text:
Queen Edith's
Marshall Road
21-23 Marshall Road, Winifred Cottage
History of 21-23 Marshall Road
(Winifred Cottage)
John S Conder, 36, horticultural builder, born Cambs
Edith M, 30, born Cambridge
Stanley J, 8, born Cambridge
Winifred M, 7, born Cambridge
Cambridge Independent Press 17/3/1905
GROCER'S LICENSE FOR CHERRY HINTON: REFUSED BY THE BOTTISHAM MAGISTRATES
The only business before the court was an application by William Conder, grocer of Marshall-road, New Cherryhinton, for an off-license to sell bottled beer at his shop in Marshall Road. Mr Oliver Papworth appeared for the applicant. Mr S J Miller opposed on behalf of the licensee of the "Rock" Hotel (Mr Gardiner), and Mr Boyce, the holder of a beer off-license in New Cherryhinton. Mr S Ellison represented a number of owners and occupiers in the locality who object to the granting of another license. Mr William Copleston, the organizing secretary of the Ely Diocesan Branch of the Church of England Temperance Society, appeared in his private capacity as a resident in New Cherryhinton to oppose the granting of the license.
Mr Papworth said New Cherryhinton was a district which had been recently built upon, and houses were started almost every day. There were now in the that particular locality 430 houses…a great many of his [Mr Condor's] customers had asked him to try and obtain a license in order that they might get beer when they went to his shop for other goods… Mt Papworth read a memorial in favour of granting the license, signed by 160 residents…
William Conder, grocer, of Marshall-road said he was both owner and occupier of his premises. He had carried on business for three years. The property was assessed at £11 5s. It was not necessary to go through the shop to get to the private part of the premises. He had counted the houses in the locality; they totalled up to 429. There was still land that was not built upon.
Mr Ellison: Are there no firms supplying the neighbourhood?
Applicant : There are plenty of vans delivering stuff.
Mr Miller produced a plan of the locality which was issued by the vendors, the Artizans Land Corporation, and on the back of which was the restrictive covenant referred to by Mr Ellison. The applicant stated, in reply to Mr Miller that he had not got the conveyance of his property with him.
Mr Miller: Do you know that Mr Boyce supplies bottles beer to the occupiers in Marshall-road?
Applicant: I know he takes it round that way.
What class of houses are those in the Hills-road, on the Trumpington side? – They are middle class houses – stylish.
Just the kind of houses whose owners would not come to you, eh? They have asked me for beer, and I have several signatures from there.
You have got a back way into your premises, haven't you? – Yes.
What sort of back way is it? It is a passage leading into Hartington-grove. It is for the convenience of customers.
Ah? I thought there was some convenience about it! It is a crooked path isn't it? – Yes.
Haven't the other cottagers got a right to that path? – Yes
The applicant added that if the license were granted he would have the gate locked up.
Inspector Sampson: You can make little window, can't you? – I should not do that.
Would the police have any supervision over the house at the back? – Of course at present they come in at the back way.
Isn't there a low fence there? – I could have that done up.
Oh! You are going to have everything done up. How many people did you go to who refused to sign the petition? – Not many.
Are there any abstainers in Marhsall-road? – Yes there are some and some of them signed the petition.
Oh! – Yes, they might want a glass of beer for friends who came to stay with them.
Not very staunch teetotalers are they – They might want it for friends.
Mr Ellison said the objection raised by the owners and occupiers was based on three grounds – (1) that the license was not required for the convenience of the inhabitants, as there was already one full and one off-licensed house in the neighbourhood and firms from Cambridge regularly canvassed the district; (2) that the property was entirely residential, and the tendency of the license would be to depreciate it; and (3) that the granting of the license would be a direct breach of the mutual restrictive covenant entered into by every purchaser.
Samuel John Stephenson, college cook of Hills-road, said he owned property ion New Cherryhinton. He thought the granting of the license would be detrimental to the neighbourhood.
Mr Ellison: Even a grocer's license?
Witness: We don't like amateur public houses.
Is every facility given for the supply of liquor? – Yes. I could get drunk five times a day if I wanted to.
Do you think the present two publichouses supply the demand? – I think there are two too many.
The application for a licence was accordingly refused.
William Conder, 46, grocer, born Meldreth
Miriam Violet, 45, born Norfolk
Walter Samuel, 18, son, grocer's assistant, born London
Mabel Violet, 19, born London
3 Downing Grove, 54 Lensfield Road
Rivington, Cherry Hinton Road
62 Union Lane
Ebenezer Cottage
46 Marshall Road, 6 Heydon Terrace
62 Marshall Road


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Click to see details of forthcoming exhibitions.
A beautifully restored sail loft, the Waterfront Gallery is set in a superb quayside location in Milford Haven Docks, Pembrokeshire. This unique 3,000 sq foot space showcases the best artists and craft workers in West Wales.
"Colours of Pembrokeshire" the exhibition which has just opened here at the Waterfront Gallery in Milford Docks features the work of over 50 artists and craft workers. There's large and small works, muted and brightly coloured in various media, something to suit most tastes and spaces.
Among the works are Industrial Pembrokeshire from Bill Lowe with his acrylic paintings of Valero and tankers, and the refinery from Adrian Johns contrast with the drama and scope of the Preseli hills from Pauline Latham; dramatic Autumn landscape from Barbara Price in oils on board, boating scenes from Ray Burnell and blue blue seas from Rosemary Graham. Also featured are traditional romantic watercolours featuring old Pembrokeshire cottages from Graham Hadlow alongside acrylic Pembrokeshire coves and bays from Jan Palin.
There's professional photography from the different seasons by Philip Clarke, evocative landscapes of Skomer and Newgale. from Heather Bennett, and wildlife photography from award winner Paul Richards.
Two new sculptures from Ben Dearnley, one a life size carved head carved in Bath Stone the other piece in Welsh Slate titled Rhythms Eternal, depicting the sun and the moon 150cms tall decorated with 23.5 ct gold leaf and real silver leaf.
Layers of colour, paint and texture make up each glass landscape window by glass worker Moira Williams and Mike Davies continues his passion of working with wrought iron and steel making unusually light and flowing forms. Blue and white domestic wares from Duncan Browning and encrusted ceramics from Ruth Sargeant sit alongside bowls of different sizes from Marion Walker.
The exhibition continues until 13 May and the gallery is open from 10.30am till 4.pm.Tuesday to Saturday and on Bank Holidays.


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text:
The chosen one: Amy Coney Barrett
Looking at role of prosecutors, politics in mass incarceration
President Donald Trump and Amy Coney Barrett stand on the Blue Room Balcony after Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas administered the Constitutional Oath on Oct. 26, 2020.
AP Photo/Alex Brandon
Linda Greenhouse traces forces that made near certain rise of newest — and undeniably consequential — Supreme Court justice
By Linda Greenhouse
Date December 8, 2021 December 8, 2021
Excerpted from "Justice on the Brink: The Death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the Rise of Amy Coney Barrett and Twelve Months That Transformed the Supreme Court" by Linda Greenhouse '68, published by by Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC.
The late October sky had grown dark, but the lights aimed at the White House were so bright that on the Truman Balcony it might have been high noon. She stood bathed in the glow, the president by her side, he bundled in a heavy coat against the evening chill and she in a short-sleeved black dress that brushed the top of her knees. Her light brown hair fell straight to her shoulders. She looked younger than her 48 years. Barely an hour earlier, by a near party-line vote of 52 to 48, the Senate had confirmed her to a Supreme Court seat that had been empty for the mere five weeks since the death of the woman who had occupied it for 27 years, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Not for 151 years had the Senate confirmed a Supreme Court nominee without a single vote from the minority party. For the Democratic senators, who had refused on principle to show up for the Judiciary Committee vote, filling a Supreme Court vacancy eight days away from a presidential election was an illegitimate exercise of power. But to Senator Mitch McConnell, Republican of Kentucky, the majority leader who during the past four years had shepherded more than 200 of President Donald Trump's nominees to their life-tenured seats on the federal bench, it was the reason he was there.
