chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency of the knee,Am J Sports Med 20:118,1992.
↑ Galway HR,Maclntosh DL:The lateral pivot shift:a symptom and sign of anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency,Clinc Orthop 147:45,1980.
↑ Cho KO:Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament by semitendinosus tenodesis,J Bone Joint Surg 57A:608,1975.
↑ Collins HR et al:The meniscus as a cruciate ligament substitute, J Sports Med 2:11,1974.
↑ Van Steenel CJ et al:Failure of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using tendon xenografts,J Bone Joint Surg 69A:860,1987.
↑ Johnson. Graft Choice for ACL Reconstruction. International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine.
↑ Mohtadi NGH, Chan DS, Dainty KN, Whelan DB. Patellar or hamstring tendon grafts for ACL reconstruction in adults. Cochrane Summaries.


They are very comfortable. Fit well to my body shape. Material is well made. I would purchase again if I needed a new pair. Recommend!!! I love the pocket for my phone. Very useful.
Love these pants. High waist fits me perfectly. Very comfortable.
BEST LEGGINGS! The pocket is genius!
Having pockets in leggings is genius. Plus the pockets are so deep! I can fit my phone and keys when I'm out hiking. Perfect pair of leggings!
I like this style because it has great pockets on the side. They fit a phone perfectly, and make both working out and just running errands more convenient. Just a warning to those who are petite, though: these do not fit like a true "capri" as pictured, but rather come close to the ankle. I am 5'1" for reference.
I had just about give up on Fabletics and finding anything that I loved. But a friend of mine insisted that I try her Powerhold Mila Pocket Capris and I wore them to one class and I knew I had to have my own pair! These are GREAT! They have great hold and are very comfortable. Super cute and very functional. I have already ordered more in other colors!
I ordered this in Everglade (very dark green) and it's still see-through.
I love the fabric of these leggings; they're so soft. The only issue is that they seem to move down my hips and I need to continually pull them up. The size I got fits perfectly in other Fabletics bottoms. Not sure what it is about this pair.


Upon entering you will find a spacious 2-story foyer with rich hardwood floors. The main level consists of formal living and dining, a cozy family room/gas fireplace, large kitchen with granite counter tops, stainless-steel appliances, center island and a computer nook that opens to the breakfast room. The sun-room features wall to wall windows and skylights. The laundry room leads to the oversized 2 car garage. The second-floor host 3 bedrooms along with a master suite with a vaulted ceiling and features a sunny bath with spa tub, separate shower, vanity and closet with built-ins. The lower level is finished with a large media room and bar, full bath, and a separate generously sized bonus room offering plenty of space for family, guests, or a home office. The back-yard oasis offers privacy with plenty of patio space and grassy lawn. With this home's quiet cul-de-sac location, you will forget that you are just minutes away from Orchard Rd and I88 and walking distance to area schools.


"The deteriorating situation in Zimbabwe is a further illustration of the mis-rule of Zimbabwe's rogue government," he said, as Mugabe threatened fresh elections in a bid to force through a stalled power-sharing deal.
Earlier on the United States said on Friday that President Robert Mugabe's departure from office was long overdue and a food crisis and cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe meant it was now vital for the international community to act.
Zimbabwe has declared an emergency and appealed for international help to battle a cholera outbreak that has killed 575 people, with 12,700 reported cases of the disease, according to the United Nations.
"It's well past time for Robert Mugabe to leave," U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said in Copenhagen.
In a further sign of growing international pressure on Zimbabwe, European Union diplomats said the bloc planned more sanctions next week unless progress was made in ending a deadlock over how to implement a power-sharing deal.
Nobel laureate and South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu said on Thursday that Mugabe must step down or be removed by force and that he faced indictment for war crimes in The Hague unless he quit.
Rice said the stalled power-sharing talks, a "sham election" earlier this year, economic meltdown and the humanitarian toll from the cholera epidemic required swift action.
"If this is not evidence to the international community that it's time to stand up for what is right I don't know what will be," Rice told a news conference.
"Frankly the nations of the region have to lead it."
British Foreign Secretary David Miliband said in a statement that Zimbabwe's neighbours should know there was "massive international support for any collective effort to bring a real change to Zimbabwe."
South Africa said on Friday that Zimbabwe's call for international help was encouraging. "We think that that's a major breakthrough," government spokesman Themba Maseko said.
Zimbabwe's neighbours in the 15-nation Southern African Development Community have so far failed to persuade Mugabe and the opposition to form a unity government.
But, faced with Zimbabwe's worsening economic collapse and the humanitarian crisis spilling over into their own countries, they may now be forced to take a stronger stand against the veteran Zimbabwean leader.
Zimbabwe, isolated by Western countries under Mugabe's increasingly authoritarian rule, has the highest rate of inflation seen in modern times — officially 231 million percent, but prices are actually doubling every 24 hours.
Basic foods are scarce and the currency is worthless and often unavailable in banks.
Trade union activists took to the streets earlier this week to protest about the financial crisis, and dozens of protesters were arrested. Harare residents clashed with soldiers, accusing them of robbery.
"I think if we demonstrate and put pressure, things might change. We also need our leaders to understand that we are suffering, they should see to it that our demands are heard," said a Harare resident who identified himself as David.
The economic meltdown has left the health system ill-prepared to cope with the cholera epidemic that it would once have prevented or treated effectively.
The cholera outbreak follows the collapse of the water system, which has forced residents to drink from contaminated wells and streams. The disease has spread to neighbouring South Africa, Mozambique, Zambia and Botswana.
South Africa said it would send a team of senior government officials to Zimbabwe next week to assess the food crisis and investigate what aid is needed.
Thousands of Zimbabweans are believed to cross the border, often illegally, into South Africa each day. A cholera centre has been set up in the South African border town of Musina.
Mozambique said on Friday it had put all border areas on maximum alert over the threat of cholera, while Zambia said one Zimbabwean had died from the disease in a border town and two were receiving treatment.
Zimbabwe does not have the funds to pay doctors and nurses or buy medicine, and aid agency Oxfam said at least 300,000 people weakened by hunger are in danger from the epidemic.
South Africa will announce an aid package for Zimbabwe next week, Maseko said, adding that Zimbabwe's political parties have agreed that all aid should be distributed in a non-partisan way.


Are the Markets Rigged Against You?
HomeBusinessAre the Markets Rigged Against You?
"Well I think he's probably referring to federal law; we have a different securities law here. We're looking at it. We're not prejudging the situation. But I think your point on regulation is a little bit off. We tend in New York to be a little bit market-centric and finance-centric. We celebrate technology. But we have speed limits and airbags. I mean we celebrate technology but we have systems so that you can cancel your credit card if it's stolen. So there are ways to have checks and balances. And what is being proposed is in the way of speed bumps and this is something, a new conversation, I support this idea of frequent batch auctions. So you would have all the trades that are up for one second or one half second, and then it's allocated by price, not who got in a few milliseconds before the other at a lower price. That's one way to do it.
On whether regulators have lost credibility?
"Oh sure. And that's, but that was where the traditional rules on insider trader, the old regulatory scheme, actually worked pretty well. This stuff is way beyond the old rules of insider trading. That's why we call it insider trading 2.0. Because you couldn't use a bit of information about what a market survey says in 2 seconds in the old days. Sure [you should control information] but that's why you weren't allowed to trade on it. Are you saying some people got away with it? OK. Maybe some people got away with it. But we had a set of laws that worked well for a while. Time to update them.


text:
Um  é um título conferido normalmente por uma instituição de ensino superior em reconhecimento oficial pela conclusão com sucesso de todos os requisitos de um curso, de um ciclo ou de uma etapa de estudos superiores.

O ato de receber um grau académico é designado "graduação".

Origem e perspectiva global

O moderno sistema de graus académicos desenvolveu-se a partir da universidade medieval europeia, acompanhando posteriormente, a expansão global deste tipo de instituição. Os graus de bacharel, licenciado, mestre e doutor - concedidos pelas antigas universidades da Europa - acabaram por ser adoptados pelas mais diversas sociedades do Mundo.

O grau de doutor (do latim: "doceo", significando "eu ensino") apareceu na Europa medieval como uma licença para ensinar (latim: licentia docendi) numa universidade. As suas raízes podem ser traçadas à Igreja primitiva, na qual o termo "doutor" se referia aos apóstolos, aos padres da Igreja e a outras autoridades eclesiásticas que interpretavam e ensinavam a Bíblia. O direito para conceder uma licentia docendi estava originalmente reservado à Igreja, que requeria que o candidato passasse num exame, fizesse um juramento e pagasse uma taxa. No Terceiro Concílio de Latrão — realizado em 1179 — foi concedido o acesso, agora praticamente gratuito, a todos os candidatos aptos, que no entanto ainda tinham que ser examinados na aptidão para a escolástica eclesiástica. A direito da concessão do grau de doutor tornou-se num motivo de contenda entre as autoridades da Igreja e as cada vez mais emancipadas universidades, mas foi concedido pelo Papa à Universidade de Paris em 1213, sob a forma de licenciatura geral para o ensino (licentia ubique docendi). No entanto, a licenciatura acabou por se tornar numa etapa intermédia para o acesso ao doutoramento, o qual passou a constituir a qualificação exclusiva para ensinar numa universidade.

