text:
Case by Casebolt: William Miller's Two-Day Prophecy
Donald E. Casebolt
"Case by Casebolt" is a recurring series examining the prophetic interpretations that Ellen White appropriated from William Miller.
In last month's inaugural "Case by Casebolt" article, I documented Ellen White's endorsement of William Miller's 2520-year prophetic interval, "The Seven Times of the Gentiles," which she included in her 1851 White/Nichols chart. I also noted that Clinton Wahlen, writing for the Biblical Research Institute, asserted that Leviticus 26 does not contain a time prophecy of 2,520 years, despite Ellen White's 1851 prophetic chart to the contrary.
The 2,520-year interval was just one of Miller's fifteen mathematical, biblical proofs that the first resurrection would occur "about 1843." At age twelve, Ellen Harmon was converted by such Millerite "biblical" proofs. She envisioned William Miller as being a forerunner to Christ's Second Advent like John the Baptist was for Christ's First Advent and asserted that she saw angels guiding his mind.
I saw that God sent his angel to move upon the heart of a farmer who had not believed the Bible, and led him to search the prophecies. Angels of God repeatedly visited that chosen one, and guided his mind, and opened his understanding to prophecies which had ever been dark to God's people[1]
The primary thesis of this monthly series is that what Miller wrote did not demonstrate that God had "opened his understanding to prophecies which had ever been dark to God's people." Indeed, a thorough examination of Miller's interpretations demonstrates that they were consistently farfetched at best. Beyond historical questions, they cannot be sustained on a sola scriptura basis. One of the texts best illustrating Miller's fanciful methods and results is Hosea 6.
The common but erroneous paradigm concerning William Miller is that he merely let Scripture interpret itself and that his hermeneutic provides literal explanations of prophecies. He asserted that "every word and every particular has had an exact and literal accomplishment." Therefore, "unfulfilled prophecies in their accomplishments will be equally as evident and literal."[2] Miller's method is known as historicism, and it is still practiced in Seventh-day Adventist prophetic interpretation. For example, in a contribution to The Ellen G. White Encyclopedia, Gerard Damsteegt, retired professor of church history at the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary at Andrews University, cites Ellen White's recommendation that Adventists should search "the Scriptures upon the same plan that Father Miller adopted." She "particularly endorsed" several of Miller's rules. One was that "every word must be given its proper bearing on the subject." The next was that each passage on a given topic must be compared and integrated with all other passages on the same topic. The final was that "Scripture must be its own expositor, since it is a rule of itself." Miller and Ellen White asserted that if a Bible student followed these rules, they could reach their conclusions "without a contradiction, you cannot be in error." Damsteegt further notes that Ellen White objected to the practice of some who seized "upon the figures and symbols of Holy Writ," [and] interpret[ed] them to suit their fancy." She accused them of presenting "their vagaries as the teachings of the Bible."[3] Ironically, Miller's interpretation of Hosea 6 is a textbook example of just such "vagaries."
According to Miller, the text of Hosea 6:1–3
is one of the richest and most interesting prophecies that was ever delivered to mortals by any prophet since the world began. Every word speaks, and is full of meaning; every sentence is a volume of instruction. No wisdom of man could communicate as much in as few words. It is a pearl of great price, lying deep in the waters of prophecy; it is a diamond, which will cut the film which covers the visual organ of the readers of God's word; it is a gem in the mountain of God's house, shining in the darkness, and the darkness comprehendeth it not.[4]
The prophecy of Hosea 6:1–3 (KJV) follows:
Come let us return unto the Lord: for he hath torn and he will heal us; he hath smitten, and he will bind us up. After two days will he revive us; in the third day he will raise us up, and we shall live in his sight. Then shall we know, if we follow on to the Lord, his going forth is prepared as the morning, and he shall come unto us as the rain, as the latter and former rain unto the earth.
The context of this passage is that Hosea, a native of the Northern Kingdom, speaks during the reign of Jeroboam II, occurring 734 to 721 when Samaria fell to the Assyrians. It was an extremely turbulent period with four Israelite kings being assassinated in fifteen years. Hosea attacked injustice, violence, and idolatry. Hosea is exhorting the inhabitants of the Northern Kingdom to repent. It acknowledges that Yahweh has punished their infidelity by the scourge of the Assyrians but that "shortly" Yahweh will reverse their fortunes.
Yet according to William Miller, this passage "teaches us the manner of Christ's coming, and the time when all these things will be fulfilled." He further asserts that the phrase "after two days will he revive us" teaches "the time specified when the work [of salvation] will be finished." It furnishes the Bible student with a specific date for the Second Coming and First Resurrection. This, Miller insists, is because "revive us" "must mean, to raise to life." It "must mean, therefore, their [God's faithful] resurrection from the dead." Moreover, he claims that the phrase "in the third day he will raise us up" is "still stronger proof that the prophet has reference to the resurrection of the saints." He concludes that "the time specified to accomplish these things is three days."[5] Miller is adamant that these "three days" cannot be literal, nor can they be historical "year-days." Rather, utilizing a variant tenth rule, he insists that each of these "days" is equal to 1,000 years, citing 2 Peter 3:8.
Miller continues by expounding on the word "morning" in the text. He claims that "morning" determines the "manner and object of Christ's coming to the earth." Why morning? Because, says Miller, "there are two parts to the morning––daybreak and sunrise." This is Miller's mode of giving every word "its proper bearing on the subject." He imagines he is complying with this rule when he asserts that he finds both the first and second coming of Christ in this passage. Christ's first advent was "the daybreak" and his second advent will be the "sunrise." Using the same type of reasoning, Miller asserted that "the latter and former rain" of the text also refer to the first and second advent.[6]
According to the renowned day-year historicist belief, the "days" in this passage could mean a historical year. But Miller argues that "days" in this passage cannot mean either a literal day or a historical year. "Therefore, the days spoken of in our texts must mean so many thousand years."[7] Thus far, Miller has made two major errors: First, the passage has nothing to do with the Second Coming––when given a literal, commonsense interpretation. Second, the term "day," given a literal, commonsense interpretation, cannot indicate a historical year, not to mention a millennium. But even if Hosea had the second coming in mind, and even if Hosea's "days" lasted a thousand years, there is no indication of when the two thousand years should commence. Nonetheless, Miller now proceeds to give various allegorical arguments that he thinks can provide a precise date when the two days, two thousand years began. He concludes that "they would have ended last year" [1840-41]. Several pages of allegorical-typological argumentation follow.
Miller makes an obscure reference likening Christ's first advent to a daystar. Therefore, he supposes that "a part of the first thousand years had actually passed away when our bright and morning star first appeared." He claims that Hosea 5:8-12 gives "more light on this subject." He then proposes a very strained typological relationship. He asserts that Ephraim, or the 10 Northern Tribes, described here and in Isaiah 7:8, is a type of the "sects and churches" of the 1840s. Just as God broke Ephraim, "God has already began to break our sects in judgment!" This is his "strong proof," "remarkably fulfilled at the present day by all the sects in Christendom." God's judgment on the sects "will be as literally and certainly fulfilled" as God's judgment on Ephraim. Ephraim represents the people of God under the New Testament, and Judah represents those who were called the people of God under the Old Testament. With typical hyperbole, Miller claims: "This prophecy has been as literally fulfilled as it is possible for it to be."[8]
Continuing, Miller asserts that the apostate Jews who united with Assyrians were a type of the "sects" who united with Miller's opponents who taught a "spiritual millennium." Further, as the Jews were ruined by pagan Rome, the nominal Christians who opposed Miller were ruined by papal Rome. This is the same procedure by which the Millerites "historicized" themselves when they asserted that the first angel and the second angel of Revelation 14 could be dated to two distinct periods of the Millerite movement.
Finally, Miller returns to Hosea 5:13 to explain the two-day (two thousand years) prophecy: "Then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, and sent to king Jareb." This, he contends, was fulfilled when the Jews made an alliance with Rome in 158 BC. This is "a sure place to begin our date." This is because "158 + 1842 = 2000 years, or two days." Miller integrates the prophetic proof with several of his other proofs at this point. This includes his assertion that a 666-year period stretched from 158 BC to AD 508 and that a 1335-year period lasted from 508 to 1843. For some reason, he states that one must "add 666 + 1335 = 2001, which would carry us one year into the 3000, or to the year 1843 after Christ." He concludes that the KJV phrase "in the third day" carries him to "the third thousand year, (which will begin in the year 1843)." At this time, the first resurrection will occur and the Millerites will reign with Christ during this third thousand years.[9]
Thus, one observes that Miller's interpretive method is far from being commonsense and literal. Specifically, "every word" is not given its proper meaning. Rather, every key word is given an allegorical meaning limited only by Miller's imagination. Second, the Scripture that he cites to shed light on his chief text, Hosea 6:1–3, does not have any bearing on that text. Coincidental phrases/words such as "daystar," "former and latter rain," "Ephraim, and "sunrise," are interpreted arbitrarily in an allegorical manner. Third, he does not exegete in context. Rather, he performs eisegesis. His manner of using a concordance is an Achilles' heel––not his strong point. The best example in this passage is his interpretation of "day." Just because the word "day" is used in one biblical location does not mean it has the same application in all its locations.
Miller is not attempting to deceive his audience when he claims that he is attempting to interpret the Bible literally. He has convinced himself that he is doing something correctly. This self-deception is a critical factor in Miller's date-setting millennialism. Similarly, many use the same Millerite method endorsed by Ellen White, including O. R. L. Crosier, Joseph Turner, Apollos Hale, and James White.
Ellen White envisioned that God regularly sent angels to guide Miller. She assumed that given this fact, his conclusions must be correct. This is analogous to what she "saw" regarding the proper translation of "the daily sacrifice." She believed she had a vision proving that "sacrifice" was illegitimately supplied by the translators of the KJV and could not refer to literal burnt offerings. But returning to the original text demonstrated that she was incorrect.[10]
I saw that God sent his angel to move upon the heart of a farmer who had not believed the Bible, and led him to search the prophecies. Angels of God repeatedly visited that chosen one, and guided his mind, and opened his understanding to prophecies which had ever been dark to God's people.[11]
Further installments in this series will provide evidence that neither Miller's method nor his conclusions demonstrated that he had any special understanding of eschatological prophecies. The case of Hosea 6 is just one of about a dozen cases substantiating that Miller's method and results were mistaken—even if fervently and sincerely expressed. It raises the question: if Miller can be so flagrantly faulty in his interpretation of Hosea 6, what credibility does he have regarding his other prophetic interpretations?
Previously in the "Case by Casebolt" series:
Why BRI Considers Ellen White to Be "Incorrect" (March 4, 2022)
Notes & References:
[1] White, Spiritual Gifts, 1:128.
[2] William Miller, Evidence from Scripture and History of the Second Coming of Christ (Boston, MS: Joshua V. Himes, 1842), 2.
[3] P. Gerard Damsteegt, "Prophetic Interpretation," in The Ellen G. White Encyclopedia, eds. Denis Fortin and Jerry Moon, (Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2013), 1060-1064.
[4] William Miller, A Familiar Exposition of the Twenty-fourth Chapter of Matthew, and the Fifth and Sixth Chapters of Hosea. (Boston, MS: Joshua V. Himes, 1842), 45–46.
[5] Miller, A Familiar Exposition, 50-52.
[7] Miller, A Familiar Exposition, 63.
[8] Miller, A Familiar Exposition, 64–66.
[10] Donald E. Casebolt, "The Lost 1,335-Year Prophecy: A Case Study," Spectrum 50:1 (2022), 74–85. Furthermore, other modern language translations such as the German, the French, and the Spanish which also translate the Hebrew phrase as "sacrifice" are additional evidence that the alleged KJV mistranslation assertion is untenable. This is not a Hebrew-English mistranslation phenomenon.
[11] White, Spiritual Gifts, 1:128.
Donald E. Casebolt studied in the MDiv program at Andrews University, studied Semitic languages and Protestant theology at Karl Eberhard Universitat Tubingen, Germany, and spent two years in a doctoral program at the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute. He recently published Child of the Apocalypse: Ellen G. White. A second book, Father Miller's Daughter, will be published by Wipf & Stock in 2022. He is a retired nurse practitioner.
Title image: William Miller and prophecy chart (public domain)