The Truman Balcony tableau, Democrats would grumble the next morning, was the ultimate photo op, breathtaking in its audacity; the country had never seen anything like it. True enough. But on the other hand, was it really so astonishing? The country was witnessing something new, yes. But what was really on display was the culmination of a project launched years before, one that had been set on a path carefully planned, tended, and laid out for all to see — except, of course, that most people weren't looking, or, if they were, they mistook occasional setbacks for lasting defeat. It was a project by a group of conservative lawyers called the Federalist Society to take back the Supreme Court, and the woman on the balcony was its instrument. She was Amy Coney Barrett, the chosen one.
There are few inevitable events in politics, but in retrospect it's tempting to see Barrett's nomination to the Supreme Court as one of them. Long before Trump's announcement of her selection in the White House Rose Garden on Sept. 26—the celebratory event that became a notorious COVID-19 superspreader — he had made it clear that he would name her to the Supreme Court if he got the chance. When Justice Anthony Kennedy retired two years earlier, Barrett, who had taken her seat only months before on the federal appeals court in Chicago, appeared on the president's short list for the vacancy. But Trump chose instead another appeals court judge, Brett Kavanaugh. "I'm saving her for Ginsburg," he explained, words intended to assure any disappointed members of his base that while the devoutly Catholic mother of seven had been passed over for this vacancy, she would not be overlooked the next time.
The question, of course — really the only question — was whether there would be a next time. Not since Richard Nixon had there been three Supreme Court vacancies in a president's first term. But no one could rule it out. The recent history of Supreme Court nominations was filled with the unexpected. Justice Antonin Scalia, revered on the right, had died unexpectedly in February 2016, near the start of President Barack Obama's final year in office. Barely an hour after word came of the justice's death, well before most Americans had even heard the news on that Saturday afternoon, McConnell had declared that he would not permit the president to fill the vacancy. "The American people should have a voice in the selection of their next Supreme Court justice," McConnell said. "Therefore, this vacancy should not be filled until we have a new president."
It was an eyebrow-raising, norm-shattering proposition. While it was generally assumed that the Supreme Court confirmation door would close at some point during an election year, no one had questioned the propriety of filling a seat only a few months in. The Senate never gave a hearing to Obama's nominee, Merrick Garland, chief judge of the federal appeals court in Washington, D.C., a widely admired figure who had drawn praise in the past from leading Republicans, suddenly grown silent.
Eleven days after taking office, Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch, a judge on the federal appeals court in Denver, for the Scalia vacancy. When Democrats threatened a filibuster to protest filling what they deemed a stolen seat, the Republican majority changed the rules and abolished the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations. Gorsuch was confirmed by a vote of 54 to 45 (60 votes would have been required to break a filibuster), and Kavanaugh — like Garland a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit — was confirmed to the Kennedy vacancy the next year.
That year passed without a retirement, and when the 2019–20 term ended on July 9 without a retirement announcement, it appeared that there would be no Supreme Court vacancy during the remainder of Trump's first term. The public was unaware that Ginsburg, at 87 the oldest member of the court and the senior member of its increasingly beleaguered liberal bloc, was fighting what would be the last of her numerous battles with cancer. Nine weeks later, on Sept. 18, Ginsburg died of metastatic pancreatic cancer.
"Justice on the Brink" examines Amy Coney Barrett's path to — and effect on — the Supreme Court.
Image courtesy of Random House
For McConnell, this was a time not for mourning, but for business, and he was ready. The president was in the air, flying back from a campaign rally in Minnesota. The White House operator patched McConnell's urgent call through to Air Force One. As Josh Holmes, McConnell's former chief of staff, later told the PBS documentary program "Frontline," the majority leader delivered a two-part message: "I'm going to put out a statement that says we're going to fill the vacancy" and "You've gotta nominate Amy Coney Barrett."
Why Barrett? The answer was obvious, although as yet unspoken; there were motions to go through, after all. The fact was that by September 18, 2020, in every way that mattered, she was the perfect choice.
Gorsuch and Kavanaugh had been strikingly conventional choices. Both had clerked on the Supreme Court. Both were creatures of the Beltway who had paid their dues in Republican politics and worked at high levels in the administration of President George W. Bush, Gorsuch in the Justice Department as principal deputy to the associate attorney general and Kavanaugh in the White House as staff secretary to the president. Bush rewarded each with a federal appellate judgeship, and each had spent more than a decade on the bench.
Barrett also clerked on the Supreme Court, but there the similarity ended. By traditional Republican standards, she was far from a conventional choice. She lacked the Ivy League credentials shared by every other sitting justice, all of whom were law graduates of either Harvard (Roberts, Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan, Gorsuch) or Yale (Thomas, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, Kavanaugh.)
Barrett graduated from law school at the University of Notre Dame, having turned down an offer of admission from the higher-ranked University of Chicago Law School. "I'm a Catholic, and I always grew up loving Notre Dame," she explained years later, adding: "I really wanted to choose a place where I felt like I was not going to be just educated as a lawyer. I wanted to be in a place where I felt like I would be developed and inspired as a whole person." A commencement speech she gave there in 2006, nine years after her own graduation, made clear the distinctive view she held of her alma mater. "Keep in mind," she told the graduating students, "that your legal career is but a means to an end." That end, she explained, "is building the kingdom of God."
Compared with other recent Supreme Court nominees of both Republican and Democratic presidents, her résumé was thin. She had been a judge for a few months short of three years. She had practiced law only briefly, spending the two years following her clerkship as an associate in a Washington, D.C., law firm. She had never worked in government. After her time in Washington, she returned to the shelter of Notre Dame and spent 15 years on the law school's faculty.
That Barrett was Catholic was hardly unusual. Quite the contrary, in fact; she would be joining a court on which six of the eight justices were raised in the church: Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Alito, Sotomayor, Thomas, Kavanaugh, and Gorsuch.
What was unusual was the public dimension to Barrett's Catholicism, her willingness during her pre-judicial career to attest to her adherence to Catholic doctrine on matters of public concern, abortion prominently among them. In 2013, on the 40th anniversary of the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision, which established the constitutional right to abortion, Barrett signed a statement placed in the Notre Dame student newspaper by the University Faculty for Life and the Notre Dame Fund to Protect Human Life. "In the 40 years since the Supreme Court's infamous Roe v. Wade decision, over 55 million unborn children have been killed by abortions," the statement read. "We faculty and staff at the University of Notre Dame reaffirm our full support for our University's commitment to the right to life, we renew our call for the unborn to be protected in law and welcomed in life, and we voice our love and support for the mothers who bear them."
The previous year, she had signed a statement criticizing the Obama administration for its implementation of the Affordable Care Act's requirement to include contraception coverage in employer-sponsored health plans. Religious orders and churches themselves were exempt from the mandate, and religiously affiliated organizations like colleges and the chain of nursing homes run by an order of nuns, the Little Sisters of the Poor, were demanding the same exemption. The Obama administration offered them instead a hands-off "accommodation" under which, without the employer's involvement, an organization's insurance provider would underwrite the coverage and inform employees of its availability.
The statement Barrett signed in opposition to this policy, under the headline "UNACCEPTABLE," was drafted and circulated by the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, a prominent organization that litigates against what it perceives as government incursions on the rights of believers. The statement labeled the Obama policy "a grave violation of religious freedom," adding: "It is an insult to the intelligence of Catholics, Protestants, Eastern Orthodox Christians, Jews, Muslims, and other people of faith and conscience to imagine that they will accept an assault on their religious liberty if only it is covered up by a cheap accounting trick."
In 2016, the University Faculty for Life, of which she was then a member, unanimously passed a resolution condemning Notre Dame's decision to give Vice President Joe Biden the Laetare Medal, awarded annually to "an American Catholic in recognition of outstanding service to Church and society." How could the vice president meet that qualification, the group demanded, when he "has for decades conspicuously rejected Church teaching about life" by supporting the right to abortion?