Numa universidade, a formação de um doutorando era realizada de uma forma equivalente ao treino que um membro de corporação de ofícios tinha que realizar para obter o grau profissional de mestre (latim: magister, significando "professor") no seu ofício. O termo "mestre" passou assim também a ser usado na universidade como equivalente ao de "doutor". O uso do grau de mestre tornou-se numa matéria de usos e costumes em algumas universidades, não sendo usado em outras. Contudo, nas universidades que o usavam, o grau de mestre acabou por se tornar normalmente num grau de qualificação inferior ao de doutor.

Nas universidades medievais europeias, os candidatos, que completavam três ou quatro anos nos estudos dos textos prescritos do trivium (gramática, retórica e lógica) e do quadrivium (matemática, geometria, astronomia e música) - coletivamente conhecidos como as "artes liberais" - e que fossem aprovados nos exames feitos pelo seu mestre, eram admitidos ao grau de bacharel (latim: baccalaureus) em artes. O termo "bacharel" referia-se inicialmente a um escudeiro ou aprendiz de cavaleiro. Estudos mais avançados - numa das faculdades de leis, cânones, medicina ou teologia - levariam à obtenção de uma licenciatura, a qual dava direito à licença para ensinar uma das matérias das artes liberais.

Inicialmente, os graus de doutor eram concedidos em teologia (divinitatis doctor ou D.D.), em filosofia (philosophiae  doctor, D.Phil. ou Ph.D.) e em medicina (medicinae doctor, M.D. ou D.M.), refletindo a separação histórica dos estudos universitários naqueles três campos. Com o passar do tempo, o grau de doutor em teologia foi-se tornando cada vez menos comum. Pelo contrário, o grau de doutor em filosofia tornou-se no mais generalizado, com o termo "filosofia" a englobar tudo o que é hoje classificado como ciências e humanidades. No final do , a Universidade de Bolonha - considerada a mais antiga da Europa - introduziu também o grau de doutor em direito civil.

A Universidade de Paris utilizava o termo "mestre" para designar os seus graduados. Esta prática foi também seguida pelas universidades de Oxford, Cambridge e Saint Andrews, tornando-se depois a norma no mundo anglo-saxónico. Outras universidades, contudo, preferiam o termo "doutor". A designação dos graus acabou, posteriormente, por ficar ligada às matérias estudadas. Os letrados das faculdades de artes liberais ficaram conhecidos como "mestres em artes" (M.A.), enquanto que os das faculdades de teologia, medicina e direito ficaram conhecidos como "doutores". Como o estudo das artes liberais constituía um pré-requisito para o estudo da teologia, medicina e direito, o grau de doutor assumiu um estatuto superior ao do grau de mestre. Isto deu origem à moderna hierarquia, na qual o grau de doutor - que, sob a atual forma de grau obtido com base em pesquisas e dissertações, teve origem nas universidades alemãs dos séculos XVIII e XIX - corresponde a um nível mais avançado de estudos que o grau de mestre.

Atualmente, nos sistemas educativos da maioria dos países do mundo, o ensino superior está dividido em três ciclos de estudos, com a conclusão de cada um deles a corresponder à obtenção de um determinado grau académico. Internacionalmente, consagrou-se o sistema em que existem os graus de bacharel, mestre e doutor, correspondentes, respetivamente, ao primeiro, segundo e terceiro ciclos do ensino superior. Muitos países, em que este sistema antes não vigorava, adoptaram-no na sequência do Processo de Bolonha. Contudo, diversos países mantiveram designações alternativas, sobretudo do grau correspondente ao primeiro ciclo de estudos superiores que se pode designar "licenciatura", "láurea", "diploma" ou "graduação". Para além dos graus concedidos nos ciclos de estudos superiores, alguns países dispõem de um grau concedido aqueles que se encontram nas condições de aceder ao ensino superior, como é o caso dos bacharelatos francês (baccalauréat) e espanhol (bachillerato).

No passado, os graus eram concedidos diretamente por um monarca ou por uma autoridade eclesiástica. Contudo, hoje em dia, são concedidos sobretudo por instituições de ensino superior, legalmente autorizadas para tal pelos estados. Para lá dos graus oficiais atribuídos na sequência da conclusão de estudos, as instituições de ensino também podem atribuir graus honorários em reconhecimento pela carreira profissional de um indivíduo ou pela sua contribuição para a sociedade. O mais comum destes graus é o de doutor honoris causa. A titularidade de um grau académico, na maioria dos países, dá o direito ao uso de um determinado traje e insígnias correspondentes ao grau.

Graduação versus pós-graduação
Na maioria dos sistemas de ensino superior, é frequente agrupar os graus académicos em dois níveis, referidos genericamente como  "graduação" e "pós-graduação" na maioria dos países e como "subgraduação" (undergraduate) e "graduação" (graduate) nos países anglo-saxónicos.

Geralmente, consideram-se de graduação os graus académicos necessários ao exercício de uma profissão que obrigue à habilitação com um curso superior. Já a pós-graduação inclui os graus obtidos depois da conclusão de estudos avançados e da obtenção de uma proficiência para lá da que seria necessária para o simples exercício profissional.

Esta distinção tem mostrado algumas ambiguidades na sua aplicação e varia conforme o caso. Em praticamente todos os casos, os graus obtidos com a conclusão do primeiro e do terceiro ciclo de estudos superiores são considerados, respetivamente, de graduação e de pós-graduação. Já o grau obtido com a conclusão do segundo ciclo pode ser incluído num ou noutro nível, conforme o país e conforme o nível de formação académica exigido para o exercício de determinadas profissões.

Graus em vários países e regiões

Alemanha
Tradicionalmente, na Alemanha, os estudantes obtinham a graduação ao fim de quatro a seis anos de estudos superiores, com o grau de Magister Artim (MA) em ciências sociais, humanidades, linguística e artes ou com um Diplom em ciências naturais, economia, gestão de empresas, ciências políticas, sociologia e engenharia. Estes graus eram os primeiros e ao mesmo tempo os mais altos antes do doutoramento, antes da sua gradual substituição por um sistema de graus de inspiração anglo-saxónica. O Magister e o Diplom alemães - ambos obrigando à realização de uma tese final - são correntemente equiparados ao mestrado (master) dos países que seguem o sistema anglo-saxónico. A equiparação é, contudo, controversa, com algumas universidades dos EUA a darem-lhes equivalência apenas ao bachelor (bacharelato).

Não sendo considerados graus académicos, na Alemanha existem também os Staatsexamen (exames de Estado), cuja realização com sucesso é condição para que os futuros profissionais de determinados setores (incluindo médicos, dentistas, professores, advogados, juízes, promotores públicos e farmacêuticos) fiquem habilitados com uma licença do Estado para exercerem aquelas profissões. O primeiro destes exames é realizado depois da habilitação com o Magister ou com o Diplom, sendo considerado como estando ao nível de um mestrado. Depois de passar o primeiro Staatsexamen, alguns dos profissionais (como os professores e os juristas) ainda têm que realizar um estágio profissional de dois anos, antes de realizar um segundo exame final.

Desde 1999 e na sequência do Processo de Bolonha, os tradicionais graus de Magister e Diplom foram gradualmente substituídos pelo sistema de Bakkalaureus (bacharelato) seguido de Master (mestrado).

Na Alemanha, os doutoramentos são concedidos sob uma variedade de designações, que dependem da faculdade onde são realizados, entre os quais se encontram os de Doktor der Naturwissenschaften, (doutor em ciências naturais), Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften (doutor em leis), Doktor der Medizin (doutor em medicina) ou Doktor der Philosophie (doutor em filosofia). A realização de um doutoramento implica apenas a habilitação com o Magister, o Diplom (concedido por uma universidade), o Master ou o Saatsexamen. O doutoramento é o mais elevado grau académico da Alemanha.

A Habilitation (habilitação) é uma qualificação académica pós-doutoral que permite ao seu titular a livre docência e a investigação numa universidade, não sendo, no entanto, considerada um grau académico. É obtida depois da realização de uma segunda tese (a Habilitationsschrift) ou da apresentação de um portafólio de autoria de publicações num tópico avançado.

Brasil

 Graduação:
Tecnólogo;
 Bacharelado;
 Licenciatura.

 Pós-Graduação:
Especialização;
 Mestrado;
 Doutorado.

EUA e Canadá
Desde o final do século XIX que os Estados Unidos e o Canadá mantêm o sistema triplo com os graus de bachelor (bacharel), master (mestre) e doctor (doutor). Apesar da semelhança de designações, este sistema não é exatamente equivalente ao dos outros países anglo-saxónicos.

Nos EUA e Canadá, os programas padrão de ensino superior baseiam-se num bacharelato de quatro anos (sendo os mais comuns o bachelor of arts, B.A. e o bachelor of science, B.S.), seguido de um mestrado de um a três anos (mais frequentemente o master of arts, M.A. e o master of science M.S.), seguido de mais um ou dois anos de estudo e investigação, que culminam num exame abrangente num ou mais campos de estudo, eventualmente seguido de experiência de ensino e, a seguir, a realização de uma dissertação para o doutoramento (sendo o mais frequente o Ph.D.). Em teoria, o programa de estudos tem uma duração total de dez anos, desde o início do bacharelato até à obtenção do doutoramento. Esta duração, no entanto é variável, podendo ser menor ou, pelo contrário, durar indefinidamente.