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SouthworldChurches September 2018South Africa. The Catholic Church. In Search Of A New Presence.
The Catholic Church celebrates the bicentenary of its presence in South Africa. From the colonial era to the fight against apartheid. In search of a new way of being present in South African society.
The presence of the Catholic Church can be traced back to lay Catholics in what is now the Western Cape during the Dutch era (1652-1806).
But active public worship and the presence of functioning clergy was proscribed into the British colonial era until 1818, with the first permanent clergy presence only occurring after 1832.
In 1818, a Benedictine Bede Slater was consecrated vicar apostolic of the whole of southern Africa and the Indian Ocean.
Bishop Slater was unable to reside in Cape Town, however, governing his vast 'diocese' from Mauritius. Between 1818 and 1832, although one church was built in Cape Town, no permanent clergy worked in southern Africa: military chaplains with British troops, together with missionaries en route elsewhere, served Catholic colonists in towns.
The first Catholic Church in South Africa. Cape Town, 1830
In 1831 a Dominican Patrick Raymond Griffiths was appointed the new vicar apostolic and, for the first time, was based in Cape Town from 1832. Starting with a handful of priests, his vicariate stretched from the Cape to present-day Mozambique. Even as the number of clergy grew – slowly – they were so few that they served white colonists plus a smattering of African converts, mainly in towns. Too few priests, plus the fact that Protestant missionaries in rural areas had had a head-start (of, in some cases, 100 years), made African missions difficult.
It also had an unintended side-effect: Catholicism embraced the colonial segregationist mind-set in practice (and sometimes in theory). Even when African 'mission' Catholicism grew and eventually numerically outstripped the 'colonial' Church, power remained in the latter's hands. Black indigenous clergy were a minority, struggling with a Eurocentric church culture, until well into the 20th Century.
S. Mary's Cathedral. Cape Town, 1851
Pius IX created the Eastern Vicariate in 1847. Bishop Aidan Devereux the Vicar Apostolic set up his see initially in Grahamstown. Devereux, realising that it was still unmanageable – stretching from the Eastern Cape to today's Mozambique – petitioned for another vicariate in Natal (now KwaZulu Natal). This territory, established in 1850, included the then Boer Republics (Orange Free State and Zuid Afrikaansche Republic/Transvaal), Basutoland and later extend into the eastern parts of the Northern Cape around Kimberley.
Devereux invited missionary congregations of men and women to work in these territories. Sisters' (and some brothers') congregations set up schools and hospitals, creating an important network of education and healthcare that marked the Church's public face and in some cases changed or moderated the fiercely anti-Catholic mentality, particularly in the Boer Republics. Men's orders, notably the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (followed later by Jesuits, Franciscans, Pallotines), focused on African missions and maintenance of the colonial Church. One order, the Trappists, transformed into the Congregation of Missionaries of Mariannhill in 1909 to focus on African missions.
Early in the 20th Century, the vast vicariates were subdivided – often according to missionary territories served by specific congregations. A diocesan clergy slowly grew. Vicariates transformed into dioceses, and informal meetings of bishops became first a Conference in 1947 and finally the Hierarchy was established by Rome in 1950-1951.
The church struggle with apartheid
Racial segregation, with white economic and cultural domination, was formalised after 1910's establishment of the Union (later in 1961 the Republic) of South Africa. Black resistance was met by the Church with caution. Eurocentric Catholic assumptions and white economic domination of the Church confronted a growing sense of injustice, deepened by the systematised racism of apartheid after 1948.
The Catholic Church's leadership felt constrained initially in its resistance to apartheid by three factors: Eurocentrism, fear of communism and fear of anti-Catholic reaction by the state.
Though no longer persecuted, anti-Catholicism remained strong for most of the century. This, combined with the fear that the State could deport foreign religious, clergy and bishops (the majority until well into the 1970s), initially acted against strong opposition. Second, the presence of Communists among African opposition movements made many clergy fearful; so much so that some 'progressives', like Mariannhiller Bernard Huss, tried to create alternate, Catholic African movements – most of them far more conservative and conciliatory than secular counterparts. Finally, the financial power of the Church was in the hands of white laity, many of whom shared to varying degrees white South Africa's views. The Church's struggle with apartheid was thus a struggle within as much as without.
Progressive clergy, like Archbishop Denis Hurley of Durban, and laity (within both African movements and white liberal opposition parties) struggled to apply Catholic Social Teaching to the situation. Despite opposition, including initially from Vatican representatives in South Africa, their position slowly strengthened. By 1957 the Bishops Conference had made it clear that apartheid had no theological justification – but (mirroring white opposition parties) called for a gradualised end to apartheid.
After the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), the Church took an increasingly strong anti-apartheid stand. The Bishops Conference, justice and peace commissions, lay movements (like the Young Christian Students/Workers) moved by the late 1970s from denunciation to active opposition. In the tumultuous 1980s, the Church – formally at least – embraced liberation, worked with internal liberation movements and added moral and in some cases material resources to the Struggle (as it was called). This had its cost. Some clergy and laity were harassed, detained, deported and banned. While some white Catholics left the Church, persistence bore fruit, and between 1990 and 1994 the Church supported the negotiated transition, serving often as peace brokers during local internecine conflicts for power, and contributed human resources to monitoring 1994's first truly democratic election.
Searching for a new direction
During the presidency of Nelson Mandela and his successors, the Catholic Church largely withdrew from the public stage. When it became clear that this was impractical, it established a Parliamentary Liaison Office in Cape Town in 1999 to lobby on issues of public policy. While Church-State relations were cordial, with Parliament open to Catholic Social Teaching insights on socio-economic issues, on some issues – notably abortion and same-sex marriage (both legalised after 1994) – there was deadlock. Some sections of the Church suggested these were signs of 'bad faith' on the part of the new government. Others, aware that South Africa had moved into a secular, democratic era where specific religious assumptions could not be the basis for policy, tried to shift the focus to where agreement could be found.
Demographically the Catholic Church changed considerably since 1994. While more numerous than ever before, its percentage of South Africa's population has dropped – from 11% in 1980 to about 7% in 2001. Its composition has shifted too. It is an overwhelmingly black Church, both clergy and laity, with a significant bloc of immigrants from other parts of Africa. Its white membership has declined: some have emigrated, many have left the Church. The latter mirrors the rise of 'non-religious' South Africans as a whole, from about 2% in 1980 to around 14% today.
While the problem of corruption, particularly during the Jacob Zuma presidency, reinvigorated Catholic engagement somewhat, it remains to be seen whether the Church will sustain its political activism. Or indeed whether it will find new ways to work constructively with the new secular democracy.
Anthony Egan SJ
Jesuit Institute South Africa – Johannesburg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Unable to save lists to MongoDB using UpdateDefinitionBuilder in C# I have the following helper function that uses reflection to look at the supplied model, check if any fields are non-null, and overwrite those with new values in MongoDB.
It works fine until I try updating a List<string> field. Instead of saving the list as an array to MongoDB, it saves a string value of "(Collection)" in MongoDB. What am I missing to make this work?
I don't want to hardcode that any List should default to List<string> either. It's possible I could have lists of ints.
    public override MyObj Update(MyObj model)
    {
        var builder = Builders<MyObj>.Update;
        var builder_def = builder.Set(x => x.Id, model.Id);