To a member of the general public reading these statements, it may have mattered little that one participant happened to be an obscure law professor. But Don McGahn was not a disinterested observer. He was a Notre Dame graduate himself and a member of the conservative Federalist Society, serving as Trump's White House counsel. He was the administration's chief judge-picker, and he had dozens of appeals court seats to fill, positions the Senate had prevented Obama from filling. One was an Indiana seat on the Seventh Circuit. Obama had attempted to fill that seat by nominating Myra Selby, the first woman and first African American to serve on the Indiana Supreme Court. The Senate's Republican majority had never given her a hearing, so the seat was available to McGahn. The Trump administration was less than four months old when Barrett's nomination was announced on May 8, 2017.
During her hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee that September, the question of religion loomed large, as it did on the dockets of federal courts around the country. Republican-controlled state legislatures were enacting dozens of antiabortion measures, many now being challenged in court. Roe v. Wade itself was seen as increasingly vulnerable. Multiple courts were also dealing with the ongoing religious challenges to the Affordable Care Act's contraception mandate.
Democratic senators were openly skeptical about whether Barrett could set aside her deep religious commitments and, as a judge, address such questions with an open mind. Her assurances that she could failed to persuade Senator Dianne Feinstein of California, the committee's ranking Democrat. Feinstein asked her: "Why is it that so many of us on this side have this very uncomfortable feeling that—you know, dogma and law are two different things. And I think whatever a religion is, it has its own dogma. The law is totally different. And I think in your case, professor, when you read your speeches, the conclusion one draws is that the dogma lives loudly within you, and that's of concern when you come to big issues that large numbers of people have fought for years in this country."
Feinstein's words proved a gift to the Republican Party, provoking an immediate and sustained backlash. Op-ed commentary portrayed the senator, and by extension all the Democrats, as anti-Catholic, even anti-religion. Coffee mugs and T-shirts sold in Catholic bookstores and over the Internet bore the words "The dogma lives loudly within me." When McGahn spoke at Barrett's Seventh Circuit investiture ceremony, held at Notre Dame, he took the occasion to quip: "We now affectionately call her Judge Dogma."
In retrospect, Feinstein's clumsy question might have been the best thing that happened to Barrett in her first venture into the public spotlight. People who would scarcely have noticed a Seventh Circuit appointment amid the chaos of Trump's early months in office now knew her name. The meme of Catholic martyrdom that was now attached to that name resonated powerfully with the theme of Christian victimhood that Trump had so successfully exploited during his rise to power. It isn't necessary to claim that it influenced her confirmation to the Seventh Circuit, a foregone conclusion in any event. But beyond doubt it helped make her next chapter inevitable.
Copyright © 2021 by Linda Greenhouse. All rights reserved.
Do justices really set aside personal beliefs? Nope, legal scholar says
Klarman sees trouble ahead in large conservative majority on Supreme Court
The life and legacy of RBG
Harvard community reflects on Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a trailblazing, tireless fighter for rights
The conservative club that came to dominate the Supreme Court
In a new audiobook, Law School professor explores the rise of the Federalist Society and why its sway may be waning
Research finds that district attorneys push harder for convictions, sentences in election years
Chika Okafor is a doctoral student in the Department of Economics working on research regarding prosecutors and their role in criminal sentencing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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No, My Love. I have declared in My Word that I shall teach your children and great shall be their peace.
Beloved. Weep not, My Child. Though the devil goes about as a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour, the Lion of Judah is standing in the gap.
You, your spouse, your parent, and your children shall not become a prey to him. No, My Love. I have declared in My Word that I shall teach your children and great shall be their peace.
I will save your household. I will rescue those you pray for. I will not step back, Dear One, but I will contend with those who contend with you. And I ALWAYS win, Dear One. The victory has already been accomplished. The battle is Mine. Rely on My strength. Do not let fear overwhelm you. I will keep you from harm and those for whom you intercede. I am the Advocate who stands with you against all the power of the enemy. The outcome is already decided, for I have declared that IT IS FINISHED. The enemy shall fall down, utterly defeated.
The SOUND of the LION of JUDAH is roaring through the atmosphere, "DO NOT FEAR!" I am the First and the Last, and I shall have the last word in your life! Roar with My Roar, Beloved and watch the enemy fall, for indeed Yahweh has spoken. Fear not, My Child. Even the captives shall be taken away from the enemy and that which was stolen from you shall be returned. The Lion of Judah has prevailed!
...Isaiah 45:25 Indeed, this is what the LORD says: "Even the captives of the mighty will be taken away, and the plunder of a tyrant will be retrieved; I will contend with those who contend with you, and I will save your children.
...Revelation 5:5 And one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals thereof.
...Isaiah 54:13 says "All thy children shall be taught of the LORD; and great shall be the peace of thy children.


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text:
Core Members
Interdisciplinary Doctoral Program in Statistics
Minor in Statistics and Data Science
MicroMasters program in Statistics and Data Science
Data Science and Machine Learning: Making Data-Driven Decisions
Stochastics and Statistics Seminar
IDSS Distinguished Seminars
IDSS Special Seminar
SDSC Special Events
IDS.190 Topics in Bayesian Modeling and Computation
Caroline Uhler and Elchanan Mossel receive Simons Investigator Awards
LIDS faculty member Caroline Uhler and LIDS Affiliate Member Elchanan Mossel were named 2019 Simons Investigators by the Simons Foundation.
Simons Investigator awards are given to outstanding theoretical scientists who are undertaking long-term study of fundamental questions. Awardees receive support for five years.
Caroline received her award in the Mathematical Modeling of Living Systems (MMLS) category. Investigators in this program work on mathematical and theoretical approaches to topics in the life sciences. Caroline's citation reads:
"Caroline Uhler has made major contributions to the development of methods in statistics and machine learning for applications in genomics. Her work to date has broken new ground on providing a systematic approach to studying graphical models. In particular, she uncovered statistical and computational limitations for causal inference and developed a novel framework for causal structure discovery from a mix of observational and interventional data. This led to new models and algorithms for inferring gene regulatory networks and for disease diagnostics by integrating gene expression data with the 3-D organization of the genome."
Elchanan received his award in the Mathematics category. Investigators in this program are establishing creative new research directions in theoretical math and providing leadership in the field. Elchanan's citation reads:
"Elchanan Mossel's primary research fields are probability theory, combinatorics, theoretical computer science and statistical inference. Mossel is broad and collaborative in his research. Much of his work spans different areas of mathematics or bridges between mathematics and other sciences. With collaborators, he made fundamental contributions to discrete Fourier analysis and its applications to computational complexity and voting theory. In the area he named 'combinatorial statistics,' his collaborative work includes important discoveries on tree broadcast models and associated reconstruction problems, detection of block models, the inference of evolutionary histories and, more recently, deep inference."
Learn more about the Simons program and the 2019 cohort.
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Renewable Energy Update: November 2018 #3
November 27, 2018 unitedenergy	Leave a comment
California utilities topping renewable targets and driving down contract prices, according to CPUC
NORTH AMERICAN WINDPOWER – Nov 13 A new California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) report says the state's renewable portfolio standard (RPS) program – one of the most ambitious in the country – not only remains ahead of target, but it is helping to drive down renewable contract prices. The state's RPS requires investor-owned utilities, electric service providers, and community choice aggregators to procure 33 percent of retail sales per year from eligible renewable sources by 2020 and 60 percent by 2030. As of 2018, the large investor-owned utilities have executed renewable electricity contracts necessary to meet the 33 percent RPS requirement by 2020 and, in addition, forecast reaching 50 percent by 2020. Further, contract prices for RPS-eligible energy dropped an average of 9.5 percent per year between 2007 and 2015. In 2017, the trend of falling contract costs continued and reached a historic low average price of $47/MWh, the report says.