Algumas escolas superiores - sobretudo as de natureza vocacional, como os junior colleges (colégios júnior) e os community colleges (colégios comunitários) - oferecem programas de dois anos de estudos, cuja conclusão habilita com o grau de associate (associado). Os programas de associate são frequentemente em áreas pré-profissionais e podem servir para contabilizar créditos para um bacharelato de quatro anos.

No Canadá e nos EUA existe ainda uma outra classe de graus designada first professional degree (primeiro grau profissional). Estes programas de graus destinam-se a habilitar para a prática profissional em diversos campos que não o académico. Para o acesso à maioria dos cursos conducentes à obtenção de graus profissionais, normalmente, é necessária a habilitação com o grau de bachelor. Estes cursos têm uma duração mínima de cinco anos, podendo ir até aos sete ou oito. Em alguns campos, como as belas artes, a arquitetura ou a teologia, o primeiro grau profissional é designado "master" (mestrado), uma vez que se segue ao bachelor.

Europa

Os graus académicos concedidos nos vários países da Europa têm vindo a ser harmonizados através do Processo de Bolonha, desde a Convenção de Reconhecimento de Lisboa elaborada pela UNESCO e pelo Conselho da Europa. O sistema unificado de graus académicos baseia-se numa hierarquia de três níveis que são o bacharelato, o mestrado e o doutoramento. Alguns países adoptaram outras designações, sobretudo para o grau de primeiro nível.

O Protocolo de Bolonha foi assinado por 28 países europeus: Alemanha, Áustria, Bélgica, Croácia, Dinamarca, Eslovénia, Espanha, Finlândia, França, Geórgia, Grécia, Hungria, Itália, Moldávia, Montenegro, Noruega, Países Baixos, Polónia, Portugal, Roménia, Sérvia,  Suécia, Suíça, Reino Unido, República Checa, Macedônia do Norte, Rússia e Turquia. A maioria destes países tem vindo a adaptar os seus sistemas de ensino superior de modo a comportarem os três níveis de graus académicos, muitas vezes em substituição de sistemas de graus com centenas de anos.

França
Até à adopção do Processo de Bolonha, o sistema de graus académicos da França era bastante complexo. O primeiro grau era o do baccalauréat (Bac, bacharelato), atribuído quando da conclusão do liceu, portanto ainda antes da frequência do ensino superior. A conclusão dos dois anos do primeiro ciclo de estudos superiores habilitava com o diplôme d'études universitaires générales (DEUG, diploma de estudos universitários gerais) ou com o diplôme universitaire de technologie (DUT, diploma universitário de tecnologia). A frequência do segundo ciclo do ensino superior habilitava com a licence (licenciatura) na conclusão do primeiro ano e com a maîtrise (mestrado) na conclusão do segundo ano. A frequência do terceiro ciclo habilitava com o diplome d'études approfondies (DEA, diploma de estudos aprofundados) depois da conclusão de um ou dois anos de estudos, ao qual se poderia seguir o doctorat (doutorado) ao fim de mais três anos.

Depois do Processo de Bolonha, o sistema de graus foi simplificado, com a introdução da reforma LMD (licenciatura, mestrado, doutoramento). O baccalauréat manteve-se como anteriormente. Já a conclusão do primeiro, segundo e terceiro ciclos do ensino superior passou a habilitar, respetivamente, com os graus de licence, de master (fusão da maîtrise com o DEA) e de doctorat.

Portugal

 De 1357 a 1772:
Bacharel;
 Licenciado;
 Doutor/Mestre.
 De 1772 a 1901:
 Bacharel - obtido após a conclusão do 4º ano de um curso geral de uma universidade;
 Bacharel formado - obtido após a conclusão de um curso geral de uma universidade (5 anos);
 Licenciado - obtido após obtenção do grau de bacharel, seguida de aprovação em provas de licenciatura;
 Doutor - obtido após obtenção do grau de licenciado, seguida de aprovação em provas de doutoramento.
 De 1901 a 1918:
 Bacharel - obtido após conclusão de um curso geral de uma universidade;
 Licenciado - obtido após obtenção do grau de bacharel, seguida de aprovação em provas de licenciatura;
 Doutor - obtido após obtenção do grau de licenciado, seguida de aprovação em provas de doutoramento.
 De 1918 até 1968:
 Licenciado - obtido após conclusão de um curso universitário (5 a 7 anos);
 Doutor - obtido após obtenção do grau de licenciado, seguida da aprovação em provas de doutoramento.
 Entre 1968 e 1980
 Bacharel - obtido após conclusão de um curso superior de curta duração (3 anos) ou do primeiro ciclo de um curso superior bietápico (3 anos);
 Licenciado - obtido após a conclusão de um curso superior de longa duração (5 ou 6 anos) ou do segundo ciclo de um curso superior bietápico (3 + 2 anos);
 Doutor - obtido após obtenção do grau de licenciado, seguida da aprovação em provas de doutoramento.
 Entre 1980 e 2008:
 Bacharel - obtido após conclusão de um curso superior de curta duração (3 anos) ou do primeiro ciclo de um curso superior bietápico (3 anos);
 Licenciado - obtido após a conclusão de um curso superior de longa duração (5 ou 6 anos) ou do segundo ciclo de um curso superior bietápico (3 + 2 anos);
 Mestre - obtido após obtenção do grau de licenciado, seguida de conclusão de curso de mestrado (5 + 2 anos) e de aprovação em provas de mestrado;
 Doutor - obtido após obtenção do grau de mestre, seguida de aprovação em provas de doutoramento.
 Desde 2005 (introduzido gradualmente em várias universidades) (Processo de Bolonha):
 Licenciado  - obtido após conclusão do primeiro ciclo do ensino superior (3 ou 4 anos) ou do terceiro ano de um curso de mestrado integrado;
 Mestre  - obtido após conclusão do segundo ciclo do ensino superior (3 + 2 anos) ou de um curso de mestrado integrado (5 ou 6 anos);
 Doutor - obtido após conclusão do terceiro ciclo do ensino superior.

Reino Unido e Commonwealth
No Reino Unido e na maioria dos países da Commonwealth funciona o tradicional sistema anglo-saxónico de graus académicos, que compreende o bachelor (bacharel), o master (mestre) e o doctor (doutor). Contudo, apesar da designação idêntica, este sistema é distinto dos sistemas em vigor nos EUA e no Canadá, onde a duração dos estudos para a obtenção de cada um dos graus é maior.

Normalmente, o primeiro grau académico britânico é o de bacharel com honras (bachelors' degree with honours), sendo os exemplos comuns o bachelor of arts (BA (hons), bacharel em artes), o bachelor of science (BSc (hons), bacharel em ciências) e o bachelor of engineering (BEng (hons), bacharel em engenharia). O grau de bacharel é obtido, normalmente, ao fim de três anos de estudos superiores.

O grau seguinte é o do mestrado (master), cuja duração normalmente é de apenas um ano de estudos a tempo inteiro, a seguir à conclusão do bacharelato. Existem alguns cursos de mestrado integrado, com a duração de quatro anos, em que o primeiro grau é o de mestre (master). Estes mestrados são normalmente designados pela especialidade, como são os casos do master of engineering (MEng, mestrado em engenharia), do master of physics (MPhys, mestrado em física) e do master of mathematics (MMath, mestrado em matemática). O MEng integrado de quatro anos tornou-se inclusive no primeiro grau padrão em engenharia nas principais universidades britânicas, que deixaram de conceder o BEng de três anos.

A seguir ao mestrado, existe o grau de doutor em filosofia (PhD, doctor of philosophy), normalmente obtido ao fim de três anos de trabalhos doutorais. O mestrado não é uma pré-condição para todos os doutoramentos, ocasionalmente sendo apenas necessário o bacharelato.

Algumas instituições de ensino superior concedem o grau de fundação (foundation), depois de completados com sucesso, dois anos de estudo, normalmente em cursos de natureza vocacional.

Os diplomas de graduação de nível 6 e de nível 7 do Conselho de Engenharia (autoridade de acreditação de engenheiros e técnicos no Reino Unido) são equiparados, respetivamente, aos graus de BEng e de MEng.