        foreach (PropertyInfo prop in model.GetType().GetProperties())
        {
            var value = model.GetType().GetProperty(prop.Name).GetValue(model, null);

            if (value != null)
            {
                builder_def = builder_def.Set(prop.Name, value); // Not setting lists correctly
            }
        }

        var filter = Builders<MyObj>.Filter;
        var filter_def = filter.Eq(x => x.Id, model.Id);

        Connection.Update(filter_def, builder_def);

        return model;
    }

Edit
I think my problem is related to this open bug https://jira.mongodb.org/browse/CSHARP-1984. Given that, is there any way for me to make this work in that context?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dallas Cowboys Season Preview
Looking at the Dallas Cowboys chances in the upcoming season
Simon Chester
NFC East - Dallas Cowboys
2019 Odds:
You can back the Cowboys to win Super Bowl XIV here.
Draft Performance:
Round 2 – Defensive tackle, Trysten Hill, UCF
Round 3 – Offensive line, Connor McGovern, Penn State
A trade with the Oakland Raiders for wide receiver Amari Cooper last October cost the Dallas Cowboys their top pick in 2019 leaving them watching the draft from the side lines during round one. When they finally make their first selection, defensive tackle Trysten Hill was something of a surprise selection in round two given his disappointing Junior season at UCF that saw him reduced to a reserve role.
Thanks to his impressive strength and quickness, Hill has the potential to be a force as a run defender and he should see snaps in the defensive line rotation as a rookie. Questions about his character and work ethic surfaced after a coaching change and Hill's playing time would suffer as a consequence. How much that was a reflection of the player or the new coaching staff remains to be seen, but it is worth noting that Hill had no issues with the previous regime that recruited him and made him a starter as freshman and a sophomore. The young prospect still has much to learn and his potential as a pass rusher may be limited, but he put enough plays on tape at college to suggest he could at least develop into a solid backup.
At 6-foot-5 and over 300 pounds, Connor McGovern has great size for his position and is blessed with the athleticism to function as an effective pulling guard or center. While scouts rave about his talents as a run blocker, there appears to universal agreement that McGovern has work to do as a pass blocker. The former Penn State product is unlikely to see extensive playing time as a rookie behind a strong group of starters but has the look of a future starter who could be a serviceable option if pressed into service as a rookie.
Offseason transactions:
With a number of high-profile names looking for contract extensions this offseason, the focus for the Cowboys has been retaining their own talent in 2019, with defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence and linebacker Jaylon Smith the big financial winners so far. A new deal for running back Ezekiel Elliot is expected to be announced very soon and negotiations with quarterback Dak Prescott are still ongoing after he reportedly rejected a deal worth over $30 million a year earlier in this month.
The return of formerly retired tight end Jason Witten might excite Cowboys fans who still own his jersey, but his production on the filed is unlikely to be any better than his last season in Dallas when he recorded 560 yards and five touchdowns. Former Green Bay Packers wide receiver Randall Cobb was the team's most expensive free agent signing on offense and should more than make up for the loss of Cole Beasley to the Buffalo Bills.
Veteran defensive end Robert Quinn was a notable acquisition via trade from the Miami Dolphins and he will be joined by Christian Covington from the Houston Texans and Kerry Hyder of the Detroit Lions to help provide depth on defense. Quinn will miss the first two game of the season after receiving a suspension relating to his use of performance-enhancing drugs. Former Minnesota Vikings safety George Iloka could take over at strong safety from incumbent Jeff Heath.
Star players:
As one of the top three running backs in the NFL, Elliott is the clear star player on offense, closely followed by Pro Bowl center Travis Frederick, guard Zach Martin and tackle Tyron Smith. Together they form one of the best offensive lines in the league with La'el Collins an emerging talent at right tackle.
Prescott could be a star of the future at quarterback, but it is far too early to rank him among the elites at this stage of career. The same could be said of Cooper who still has plenty to prove before he can be viewed as one of the great receivers.
Lawrence is the star along the defensive line with a contract to match at $105 million over the next five years, while Smith is quickly becoming a star at linebacker along with Leighton Vander Esch. Pro Bowl cornerback Byron Jones had something of a breakout year after moving over from safety but will need to repeat those efforts in 2019 if he wants to make a claim to be considered as one the best in the NFL.
Season expectations:
While the Cowboys will be looking to improve on a 2018 season that saw them fall to the Los Angeles Rams in the divisional round of the playoffs, they are likely to be thwarted in their quest to repeat as NFC East champions by a superior Philadelphia Eagles team. It is also worth noting that Dallas has not recorded back-to-back playoff appearances since 2006/07 or successive double-digit win seasons since 1995/96.
Jason Garrett inexplicably remains in charge of the team for his ninth full year despite only four winning seasons and two playoff victories on his resume. With him in control of the team, it is difficult to be confident about their chances against quality opposition and impossible to have any faith in them as a potential Super Bowl candidate.
Dallas has the talent on offense to compete with most teams thanks to their strong running game and powerful offensive line. However, if forced to come from behind, the struggles in the passing game that were evident last year will doom this franchise if they persist again in 2019. It is a similar story on defense with a front seven capable of stopping most teams and a secondary that any good quarterback will be more than happy to face.
Ultimately, the greatest obstacle to success for the Cowboys could be the contract of their star running back, a deal that has yet to be finalized at the time of writing. Elliot has been engaged in a holdout since training camp began and has vowed to sit out the season if an agreement cannot be reached. Without Elliot, the chances of a playoff victory for Dallas are slim.
Sportsbook view:
Oddschecker spokesperson Pete Watt: ""The big narrative of this season for the Cowboys will be whether – and how much – the team are prepared to pay Dak Prescott."
"It seems certain that their signal-caller will receive huge money, but will it be enough to make him the NFL's highest-paid star?"
Based on the 2018 record of their opponents, Dallas will theoretically have the 14th ranked schedule in terms of difficulty heading into 2019. They will face teams that accumulated a combined record of 128-126-2 last season for a winning percentage of .504.
Opening the season with matchups against the New York Giants, Washington Redskins and Miami Dolphins is a nice way to ease into the regular season and the Cowboys should be grateful for a soft start to a year. However, a stretch of games between Week 12 through Week 16 that features only one weak opponent means that Dallas will need to start fast in 2019 if they have any hope of being in contention for the division title come Week 17.
Back the Cowboys now.
By Simon Chester
20190828 Dallas Cowboys Season Preview


HILARY TOWNSEND was born into a Blackmore Vale farming family near Stalnridge. She became a lecturer at Frome Technical College, while writing about Dorset as a hobby. Made redundant when the college closed, she was able, after years of homesickness, to return to the Blackmore Vale and write full time. A passionate conservationist who has spent many years restoring her medieval house in Stalbridge, she now writes about this work, especially for North American publications. She has done broadcasts for the BBC on her childhood and William Barnes, and is well-known as a lecturer on the Blackmore Vale and its traditions. In 2006 the Dovecote Press published Blackmore Vale Childhood, her acclaimed portrait of growing up in the Blackmore Vale between the wars.


text:
Norbert Müller-Everling (* 27. März 1953 in Bensheim) ist ein bildender Künstler und Vertreter der Konkreten Kunst.