Northwestern Energy eyes lower costs as it joins CAISO Energy Imbalance Market
UTILITY DIVE – Nov 12 NorthWestern Energy will join California's voluntary Western Energy Imbalance Market (EIM) by April 2021, a move the utility hopes will result in lower costs for Montana customers and a more reliable and cleaner energy system. The California ISO launched the EIM in 2014 and, since then, several other utilities have joined, allowing the market to operate across eight western states: Arizona, California, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
216 U.S. mayors sign letter in support of solar energy
SOLAR POWER WORLD – Nov 14 More than 200 mayors representing cities in every U.S. state have signed on to Environment America Research & Policy Center's "Mayors for Solar Energy" letter, embracing a collective vision for solar-powered communities. The number of signatures on the Mayors for Solar Energy letter has more than tripled since December 2017, and Environment America Research and Policy Center says that number will continue to grow. The Mayors for Solar Energy project goes beyond the letter itself, producing resources and hosting trainings to help cities adopt more renewable energy.
Rural Oregon county stakes future on renewable energy
OREGON BUSINESS – Nov 14 The lake by Lakeview, Oregon, disappeared long ago, and so did the timber jobs. For years the seat of Lake County has wrestled with declining public services and economic stagnation. Now a set of renewable energy projects offers hope. Colorado-based Red Rock Biofuels broke ground in July on a plant in Lakeview that officials hope will lead to jobs, improved forest management and natural gas. Obsidian Renewables plans a 600-megawatt development over 7,000-acres at the north end of the county. Blue Marmot Solar has also chosen a site near Lakeview for a 5,000-acre development.
Solar panels increase grasses for sheep and cows by 90%
PV MAGAZINE – Nov 12 Researchers at Oregon State's College of Agricultural Sciences have measured the effects on growth of multiple plants located under solar modules, finding that several key grazing grasses were able to significantly increase their output. The researchers found that over 90 percent more biomass was grown in areas partially or fully covered by solar panels. The paper suggests it was mostly due to significantly increased water efficiency.
Batteries will replace California gas plants as PG&E proposal approved
ENERGY STORAGE NEWS – Nov 13 Pacific Gas & Electric's proposal to deploy large-scale energy storage to replace peaking natural gas plants has been approved by the state's regulator. Last week, the California Public Utilities Commission approved three capacity contracts and one power purchase agreement for 567.5 megawatts of energy storage capacity to be built across four large-scale battery storage systems. Significantly, each will store energy for four hours, making them viable capacity resources to replace gas plants. California has been among the fastest adopters of energy storage in the world, partly due to its prolific adoption of solar energy in past decades.
Nestlé Waters North America adds third wind turbine to California facility
ENERGY MANAGER TODAY – Nov 12 Nestlé Waters North America installed a third wind turbine at its water bottling facility in Cabazon, California. Wind power is now expected to supply 50 percent of the plant's total electricity needs, according to the company. Foundation Windpower developed all three turbines, which have a total rated capacity of approximately 22 million kilowatt hours annually, according to Nestlé.
Greenlots and Volvo to partner on charging infrastructure for electric trucks
SMART CITIES DIVE – Nov 12 Backed by a state grant, Greenlots will partner with Volvo Trucks to install charging infrastructure for electric trucks in warehouses in Southern California, including onsite solar panels and energy storage. The project is supported by a $44.8 million grant from the California Air Resources Board to the South Coast Air Quality Management District for Volvo's Low Impact Green Heavy Transport Solutions project, part of the California Climate Investments initiative using funds from the state's cap and trade program.
Source: https://breakingenergy.com/2018/11/21/renewable-energy-update-november-2018-3/
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Public Relations specialists in Sierra Leone are not surprised at the manner in which anti-establishment songs, like Emmerson's "Kokobeh" are now in vogue. And from the grapevine, it is said that more anti-establishment songs will soon be hitting the airwaves from Innocent, LAJ, Pupa Baja et al. But one can't be too surprised at these because the publicity wings of both the Government and the ruling All People's Congress (APC) have been exhibiting hyper-weaknesses in showing the citizenry the positives of the Koroma-led administration.
Despite the publicity wings' weaknesses to articulate the positives of the Koroma-led administration; when one takes a critical look at the criticisms and the anti-establishment songs, one realizes that majority of their premises are being built on perceptions than on grounded realities and sound logic.
Agreed that corruption is a hydra-headed monster that needs to be tackled with sincerity and commitment; but the manner in which it is being presented by the critics makes it looks as if it only started in the September of 2007 when President Ernest Bai Koroma took over the reign of national leadership. I'm not holding brief for those who were "born on December 25" (to quote the metaphorical phrase of Emmerson Bockarie). But even in the great United States of America corruption is an endemic issue as the cases of Bernard Madoff and the current "Disability Benefits" scandal will show. Britain, Germany, China, France and Russia have always had their own fair shares of corruption in grand scales. So, in Sierra Leone most of what are being perceived are not what they are in reality. For example, it has been the perception amongst many Sierra Leoneans that Emmerson Bockarie is an anti-corruption crusader but in reality that credential seems blotted because, at about the same time he released 'Borbor Bele", he was taken to court for allegedly stealing one of his friends (one Mattia) video camera.
Of note is the fact that most of the critics and anti-establishment musicians have been using what some Public Relations specialists call "glittering generalities". According to Harry Mills in his book "Artful Persuasion" (page 98), glittering generalities are purr words that…are essentially ambiguous. The full meaning is left to the imagination of the individual listener [or reader].
Furthermore, Harry Mills quotes propaganda analyst Aaron Delwiche as calling glittering generalities name-calling in reverse. While name-calling makes us form a judgment to reject and condemn, the glittering generality devise seeks to make us approve and accept without examining the evidence (page 98). Take the issue of generalized tribalism and regionalism that is being bandied around by both the government's critics and anti-establishment musicians, as an example. It is very easy to say the government of Ernest Bai Koroma is giving jobs to northerners but the evidence of those at the helm of national affairs, since the September of 2007 to date, show the reverse. Because evidence shows that it was the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) government of Sir Albert Margai that planted the tree of tribalism and regionalism in Sierra Leone. And it also shows that during the entire eleven years rule of Dr Ahmad Tejan Kabba (h) that tree, planted by Sir Albert Margai, was nurtured further as there was no Limba in his Cabinet while Krios were losing their jobs in droves! I have written it a million-and-one times and I will write it again today that if some people are saying that "they are sacking our people from government", then it logically follows that it was only "their people" who were given jobs during the eleven years rule of Tejan Kabba(h). It's simple logic!
But the Siamesed menace of tribalism and regionalism cannot be confronted with name-calling in reverse (to quote propaganda analyst Aaron Delwiche) which Emmerson did in his "Kokobeh", and which all the SLPP-leaning journalists are doing in their newspapers. This Siamesed menace can only be confronted with sincerity and honesty. Sierra Leoneans should be honest with themselves (ourselves) to acknowledge the fact that since Sir Albert Margai unashamedly introduced tribalism and regionalism into national politics; ordinary Sierra Leoneans have innately used tribalism and regionalism as weapons to shield either their ineptitude or smoothen their career progression. So, it is my opinion that tribalism and regionalism can only be tackled from a nationalistic telescope rather than by the divide-and-rule approach which the anti-establishmenters (a One Dropian coinage, please) are now using.
Another recurring theme in the critics' criticisms and the anti-establishment songs is that of inequality in Sierra Leone. It is my view that the concept of "equality" in a capitalist nation-state is one of the greatest myths ever foisted on human beings by both the proponents and practitioners of democracy. Even in communist states, where egalitarianism is being preached, there is no such thing as equality as members of the Politburo are far higher than other lesser mortals in the state. In the great United States of America, the economy of that nation is being controlled—in fact owned—by just less than two percent (the Super rich) of the entire population. In Britain where members of the monarchy and the Gentry class are "first amongst equals", talking about equality of all British citizens would be like Robinson Crusoe explaining the Bill of Rights to Man Friday when he first chanced upon him on the beach.
It is the perception of every Sierra Leonean that all Sierra Leoneans are equal because they were all born from a woman's womb. But in reality, this is not so and will never be so! You figure out my reason yourself. Realistically even in Heaven, noted Chinua Achebe in his novel "Anthills of the Savannah", arch-angels are superior to ordinary angels.