Terminologia do ensino superior

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
const renderHTML = `

TO SEE HOW IT WORKS:

1. GO TO BROWSER CONSOLE

2. SWITCH TO MOBILE VIEW

3. Swipe it :)

`;

    document.body.innerHTML = renderHTML;

    const options = {

        left: function (self) {

            // place your code here
            self.div.style.backgroundColor = 'red';
        },

        right: function (self) {
            // place your code here
            self.div.style.backgroundColor = 'blue';
        },
        up: function (self) {
            // place your code here
            self.div.style.backgroundColor = 'black';
        },
        down: function (self) {
            // place your code here
            self.div.style.backgroundColor = 'green';
        }

    }

    const swiper = new Swiper('#res');

    function Swiper(selector) {

        const self = this;

        // options  visible by Closure
        self.options = options;
        self.div = document.querySelector(selector);
        self.xDown = null;
        self.yDown = null;

        self.div.addEventListener('touchstart', function (e) {
            self.xDown = e.touches[0].clientX;
            self.yDown = e.touches[0].clientY;
        })

        self.div.addEventListener('touchmove', function (e) {
            if (!self.xDown || !self.yDown) {
                return;
            }

            self.xUp = e.touches[0].clientX;
            self.yUp = e.touches[0].clientY;

            self.xDiff = self.xDown - self.xUp;
            self.yDiff = self.yDown - self.yUp;

            if (Math.abs(self.xDiff) > Math.abs(self.yDiff)) {
                /!*most significant*!/
                if (self.xDiff > 0) {
                    /!* left swipe *!/
                    self.options.left(self);
                } else {
                    /!* right swipe *!/
                    self.options.right(self);
                }
            } else {
                if (self.yDiff > 0) {
                    /!* up swipe *!/
                    self.options.up(self);
                } else {
                    /!* down swipe *!/
                    self.options.down(self);
                }
            }
            /!* reset values *!/
            self.xDown = null;
            self.yDown = null;

        })
    };

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Nope Review
I was lucky enough to be invited to an advance screening of Jordan Peele's Nope and, given the last minute nature of the invitation, I went in without really knowing anything about the film other than what I could guess from the trailer. I can honestly say Nope is one of those films for which the less you know, the better it is.
Now, don't get me wrong, I'm not suggesting it has a crazy twist or anything of the sort, but the originality of the story and the way it unfolds (especially compared to the countless numerous films of the same nature) is truly one of the biggest strengths of Nope. With this in mind, I will refrain from summarizing the plot and will instead urge you to simply go watch it while avoiding overly descriptive reviews beforehand.
Nope is a departure from Us and Get Out with Peele tackling sci-fi instead of horror this time around. That being said, horror fans will be happy to know there are still some genuinely creepy scenes and one memorable moment (and imagery) that will make gorehounds quite happy. The film also differs in themes and tone with Nope really playing up Peele's comedic talent with a delightful dose of dark humour. Keke Palmer carries the film and shines in a role that is both hilarious and endearing, especially when playing opposite Daniel Kaluuya. Steven Yeun, Brandon Perea and Michael Wincott complete the cast of main players in fun and MEMORABLE roles.
The 131-minute runtime allows Peele to really set the table and take us on a journey with these characters. The film never feels long, but the first half is more of a slow-burn, albeit one that pays off once "shit hits the fan". Overall, Nope is a really fun film that cements Jordan Peele's reputation as one of the most exciting new voices of genre cinema, all while showing that he has a lot of exciting tricks up his sleeve.
Written by: Maude Michaud
Satanico short film review
Satanico gives us plenty of ominous atmosphere to enjoy
Animosity Review
Play Time(short film) review
Take a look at our thoughts on the short film play time
Mortal Review
Mortal shows promise for a future sequel
Blood Positive[Short Film review]
Phobias Review
Sator review
Inheritance Review
Inheritance is a stunning thriller starring Lilly Collins and Simon Pegg in a role you've…
Spell Review
The Harbinger (Fantasia 2022) Review: A truly scary Pandemic movie
Megalomaniac [Fantasia 2022] Review

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Михаи́л Васи́льевич Одинцо́в (27 октября 1879, село Усолье, Тельминский уезд, Иркутская губерния — 11 февраля 1965, Иркутск) — советский учёный, декан педагогического факультета и профессор Иркутского государственного университета, профессор Иркутского государственного педагогического института, член Поместного собора 1917 года.

Биография
Родился в семье бухгалтера солеваренного завода.
Окончил Усольское начальное училище (1890), Иркутское духовное училище (1894), Иркутскую духовную семинарию (1900) и Московскую духовную академию со степенью кандидата богословия (1904).

Преподаватель богословия (1904–1918), латинского (1905–1906), французского (1905–1908) и еврейского (1905–1914) языков, секретарь правления (1906), инспектор (1914–1915) Иркутской духовной семинарии.

Одновременно преподаватель истории и географии в Иркутской учительской семинарии (1904–1905), истории литературы и педагогики в частной женской гимназии А. М. Григорьевой (1905–1914), председатель её педсовета (1907).

Один из основателей «Иркутских общедоступных курсов» и преподаватель литературы в средней школе при них (1907–1920). Коллежский советник (1909).

Обвенчан с Марией Константиновной Турицыной (1909). Их дети: Михаил (член-корреспондент АН СССР) и Мария.

Секретарь, хранитель музея (1913) и член правления (1917) Церковно-исторического и археологического общества при Иркутской духовной семинарии.

Член совета, затем товарищ председателя (1914) Свято-Духовского Братства вспомоществования недостаточным воспитанникам семинарии, духовный цензор в консистории (1915), редактор неофициальной части «Иркутских епархиальных ведомостей», делегат Всероссийского законоучительского съезда (1917).

В 1917 году член Поместного собора Православной российской церкви по избранию как мирянин от Иркутской епархии, участвовал в 1-й сессии, член II, XIII отделов.

В 1917–1920 годах преподаватель в иркутском реальном училище.

Одновременно с 1918 года профессор по кафедре философии, с 1921 года преподаватель истории этики на факультете общественных наук, с 1924 года замдекана и в 1926–1929 годах декан педагогического факультета Иркутского государственного университета.

С 1931 года профессор, заведующий кафедрой педагогики Иркутского государственного педагогического института, член бюро секции научных работников Восточно-Сибирского края.

В 1938 году арестован и в 1940 году по ст. 58-7, 58-9 приговорен к 5 годам ссылки в Чкаловскую область.

В 1941 году научный сотрудник по педагогике кабинета средней школы Института усовершенствования учителей в городе Чкалов (Оренбург).

В 1942 году районный школьный инспектор и в 1943 году преподаватель литературы в средней школе села Илек.

С 1943 г. заведующий кафедрой педагогики, логики и психологии, с 1944 года профессор Иркутского государственного университета. Одновременно преподаватель по кафедре психологии Иркутского государственного педагогического института и в областной партийной школе.

С 1956 года снова профессор по кафедре философии Иркутского государственного университета.

По характеристике ректора, «в своей педагогической деятельности проявил себя как убежденный сторонник марксистско-ленинского философского материализма».

С 1957 года на пенсии.

Похоронен на Радищевском кладбище.

Награды

 Орден Святого Станислава 3-й (1909) и 2-й (1916) степени.
 Орден Святой Анны 3-й степени (1913).
 Медаль «За доблестный труд в Великой Отечественной войне» (1946).

Сочинения

 Вопросы теории познания и логики в воззрениях Н. А. Герцена и В. Г. Белинского.; Логика как общеобразовательный предмет в системе высшего образования.; Проблемы умственного образования в русской и современной педагогике; Письма родственникам // ГА Иркутской обл. Ф. Р-2731. Оп. 1.
 Письма к П. Д. Войтику // ГА Новосибирской обл. Ф. Р-15. Оп. 1.
 Признавал ли Кант бытие вещей в себе? // Вера и разум. 1903. № 11–12.
 Чтения о вере // Иркутские епархиальные ведомости. 1907. № 12–14.
 Поэзия Гоголя, ее общий характер и значение // Иркутские епархиальные ведомости. 1909. № 9–13.
 Религия и богословие // Иркутские епархиальные ведомости. 1911. № 12, 19.; 1912. № 1.
 Речь; Основные вопросы религии // Иркутские епархиальные ведомости. 1912. № 3. С. 48–52; № 5, 7/8, 11, 13–14, 16–17.
 Философия религиозного действия. Серен Керкегор // Русская мысль. 1912. № 10.
 О религии. Иркутск, 1913.
 Нравственные основы жизни по учению христианства // Иркутские епархиальные ведомости. 1913. № 1, 14, 24; 1914. № 2, 6–7.
 Победа Креста Христова над миром // Иркутские епархиальные ведомости. 1914. № 19.
 О необходимости религиозного жизнепонимания // Иркутские епархиальные ведомости. 1916. № 2, 4.
 Педагогический факультет Иркутского государственного университета // Иркутский государственный университет, 1918–1921, сб. ко дню трехлетия существования университета. Иркутск, 1921.
 Педагогическая проблема; Очерк истории народного образования в Сибири // Сб. трудов профессоров и преподавателей ИГУ. Вып. 9. Иркутск, 1925.
 Против извращений марксизма-ленинизма в педагогике // Культурный фронт. 1932. № 2.
 Воспитание в семье и школе // Известия Иркутского педагогического института. 1935. Вып. 2.
 К вопросу о воспитывающем обучении. Опыт постановки проблемы // Советская педагогика. 1937. № 2.
 Умственное образование // Советская педагогика. 1938. № 7.
 Как подготовить и прочитать лекцию. Иркутск, 1959.

Источники

 ГАРФ. Ф. Р-9506. Оп. 76. Д. 116; РГИА. Ф. 796. Оп. 441. Д. 214. Л. 1–10 об.; Ф. 802. Оп. 10. 1911. Д. 332; ЦГАМ. Ф. 229. Оп. 4. Д. 2765; ГА Иркутской обл. Ф. Р-2731.
 Иркутские епархиальные ведомости. 1906. № 20. С. 142; 1907. № 17. С. 157; 1914. № 19. С. 208; 1916. № 21. С. 288; 1917. С. 71–72; 1917. № 7/8. С. 267; № 9/10. С. 230; № 12. С. 341..
 Календарь-справочник по Восточной Сибири. Иркутск, 1911. С. 340.
 Адрес-календарь Иркутской губ. 1916. С. 68, 100.
 Иркутский государственный университет: ректоры, профессора, деканы (1918–1998 гг.). Иркутск, 1998.
 Одинцова О. Семья Одинцовых.
 Рабецкая З., Татаринов В. Иркутский педагогический: от учительского института к университету. Т. 1. Иркутск, 2007.
 Иркутск. Историко-краеведческий словарь. Иркутск, 2011.
 Путеводитель по фондам личного происхождения Государственного архива Иркутской обл. Иркутск, 2013.
 Документы Священного Собора Православной Российской Церкви 1917–1918 годов. Т. 27. Члены и делопроизводители Собора: биобиблиографический словарь / отв. ред. С. В. Чертков. — М.: Изд-во Новоспасского монастыря, 2020. — 664 с. — ISBN 978-5-87389-097-2.