Leben
Müller-Everling wuchs in Wattenscheid auf. Von 1973 bis 1979 studierte er bei Erwin Heerich an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, es schloss sich ein Philosophiestudium in Aachen an. Ab 1982 lebte er als freischaffender Bildhauer. Von 1987 bis 1992 hatte er ein Atelier im Kunstzentrum Wachsfabrik in Köln. Von 1986 bis 1990 arbeitete er in der Performance Lila mit Markus Stockhausen zusammen. Inzwischen lebt er in der Nähe von Altenkirchen (Westerwald), wo er bis 2015 als Kunstlehrer am Westerwald Gymnasium tätig war.

Werk

Zunächst arbeitete Müller-Everling an Skulpturen und Reliefs, die im Sinne der Konkreten Kunst stark von der Formensprache der Geometrie ausgingen und die auch im öffentlichen Raum realisiert wurden.

Seit 1995 steht vor allem das Material Wachs im Mittelpunkt seines Interesses. Müller-Everlings seitdem entstandene Wandarbeiten sind monochrom durchgefärbte Paraffinplatten, die von intensiver Farbigkeit sind und konkav gekrümmt sind. Das Wachs in seiner Eigenschaft als transparentes Material lässt in den dünner werdenden Mittelzonen der plastischen Arbeiten ein verstärktes Durchscheinen des Lichtes zu. Das Licht ist das zentrale Ereignis der Wachsarbeiten. Nicht in seiner beleuchtenden Funktion, sondern als dem Bildkörper innewohnende Qualität. Spürbar anwesend in den dünnen wie auch in den massiveren Partien wird es durch deren Polarität noch gesteigert. Die gedachte Fortsetzung der Objekte über die seitlichen Ränder hinaus erzeugt einen imaginären, zylindrischen Innenraum, in den der Betrachter einbezogen ist. Mit anschaulicher Sensibilität und reduzierter Formensprache führt Müller-Everling seine Wachsarbeiten zu einer einfühlsamen Einheit von Form, Material und Licht. Andreas Pohlmann schrieb: "Die Reliefs sind ein überzeugender Versuch, eine künstlerische Synthese zwischen den drei großen Welten des Rationalen, des Gefühlsmäßigen und des Spirituellen herzustellen."

Seit 2007 schließt sich in Müller-Everlings Werk eine weitere Phase der Wachsarbeiten an. Es sind nun gelbliche Streifen oder Felder in die Vorder- und Rückseiten von ungefärbten Paraffinplatten eingelassen.  Es ergibt sich ein Wechselspiel von klaren und diffusen Formen im Spannungsfeld der Stille der weißen Fläche. Seit 2017 arbeitet Müller-Everling auch mit übereinander gegossenen, verschiedenfarbigen Paraffinschichten, die bei schrägem Anschneiden gleichmäßige Farbübergänge erzeugen.

Arbeiten im öffentlichen Raum
 1989 – Goethe-Institut, Lima
 1992 – Logarithmische Wassertreppe, Sozialgericht, Köln
 1994 – Platzgestaltung, Clemens-Hastricht-Platz, Köln-Bickendorf
 1994 – Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum, Aachen
 1997 – Bundesverteidigungsministerium, Bonn

Einzelausstellungen (Auswahl)

 1982 – Barockfabrik, Aachen
 1985 – Galerie "monochrom", Aachen
 1988 – Wachsfabrik, Köln
 1989 – Innenministerium, Bonn
 1991 – Aine Art Museum Tornio in Finnland
 1995 – Kunstverein Gummersbach
 1997 – Universitätsclub, Bonn
 2000 – Stadtmuseum Siegburg
 2002 – Krypta der Kreuzkirche, Bonn
 2008 – kunst & kommunikation, Bochum
 2018 – Art Pütz, Montzen, Belgien
 2022 – Konkretionen des Lichts: Stiftung für Konkrete Kunst Roland Phleps, Freiburg im Breisgau

Ausstellungsbeteiligungen (Auswahl)
 1988 – "Pyramiden", Internationales Kongresszentrum Berlin u. Galerie Jule Kewenig, Frechen
 1998 – BBK-Köln, Stapelhaus
 1998 – 1. Biennale für konkrete Kunst, Künstlerforum Bonn
 1999 – 7 konkrete Künstler im Brunswiker Pavillon, Kiel
 1999 – "gruppe konkret" und Gäste, Museum Abtei Liesborn
 1999 – International Art Festival, Naju, Süd-Korea
 2000 – Gesellschaft für Kunst und Gestaltung, Bonn (mit Norvin Leineweber)
 2001 – 3. Biennale für konkrete Kunst, Andernach
 2001 – "Logik und Poesie in der konkreten Kunst", Haus Dacheröden, Erfurt
 2001 – 4 Konkrete aus Rheinland-Pfalz, Landtag, Mainz
 2002 – "Transparent – Transluzid", Galerie Renate Bender, München
 2002 – "Übersicht" - Westdeutscher Künstlerbund, Museum Bochum
 2002 – "Europa Konkret Reduktiv", Museum Modern Art, Hünfeld
 2003 – 30 Positionen - 30 Räume, Museum Modern Art, Hünfeld
 2005 – Konkrete Kunst in Rheinland-Pfalz, Haus Metternich, Koblenz
 2005 – "Lohn der Arbeit" - Westdeutscher Künstlerbund, Kunstmuseum Gelsenkirchen
 2007 – Die krumme Wahrheit des Raums, Kunstbüroberlin, Berlin, Deutschland (mit Norvin Leineweber, Dirk Radtke und Heiner Thiel)
 2010 – "Landpartie", Westdeutscher Künstlerbund, Museum Abtei Liesborn
 2017 – 25 Jahre "Kunst und Kommunikation", Bochum

Literatur
 Dirk Tölke – Sanft ruhende Präsenz – In: Klenkes (Stadtmagazin), Aachen/Euregio vom 2. Mai 2018
 Landpartie - Ausstellungskatalog zur Gesamtausstellung des Westdeutschen Künstlerbundes, 2010
 Die krumme Wahrheit des Raumes - Ausstellungskatalog Kunstbüroberlin, Bremen, Hachmannedition, 2007
 Europa Konkret Reduktiv – Ausstellungskatalog Museum Modern Art Hünfeld, 2002, Hrsg. Jürgen Blum
 Logik + Poesie – Dokumentation zu einem Kolloquium im Forum Konkrete Kunst Erfurt, 2001
 Im Studium bei Erwin Heerich 1961–1987 – Buchhandlung Walther König, Köln, 2000
 Norbert Müller-Everling, Diaphainon – Ausstellungskatalog, Hrsg. Gert Fischer, darin: Andreas Pohlmann: Diaphainon – Zu den Wandarbeiten aus Wachs von Norbert Müller-Everling - Katalog Stadtmuseum Siegburg 2000
 Kunst und Bau NRW - Ministerium f. Bauen und Wohnen, Düsseldorf, 1998
 Johannes Peter Hölzinger: "Synthese des Arts" – Die Verbindung von Kunst u. Architektur bei den Regierungsbauten auf der Hardthöhe in Bonn. Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart/London, 1998, ISBN 3-932565-09-6
 Ingeborg Flagge (Hrsg.): Eine Architektur für die Sinne: Busmann & Haberer. Verlag Ernst & Sohn, 1996, ISBN 3-433-02658-0
 Norbert Müller-Everling: Ausstellungskatalog, Galerie am Tiergarten, Hannover, 1993

Weblinks

  Homepage von Norbert Müller-Everling
 Norbert Müller-Everling bei Museum der 1000 Orte

Einzelnachweise

Bildhauer (Deutschland)
Bildhauer der Moderne
Künstler der Konkreten Kunst
Mitglied im Westdeutschen Künstlerbund
Person (Bensheim)
Deutscher
Geboren 1953
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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This is two independent patterns overlaid. I show them both below, in arbitrary (top-to-bottom) order, with the fourth image included.
Image 1 is image 3 plus image 7.
Image 6 is image 2 plus image 4.
This leaves images 5, 8 and 9 unaccounted for. Well, Image 5 is image 8 plus image A.
So, again, the answer is A.
Each image is composed of the letter C, D, E and its mirrored version.
Then, 3 and 7 together form 1; 4 and 2 together form 6; and A and 8 together form 5.