But again, many Sierra Leoneans' perceptions about the status quo in their country are being skewed by either their upbringing or political leaning. Which is why, no matter the progress being made since the September of 2007 to date, all what some people see around them is retrogression despite the reality of some amount of progress staring them in their faces. But that is understandable because no matter the logic adduced; some Sierra Leoneans have programmed their minds (as the Americans would say) not to see any positive thing in or about their country if it is not their political party that is at the rudder. It is the same way one could not force many of those born along the River Ganges to believe in either the Bible or Al-Koran because they have programmed themselves to believe in Shiva!
Yes, in the United States of America, Britain, Germany, China, France and other developed economies the world over, there have been and will always be once-in-a-while massive corruption cases and rampant inequalities; but the overriding goal of most of their citizens is not to criticize for the sake of criticism but how their countries will fair better than they are at present.
This calls to mind President Koroma's Christmas Day address to the nation in which he admonished his compatriots that, "moving this country forward does not only depend on government or on me alone as leader…moving this country forward depends on each and every Sierra Leonean to say and do what is right in our professional lives". Should I write more?


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https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvMjQzNTk3LWNsaW5pY2Fs
Drugs & Diseases > Nephrology
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Clinical Presentation
Author: A Brent Alper, Jr, MD, MPH; Chief Editor: Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN more...
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Sections Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Approach Considerations
CBC with Differential
Chemistry Panel
Urine Studies
Ultrasonography and Radiography
CT Scanning
EDTA Lead Mobilization Test
Kidney Biopsy and Histologic Features
Management of Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Management of Chronic Tubulointerstitial Disease
Glucocorticoids
Chelating agents
History and Physical Examination
The history of patients with tubulointerstitial nephritis depends on whether the disease is acute or chronic. A thorough physical examination may provide clues to the diagnosis (eg, fever, rash in acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, livido reticularis and Hollenhorst plaques in the optic fundi in atheroembolic disease), but, in most patients, no characteristic findings exist. Some patients present with hypertension, although others may be normotensive or hypotensive (eg, Balkan endemic nephropathy). [19]
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (general features)
Typically, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis begins abruptly, manifesting as acute kidney injury. In most instances, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis occurs within days of exposure to the offending drug. In some instances (particularly with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]), acute tubulointerstitial nephritis begins after several months of exposure.
With the exceptions of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by rifampin and NSAIDs, patients commonly present with rash, fever, eosinophilia, eosinophiluria, and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. In mild cases, the clinical presentation may consist of subtle tubular function abnormalities, such as Fanconi syndrome (ie, aminoaciduria, glycosuria, renal tubular acidosis). Patients may present with rash and hematuria.
Almost all acute tubulointerstitial nephritides are caused by hypersensitivity reactions to drugs and are not mediated by direct toxicity. Although any drug can potentially cause a hypersensitivity reaction involving the kidney, the following agents are the most frequently implicated:
Antibiotics (eg, penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfa drugs, quinolones)
Diuretics (eg, thiazides, furosemide)
Phenytoin
Interferon alfa
Anticoagulant-related tubulointerstitial nephritis is most often reported with warfarin. However, case reports involving novel oral anticoagulants such as dabigatran are beginning to appear. [20]
Although the presence of rash can be supportive evidence of an allergic etiology of an acute renal insufficiency, its absence is not useful in ruling out acute allergic interstitial nephritis.
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by NSAIDs
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis due to NSAIDs is more common in elderly people, perhaps because of the higher incidence of arthritic disorders in this population. Acute allergic interstitial nephritis should not be confused with the acute vasomotor renal insufficiency that can occur in patients with preexisting underperfusion of the kidney.
A unique feature of allergic interstitial nephritis caused by NSAIDs is that patients may present with nephrotic syndrome. In such patients, massive proteinuria with hypoalbuminemia and edema are present in addition to the typical features of acute interstitial nephritis. Findings on kidney biopsy show features of minimal change nephrosis in addition to the characteristic findings of interstitial nephritis.
Antibiotic-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
Antibiotic-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis is usually observed in the hospital setting during treatment of serious infections, within several days to weeks of initiation of antibiotic therapy. Rash, eosinophilia, and eosinophiluria, as well as pyuria (sterile), hematuria, and modest proteinuria (usually < 1 g/d), are common. However, unlike in NSAID-induced allergic interstitial nephritis, nephrotic-range proteinuria is very rare. If a renal biopsy is performed, eosinophils can be a component of the interstitial nephritis. Occasionally, ill-defined granulomas are present.
Among antibiotics, rifampin is unique in that the interstitial nephritis generally occurs when the antibiotic is reintroduced after an interval. Furthermore, the interstitial nephritis associated with it does not manifest with eosinophilia. In some cases, rifampin-associated interstitial nephritis has been reported to show casts containing immunoglobulin light chains in tubular lumens without any evidence of myeloma in the patient. Flulike symptoms, flank pain, hypertension, and oliguric acute renal failure are common. In some patients, circulating antirifampin antibodies and immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposits along the tubular basement membranes have been reported.
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by miscellaneous agents
Infections with viral agents, bacteria, and fungi are occasionally associated with acute interstitial nephritis. Hantavirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are common among the infectious agents associated with acute interstitial nephritis.
In HIV disease, acute interstitial nephritis is usually observed in conjunction with glomerular disease (ie, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). Parenchymal invasion by the virus is not always present, and other characteristic features, such as eosinophilia and fever, are usually absent.
Bacterial infection with renal parenchymal invasion is sometimes responsible for acute interstitial nephritis, but this is exceedingly rare in the absence of obstruction. Other infections such as tuberculosis and histoplasmosis are also among the rare causes of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and may be diagnostic challenges.
Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (general features)
The chronic form of tubulointerstitial nephritis is an insidious disease and most probably represents the common final response pattern of the kidney to a variety of insults and agents (see Etiology ). Important causes include drugs (eg, analgesics, cyclosporine, cisplatin, and lithium); lead; and metabolic disorders, notably hypercalcemia, potassium depletion, and hyperoxaluria.
Because of its insidious nature, chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis is often diagnosed incidentally on routine laboratory screening or evaluation of hypertension. Patients are usually asymptomatic. Hypertension is common but not universal, and it is conspicuously absent in Balkan endemic nephropathy.
Analgesic nephropathy
Analgesic nephropathy is the most common category of chronic interstitial nephritis worldwide. [8] This disorder occurs with long-term ingestion of combinations of phenacetin, aspirin, and caffeine or phenacetin-acetaminophen or NSAIDs and acetaminophen. In its most severe form, analgesic nephropathy is associated with papillary necrosis.
The amount of phenacetin-acetaminophen combination required to cause chronic interstitial nephritis has been estimated to be at least 2-3 kg over many years. Although initially thought to be exclusively associated with phenacetin-containing combinations, all analgesics, including acetaminophen, aspirin, and NSAIDs, can cause analgesic-induced chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis.
Analgesic nephropathy is most common in women in the sixth and seventh decades of life who have a history of low back pain, migraine headaches, or other chronic musculoskeletal pain. In some patients, a history can be elicited of episodes of papillary necrosis (ie, gross hematuria with flank pain occasionally accompanied by obstruction and infection). Clinically, patients with analgesic nephropathy present with renal insufficiency, modest proteinuria, sterile pyuria, and anemia. Diagnosis of this condition can be supported by a history of heavy analgesic use, and computed tomography (CT) scans may reveal microcalcifications at the papillary tips.
Lithium nephropathy
Distal tubular dysfunction (ie, polyuria, concentrating defect, downregulation of aquaporin-2) occurs in up to 50% of patients receiving lithium. Chronic interstitial nephritis occurs in a small subset of patients receiving long-term lithium therapy who have had repeated episodes of lithium toxicity with high serum levels.
Cyclosporine- and tacrolimus-induced nephropathy
Although indispensable in the management of solid organ transplantation, cyclosporine and tacrolimus can cause acute and chronic nephrotoxicity. The mechanism appears to be dependent largely on the potent vasoconstrictive effects of these drugs. Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by cyclosporine or tacrolimus is common among patients receiving kidney, heart, liver, and pancreas transplants. However, this condition is rare in bone marrow transplant recipients, because these individuals receive the drugs for a short time and generally at lower doses. In renal transplant recipients, cyclosporine- or tacrolimus-induced chronic interstitial nephritis is similar to chronic rejection.