Участники Поместного собора Православной российской церкви (1917—1918)
Выпускники Московской духовной академии
Выпускники Иркутского духовного училища
Выпускники Иркутской духовной семинарии
Похороненные на Радищевском кладбище
Преподаватели Иркутского государственного университета
Репрессированные в РСФСР


text:
HomeReviewThe Vault (2017)
Two estranged sisters are forced to rob a bank in order to save their brother. But this is no ordinary bank.
Written and directed by Dan Bush (The Signal), The Vault is a bit of a funny one. A gang rob a bank to find ghostly goings on in the vault. The setup is pretty good, the opening act is well presented, the screenplay is sharp, the direction is good, nothing special, but it works. The film is however unsure of what it really wants to be. It is first and foremost a heist movie, then a horror movie in firm second place. But it does work well for it. Probably the strongest attribute is the tension created in the heist. The antagonists - who run the gauntlet of being the protagonists as well - are cruel and violent. I believe that they will shoot someone in the face. There is internal conflict in the group - nice. Gripping stuff indeed.
Then the film veers into a horror film. It's well enough done, taking the slower approach of gently introducing the supernatural, rather than the Dusk Til Dawn approach of SUDDENLY VAMPIRES. The horror is relatively effective, and has some decent scares. It's not for the gorehounds, but the film is a good film.
The cast is a little mixed, with the main players being Taryn Manning (Orange Is the New Black), Francesca Eastwood (Awake), and James Franco (127 Hours). Eastwood is solid in the role. She doesn't have a huge catalog, but she carries one the lead roles impressively. Manning doesn't fair quite so well, but it's serviceable. Franco can be such either astonishingly good, or painful to watch, and this occasion we get the good James Franco.
Sadly the film seems to have some reliance on the third act twist which was seen coming before the opening credits had finished. But it really takes nothing from the enjoyment of the film.
More spooky slow burn and thriller than horror for the most part, The Vault is highly recommended for the Sunday afternoon view-a-thon. A gentle, well made, spooky thriller. Good stuff.


Dr O'Hear: On Tuesday June 10th Tom Hodgkinson, best-selling author of How to Be Idle and founder of the Idler Academy, came to address the Oxbridge Project on his passion: idleness. Idleness, as defined by Hodgkinson is not the art of being lazy, as some might think, but a different way of thinking about our relationship with work and achievement more generally.
Via a tour of his career from studying English at Jesus College, Cambridge, through journalism, unemployment, entrepreneurship and finally as an editor and author, Hodgkinson set out the main tenets of idleness. These include getting enough sleep, doing enough reading for pleasure, cutting down on TV and social networking and most importantly taking ownership of your time, which may include considering being self-employed rather than signing up for the career 'rat race'.
Embracing 'idleness' in this sense can lead to greater creativity, productivity and general flourishing of the soul. Hodgkinson has modelled his special branch of idleness on that of Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), author, among other things, of our first dictionary. Johnson slept late, worked for only a few hours a day (but very productively) and spent most of the rest of his time in coffee shops and doing amateur science experiments. Hodgkinson brought in a first edition of one of Johnson's essay collections (on idleness!) for the students to look at.
The students seemed enthralled by Hodgkinson's special brand of idleness and were full of questions. Sadek Al-Sabaari (7B) impressed Mr Hodgkinson with his extensive knowledge of the Luddites and Reece Healey-Elliman asked a penetrating question about whether our school systems (geared towards attainment and hard work) might prevent this helpful form of idleness being practiced successfully. We all left with much to ponder and are very grateful to Mr Hodgkinson for giving up his precious (idle) time to talk to us and show us a wide range of interesting publications.


If you have questions or need additional information, e-mail press@guthrietheater.org or call Marita Meinerts Albinson, Senior Communications Manager, at 612.225.6142.
All images on this site are property of the Guthrie Theater.
February 4, 2019: Guthrie Theater Presents Ryan J. Haddad's Hi, Are You Single?
April 2, 2018: Guthrie Theater Honors the Life and Legacy of Prince through A Purple Celebration: A Free Community "Happening"
October 10, 2017: Guthrie presents Aftermath: A Newtown Screening and Community Conversation, Oct. 16 at 7 p.m.
For information or press releases from the Guthrie before the 2016-2017 Season, please e-mail press@guthrietheater.org.
A view of the Guthrie from Gold Medal Park. Photo by Mark Vancleave.
The 700-seat McGuire Proscenium Stage. Photo by Roland Halbe.
Our unique Wurtele Thrust Stage seats 1,100 visitors on three sides. Photo by Gallop Studios.
The Dowling Studio "black box" theater is flexible performance space and can seat 200 guests. Photo by Michal Daniel.
Nestled on the banks of the Mississippi River our building offers beautiful views of the city. Photo by Gallop Studios.


Sale Save On Men's Sandals Journeys has summer apparel for you.Save 10 On Travel, get 10 Off Casual Shoes, save 5 On Casual Shoes.70 off Sale 2 used today Up To 70 Off Select Sperry Styles Free Shipping Over.98 - Journeys Access spring discounts when you shop Journeys.UGG..
When the case is opened, the switch position changes and the system records this change.Companies like In Win Development, Shuttle Inc."The CPU Versus the Computer Tower Case".Regardless of the mounting position, the PSU will usually be attached to the case with four screws to support its weight.Modded cases..
Create profiles on the major social networks.
Launch your website, i built my band site with WordPress, but maintaining it can be a greenock telegraph win a wedding time sink, with constant updates to plugins and WordPress itself.Ask me anything, and Ill do my best to clarify in the comments!Register your.com domain, if m isnt available, choose another band name. .Owning your domain is huge.On release day, I swap in the full tracks and allow them to be streamed in their entirety.Dont feel obligated to sign dinodirect free shipping coupon up for all the extras, because you likely dont need them, and can add most of them later.Figure out which songs to promote I suggest getting a 100-listener report for every song on your release from Audiokite.Update 4th September 2018.I keep four versions handy: long and short, in first person and third person varieties.If your song gets played on terrestrial radio or TV, theyll collect royalties for you.Theres really no point, since your aggregator can assign both.You must be on Facebook, Twitter, SoundCloud, and.Installment rates calculated may differ from actual Bank interest rates, subject to terms and condition applied.With a 5/month pro account, they even let you use choice hotel coupon codes 2017 your own domain.Ive got 5500 subscribers on my mailing list, which would be 65/month. .If youd like to hear more of my promotional escapades, be sure to subscribe to my How Im Promoting My Music This Month email newsletter.With this plan and with a strong hand through Brexit, we will build a stronger, fairer, more prosperous Britain, for all.Good to know, especially if youre going to make a video!Registering that copyright with the Library of Congress is a redundant bureaucratic nightmare, but if it makes you feel better, have at it!
Introducing graduate Scheme ( Skim Graduan ) from, bank Islam.
I dont even make the annual fee back anymore, and plan to cancel after Christmas.
The bar is pretty high, and the process can take months, but its worth.


text:
Q: Design a GUI for a J2ME app How do I create a J2ME app for cellphones with a GUI similar to the menus you see in Java games? I've tried MIDlets with Netbeans but they only show you one GUI element at a time. (textbox, choice, login, etc)
And which Java IDE would you typically design these GUIs in? Netbeans or Eclipse? and is IntelliJ IDEA usable for this aswell?
Do I have to write/get a library that draws GUI controls to screen via bitmap functions .. and keeps track of the keys pressed for focus?

A: You can also use minime: http://code.google.com/p/minime/
It's an open source GUI library for j2me.  miniME works on canvas level (lowest level in j2me) to draw every control so your UI will look exactly the same whatever the handset it'll be running on.   Other advantage are:
- miniME uses its own event loop to manage user controlled event (botton pressed, softbar, ..), so you Application will "behave" the same whatever the handset.
- miniME support the concept of Views and stack of view, in order to make navigation between different view/screens very easy.
Here is an example:   A View is what you have on the screen at a given moment (for example the main menu screen), then to go to a sub menu, you create a new view, and by calling a simple API, you push it in the stack of Views.  The previous view (the main menu) is still existing, but inactive.   When the sub menu view complete his work (for example, user press back, or do a selection), you can just go back to the previous view by calling a pop api.

A: Your question is a bit vague to give a specific aswer, but you might want to check out LWUIT or Polish, you can develop both with either Eclipse or Netbeans.
As far as designing GUIs go, neither IDE will help from a visual perspective. J2ME UI development is all done in code, beyond creating any initial graphics in a proper graphics editor you don't get to see your output until you test.
Read up on the LCDUI package documentation which explains how the UI classes work and the differences between the 'High-level' and 'low-level' APIs.