Image Title: Amazon Com Crosley Furniture Amelia Metal Cafe Barstool Regarding Galvanized Bar Stools Ideas 0. Post Title: Galvanized Bar Stools. Filename: amazon-com-crosley-furniture-amelia-metal-cafe-barstool-regarding-galvanized-bar-stools-ideas-0.jpg. Image Dimension: 350 x 350 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Johann Schuppe. Uploaded Date: Friday - October 12th. 2018 14:59:04 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: decoist.com. Crosley Furniture Amelia Metal Cafe Barstool With Back In Galvanized Regard To Bar Stools Decor 7. Galvanized Bar Stools Stool With Back 24 Inch Regard To Decor 15. Galvanized Bar Stools Interior Architecture Provence Calanques With Remodel 8. Galvanized Counter Stools Medium Size Of Bar With Regard To Plan 12. Galvanized Tractor Seat Bar Stool Antique Farmhouse Intended For Stools Decor 6. Amazon Com Buschman Set Of Two Galvanized 30 Inches Counter Height Throughout Bar Stools Prepare 3. OCC 1 Tolix Style Backless Metal Industrial Stack Bar Height Stool Regarding Galvanized Stools Remodel 16. Amazon Com AEON Garvin Counter Stool Galvanized Steel Set Of 2 Pertaining To Bar Stools Plan 9. Crosley Furniture Amelia 30 Metal Bar Stool In Galvanized Set Of 2 Regarding Stools Plan 4. Galvanized Bar Stool With A Back Entertainment Pinterest Inside Stools Prepare 14.


text:
Streaming Spotlights: The Seventh Seal
Gideon Hamot, Assistant Sports Editor
1957 was an outstanding year for Swedish director Ingmar Bergman. Often considered one of the most important film directors of all time, Bergman's two most influential films The Seventh Seal and Wild Strawberries both came out in 1957 and took Bergman from a contemporary great to a director that is influencing the industry sixty years later. The Seventh Seal is considered Bergman's opus despite the director, who also wrote the film, having not even been 40 years old at the time of its release.
The film was made at a time of upheaval for Bergman and the questions of faith that the film presents are a constant theme though his later work. During the time of filming, Bergman's marriage—his third in less than two decades—was on its last legs, and Bergman was dealing with the newfound fame that he had received with the 1955 release of Smiles of a Summer's Night.
It is also likely that this was around this time where Bergman, a near-decade veteran of the Nazi Party began to feel an incredible amount of remorse for this affiliation, which he acknowledge publicly in 1960. Within all of this turmoil, Bergman gives us a masterpiece of a film.
The film focuses on the knight Antonius Block played by Max Von Sydow who returns to Sweden in the middle of the Black Plague from the Crusades with his squire Jons played by Knut Gunnar Bjornstrand. While camping at a beach along the coast, Block finds himself face to face with death who announces it is time for Block to come with him.
Instead, Block challenges Death to a game of chess for his life. Death accepts the challenge stating that he never loses. This game of chess continues as throughout the movie the two take turns at intervals in the action. Block consistently attempts to buy time so he can perform a "righteous act" as he believes he must redeem himself from the Crusades.
The chess game serves as a backdrop to the madness that has overtaken the country during the plague. Jons finds himself coming to the aid of a traveling actor named Jof, who is expertly played by Nils Poppe in what is one of the best acting performances I have ever seen.
Jof and his wife Mia, played by Bibi Anderssen, join the squire and Block through the forest along with a blacksmith named Plog and his unfaithful wife Lisa (Bergman's disdain for women comes through in the character of Lisa who is portrayed as manipulative to such an extent it comes across as nearly sarcastic). The journey finds Block attempting to outrun death while also trying to perform a righteous act against the backdrop of the chaos and the religious renewal that times of panic bring about.
The film deals with themes of meaning as well as the divine. The death and destruction that the plague has visited upon Sweden has driven many into the arms of the church, but for Block and Jons it has brought them to question their faith and whether the life they have lived has any value.
The silence of God is a recurring theme throughout the film and the basis of the film's title (a passage about God's silence from Revelations). It poses questions of faith in a way that is not overly preachy and instead asks the viewer to consider the answer for themselves.
While The Seventh Seal often feels as though you are watching the ravings of a madman in a crisis of faith, it presents an in-depth look at questions of faith, mortality and meaning in a way that few films dare to.
Gideon Hamot
Social House Crushes Holiday Concert
13 Beats of the Week: Stargazing
Colgate Stand Up Club Hosts Michelle Buteau
Hypnotist Illuminates Colgate's Hanukkah
Friday Night Film Series: "Thelma and Louise" and "Goodbye Thelma"
Dancefest Returns to In-Person Format
Theater Department Presents "The Juniors"
Longyear Museum Hosts "Makers and Materials: A Celebration"
13 Beats of the Week: Cuffing Season
"Braiding Sweetgrass" Sparks Conversation on Sustainability and Indigenous Tradition
All The Colgate Maroon-News Picks Reader Picks Sort: Newest


If you can't already tell, I'm a huge fan of local typographer James T. Edmondson and his contributions to the world of letters. Well, James has done it again. Mission Script is a tribute of the hand-painted signage of the liquor stores, taquerias, doughnut shops, and bodegas of our neighborhood, and it's the first typeface to come out of Lost Type's Mission Collection.
You can download Mission Script (and a bunch of other snazzy typefaces) over at Lost Type. And do consider making a contribution if you're really going to use it.
Lost Type is an amazing pay-what-you-want type foundry, also known as the place where that trendy new restaurant got those cool fonts for their menus. They're also previously known for releasing a font inspired by Mission laundromats.
As it turns out, the designers spent a lot of time in the Mission, developing type inspired by St. Francis Fountain, liquor store signage, that one optometrist/art gallery place on Valencia, and other notable Mission landmarks.
Lost Type plans to release three typefaces produced during Field Trip as a Mission-themed collection in the near future, so get excited, type nerds!
P.S. These guys aren't the first to delve into Mission-themed typography. Just check out our sidebar headers, all referencing iconic Mission signage and all designed by our buddy Sexpigeon. Can you identify them all?
Local designer James T. Edmondson has created a new font based on the lettering found on laundromat windows in the Mission, aptly named Lavanderia. Fancy!
Laundry is an incredibly tedious task—the antithesis of glamour, so I have massive appreciation for the guy that decided to letter the window with a script that captures all the essence of what a laundromat lacks. Excitement, passion, love. It's all in that script.
How nice it is to create something beautiful, where boring, stagnant lettering would have easily sufficed! My latest typeface Lavanderia is a celebration and a tribute to the enthusiasm that influences those who go above and beyond to create beauty where there is none.
Inspiration came from San Francisco's Mission District, a vibrant and at times foul smelling part of town, rich with dive bars, taquerias, and unemployed twenty-somethings who look extremely creative but actually do very little. It's a magical place.
Download Lavanderia here, and consider leaving a donation. Making fonts is hard!
At first I thought tipster Chris was messing with us with a couple of doctored pics. A sign that ugly can't be real.
Boss Tycoon is clearly taking typography tips from a seasonal Halloween Headquarters store. Cool!


text:
Philip Morris International used the e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak to market IQOS heated tobacco
John W Ayers Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USACenter for Data Driven Health at the Qualcomm Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Eric C Leas Center for Data Driven Health at the Qualcomm Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USAHerbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Mark Dredze Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Theodore L Caputi Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Shu-Hong Zhu Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Joanna E Cohen Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Correspondence to Dr John W Ayers, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; ayers.john.w{at}gmail.com
Ayers JW, Leas EC, Dredze M, et al
Tobacco Control Published Online First: 16 April 2021. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056661
Received March 5, 2020
Revised March 16, 2021
Accepted March 24, 2021
First published April 16, 2021.
Previous version (16 April 2021).


Samooha integrated Accounts and Retails system helped me tremendously to be in control of my boutique's accounting, inventory and retail operation. Their IT support is fast and reliable as well! I really like being able to check all my store activities through internet.
Rosalie Pompon was able to scale her retail boutique to handle more product brands and categories.
Samooha application provided Rosalie Pompon with the possibility to manage multiple stores from one single interface accessible anywhere through an internet connection. All Store information is real-time and current.
Samooha Customer Relationship Management (CRM) allows Rosalie Pompon to reward customers based on their purchases.
Samooha integrated Accounts, Retail and Inventory system empowers Rosalie Pompon to efficiently manage her own accounting and retail operation.
Samooha's User Access Rights and Document Control feature enables Rosalie Pompon better control over which data and transactions accessible for different type of users within the company.
Samooha Customer Relationship Management (CRM) allows Rosalie Pompon to track customers' purchases, reward points and points redemptions.
Samooha support of Vouchers allows Rosalie Pompon's customers to buy Gift Vouchers and for the boutique to give Credit Vouchers to customers.
Samooha Warehouse Management System (WMS) integration with Retail POS allows Rosalie Pompon to quickly and accurately track their boutique's inventory and stock level.


text:
Q: Show bijectivity of simple map I know that the following can be done easier using different argument but I'd like to just proof it the "hard way" for learning experience.
$f_a: G\to G, \ \ x\mapsto a\star x,\quad a\in G$
Injectivity:
Claim: $a\neq b \Rightarrow f(a)=f(b)$
Proof: Choose $a,b,c \in G$ s.t. $b\neq c$
now: $f_a(b)=a\star b$ and $f_a(c)=a \star c$
since $b\neq c \Rightarrow f_a(b)=f_a(c)$
So the function is injective.
Surjectivity:
Claim: $\forall b \in G \ \exists c \in G : f(c)=b$
Proof: Choose $a, b, c \in G$ with with $b=a\star c$
Now: $b=a\star c = f_a(c)$
Which fullfilsl the claim, thus the function is surjective.
Since it is injective and surjective, it is also bijective.
Does that hold like that?