Because the pathophysiology of both is poorly understood, these conditions tend to be included under the generic term of chronic transplant nephropathy. Most kidney transplant patients have a stable course with mild impairment of renal function. However, up to 10% of heart transplant recipients develop progressive renal insufficiency and eventually require dialysis.
Both cyclosporine and tacrolimus frequently cause hypertension and hyperkalemia. Hypomagnesemia caused by renal magnesium wasting is also common in cyclosporine-treated patients. Concomitant use of calcium channel blockers reduces nephrotoxicity. Long-term use of cyclosporine has been associated with patchy interstitial fibrosis, usually in a striped pattern and with tubular atrophy. Thrombotic microangiopathy might further contribute to both acute and chronic nephrotoxicity.
Lead nephropathy
Since antiquity, lead has been known to cause kidney disease and gout. In the modern industrialized world, lead is a ubiquitous environmental and occupational toxin and is an important cause of chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and hypertension, mainly in urban poor communities and particularly among black people.
Children with severe lead poisoning can present with encephalopathy and acute renal failure with Fanconi syndrome. Because lead has a biologic half-life of several decades, if untreated by chelation, both intermittent acute poisoning and low-level environmental exposure result in chronic cumulative lead poisoning. The major consequence of chronic lead poisoning is chronic tubulointerstitial disease, usually in the third to fourth decades of life.
A common source of lead poisoning is leaded paint chipping in old urban tenements. Young children attracted to the sweet taste of the leaded paint may ingest or inhale dust particles containing lead and are at particular risk. In the industrial setting, welders, smelters, battery workers, painters, and restorers of old buildings, especially in poorly ventilated work environments, can be exposed to toxic amounts of lead.
Hypertension is almost always present, and, in the absence of appropriate testing or careful exposure history, lead nephropathy is often misdiagnosed as so-called hypertensive kidney disease. Patients with lead nephropathy tend to have disproportionately worse hyperuricemia compared with patients with other kidney diseases because of the unique effects of lead on urate metabolism; consequently, gout is common.
In retrospect, after careful investigation including the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) lead mobilization test (see Workup), many patients presumed to have either gouty nephropathy or hypertensive nephrosclerosis are discovered to have lead nephropathy. Identification of the lead etiology in patients presumed to have gout nephropathy has cast doubt on the existence of this entity.
Obstructive uropathy
Obstruction of urinary outflow as observed in prostate disease, stone disease, neoplasm, and retroperitoneal fibrosis, among others, can cause chronic tubulointerstitial disease. Modest proteinuria and hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis are common. Vesicoureteral reflux disease, usually congenital, characteristically results in focal glomerulosclerosis with nephrotic syndrome and a prominent tubulointerstitial component in adult life even if the reflux has been corrected early. Superimposed infection and pyelonephritis often complicate obstruction.
Recurrent urinary tract infection itself can cause ammonium magnesium phosphate stones, further aggravating tubulointerstitial disease and perpetuating infection. Similarly, papillary necrosis and infection may complicate the course and may lead to acute pyelonephritis with fever, flank pain, hematuria, and, especially in elderly patients, urosepsis.
Atherosclerotic kidney disease
As life expectancy increases, atherosclerotic disease of the kidney is emerging as a major category of chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy. Unfortunately, no unanimity on nomenclature exists among experts, and kidney disease in this category is variably termed ischemic nephropathy, renovascular disease, and nephrosclerosis.
In all likelihood, cases of so-called hypertensive kidney disease or hypertensive nephrosclerosis belong in the category of atherosclerotic kidney disease. Lack of appropriate diagnosis can explain the discrepancy in the incidence of kidney disease in hypertensive populations in Europe and the United States. In Europe, kidney disease is found in only about 1% of hypertensive populations, whereas in the United States, 30% of all end-stage disease requiring dialysis is attributed to hypertensive kidney disease.
Atherosclerotic kidney disease is typically observed in elderly white males who smoke, but it is by no means confined to this population. Many individuals with dyslipidemia and other atherosclerotic phenomena, such as coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, and peripheral arterial disease, are prone to involvement of renal arteries, regardless of age.
Often, these patients have hypertension, not necessarily severe, with elevated serum creatinine and urea nitrogen and proteinuria, 1-2 g/d. The course of progression of the kidney disease is usually slower than in patients with glomerular diseases such as diabetic nephropathy.
Cholesterol microembolic disease and nephropathy
Cholesterol microembolic disease is a unique syndrome that has been recognized in patients who have undergone catheter procedures involving vasculature above the renal arteries, such as coronary angiography, although it can occur in patients on anticoagulation, and it can even occur spontaneously. The pathophysiology is destabilization of atheroma plaques, either during catheter manipulation or spontaneously, resulting in showering of cholesterol crystals downstream and eventual lodging of needle-shaped cholesterol crystals in small arterioles within the kidney vessels.
Microemboli can also occur in the central nervous system (CNS) and retinal arteries (Hollenhorst plaques). In the extremities, distal vessel emboli may result in small superficial skin infarcts (scabs). More extensive cholesterol microembolization to the extremities can result in the characteristic livedo reticularis appearance in the lower extremities. Oddly, some patients have other systemic signs and symptoms, such as low-grade fever, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, elevated sedimentation rate, and hypocomplementemia.
Cholesterol microembolism usually causes acute renal failure of varying degrees, with some spontaneous improvement in renal function but often with permanent residual renal damage.
The presence of small skin infarcts or scabs, especially on or between the toes or fingers, is a helpful clue to cholesterol microembolism.
Sometimes, particularly after displacement of a large aortic plaque, marked ischemia of the lower extremities yields a bluish-purplish discoloration (ie, livedo reticularis) of the feet or lower portions of legs. Evidence for other atherosclerotic disease, such as carotid or inguinal bruits, may be clues to so-called atherosclerotic kidney disease, particularly in elderly white males who smoke.
Metabolic disorders and nephropathy
Hypercalcemia, chronic potassium depletion, and cystinosis can lead to chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. Hypercalcemia is the most common cause. Chronic hypercalcemia can occur in primary hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, multiple myeloma, and other neoplasms (particularly with bone metastases) and in vitamin D intoxication. Even transient hypercalcemia can lead to chronic renal insufficiency; renal involvement is mostly confined to the distal tubular structures.
Clinically, polyuria and concentrating defect are common. During acute hypercalcemia, urinary concentrating defect can lead to dehydration and may aggravate acute renal failure. Radiologic examinations may reveal nephrocalcinosis, and renal stone formation can be a complicating factor in hypercalcemia.
Balkan endemic nephropathy
Balkan endemic nephropathy is an endemic kidney disease confined to well-defined discrete settlements located along the Danube River and its tributaries. The caseload of patients is particularly heavy in the Balkans (eg, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria). The disease occurs in individuals, autochthonous or immigrant, who have resided in the endemic regions for at least 15-20 years and does not occur among residents who move to nonendemic areas. The disease has been traced to consumption of home-baked bread made with flour contaminated with aristolochic acid from Aristolochia clematitis, a common weed in wheat fields in the region. [10] Typically, patients are nonhypertensive and have disproportionately profound anemia.
Because a major criterion to identify Balkan endemic nephropathy is residency in the endemic region, whether similar kidney diseases occur in other parts of the world is not known. Most patients eventually develop end-stage renal disease and require dialysis. Up to 40% of patients develop upper urinary tract uroepithelial tumors.
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Hettinga YM, Scheerlinck LM, Lilien MR, Rothova A, de Boer JH. The value of measuring urinary β2-microglobulin and serum creatinine for detecting tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome in young patients with uveitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015 Feb. 133 (2):140-5. [Medline].
Shi Y, Su T, Qu L, Wang C, Li X, Yang L. Evaluation of urinary biomarkers for the prognosis of drug-associated chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. Am J Med Sci. 2013 Oct. 346(4):283-8. [Medline].