A: I can't comment on which IDE to use - but I do know that to create custom UI (like the ones you see in J2ME games), you have to explicitly draw the GUI controls.
Beware that you may need to customize the GUI depending on the target phones. You have to cater for different screen sizes, key pad configurations, default theme etc. This would probably mean that you need different builds for things like different screen sizes which would drive up your Java Verified certification costs (if you need it).
You may be able to find a set of nice looking UI controls that you can buy online and use (try J2ME Polish). The easy way out of course, is to use default J2ME controls :)

A: Links to many j2me GUI libraries: link1, link2
I know that kuix is not bad and free - watch demo.
But i prefer to make my own gui elements - this is much more flexible (but takes some time).
As for IDE - you may want to make some kind of gui-editor tool, construct interface in it, save result to some file, and read it from your app.

A: Try to use LWUIT - nice UI toolkit for j2me:
https://lwuit.dev.java.net/
http://lwuit.blogspot.com/

A: It's way too cumbersome to write your own GUI, especially since there are so many available these days. If you're familiar with desktop development in VB.Net and C#, you might find "J2ME GUI" easy to use. You can download it from http://www.garcer.com/. It has a similar feel and makes it easy to learn.  This is the kind of GUI that I expected to come standard with MIDP2 when I started mobile development.  Would have solved a lot of issues.

A: If you are familiar with web stuffs then you can use KUIX (kalmeo.org/home/index) framework having xml and css supports. In place of It you can use also Polish framework (www.j2mepolish.org) it's also uses the xml in easy way rather than kalmeo kuix framework.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Mary Teresa Leary
COOPERSTOWN – Mary Teresa Leary, 94, resident of Monroe County, was taken by the Lord on Sunday, August 28, 2022, in Rochester.
Mary was born on December 31, 1927, in Niagara Falls to Joseph David and Agnes Gertrude Maher.
Mary graduated from Nazareth College of Rochester with a nursing degree and worked as a nurse. She married Dr. Herbert J. Leary in Lyons Falls in 1952, and after a series of moves, eventually settled in Poughkeepsie to raise one daughter and four sons. Later the couple moved to Cooperstown after building a home on Otsego Lake. Following her husband's passing in 2007, Mary came to reside at The Clara Welch Thanksgiving Home in Cooperstown, a place she truly enjoyed and appreciated.
Mary was a long-time member of St. Mary's "Our Lady of the Lake" Roman Catholic Church in Cooperstown and active in charity work, especially the American Cancer Society, Fenimore Art Museum, Farmers' Museum, Women's Club, Senior Bridge Group and the Cooperstown Food Pantry.
Mary is missed by her daughter, Ellen M. Leary Coccoma and son-in-law Michael Coccoma, along with their children Nicholas, Caitrin (and her son Evan) and Peter; her son John P. Leary and daughter-in-law Pat, along with their children Jeffrey, Emily and Kristine; her son Brian J. Leary and daughter-in-law, Raquel, along with their daughters Meghan (and her son Leo), Bridget (and her daughters Ellia and Cassia) and Bernadette; her son James P. Leary and daughter-in-law, Jane, along with their children Jacqueline and Michael; her son, Dennis M. Leary and daughter-in-law, Kelly, along with their children, Ryan and Nicole; and her sister, Catherine A. Maher, as well as her beloved nieces and nephews and many friends.
In addition to her husband, Mary was predeceased by her parents, Joseph and Agnes Maher and her sister, Elizabeth Virgil.
A Mass of Christian Burial will be held at 10 a.m. Thursday, September 8, 2022, at St. Mary's "Our Lady of the Lake" Roman Catholic Church in Cooperstown, with Fr. Michael Cambi, pastor officiating. Interment will follow in Lakeview Cemetery, Richfield Springs.
Contributions may be made in Mary's name to the Cooperstown Food Pantry, 25 Church Street, Cooperstown, NY 13326. If you would like to send condolences to the family or send flowers in memory of the deceased, please use the information below.
Posted by Connell, Dow & Deysenroth, Inc. on Wednesday, August 31, 2022
Ralph DiDomenico
May 28, 1944 – August 8, 2022
MARYLAND – Ralph (Ralphie, Ralphie Boy), a resident of Maryland, NY, was born on May 28, 1944, to the late Rose Scarpone DiDomenico and Boniface DiDomenico in Manhattan. He was an only child and soared into his Father's arms on August 8, 2022.
Ralph was a 1962 graduate of Sewanhaka High School. His education included a bachelor's degree from Nyack College 1989-91 in Organizational Management; OASAS Certified Training Program, 1996-99 CASAC, Addictions Treatment and Prevention; Lincoln Hospital, 1999 ADS (Acupuncture Detoxifications Specialist); Rutgers University 2000 Summer School of Alcohol and Drug Studies, Addiction Treatment; 2007 Gambling Specialty. He was a retired member of the Orange County Cultural Equity Taskforce, retired member of the Orange County SPOA committee and recipient of the 6th Annual JMHCA (Justice and Mental Health Collaboration Act) Distinguished Service Award.
Beyond all scopes of education, he was an expert on eating food. Food specialties include Italian cuisine such as the dried meat selection, Italian bakery items, actually, let's be honest here, ALL bakery items. He was also fluent in Chinese food. If it wasn't meant to be sweet, then it better be spicy!
Ralph is survived and proud of the four daughters he had with his first wife, Carol-Margaret Stevens (Anthony), Marie McDowell (Todd), Angelina Fodera (Adam), and Rachael DiDomenico (Richard Crews).
Seven years ago, Ralph was fortunate to reunite with his high school sweetheart, a partner in crime, and is survived by his wife Adele Morse-DiDomenico. After Adele and Ralph married, he became the proud father to Adele's daughters Cora Morse Pappas, (Andrew), and Jesse Morse Judd, (Michael).
He is survived by grandchildren, Tatiana and Andrew Cunningham, Javani, A.J., Ashine, and Carolann Stevens, Katelynn (Glenn) McDowell-Goudreau and Sarajane McDowell, Noah and Hunter Fodera, Richard Jr. and Calvin Crews, Sophia and Nicole Pappas, and Tia, Kayla, Walter, Michael, and Samantha Judd.
Great Grandchildren include: Elias Rosado Cunningham, Anastasia, and Esmerelda Cunningham, and Annabelle and Wyatt Bruyn-McDowell. Soon to come: Rhea Stevens.
Ralph is survived by cousins Mary Scarpone-Breen and her two daughters Hillary and Amanda, Lois (John) Cicardo and two sons Michael and Jason and Mary Marando and daughter Lynn.
He was loved and will be missed by his fur babies Gracie and Cali.
Ralph was a member of Fusion Community Church in Cobleskill. He was a soldier of God and a life learner of God's word. He had helped many through their difficult times. What many didn't know is when Ralph was teaching others it was then that he was also a student. He was truly a pillar to the church and his community.
Psalm 100: 4,5
Enter his gates with thanksgiving, go into his courts with praise. Give thanks to him and praise. Give thanks to him and praise his name. For the LORD is good. His unfailing love continues forever, and his faithfulness continues to each generation.
In lieu of flowers, we ask you to please pay it forward in honor of our dad. Purchase the meal, dessert, or coffee of a stranger the next time you are out and tell them you are doing this in honor of a man who had the love and passion for good food then ask them to pay it forward the next time they go out. Putting a smile on someone's face is also placing one in their heart.
Please join us in a Celebration of Life for Ralph DiDomenico:
1 p.m., Saturday, September 17, 2022
Fusion Community Church
375 N. Grand Street, Cobleskill, NY 12043
http://www.fusioncommunitychurch.org
Posted by Connell, Dow & Deysenroth, Inc. on Friday, August 19, 2022