A: What you did was wrong. There is also context missing, so I suggest you edit your post. I assume that $G$ is a group.
To show injectivity of a function $f: X \to Y$, you have to show:
$$\forall x,y \in X: (x \neq y \implies f(x) \neq f(y))$$
or equivalently (by the principle of contraposition):
$$\forall x,y \in X: (f(x) = f(y) \implies x =y)$$
So assume $f_a(x) = f_a(y)$ for $x,y \in G$. Then by definition of $f_a$ it follows that $a \star x = a \star y$ and by multiplying both sides (on the left) with the inverse $a^{-1}$ (which exists because $G$ is a group), it follows, using associativity and the definition of neutral element, that $x = y$. Hence, the function is injective.
In your proof of surjectivity, you say "choose $a,b,c \in G$ such that $b = a \star c$. You can't assume this! This is exactly what you have to prove! How do you know such elements exist?
So you should rather do the following:
Let $y \in G$. Let $x = a^{-1} \star y \in G$. Then $f_a(x) = f_a(a^{-1} \star y) = a\star a^{-1} \star y = y$
Again, I used associativity and the definition of neutral element implicitely. It's up to you to fill in the details.
So we have proven: $\forall y \in G: \exists x \in G: f_a(x) = y$, which means that $f_a$ is surjective.

Alternative method: You can notice that the mapping $g: G \to G: x \mapsto a^{-1}x$ is a well defined function and that it is the inverse of the given mapping. Hence, the function you are given is bijective (as it is invertible).

I don't want to sound harsh here, but you should maybe take a step back from group theory for some time, and revise some more basics about functions.  Make a lot of exercises on injectivity and surjectivity, because these are things that pop up all the time in every field of mathematics.

A: As there is a comment below your post which states that there is a little bit of confuison of what map you are considering, I will say few words about it before answering your question.
So you consider an action of a group $G$ on itself. That is, you take an element $a$ of a group, $a \in G$, and you consider the mapping
$$f_a \colon G \rightarrow G$$
given by multiplication on the right by this element, i.e. for arbitrary $g \in G$ we have
$$ f_a (g) = a \star g \ ,$$
where $\star$ is the binary operation of your group. It is not hard to show that this is a group homorphism and it follows directly from the axioms of a group. In a similar fashion we can show that this map is actually a bijection (and thus a group isomorphism).
Let us recall the definition of a bijection and injection for an arbitrary map $g \colon A \rightarrow B$ between sets
Definition of a bijection: A map $g$ is said to be a bijection if it is both surjective and injective.
Definition of an injection: A map $g$ is said to be an injection if the following implication holds for arbirary elements $b,c$ of the domain of $g$
$$ b \neq c \Rightarrow g(b) \neq g(c) $$
So in this definition you had a flow since you considered equality on the right side of the implication sign (such an implication, if satisfied, would violate the injectivity of the map)
The definition of a surjection you wrote is correct thus I will not write it again.
Now we proceed with checking your proof. 1) injectivity: this is wrong due to incorrect definition. let me show how this can be done considering proof by contrapositive, i.e. proving the following implication, equivalent to our original implication above (for more about proof by contrapositive see this wiki article)
$$ f_a (b) = f_a(c) \Rightarrow b = c \ .$$
Using the definition of $f_a$ we can write
$$ f_a (b) = a \star b   \text{  and   }\ \  f_a(c) = a \star c  \ ,$$
thus we have
$$ a \star b = a \star c \ . $$
Multiplying by $a^{-1}$ (the inverse of $a$ which we know exists due to the fact we work in a group) from the left we get
$$ a^{-1} \star a \star b = a^{-1} \star a \star c  $$
(recall that the group operation is associative so bracketing of terms is unnecessary). The above is equivalent to the desired equivality $$ b = c$$ (as $ a^{-1} \star a = e = a \star a^{-1}$ where $e$ is the neutral element of the group) and thus $f_a$ is injective.
2) surjectivity: You assumed that the element $b$ can be written as a product $a \star c$ for some $c$. This is not incorrect but may be considered as incomplete for you should show that such an element $c$ always exists. Once you do this you are OK. So how to find this $c$? (recall that $a$ is fixed an $b$ is arbitrary). You can always choose $c = a^{-1} \star  b$ since then $a \star c = a \star a^{-1} \star  b = b$. Then of course for each $b$ this element $c$ is the preimige with respect to $f_a$ since (as you wrote) $f_a (c) = a \star a^{-1} \star  b = b$ and thus $f$ is surjective.


text:
VEGA 1 and VEGA 2 entry probes: An investigation of local UV absorption (220-400 nm) in the atmosphere of Venus (SO 2 aerosols, cloud structure)
Jean-Loup Bertaux
Thomas Widemann
Alain Hauchecorne
V. Moroz
A. Ekonomov
IKI - Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
In 1985 the VEGA 1 and VEGA 2 spacecraft dropped two descent probes into the nightside of Venus. On board was the French-Russian ISAV ultraviolet spectroscopy experiment, consisting of a UV light source absorbed by atmospheric constituents circulating freely into a tube attached outside the pressurized modules. ISAV generated a wealth of absorption spectra in the 220- to 400-nm range with an unprecedented vertical resolution (60-170 m) from 62 km of altitude down to the ground. On the basis of known instrument properties and a careful examination of the light curves recorded in 13 wavelength intervals in the UV, we show that most of the recorded differential absorption (at each wavelength with respect to 394 nm) can be explained by a combination of gaseous SO2 absorption and absorption by aerosols deposited on the mirrors during the crossing of Venus' lower cloud. The spectral signature of this absorber, termed X, was obtained, thanks to an unexpected shock on VEGA 1 which removed this absorber from the mirrors at 18 km of altitude. The UV spectral signature of X resembles that of croconic acid, C5O5H2, whose absorbing power as a contaminant of H2SO4 droplets at 2.5% dilution is compatible with the observations. However, the nonidentity of the spectral signature, together with stability arguments, makes this identification less plausible. Whatever its nature, the relevance of this new absorber X is discussed in connection with the albedo of Venus and the IR variable leak windows. If this absorber X detected by ISAV in the lower cloud were also present in the upper cloud, it would be a good candidate to explain the UV part (λ<400 nm) of the Venus albedo. Three layers of absorbing material, called b, c, and d, are identified in the data of both ISAV 1 and 2 in the altitude range 49-43 km. The higher layer b is inside the lower cloud identified by the nephelometer of Pioneer Venus, while the two other layers are well below the lower cloud boundary as measured by Pioneer Venus. The SO2 profile (from 60 km down to 10 km) is characterized for ISAV 1 by a double peak of the mixing ratio (150 ppmv at 51.5 km, 125 ppmv at 42.5 km) separated by a deep trough at 30 ppmv at 45.6 km. For ISAV 2 there is a single peak at 43 km. Both SO2 profiles are quite compatible with recent ground-based measurements, showing 130+/-40 ppmv in the altitude range of 35-45 km [Bézard et al., 1993]. Below the clouds the measured SO2 mixing ratio decreases steadily on both probes, down to 25+/-2 ppmv at 10 km for ISAV 1, which is lower than previously reported values from gas chromatograph measurements (shown to be incompatible with ISAV measurements). The variation of SO2 mixing ratio with altitude implies a strong vertical transport which is given as a function of altitude, showing the source and sink regions of SO2 from 10 to 60 km of altitude. These data should impose severe constraints on future chemical models of the atmosphere of Venus, occurring after volcanic episodes or impact cratering events. The total SO2 column density (0-60 km) was measured to be 4×1022 molecules cm-2 or 4.2 gcm-2, a factor of 5 below previous estimates. With an average reaction rate of 4.6×1010 molecules cm-2s-1 with calcite, CaCO3, estimated by Fegley and Prinn [1989], it would take only 27,000 years to get rid of SO2 and associated H2SO4 droplets if calcite were present all over the surface of Venus. Therefore SO2 and its associated ubiquitous cloud cover may only be transient phenomena in the life of Venus.
ark _67375_WNG-TH2CJZ6M-R.pdf (2.69 Mo) Télécharger le fichier
Submitted on : Friday, February 5, 2021-7:53:15 AM
Long-term archiving on: Thursday, May 6, 2021-6:23:48 PM
DOI : 10.1029/96JE00466
Jean-Loup Bertaux, Thomas Widemann, Alain Hauchecorne, V. Moroz, A. Ekonomov. VEGA 1 and VEGA 2 entry probes: An investigation of local UV absorption (220-400 nm) in the atmosphere of Venus (SO 2 aerosols, cloud structure). Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets, 1996, 101 (E5), pp.12709-12745. ⟨10.1029/96JE00466⟩. ⟨insu-03132206⟩
INSU UPMC CNRS UVSQ AERONOMIE SORBONNE-UNIVERSITE