Quinto LR, Sukkar L, Gallagher M. The effectiveness of corticosteroid compared to non-corticosteroid therapy for the treatment of drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis: A systematic review. Intern Med J. 2018 Aug 21. [Medline].
Lin JL, Lin-Tan DT, Hsu KH, Yu CC. Environmental lead exposure and progression of chronic renal diseases in patients without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 23. 348(4):277-86. [Medline].
Lin JL, Lin-Tan DT, Yu CC, Li YJ, Huang YY, Li KL. Environmental exposure to lead and progressive diabetic nephropathy in patients with type II diabetes. Kidney Int. 2006 Jun. 69(11):2049-56. [Medline].
Tubulointerstitial nephritis: Kidney biopsy reveals acute interstitial nephritis. The renal cortex shows a diffuse interstitial, predominantly mononuclear, inflammatory infiltrate with no changes to the glomerulus. Tubules in the center of the field are separated by inflammation and edema, as compared with the more normal architecture in the right lower area (periodic acid–Schiff, 40 X).
Tubulointerstitial nephritis. On a kidney biopsy, the diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis is based on the active inflammatory infiltrate on the right with unaffected glomeruli. Interstitial edema and fibrosis are present on the left side of the field, where some tubules show thickened basement membrane (hematoxylin and eosin, 20 X).
Tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney biopsy shows acute interstitial nephritis. The interstitium is expanded by mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and edema. Acute tubular damage is present; some tubules are distended and contain granular casts (hematoxylin and eosin, 40 X).
Tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney biopsy shows acute crescentic glomerulonephritis. The glomerular tuft is compressed by the proliferation of epithelial cells, forming a crescent. In addition, the interstitium shows mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and edema (periodic acid–Schiff, 40 X).
Tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney biopsy shows acute interstitial nephritis. The mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate contains abundant eosinophils, suggesting an allergic etiology. Severe tubular damage is observed (hematoxylin and eosin, 40 X).
Tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney biopsy shows acute interstitial nephritis. The inflammatory infiltrate forms an ill-defined granuloma, suggesting allergic or infectious etiologies. A partially destroyed tubule is present (periodic acid–Schiff, 40 X).
Tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney biopsy shows chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. The interstitium is expanded by fibrosis, with distortion of tubules and periglomerular fibrosis. Glomeruli do not show pathologic changes (hematoxylin and eosin, 20 X).
Tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney biopsy in interstitial nephritis shows a cholesterol microembolism. The 2 arterioles in the center are occluded by elongated crystals (hematoxylin and eosin, 20 X).
Tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney biopsy in interstitial nephritis shows a cholesterol microembolism. The arteriole in the center of the field has a thickened wall. The lumen is occluded by elongated spaces, corresponding to dissolved crystals surrounded by cellular reaction. The 2 glomeruli flanking the arteriole are sclerotic and hardly recognizable (hematoxylin and eosin, 40 X).
A Brent Alper, Jr, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine
A Brent Alper, Jr, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa
Ajay K Singh, MB, MRCP, MBA Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Dialysis, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Director, Brigham/Falkner Dialysis Unit, Faulkner Hospital
Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN Huberwald Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology-Hypertension, Interim Chair, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine
Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation
F John Gennari, MD Associate Chair for Academic Affairs, Robert F and Genevieve B Patrick Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine
F John Gennari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, American Physiological Society, American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology
We wish to thank Suzanne Meleg-Smith, MD, for her previous contributions to this article.
encoded search term (Tubulointerstitial Nephritis) and Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
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Branxton Vet Clinic is a branch of the Singleton Hospital and helps to provide the services in a convenient location for clients further a field in areas such as Elderslie, Rothbury and Lochinvar.
One of the vets are onsite at Branxton each weekday between 9 and 11am and 4 and 5.30pm for consults, with a support staff member available during the middle of the day for prescription pick-ups and over the counter products. Please note the Branxton facility is a clinic only and that any surgeries will have to be performed at the Singleton Hospital.


Set in Ireland with a touch of fantasy "The Last Torch" is a new exciting musical poised to take the world by storm. It's Les Miserables meets Game of Thrones. This musical is an adventure through time and space connecting the past to the present through music.
"The Last Torch" centres around the historic destruction of King Philip of Spains fleet off the West coast of Ireland. Detailed accounts exist of the meeting between the Spanish Captain Francisco Cuellar and the rebel clan leader Brian O'Rourke. This musical is heavily based in history taken mostly from Franciscan writings and the detailed account of Cuellar but also contains some fictional characters and relationships.
On many levels it's a love story. It tells of the love of the Irish for their culture and land, the love for their children and their love for each other. It is romance and passion on the backdrop of conflict. This story gives homage to the fallen, to the men and women who have fought for their independence against dire odds and have given their lives in the name of freedom. It explores Indigenous, colonisation and power issues all of which are relevant today.
Whilst writing the music I was transported to another realm. I could hear the music like it was emerging from my bones, like it was being whispered in my ear. The main themes arrived in a frenzy of writing and visualising that lasted 3 months. Over the last four years this musical/opera has taken form and now needs to dance on stage. It is to this end that I am asking for support.
This is a mission about many things. It's about the colonisation of Ireland and the consequent generational damage that it caused in my family and so many others and the healing of that pain. It's about love and the feminine. It's for my mother, it's for all who went before and those who will come after. It's about remembering where I am from and inspiring you to find out your story, find your passion and go on your mission.
Fran my beautiful girl you do Danny Boy proud.
Did you know about the Fenian escape here?


text:
Flavonol-3-O-glikozid glukoziltransferaza (, Flavonol-3-O-glycoside glucosyltransferase) je enzim sa sistematskim imenom UDP-glukoza:flavonol-3-O-beta-D-glukozil-(1->2)-beta-D-glukozid 2'''-O-beta-D-glukoziltransferaza. Ovaj enzim katalizuje sledeću hemijsku reakciju

 UDP-glukoza + flavanol3-O-beta--{D}--glukozil-(1->2)-beta--{D}--glukozid  UDP + flavanol3-O-beta--{D}--glukozil-(1->2)-beta--{D}--glukozil-(1->2)-beta--{D}--glukozid

Ovaj enzim je jedna od tri specifična glukoziltransferaze u grašku (-{Pisum sativum}-) koji uspešno dodaje beta--{D}--glukozilnu grupu prvo na O-3 kampferola, a zatim na O-2 prethodno dodate glukozilne grupe.

Reference

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home » Every Vote Counts: The Scalia Legacy And The Future Of Employment Class Actions Before The Supreme Court
Every Vote Counts: The Scalia Legacy And The Future Of Employment Class Actions Before The Supreme Court
By Laura Maechtlen on February 17, 2016
By Gerald L. Maatman, Jr., Christina M. Janice, and Alex W. Karasik
As we blogged earlier this week (here), the death of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia on February 13 has sent shockwaves throughout the halls of power in Washington, D.C. The balance within the U.S. Supreme Court between those Justices considered ideologically "conservative" and those considered "liberal" is up for grabs in the middle of the term of a Supreme Court considering employment-related class actions and other major cases that will directly impact how American employers will operate for years if not decades to come.
The Scalia Legacy
Appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1986, Justice Scalia distinguished himself as a "conservative" jurist by promoting an interpretive philosophy of looking to the original intent behind relevant provisions of the U.S. Constitution, or "originalism." Scalia also employed a textualist approach to his legal analyses, according to laws their plain meaning and refusing the pleas of what he sometimes deemed to be "social engineering" in order to render expansive, activist decisions. Justice Scalia often led a slim majority of the Supreme Court who insisted on adherence of Constitutional principles and the narrow construction of laws.
It was little wonder then that Justice Scalia served as the intellect behind and author of numerous landmark opinions that curbed the excesses of the plaintiffs' class action bar. Among the most influential opinions he authored is Wal-Mart v. Dukes, 131 S.Ct. 2541 (2011), here, which we followed closely for our readers and reported here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.