text:
EU, EUROPE, HUMAN RIGHTS, NATO, RACISM, REFUGEES, RESISTANCE AND REVOLUTION, UKRAINE
Eat NATO for Breakfast: Abolish Frontex and Demilitarize Europe's Borders
Posted by Internationalist 360° on March 24, 2022 March 27, 2022
Peoples Dispatch
Episode 7 of the "Eat NATO for Breakfast" show, with Sara Reader and Carrie Hou of Abolish Frontex, addressed the militarization of European borders and the double standard in the treatment of migrants and refugees.
The war in Ukraine has revealed the double standards in how the EU treats refugees. What are the roots of this hypocrisy, and why must we fight it?
As the war in Ukraine enters its fourth week, EU authorities are increasingly revealing their double standards in how they treat refugees. European countries have welcomed white Ukrainian refugees, quickly integrating them into the labor market and schools. Meanwhile, Black and Brown refugees from the Global South continue to experience Europe's racist border regime.
Reports coming out in news globally shows that people from the African continent who have lived in Ukraine for years are not receiving the same treatment as white Ukrainians. Refugees trying to reach Europe from Africa and West Asia are violently rejected, as exemplified by the brutality on the border between Morocco and Spain surrounding Melilla, occurring just a couple of days after European governments opened their doors to Ukrainian refugees.
In the span of 2 weeks, Europe absorbed 3 million Ukrainian refugees. When the Syrian war was at its peak—a war escalated by NATO bombing—around a million black and brown refugees who fled to Europe were met with closed borders, militarized guards, and xenophobia.
Episode 7 of the "Eat NATO for Breakfast" show addressed the militarization of European borders and the double standard in the treatment of migrants and refugees. Here we offer a summary of the arguments presented by Sara Reader and Carrie Hou from Abolish Frontex.
What is Frontex?
Frontex is the European Union's border agency, and plays a key role in enforcing the EU's racist, colonial and militarized border regime. Frontex began as a small agency in Poland, but has become the most powerful agency in the EU, with a budget of 5.6 billion euros for the years of 2021-2027. Although Frontex is overseen by the EU Commission, in practice it operates as a rogue agency with little transparency and accountability. The EU Commission, in turn, distances itself from Frontex.
The agency now purchases its own equipment, such as ships, helicopters and drones, from the arms, security and surveillance companies which have lobbied to become influential in shaping the EU's border and defense policies.
Frontex aims to have its own army of 10,000 armed border guards by 2027 to "guard" against those seeking asylum. These are refugees of conflict and violence, often due to Western and NATO bombing or occupation.
Since 1993, 44,764 people have died because of the militarized policies of Fortress Europe: drowned in the Mediterranean, shot at borders, killed by suicide at detention centers, or tortured and killed post-deportation. All of these deaths were avoidable; many of these people fled their homes for political, climate, health or economic reasons, all in which EU and NATO actions have played a decisive role.
Frontex violates human rights
Frontex is responsible for human rights violations in its operations: illegal pushbacks, violence against migrants, deportations, and in its role in strengthening EU borders.
Frontex also uses "risk analyses": analytical reports which determine the level of the so-called "risk" that the "migration threat" poses to the EU. Frontex uses these reports to influence how the EU acts in accordance with the purported "risk" level, thus reinforcing border control, expanding Frontex's deployments and growing the agency's resources.
Frontex often depicts migration as a "threat", adding fuel to the flames of nationalism, racism, xenophobia and Islamophobia.
Europe, a warmongering continent
Security and protection are central topics in the official agenda of the European Union. These concepts are based on the history of unequal relations between the center of imperial capitalism and its peripheries. Europe's richest countries built themselves on centuries of the underdevelopment of the Global South using colonialism, imperialism, violence, slavery, exploitation, oppression and exclusion.
This legacy continues: The EU continues to fuel wars, instability and repression through arms sales and other forms of support to countries like Saudi Arabia and Israel. Military operations cause the death, destruction and destabilization of countries, communities and economies. Unequal trade relations, exploitation and exclusion maintain and exacerbate poverty. The EU is one of the main drivers of climate change through its extractivist and fossil-fuel dependent economy.
For all of Europe's proclamations regarding "defending liberal democracy and human rights", Europe is and has been one of the largest exporters of human rights violations.
We must challenge the idea of "security" and "defense", and understand whose interests are being defended and whose lives are considered disposable. Through its influence on European governments and institutions, the arms industry has created a militarized concept of security. Whether the issue is migration, climate change, civil unrest and protest, or a pandemic, the arms industry frames these issues as "threats".
Europe's hypocrisy
As has been made clear over the past month: the EU is capable of welcoming refugees with open arms. The question is not capacity, instead it is political will. The way Europe has responded to the 3 million white refugees who have fled Ukraine is remarkable when compared to how Black and Brown refugees have been and continue to be treated.
The so-called "refugee crisis" of 2015 was used to further militarize Europe's borders. Only 1 million people entered Europe over the course of a year due to panic over migrants. The people fleeing Ukraine surpassed that number only in the first week of war. This hypocritical double standard must be eliminated.
The Situation in Eastern Europe
Since the 1990s, EU member states and the Schengen Area have built nearly 1000 km of walls to prevent displaced people from migrating into Europe. These physical walls are accompanied by even longer "maritime walls", i.e. naval operations patrolling the Mediterranean, as well as "virtual walls", i.e. border control systems that seek to stop people entering or even traveling within Europe.
Poland has begun construction on a wall to prevent undocumented migrants from crossing its border. The wall, spanning over 180 kilometers and reaching heights of up to 5.5 meters, will be equipped with motion detectors and thermal cameras. Less than six months ago, Poland declared a state of emergency at its border with Belarus when thousands of people, primarily Kurdish people from Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan, and Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, were trapped at the border in freezing weather conditions without food or medical attention.
The government has sent in thousands of military personnel and created a two-mile militarized zone, barring health workers, aid workers and journalists from entering. Several people have died on both sides of the border, and few were able to apply for asylum. Many were immediately pushed back into Belarus and beaten by border guards. 1,500 people were stuck in detention centers inside Poland.
Poland's president Andrzej Duda declared: "The time has come when you need to defend your homeland. We need to guard our borders more than before." Frontex director Fabrice Legerri visited the Polish-Belarus border in October 2021, and was "impressed by the means deployed to secure the border", thanking Poland for cooperating with Frontex through ongoing exchange of information and providing the Agency with data on the situation in the Polish section of the external border. These are the same borders which are now welcoming millions of white refugees from Ukraine.
What are the demands of the Abolish Frontex movement?
The main demand of Abolish Frontex is the institution of safe migration routes for all, permanently, not only in times of crisis. But Frontex is only the tip of the iceberg. Abolish Frontex wants to build a radical platform that connects and amplifies different demands, such as the right for all to move and live freely, an end of illegal detentions and deportations, an end to the surveillance, criminalization and repression of migrants, and the demilitarization of borders.
Abolish Frontex, inspired by the police abolition movement in the US, wants to provide concrete steps towards abolishing the EU border regime and the system it represents. Over 115 groups have joined the campaign since the launch.
The pandemic laid bare the impact of years of austerity politics and the decimation and privatization of national health services as well as globalized and unjust trade relations in Europe. As governments scrambled to respond to the crisis and provide enough hospital beds, staff, protective equipment and ventilators, it became obvious, even to those uncritical of militarism, that the concept of security being sold to us does not, in reality, keep us safe.
There is an urgent need to tackle the root causes of climate change, inequality and conflict fueled by the European weapons industry. Europe needs radical social change and investment in welfare, housing, education, the transition to a low-carbon economy, healthcare and other public services.
Europeans need to build and strengthen internationalist, anti-capitalist and decolonial movements, and understand the economic and political system as a whole and the role that war, militarism and the arms trade serve to maintain the colonial, capitalist system.
Previous Post British Intelligence Operative's Involvement in Ukraine Crisis Signals False Flag Attacks Ahead
Next Post Ukraine: Halfway to the End of the War


An internal ICE document revealed that the agency is possibly planning a worksite enforcement operation at a national food chain in the upcoming weeks. The operation will target locations across the country that hire and exploit illegal alien workers.
Today, Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke announced that they will end Temporary Protected Status (TPS) status for Haitians. The immigrants protected under this status will have 18 months to make arrangements to leave the U.S. and head back to their home country.
Sources have said that the Trump administration is planning to end the Obama-era rule that allowed spouses of H-1B foreign workers to receive a work permit. Under this new rule 41,526 people received work permits from Oct. 2015-Sept. 2016.
In 2015 Pres. Obama created a work permit for certain H-4 visa holders, even though under this visa they were not allowed to hold a job or be issued a Social Security number.
According to the newest Dept. of Labor statistics the number of H-2A visas granted in FY17 increased by 20% from last year. The DOL approved 200,049 H-2A visas in FY17 compared to 165,741 in FY16.
Last night during his Fox News town hall Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wisc.) said that they are not planning on adding any DACA legislation to the upcoming omnibus spending bill. Speaker Ryan emphasized that they would do that "separately" from other major legislation.
The National ICE Council launched a new website on Tuesday that highlights some of the issues ICE agents are facing when trying to enforce federal immigration laws. The National ICE Council hopes the website will bring these problems to the public's attention.
On Thursday, a group of 14 House Republicans held a news conference urging Speaker Ryan to pass an amnesty for DACA recipients. The group wants immediate action instead of waiting closer to the March deadline set by Pres. Trump.
On Monday the House Freedom Caucus announced that they would support Rep. Bill Posey's (R-Fla.) bill the Security and Fairness Enhancement (SAFE) for America Act (H.R. 1178), which would end the diversity visa lottery program. This support comes after it was discovered that the New York City terror suspect Sayfullo Saipov entered the U.S. through the lottery program.
According to the State Department only 1,242 refugees were admitted into the U.S. in October 2017 compared to the 9,945 admitted in Oct. 2016 under the Obama administration. This 87% decline can be contributed to Pres. Trump's executive order for tougher vetting procedures for refugees and capping the number of refugees to 45,000 for the fiscal year.