text:
import itk
from sys import argv, stderr, exit
itk.auto_progress(2)

if( len(argv) < 3 ):
  print >> stderr, """Missing Parameters
Usage: ResampleImageFilter.py inputImageFile  outputImageFile [exampleAction={0,1,2,3}]"""
  exit(1)

exampleAction = 0

if( len(argv) >= 4 ):
  exampleAction = int( argv[3] )

Dimension = 2
InputPixelType = itk.US
OutputPixelType = itk.UC
InputImageType = itk.Image[ InputPixelType,  Dimension ]
OutputImageType = itk.Image[ OutputPixelType, Dimension ]

ReaderType = itk.ImageFileReader[ InputImageType  ]
CastType = itk.CastImageFilter[ InputImageType, OutputImageType ]
WriterType = itk.ImageFileWriter[ OutputImageType ]

reader = ReaderType.New()
cast = CastType.New()
writer = WriterType.New()

reader.SetFileName( argv[1] )
writer.SetFileName( argv[2] )

FilterType = itk.ResampleImageFilter[InputImageType,InputImageType]
filter = FilterType.New()

TransformType = itk.AffineTransform[ itk.D, Dimension ]

transform = TransformType.New()
filter.SetTransform( transform )

InterpolatorType = itk.NearestNeighborInterpolateImageFunction[
                      InputImageType, itk.D ]

interpolator = InterpolatorType.New()
filter.SetInterpolator( interpolator )

filter.SetDefaultPixelValue( 0 )

# spacing = itk.Vector[itk.D, Dimension]()
# spacing.SetElement(0, 1.0)
# spacing.SetElement(1, 1.0)
# filter.SetOutputSpacing( spacing )
filter.SetOutputSpacing( 1.0 )

# origin = itk.Point[itk.D, Dimension]()
# origin.SetElement(0, 0.0)
# origin.SetElement(1, 0.0)
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filter.SetOutputOrigin( [0.0, 0.0] )

# size = itk.Size[Dimension]()
# size.SetElement(0, 300)
# size.SetElement(1, 300)
# filter.SetSize( size )
filter.SetSize( 300 )

filter.SetInput( reader.GetOutput() )
cast.SetInput( filter.GetOutput() )
writer.SetInput( cast.GetOutput() )
writer.Update()

# translation = itk.Vector[itk.D, Dimension]()
# translation.SetElement(0, -30)
# translation.SetElement(1, -50)
# transform.Translate( translation, 0 )
transform.Translate( [-30, -50], 0 )

if( exampleAction == 1 ):
  writer.Update()

filter.SetDefaultPixelValue( 100 )

if( exampleAction == 2 ):
  writer.Update()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


No Pets (DVD) - Braddock Films, Inc.
Tony Buba's first fiction feature film – based on a short story by the writer Jim Daniels – is a story about work and love and animals. It's about the end of an age, mythical or real, when a job was a job, love was true, and everybody had a dog.
Graceful, modest, beautifully-acted, and increasingly moving, it's a frank, perceptive, unvarnished portrait of working-class American life – the kind of film that, sadly, is exceedingly rare.


We are delighted to announce that we've reached an incredible milestone today—someone has just bought the millionth copy of Things!*	We have some great gifts to celebrate the occasion, and we've got some news to share about Things' future.
First and foremost we want to thank every one of you. Because it is you who have made all of this possible. When we first set out to build Things, we were making a tool that we would love to use, uncertain if it could become a viable long-term business. After all, few people seemed to take "to-do list" apps seriously at the time. Fast forward to today, Things is available on the Mac, iPhone and iPad, and we're able to sustain a team of 11 people who care deeply about making beautiful software. We love productivity, and being able to work together every day on a project we care about is an incredible privilege for us—and it's only possible because of you.
But there is a deeper reason we want to thank all of you and that is for the incredible feedback you've sent us over the years. Your encouragement and passion for productivity has inspired us from the beginning. It is deeply humbling and hugely motivating to see that so many people are more productive each day because of Things.
This is the number one reason that keeps us going. We have the highest respect for our users, and in everything we do, we want to make the right decisions in that light.
It hasn't always been a smooth ride, however. Many of you will remember the struggles we had building our cloud sync solution. We had to embark on two different approaches, and learn the hard way how not to do it, before finally settling on what would become Things Cloud. If we'd known at the beginning how long it was going to take we might have been deterred. But even today, many apps are still struggling to deliver a stable and fast sync, and even Apple has found this to be a hard problem. What had once been Things' achilles heel is now one of its most stellar features: when it comes to sync, Things has got you covered like nobody else. Again, our thanks go to you—because you stuck with us during that time, and believed we would come through.
Today marks an important milestone for Things and you've helped us get here. We want to celebrate by giving you a chance to win some new hardware—and since we make Things for the Mac, iPad and iPhone, what better gifts could there be? Up for grabs are one MacBook Pro, one iPad Air and one iPhone 5s. Additionally, we're giving away 50 copies of Things for each platform.	Update: All gifts have now been awarded and the contest is closed.
Follow @culturedcode so we can DM you if you win.
That's it! We'll randomly choose the winners on December 25th (Christmas Day) – make sure you retweet before then, and best of luck!
For a little over a year now, we've been working on Things 3, which will be available for the Mac, iPhone, and iPad. It introduces a fresh new visual style, a revised user interface, more structure for your lists, and an array of great new features that are designed to make you more productive. We've revisited many areas of the app that have been neglected in the past, and renovated much of our codebase. It's the most ambitious update we've ever undertaken.
Now, we know that the question on everyone's mind is when this will come. We had actually hoped to show you a preview before the end of the year, but we're sorry to say that the apps are just not ready yet. While we understand the desire for a concrete time estimate, they are notoriously hard to get right. So instead, we'll make good use of our status board and keep you updated on the progress of development, from now until Things 3 ships.
With respect to iOS 7 we were faced with a pretty straightforward decision back in June. Apple had just unveiled iOS 7, and we were knee-deep in the development of Things 3. The decision was to either continue development of Things 3 as planned, or to halt development, revive the old Things 2 code, and ship a half-hearted re-skin of our app. It's clear now what we chose to do. This means that you'll have to stick with the Things 2 design a bit longer, but it also means that Things 3 will ship much sooner than it would have otherwise.
We think you will love Things 3—we have all started using it internally, and we couldn't be more excited. Please sign up for our newsletter or follow us on Twitter so you'll know once we're ready. Until then, we hope you'll keep being as productive with Things as you've always been.
Thanks again for all your support throughout the years! Happy holidays, and see you again in 2014!