In Wal-Mart, plaintiffs sought to represent a class of 1.5 million female employees employed at one or more of the company's 3,400 stores across the country, in a sweeping class action for sex discrimination in pay. Plaintiffs contended that Wal-Mart's corporate culture embodied sexual stereotypes that, when coupled with corporate policies that give local managers unfettered discretion in making personnel decisions, resulted in gender stereotyping and unlawful discrimination against a nationwide class of women in their compensation. The plaintiffs sought and obtained class certification at the district court level based on a combination of anecdotal evidence and the statistical analysis of their retained expert. The Ninth Circuit affirmed.
Justice Scalia's opinion on behalf of a 5 – 4 majority of the Supreme Court scrutinized plaintiffs' showing under Rule 23. He reasoned that: "Rule 23 does not set forth a mere pleading standard. A party seeking class certification must affirmatively demonstrate his compliance with the Rule – that is, he must be prepared to prove that there are in fact sufficiently numerous parties, common questions of law or fact., etc." Id. at 2551. The Supreme Court determined that plaintiffs had failed to establish common issues sufficient to warrant class treatment. Specifically, the Supreme Court found that corporate policies affording local supervisors discretion in pay decisions did not establish the commonality necessary to maintain a class action. The Supreme Court also rejected plaintiffs' statistical analysis and expert testimony as failing to establish necessary linkage between alleged pay disparities and their proposition that Wal-Mart operated under a general policy of discrimination. The Supreme Court also found that individualized back pay claims predominated over class claims for "injunctive relief," and plaintiffs could not utilize the class action model to conduct a "Trial by Formula" by which back pay damages would be based on a statistical sample from a number of class members. Id. at 2546. Wal-Mart derailed the emerging practice in the plaintiffs' bar of bringing massive nationwide class actions for gender discrimination in pay based on scant evidence of individual claims bolstered by statistical sampling.
Also of significance to employers were the opinions penned by Justice Scalia for the 5 – 4 majorities of the Supreme Court in ATT Mobility LLC v Concepcion, 131 S.Ct. 1740 (2011), here, and American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant, et al., 133 S.Ct. 2304 (2013), here. In ATT Mobility, the Supreme Court ruled that that the Federal Arbitration Act, enacted by Congress to encourage the use of arbitration, preempts state laws prohibiting contracts from disallowing class-wide arbitration. We reported our analysis of ATT Mobility to our readers here. In the subsequent but largely viewed as companion AmEx case, the Supreme Court held that the FAA does not permit courts to invalidate a contractual waiver of class arbitration on the grounds that the plaintiff's cost of individually arbitrating a federal statutory claim exceeds any potential recovery. We reported our analysis of American Express to our readers here.
Although neither ATT Mobility nor AmEx involve employment arbitration agreements, these opinions propelled employers' reliance on the FAA as grounds for courts to enforce employment arbitration agreements, including those with express class waivers. Justice Scalia's reasoning in ATT Mobility became an immediate roadblock to the efforts of such regulatory bodies as the National Labor Relations Board to strike down employment arbitration agreements with express class action waivers on the grounds that they violate an employee's right to collective action. D.R. Horton, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 737 F. 3d 344, 361 (5th Cir. 2013), here, ("Neither the NLRA's statutory text nor its legislative history contains a congressional command against application of the FAA.")
Finally, the opinion written by Justice Scalia for a 5 – 4 majority of the Supreme Court in Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 133 S. Ct. 1426 (2013), here, not unlike Wal-Mart, also has played a major role in increasing scrutiny of high volume individual damages claims brought for certification under Rule 23. After the plaintiffs obtained class certification in this antitrust class action based in part on the evidence of an expert who used a model of damages, the Third Circuit refused to address Comcast's challenges to the viability of the expert's methodology, holding that "attacks on the merits of the methodology" have "no place in the class certification inquiry." Behrend v. Comcast Corp., 655 F.3d 182, 207 (3d Cir. 2011). As we previously discussed in our analysis of the Supreme Court's opinion here, Justice Scalia's majority opinion rejected the Third Circuit's approach, finding that it "ran afoul of our precedents requiring precisely [the] inquiry [into the merits]" at class certification that the Supreme Court has "repeatedly . . . emphasized[.]" Comcast Corp., 133 at 1432-33. The Supreme Court went on to find that the regression model presented by plaintiffs' expert did not constitute evidence that damages were susceptible to measurement across the entire class. This expert evidence failed to establish that questions of law or fact common to the class predominate over individual questions, an element necessary under Rule 23(b)(3) to proceed as a class action.
During his tenure on the Supreme Court, Justice Scalia's leadership as an originalist and textualist jurist strengthened Rule 23 as a gatekeeper to class action litigation, and compelled recognition of the FAA both as preemptive of contrary state laws and as support for an employer's enforcement of arbitration agreements according to their contractual terms. In Justice Scalia's passing, the fate of several important employment cases that may have resolved favorably for employers, now is far less certain.
Major Employment Class Actions In The Balance
The trajectory of three highly-watched and consequential appeals of major employment class actions now pending before the Supreme Court may change radically in the absence of Justice Scalia's leadership:
CRST Van Expedited, Inc. v. EEOC, No. 14-1375 — We blogged about this landmark case here. Following the Eighth Circuit's reversal of the largest fee sanction award ever levied against the EEOC – nearly $4.7 million – the Supreme Court granted certiorari and is set to hear oral argument in March in this EEOC enforcement litigation on behalf of a class of similarly situated women that was not commenced by the EEOC as a pattern-or-practice lawsuit. At issue is whether attorneys' fees are appropriate in instances where the EEOC failed to satisfy its pre-suit investigation duties under Title VII, but the employer was not victorious "on the merits." Had Justice Scalia led a majority and written the opinion, employers likely could have expected another opinion holding the EEOC accountable for failing to comply with the 1972 congressional amendment of Title VII that both authorized the EEOC to commence litigation in its own name, while constraining the EEOC's power to engage in interminable litigation by imposing on it the jurisdictional requirements of investigation, determination, and conciliation. Now, in the event this case yields a 4 – 4 vote, the decision of the Eighth Circuit will stand and courts across the country may allow the EEOC avoid accountability for improvidently hailing employers into court, so long as the EEOC does not lose "on the merits."
Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, No. 13-1339 — In a putative class action under the Fair Credit Reporting Act that will undoubtedly shake-up the class action landscape, the Supreme Court was presented with the following question: "Does a plaintiff who suffers no concrete harm, but who instead alleges only a statutory violation, have standing to bring a claim on behalf of himself or a class of individuals?" During the oral argument heard in November, which we blogged about here, Justice Scalia tellingly asked the most number of questions. Applying originalist and textualist principles, Justice Scalia likely would have kicked the Ninth Circuit opinion to the curb, requiring litigants to allege actual injury in order to have standing to sue under Article III of the Constitution. Without Justice Scalia's influence in a majority, the outcome of this case is much more unpredictable. A 4 – 4 split could maintain the status quo and encourage the plaintiffs' bar to commence class actions with plaintiffs who have not suffered injury.
Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, No. 14-1146 — As we discussed here, at issue in this case is whether plaintiffs may certify a class under Rule 23(b)(3) or a collective action under the Fair Labor Standards Act upon proof of "Trial By Formula" — that is, the statistical technique that presumes all class members suffered damages identical to the composite or "average plaintiff" or "average class member." Wal-Mart suggests that the predominance of individualized inquiries that would prohibit class certification under Rule 23(b)(3) also prohibits averaging and aggregation. Tyson Foods also presents the issue of whether a class may be certified under Rule 23(b)(3) or a collective certified under the FLSA when the class contains hundreds of members who were not injured and have no right to damages. While Justice Scalia's originalist and textualist thinking likely would prohibit the Tyson Foods class action from proceeding, whether his vote would have carried a majority of justices in this instance, however, is not certain. Oral argument was held in this case in November of 2015.
We will continue to monitor and report on developments in these and other pending cases of importance to our readers.
Tags: Supreme Court
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