It is a good way to enhance our products and solutions and repair. Our mission will be to build creative solutions to consumers with a great experience for Bbq Meat Claws , Bbq Meat Claws Set , BBQ Meat Claws , We welcome new and outdated buyers from all walks of lifestyle to make contact with us for long term enterprise interactions and mutual good results!
"We always follow the principle ""Quality Very first, Prestige Supreme"". We have been fully committed to delivering our customers with competitively priced high-quality products and solutions, prompt delivery and experienced services for Bbq Meat Claws , Bbq Meat Claws Set , BBQ Meat Claws , You can let us know your idea to develop unique design for your own model to prevent too much similar parts in the market! We will provide our best service to satisfy all your needs! You should contact us right away!


text:
Video Games /
Xbox 360 /
Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary Edition
for Xbox 360
CONSIDERING PRE-OWNED?
Guaranteed to work
Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary immerses you in the landmark campaign and genre-defining multiplayer game that helped revolutionize the first-person shooter genre and sparked one of the most iconic science-fiction universes of all time. With a bounty of new features including cooperative play over Xbox Live, a bundle of some of the most beloved multiplayer maps in Halo history reimagined for Xbox Live, new challenges and a new story to uncover, Halo Anniversary compels you to return to return once more to the ringworld of Halo.
As a member of an elite military force, you must fight to defend the Earth from alien aggressors on the ancient alien artifact known as Halo. You must fight your way through Halo's mountainous terrain and underground labyrinth to discover the secrets of the mysterious world, and protect the human race. Escaping Halo with your life requires a cunning wit and a major arsenal of weapons.
Switch between foot-based fighting and vehicle-based attacks, where you can pilot flyers, tanks, or buggies, or man the guns while another squad member drives. Multiplayer action in Halo: Combat Evolved gives players the option of co-op missions or free-for-all shootouts.
Trailers & Videos Playlist
Stunningly remastered campaign - Relive the award-winning adventure that defined Halo: Combat Evolved as one of the best games of the decade with breathtaking next-gen graphics and audio remastered for the Xbox 360. Engage in epic-scale battles against the backdrop of the eponymous Halo ringworld, and relive nostalgic memories with the ability to toggle Classic mode to play the original version.
Online campaign co-op - For the first time, experience the story that started it all with a friend on Xbox LIVE and launch a cooperative assault against the Covenant, whether you live across the street or halfway around the world.
Classic Halo multiplayer maps reimagined - Wage battle on six detailed remakes of some of the most beloved Halo multiplayer maps of all time, and bring the fight to the Covenant on a stunning and resonant new Firefight map.1 Remastered in the "Halo: Reach" engine and inspired by maps from "Halo: Combat Evolved" and Halo 2, these iconic battlefields reignite the heart-pounding multiplayer action of the original favorites and let you relive epic confrontations like you've never experienced them.
Developed in collaboration with Certain Affinity, the new multiplayer maps are included on the Halo: Anniversary game disc, which means players will not need to own the original Halo: Reach game to play.
New challenges and enhanced story - Unlock up to 1,000 Achievement points as you clash with online opponents and battle through the campaign, and uncover never-before-revealed backstories told in motion-graphic form that foreshadow new mysteries in the story of Halo 4.
Tuesday, 15th November 2011
Customers who own this also own the following:
Nintendo Switch Grey Joy-Con Console
Buy NEW $399.00
Nintendo Switch Game Traveller Deluxe Travel Case


Rajasthan Police Department has recently announce about the recruitment of 5500 Constable (General Duty), Constable (Driver). The Process of Online Application Submission was Start from 23.10.2017 & the Last Date for Application Submission is 15.01.2018. Here All the Candidates Can Check the Details of Recruitment from the Below Link.
All the Candidates Who filled the Online Application Form was Face the Exam. The Written Exam Was Conducted First on 14 & 15 July 2018 Onwards. The written test was of multiple choice objective type. There was a composite paper of three parts carrying total 75 marks. More Details About the Exam is Provided Below.
Note: Rajasthan Police does not declared any Cut Off marks list/ merit list for Constable Exam. Cut Off marks list will be available soon on website http://police.rajasthan.gov.in.
After the Request of Many Candidates, Jobriya.com is Now Providing Expected Cut Off Marks for Final Merit List of All Districts of Rajasthan. But NOTE that this is Only Expected Cut Off not Official. But Don't worry, it's prepared by Experts Team.
Rajasthan Police conducted a Written Examination for Recruitment of Constable in the month of 2018 at different centers across the country.
Plz bhaiyo ajmer me mere written me 46.37 number h or physical ke liye bhi list me naam nahi aaya tha. To plz jaldi bataye ajmer me physical me kitne number walo ko bulaya.


We certainly do not have a wind turbine on the roof of our data center! Sure, it would be a neat thing to have, but that is not the case. After an energy audit by an outside provider to calculate our total electrical energy consumption from traditional sources, HostPapa purchased "green energy tags" or certificates from a certified green energy supplier. That supplier calculates the total energy consumption of our operation and uses their suppliers of green energy to pump in 100% equivalent energy back into the power grid. This effectively cuts down on the carbon dioxide-producing (CO2) energy that we normally would have required from non-green energy sources.
More and more utilities are allowing their customers to purchase 100% green renewable energy for their homes directly from the utility itself, through partnerships with renewable energy companies. You can find a list of utility companies throughout the United States that offer renewable energy plans here.
For example, here on Long Island, LIPA provides the Green Choice program which puts power from Community Energy on the grid. Whatever your kilowatt usage is for the month, you pay the "clean power" surcharge and that's how much energy is added to the grid from Community Energy.
Of course, despite the fact that our home is powered with 100% wind energy, LIPA continues to add "fuel oil surcharges" to our bill. Double whammy.
Perhaps I should look into building my own windmill.
Previous PostAMERICA WINS!!!!Next PostNo Mandate?


text:
John Dickenson, Greene in Conceit: New Raised from His Grave to Write the Tragic History of Fair Valeria of London
Posted by admin on 7/30/10 • Categorized as Barnabe Riche,Publications
151 pp. / ISBN 978-0-7727-2043-6 / Softcover / $19.00 (Price includes applicable taxes, Shipping: $5.99 CAD within North America, $21.99 CAD to Europe, and $24.99 CAD to all other International addresses; prices may vary for bulk orders)
[simpay id="13994″]
Edited with an introduction and annotations by Donald Beecher & David Margolies
The story of Valeria is an archetypal tale of unequal marriage, escape and betrayal, abuse and retribution. Trapped in the social conventions of late sixteenth-century London, the heroine's vitality and wilfulness make her ultimately a tragic figure. Dickenson, in keeping with the temper of the age, is a moralist, but he goes beyond conventional moralising to explore the position of women in a patriarchal society. He is an accomplished stylist yet also delivers a fast-moving narrative that makes him very accessible. The title refers to the late Robert Greene, an outstanding popular fiction writer of the period, who supposedly gains permission to return briefly to the land of the living to let the world know the tragic tale of Valeria, whose shade has recently arrived in Hades. Encountering Dickenson, Greene appoints him to bring the tale to the public.
The Editors:
Donald Beecher is professor of English at Carleton University in Ottawa. He is the editor of some twenty critical editions of Renaissance texts, and, in his most recent writings, is concerned with the cognitive sciences and their significance for the study of literature.
David Margolies, emeritus professor of English at Goldsmiths College, London, has published extensively on the fiction of the Elizabethan period, on popular culture, and on Shakespeare's plays from a social perspective.
Please use the purchase button right below the cover image above.
Online purchases of CRRS publications are securely processed through Stripe.com.
Refunds: please email crrs.publications@utoronto.ca for refunds.
You may contact our publications coordinator or fill out this flyer and fax, mail, or scan and email it to our publications coordinator.


text:
This is a list of roads designated A18. Roads are sorted in the countries alphabetical order.

 A18 motorway (Belgium), a road connecting Bruges and Dunkirk, France

 A18 motorway (Italy), a road connecting Messina and Catania in Sicily
 A18 highway (Lithuania), a road around Šiaulių
 A18 road (Malaysia), a road in Perak connecting Bota Bota Kanan and Kampung Sungai Mengkuang
 A18 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting Zevenaar and Varsseveld
 A18 autostrada (Poland), a planned road connecting Olszyna at the Polish-German border and the junction with the A4 motorway
 A 18 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Pelmadulla and Nonagama
 A18 motorway (Switzerland), a road connecting Basel and Reinach BL
 A18 road (United Kingdom) may refer to:
 A18 road (England), a road connecting Doncaster, South Yorkshire and Ludborough, Lincolnshire
 A18 road (Isle of Man) or Snaefell Mountain Road, a road used for the Isle of Man TT Races
 A18 road (United States of America) may refer to:
 A18 road (California), a road connecting SR 273 (and Interstate 5 and SR 299) in Redding and Shasta Dam

See also
 List of highways numbered 18


Preheat oven to 350F degrees. Put all ingredients in large, ovenproof casserole dish. Stir to blend. Place the pan over medium-low heat and bring to boil, stirring regularly. Lower the heat and cook for 5 minutes more, continuing to stir.
Slide casserole into oven and cook, until pumpkin butter has thickened and there is no liquid around sides of pan (1 1/2 to 2 hours). Cool pumpkin butter, then cover and chill. Pack airtight; keep in refrigerator for up to one week.


text:
Graham Lunn
CFO & Partner
Lex House, 17 Connaught Place, London, W2 2ES, United Kingdom
Graham Lunn is the Chief Financial Officer & Partner, based in the London office.
He has extensive experience operating at senior levels in private equity funds. Prior to EMK, Graham held a similar role at X2 Resources LLP, a mining and metals focussed private equity vehicle set up with the former leadership team of Xstrata plc.
From 2008 to 2013 Graham was Director of Funds Administration at Actis LLP, the pan emerging markets private equity investor. Graham started his career at KPMG and spent nine years with the firm auditing and advising investment management businesses.
Graham is a Chartered Accountant and graduated from Durham University with a Master's degree in Civil Engineering.
In his spare time Graham likes golf, cycling and playing guitars.
Passionate, experienced and knowledgable.