The ferry terminal in Fajardo, Puerto Rico.
Sometimes getting to Culebra from Fajardo via ferry can be somewhat of a challenge. This is because of the popularity of the island, especially during weekends and summer. If you have been to the ferry terminal in Fajardo you have noticed that there are two lines. One line is for tickets to Vieques and another line is for Culebra. The line for Vieques is generally a lot shorter than the line to Culebra. In fact, it is possible that there will be nobody in the Vieques line while the Culebra line has close to a hundred people waiting for tickets. That being said, Culebra ferries are often overbooked early in the morning.
The 9:00 AM ferry to Culebra is the most popular ferry. This is because many people are going to Culebra for the day. They want to spend as much time on the island as possible. With that being said, there are people that will arrive before dawn and wait in line. If you are arriving at around 7:00 or 8:00 on a weekend day, you may not get a ticket for the early ferry and have to wait in line for the next ferry, which is at 1:00 PM.
A view of Culebra from the ferry.
One tip is to buy your tickets a day or two in advance. If you are going to both Vieques and Culebra, consider going to Vieques first, or if you have rented a car, make a stop over in Fajardo a day or two before going to the island. You could do this when you are going to El Yunque National Forest for example. If you are camping, consider going to the ferry terminal to get tickets and spending a night at Seven Seas Campground. You can hire a publico or taxi from the ferry terminal to take you to Seven Seas for the night.
You can reserve your ticket to Culebra at a reservations trailer that is located near the regular ticket booth. If you need help finding it, just ask one of the local workers. A reservation can easily be purchased so you will not have to worry about the hassle of waiting in line on the day you want to leave. Many people are often told that they will have to wait until 1:00 PM as early as 8:00 AM. Sitting in line for five hours is not much fun, especially if your time is limited.
Once you have tickets, getting on the ferry and taking it to Culebra is a snap. You will cross the street and wait in line for the ferry itself. The ferry is known as "Big Cat Express" and has three levels. The first level is indoor only, the second is partial indoor and partial outdoor. The third level is for standing only. The view of the islands as you make your way to Culebra is breathtaking.
Without any adverse conditions, the ferry should take almost an hour to dock at the island once it pulls off from Fajardo. Sometimes the sea is rough and sitting up higher is recommended if you have trouble with becoming nauseous or getting sea sick. There is no eating on the ferry and the guards will make sure you don't try to slip a cracker, so be warned.
There is plenty of food at the ferry terminal for when you are waiting for the ferry. There is a small restaurant a block away if you are waiting for a while, or you can take advantage of William's Pizza, which is located in the ferry terminal. Generally there are vendors outside selling more local items, such as breads and sometimes ice cream and water. In the mornings a doughnut man will sell donuts from his truck.


Streaming giant Netflix has just announced the addition of an Evangelion package to its growing anime lineup. This new bundle includes the 26 episodes of the "Neon Genesis Evangelion" television series as well as the two films, "Neon Genesis Evangelion: Death & Rebirth" and "Neon Genesis Evangelion: The End of Evangelion" and will become available in Spring 2019.
The critically-acclaimed and beloved series, directed by Hideaki Anno and produced by anime studio Gainax, was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 1995 to March 1996 and since then has become extremely popular and gained a cult status.
The story is set in 2015, 15 years after a cataclysmic event, in a futuristic Tokyo-3, where the mysterious paramilitary organization Nerv fights against alien invaders called Angels. Shinji, son of the director of the special force, is recruited, along with other teenagers to pilot giant Mechas (bio-machines) known as Evangelion. The Evangelion Unit must prevent another disaster as well as try to discover the truth behind the past event.
Netflix anime lineup includes already some giants like "Naruto", "Death Note", and "Fullmetal Alchemist" but "Evangelion" is not the only anime deduting soon on the streaming channel. The new year will also see the arrival of "Rilakkuma and Kaoru", launching 19 April 2019; "Saint Seiya: Knights of the Zodiac", launching summer 2019; 7Seeds, launching April 2019; and "Ultraman", launching 1 April 2019.


text:
"Onward, Christian Soldiers" is a 19th-century English hymn. The words were written by Sabine Baring-Gould in 1865, and the music was composed by Arthur Sullivan in 1871. Sullivan named the tune "St Gertrude," after the wife of his friend Ernest Clay Ker Seymer, at whose country home he composed the tune. The Salvation Army adopted the hymn as its favoured processional.  The piece became Sullivan's most popular hymn.  The hymn's theme is taken from references in the New Testament to the Christian being a soldier for Christ, for example II Timothy 2:3 (KJV): "Thou therefore endure hardness, as a good soldier of Jesus Christ."

Early history
The lyric was written as a processional hymn for children walking from Horbury Bridge, where Baring-Gould was curate, to Horbury St Peter's Church near Wakefield, Yorkshire, at Whitsuntide in 1865. It was originally entitled, "Hymn for Procession with Cross and Banners." According to the Centre for Church Music, Baring-Gould reportedly wrote "Onward, Christian Soldiers" in about 15 minutes, later apologising, "It was written in great haste, and I am afraid that some of the lines are faulty." He later allowed hymn-book compilers to alter the lyrics. For example, The Fellowship Hymn Book, with his permission, changed the phrase "one in hope and doctrine" to "one in hope and purpose." For the 1909 edition of Hymns Ancient and Modern, he changed the fifth line of the same verse from "We are not divided" to "Though divisions harass." However, Baring-Gould's original words are used in most modern hymnals.

Baring-Gould originally set the lyrics to a melody from the slow movement of Joseph Haydn's Symphony in D, No. 15. This was printed in 1871 in an English church periodical, the Church Times.  The hymn did not receive wide acceptance, however, until Sullivan wrote the tune "St. Gertrude" for it.  Sullivan quoted the tune in his Boer War Te Deum, first performed in 1902, after his death. Another hymn sung to the St. Gertrude tune is "Forward Through the Ages", written by Frederick Lucian Hosmer (1840–1929) in 1908.

Later history
When Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt met in August 1941 on the battleship  to agree the Atlantic Charter, a church service was held for which Prime Minister Churchill chose the hymns.  He chose "Onward, Christian Soldiers" and afterwards made a radio broadcast explaining this choice:

The song has been sung at many funerals, including at the funeral of American president Dwight D. Eisenhower at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., in March 1969.  Apart from its obvious martial associations, the song has been associated with protest against the established order, particularly in the case of the civil rights movement.

An attempt was made in the 1980s to strip "Onward, Christian Soldiers" from the United Methodist Hymnal and the Episcopal Hymnal 1982 due to perceived militarism. Outrage among church-goers caused both committees to back down. However, the hymn was omitted from both the 1990 and 2013 hymnals of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the Australian Hymn Book, published in 1977, its successor, Together in Song, (1999) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America's 2006 hymnal. The Spiritualists' National Union hymnbook has a variation on the hymn, entitled "Onward, Comrades, Onward". In some modern Anglican hymn books, it is replaced with Onward, Christian Pilgrims set to the same tune.

In popular culture

Largely because of its association with missionaries of various types, the song is sung in a number of movies and television programmes.  The 1939 film, Stanley and Livingstone, depicts David Livingstone (played by Sir Cedric Hardwicke) spiritedly leading a choir of African people in this anthem.  The piece appears in several other films, including Major Barbara, Mrs. Miniver, Elmer Gantry, A Canterbury Tale, The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming, M*A*S*H, Taps, Reds, Striptease, The Bushbaby, The Ruling Class, Walker, Androcles and the Lion, Flyboys and First Reformed, It is also sung or played in episodes of TV series, including Little House on the Prairie, Boardwalk Empire, The Simpsons, The Ren & Stimpy Show, Little Britain, Upstairs, Downstairs, Lark Rise to Candleford and Dad's Army.

Onward Christian Soldiers is the title of a 1984 album and song by the British anarcho-punk band Icons of Filth.  In the book Sins of the Assassin by Robert Ferrigno, the song is the national anthem of the fictional Bible Belt.  In Christopher Webber's 1993 play Dr Sullivan and Mr Gilbert, the hymn is used with new words about Sullivan's rise to fame, and the artistic compromises that entailed.

"Christian Zeal and Activity", a 1973 work by American composer John Adams, is an arrangement of Sullivan's tune.  The hymn's tune has also been used as the basis for many parodies, including Lloyd George Knew My Father and Like a mighty tortoise, / Moves the Church of God; / Brothers, we are treading / Where we've always trod.

See also
Christian soldier

References

Further reading
Hymns For the Living Church. Carol Stream, IL: Hope Publishing, 1974. p. 470.

External links

"Onward, Christian Soldiers", many early recordings, via Internet Archive
. Melody (MIDI) and piano score at HymnSite.com.
Explanation of biblical sources
Information about the original title
New York Times Article on the Methodist Hymnal
"Onward, Christian Soldiers" at The Cyber Hymnal

English Christian hymns
Compositions by Arthur Sullivan
Public domain music
19th-century hymns


text:
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Browns Food Group has reported double-digit sales and profit growth for the 2015 year to December.
The Kelloholm-based company, which acquired the Hall's meat factory in Broxburn from Dutch owner Vion in 2013, reports turnover rose 11 per cent to £169 million, which lifted pre-tax profits 10 per cent to £7.6 million.
However the group warns the 2016 financial year "will be difficult in an extremely competitive market place and with severe market uncertainty around European and world macro-economic conditions".
A breakdown of turnover in accounts now filed with Companies House outlines UK sales rose almost six per cent to £159.6 million last year and rest of Europe sales jumped to £9.1 million from £847,000 the prior year.
Browns Food Group also notes 'rest of world' sales rose to £256,000 from £10,000 in 2014.
Last year Browns Food Group announced it had secured a new £20 million, three-year funding package with Bank of Scotland to invest in product innovation and develop and extend its manufacturing and operational capabilities.
The group notes £13.3 million of its borrowing facilities were undrawn as of December 31, 2015.
Browns Food Group employed on average 1.209 people in the 2015 year, up from 1,149 in 2014.